title: Neighborhood disorder and incarceration history among urban substance users.
abstract: This research examines the relationship between neighborhood physical and social disorder and incarceration history among urban drug users. A cohort of 358 African American and White urban drug users completed a clinical interview and psychological assessment that emphasized cognitive and social-behavioral HIV risk factors. The Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology was used to assess indicators of physical and social disorder. After controlling for age, gender, education, and having a place to live, multivariable analyses revealed that living in a neighborhood with moderate or high levels of disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.02, 2.59]) and drinking alcohol every day or nearly every day for 3 months or more (OR = 2.03; 95% CI [1.24, 3.31]) were associated with incarceration history. Findings suggest that select characteristics of disadvantaged communities may be important determinants of incarceration vulnerability among urban substance users. Residential improvements hold promise to enhance interventions aimed to reduce incarceration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. dwhitake@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Damiya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Camelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: C Debra
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Furr-Holden
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milam
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Latimer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D015142:Baltimore; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003416:Criminal Law; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult