title: Precision manufacture of phase-change perfluorocarbon droplets using microfluidics.
abstract: Liquid perfluorocarbon droplets have been of interest in the medical acoustics community for use as acoustically activated particles for tissue occlusion, imaging and therapeutics. To date, methods to produce liquid perfluorocarbon droplets typically result in a polydisperse size distribution. Because the threshold of acoustic activation is a function of diameter, there would be benefit from a monodisperse population to preserve uniformity in acoustic activation parameters. Through use of a microfluidic device with flow-focusing technology, the production of droplets of perfluoropentane with a uniform size distribution is demonstrated. Stability studies indicate that these droplets are stable in storage for at least two weeks. Acoustic studies illustrate the thresholds of vaporization as a function of droplet diameter, and a logarithmic relationship is observed between acoustic pressure and vaporization threshold within the size ranges studied. Droplets of uniform size have very little variability in acoustic vaporization threshold. Results indicate that microfluidic technology can enable greater manufacturing control of phase-change perfluorocarbons for acoustic droplet vaporization applications.
authors.affiliation: Curriculum of Applied Sciences and Engineering-Materials Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Martz
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sheeran
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bardin
authors.forename: Abraham P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dayton
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D044085:Microfluidics; D010316:Particle Size; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014835:Volatilization; D010420:Pentanes
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D005740:Gases; C008806:perfluoropentane; D010420:Pentanes