title: Social-environmental factors related to prenatal smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a significant public health issue that has profound effects on maternal and fetal health. Although many women stop smoking upon pregnancy recognition, a large number continue. Given the higher burden of smoking among low-income women, the focus of this study is to examine the impact of pre-conception social-environmental influences on smoking cessation during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women who presented for prenatal were asked to complete a screening form at their first prenatal appointment. Women who agreed to participate were scheduled for a total of four interviews; a prenatal interview at the end of each trimester and a postnatal interview at 2 months of infant age. The sample for the current report consisted of pregnant women (first trimester) with a partner (N=316).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for pre-conception heaviness of smoking, a number of social-environmental factors were associated with smoking during the first trimester. Women were more likely to smoke during the first trimester if their partner was a smoker; however, the presence of other household smokers was not associated with increased risk for smoking. Additionally, women with a greater proportion of friends (but not relatives) who smoked and more frequent exposure to environmental tobacco were more likely to smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work found differential impacts of the social network on smoking suggesting that understanding relationship type, not simply number of smokers, may be important for smoking cessation efforts. Understanding differences in social network influences on smoking can help to inform interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA. ghomish@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Homish
authors.forename: Rina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Eiden
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Lynn T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution