title: Empirical derivation of the reference region for computing diagnostic sensitive ¹⁸fluorodeoxyglucose ratios in Alzheimer's disease based on the ADNI sample.
abstract: Careful selection of the reference region for non-quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) analyses is critically important for Region of Interest (ROI) data analyses. We introduce an empirical method of deriving the most suitable reference region for computing neurodegeneration sensitive (18)fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET ratios based on the dataset collected by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. Candidate reference regions are selected based on a heat map of the difference in coefficients of variation (COVs) of FDG ratios over time for each of the Automatic Anatomical Labeling (AAL) atlas regions normalized by all other AAL regions. Visual inspection of the heat map suggests that the portion of the cerebellum and vermis superior to the horizontal fissure is the most sensitive reference region. Analyses of FDG ratio data show increases in significance on the order of ten-fold when using the superior portion of the cerebellum as compared with the traditionally used full cerebellum. The approach to reference region selection in this paper can be generalized to other radiopharmaceuticals and radioligands as well as to other disorders where brain changes over time are hypothesized and longitudinal data is available. Based on the empirical evidence presented in this study, we demonstrate the usefulness of the COV heat map method and conclude that intensity normalization based on the superior portion of the cerebellum may be most sensitive to measuring change when performing longitudinal analyses of FDG-PET ratios as well as group comparisons in Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Imaging Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. rasmussj@uci.edu
authors.forename: Jerod M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lakatos
authors.forename: Theo G M
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Erp
authors.forename: Frithjof
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kruggel
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Keator
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macciardi
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Potkin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18