title: Biodegradation of sulfamethazine by Trametes versicolor: Removal from sewage sludge and identification of intermediate products by UPLC-QqTOF-MS.
abstract: Degradation of the sulfonamide sulfamethazine (SMZ) by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor was assessed. Elimination was achieved to nearly undetectable levels after 20 h in liquid medium when SMZ was added at 9 mg L(-1). Experiments with purified laccase and laccase-mediators resulted in almost complete removal. On the other hand, inhibition of SMZ degradation was observed when piperonilbutoxide, a cytochrome P450-inhibitor, was added to the fungal cultures. UPLC-QqTOF-MS analysis allowed the identification and confirmation of 4 different SMZ degradation intermediates produced by fungal cultures or purified laccase: desulfo-SMZ, N4-formyl-SMZ, N4-hydroxy-SMZ and desamino-SMZ; nonetheless SMZ mineralization was not demonstrated with the isotopically labeled sulfamethazine-phenyl-13C6 after 7 days. Inoculation of T. versicolor to sterilized sewage sludge in solid-phase systems showed complete elimination of SMZ and also of other sulfonamides (sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole) at real environmental concentrations, making this fungus an interesting candidate for further remediation research.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Química Ambiental, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. mggqam@cid.csic.es
authors.forename: Ma Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: García-Galán
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vicent
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caminal
authors.forename: M Silvia
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Díaz-Cruz
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D042845:Laccase / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013418:Sulfamethazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013997:Time Factors; D055454:Trametes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012722:Sewage; D013418:Sulfamethazine; D042845:Laccase; D005947:Glucose