title: Carbohydrate content of post-operative diet influences the effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on body weight reduction in obese rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) effectively reduces body weight (BW) in obese rats and humans. However, post-surgical weight regain is frequently observed in subjects after VSG, but the underlying reasons remain poorly understood. We therefore investigated if post-surgical consumption of different diets can affect the outcome of VSG.
  
  
  METHODS
  VSG or sham operation was performed in Long-Evans rats with diet-induced obesity (n = 37). After post-surgical recovery, rats were fed ad libitum either with standard chow (CH), high-fat (HF) or low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets. BW and food intake were measured every second day; serum leptin, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were analyzed 4 weeks after surgery. Energy expenditure and locomotor activity were determined by a combined indirect calorimetry system, lean and fat mass by nuclear magnetic resonance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 4 weeks, BW gain, fat mass, and leptin were lower in VSG rats when compared to sham controls (p < 0.05). Energy expenditure and locomotor activity were not affected by VSG indicating that weight reduction derives from the significantly lower cumulative 4-week energy intake in VSG compared to sham. Sham rats fed LCHF consumed the most energy, followed by rats fed HF. In contrast, after VSG cumulative energy intake was highest in rats fed HF, but not different between CH and LCHF. Consistently, post-surgical BW and fat mass regain were highest in the HF-VSG group. Lipid profiles were improved by VSG but not differentially affected by diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, consumption of a HF diet but not the more energy-dense LCHF diet reduced the effectiveness of VSG in rats.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, LMU, Ziemssenstr 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bielohuby
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stemmer
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramisch
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pfluger
authors.forename: Kirk M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Habegger
authors.forename: Matthias H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tschöp
authors.forename: Randy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bidlingmaier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011184:Postoperative Period; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats