title: Towards an optimal design of target for tsetse control: comparisons of novel targets for the control of Palpalis group tsetse in West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tsetse flies of the Palpalis group are the main vectors of sleeping sickness in Africa. Insecticide impregnated targets are one of the most effective tools for control. However, the cost of these devices still represents a constraint to their wider use. The objective was therefore to improve the cost effectiveness of currently used devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments were performed on three tsetse species, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides in Burkina Faso and G. p. palpalis in Côte d'Ivoire. The 1 × 1 m(2) black blue black target commonly used in W. Africa was used as the standard, and effects of changes in target size, shape, and the use of netting instead of black cloth were measured. Regarding overall target shape, we observed that horizontal targets (i.e. wider than they were high) killed 1.6-5x more G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides than vertical ones (i.e. higher than they were wide) (P < 0.001). For the three tsetse species including G. p. palpalis, catches were highly correlated with the size of the target. However, beyond the size of 0.75 m, there was no increase in catches. Replacing the black cloth of the target by netting was the most cost efficient for all three species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing the size of the current 1*1 m black-blue-black target to horizontal designs of around 50 cm and replacing black cloth by netting will improve cost effectiveness six-fold for both G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides. Studying the visual responses of tsetse to different designs of target has allowed us to design more cost-effective devices for the effective control of sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Jean Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rayaisse
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esterhuizen
authors.forename: Inaki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tirados
authors.forename: Dramane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaba
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salou
authors.forename: Abdoulaye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diarrassouba
authors.forename: Glyn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lehane
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Torr
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032763:Behavior Control; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002050:Burkina Faso; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides