title: Sun and sky: Does human vision assume a mixture of point and diffuse illumination when interpreting shape-from-shading?
abstract: People readily perceive smooth luminance variations as being due to the shading produced by undulations of a 3-D surface (shape-from-shading). In doing so, the visual system must simultaneously estimate the shape of the surface and the nature of the illumination. Remarkably, shape-from-shading operates even when both these properties are unknown and neither can be estimated directly from the image. In such circumstances humans are thought to adopt a default illumination model. A widely held view is that the default illuminant is a point source located above the observer's head. However, some have argued instead that the default illuminant is a diffuse source. We now present evidence that humans may adopt a flexible illumination model that includes both diffuse and point source elements. Our model estimates a direction for the point source and then weights the contribution of this source according to a bias function. For most people the preferred illuminant direction is overhead with a strong diffuse component.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. a.j.schofield@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Georgeson
mesh_terms: D003463:Cues; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods