title: Thiolated chitosan: development and in vivo evaluation of an oral delivery system for leuprolide.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to develop an oral delivery system for the peptide drug leuprolide. Gel formulations based on unmodified chitosan/reduced glutathione (GSH) and chitosan-thioglycolic acid (chitosan-TGA)/GSH were prepared, and their effect on the absorption of leuprolide was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in male Sprague Dawley rats. Transport studies were performed with freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing-type chambers. Due to the addition of gel formulations comprising 0.5% (m/v) unmodified chitosan/0.5% (m/v) GSH and 0.5% (m/v) chitosan-TGA/0.5% (m/v) GSH, the transport of leuprolide across excised mucosa was improved up to 2.06-fold and 3.79-fold, respectively, in comparison with leuprolide applied in buffer (P(app)=2.87 ± 0.77 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s). In vivo, the addition of oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of unmodified chitosan, 1mg of GSH and 1mg of leuprolide increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC₀₋₈) of leuprolide 1.39-fold in comparison with leuprolide having been administered just in saline. Moreover, the administration of oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of chitosan-TGA, 1mg of GSH and 1mg of leuprolide resulted in a further enhanced leuprolide plasma concentration, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC₀₋₈) of leuprolide was increased 3.72-fold in comparison with the control. With the oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of chitosan-TGA, a relative bioavailability (versus s.c. injection) of 4.5% was achieved in contrast to the control displaying a relative bioavailability of 1.2%. Thus, according to the achieved results, it is suggested that chitosan-TGA in combination with GSH is a valuable tool for improving the oral bioavailability of the peptide drug leuprolide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Josef Möller Haus, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shahnaz
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hintzen
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sarti
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernkop-Schnürch
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013864:Thioglycolates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D013864:Thioglycolates; C017487:2-mercaptoacetate; D048271:Chitosan; D016729:Leuprolide; D005978:Glutathione