title: Histological findings in patients with cryptorchidism and testis-epididymis nonfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fusion anomalies of the testis and epididymis are associated with cryptorchidism. The bilateral histology of the cryptorchid testis associated with the nonfused epididymis has not been reported previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed patients who presented with unilateral undescended testes and underwent bilateral testis biopsy at orchiopexy between 1982 and 2008. Testes were stratified into groups based on degree of testis-epididymis nonfusion. Age at surgery, testicular volume, testicular position, total germ cells per tubule and adult dark spermatogonia per tubule were compared among all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,660 testes were eligible for review, of which 2,425 had normal fusion (group 1), 55 had epididymal head nonfusion (group 2), 119 had epididymal tail nonfusion (group 3) and 61 had complete nonfusion (group 4). With increasing degrees of nonfusion trends toward younger age, smaller testicular volume and higher preoperative position were observed. However, testis-epididymis nonfusion was not a significant predictor of abnormal germ cells per tubule or adult dark spermatogonia per tubule in undescended testes and contralateral descended testes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fusion anomalies are associated with smaller, higher testes with no significant abnormalities in germ cells per tubule or adult dark spermatogonia per tubule. Testis-epididymis nonfusion is not a reliable predictor of reduced histological findings, and should not be a strong consideration when counseling patients and their families about future fertility, especially in instances of complete nonfusion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Kate H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mucksavage
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Canning
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Kolon
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004822:Epididymis / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013093:Spermatogonia / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology