title: Arrhythmia formation in subclinical ("silent") long QT syndrome requires multiple insults: quantitative mechanistic study using the KCNQ1 mutation Q357R as example.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In subclinical or silent long QT syndrome, the QT interval is normal under basal conditions. The hypothesis that insults to the repolarization reserve may cause arrhythmias in silent mutation carriers but not in noncarriers has been proposed as a general principle, yet crucial aspects remain descriptive, lacking quantification.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To utilize accurate mathematical models of the human action potential and β-adrenergic stimulation to quantitatively investigate arrhythmia-formation mechanisms peculiar to silent long QT syndrome, using mutation Q357R in KCNQ1 (α subunit of slow-delayed rectifier I(Ks)) as a paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markov models were formulated to account for altered I(Ks) kinetics in Q357R compared with wild type and introduced into a detailed model of the human ventricular myocyte action potential.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dominant negative loss of I(Ks) available reserve accurately represents Q357R. Action potential prolongation with mutant I(Ks) was minimal, reproducing the silent phenotype. Partial block of rapid delayed rectifier current (I(Kr)) was needed in addition to fast pacing and isoproterenol application to cause early afterdepolarizations (EADs) in epicardial cells with mutant I(Ks), but this did not produce EADs in wild type. Reduced channel expression at the membrane, not I(Ks) kinetic differences, caused EADs in the silent mutant. With mutant I(Ks), isoproterenol plus partial I(Kr) block resulted in dramatic QT prolongation in the pseudo-electrocardiogram and EADs formed without I(Kr) block in mid-myocardial cells during simulated exercise onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple severe insults are needed to evince an arrhythmic phenotype in silent mutation Q357R. Reduced membrane I(Ks) expression, not kinetic changes, underlies the arrhythmic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rudy
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019295:Computational Biology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel / Q000235:genetics*; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010641:Phenotype; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated