title: Influence of traffic variations on exposure to wireless signals in realistic environments.
abstract: In this article, the general public daily exposure to broadcast signals and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile telephone signals in indoor areas is investigated. Temporal variations and traffic distributions during a day at different indoor sites in urban and rural zones are presented. The goal is to analyze the real exposure compared to the maximum assessment imposed by radio protection standards and to characterize the ratio between daily and maximum theoretical values. Hence, a realistic maximum is proposed based on the statistical analysis performed using measurements. Broadcast signals remain constant over the day so they are best fitted with a Normal distribution while the mobile telephone signals depend on the traffic demand during the day so they fit a three-Gaussian distribution model. A general mask is also constructed for underlining the maximum equivalent active traffic for different periods in the day. Also, relations between the mean values over 24 h, the realistic maximal values (at 99%) and the maximal theoretical values are presented. The realistic maximum is also presented with a sliding time average of 6 min applied to the measurements in accordance with international standards. An extrapolation factor is given for the different systems to easily assess the maximum values starting from an instantaneous measurement. The extrapolation factor is also given for a broadband measurement to estimate the maximum potential exposure during the day.
authors.affiliation: Orange Labs, France Télécom Division R&D, RESA/WASA 38-40, Issy Les Moulineaux, France; UPMC University of Paris 06, UR2, L2E F-75005, Paris, France. zaher.mahfouz@orange-ftgroup.com.
authors.forename: Zaher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mahfouz
authors.forename: Azeddine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gati
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lautru
authors.forename: Man-Fai
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiart
authors.forename: Victor Fouad
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation; D002947:Cities; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011846:Radio Waves; D012424:Rural Population; D013997:Time Factors; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*