title: Akt2 knockout mitigates chronic iNOS inhibition-induced cardiomyocyte atrophy and contractile dysfunction despite persistent insulin resistance.
abstract: Increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during cardiac stress such as ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis and hypertension may display both beneficial and detrimental roles in cardiac contractile performance. However, the precise role of iNOS in the maintenance of cardiac contractile function remains elusive. This study was designed to determine the impact of chronic iNOS inhibition on cardiac contractile function and the underlying mechanism involved with a special focus on the NO downstream signaling molecule Akt. Male C57 or Akt2 knockout [Akt2(-/-)] mice were injected with the specific iNOS inhibitor 1400W (2 mg/kg/d) or saline for 7 days. Both 1400W and Akt2 knockout dampened glucose and insulin tolerance without additive effects. Treatment of 1400W decreased heart and liver weights as well as cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area in C57 but not Akt2 knockout mice. 1400W but not Akt2 knockout compromised cardiomyocyte mechanical properties including decreased peak shortening and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, prolonged relengthening duration, reduced intracellular Ca(2+) release and decay rate, the effects of which were ablated or attenuated by Akt2 knockout. Akt2 knockout but not 1400W increased the levels of intracellular Ca(2+) regulatory proteins including SERCA2a and phospholamban phosphorylation. 1400W reduced the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, the effect of which was unaffected by Akt2 knockout. Neither 1400W nor Akt2 knockout significantly affected ER stress, autophagy, the post-insulin receptor signaling Akt, GSK3β and AMPK, as well as the stress signaling IκB, JNK, ERK and p38 with the exception of elevated IκB phosphorylation with jointed effect of 1400W and Akt2 knockout. Taken together, these data indicated that an essential role of iNOS in the maintenance of cardiac morphology and function possibly through an Akt2-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001284:Atrophy; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D001596:Benzylamines; C104820:N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D005947:Glucose; D002118:Calcium