title: Canine hip dyslasia: the significance of the Norberg angle for healthy breeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the reproducibility of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) classification over time, and between assessors and to evaluate the benefit of computer-assisted measurement of the Norberg angle and of its percentile ranking by breed for the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia, and for the selection of couples for breeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the time period of 2006 to 2010, 5094 hip radiographs were evaluated according to the FCI rules, and 4400 have been submitted for statistical analysis. A system of computer-assisted image analysis (Digimizer(®) , MedCalc Software Ltd, Mariakerke, Belgium) was used to measure the Norberg angle. The Norberg angle value of individual dogs was expressed as percentile rank by breed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agreement between individual assessors was highly significant (P<0·001), but there were important variations over time of the ratio of classes A or B. The Norberg angle and the percentile rank accurately discriminated between dogs with or without canine hip dysplasia, with positive and negative likelihood ratios of 6·31 and 0·21, respectively, for the Norberg angle at criterion value of 102·2°, and 4·21 and 0·18 for the percentile rank at criterion value of the 25th percentile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percentile rank of the Norberg angle may be a valuable tool for breeding selection.
authors.affiliation: Royal Cynological Society Saint Hubert, Albert Giraudlaan, 98, B 1030 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Comhaire
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Schoonjans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006619:Hip Dysplasia, Canine / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity