title: Transglutaminase 2 as an independent prognostic marker for survival of patients with non-adenocarcinoma subtype of non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression of transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is related to invasion and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in several cancer cells. However, there has been only limited clinical validation of TGase 2 as an independent prognostic marker in cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The significance of TGase 2 expression as an invasive/migratory factor was addressed by in vitro assays employing down-regulation of TGase 2. TGase 2 expression as a prognostic indicator was assessed in 429 Korean patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGase 2 expression increased the invasive and migratory properties of NSCLC cells in vitro, which might be related to the induction of MMP-9. In the analysis of the immunohistochemical staining, TGase 2 expression in tumors was significantly correlated with recurrence in NSCLC (p = 0.005) or in the non-adenocarcinoma subtype (p = 0.031). Additionally, a multivariate analysis also showed a significant correlation between strong TGase 2 expression and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) in NSCLC (p = 0.029 and HR = 1.554) and in the non-adenocarcinoma subtype (p = 0.030 and HR = 2.184). However, the correlation in the adenocarcinoma subtype was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGase 2 expression was significantly correlated with recurrence and shorter DFS in NSCLC, especially in the non-adenocarcinoma subtype including squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 388-1 Pungnap-2 Dong, SongPa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Se-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Seong-Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yong-Bock
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jae-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Dae-Seok
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun-Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kang-Seo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Byung-Ho
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Hyeong-Ryul
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Youl
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyeong-Man
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism*; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins