title: Ex vivo hepatic venography for hepatocellular carcinoma in livers explanted for liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is supposed to have a venous drainage system to a portal vein, which makes intrahepatic metastasis possible. However, the mechanism of extrahepatic recurrence, including the possibility of a direct route to the systemic circulation from the HCC nodules, remains unclear. Therefore, we performed retrograde hepatic venography for HCC in livers that had been explanted for liver transplantation in order to explore the possible direct connection between the hepatic vein and HCC nodules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 105 living-donor liver transplantations (LDLT) performed up to July, 2009 at the Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Hospital, dynamic hepatic venography was performed with contrast media under fluoroscopy for the most recent 13 cases with HCC. The presence of a tumor stain for each HCC case was evaluated and compared with the histological findings of HCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatic venography revealed a tumor stain in 2 of 13 cases (15%). Neither showed any microscopic tumor invasion of HCC into the hepatic vein. In the other 11 cases, there were 4 microscopic portal venous invasions and 2 microscopic hepatic venous invasions. No patients have shown HCC recurrence in follow-up (median period, 13 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using ex vivo hepatic venography, a direct connection to the hepatic vein from HCC in whole liver was revealed in 2 cases without demonstrated histopathological invasion to hepatic vein for the first time in the literature. The finding suggests that there is direct spillage of HCC cells into the systemic circulation via hepatic vein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soyama
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Kosho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanouchi
authors.forename: Mitsuhisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takatsuki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanematsu
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eguchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010690:Phlebography; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis