title: Adolescents with congenital heart disease: the importance of perceived parenting for psychosocial and health outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : Little is known about how parenting relates to psychosocial functioning and health behavior in adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD). Different parenting styles were identified through relying on adolescent perceptions of multiple dimensions (regulation, responsiveness, and psychological control). The degree to which parents were perceived as consistent in their rearing style was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Adolescents with CHD were selected from the database of pediatric and congenital cardiology of the University Hospitals Leuven; control individuals were recruited at secondary schools. A total of 429 adolescents (14-18 years) with CHD participated; 403 were matched on gender and age with control individuals. Adolescents completed questionnaires on maternal and paternal regulation, psychological control, and responsiveness. Main outcome measures were depressive symptoms, loneliness, quality of life, health status, alcohol, cigarette, and drug use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : No significant differences emerged between adolescents with CHD and controls in perceived parenting styles. Democratic parenting was accompanied by the most optimal pattern of outcomes in adolescents with CHD, whereas psychologically controlling parenting by the least optimal pattern. Overprotective parenting was related to high patient substance use. Perceiving both parents as democratic turned out most favorably for psychosocial functioning and quality of life, whereas parental consistency was unrelated to substance use in adolescents with CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : By building bridges between the fields of adolescent medicine and family studies, the present study generated important information on the role of parents in psychosocial and behavioral functioning of adolescents with CHD. Future longitudinal studies could inform family-based interventions for this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium. Koen.Luyckx@psy.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luyckx
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: Lies
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Missotten
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012938:Social Perception; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology