title: Short-term efficacy and safety of vasopressin receptor antagonists for treatment of hyponatremia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We performed a meta-analysis to systematically measure efficacy and safety of vasopressin receptor antagonists (VRAs) tested in randomized controlled trials for treatment of hyponatremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and scientific abstracts were searched without language restriction. Two authors independently screened citations and extracted data on patient characteristics, quality of reports, and efficacy and safety endpoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven trials were identified (1094 patients). By meta-analysis, VRAs achieved a net increase in serum sodium concentration ([Na(+)](serum)) relative to placebo of 3.3 mEq/L at day 1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-3.8), and 4.2 mEq/L at day 2 (95% CI, 3.6-4.8), persisting at days 3-5. Larger net increases in [Na(+)](serum) at days 1-4 were observed in euvolemic hyponatremia and with higher doses. VRAs induced a net increase in effective water clearance relative to placebo of 1244 mL at day 1 (95% CI, 920-1567), persisting at days 2 and 4. VRAs were associated with odds ratios of 3.0 for overly rapid correction of [Na(+)](serum) (P <.001), 7.8 for development of hypernatremia (P <.001), 3.3 for thirst development (P <.001), and 2.2 for postural hypotension (P=.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term use of VRAs in treating hyponatremia was successful at raising [Na(+)](serum). Additional experience is required to guide their optimal use and minimize safety concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney and Dialysis Research Laboratory, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
authors.forename: Bertrand L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Jaber
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almarzouqi
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borgi
authors.forename: Victor F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Seabra
authors.forename: Ethan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Balk
authors.forename: Nicolaos E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Madias
mesh_terms: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D012964:Sodium