title: Pyrogallol red oxidation induced by superoxide radicals: application to evaluate redox cycling of nitro compounds.
abstract: The bleaching of the pyrogallol red (PGR) dye mediated by superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)) generated from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system (X/XO) was studied by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The absorption band (at 540 nm) of PGR quickly decreased in the presence of X/XO, implying an efficient reaction of O(2)(-) with PGR. The process was unaffected by catalase (CAT), but completely abolished by superoxide dismutase (SOD). A mechanism of the reaction involving the consumption of one PGR molecule by two O(2)(-) to generate one molecule of H(2)O(2) is proposed. PGR was used as a probe to estimate the rate of O(2)(-) generation in redox cycling reactions of a series of nitro compounds mediated by rat liver microsomes. The consumption of PGR induced by the redox cycling of nitrofurantoin was totally eliminated by the addition of SOD but unaffected by CAT. The initial rate of consumption of PGR mediated by the redox cycling of others nitro derivatives follows the order: furazolidindione > nitrofurantoin > nifurtimox > benznidazole > chloramphenicol. We concluded that PGR can be used as a probe to estimate the release of O(2)(-) from enzymatic systems or from the redox cycling of nitro compounds.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 782 0436, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faúndez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bohle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Letelier
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aliaga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Speisky
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lissi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Alarcón
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004996:Ethidium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011748:Pyrogallol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D019820:Xanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011748:Pyrogallol; C067883:dihydroethidium; D013481:Superoxides; D019820:Xanthine; C058731:pyrogallol sulfonphthalein; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D004996:Ethidium