title: Replication efficiency of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cell cultures prognosticates the virulence and antitumor efficacy in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have shown that insertion of the three vaccinia virus (VACV) promoter-driven foreign gene expression cassettes encoding Renilla luciferase-Aequorea GFP fusion protein, β-galactosidase, and β-glucuronidase into the F14.5L, J2R, and A56R loci of the VACV LIVP genome, respectively, results in a highly attenuated mutant strain GLV-1h68. This strain shows tumor-specific replication and is capable of eradicating tumors with little or no virulence in mice. This study aimed to distinguish the contribution of added VACV promoter-driven transcriptional units as inserts from the effects of insertional inactivation of three viral genes, and to determine the correlation between replication efficiency of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cell cultures and the virulence and antitumor efficacy in mice
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of recombinant VACV strains was generated by replacing one, two, or all three of the expression cassettes in GLV-1h68 with short non-coding DNA sequences. The replication efficiency and tumor cell killing capacity of these newly generated VACV strains were compared with those of the parent virus GLV-1h68 in cell cultures. The virus replication efficiency in tumors and antitumor efficacy as well as the virulence were evaluated in nu/nu (nude) mice bearing human breast tumor xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  we found that virus replication efficiency increased with removal of each of the expression cassettes. The increase in virus replication efficiency was proportionate to the strength of removed VACV promoters linked to foreign genes. The replication efficiency of the new VACV strains paralleled their cytotoxicity in cell cultures. The increased replication efficiency in tumor xenografts resulted in enhanced antitumor efficacy in nude mice. Similarly, the enhanced virus replication efficiency was indicative of increased virulence in nude mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrated that insertion of VACV promoter-driven transcriptional units into the viral genome for the purpose of insertional mutagenesis did modulate the efficiency of virus replication together with antitumor efficacy as well as virulence. Replication efficiency of oncolytic VACV in cell cultures can predict the virulence and therapeutic efficacy in nude mice. These findings may be essential for rational design of safe and potent VACV strains for vaccination and virotherapy of cancer in humans and animals.
authors.affiliation: Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
authors.forename: Nanhai G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yong A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Aladar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Szalay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000235:genetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic