title: Contrast dispersal patterns as a predictor of clinical outcome with transforaminal epidural steroid injection for lumbar radiculopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between epidural contrast dispersal patterns from lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) and both immediate- and short-term pain reduction. We also investigated the effect of the grade of nerve root compression on contrast dispersal pattern and pain reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of data from a previous prospective study of outcomes after TFESI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic spine and musculoskeletal clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight subjects who underwent single-level lumbar TFESI for unilateral lumbar radicular pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective assessment of a digital database of TFESIs for unilateral lumbar radicular pain. Type of contrast pattern was analyzed by 2 physiatrists as type I (tubular appearance); type II (nerve root visible as a filling defect); or type III (cloudlike appearance). Grade of nerve root compression on magnetic resonance also was analyzed by 2 physiatrists as grade I abutment, grade II displacement, or grade III entrapment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect of type of contrast pattern and grade of nerve root compression on change in Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) at time of injection (T1), 2 weeks after (T2), and 2 months after (T3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean decrease in NPRS at all time points was statistically significant with both types I and III contrast dispersal patterns. Groups with grades II and III nerve root compression had statistically significant reductions in NPRS at all time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective review we found that TFESIs can have an immediate beneficial effect on pain regardless of contrast pattern type or grade of nerve root compression. Subjects with higher grades of nerve root compression and a type I or III contrast pattern have significantly greater reductions in pain at 15 minutes, 2 weeks, and 2 months. Our findings are limited by methodological restrictions, and further confirmation with a prospective trial to review other possible associated factors is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of PM&R, University of Utah University of Utah Orthopedic Center, Salt Lake City, USA. markpaidin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paidin
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids