title: Executive functioning and psychological adjustment in children and youth with spina bifida.
abstract: Children and adolescents with spina bifida are at risk for poor neuropsychological functioning and psychological outcomes. The relationship between executive functioning and psychological adjustment is an area worthy of investigation in this population. The current study assessed executive functioning and psychological outcomes in a group of children and adolescents with spina bifida (SBM) (n = 51) and nondisabled controls (n = 45). A mediation model was hypothesized, such that Metacognition, as measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), mediated the relationship between group status (spina bifida versus nondisabled controls) and psychological outcomes. Results indicated that metacognitive skills fully explained the relationship between group and internalizing and depressive symptoms as reported by mothers. In particular, specific components of the BRIEF Metacognition composite were most responsible for this relationship, including Initiate, Working Memory, and Plan/Organize. The study limitations include its cross-sectional nature that precludes drawing conclusions about causality. The results have implications for treatment interventions for children and adolescents with spina bifida and typically developing individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ammerman
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rausch
authors.forename: M Douglas
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ris
authors.forename: Keith O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: Sonya G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
authors.forename: Benedicta G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Enrile
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression; D056344:Executive Function; D006801:Humans; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires