title: Carotenoid intake does not affect immune-stimulated oxidative burst in greenfinches.
abstract: Carotenoid-based integument colouration is extremely widespread in the animal kingdom. It has been hypothesized that carotenoid colouration is used for communicating the health status of the bearers because carotenoids are efficient immunomodulators or antioxidants. However, the latter argument has been recently debated and the mechanisms by which carotenoids modulate immunity or oxidative balance are poorly known. We performed an experiment on wild-caught captive greenfinches, passerine birds with carotenoid-based plumage colouration, in order to test whether dietary carotenoid supplementation affects immune-stimulated oxidative burst of phagocytes in the whole blood and humoral immune response to a novel antigen, Brucella abortus (BA). Additionally, we tested whether immune stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects blood carotenoid levels. We thus tested the effects of carotenoids on the oxidative burst of phagocytes under neutral conditions and during in vivo immune challenge. LPS injection depleted plasma carotenoids, indicating involvement of these phytochemicals in the immune response. However, we did not find any evidence that manipulation of carotenoid intake had modulated anti-BA antibody production, LPS-stimulated oxidative burst of phagocytes, or basal levels of circulating reactive oxygen species. This indicates that carotenoid intake does not affect endogenous production of reactive oxygen species by immune cells. This finding is consistent with the view that carotenoids are unlikely to provide a direct link between oxidative stress and colouration. However, it remains to be tested whether the oxidative burst of phagocytes induced in our experiment actually inflicts oxidative damage and whether carotenoids play a role in the attenuation of such potential damages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, The Centre of Excellence FIBIR, Tartu University, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu,  Estonia.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sild
authors.forename: Tuul
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sepp
authors.forename: Marju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Männiste
authors.forename: Peeter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hõrak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D046369:Finches / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D007267:Injections; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D002338:Carotenoids