title: The Arabidopsis Na+/H+ antiporters NHX1 and NHX2 control vacuolar pH and K+ homeostasis to regulate growth, flower development, and reproduction.
abstract: Intracellular Na(+)/H(+) (NHX) antiporters have important roles in cellular pH and Na(+), K(+) homeostasis. The six Arabidopsis thaliana intracellular NHX members are divided into two groups, endosomal (NHX5 and NHX6) and vacuolar (NHX1 to NHX4). Of the vacuolar members, NHX1 has been characterized functionally, but the remaining members have largely unknown roles. Using reverse genetics, we show that, unlike the single knockouts nhx1 or nhx2, the double knockout nhx1 nhx2 had significantly reduced growth, smaller cells, shorter hypocotyls in etiolated seedlings and abnormal stamens in mature flowers. Filaments of nhx1 nhx2 did not elongate and lacked the ability to dehisce and release pollen, resulting in a near lack of silique formation. Pollen viability and germination was not affected. Quantification of vacuolar pH and intravacuolar K(+) concentrations indicated that nhx1 nhx2 vacuoles were more acidic and accumulated only 30% of the wild-type K(+) concentration, highlighting the roles of NHX1 and NHX2 in mediating vacuolar K(+)/H(+) exchange. Growth under added Na(+), but not K(+), partly rescued the flower and growth phenotypes. Our results demonstrate the roles of NHX1 and NHX2 in regulating intravacuolar K(+) and pH, which are essential to cell expansion and flower development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bassil
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Yin-Chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Masa-Aki
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ohto
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esumi
authors.forename: Ardian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coku
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belmonte
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blumwald
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D018525:Germination; D006706:Homeostasis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D011058:Pollen / Q000254:growth & development; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; C117751:NHX1 protein, Arabidopsis; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D011188:Potassium