title: The effect of skin entry site, needle angulation and soft tissue compression on simulated antegrade and retrograde femoral arterial punctures: an anatomical study using Cartesian co-ordinates derived from CT angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Safe femoral arterial access is an important procedural step in many interventional procedures and variations of the anatomy of the region are well known. The aim of this study was to redefine the anatomy relevant to the femoral arterial puncture and simulate the results of different puncture techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 consecutive CT angiograms were used and regions of interest were labelled giving Cartesian co-ordinates which allowed determination of arterial puncture site relative to skin puncture site, the bifurcation and inguinal ligament (ING).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ING was lower than defined by bony landmarks by 16.6 mm. The femoral bifurcation was above the inferior aspect of the femoral head in 51% and entirely medial to the femoral head in 1%. Simulated antegrade and retrograde punctures with dogmatic technique, using a 45-degree angle would result in a significant rate of high and low arterial punctures. Simulated 50% soft tissue compression also resulted in decreased rate of high retrograde punctures but an increased rate of low antegrade punctures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of dogmatic access techniques is predicted to result in an unacceptably high rate of dangerous high and low punctures. Puncture angle and geometry can be severely affected by patient obesity. The combination of fluoroscopy to identify entry point, ultrasound-guidance to identify the femoral bifurcation and soft tissue compression to improve puncture geometry are critical for safe femoral arterial access.
authors.affiliation: Norwich Radiology Academy, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UB, UK. matthewtam2005@gmail.com
authors.forename: Matthew D B S
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*