title: A Ki67/BCL2 index based on immunohistochemistry is highly prognostic in ER-positive breast cancer.
abstract: There is an urgent need to improve prognostic classifiers in breast cancer. Ki67 and B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (BCL2) are established prognostic markers which have traditionally been assessed separately, in a dichotomous manner. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that combinatorial assessment of these markers would provide superior prognostic information and improve their clinical utility. Tissue microarrays were used to assess the expression of Ki67 and BCL2 in 2749 cases of invasive breast cancer. We devised a Ki67/BCL2 index representing the relative expression of each protein and assessed its association with breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) using a Cox proportional-hazards model. Based on our findings, an independent cohort of 3992 cases was used to validate the prognostic significance of the Ki67/BCL2 index. All survival analyses were conducted on complete data as well as data where missing values were resolved using multiple imputation. This study complied with reporting recommendations for tumour marker prognostic studies (REMARK) criteria. The Ki67/BCL2 index showed a significant association with BCSS at 10 years in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease. In multivariate analysis, adjusting for major clinical and molecular markers, the Ki67/BCL2 index retained prognostic significance, robustly classifying cases into three risk groups [intermediate- versus low-risk hazard ratio (HR), 1.5; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.0-2.0; p = 0.031; high- versus low-risk HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.0; p = 0.005]. This finding was validated in an independent cohort of 3992 tumours containing 2761 ER-positive tumours (intermediate- versus low-risk HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1; p < 0.001; high- versus low-risk HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.9; p < 0.001). Ki67 and BCL2 can be effectively combined to produce an index which is an independent predictor of BCSS in ER-positive breast cancer, enhancing their potential prognostic utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 9RN, UK. raza.ali@cancer.org.uk
authors.forename: H Raza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Sarah-Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Blows
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Provenzano
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Pharoah
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caldas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen