title: Responses of Lyngbya wollei to exposures of copper-based algaecides: the critical burden concept.
abstract: The formulation of a specific algaecide can greatly influence the bioavailability, uptake, and consequent control of the targeted alga. In this research, three copper-based algaecide formulations were evaluated in terms of copper sorption to a specific problematic alga and amount of copper required to achieve control. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the masses of copper required to achieve control of Lyngbya wollei using the algaecide formulations Algimycin-PWF, Clearigate, and copper sulfate pentahydrate in laboratory toxicity experiments; (2) to relate the responses of L. wollei to the masses of copper adsorbed and absorbed (i.e., dose) as well as the concentrations of copper in the exposure water; and (3) to discern the relation between the mass of copper required to achieve control of a certain mass of L. wollei among different algaecide formulations. The critical burden of copper (i.e., threshold algaecide concentration that must be absorbed or adsorbed to achieve control) for L. wollei averaged 3.3 and 1.9 mg Cu/g algae for Algimycin-PWF and Clearigate, respectively, in experiments with a series of aqueous copper concentrations, water volumes, and masses of algae. With reasonable exposures in these experiments, control was not achieved with single applications of copper sulfate despite copper sorption >13 mg Cu/g algae in one experiment. Factors governing the critical burden of copper required for control of problematic cyanobacteria include algaecide formulation and concentration, volume of water, and mass of algae. By measuring the critical burden of copper from an algaecide formulation necessary to achieve control of the targeted algae, selection of an effective product and treatment rate can be calculated at a given field site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA. wbishop@g.clemson.edu
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005068:Eutrophication / Q000187:drug effects; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D004983:Ethanolamines; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C416547:copper-ethanolamine complex; D003300:Copper; D019327:Copper Sulfate