title: CYP5122A1, a novel cytochrome P450 is essential for survival of Leishmania donovani.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) are hemoproteins catalysing diverse biochemical reactions important for metabolism of xenobiotics and synthesis of physiologically important compounds such as sterols. Therefore, they are functionally important for survival of invading pathogens. One such opportunistic pathogen Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, which is an important public health problem due to significant disease burden. The parasite genome database, Gene DB, annotates 3 CYP450s in Leishmania, however, the functional role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in Leishmania spp. remains elusive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A CYP450-like gene cloned from Leishmania donovani was identified as a novel CYP450, the CYP5122A1. Upon co-localization with organelle specific markers, CYP5122A1 distribution was shown to be localized in the promastigote ER, mitochondria and the glycosomes. Replacement of one allele of CYP5122A1 with either neomycin or hygromycin gene by homologous recombination in Leishmania promastigotes induced substantial reduction of CYP5122A1 expression. These parasites showed impaired growth, lower mitochondrial Ca(2+) and membrane potential resulting in low ATP generation. Also, these parasites were less infective in vitro and in vivo than their wild-type counterparts as assessed by incubation of Leishmania promastigotes with macrophages in vitro as well as through administration of parasites into hamsters. The HKOs were more susceptible to drugs like miltefosine and antimony, but showed reduced sensitivity to amphotericin B. Removal of two alleles of CYP5122A1 did not allow the parasites to survive. The mutant parasites showed 3.5 times lower ergosterol level as compared to the wild-type parasites when estimated by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Complementation of CYP5122A1 through episomal expression of protein by using pXG-GFP+2 vector partially rescued CYP5122A1 expression and restored ergosterol levels by 1.8 times. Phenotype reversal included restored growth pattern and lesser drug susceptibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, this study establishes CYP5122A1 as an important molecule linked to processes like cell growth, infection and ergosterol biosynthesis in Leishmania donovani.
authors.affiliation: Cell Death and Differentiation Research Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Medicine National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Smriti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Chandrima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shaha
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006224:Cricetinae; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000378:metabolism; D018503:Genome, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000469:parasitology; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D004875:Ergosterol