title: Intake of milk with added micronutrients increases the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet to reduce body weight: a randomized controlled clinical trial in Mexican women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with an increase in fat deposition and body weight; thus, adding them to low-fat milk may facilitate weight loss when accompanied by an energy-restricted diet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate the effect of the intake of low-fat milk and low-fat milk with added micronutrients on anthropometrics, body composition, blood glucose levels, lipids profile, C-reactive protein, and blood pressure of women following an energy-restricted diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 16-week randomized, controlled intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-nine obese women (aged 34±6 years) from five rural communities in Querétaro, Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women followed an energy-restricted diet (-500 kcal) and received in addition one of the following treatments: 250 mL of low-fat milk (LFM) three times/day, 250 mL of low-fat milk with micronutrients (LFM+M) three times/day, or a no milk control group (CON). Weight, height, and hip and waist circumferences were measured at baseline and every 4 weeks. Body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, blood pressure, and blood analysis were done at baseline and at the end of the 16 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in weight and body composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-factor analysis of variance, adjusted by age, baseline values, and community random effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the 16-week intervention, participants in the LFM+M group lost significantly more weight (-5.1 kg; 95% CI: -6.2 to -4.1) compared with LFM (-3.6 kg; 95% CI: -4.7 to -2.6) and CON (-3.2 kg; 95% CI: -4.3 to -2.2) group members (P=0.035). Body mass index change in the LFM+M group (-2.3; 95% CI: -2.7 to -1.8) was significantly greater than LFM group members (-1.5; 95% CI: -2.0 to -1.1) and CON group members (-1.4; 95% CI: -1.9 to -0.9) (P=0.022). Change in percent body fat among LFM+M group members (-2.7%; 95% CI: -3.2 to -2.1) was significantly higher than LFM group members (-1.8%; 95% CI: -2.3 to -1.3) and CON group members (-1.6%; 95% CI: -2.2 to -1.0) (P=0.019). Change in bone mineral content was significantly higher in LFM group members (29 mg; 95% CI: 15 to 44) and LFM+M group members (27 mg; 95% CI: 13 to 41) compared with CON group members (-2 mg; 95% CI: -17 to -14) (P=0.007). No differences were found between groups in glucose level, blood lipid profile, C-reactive protein level, or blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of LFM+M increases the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet to treat obesity, but had no effect on blood lipid levels, glucose levels, C-reactive protein, or blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Department, School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Autónomade Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico. jlrosado@prodigy.net.mx
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rosado
authors.forename: Olga P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ronquillo
authors.forename: Deisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hervert-Hernández
authors.forename: Maria Del C
authors.initials: Mdel C
authors.lastname: Caamaño
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008800:Mexico; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D018977:Micronutrients; D002097:C-Reactive Protein