title: Measuring mitochondrial function in intact cardiac myocytes.
abstract: Mitochondria are involved in cellular functions that go beyond the traditional role of these organelles as the power plants of the cell. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including cardiac dysfunction, and play a role in the aging process. Many aspects of our knowledge of mitochondria stem from studies performed on the isolated organelle. Their relative inaccessibility imposes experimental difficulties to study mitochondria in their natural environment-the cytosol of intact cells-and has hampered a comprehensive understanding of the plethora of mitochondrial functions. Here we review currently available methods to study mitochondrial function in intact cardiomyocytes. These methods primarily use different flavors of fluorescent dyes and genetically encoded fluorescent proteins in conjunction with high-resolution imaging techniques. We review methods to study mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, Ca(2+) and Na(+) signaling, mitochondrial pH regulation, redox state and ROS production, NO signaling, oxygen consumption, ATP generation and the activity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Where appropriate we complement this review on intact myocytes with seminal studies that were performed on isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, and in whole hearts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Elena N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Dedkova
authors.forename: Lothar A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Blatter
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism*; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010539:Permeability; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium