title: Comparison of humoral neuroinflammation and adhesion molecule expression in two models of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory cascades contribute to secondary injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) via humoral factors and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Several experimental models were previously developed to analyze post-hemorrhagic neuroinflammation. However, neuroinflammatory markers have not been compared face-to-face between these models so far, and therefore, pathophysiological conclusions drawn from only one individual model may not be valid.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared neuroinflammatory pathways in the two most common murine models: striatal injection of autologous blood or collagenase. Expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-10) as well adhesion molecule expression (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) was analyzed by RT-PCR at several time points after ICH induction. Outcome and physiological parameters were compared between the models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both models induced a profound and dynamic increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. However, blood injection resulted in significantly more pronounced alteration of these markers than collagenase injection. This difference was associated with worse outcome after blood injection compared to the collagenase model despite equal ICH volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study performing a face-to-face comparison of neuroinflammatory pathways in the two most widely used murine ICH models, revealing substantial differences between the models. This discrepancies need to be taken into account in designing future studies employing experimental ICH models, especially when analyzing neuroinflammatory pathways and therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liesz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Middelhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.|UTAC, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Illanes
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veltkamp