title: Patterns of meat intake and risk of prostate cancer among African-Americans in a large prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given the large racial differences in prostate cancer risk, further investigation of diet and prostate cancer is warranted among high-risk groups. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between type of meat intake and prostate cancer risk among African-American men.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the large, prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, we analyzed baseline (1995-1996) data from African-American participants, aged 50-71 years. Incident prostate cancer cases (n = 1,089) were identified through 2006. Dietary and risk factor data were ascertained by questionnaires administered at baseline. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) within intake quantiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither white nor processed meat intake was associated with prostate cancer, regardless of meat-cooking method. Red meats cooked at high temperatures were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.00-1.38 and HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.03-1.44, for the upper two intake tertiles). Intake of the heterocyclic amine (HCA), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) was positively associated with prostate cancer (HR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.05-1.61, p = 0.02). No associations were observed for intake of other HCAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Red meats cooked at high temperatures were positively associated with prostate cancer risk among African-American men. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. jacqueline.major@nih.gov
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Watters
authors.forename: Albert R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hollenbeck
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000818:Animals; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D009153:Mutagens