title: Alkaloid Profiling as an Approach to Differentiate Lupinus garfieldensis, Lupinus sabinianus and Lupinus sericeus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many species in the Lupinus genus are poorly defined morphologically, potentially resulting in improper taxonomic identification. Lupine species may contain quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids that can be acutely toxic and/or teratogenic, the latter resulting in crooked calf disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify characteristic alkaloid profiles of Lupinus sabinianus, L. garfieldensis and L. sericeus which would aid in discriminating these species from each other and from L. sulphureus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids were extracted from herbarium specimens and recent field collections of L. sabinianus, L. garfieldensis and L. sericeus. The alkaloid composition of each species was defined using GC-FID and GC-MS and compared using multivariate statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each of the three species investigated contained a diagnostic chemical fingerprint composed of quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alkaloid profiles of Lupinus sabinianus, L. garfieldensis and L. sericeus can be used as a tool to discriminate these species from each other and L. sulphureus as long as one considers locality of the collection in the case of L. sabinianus.
authors.affiliation: Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341, USA. daniel.cook@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Clint A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stonecipher
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Benedict T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Kip E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Panter
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D031297:Lupinus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010880:Piperidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D054837:Quinolizidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D010880:Piperidines; D054837:Quinolizidines; C032727:piperidine