title: The characteristics of sleepiness during real driving at night--a study of driving performance, physiology and subjective experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most studies of sleepy driving have been carried out in driving simulators. A few studies of real driving are available, but these have used only a few sleepiness indicators. The purpose of the present study was to characterize sleepiness in several indicators during real driving at night, compared with daytime driving.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants drove 55 km (at 90 km/h) on a 9-m-wide rural highway in southern Sweden. Daytime driving started at 09:00 or 11:00 (2 groups) and night driving at 01:00 or 03:00 (balanced design).
  
  
  METHODS
  Instrumented car on a real road in normal traffic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen participants drawn from the local driving license register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daytime and nighttime drives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vehicle was an instrumented car with video monitoring of the edge of the road and recording of the lateral position and speed. Electroencephalography and electrooculography were recorded, together with ratings of sleepiness every 5 minutes. Pronounced effects of night driving were seen for subjective sleepiness, electroencephalographic indicators of sleepiness, blink duration, and speed. Also, time on task showed significant effects for subjective sleepiness, blink duration, lane position, and speed. Sleepiness was highest toward the end of the nighttime drive. Night driving caused a leftward shift in lateral position and a reduction of speed. The latter two findings, as well as the overall pattern of sleepiness indicators, provide new insights into the effects of night driving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Night driving is associated with high levels of subjective, electrophysiologic, and behavioral sleepiness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anund
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fors
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kecklund
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahde
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Åkerstedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004585:Electrooculography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology