title: Maintaining class, producing gender: enhancement discourses about amphetamine in entertainment media.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the 1930s, amphetamine has been used for a variety of socially and medically condoned purposes including personal and performance enhancement. In the contemporary U.S., although amphetamine and its derivatives share a history, similar chemical composition, and physiological and psychiatric effects, they are typically treated and researched as two distinct groups: illegally produced methamphetamine and prescription amphetamine. This study is an examination of the social meanings of these categories and their users as represented in popular media.
  
  
  METHODS
  To complement existing research on drug discourses in popular news media, this study analysed entertainment media: ten novels, three seasons of Breaking Bad, six television episodes, and eight movies. Media were coded inductively and deductively using tenets of critical discourse analysis and rhetorical criticism. The author identified discourses about user subject positions and ideologies pertaining to enhancement-related motivations for use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two important themes emerged from this analysis that construct amphetamine use and users in ways that reflect, legitimize and reproduce class and gender ideologies. First, discourses illustrate that distinct meanings of methamphetamine versus prescription amphetamine are linked to expectations about the respective socioeconomic class and social status of their users. Second, the discourses reflect gendered values and ideals about productivity and sexuality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In reality, American cultural and political-economic contexts may encourage the use of amphetamine to meet a variety of social expectations and economic needs. However, many policy and prevention efforts surrounding amphetamine use disproportionately target methamphetamine users and women. Because policy and prevention efforts can be influenced as much by social values as by data, it is important to examine the many arenas in which social values are produced and disseminated.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Department of Health & Behavioral Sciences, Campus Box 188, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA. stacey.mckenna@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKenna
mesh_terms: D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D000662:Amphetamines; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008091:Literature; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D008694:Methamphetamine; D009040:Motion Pictures; D009042:Motivation; D010465:Perception; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D012923:Social Class; D057545:Social Stigma; D013240:Stereotyping; D013690:Television; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D008694:Methamphetamine