title: Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness.
abstract: A large body of evidence, including longitudinal analyses of personality change, suggests that core personality traits are predominantly stable after age 30. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated changes in personality in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event. Intriguingly, double-blind controlled studies have shown that the classic hallucinogen psilocybin occasions personally and spiritually significant mystical experiences that predict long-term changes in behaviors, attitudes and values. In the present report we assessed the effect of psilocybin on changes in the five broad domains of personality - Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Consistent with participant claims of hallucinogen-occasioned increases in aesthetic appreciation, imagination, and creativity, we found significant increases in Openness following a high-dose psilocybin session. In participants who had mystical experiences during their psilocybin session, Openness remained significantly higher than baseline more than 1 year after the session. The findings suggest a specific role for psilocybin and mystical-type experiences in adult personality change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. katherine.a.maclean@gmail.com
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Roland R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009228:Mysticism / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality / Q000187:drug effects*; D011562:Psilocybin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D011562:Psilocybin