title: Retrieval of a penny from the pediatric esophagus: a cost analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of the oral phase of development, children commonly ingest foreign bodies. The most common lodged foreign body, requiring operative removal, in the United States is the penny. Valued at 1 cent, comprised of materials valued at less than 1 cent, costing 1.62 cents to manufacture, and being never removed from circulation, pennies are aplenty. But ingestion can lead to mucosal damage, the consequences of which can be esophageal perforation or stricture formation. We hypothesize that the monetary value of the penny is far less than the cost of its ingestion and removal. This quality assurance study examines the effect of the penny on the purse.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective review identified 180 foreign bodies in children under the age of 18 over a five year period. Eighty-two were pennies. Operative notes revealed degree of injury. Hospital charge assessments revealed the "cost" of each visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no esophageal perforations, and cases were divided evenly among injury grades 0-III. The average total charge for all penny-related injuries was $7164.78.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The purpose was to examine the actual cost of a penny (more than its value in production) and the potential cost of its damage (thousands of dollars in measurable costs, untold immeasurable costs). The goal of this study is to draw healthcare professional and public attention to a potentially serious and yet highly preventable injury in young children.
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest Baptist Health, Department of Otolaryngology, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
authors.forename: Jeanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Goins
authors.forename: Adele K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000293:injuries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States