title: Ecstasy use and self-reported disturbances in sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ecstasy users report a number of complaints after its use including disturbed sleep. However, little is known regarding which attributes of ecstasy use are associated with sleep disturbances, which domains of sleep are affected or which factors may predict those ecstasy users likely to have poor sleep quality and/or excessive daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined questionnaire responses of social drug users (n = 395) to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant proportion of ecstasy users (69.5%) had Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores above the threshold used to identify sleep disturbance. Although frequency of ecstasy use did not affect the degree of reported sleep disturbance, participants who used larger amounts of ecstasy had poorer sleep. In addition, participants who perceived harmful consequences arising from their ecstasy use or had experienced remorse following ecstasy use had poorer sleep. Clinically relevant levels of sleep disturbance were still evident after controlling for polydrug use. Risk factors for poor sleep quality were younger age, injury post-ecstasy use and having been told to cut down on ecstasy use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many ecstasy users report poor sleep quality, which likely contributes to the negative effects reported following ecstasy use.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. Rowan.Ogeil@monash.edu
authors.forename: Rowan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ogeil
authors.forename: Shantha M W
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rajaratnam
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: Jillian H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Broadbear
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine