title: Control networks and neuromodulators of early development.
abstract: In adults, most cognitive and emotional self-regulation is carried out by a network of brain regions, including the anterior cingulate, insula, and areas of the basal ganglia, related to executive attention. We propose that during infancy, control systems depend primarily upon a brain network involved in orienting to sensory events that includes areas of the parietal lobe and frontal eye fields. Studies of human adults and alert monkeys have shown that the brain network involved in orienting to sensory events is moderated primarily by the nicotinic cholinergic system arising in the nucleus basalis. The executive attention network is primarily moderated by dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area. A change from cholinergic to dopaminergic modulation would be a consequence of this switch of control networks and may be important in understanding early development. We trace the attentional, emotional, and behavioral changes in early development related to this developmental change in regulative networks and their modulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. mposner@uoregon.edu
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rothbart
authors.forename: Brad E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sheese
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Voelker
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents