title: Analysis of exhaled volatile compounds following acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion in a pilot rat study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prompt diagnosis and treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) requires a high index of suspicion for timely management. Poor clinical outcomes and delays in surgical treatment are demonstrated even in modern clinical series. Recognition of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) specific to AMI may facilitate early detection and diagnosis and improve patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Wistar rats (n = 5) were intubated and anesthetized, and control tracheostomy breath samples were collected using Tedlar gas sample bags. Intestinal ischemia was induced by placing an occlusive clip across the superior mesenteric artery, and breath samples were collected after 1 hour of intestinal ischemia and after 15 minutes of intestinal reperfusion. Gas chromatography was used to identify and measure levels of VOCs obtained, and measured retention indices were compared with known values in the Kovats retention index database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple retention indices (n = 41) were noted on gas chromatography, representing a variety of VOCs detected. Z,Z-farnesol (C15H26O), an isoprenoid, was the only compound detected that was undetectable during the control phase (median = 0 cts/sec) but which significantly elevated during the ischemic (median = 34 cts/sec, range = 25-37) and reperfusion (median = 148 cts/sec, range = 42-246) phases. Three other isoprenoid compounds (E,E-alpha-farnesene, germacrene A, and Z,Z-4,6,8-megastigmatriene) were also detected in all five animals, but their levels did not differ significantly between control, ischemic, and reperfusion phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of analyzing exhaled VOCs using a novel rat model for AMI. These findings may be useful for the development and identification of similar assays for the rapid diagnosis of AMI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 91342-1495, USA.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: DeLano
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kokubun
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bennion
authors.forename: Jesse E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmid-Schonbein
authors.forename: Darin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Saltzman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D045853:Exhalation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior; D008641:Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013729:Terpenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013729:Terpenes