title: Primary outcomes for resuscitation science studies: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The guidelines presented in this consensus statement are intended to serve researchers, clinicians, reviewers, and regulators in the selection of the most appropriate primary outcome for a clinical trial of cardiac arrest therapies. The American Heart Association guidelines for the treatment of cardiac arrest depend on high-quality clinical trials, which depend on the selection of a meaningful primary outcome. Because this selection process has been the subject of much controversy, a consensus conference was convened with national and international experts, the National Institutes of Health, and the US Food and Drug Administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Research Working Group of the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee nominated subject leaders, conference attendees, and writing group members on the basis of their expertise in clinical trials and a diverse perspective of cardiovascular and neurological outcomes (see the online-only Data Supplement). Approval was obtained from the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and the American Heart Association Manuscript Oversight Committee. Preconference position papers were circulated for review; the conference was held; and postconference consensus documents were circulated for review and comments were invited from experts, conference attendees, and writing group members. Discussions focused on (1) when after cardiac arrest the measurement time point should occur; (2) what cardiovascular, neurological, and other physiology should be assessed; and (3) the costs associated with various end points. The final document underwent extensive revision and peer review by the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee, and oversight committees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was consensus that no single primary outcome is appropriate for all studies of cardiac arrest. The best outcome measure is the pairing of a time point and physiological condition that will best answer the question under study. Conference participants were asked to assign an outcome to each of 4 hypothetical cases; however, there was not complete agreement on an ideal outcome measure even after extensive discussion and debate. There was general consensus that it is appropriate for earlier studies to enroll fewer patients and to use earlier time points such as return of spontaneous circulation, simple "alive versus dead," hospital mortality, or a hemodynamic parameter. For larger studies, a longer time point after arrest should be considered because neurological assessments fluctuate for at least 90 days after arrest. For large trials designed to have a major impact on public health policy, longer-term end points such as 90 days coupled with neurocognitive and quality-of-life assessments should be considered, as should the additional costs of this approach. For studies that will require regulatory oversight, early discussions with regulatory agencies are strongly advised. For neurological assessment of post-cardiac arrest patients, researchers may wish to use the Cerebral Performance Categories or modified Rankin Scale for global outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is no single recommended outcome measure for trials of cardiac arrest care, the simple Cerebral Performance Categories or modified Rankin Scale after 90 days provides a reasonable outcome parameter for many trials. The lack of an easy-to-administer neurological functional outcome measure that is well validated in post-cardiac arrest patients is a major limitation to the field and should be a high priority for future development.
authors.forename: Lance B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Tom P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Aufderheide
authors.forename: Romergryko G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Geocadin
authors.forename: Clifton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Donnino
authors.forename: Vinay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adrie
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Raina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: Margo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Longstreth
authors.forename: Henry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Halperin
mesh_terms: D000572:American Heart Association; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000592:standards*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States