title: Isorhamnetin inhibits H₂O₂-induced activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in H9c2 cardiomyocytes through scavenging reactive oxygen species and ERK inactivation.
abstract: As a traditional Chinese medicine, the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has a long history in the treatment of ischemic heart disease and circulatory disorders. However, the active compounds responsible for and the underlying mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. In this article, isorhamnetin pretreatment counteracted H(2)O(2)-induced apoptotic damage in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Isorhamnetin did not inhibit the death receptor-dependent or extrinsic apoptotic pathways, as characterized by its absence in both caspase-8 inactivation and tBid downregulation along with unchanged Fas and TNFR1 mRNA levels. Instead, isorhamnetin specifically suppressed the mitochondria-dependent or intrinsic apoptotic pathways, as characterized by inactivation of caspase-9 and -3, maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and regulation of a series of Bcl-2 family genes upstream of ΔΨm. The anti-apoptotic effects of isorhamnetin were linked to decreased ROS generation. H(2)O(2) activated ERK and p53, whereas isorhamnetin inhibited their activation. ERK overexpression overrode the isorhamnetin-induced inhibition of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, which indicated that an ERK-dependent pathway was involved. Furthermore, N-acetyl cysteine (a potent ROS scavenger) could attenuate the H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis. However, PD98059 (an ERK-specific inhibitor) could not effectively antagonize ROS generation, which indicates that ROS may be an upstream inducer of ERK. In conclusion, isorhamnetin inhibits the H(2)O(2)-induced activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via ROS scavenging and ERK inactivation. Therefore, isorhamnetin is a promising reagent for the treatment of ROS-induced cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P R China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Gui-Bo
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Rong-Chang
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Zhi-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiao-Bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C047368:3-methylquercetin; D011794:Quercetin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases