title: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic kidney biopsy: technical tips for a minimally invasive approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nowadays, ultrasound-guided percutaneous kidney biopsy (PKB) is the gold standard for renal biopsies. Nevertheless, PKB is still contraindicated by conditions such as bleeding diatheses, severe obesity, solitary kidney, uncontrolled hypertension, and previous failed attempts at PKB. In these cases, the laparoscopic approach may offer a valid and mini-invasive alternative to open biopsy. We describe our technique and report indications and outcomes of a consecutive series of retroperitoneal laparoscopic kidney biopsies (LKB).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective review of patients who underwent LKB, we examined indications, outcomes, and complications, stratified according to the Clavien classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 40 patients underwent LKB between 2001 and 2010 (mean age 58.85 years, SD 10.87). Mean serum creatinine at surgery was 3.02 mg/dL. Indications for LKB included coagulopathy (30%), polycystic kidney or multiple renal cysts (30%), solitary kidney (12.5%), and morbid obesity (10%). All the biopsies were performed with a Trucut needle. All the procedures were successful and led to pathological diagnosis. The most common pathological findings were glomerulonephritis (47.5%) and glomerulosclerosis (27.5%). All biopsies were performed in less than 1 hour. Only three complications (7.5%) were reported: two grade I and one grade IIIa according to Clavien classification. In three selected cases, we used a particular "ready-to-laparo" open surgical technique, which allowed to view a part of kidney parenchima through the 10-mm incision made for the Hasson trocar sufficient for Trucut biopsies and hemostasis under direct vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that LKB is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive procedure that allows direct control of hemostasis and lower risks of postoperative morbidity compared with open biopsy. When PKB is contraindicated, LKB should be the first-choice alternative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology-1, University of Turin, Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Repetto
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oderda
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soria
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pisano
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Besso
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasquale
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tizzani
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gontero
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000601:surgery*