title: Electromagnetic-tracked biopsy under ultrasound guidance: preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy and safety of electromagnetic needle tracking for sonographically guided percutaneous liver biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 23 consecutive ultrasound-guided liver biopsies for liver nodules with an electromagnetic tracking of the needle. A sensor placed at the tip of a sterile stylet (18G) inserted in a coaxial guiding trocar (16G) used for biopsy was localized in real time relative to the ultrasound imaging plane, thanks to an electromagnetic transmitter and two sensors on the ultrasound probe. This allows for electronic display of the needle tip location and the future needle path overlaid on the real-time ultrasound image. Distance between needle tip position and its electronic display, number of needle punctures, number of needle pull backs for redirection, technical success (needle positioned in the target), diagnostic success (correct histopathology result), procedure time, and complication were evaluated according to lesion sizes, depth and location, operator experience, and "in-plane" or "out-of-plane" needle approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electronic display was always within 2 mm from the real position of the needle tip. The technical success rate was 100%. A single needle puncture without repuncture was used in all patients. Pull backs were necessary in six patients (26%) to obtain correct needle placement. The overall diagnostic success rate was 91%. The overall true-positive, true-negative, false-negative, and failure rates of the biopsy were 100% (19/19) 100% (2/2), 0% (0/23), and 9% (2/23). The median total procedure time from the skin puncture to the needle in the target was 30 sec (from 5-60 s). Lesion depth and localizations, operator experience, in-plane or out-of-plane approach did not affect significantly the technical, diagnostic success, or procedure time. Even when the tumor size decreased, the procedure time did not increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromagnetic-tracked biopsy is accurate to determine needle tip position and allows fast and accurate needle placement in targeted liver nodules.
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France. thakime@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakime
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deschamps
authors.forename: Enio Garcia Marques
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: De Carvalho
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barah
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auperin
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Baere
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation