title: Video-rate fluorescence lifetime imaging camera with CMOS single-photon avalanche diode arrays and high-speed imaging algorithm.
abstract: A high-speed and hardware-only algorithm using a center of mass method has been proposed for single-detector fluorescence lifetime sensing applications. This algorithm is now implemented on a field programmable gate array to provide fast lifetime estimates from a 32 × 32 low dark count 0.13 μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) plus time-to-digital converter array. A simple look-up table is included to enhance the lifetime resolvability range and photon economics, making it comparable to the commonly used least-square method and maximum-likelihood estimation based software. To demonstrate its performance, a widefield microscope was adapted to accommodate the SPAD array and image different test samples. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy on fluorescent beads in Rhodamine 6G at a frame rate of 50 fps is also shown.
authors.affiliation: University of Sussex, Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Informatics, Brighton BN1 9QT, United Kingdom. david.li@sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: David D-U
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tyndall
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoppa
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charbon
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004867:Equipment Design; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008863:Microspheres; D017785:Photons; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012666:Semiconductors
chemical_list: D012235:Rhodamines; C026188:rhodamine 6G