title: 6-gingerol prevents patulin-induced genotoxicity in HepG2 cells.
abstract: Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin produced by several Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssochlamys species. Since PAT is a potent genotoxic compound, and PAT contamination is common in fruits and fruit products, the search for newer, better agents for protection against genotoxicity of PAT is required. In this study, the chemoprotective effect of 6-gingerol against PAT-induced genotoxicity in HepG2 cells was investigated. The comet assay and micronucleus test (MNT) were used to monitor genotoxic effects. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms, the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were tested. In addition, the level of oxidative DNA damage was evaluated by immunocytochemical analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The results showed that 6-gingerol significantly reduced the DNA strand breaks and micronuclei formation caused by PAT. Moreover, 6-gingerol effectively suppressed PAT-induced intracellular ROS formation and 8-OHdG level. The GSH depletion induced by PAT in HepG2 cells was also attenuated by 6-gingerol pretreatment. These findings suggest that 6-gingerol has a strong protective ability against the genotoxicity caused by PAT, and the antioxidant activity of 6-gingerol may play an important part in attenuating the genotoxicity of PAT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Laifu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Chengyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xiance
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiaofang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053960:DNA Breaks / Q000187:drug effects*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000187:drug effects*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010365:Patulin / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D027343:Rhizome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D009153:Mutagens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C007845:gingerol; D010365:Patulin; D005978:Glutathione