title: Resilience and adaptation in the use of medicinal plants with suspected anti-inflammatory activity in the Brazilian Northeast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study uses the utilitarian redundancy model as a basis to investigate issues related to the preference for plants native to the Caatinga used as anti-inflammatories by respondents from the community of Carão in rural Pernambuco, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, 49 respondents and 24 native plants used as anti-inflammatories were selected from a database built by previous studies in this study area. Interviews with respondents were conducted by applying the checklist-interview technique and by presenting photographs of plants, which were ordered according to plant preference for each type of inflammation mentioned. After elaborating each list of preferences, we inquired as to the criteria used for the construction of the lists. A salience index was calculated to determine the most- and least-preferred species, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most significant criteria used by the respondents to indicate the preferred plants for anti-inflammatory use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 37 subcategories or inflammatory conditions, most of which were associated with disorders of the genitourinary (8 conditions), digestive (7) and respiratory (4) systems. Subcategories with the highest level of redundancy include "wound" (79.1% of species), "cut" (66.6%) and "uterus" (66.6%), and five non-redundant conditions were identified (only one species). We obtained approximately 300 lists and 18 choice criteria. PCA analysis showed that seven species were most preferred by the respondents, as they showed the highest salience values, and that the preferred criterion was "treatment effectiveness".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that inflammation is a complex collection of disorders consisting of several subcategories. Furthermore, respondents preferred different treatments for different inflammatory conditions, which pose a challenge for future pharmacological studies that aim to assess the biological activity of anti-inflammatory plants. Preferences were very specific, focused on a small number of species and mainly related to therapeutic effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: Washington Soares Ferreira
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Júnior
authors.forename: Ana Haydée
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ladio
authors.forename: Ulysses Paulino de
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001938:Brazil; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts