title: Noninvasive detection of concealed explosives: depth profiling through opaque plastics by time-resolved Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: The detection of explosives concealed behind opaque, diffusely scattering materials is a challenge that requires noninvasive analytical techniques for identification without having to manipulate the package. In this context, this study focuses on the application of time-resolved Raman spectroscopy (TRRS) with a picosecond pulsed laser and an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector for the noninvasive identification of explosive materials through several millimeters of opaque polymers or plastic packaging materials. By means of a short (250 ps) gate which can be delayed several hundred picoseconds after the laser pulse, the ICCD detector allows for the temporal discrimination between photons from the surface of a sample and those from deeper layers. TRRS was applied for the detection of the two main isomers of dinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene as well as for various other components of explosive mixtures, including akardite II, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite. Spectra were obtained through different diffuse scattering white polymer materials: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyoxymethylene (POM), and polyethylene (PE). Common packaging materials of various thicknesses were also selected, including polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). With the demonstration of the ability to detect concealed, explosives-related compounds through an opaque first layer, this study may have important applications in the security and forensic fields.
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Analysis and Spectroscopy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingeborg E Iping
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Petterson
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-López
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Ruiz
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gooijer
authors.forename: Joost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.forename: Freek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ariese
mesh_terms: D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D053834:Explosive Agents; D011108:Polymers; C016403:2,4-dinitrotoluene; C023514:2,6-dinitrotoluene