title: Fluvastatin enhances sorafenib cytotoxicity in melanoma cells via modulation of AKT and JNK signaling pathways.
abstract: Most metastatic melanomas are refractory to current available therapy, underscoring the need to identify new effective treatments. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, showed promise in earlier stages of clinical development, but ultimately failed to demonstrate efficacy as a single agent in the treatment of melanoma. In order to enhance the efficacy of sorafenib in the treatment of melanoma, we tested over 2,000 naturally occurring compounds and marketed drugs in the presence of sorafenib in chemoresistant human melanoma cell lines also resistant to sorafenib-induced apoptosis. Of the 9 compounds identified as sorafenib sensitizers, we prioritized the cholesterol-lowering agent fluvastatin, based on its favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profile. Our results demonstrate that fluvastatin at 1 μM, a level safely achieved through oral administration, dramatically enhances the growth-inhibitory activity of clinically achievable concentrations of sorafenib in M14 and SKM-173 melanoma cells, with a 3.2- and 3.6-fold reduction in sorafenib 50% growth inhibition (GI50), respectively. Similar effects were observed for other melanoma cell lines. Combination indices analysis revealed a synergistic relationship between the two agents. Fluvastatin enhances sorafenib-mediated apoptosis as revealed through enhanced cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In combination with sorafenib, fluvastatin treatment results in reduced levels of activated murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog along with enhanced levels of activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Sensitization to sorafenib is unique to fluvastatin, as other statins (pravastatin and simvastatin) do not enhance sorafenib-mediated growth inhibition. These promising results warrant further investigation into the clinical applicability of fluvastatin as an agent for enhancing the efficacy of sorafenib in the treatment of melanoma.
authors.affiliation: The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Shali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Doudican
authors.forename: Ellinor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quay
authors.forename: Seth J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Orlow
mesh_terms: D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077157:Sorafenib
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D002867:Chromones; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D007211:Indoles; D009025:Morpholines; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; D009536:Niacinamide; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D000077157:Sorafenib; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases