title: Accuracy of self-reported drinking: observational verification of 'last occasion' drink estimates of young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a formative step towards determining the accuracy of self-reported drinking levels commonly used for estimating population alcohol use, the validity of a 'last occasion' self-reporting approach is tested with corresponding field observations of participants' drinking quantity. This study is the first known attempt to validate the accuracy of self-reported alcohol consumption using data from a natural setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 81 young adults (aged 18-25 years) were purposively selected in Perth, Western Australia. Participants were asked to report the number of alcoholic drinks consumed at nightlife venues 1-2 days after being observed by peer-based researchers on 239 occasions. Complete observation data and self-report estimates were available for 129 sessions, which were fitted with multi-level models assessing the relationship between observed and reported consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants accurately estimated their consumption when engaging in light to moderate drinking (eight or fewer drinks in a single session), with no significant difference between the mean reported consumption and the mean observed consumption. In contrast, participants underestimated their own consumption by increasing amounts when engaging in heavy drinking of more than eight drinks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that recent recall methods in self-report surveys are potentially reasonably accurate measures of actual drinking levels for light to moderate drinkers, but that underestimating of alcohol consumption increases with heavy consumption. Some of the possible reasons for underestimation of heavy drinking are discussed, with both cognitive and socio-cultural factors considered.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Arts, Education and Creative Media, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, USA. j.northcote@murdoch.edu.au
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Northcote
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report