title: Ventilation inhomogeneity in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lung clearance index (LCI) derived from the multiple breath inert gas washout (MBW) test reflects global ventilation distribution inhomogeneity. It is more sensitive than forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) for detecting abnormal airway function and correlates closely with structural lung damage in children with cystic fibrosis, which shares features with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Normalised phase III slope indices S(cond) and S(acin) reflect function of the small conducting and acinar airways, respectively. The involvement of the peripheral airways assessed by MBW tests has not been previously described in PCD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional MBW study was performed in 27 children and adolescents with verified PCD, all clinically stable and able to perform lung function tests. LCI, S(cond) (n=23) and S(acin) (n=23) were derived from MBW using a mass spectrometer and sulfur hexafluoride as inert marker gas. MBW indices were compared with present age, age at diagnosis and spirometry findings, and were related to published normative values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LCI, S(cond) and S(acin) were abnormal in 85%, 96% and 78% of patients with PCD and in 81%, 93% and 79%, respectively, of 13/27 subjects with normal FEV(1). LCI and S(acin) correlated significantly while S(cond) did not correlate with any other lung function parameters. None of the lung function measurements correlated with age or age at diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCD is characterised by marked peripheral airway dysfunction. MBW seems promising in the early detection of lung damage, even in young patients with PCD. The relationship of MBW indices to the outcome of long-term disease and their role in the management of PCD need to be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Danish PCD Center and Pediatric Pulmonary Service, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Frederik F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Buchvald
authors.forename: June Kehlet
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Marthin
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanel
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Kim Gjerum
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002923:Cilia / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007619:Kartagener Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index