title: Depressive phenotypes evoked by experimental diabetes are reversed by insulin.
abstract: Clinical studies suggest a bidirectional relationship between diabetes and depression, where diabetes may increase risk for depressive symptoms and depression may increase risk for diabetes. Preclinical models examining the effects of diabetes on brain and behavior can provide insights to the pathophysiology underlying this relationship. The current study comprehensively examined, in C57BL/6 mice, the development of depressive phenotypes evoked by diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and determined if insulin treatment was able to reverse the diabetes-related changes on brain and affective behavior. Since anxiety is often comorbid with mood disturbances, behavioral tests for both anxiety and depression were administered. Possible physiological correlates of behavioral changes, including hippocampal cell proliferation, brain derived neurotrophic factor, and plasma corticosterone, were also measured. STZ-induced diabetes resulted in increased immobility in the tail suspension test, increased intracranial self-stimulation thresholds, decreased hippocampal cell proliferation, and increased corticosterone levels. Insulin treatment, on the other hand, reduced hyperglycemia, reversed the behavioral effects, and returned hippocampal cell proliferation and corticosterone to levels comparable to the control group. Anxiety-related behaviors were unaffected. This study showed that experimental diabetes in the mouse produced depressive phenotypes that were reversed by insulin therapy. Changes in reward-related behaviors and hippocampal cell proliferation may be useful markers to identify therapeutic interventions for comorbid diabetes and depression.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Darrick T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Balu
authors.forename: Monica R F
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hilario
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blendy
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lucki
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension / Q000379:methods; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010641:Phenotype; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D003345:Corticosterone