title: A multidimensional computer adaptive test approach to dyspnea assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and test a prototype dyspnea computer adaptive test (CAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two outpatient medical facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of adults (N=292) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a modified and expanded item bank and CAT for the Dyspnea Management Questionnaire (DMQ), an outcome measure consisting of 4 dyspnea dimensions: dyspnea intensity, dyspnea anxiety, activity avoidance, and activity self-efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analyses supported a 4-dimensional model underlying the 71 DMQ items. The DMQ item bank achieved acceptable Rasch model fit statistics, good measurement breadth with minimal floor and ceiling effects, and evidence of high internal consistency reliability (α=.92-.98). With the use of CAT simulation analyses, the DMQ-CAT showed high measurement accuracy compared with the total item pool (r=.83-.97, P<.0001) and evidence of good to excellent concurrent validity (r=-.61 to -.80, P<.0001). All DMQ-CAT domains showed evidence for known-groups validity (P≤.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DMQ-CAT reliably and validly captured 4 distinct dyspnea domains. Multidimensional dyspnea assessment in COPD is needed to better measure the effectiveness of pharmacologic, pulmonary rehabilitation, and psychosocial interventions in not only alleviating the somatic sensation of dyspnea but also reducing dysfunctional emotions, cognitions, and behaviors associated with dyspnea, especially for anxious patients.
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. anorweg@bu.edu
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norweg
authors.forename: Pengsheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garshick
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Kira
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jette
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003201:Computers; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires