title: Transdermal and transbuccal drug delivery systems: enhancement using iontophoretic and chemical approaches.
abstract: We investigated the enhancement effect of chemical enhancers and iontophoresis on the in vitro transdermal and transbuccal delivery of lidocaine HCl (LHCl), nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT), and diltiazem HCl (DHCl) using porcine skin and buccal tissues. Dodecyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino) propionate (DDAIP), dodecyl-2-(N,N-dimethylamino) propionate hydrochloride (DDAIP HCl), N-(4-bromobenzoyl)-S,S-dimethyliminosulfurane (Br-iminosulfurane), and azone (laurocapram) were used as chemical enhancers. The study results showed that the application of iontophoresis at either 0.1 mA or 0.3 mA significantly enhanced transdermal and transmucosal delivery of LHCl, NHT and DHCl. It was also demonstrated that iontophoresis had a more pronounced enhancement effect on transdermal delivery than on transbuccal delivery of LHCl, NHT and DHCl. In addition, DDAIP HCl was found to be the most effective enhancer for transbuccal delivery of LHCl and NHT.
authors.affiliation: Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
authors.forename: Longsheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Sérgio M C
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Bassam B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Damaj
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Bozena B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Michniak-Kohn
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000409:Alanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001381:Azepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001381:Azepines; C119492:N-(4-bromobenzoyl)-S,S-dimethyliminosulfurane; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; C035229:laurocapram; C085388:dodecyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)propionate; D009538:Nicotine; D008012:Lidocaine; D004110:Diltiazem; D000409:Alanine