title: Cyanobacterial blooms: statistical models describing risk factors for national-scale lake assessment and lake management.
abstract: Cyanobacterial toxins constitute one of the most high risk categories of waterborne toxic biological substances. For this reason there is a clear need to know which freshwater environments are most susceptible to the development of large populations of cyanobacteria. Phytoplankton data from 134 UK lakes were used to develop a series of Generalised Additive Models and Generalised Additive Mixed Models to describe which kinds of lakes may be susceptible to cyanobacterial blooms using widely available explanatory variables. Models were developed for log cyanobacterial biovolume. Water colour and alkalinity are significant explanatory variables and retention time and TP borderline significant (R2-adj=21.9%). Surprisingly, the models developed reveal that nutrient concentrations are not the primary explanatory variable; water colour and alkalinity were more important. However, given suitable environments (low colour, neutral-alkaline waters), cyanobacteria do increase with both increasing retention time and increasing TP concentrations, supporting the observations that cyanobacteria are one of the most visible symptoms of eutrophication, particularly in warm, dry summers. The models can contribute to the assessment of risks to public health, at a regional to national level, helping target lake monitoring and management more cost-effectively at those lakes at the highest risk of breaching World Health Organisation guideline levels for cyanobacteria in recreational waters. The models also inform restoration options available for reducing cyanobacterial blooms, indicating that, in the highest risk lakes (alkaline, low colour lakes), risks can generally be lessened through management aimed at reducing nutrient loads and increasing flushing during summer.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK. laca@ceh.ac.uk
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Claire A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Miller nee Ferguson
authors.forename: E Marian
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Codd
authors.forename: P Sian
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005068:Eutrophication; D060106:Lakes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000254:growth & development; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen