title: Rubella revisited: where are we on the road to disease elimination in Central Europe?
abstract: Rubella is a contagious viral disease with few complications except when contracted by pregnant women. Rubella infection in pregnancy can result in miscarriage, stillbirth or an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) which comprises deafness, heart disease, cataracts and other permanent congenital manifestations. Clinical diagnosis of rubella is difficult due to overlapping symptoms with many other diseases and confirmation of rubella is not possible without laboratory testing. Effective vaccination programmes are critical to the elimination of rubella and prevention of CRS. Such programmes have been successful in several countries in Europe and around the world. However, rubella outbreaks still occur due to suboptimal vaccine coverage and in the past 10 years rubella has been reported in Central European countries such as Romania and Poland. Over the past decade the elimination of rubella and prevention of congenital rubella infection in Europe has been a high priority for the WHO European Regional Office. In 2010 the WHO regional committee for Europe renewed its commitment to the elimination of rubella and prevention of CRS with a new target of 2015. This paper examines the current situation for rubella and CRS in Central Europe and describes the different rubella vaccination programmes in the region. The Central European Vaccination Advisory Group (CEVAG) recommends that two doses of measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, MMR, should be given to all children. The first dose should be given between 12 and 15 months of age. The second dose can be given between the ages of 21 months and 13 years with the exact age of administration of the second dose depending on the situation specific to each country. All suspected rubella cases should be laboratory-confirmed and monitoring systems to detect and investigate cases of CRS should be strengthened.
authors.affiliation: Vilnius University Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. vytautas.usonis@mf.vu.lt
authors.forename: Vytautas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Usonis
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anca
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chlibek
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cižman
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ivaskeviciene
authors.forename: Atanas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangarov
authors.forename: Zsófia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mészner
authors.forename: Penka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perenovska
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pokorn
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prymula
authors.forename: Darko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Nuran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: Pavol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simurka
authors.forename: Eda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tešović
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Urbančíková
mesh_terms: D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012409:Rubella / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine