title: Single cell imaging of the chick retina with adaptive optics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chick eye is extensively used as a model in the study of myopia and its progression; however, analysis of the photoreceptor mosaic has required the use of excised retina due to the uncorrected optical aberrations in the lens and cornea. This study implemented high resolution adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging to visualize the chick cone mosaic in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The New England College of Optometry (NECO) AO fundus camera was modified to allow high resolution in vivo imaging on two 6-week-old White Leghorn chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)-labeled chick A and chick B. Multiple, adjacent images, each with a 2.5(o) field of view, were taken and subsequently montaged together. This process was repeated at varying retinal locations measured from the tip of the pecten. Automated software was used to determine the cone spacing and density at each location. Voronoi analysis was applied to determine the packing arrangement of the cones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both chicks, cone photoreceptors were clearly visible at all retinal locations imaged. Cone densities measured at 36(o) nasal-12(o) superior retina from the pecten tip for chick A and 40(o) nasal-12(o) superior retina for chick B were 21,714 ± 543 and 26,105 ± 653 cones/mm(2) respectively. For chick B, a further 11 locations immediately surrounding the pecten were imaged, with cone densities ranging from 20,980 ± 524 to 25,148 ± 629 cones/mm(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo analysis of the cone density and its packing characteristics are now possible in the chick eye through AO imaging, which has important implications for future studies of myopia and ocular disease research.
authors.affiliation: New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Headington
authors.forename: Stacey S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nickla
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doble
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002452:Cell Count; D002645:Chickens; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology*