title: Olfactory and tissue markers of fear in mammals including humans.
abstract: Pheromones are a mysterious world of chemical signals involved in conspecific communication. They play a number of key functions important for preservation of life of individual organisms, for their defence, survival of offspring and preservation of species. The best-known groups of pheromones include: trail pheromones, territorial pheromones, sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, dispersion pheromones, repellent pheromones, social pheromones and alarm pheromones. Alarm pheromones are pheromones that are emitted by animals in threatening situations and inform members of the same species of danger. The identified alarm pheromones are synthesised by insects and aquatic organisms. Also humans are able to emit and perceive pheromones. Although alarm pheromones have not been isolated and identified in man so far, there is presumably evidence for their presence in humans. Pinpointing human alarm pheromones, determinants of experienced stress and inductors of provoked fear could have widespread consequences. Their identification could also be of significant importance for the practical utilisation of results by institutions responsible for safety and defence as well as law enforcement/crime detection and antiterrorist activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland. rohauser@gumed.edu.pl
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiergowski
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaliszan
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gos
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kernbach-Wighton
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Studniarek
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Namieśnik
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D001944:Breath Tests; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D009812:Odorants; D049049:Pheromones, Human / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D049049:Pheromones, Human