title: Behavioral tests as indicator for pain and distress in a primate endometriosis model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are frequently used experimental animals, sensitive test systems are needed to evaluate impairment and pain caused by procedures and diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diurnal profile of healthy animals was obtained by videotaping. Differences in social behavior and cognitive skills between marmosets with established endometriosis and healthy monkeys were investigated using the videotaping, the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA), and a food tree.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The marmosets showed a mostly trimodal course of activity. Social grooming and activity were significantly decreased in animals with endometriosis; furthermore, the diseased monkeys habituated significantly worse to the cognitive test settings. The food tree experiments offered no differences between diseased and control animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The videotaping and the WGTA are suitable methods to detect disease-related impairments in common marmosets, which is essential for the refinement of experiments.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. arnold@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lamp
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Einspanier
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002144:Callithrix / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000379:methods*