title: Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China?
  
  
  METHODS
  Received parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers: warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001318:Authoritarianism; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003469:Culture; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors