title: Protection against ultraviolet A-induced oxidative damage in normal human epidermal keratinocytes under post-menopausal conditions by an ultraviolet A-activated caged-iron chelator: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human skin is constantly exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA), which can generate reactive oxygen species and cause iron release from ferritin, leading to oxidative damage in biomolecules. This is particularly true in post-menopausal skin due to an increase in iron as a result of menopause. As iron is generally released through desquamation, the skin becomes a main portal for the release of excess iron in this age group. In the present study, we examined a strategy for controlling UVA- and iron-induced oxidative stress in skin using a keratinocyte post-menopausal cellular model system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Keratinocytes that had been cultured under normal or high-iron, low-estrogen conditions were treated with (2-nitrophenyl) ethyl pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (2-PNE-PIH). 2-PNE-PIH is a caged-iron chelator that does not normally bind iron but can be activated by UVA radiation to bind iron. Following incubation with 2-PNE-PIH, the cells were exposed to 5 J/cm² UVA and then measured for changes in lipid peroxidation and ferritin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2-PNE-PIH protected keratinocytes against UVA-induced lipid peroxidation and ferritin depletion. Further, 2-PNE-PIH was neither cytotoxic nor did it alter iron metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2-PNE-PIH may be a useful deterrent against UVA-induced oxidative stress in post-menopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. epelle@estee.com
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pelle
authors.forename: Jinlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.forename: Lieve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Charareh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pourzand
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pernodet
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Yarosh
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron