title: Searching for a therapy of creatine transporter deficiency: some effects of creatine ethyl ester in brain slices in vitro.
abstract: Creatine, an ergogenic compound essential for brain function, is very hydrophilic and needs a transporter to cross lipid-rich cells' plasma membranes. Hereditary creatine transporter deficiency is a severe incurable neurological disease where creatine is missing from the brain. Creatine esters are more lipophylic than creatine and may not need the transporter to cross plasma membranes. Thus, they may represent a useful therapy for hereditary creatine transporter deficiency. Creatine ethyl ester (CEE) is commercially available and widely used as a nutritional supplement. It was reported that it enters the cells of patients lacking the transporter but was not useful when administered in vivo, by oral route, to affected patients. In this paper we investigated the effects of CEE in in vitro brain slices before and after biochemical block of the creatine transporter. We found that CEE is rapidly degraded in the aqueous incubation medium to creatinine, however it remains in solution long enough to cause an increase in tissue content of creatine and, more prominently, phosphocreatine. Both CEE and creatine delayed the anoxia-induced failure of synaptic transmission, and there was no difference between the two compounds. Contrary to what we expected, CEE did not increase tissue creatine content after the creatine transporter was blocked. We confirm that CEE is probably not an effective treatment for hereditary creatine transporter deficiency. Two factors seem to affect the possibility for creatine esters to be exploited in the therapy of creatine transporter deficiency. First, the size of their alcohol moiety should be increased since this would increase the lipophilicity of the compound and improve its ability to diffuse through biological membranes. Second, creatine esters should be further modified to slow their degradation to creatinine and increase their half-life in aqueous solutions. Moreover, we should not forget the possibility that they are degraded in vivo by plasma esterases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Via De Toni 5, 16132 Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adriano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garbati
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Damonte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armirotti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balestrino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003401:Creatine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000172:deficiency*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C080679:creatine transporter; C542315:creatine ethyl ester; D003401:Creatine