title: Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) peel as potential source of dietary fiber and phytochemicals in whole-bread preparations.
abstract: Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is a fruit tree native to the Brazilian Amazon. Cupuassu beans are extensively used in the Brazilian food industry. Fat from cupuassu beans, which are a rich source of triacylglycerols and fatty acids, is used extensively in the production of candies and confectionery in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. The potential use of the agro-industrial by-products of cupuassu has only slightly been addressed by the scientific community. Often, such by-products are sources of bioactive compounds with functional properties. Thus, the aims of this study were to characterize the use of cupuassu peel flour (CPF) and to examine the potential of CPF as a partial replacement in the preparation of breads through various means: chemical analyses, determination of protein digestibility, tannins, phytic acid and phenolic contents, pH, color, volume, and acceptance tests. The results show that CPF is a potential source of dietary fiber (79.81%), mainly insoluble fiber (78.29%), and breads made with added CPF present high dietary fiber content (5.40 and 6.15 g/100 g for inclusions with 6 and 9% CPF, respectively) and phytochemical values. The use of this by-product did not produce substantial changes in the physical, chemical or rheological characteristics of breads. Therefore, breads enhanced with CPF may be a convenient functional food, offering a good source of dietary fiber and phytochemicals. Breads prepared with 6% added CPF presented an acceptable overall quality to consumers.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Agroindústria, Alimentos e Nutrição, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. jmsalgad@esalq.usp.br
authors.forename: Jocelem Mastrodi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.forename: Bruno Sanches
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Carlos Mario
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Donado-Pestana
authors.forename: Carlos Tadeu
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: dos Santos Dias
authors.forename: Maressa Caldeira
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Morzelle
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D003116:Color; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis*; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis; D013649:Taste; D014197:Trees; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D010636:Phenols; D013634:Tannins; D010833:Phytic Acid