title: Progression of amygdala volumetric abnormalities in adolescents after their first manic episode.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although previous neuroimaging studies suggest that adolescents with bipolar disorder exhibit smaller amygdala volumes compared with healthy adolescents, whether these abnormalities are present at illness onset or instead develop over time remains unclear. The aim of this study was to conduct a prospective longitudinal investigation comparing amygdala neurodevelopment among adolescents after their first manic episode, adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and healthy adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 adolescents hospitalized for their first manic/mixed episode associated with bipolar disorder, 29 adolescents with ADHD, and 24 demographically matched healthy teens underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning at index assessment and approximately 12 months later. Adolescents with bipolar disorder were prospectively evaluated using diagnostic interviews and with symptom rating scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed models examining the group × time effect for both left (p = .005) and right (p = .002) amygdala volumes were statistically significant. Change in left (p = .01) and right (p = .0008) amygdala volumes from baseline to 12 months were significantly different among groups. Specifically, left amygdala volumes increased over time in healthy adolescents (p = .008) and adolescents with ADHD (p = .0009), but not in adolescents with bipolar disorder (p = .3). Right amygdala volume increased over time in adolescents with ADHD (p < .001), but not in healthy adolescents nor in adolescents with bipolar disorder (p = .1 and p = .3, respectively). In adolescents with bipolar disorder, baseline total amygdala volume was significantly greater in those who subsequently achieved symptomatic recovery as compared with those who did not achieve recovery (p = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with mania do not exhibit normal increases in amygdala volume that occur during healthy adolescent neurodevelopment.
authors.affiliation: Research, Observation, Service, Education (ROSE) Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bitter
authors.forename: Neil P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Caleb M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Strakowski
authors.forename: Melissa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: DelBello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales