title: Evaluation of the histologic reactions to commonly used suture materials in the skin and musculature of ball pythons (Python regius).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate histologic reactions to 8 suture materials and cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (CTA) in the musculature and skin of ball pythons.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 hatchling ball pythons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In each snake, ten 1-cm skin incisions were made (day 0). At 8 sites, a suture of 1 of 8 materials was placed in the epaxial musculature, and the incision was closed with the same material. One incision was closed by use of CTA. No suture material was placed in the tenth incision, which was allowed to heal by second intention (negative control). Snakes (n = 5/group) were euthanized for harvest of treatment-site tissues at days 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90. Skin and muscle sections were examined microscopically and assigned a subjective score (0 to 4) for each of the following: overall severity of inflammation, fibrosis, number of macrophages, number of granulocytes, number of perivascular lymphocytes, and degree of suture fragmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjective score analysis revealed that CTA did not cause a significant inflammatory response, compared with the negative control. All suture materials caused significantly more inflammation over all time points; for all suture materials, inflammatory response scores were significantly higher than values for the negative control 90 days after implantation. No sutures were completely absorbed by the end of the study period, and several sutures appeared to be in the process of extrusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In snakes, CTA can be used to close small superficial incisions or lacerations with minimal inflammatory response, and sutures may undergo extrusion from tissues prior to complete absorption.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA. mikemdvm@illinois.edu
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: R Avery
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kinsel
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017821:Boidae / Q000601:surgery*; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000633:toxicity; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D013537:Sutures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D014014:Tissue Adhesives