title: Formation and stability of oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing rice bran oil: in vitro and in vivo assessments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nanoemulsions have practical application in a multitude of commercial areas, such as the chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Cosmetic industries use rice bran oil in sunscreen formulations, anti ageing products and in treatments for skin diseases. The aim of this study was to create rice bran oil nanoemulsions using low energy emulsification methods and to evaluate their physical stability, irritation potential and moisturising activity on volunteers with normal and diseased skin types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nanoemulsion developed by this phase diagram method was composed of 10% rice bran oil, 10% surfactants sorbitan oleate/PEG-30 castor oil, 0.05% antioxidant and 0.50% preservatives formulated in distilled water. The nanoemulsion was stable over the time course of this study. In vitro assays showed that this formulation has a low irritation potential, and when applied to human skin during in vivo studies, the nanoemulsion improved the skin's moisture and maintained normal skin pH values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of irritation potential studies and in vivo assessments indicate that this nanoemulsion has potential to be a useful tool to treat skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. danibernardi81@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Daniela S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Tatiana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Naira R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bortoloto
authors.forename: Gisely S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Viera
authors.forename: Gustavo C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rocha-Filho
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D002368:Castor Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004355:Drug Stability; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000628:therapy; D000073879:Rice Bran Oil; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004655:Emulsions; D006601:Hexoses; D010938:Plant Oils; D014867:Water; C018665:sorbitan monooleate; D002368:Castor Oil; D000073879:Rice Bran Oil