title: A longitudinal three-center study of craniofacial morphology at 6 and 12 years of age in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate.
abstract: In this longitudinal study, the craniofacial morphology and evaluated soft tissue profile changes, at 6 and 12 years of age in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CBCLP) were compared. Lateral cephalograms from 148 patients with CBCLP, treated consecutively at three European cleft centers, Gothenburg (n (A) = 37), Nijmegen (n (B) = 26), and Oslo (n (C) = 85), were evaluated. Eighteen hard tissue and ten soft tissue landmarks were digitized. Paired t test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression models were applied for statistical analysis. ANOVA and Tukey-B, as a post hoc test, were used to evaluate the increments and compare centers. Hard and soft tissue data were superimposed using the generalized Procrustes analysis. For Nijmegen, the increments of the variables SNA, ANB, SN-NL, SN-ML, NL-ML, Snss, and Snpg were significantly different than the two other centers (p = 0.041 to <0.001). SNPg increments were significantly different between Nijmegen and Oslo (p = 0.002). The three cleft centers followed different treatment protocols, but the main differences in craniofacial morphology until 12 years of age were the growth pattern and the maxillary and upper incisor variables. Follow-up of these patients until facial growth has ceased, which may elucidate components for improving treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Cleft Palate Craniofacial Unit, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 309 Dentistry, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theodosia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartzela
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rønning
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizell
authors.forename: Gunvor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Semb
authors.forename: Ewald
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bronkhorst
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Halazonetis
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuijpers-Jagtman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000601:surgery; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome