title: Past and current alcohol consumption patterns and elevations in serum hepatic enzymes among US adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the association between patterns of past and current alcohol consumption and elevations in serum hepatic enzymes among a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated the age-adjusted prevalence of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) among 8993 adults aged 20 years or older who participated in the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We produced prevalence ratios by using patterns of alcohol consumption as a predictor; elevations in serum ALT, AST, and GGT were used as an outcome variable while adjusting for covariates in multivariate regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-adjusted prevalence of elevated serum ALT, AST, and GGT in adults was 9.7%, 16.0%, and 8.6%, respectively. Male excessive current drinkers had 50%-71% and 75%-314% increased likelihoods of having elevated serum AST and GGT, respectively; female excessive drinkers with a history of consuming 5 or more drinks almost daily had a 226% increased likelihood of having elevated serum GGT, when compared to their respective counterparts who were lifetime abstainers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that elevations in serum hepatic enzymes, especially AST and GGT, are common in adults who are excessive current drinkers. There is evidence to suggest that excessive current drinkers with a history of protracted drinking are especially vulnerable to potential liver injury. These findings lend further support to the early identification of excessive drinkers who may have an increased risk for alcohol-related morbidity and mortality in health care settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. jxt9@cdc.gov
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Earl S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Chaoyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guixiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000201:enzymology; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase