title: Cell wall polysaccharides from fern leaves: evidence for a mannan-rich Type III cell wall in Adiantum raddianum.
abstract: Primary cell walls from plants are composites of cellulose tethered by cross-linking glycans and embedded in a matrix of pectins. Cell wall composition varies between plant species, reflecting in some instances the evolutionary distance between them. In this work the monosaccharide compositions of isolated primary cell walls of nine fern species and one lycophyte were characterized and compared with those from Equisetum and an angiosperm dicot. The relatively high abundance of mannose in these plants suggests that mannans may constitute the major cross-linking glycan in the primary walls of pteridophytes and lycophytes. Pectin-related polysaccharides contained mostly rhamnose and uronic acids, indicating the presence of rhamnogalacturonan I highly substituted with galactose and arabinose. Structural and fine-structural analyses of the hemicellulose fraction of leaves of Adiantum raddianum confirmed this hypothesis. Linkage analysis showed that the mannan contains mostly 4-Man with very little 4,6-Man, indicating a low percentage of branching with galactose. Treatment of the mannan-rich fractions with endo-β-mannanase produced characteristic mannan oligosaccharides. Minor amounts of xyloglucan and xylans were also detected. These data and those of others suggest that all vascular plants contain xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and (gluco)mannans, but in different proportions that define cell wall types. Whereas xyloglucan and pectin-rich walls define Type I walls of dicots and many monocots, arabinoxylans and lower proportion of pectin define the Type II walls of commelinoid monocots. The mannan-rich primary walls with low pectins of many ferns and a lycopod indicate a fundamentally different wall type among land plants, the Type III wall.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas (LAFIECO), Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanna B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ionashiro
authors.forename: Thalita B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Carrara
authors.forename: Augusto C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Crivellari
authors.forename: Marco A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tiné
authors.forename: Jefferson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Carpita
authors.forename: Marcos S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Buckeridge
mesh_terms: D035681:Adiantum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D020829:Equisetum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008351:Mannans / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D032503:Selaginellaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008351:Mannans; D011134:Polysaccharides