title: Beverage consumption among European adolescents in the HELENA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to describe the fluid and energy consumption of beverages in a large sample of European adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from 2741 European adolescents residing in 8 countries participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study (HELENA-CSS). We averaged two 24-h recalls, collected using the HELENA-dietary assessment tool. By gender and age subgroup (12.5-14.9 years and 15-17.5 years), we examined per capita and per consumer fluid (milliliters (ml)) and energy (kilojoules (kJ)) intake from beverages and percentage consuming 10 different beverage groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean beverage consumption was 1611 ml/day in boys and 1316 ml/day in girls. Energy intake from beverages was about 1966 kJ/day and 1289 kJ/day in European boys and girls, respectively, with sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) (carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, including soft drinks, fruit drinks and powders/concentrates) contributing to daily energy intake more than other groups of beverages. Boys and older adolescents consumed the most amount of per capita total energy from beverages. Among all age and gender subgroups, SSBs, sweetened milk (including chocolate milk and flavored yogurt drinks all with added sugar), low-fat milk and fruit juice provided the highest amount of per capita energy. Water was consumed by the largest percentage of adolescents followed by SSBs, fruit juice and sweetened milk. Among consumers, water provided the greatest fluid intake and sweetened milk accounted for the largest amount of energy intake followed by SSBs. Patterns of energy intake from each beverage varied between countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  European adolescents consume an average of 1455 ml/day of beverages, with the largest proportion of consumers and the largest fluid amount coming from water. Beverages provide 1609 kJ/day, of which 30.4%, 20.7% and 18.1% comes from SSBs, sweetened milk and fruit juice, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Duffey
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mouratidou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Libuda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Vriendt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallongeville
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hallström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004326:Drinking; D002149:Energy Intake; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D012737:Sex Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014867:Water