title: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The article will give an overview on reasons for treatment failure and tries to show new concepts for Helicobacter pylori treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several new treatment options or modifications of already established regimens have been introduced to overcome treatment failure. Antibiotic resistance to H. pylori is the key factor for treatment failure. At the moment, standard triple therapy remains the primary choice in regions with proven low clarithromycin resistance rates. In areas with high clarithromycin resistance, four drug treatment regimens, including quadruple and sequential therapy, have proven the best results as first-line regimens. The options for second-line treatment regimens are manifold. Second-line treatment regimens need to be adapted accurately to local resistance rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of H. pylori infection is challenged by a dramatic fall in eradication rates all over the world. Newer regimens have been introduced including sequential, quadruple therapies and those regimens provide promising results, but the knowledge about local resistance rates remains the key to an effective therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selgrad
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D017211:Treatment Failure