title: An observer study for a computer-aided reading protocol (CARP) in the screening environment for digital mammography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to investigate improving work flow efficiency by shortening the reading time of digital mammograms using a computer-aided reading protocol (CARP) in the screening environment and to increase detection sensitivity using CARP, compared to the current protocol, commonly referred to as the quadrant view (QV).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 200 cases were selected for a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) study to evaluate two image display work flows, CARP and QV, in the screening environment. A Web-based tool was developed for scoring, reporting, and statistical analysis. Cases were scored for and stratified by difficulty. A total of six radiologists of differing levels of training ranging from dedicated mammographers to senior radiology residents participated. Each was timed while interpreting the 200 cases in groups of 50, first using QV and then, after a washout period, using CARP. The data were analyzed using ROC and κ analysis. Interpretation times were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using QV, readers' average area under the ROC curve was 0.68 (range, 0.54-0.73). Using CARP, readers' average area under the ROC curve was 0.71 (range, 0.66-0.75). There was no statistically significant difference in reader performance using either work flow. However, there was a statistically significant reduction in the average interpretation time of negative cases from 64.7 seconds using QV to 58.8 seconds using CARP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CARP determines the display order of regions of interest depending on computer-aided detection findings. This is a variation of traditional computer-aided detection for digital mammography that has the potential to reduce interpretation times of studies with negative findings without significantly affecting sensitivity, thus allowing improved work flow efficiency in the screening environment, in which, in most settings, the majority of cases are negative.
authors.affiliation: Image Processing and Informatics Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-7725, USA. paymann.moin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Paymann
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moin
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayre
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.forename: Sangeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.forename: Harlan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Romsdahl
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Brent J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003626:Data Display; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D012372:ROC Curve; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric