title: Transurethral bladder catheterization of male rhesus macaques: a refinement of approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful transurethral bladder catheterization in male non-human primates can be challenging. An optimized approach for consistent and reproducible catheterization using a refined technique is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under sedated and non-sedated conditions, transurethral bladder catheterization was performed on 25 male rhesus macaques of varying ages and body weights over time. A refined technique ensuring optimal lubrication of the urethral canal prior to catheter insertion was utilized along with various single and multiple lumen catheters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals were successfully catheterized. Sixty-five catheterization sessions were conducted with a high overall success rate (100%). The incidence of catheter (10%) and post-catheterization (2%) complications was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urinary bladder of male rhesus can be reliably and reproducibly catheterized with minimal complication using this approach. Successful catheterization was facilitated by thorough urethral lubrication and using suitable catheters. In addition, this approach may be performed without sedation on thoroughly conditioned animals.
authors.affiliation: In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. alexandra.wickham@merck.com
authors.forename: L Alexandra
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wickham
authors.forename: Alison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kulick
authors.forename: Loise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gichuru
authors.forename: Marcie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Cesaire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagabukuro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000662:veterinary*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*