title: Changing epidemiological trends of legionellosis in New Zealand, 1979-2009.
abstract: This study evaluated the spatio-temporal variation of Legionella spp. in New Zealand using notification and laboratory surveillance data from 1979 to 2009 and analysed the epidemiological trends. To achieve this we focused on changing incidence rates and occurrence of different species over this time. We also examined whether demographic characteristics such as ethnicity may be related to incidence. The annual incidence rate for laboratory-proven cases was 2·5/100,000 and 1·4/100,000 for notified cases. Incidence was highest in the European population and showed large geographical variations between 21 District Health Boards. An important finding of this study is that the predominant Legionella species causing disease in New Zealand differs from that found in other developed countries, with about 30-50% of cases due to L. longbeachae and a similar percentage due to L. pneumophila for any given year. The environmental risk exposure was identified in 420 (52%) cases, of which 58% were attributed to contact with compost; travel was much less significant as a risk factor (6·5%). This suggests that legionellosis has a distinctive epidemiological pattern in New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: GeoHealth Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. frances.graham@pg.canterbury.ac.nz
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: D J G
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Harte
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kingham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007875:Legionella / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007876:Legionellosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors