title: Review of venous anatomy for venographic interpretation in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency.
abstract: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) represents a recently described condition that may potentially contribute to the symptoms experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis. The evaluation of a prospective patient for CCSVI often involves an invasive evaluation with venography of the internal jugular and azygos veins. The purpose of this article is to review the normal anatomy of the internal jugular, vertebral, and azygos veins, as an understanding of these veins is necessary for appropriate interpretation of the venograms obtained to evaluate patients for CCSVI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Siskin
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandato
authors.forename: Meridith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herr
mesh_terms: D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000473:pathology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000473:pathology*