title: Flocculated amorphous itraconazole nanoparticles for enhanced in vitro supersaturation and in vivo bioavailability.
abstract: Rapid flocculation of nanoparticle dispersions of a poorly water soluble drug, itraconazole (Itz), was utilized to produce amorphous powders with desirable dissolution properties for high bioavailability in rats. Antisolvent precipitation (AP) was utilized to form Itz nanodispersions with high drug loadings stabilized with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or the pH-sensitive Eudragit(®) L100-55 (EL10055). The HPMC dispersions were flocculated by desolvating the polymer through the addition of a divalent salt, and the enteric EL10055 by reducing the pH. The formation of open flocs by diffusion limited aggregation facilitated redispersion of the flocs at pH 6.8. Upon redispersion of the flocculated nanoparticles at pH 6.8, the particle size was modestly larger than the original size, on the order of 1 μm. High in vitro supersaturation (AUC) of the flocculated nanoparticle dispersions was observed in micellar media at pH 6.8, after 2 hours initial exposure at pH 1.2 to simulate the stomach, relative to the AUC for a commercially available Itz formulation, Sporanox. Greater in vivo bioavailability in rats was correlated directly to the higher in vitro AUC at pH 6.8 with micelles during the pH shift experiment for the flocculated nanoparticle dispersions relative to Sporanox. The ability to generate and sustain high supersaturation in micellar media at pH 6.8, as shown with the in vitro pH shift dissolution test, is beneficial for increasing bioavailability of Itz by oral delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiNunzio
authors.forename: Michal E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Matteucci
authors.forename: Baltej S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Ludher
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D005427:Flocculation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D012996:Solutions; D017964:Itraconazole; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D008747:Methylcellulose