title: Equitable access to elective hospital services: the introduction of patient choice in a decentralised healthcare system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the 1980s and 1990s, increased waiting times for elective surgery was perceived to be a major accessibility problem in many countries. In an attempt to improve access, hospital choice reforms were introduced in a number of countries. In Norway, a nationwide reform to improve access came into effect in 2001. At the same time, renewed support was expressed for the long-standing political aim of ensuring equal access to healthcare services for all citizens regardless of their social position. The current aim is to analyse the relationship of the hospital choice reform and the goal of equitable access to hospital services.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey conducted among Norwegian patients in 2004 provided information about whether a choice of hospital had been made. Information from the survey was merged with administrative data from the hospital that performed the treatment. The survey provided data on patients' socioeconomic position. Demographics, medical need, and prior use of healthcare services were controlled for to determine the effect of socioeconomic position on hospital choice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient's socioeconomic position, measured by education, was found to be significantly associated with hospital choice. The relationship resembled that of a social gradient. Patients with a primary education were less likely to have made a choice, followed by those with secondary education or a lower university degree. Patients with higher university education were most likely to have chosen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital selection is a demanding task for many patients. Policymakers should therefore focus on crafting and implementing tools necessary for supporting uptake of choice in disadvantaged groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. rin@nokc.no
authors.forename: Ånen
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Ringard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006302:Health Services Research; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D057240:Patient Preference