title: Reading and writing difficulties in adolescence and later risk of welfare dependence. A ten year follow-up, the HUNT Study, Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Welfare dependence and low work participation among young people have raised concern in many European countries. Reading and writing difficulties (RWD) might make young people vulnerable to work integration problems and welfare dependence through negative influences on education and health. Our main objective of this study was to examine if RWD in adolescence affected the risk of welfare dependence in young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline information on self-reported RWD, health and family was obtained for 8950 school-attending adolescents in Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway, participating in the Young-HUNT1 survey, 1995-97. All individuals were linked to biological parents to identify siblings and parental education from national registers. Welfare dependence was assessed by the reception of social benefits (medical and economic) from the national social insurance database (1998-2007). Only long-term benefits (> 180 days) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adolescents who reported RWD at baseline were more likely to receive medical or social benefits during follow-up compared with those who did not report RWD. In girls with RWD, the adjusted 5-year risk (at age 24 to 28) for receiving medical benefits was 0.20 (95% confidence interval 0.14-0.26), compared with 0.11 (0.09-0.12) in girls without RWD. In boys the corresponding risks were 0.13 (0.09-0.17) and 0.08 (0.07-0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations between RWD in adolescence and welfare dependence later in life suggest that increased attention should be paid to these problems when discussing the public health aspects of work integration, since there might be a potential for prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. kristine.pape@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: Johan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bjørngaard
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Westin
authors.forename: Turid L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holmen
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krokstad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D011932:Reading; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012946:Social Welfare; D014956:Writing