title: Functional connectivity of the amygdala in early-childhood-onset depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adult major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with reduced cortico-limbic functional connectivity thought to indicate decreased top-down control of emotion. However, it is unclear whether such connectivity alterations are also present in early-childhood-onset MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 51 children 7 through 11 years of age who had been prospectively studied since preschool age, completed resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and were assigned to one of four groups: 1) C-MDD (N = 13), those children with a personal history of early-childhood-onset MDD; 2) M-MDD (N = 11), those with a maternal history of affective disorders; 3) CM-MDD (N = 13), those with both maternal and early-childhood-onset MDD; or 4) CON (N = 14), those without either a personal or maternal history of MDD. We used seed-based resting state functional connectivity (rsfcMRI) analysis in an independent sample of adults to identify networks showing both positive (e.g., limbic regions) and negative (e.g., dorsal frontal/parietal regions) connectivity with the amygdala. These regions were then used in region-of-interest-based analyses of our child sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant interaction between maternal affective disorder history and the child's MDD history for both positive and negative rsfcMRI networks. Specifically, when compared with CON, we found reduced connectivity between the amygdala and the "negative network" in children with C-MDD, M-MDD, and CM-MDD. Children with either C-MDD or a maternal history of MDD (but not CM-MDD) displayed reduced connectivity between the amygdala and the "positive network."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our finding of an attenuated relationship between the amygdala, a region affected in MDD and involved in emotion processing, and cognitive control regions is consistent with a hypothesis of altered regulation of emotional processing in C-MDD, suggesting developmental continuity of this alteration into early childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. katherine.luking@gmail.com
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Luking
authors.forename: Grega
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Repovs
authors.forename: Andy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Belden
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gaffrey
authors.forename: Kelly N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Botteron
authors.forename: Joan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Luby
authors.forename: Deanna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index