title: The inflammatory response in lungs of rats exposed on the airborne particles collected during different seasons in four European cities.
abstract: Epidemiological studies have reported associations of ambient particulate air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM) less than 10 μm with exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In an in vivo model, we have tested the toxicity of urban airborne particles collected during spring, summer, and winter seasons in four cities (Amsterdam, Lodz, Oslo, and Rome) spread across Europe. The seasonal differences in inflammatory responses were striking, and almost all the study parameters were affected by PM. Coarse fractions of the urban particle samples were less potent per unit mass than the fine fractions in increasing cytokine [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] levels and in reducing Clara-cell secretory protein (CC16) levels. This study shows that PM collected at 4 contrasting sites across Europe and during different seasons have differences in toxic potency. These differences were even more prominent between the fine and coarse fractions of the PM.
authors.affiliation: Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland. halatek@imp.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halatek
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stepnik
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stetkiewicz
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krajnow
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kur
authors.forename: Wieslaw
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Szymczak
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rydzynski
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dybing
authors.forename: Fleming R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cassee
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005060:Europe; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D012621:Seasons; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase