title: Dose response effects of 810 nm laser light on mouse primary cortical neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the past four decades numerous studies have reported the efficacy of low level light (laser) therapy (LLLT) as a treatment for diverse diseases and injuries. Recent studies have shown that LLLT can biomodulate processes in the central nervous system and has been extensively studied as a stroke treatment. However there is still a lack of knowledge on the effects of LLLT at the cellular level in neurons. The present study aimed to study the effect of 810 nm laser on several cellular processes in primary cortical neurons cultured from embryonic mouse brains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurons were irradiated with fluences of 0.03, 0.3, 3, 10, or 30 J/cm(2) of 810-nm laser delivered over varying times at 25 mW/cm(2) and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide and calcium were measured using fluorescent probes within 5 minutes of the end of irradiation. The changes in mitochondrial function in response to light were studied in terms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Light induced a significant increase in calcium, ATP and MMP at lower fluences and a decrease at higher fluences. ROS was significantly induced at low fluences, followed by a decrease and a second larger increase at 30 J/cm(2). Nitric oxide levels showed a similar pattern of a double peak but values were less significant compared to ROS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that LLLT at lower fluences is capable of inducing mediators of cell signaling processes which in turn may be responsible for the beneficial stimulatory effects of the low level laser. At higher fluences beneficial mediators are reduced and high levels of Janus-type mediators such as ROS and NO (beneficial at low concentrations and harmful at high concentrations) may be responsible for the damaging effects of high-fluence light and the overall biphasic dose response.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Sulbha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Gitika B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Kharkwal
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajo
authors.forename: Ying-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Taboada
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hamblin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000528:radiation effects*