title: Toxicity of mixtures of perfluorooctane sulphonic acid with chlorinated chemicals and lipid regulators.
abstract: The toxicological interaction of perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) with the chlorinated pollutants triclosan and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and the lipid regulators gemfibrozil and bezafibrate was evaluated using the combination index-isobologram equation. The endpoint for bioassays was the growth rate inhibition of the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The results showed that most of the binary combinations assayed exhibited antagonism at all effect levels. The addition of a third component induced a less antagonistic or even synergistic behaviour. This was particularly marked for the ternary mixture of triclosan and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with PFOS, for which synergism was very strong at all effect levels, with a combination index as low as 0.034 ± 0.002 at EC(50) for the mixture. The results obtained indicate that the evaluation of mixture toxicity from single component data using the concentration addition approach could severely underestimate combined toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28771 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. karina.boltes@uah.es
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boltes
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosal
authors.forename: Eloy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Calvo
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000633:toxicity; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000633:toxicity; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000633:toxicity; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000633:toxicity; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D014260:Triclosan / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002733:Chlorophenols; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014260:Triclosan; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; C024564:2,4,6-trichlorophenol; D015248:Gemfibrozil; D001629:Bezafibrate