title: Developing scales to assess parental instrumental social support and influence on provision of social support for physical activity in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An important influence on youth physical activity (PA) is the provision of instrumental social support (ISS) by parents and other adults. Limited research exists about factors that influence parental provision of ISS for youth PA. Following a theory-based conceptual model, a measure for assessing ISS for PA was developed from elicitation survey results. The purpose of this paper is to describe elicitation methodology and ISS instrument development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents (N = 37) of children (5-14 years) responded to open-ended questions assessing modal beliefs about their provision of ISS for PA regarding a) positive/negative beliefs, b) normative beliefs, c) self-efficacy (SE), and d) ISS for PA. Data were analyzed qualitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ISS behaviors reported by parents include enroll/sign-up youth for structured PA, paying expenses for participation in structured/unstructured PA, and providing transportation for unstructured/structured PA. Child health and fitness (benefits), and time/scheduling conflicts (barriers) were most frequently reported behavioral beliefs. Family members were most frequently identified as specific referents for normative beliefs. Final instrument scales yielded moderately high internal consistency reliability scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When developing scales not previously assessed in a population, eliciting modal beliefs about a behavior is an important formative step in instrument development.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dominick
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kenison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009043:Motor Activity; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult