title: Osteopontin, an oxidant stress sensitive cytokine, up-regulates collagen-I via integrin α(V)β(3) engagement and PI3K/pAkt/NFκB signaling.
abstract: A key feature in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis is fibrillar Collagen-I deposition; yet, mediators that could be key therapeutic targets remain elusive. We hypothesized that osteopontin (OPN), an extracellular matrix (ECM) cytokine expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), could drive fibrogenesis by modulating the HSC pro-fibrogenic phenotype and Collagen-I expression. Recombinant OPN (rOPN) up-regulated Collagen-I protein in primary HSCs in a transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-independent fashion, whereas it down-regulated matrix metalloprotease-13 (MMP13), thus favoring scarring. rOPN activated primary HSCs, confirmed by increased α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression and enhanced their invasive and wound-healing potential. HSCs isolated from wild-type (WT) mice were more profibrogenic than those from OPN knockout (Opn(-/-)) mice and infection of primary HSCs with an Ad-OPN increased Collagen-I, indicating correlation between both proteins. OPN induction of Collagen-I occurred via integrin α(v)β(3) engagement and activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphorylated Akt/nuclear factor kappa B (PI3K/pAkt/NFκB)-signaling pathway, whereas cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) binding and mammalian target of rapamycin/70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (mTOR/p70S6K) were not involved. Neutralization of integrin α(v) β(3) prevented the OPN-mediated activation of the PI3K/pAkt/NFκB-signaling cascade and Collagen-I up-regulation. Likewise, inhibition of PI3K and NFκB blocked the OPN-mediated Collagen-I increase. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) cirrhotic patients showed coinduction of Collagen-I and cleaved OPN compared to healthy individuals. Acute and chronic liver injury by CCl(4) injection or thioacetamide (TAA) treatment elevated OPN expression. Reactive oxygen species up-regulated OPN in vitro and in vivo and antioxidants prevented this effect. Transgenic mice overexpressing OPN in hepatocytes (Opn(HEP) Tg) mice developed spontaneous liver fibrosis compared to WT mice. Last, chronic CCl(4) injection and TAA treatment caused more liver fibrosis to WT than to Opn(-/-) mice and the reverse occurred in Opn(HEP) Tg mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OPN emerges as a key cytokine within the ECM protein network driving the increase in Collagen-I protein contributing to scarring and liver fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urtasun
authors.forename: Aritz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopategi
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Tung-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Yongke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fiel
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nieto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013853:Thioacetamide; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013853:Thioacetamide; D053495:Osteopontin; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt