title: Immediate hip spica is as effective as, but more efficient than, flexible intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures in pre-school children.
abstract: Flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN) is the gold standard treatment for femur fracture in school-aged children. It has been performed successfully in younger children, although Spica cast immobilisation (SCI) has been the most widely used strategy to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed between two comparable groups of children aged 1-4 years with a femoral shaft fracture. Two University hospitals, each using specific treatment guidelines, participated in the study: SCI in Group I (Basel, Switzerland) and FIN in Group II (Lausanne, Switzerland).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group I included 19 children with a median age of 26 months (range 12-46 months). Median hospital stay was 1 day (range 0-5 days) and casts were retained for a median duration of 21 days (range 12-29 days). General anaesthesia was used in six children and sedation in four. Skin breakdown secondary to cast irritation occurred in two children (10.5%). The median follow-up was 114 months (range 37-171 months). No significant malunion was noted. Group II included 27 children with a median age of 38.4 months (range 18.7-46.7 months). Median hospital stay was 4 days (range 1-13 days). All children required general anaesthesia for insertion and removal of the nails. Free mobilisation and full weight bearing were allowed at a median of 2 days (range 1-10 days) and 7 days (range 1-30 days), respectively, postoperatively. Nail exteriorisation was noted in three children (11%). The median follow-up was 16.5 months (range 8-172 months). No significant malunion was reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young children with a femoral shaft fracture treated by SCI or FIN had similarly favourable outcomes and complication rates. FIN allowed earlier mobilisation and full weight bearing. Compared to SCI, a greater number of children required general anaesthesia. In a pre-school child with a femoral shaft fracture, immediate SCI applied by a paediatric orthopaedic team following specific guidelines allowed early discharge from hospital with few complications.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jauquier
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doerfler
authors.forename: Frank-Martin
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Haecker
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hasler
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Zambelli
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lutz