title: A genetic predisposition score for muscular endophenotypes predicts the increase in aerobic power after training: the CAREGENE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely accepted that genetic variability might explain a large part of the observed heterogeneity in aerobic capacity and its response to training. Significant associations between polymorphisms of different genes with muscular strength, anaerobic phenotypes and body composition have been reported. Muscular endophenotypes are positively correlated with aerobic capacity, therefore, we tested the association of polymorphisms in twelve muscular related genes on aerobic capacity and its response to endurance training.
  
  
  METHODS
  935 Coronary artery disease patients (CAD) who performed an incremental exercise test until exhaustion at baseline and after three months of training were included. Polymorphisms of the genes were detected using the invader assay. Genotype-phenotype association analyses were performed using ANCOVA. Different models for a genetic predisposition score (GPS) were constructed based on literature and own data and were related to baseline and response VO(2) scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carriers of the minor allele in the R23K polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (GR) and the ciliary neurotrophic factor gene (CNTF) had a significantly higher increase in peakVO(2) after training (p < 0.05). Carriers of the minor allele (C34T) in the adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD1) gene had a significantly lower relative increase (p < 0.05) in peakVO(2). GPS of data driven models were significantly associated with the increase in peakVO(2) after training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CAD patients, suggestive associations were found in the GR, CNTF and the AMPD1 gene with an improved change in aerobic capacity after three months of training. Additionally data driven models with a genetic predisposition score (GPS) showed a significant predictive value for the increase in peakVO(2).
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. tom.thomaes@faber.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thomaes
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomis
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Onkelinx
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matthijs
authors.forename: Roselien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buys
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanhees
mesh_terms: D000659:AMP Deaminase / Q000235:genetics; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058068:Endophenotypes; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000235:genetics*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D000659:AMP Deaminase; C514117:AMPD1 protein, human