title: Rewarding electrical brain stimulation in rats after peripheral nerve injury: decreased facilitation by commonly abused prescription opioids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prescription opioid abuse is a significant concern in treating chronic pain, yet few studies examine how neuropathic pain alters the abuse liability of commonly abused prescription opioids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal and spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats were implanted with electrodes into the left ventral tegmental area (VTA). Rats were trained to lever press for intracranial electrical stimulation (VTA ICSS), and the effects of methadone, fentanyl, hydromorphone, and oxycodone on facilitation of VTA ICSS were assessed. A second group of neuropathic rats were implanted with intrathecal catheters, and the effects of intrathecal clonidine, adenosine, and gabapentin on facilitation of VTA ICSS were assessed. The effects of electrical stimulation of the VTA on mechanical allodynia were assessed in SNL rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responding for VTA ICSS was similar in control and SNL rats. Methadone, fentanyl, and hydromorphone were less potent in facilitating VTA ICSS in SNL rats. Oxycodone produced a significant facilitation of VTA ICSS in control (maximum shift 24.10 ± 6.19 Hz) but not SNL rats (maximum shift 16.32 ± 7.49 Hz), but also reduced maximal response rates in SNL rats. Intrathecal administration of clonidine, adenosine, and gabapentin failed to facilitate VTA ICSS in SNL rats, and electrical stimulation of the VTA did not alter mechanical allodynia following nerve injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggests that the positive reinforcing effects of commonly abused prescription opioids are diminished following nerve injury. In addition, alleviation of mechanical allodynia with nonopioid analgesics does not appear to stimulate limbic dopamine pathways originating from the VTA in SNL rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. eewan@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ewan
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000588:Amines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077206:Gabapentin; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000494:pharmacology; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000494:pharmacology; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012201:Reward; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D010098:Oxycodone; D000241:Adenosine; D003000:Clonidine; D004091:Hydromorphone; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl