title: The mediating role of pain in substance use and depressive symptoms among Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) participants.
abstract: Pain in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently co-occurs with substance use and depression. The complex associations among patient characteristics, pain, depression, and drug use in HIV suggests a role for testing models that can account for relationships simultaneously, control for HIV status, and also test for mediation. Using structural equation modeling, the current study examined associations among pain, sociodemographics, illicit drug use, and depressive symptoms in 921 HIV-seropositive and 1019 HIV-seronegative men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, an ongoing prospective study of the natural history of HIV infection among gay/bisexual men. Longitudinal repeated measures data collected over a 6-year period were analyzed using predictive path models in which sociodemographics, HIV status, and CD4+ cell counts predicted pain, which, in turn, predicted depressive symptoms and illicit drug use. The path models did not differ substantially between HIV-seropositive and -seronegative men. Analyses using the total sample indicated that pain served both as a mediator and as a predictor of more use of cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, as well as more depressive symptoms. HIV-seropositive status predicted more use of inhaled nitrites. In this cohort, having lower CD4+ cell counts (predicted by HIV status), being African American, less educated, and older were all associated with more pain, which, in turn, was associated with more illicit drug use and more depressive symptoms. The results underscore the need for adequate pain management, particularly among vulnerable subgroups of HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men to reduce the risk of drug use and depression.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pain Program, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA The Chicago Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Ogburn-Stouffer Center for Social Organization Research at the National Opinion Research Center (NORC), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Services, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Jennie C I
authors.initials: JCI
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ostrow
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stall
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Plankey
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards