title: Humoral immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum among HIV-1-infected Kenyan adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Humoral immune responses play a pivotal role in naturally acquired immunity to malaria. Understanding which humoral responses are impaired among individuals at higher risk for malaria may improve our understanding of malaria immune control and contribute to vaccine development.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared humoral responses with 483 Plasmodium falciparum antigens between adults in, Kisumu (high, year-long malaria transmission leading to partial immunity), and adults in Kisii (low, seasonal malaria transmission). Then within each site, we compared malaria-specific humoral responses between those at higher risk for malaria (CD4(+) ≤500) and those at lower risk for malaria (CD4(+) >500). A protein microarray chip containing 483 P. falciparum antigens and 71 HIV antigens was used. Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments were made to control for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven antigens including CSP, MSP1, LSA1 and AMA1 were identified as significantly more reactive in Kisumu than in Kisii. Ten of these antigens had been identified as protective in an earlier study. CD4(+) T-cell count did not significantly impact humoral responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein microarrays are a useful method to screen multiple humoral responses simultaneously. This study provides useful clues for potential vaccine candidates. Modest decreases in CD4 counts may not significantly impact malaria-specific humoral immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Tulane University, New Orleans, LO, USA. onnedu1@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Obinna N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Nnedu
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mutua
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mutai
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalantari-Dehaghi
authors.forename: Al
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jasinskas
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakajima-Sasaki
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: John-Stewart
authors.forename: Phelgona
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: Xiaowu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waitumbi
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kimani
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camerini
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Felgner
authors.forename: Judd L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Walson
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vigil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D017780:Malaria Vaccines