title: Response to first antiepileptic drug trial predicts health outcome in epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Failure to respond to the initial antiepileptic drug (AED) is a predictor of increased risk of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Whether response to the first AED also predicts adverse health outcomes is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal study compared rates of major adverse health outcomes (loss of driving privileges, unemployment, divorce/separation, injury, emergency room admission, hospitalization, and death) in 33 patients who failed the first AED (cases) and 30 patients who became seizure-free with the first AED (controls). Patient data were obtained by chart review and confirmed through a structured interview with each subject at 5-7 years after starting AED treatment. We also assessed between-group differences in quality of life, depression, and adverse AED effects by using standardized instruments completed by each subject at the end of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of major adverse health outcomes was similarly high during the first year of AED treatment [mean ± standard deviation (SD) 2.64 ± 0.99 for cases and 2.50 ± 1.14 for controls], but thereafter decreased to a greater extent in controls than in cases (p < 0.001). Controls had a higher cumulative probability of experiencing ≥1 year free from major adverse health outcomes compared to cases (p = 0.002). Two cases died during the follow-up, both of sudden unexpected death. Cases had worse quality of life ratings than controls, whereas no significant between-group differences were found for measures of depression and adverse AED effects. In a post hoc analysis limited to cases, patients who became seizure-free with subsequent AED treatments showed for the first 4 years major adverse health outcome rates similar to those recorded in patients with persisting seizures. After 4 years, however, cases who achieved late seizure freedom tended to show a more favorable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with epilepsy failing the initial AED trial are at increased risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes, at least for the first 4 years after diagnosis. Incorporating these findings into clinical decision making may aid in reducing delays in surgical referrals for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. piero.perucca@libero.it
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perucca
authors.forename: Dale C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hesdorffer
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Gilliam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants