title: A functional whole blood assay to measure viability of mycobacteria, using reporter-gene tagged BCG or M.Tb (BCGlux/M.Tb lux).
abstract: Functional assays have long played a key role in measuring of immunogenicity of a given vaccine. This is conventionally expressed as serum bactericidal titers. Studies of serum bactericidal titers in response to childhood vaccines have enabled us to develop and validate cut-off levels for protective immune responses and such cut-offs are in routine use. No such assays have been taken forward into the routine assessment of vaccines that induce primarily cell-mediated immunity in the form of effector T cell responses, such as TB vaccines. In the animal model, the performance of a given vaccine candidate is routinely evaluated in standardized bactericidal assays, and all current novel TB-vaccine candidates have been subjected to this step in their evaluation prior to phase 1 human trials. The assessment of immunogenicity and therefore likelihood of protective efficacy of novel anti-TB vaccines should ideally undergo a similar step-wise evaluation in the human models now, including measurements in bactericidal assays. Bactericidal assays in the context of tuberculosis vaccine research are already well established in the animal models, where they are applied to screen potentially promising vaccine candidates. Reduction of bacterial load in various organs functions as the main read-out of immunogenicity. However, no such assays have been incorporated into clinical trials for novel anti-TB vaccines to date. Although there is still uncertainty about the exact mechanisms that lead to killing of mycobacteria inside human macrophages, the interaction of macrophages and T cells with mycobacteria is clearly required. The assay described in this paper represents a novel generation of bactericidal assays that enables studies of such key cellular components with all other cellular and humoral factors present in whole blood without making assumptions about their relative individual contribution. The assay described by our group uses small volumes of whole blood and has already been employed in studies of adults and children in TB-endemic settings. We have shown immunogenicity of the BCG vaccine, increased growth of mycobacteria in HIV-positive patients, as well as the effect of anti-retroviral therapy and Vitamin D on mycobacterial survival in vitro.  Here we summarise the methodology, and present our reproducibility data using this relatively simple, low-cost and field-friendly model. Note: Definitions/Abbreviations BCG lux = M. bovis BCG, Montreal strain, transformed with shuttle plasmid pSMT1 carrying the luxAB genes from Vibrio harveyi, under the control of the mycobacterial GroEL (hsp60) promoter. CFU = Colony Forming Unit (a measure of mycobacterial viability).
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martineau
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kampmann
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity / Q000276:immunology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D058248:Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay / Q000379:methods*; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines