title: Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism: relation between transoesophageal markers of a thrombogenic milieu and clinical risk factors for thromboembolism.
abstract: Hyperthyroidism is a questionable risk factor for thromboembolism among patients with atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To correlate clinical risk factors for thromboembolism from a group of patients with atrial fibrillation related to hyperthyroidism with transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) markers of a thrombogenic milieu.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical risk factors for thromboembolism, thyroid hormonal status, time since diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and TOE markers of a thrombogenic milieu were assessed in consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation related to hyperthyroidism. The following TOE parameters were assessed to define the presence of thrombogenic milieu: dense spontaneous echo contrast, thrombi or left atrial appendage blood flow velocities <0·20 m/s. Clinical risk factors for thromboembolism were based on CHADS(2) (Cardiac failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes and Stroke) classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 31 consecutive patients aged between 18 and 65 years with atrial fibrillation related to hyperthyroidism scheduled for TOE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombogenic milieu was present in 14 of 31 (45·2%) patients. The thyroid status could not predict the presence of a thrombogenic milieu. Despite low CHADS(2) score of 0/1, 6 of 13 (46·1%) patients had a thrombogenic milieu, whereas 10 of 18 (55·6%) patients with score ≥2 had none. The probability of having a thrombogenic milieu did not correlate with the number of clinical risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients younger than 65 years of age with atrial fibrillation related to hyperthyroidism, there is no association between clinical risk factors with TOE markers of a thrombogenic milieu. TOE adds useful information that may affect antithrombotic therapy guided by clinical risk classification.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. marcusleitao@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marcus Vinicius Leitão de
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Martha Maria Turano
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Claudia Medina
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Coeli
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaisman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin