title: Attenuation of the cortisol response to stress in female rainbow trout chronically exposed to dietary selenomethionine.
abstract: Selenomethionine (Se-Met) is the major dietary form of selenium (Se). While Se is a required nutrient, it can also influence the physiological stress response because it stimulates greater concentrations of cortisol in blood plasma of exposed fish. However, little is known about the effects of exposure to Se on the ability to cope with a secondary stressor. In the current study, female rainbow trout were exposed to an environmentally relevant dietary concentration (8.47 mg Se/kg dry mass (dm)) of Se-Met for 126 d, after which time fish were subjected to a 3-min handling stressor and sampled at 2h and 24h post-stressor exposure. Concentrations of cortisol, cortisone, glucose, and lactate in blood plasma and concentrations of glycogen and triglycerides in liver and muscle were determined. Abundances of transcripts of proteins involved in corticosteroidogenesis were determined using quantitative RT-PCR. Concentrations of cortisol were significantly greater in blood plasma of trout exposed to Se-Met, relative to control trout sampled prior to the handling stressor. A typical response of cortisol to the handling stressor was observed in the control trout. However, trout exposed to Se-Met were unable to mount a cortisol response to the handling stressor. Concentrations of cortisone, the inactive metabolite of cortisol, were significantly greater following the handling stressor in trout exposed to Se-Met. In trout exposed to Se-Met, transcript abundance of melanocortin 2 receptor (mc2r) and peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (pbr) were greater, which is consistent with the conclusion that synthesis of cortisol was greater. However, abundances of transcripts of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (p450scc) and cytochrome P450 11B1 (cyp11b1) were not significantly different between controls and Se-Met exposed trout. Exposure to Se-Met affected accumulation and tissue partitioning of glycogen and triglycerides in liver and muscle as concentrations of these energy reserves were greater in muscle, but not liver. Concentrations of glycogen and triglycerides in muscle, but not in liver, were lesser following the handling stressor suggesting that the muscle energy reserves are an important source of energy required for recovery from the handling stressor. The results of the study demonstrate that chronic exposure to dietary Se-Met elicits a stress response, but prevents a cortisol response to a secondary handling stressor, most likely due to cortisol inactivation. Moreover, exposure to Se-Met has effects on concentrations of energy reserves that are important for providing the energy necessary to cope with a secondary stressor.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. steve.wiseman@usask.ca
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.forename: Jith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Landon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McPhee
authors.forename: Olesya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hursky
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pietrock
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Janz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003348:Cortisone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012645:Selenomethionine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006003:Glycogen; D012645:Selenomethionine; D003348:Cortisone; D006854:Hydrocortisone