title: Growth of  Esteya vermicola  in media amended with nitrogen sources yields conidia with increased predacity and resistance to environmental stress.
abstract: Esteya vermicola , an endoparasitic fungus of pinewood nematode, exhibits great potential as a biological agent against nematodes. In this study to enhance the sporulation, predacity, and environmental resistance of E. vermicola, various nitrogen sources, such as glycine, L-leucine, and ammonium nitrate, were tested. The supplement of glycine and L-leucine had a significant influence on the growth rate of the colony, enhancing colony dry mass by 5-fold more than did ammonium nitrate or the control. Of the nitrogen sources tested, ammonium nitrate and L-leucine promoted sporulation, yielding more than 6 × 10(6) CFU/g, while glycine enhanced the proportion of lunate spores. Meanwhile, the supplement of nitrogen sources had a significant influence on adhesive rate and mortality rate against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus . Moreover, the supplement of glycine enhanced the survival rate against heat stress by more than 3-fold that of L-leucine, ammonium nitrate, and control. The spores produced in media amended with glycine, L-leucine, and ammonium nitrate had slightly but not significantly higher UV resistance and drought resistance than spores produced without nitrogen sources. These results suggested that the addition of glycine resulted in the production of E. vermicola conidia with increased predacity and resistance to environmental stress that may be more suitable for control of pine wilt disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chun Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Yun Bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yong An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chang Keun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D055155:Ophiostomatales / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017187:Tylenchida / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D009566:Nitrates; D007930:Leucine; D009584:Nitrogen; C006568:ammonium nitrate; D005998:Glycine