title: Non-invasive temperature measurement by using phase changes in electromagnetic waves in a cavity resonator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the efficacy of hyperthermia treatment, a novel method of non-invasive measurement of changes in body temperature is proposed. The proposed method is based on phase changes with temperature in electromagnetic waves in a heating applicator and the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. An image of the temperature change inside a body is reconstructed by applying a computed tomography algorithm. This method can be combined easily with a heating applicator based on a cavity resonator and can be used to treat cancer effectively while non-invasively monitoring the heating effect. In this paper the phase change distributions of electromagnetic waves with temperature changes are measured experimentally, and the accuracy of reconstruction is discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phase change distribution is reconstructed by using a prototype system with a rectangular aluminum cavity resonator that can be rotated 360° around an axis of rotation. To make measurements without disturbing the electromagnetic field distribution, an optical electric field sensor is used. The phase change distribution is reconstructed from 4-projection data by using a simple back-projection algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paper demonstrates that the phase change distribution can be reconstructed. The difference between phase changes obtained experimentally and by numerical analysis is about 20% and is related mainly to the limited signal detection sensitivity of electromagnetic waves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A temperature change inside an object can be reconstructed from the measured phase changes in a cavity resonator.
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasutoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohwada
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001831:Body Temperature; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods