title: A time-stratified case-crossover study of fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality in Guangzhou, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies in China investigate health impact of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) due to lack of monitoring data and the findings are controversial. The aim of this study is to examine the short-association between PM(2.5) and daily mortality in Guangzhou, the economic center of south China.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Guangzhou, we measured daily PM(2.5) concentrations between 2007 and 2008 and conducted a time-stratified case-crossover analysis to explore the association between PM(2.5) and daily mortality, and examine potential effect modifiers including age, sex, and education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The averaged PM(2.5) concentration in 2007-2008 was 70.1 μg/m(3) in Guangzhou, which was approximately seven times higher than the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for PM(2.5) (annual average: 10 μg/m(3)). Regression analysis showed that ambient PM(2.5) was associated with mortality from all causes and cardiorespiratory diseases. An increase of 10 μg/m(3) in 2-day moving average (lag01) concentration of PM(2.5) corresponds to 0.90% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 1.26%] increase of total mortality, 1.22% (95% CI: 0.63, 1.68%) increase of cardiovascular mortality, and 0.97% (95% CI: 0.16, 1.79%) increase of respiratory mortality. The associations were stronger in the elderly (aged 65 years or more), in females, and in those with low education level, but the differences were statistically insignificant. After adjustment for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), however, the effects of PM(2.5) decreased and became statistically insignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provided new information for the adverse health effects of PM(2.5) in China, and may have some implications for environmental policy making and standard setting in Guangzhou.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chunxue
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaowu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Renjie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhencheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Bingheng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter