title: The role of cow urine in the oviposition site preference of culicine and Anopheles mosquitoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical and behavioural ecology of mosquitoes plays an important role in the development of chemical cue based vector control. To date, studies available have focused on evaluating mosquito attractants and repellents of synthetic and human origins. This study, however, was aimed at seasonal evaluation of the efficiency of cow urine in producing oviposition cues to Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex quinquefasciatus in both laboratory and field conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oviposition response evaluation in laboratory conditions was carried out in mosquito rearing cages. The oviposition substrates were located in parallel or in diagonal positions inside the cage. Urine evaluation against gravid females of An. arabiensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus was carried out at Day 1, Day 3 and Day 7. Five millilitres (mls) of cow urine was added to oviposition substrate while de-chlorinated water was used as a control. In field experiments, 500 mls of cow urine was added in artificial habitats with 2500 mls of de-chlorinated water and 2 kgs of soil. The experiment was monitored for thirty consecutive days, eggs were collected daily from the habitats at 7.00 hrs. Data analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests for treatments and controls while attraction of the oviposition substrate in each species was presented using Oviposition Activity Index (OAI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OAI was positive with ageing of cattle urine in culicine species in both laboratory and field experiments. The OAI for anopheline species was positive with fresh urine. The OAI during the rainy season was positive for all species tested while in the dry season the OAI for culicine spp and Anopheles gambiae s.l., changed with time from positive to negative values.Based on linear model analysis, seasons and treatments had a significant effect on the number of eggs laid in habitats, even though the number of days had no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oviposition substrates treated with cow urine in both laboratory and field conditions have shown that cow urine left to age from 1-7 days has an influence on oviposition behavioural response in mosquitoes. The analysis of microbial colonies for decaying urine should be investigated along with its associated by-products.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human disease vectors control, Arusha, Tanzania. pat.kweka@gmail.com
authors.forename: Eliningaya J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kweka
authors.forename: Eunice A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Owino
authors.forename: Beda J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mwang'onde
authors.forename: Aneth M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahande
authors.forename: Mramba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyindo
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D003465:Culex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology; D010058:Oviposition; D012621:Seasons; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology*