title: Effects of ethanolic extract of pine needles (Pinus eldarica Medw.) on reserpine-induced depression-like behavior in male Wistar rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Pinus eldarica Medw needles was assessed using forced swimming test (FST) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  MALE WISTAR RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO SIX GROUPS AND TREATED AS FOLLOWS: first group was received only reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.), second group was received reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), three experimental groups received reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and three doses of pine needle extract (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively and the final group (control group) received only vehicle (5% DMSO, i.p.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute oral administration of ethanolic extract of P. eldarica Medw needles at a dosage of 300 mg/kg reduced reserpine-induced increase in immobility time in the FST, demonstrating an antidepressant effect in the FST. Additionally, extract treatment did not modify the ambulation and rearing evaluated in open field test, indicating that antidepressant effect found in the forced swimming test was not based on the stimulation of locomotor activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that ethanolic extract of Pinus eldarica needles possesses an antidepressant activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolandghamat
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moghimi
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iranshahi