title: Effect of surface treatments on adhesion of low-fusing porcelain to titanium as determined by strain energy release rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of different chemical surface treatments on the surface characteristics of commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) and the adhesion of the porcelain-titanium system by means of strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m(2)). Surface roughness and morphology of treated cp Ti were additionally evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty specimens of machined cp Ti plates grade II were prepared. The specimens were divided into ten groups in each test according to the surface treatment used; Gr 1 (control; machined), Gr 2 (sandblasted), Gr 3 (CH(2)Cl(2) for 5 min), Gr 4 (CH(2)Cl(2) for 10 min), Gr 5 (10% H(2)O(2) for 5 min), Gr 6 (10% H(2)O(2) for 10 min), Gr 7 (30% H(2)O(2) for 5 min), Gr 8 (30% H(2)O(2) for 10 min), Gr 9 (9% HF for 5 min) and Gr 10 (9% HF for 10 min). Titanium-porcelain (Vita Titankeramik) was applied to each group for testing the adhesion. The G-value (J/m(2)) was measured with a four-point bending configuration. Following fracture testing specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Surface roughness and SEM analysis were carried out. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups treated with 9% HF or CH(2)Cl(2) baths for 10 or 5 min showed the highest adhesion values (J/m(2)) (34.23±4.31, 30.75±4.91, 28.92±4.33 and 22.54±3.58) respectively among the groups. The machined groups demonstrated the lowest value (8.18±1.95) (J/m(2)). SEM analysis indicated a combination of cohesive and adhesive fractures for 9% HF, CH(2)Cl(2), sandblasted and 30% H(2)O(2) (10 min) groups, while mainly adhesive fractures were found with the other groups. There was no direct correlation between surface roughness and adhesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adhesion between porcelain and cp Ti can be improved by the use of certain chemical surface treatments prior to porcelain firing as alternative techniques to sandblasting treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. shaymanaghy@mans.edu.eg
authors.forename: Shaymaa E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Elsaka
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000465:Algorithms; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D018583:Pliability; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D003764:Dental Materials; D016877:Oxidants; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D018130:Diamond; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; C022088:silicon carbide