title: Prioritizing performance measurement for emergency department care: consensus on evidence-based quality of care indicators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evaluation of emergency department (ED) quality of care is hampered by the absence of consensus on appropriate measures. We sought to develop a consensus on a prioritized and parsimonious set of evidence-based quality of care indicators for EDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The process was led by a nationally representative steering committee and expert panel (representatives from hospital administration, emergency medicine, health information, government, and provincial quality councils). A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted to identify candidate indicators. The expert panel reviewed candidate indicators in a modified Delphi panel process using electronic surveys; final decisions on inclusion of indicators were made by the steering committee in a guided nominal group process with facilitated discussion. Indicators in the final set were ranked based on their priority for measurement. A gap analysis identified areas where future indicator development is needed. A feasibility study of measuring the final set of indicators using current Canadian administrative databases was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 170 candidate indicators were generated from the literature; these were assessed based on scientific soundness and their relevance or importance. Using predefined scoring criteria in two rounds of surveys, indicators were coded as "retained" (53), "discarded" (78), or "borderline" (39). A final set of 48 retained indicators was selected and grouped in nine categories (patient satisfaction, ED operations, patient safety, pain management, pediatrics, cardiac conditions, respiratory conditions, stroke, and sepsis or infection). Gap analysis suggested the need for new indicators in patient satisfaction, a healthy workplace, mental health and addiction, elder care, and community-hospital integration. Feasibility analysis found that 13 of 48 indicators (27%) can be measured using existing national administrative databases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A broadly representative modified Delphi panel process resulted in a consensus on a set of 48 evidence-based quality of care indicators for EDs. Future work is required to generate technical definitions to enable the uptake of these indicators to support benchmarking, quality improvement, and accountability efforts.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada. mjs@ices.on.ca
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schull
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guttmann
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Leaver
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Merrick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwarenstein
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D003697:Delphi Technique; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results