title: Do women's voices provide cues of the likelihood of ovulation? The importance of sampling regime.
abstract: The human voice provides a rich source of information about individual attributes such as body size, developmental stability and emotional state. Moreover, there is evidence that female voice characteristics change across the menstrual cycle. A previous study reported that women speak with higher fundamental frequency (F0) in the high-fertility compared to the low-fertility phase. To gain further insights into the mechanisms underlying this variation in perceived attractiveness and the relationship between vocal quality and the timing of ovulation, we combined hormone measurements and acoustic analyses, to characterize voice changes on a day-to-day basis throughout the menstrual cycle. Voice characteristics were measured from free speech as well as sustained vowels. In addition, we asked men to rate vocal attractiveness from selected samples. The free speech samples revealed marginally significant variation in F0 with an increase prior to and a distinct drop during ovulation. Overall variation throughout the cycle, however, precluded unequivocal identification of the period with the highest conception risk. The analysis of vowel samples revealed a significant increase in degree of unvoiceness and noise-to-harmonic ratio during menstruation, possibly related to an increase in tissue water content. Neither estrogen nor progestogen levels predicted the observed changes in acoustic characteristics. The perceptual experiments revealed a preference by males for voice samples recorded during the pre-ovulatory period compared to other periods in the cycle. While overall we confirm earlier findings in that women speak with a higher and more variable fundamental frequency just prior to ovulation, the present study highlights the importance of taking the full range of variation into account before drawing conclusions about the value of these cues for the detection of ovulation.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany. fischer@cog-ethol.de
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fickenscher
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jürgens
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heistermann
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Amir
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D010060:Ovulation; D010465:Perception; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult