title: Exogenous thrombin delivery promotes collateral capillary arterialization and tissue reperfusion in the murine spinotrapezius muscle ischemia model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of exogenously delivered thrombin on cell recruitment in skeletal muscle and the formation of new collateral arterioles in the microvasculature in response to ligation-induced ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thrombin or vehicle was locally applied to both ligated and nonoperated Balb/c spinotrapezius muscles, which were harvested after three or seven days, imaged using confocal microscopy, and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombin treatment resulted in accelerated arterialization of collateral capillaries and accelerated tissue reperfusion in ischemic muscles. Uninjured muscle treated with thrombin displayed increased vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression on arteriole and venule endothelium, increased expression of smooth muscle α-actin on capillary-sized vessels, increased infiltration by CD11b(+) leukocytes, and mast cell infiltration and degranulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous delivery of thrombin enhances microvascular collateral development in response to ischemic insult, and accelerates tissue reperfusion. Elicited responses from multiple cell types probably contribute to these effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Shayn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Peirce
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002417:Cattle; D015550:Cell Degranulation; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015424:Reperfusion; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D006490:Hemostatics; D013917:Thrombin