title: A retrospective cohort study of stroke onset: implications for characterizing short term effects from ambient air pollution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Case-crossover studies used to investigate associations between an environmental exposure and an acute health response, such as stroke, will often use the day an individual presents to an emergency department (ED) or is admitted to hospital to infer when the stroke occurred. Similarly, they will use patient's place of residence to assign exposure. The validity of using these two data elements, typically extracted from administrative databases or patient charts, to define the time of stroke onset and to assign exposure are critical in this field of research as air pollutant concentrations are temporally and spatially variable. Our a priori hypotheses were that date of presentation differs from the date of stroke onset for a substantial number of patients, and that assigning exposure to ambient pollution using place of residence introduces an important source of exposure measurement error. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding on how these sources of errors influence risk estimates derived using a case-crossover study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sought to collect survey data from stroke patients presenting to hospital EDs in Edmonton, Canada on the date, time, location and nature of activities at onset of stroke symptoms. The daily mean ambient concentrations of NO₂ and PM(2.5) on the self-reported day of stroke onset was estimated from continuous fixed-site monitoring stations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 336 participating patients, 241 were able to recall when their stroke started and 72.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66.9-78.3%) experienced stroke onset the same day they presented to the ED. For subjects whose day of stroke onset differed from the day of presentation to the ED, this difference ranged from 1 to 12 days (mean = 1.8; median = 1). In these subjects, there were no systematic differences in assigned pollution levels for either NO₂ or PM(2.5) when day of presentation rather than day of stroke onset was used. At the time of stroke onset, 89.9% (95% CI: 86.6-93.1%) reported that they were inside, while 84.5% (95% CI: 80.6 - 88.4%) reported that for most of the day they were within a 15 minute drive from home. We estimated that due to the mis-specification of the day of stroke onset, the risk of hospitalization for stroke would be understated by 15% and 20%, for NO₂ and PM(2.5), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that day of presentation and residential location data obtained from administrative records reasonably captures the time and location of stroke onset for most patients. Under these conditions, any associated errors are unlikely to be an important source of bias when estimating air pollution risks in this population.
authors.affiliation: Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Julie Y M
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.forename: Dion
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pasichnyk
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide