title: Loss of genes for DNA recombination and repair in the reductive genome evolution of thioautotrophic symbionts of Calyptogena clams.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two Calyptogena clam intracellular obligate symbionts, Ca. Vesicomyosocius okutanii (Vok; C. okutanii symbiont) and Ca. Ruthia magnifica (Rma; C. magnifica symbiont), have small genomes (1.02 and 1.16 Mb, respectively) with low G+C contents (31.6% and 34.0%, respectively) and are thought to be in an ongoing stage of reductive genome evolution (RGE). They lack recA and some genes for DNA repair, including mutY. The loss of recA and mutY is thought to contribute to the stabilization of their genome architectures and GC bias, respectively. To understand how these genes were lost from the symbiont genomes, we surveyed these genes in the genomes from 10 other Calyptogena clam symbionts using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenetic trees reconstructed using concatenated 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences showed that the symbionts formed two clades, clade I (symbionts of C. kawamurai, C. laubieri, C. kilmeri, C. okutanii and C. soyoae) and clade II (those of C. pacifica, C. fausta, C. nautilei, C. stearnsii, C. magnifica, C. fossajaponica and C. phaseoliformis). recA was detected by PCR with consensus primers for recA in the symbiont of C. phaseoliformis. A detailed homology search revealed a remnant recA in the Rma genome. Using PCR with a newly designed primer set, intact recA or its remnant was detected in clade II symbionts. In clade I symbionts, the recA coding region was found to be mostly deleted.In the Rma genome, a pseudogene of mutY was found. Using PCR with newly designed primer sets, mutY was not found in clade I symbionts but was found in clade II symbionts. The G+C content of 16S and 23S rRNA genes in symbionts lacking mutY was significantly lower than in those with mutY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extant Calyptogena clam symbionts in clade II were shown to have recA and mutY or their remnants, while those in clade I did not. The present results indicate that the extant symbionts are losing these genes in RGE, and that the loss of mutY contributed to the GC bias of the genomes during their evolution.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biodiversity Research Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takaki
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimamura
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Takekazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunieda
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000382:microbiology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D011994:Recombinant Proteins