title: Depressive symptoms, antidepressant medication use, and insulin resistance: the PPP-Botnia Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although insulin resistance (IR) may underlie associations between depressive symptoms and diabetes, previous findings have been contradictory. We examined whether depressive symptoms associate with IR and insulin secretion, and, additionally, whether antidepressant medication use may modulate such associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4,419 individuals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Participants with previously or newly diagnosed diabetes are excluded from this sample. The homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and corrected insulin response (CIR) were calculated. Depressive symptoms and antidepressant medication use were self-reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for confounding factors, depressive symptoms were associated with higher fasting and 30-min insulin during the OGTT and higher HOMA-IR but not CIR. Antidepressant medication use failed to modify these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms are associated with IR but not with changes in insulin response when corrected for IR in individuals without previously or newly diagnosed diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti-Jussi
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pyykkönen
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Tiinamaija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isomaa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D007328:Insulin