title: Preparation and in-vitro in-vivo evaluation of sustained release matrix diclofenac sodium tablets using PVP-K90 and natural gums.
abstract: Conventional dosage form is nowadays mostly replaced by sustained release formulation in order to increase drug efficacy and patient compliance. The sustained release properties of the PVP K90 alone and in combination with guar gum, xanthan gum and gum tragacanth were evaluated using diclofenac sodium (100 mg/tablet) as a model drug. Tablets were processed using wet granulation method and evaluated for sustained drug release properties. The drug release from the formulations was studied in relationship with Commercially available Diclofenac Sodium SR, used as a reference tablets and results were expressed as similarity (f1) and differential factor (f2). The tablets prepared using PVP K90 160 mg/tablet sustained the release of diclofenac sodium for 12 hours. Formulations where the PVP K90 was partially replaced with different gums also sustained the release of drug for 12 hours. The release of the drug from these formulations mainly followed Higuchi model and super case-II and Non-Fickian diffusion.  The in-vivo drug release was studied in healthy human volunteers using non-blinded cross over, two period design using Diclofenac Sodium SR Tablets as a reference drug. The relative bioavailability of the formulation containing PVP K90 and gum tragacanth was 0.91. The studies showed that the use of the PVP K90 in combination with gum tragacanth both in-vitro and in-vivo sustained the release of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan. zafar_iqbal@upesh.edu.pk
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Raza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Fazli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.forename: Jamshaid Ali
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Abdur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Abad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005685:Galactans / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000737:chemistry; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry*; D013607:Tablets; D014144:Tragacanth / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005685:Galactans; D008351:Mannans; D053149:Plant Gums; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013607:Tablets; D004008:Diclofenac; D014144:Tragacanth; C007894:guar gum; D011205:Povidone; C002563:xanthan gum