title: Circadian aspects of hyperthermia in mice induced by Aconitum napellus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aconitum napellus (Acn) is used topically to relieve pain, itching and inflammation, and internally to reduce febrile states, among others. Any circadian time-related consequences of Acn administration are unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of two doses of Acn on body temperature (BT) of mice treated at six different times over 24 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c female mice were housed in six chambers (six mice each) with air temperature 24 ± 3°C, humidity 60 ± 4%, and a 12-hours light (L)/12-hours dark cycle, but with L-onset staggered by 4 hours between chambers so that study at one external test time resulted in six test times (02, 06, 10, 14, 18 and 22 hours [h] after light onset). Rectal temperature (RT; in °C) was measured at baseline (B) and 1 hour after oral treatment with placebo (P) or two doses of Acn (6C and 30C, two studies each) in six studies over an 8 day span. The difference in RT for each mouse from the respective B + P timepoint mean RT was computed following each Acn treatment, and data from each of the six studies (original RT and difference from B + P) were analyzed for time-effect by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and for circadian rhythm by 24-hour cosine fitting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN RT WAS FOUND AT B AND AFTER P (MEAN: 35.58°C vs. 35.69°C; peak: 15:31 h vs. 15:40 h) and after each Acn dose (30C or 6C). Acn induced hyperthermia and the overall change in BT was rhythmically significant for each dose (mean = +1.95°C vs. +1.70°C), with greatest hyperthermia observed during the L-span for each dose (peak = 08:56 h vs. 05:17 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acn administered around the clock induced hyperthermia overall and in a time-dependent manner, with greatest effects during the resting (L) span. Thus, time of day may significantly impact the outcome of Acn and other homeopathic treatments and should be considered in determining optimal dosing and treatment time(s) in order to increase the desired outcome and decrease undesired effects.
authors.affiliation: Chronomics Research Center at Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (SEPI)-Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMyH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN).
authors.forename: Salvador Sánchez
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: de la Peña
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sothern
authors.forename: Fernando Santillán
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Irene Mendoza
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lujambio
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waizel-Bucay
authors.forename: Carolina Olarte
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Claudia Pérez
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Monroy
authors.forename: Eduardo Tena
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Betancourt