title: Exposure to violence in incarcerated youth from the city of São Paulo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the extent of exposure to community violence among delinquent Brazilian youth in the 12-month period prior to their incarceration and to identify factors associated with this exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  With an oversampling of girls, a cross-section of youth under 18 years of age from juvenile detention units in the city of São Paulo, Brazil completed a structured interview. Key items related to exposure to violence (witnessed and experienced) were drawn from the Social and Health Assessment questionnaire to cover the 12-month period prior to incarceration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (n = 325, 89% boys) reported high rates of exposure to violence with largely similar levels for boys and girls. Being threatened with physical harm, being beaten or mugged and/or shot at were the most common forms of violence experienced. After controlling for demographic and family variables, the fact of having peers involved in risk behavior, easy access to guns and previous involvement with the justice system were associated with witnessed violence; whereas having slept on the street was the only variable associated with experienced violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This group of youth was exposed to high levels of violence and other adverse experiences. Future research should examine the effectiveness of strategies aimed at reducing the exposure to violence of high-risk youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. huculaks@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huculak
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McLennan
authors.forename: Isabel A S
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bordin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011329:Prisoners; D012309:Risk-Taking; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult