title: Differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding proximal to the ligament of Trietz.
abstract: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is an important medical problem for patients and the medical system. The causes of UGIB are varied and their accurate identification guides appropriate management. The major cause of UGIB is peptic ulcer disease, for which Helicobacter pylori and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use are major risk factors. Lesser causes include Dieulafoy lesion, gastric antral vascular ectasia, hemobilia, aortoenteric fistulas, and upper gastrointestinal tumors. Awareness of causes and management of UGIB should allow physicians to treat their patients more effectively.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. ruben.acosta@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Ruben D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Roy K H
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006431:Hemobilia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007412:Intestinal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract; D016157:Vascular Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal