title: Smile esthetics from patients' perspectives for faces of varying attractiveness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delivering an attractive smile is a key element in orthodontic patient satisfaction. Smile characteristics can be affected by the facial context. The purpose of this study was to investigate smile esthetics related to facial attractiveness and sex of the model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attractive, average, and unattractive model faces (2 of each; 3 male, 3 female) determined by peer ratings were combined with 10 smile variables (buccal corridor, smile arc, maxillary gingival discrepancy, gingival display, incisal-edge discrepancy, cant, overbite, central-incisor gingival margin discrepancy, and maxillary midline to face, and maxillary midline to mandibular midline). Each smile characteristic was altered digitally and presented with slider technology to allow a continuous range of choices. Raters chose the ideal and the limits of acceptability. The variables were divided into 6 separate surveys and rated 96 times. Reliability was assessed by answering each question twice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual smile variable reliability ranged from fair to excellent, except for the buccal corridor. Clinically significant values were defined as greater than 1.0 mm with statistical significance (P <0.05). Rater sex did not make a difference. Clinical significance was found for smile arc, gingival display, and maxillary midline to face. For females, accentuated smile arcs were preferred for the unattractive and attractive models compared with the average models. The opposite was found for male models. More gingival display was preferred for the attractive and unattractive male and female models compared with the average models. Attractive models were allowed less midline deviation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial attractiveness and model sex impacted smile variables with a facial context, except for occlusal cant. These smile characteristics with a facial context should be considered when diagnosing and planning treatment for an orthodontic patient.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1267, USA.
authors.forename: Chan A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Henry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Frank Michael
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: Allen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenstiel
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004954:Esthetics; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012904:Smiling; D012928:Social Desirability; D055815:Young Adult