title: Measuring multiple neurochemicals and related metabolites in blood and brain of the rhesus monkey by using dual microdialysis sampling and capillary hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: In vivo measurement of multiple functionally related neurochemicals and metabolites (NMs) is highly interesting but remains challenging in the field of basic neuroscience and clinical research. We present here an analytical method for determining five functionally and metabolically related polar substances, including acetylcholine (quaternary ammonium), lactate and pyruvate (organic acids), as well as glutamine and glutamate (amino acids). These NMs are acquired from samples of the brain and the blood of non-human primates in parallel by dual microdialysis, and subsequently analyzed by a direct capillary hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-mass spectrometry (MS) based method. To obtain high sensitivity in electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, lactate and pyruvate were detected in negative ionization mode whereas the other NMs were detected in positive ionization mode during each HILIC-MS run. The method was validated for linearity, the limits of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy, stability and matrix effect. The detection limit of acetylcholine, lactate, pyruvate, glutamine, and glutamate was 150 pM, 3 μM, 2 μM, 5 nM, and 50 nM, respectively. This allowed us to quantitatively and simultaneously measure the concentrations of all the substances from the acquired dialysates. The concentration ratios of both lactate/pyruvate and glutamine/glutamate were found to be higher in the brain compared to blood (p < 0.05). The reliable and simultaneous quantification of these five NMs from brain and blood samples allows us to investigate their relative distribution in the brain and blood, and most importantly paves the way for future non-invasive studies of the functional and metabolic relation of these substances to each other.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: von Pföstl
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaldivar
authors.forename: Xiaozhe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Logothetis
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauch
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D017551:Microdialysis; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000109:Acetylcholine