title: Early adult outcomes for Irish children with behavioural difficulties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few longitudinal studies of Irish children and, to date, no studies reporting long-term outcome for those with behavioural disorder in childhood. This paper describes psychological and educational outcomes for a group of Irish children initially assessed at age 11 years and re-examined 10 years later. The period during which the research was conducted coincided with a time of increasing wealth in Ireland and the consequent development of psychological and educational services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To follow up and assess psychological and educational outcomes for a group of young people aged 21 years, half of whom had high levels of behavioural problems at age 11.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered at two time points for 97 children and their families. Childhood measures included psychological and behavioural functioning, IQ, family background and economic circumstances. Outcome measures assessed in young adulthood included psychological functioning, educational attainment and trouble with the law.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioural deviance at age 11 was found to be highly predictive of negative outcomes in early adulthood including a greater likelihood of involvement in criminal activity and less educational success. The likelihood of educational failure increased with the accumulation of risk factors including economic disadvantage and low IQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings, supported in other international studies, underline the importance of behavioural difficulties in childhood for adult outcome, even in an environment of greater service and educational opportunities and access.
authors.affiliation: School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. anne.cleary@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nixon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult