title: Comparing VA and private sector healthcare costs for end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthcare for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is intensive, expensive, and provided in both the public and private sector. Using a societal perspective, we examined healthcare costs and health outcomes for Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) ESRD patients comparing those who received hemodialysis care at VA versus private sector facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dialysis patients were recruited from 8 VA medical centers from 2001 through 2003 and followed for 12 months in a prospective cohort study. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, quality of life, healthcare use, and cost data were collected. Healthcare data included utilization (VA), claims (Medicare), and patient self-report. Costs included VA calculated costs, Medicare dialysis facility reports and reimbursement rates, and patient self-report. Multivariable regression was used to compare costs between patients receiving dialysis at VA versus private sector facilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort comprised 334 patients: 170 patients in the VA dialysis group and 164 patients in the private sector group. The VA dialysis group had more comorbidities at baseline, outpatient and emergency visits, prescriptions, and longer hospital stays; they also had more conservative anemia management and lower baseline urea reduction ratio (67% vs. 72%; P<0.001), although levels were consistent with guidelines (Kt/V≥1.2). In adjusted analysis, the VA dialysis group had $36,431 higher costs than those in the private sector dialysis group (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continued research addressing costs and effectiveness of care across public and private sector settings is critical in informing health policy options for patients with complex chronic illnesses such as ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA. denise.hynes@va.gov
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Stroupe
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Domenic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reda
authors.forename: Willard
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Zhiping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saban
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006437:Hemodialysis, Home / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000191:economics*