title: Tetracycline photolysis in natural waters: loss of antibacterial activity.
abstract: Previous work has shown that tetracycline undergoes direct photolysis in the presence of sunlight, with the decomposition rate highly dependent on conditions such as water hardness and pH. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential long-term significance of photoproducts formed when tetracycline undergoes photodegradation under a range of environmentally relevant conditions. Tetracycline was photolyzed in nine different natural and artificial water samples using simulated sunlight. The pH values of the samples ranged from 5 to 9. Total hardness values (combined Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) concentrations) varied from 30 to 450 ppm. Assays based on growth inhibition of two bacterial strains, Escherichia coli DH5α and Vibrio fischeri, were used to determine the antibacterial activity of tetracycline's photoproducts in these water samples. In all tested conditions, it was determined that the photoproducts retain no significant antibacterial activity; all observed growth inhibition was attributable to residual tetracycline. This suggests that tetracycline photoproducts formed under a wide range of pH and water hardness conditions will not contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in environmental systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave., St. Paul, MN 55105, USA. khwammer@stthomas.edu
authors.forename: Kristine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wammer
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stemig
authors.forename: Jayna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ditty
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010782:Photolysis; D013472:Sunlight; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013752:Tetracycline