title: Leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms are associated with poor outcome (death) in patients with non-appendicular secondary peritonitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptin (LEP) and its receptor (LEPR) participate in the immunological response during infection. LEP serum levels rise during sepsis. In patients with peritonitis, an insufficient elevation in serum LEP is associated with an increased risk of death. As gene variants of LEP and LEPR have been associated with diverse pathologic conditions, we explored the association of genetic polymorphisms of LEP or LEPR with death in patients with secondary peritonitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study was undertaken. LEP Gene -2548G > A and the LEPR Gene 223A > G polymorphism were determined in 74 patients. The odds ratio of genotype and allele distribution in survival (control) versus death (case) among patients was calculated. Serum LEP, interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein (C-RP), IL-10 and IL-13 levels were analyzed in 34 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in genotype and allele distribution between survivors and non-survivors for -2548G > A and 223A > G polymorphisms. The presence of the mutant allele A, in -2548, had an odds ratio of 4.64 (95% CI 1.22, 17.67) with significance (P = 0.017) in the risk of death. The presence of mutant allele G, in 223, had an odds ratio of 3.57 (95% CI 1.06, 12.01) with significance in the risk of death (P = 0.033). The presence of allele A in the -2548 polymorphism was associated with differences in serum LEP (P = 0.013), and IL-10 (P = 0.0001). The presence of allele G in 223 polymorphism was likewise correlated with differences in serum LEP (P < 0001), C-RP (P = 0.033), and IL-10 (P = 0.043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The polymorphisms studied are associated with death in patients with peritonitis of non-appendicular origin. This association is stronger than many known risk-factors related to peritonitis severity, and is independent of body mass. The physiopathologic mechanism is possibly related to an insufficient increase in the elevation of serum LEP levels, and is unrelated to body mass.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Calle Constitución 404 sur, Durango, Dgo. CP 34, 000, México. rudybracho@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Rodolfo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bracho-Riquelme
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Loera-Castañeda
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres-Valenzuela
authors.forename: Guadalupe A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Loera-Castañeda
authors.forename: J Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ramírez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000235:genetics*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020738:Leptin; D054411:Receptors, Leptin