title: A phantom model as a teaching modality for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a materials model for laparoscopic ultrasound identification and partial nephrectomy of kidney tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five urology fellows performed laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) examination of the tumor model, and the time for identification was recorded. After identifying the tumor, they performed a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using the target tumor with measurement of operative parameters. They completed a questionnaire and rated the quality of the renal tumor model on a 5-point Likert scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participants were able to identify 49 tumors by LUS (98%). The mean time to identify the renal tumors by LUS was 1.12 minutes ± 0.93 standard deviation (SD). A partial nephrectomy was successfully completed on 49 tumor models (98%). The mean resection time was 7.69 minutes ± 3.8 SD. All of the participants considered that this model was helpful in the practice of LPN. The fellows would recommend this model as a teaching tool for residents/fellows to perform tumor imaging by LUS and for practicing LPN in a simulated environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a unique model that simulates small kidney tumors that can be used for training surgeons in the clinical skills of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Elvis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Carling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Erdeljan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Elspeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: Terry M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Pautler
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D017145:Models, Educational; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol
chemical_list: D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol