title: Long-term outcomes and costs of an integrated rehabilitation program for chronic knee pain: a pragmatic, cluster randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic joint pain is a major cause of pain and disability. Exercise and self-management have short-term benefits, but few studies follow participants for more than 6 months. We investigated the long-term (up to 30 months) clinical and cost effectiveness of a rehabilitation program combining self-management and exercise: Enabling Self-Management and Coping of Arthritic Knee Pain Through Exercise (ESCAPE-knee pain).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pragmatic, cluster randomized, controlled trial, 418 people with chronic knee pain (recruited from 54 primary care surgeries) were randomized to usual care (pragmatic control) or the ESCAPE-knee pain program. The primary outcome was physical function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] function), with a clinically meaningful improvement in physical function defined as a ≥15% change from baseline. Secondary outcomes included pain, psychosocial and physiologic variables, costs, and cost effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to usual care, ESCAPE-knee pain participants had large initial improvements in function (mean difference in WOMAC function -5.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] -7.8, -3.2). These improvements declined over time, but 30 months after completing the program, ESCAPE-knee pain participants still had better physical function (difference in WOMAC function -2.8; 95% CI -5.3, -0.2); lower community-based health care costs (£-47; 95% CI £-94, £-7), medication costs (£-16; 95% CI £-29, £-3), and total health and social care costs (£-1,118; 95% CI £-2,566, £-221); and a high probability (80-100%) of being cost effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical and cost benefits of ESCAPE-knee pain were still evident 30 months after completing the program. ESCAPE-knee pain is a more effective and efficient model of care that could substantially improve the health, well-being, and independence of many people, while reducing health care costs.
authors.affiliation: St Georges University of London and Kingston University, London, UK. michael.hurley@sgul.kingston.ac.uk
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012648:Self Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome