title: Vanadium pentoxide inhalation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This mini-review describes the toxic effects of vanadium pentoxide inhalation principally in the workplace and associated complications with breathing and respiration. Although there are some material safety data sheets available detailing the handling, hazards and toxicity of vanadium pentoxide, there are only two reviews listed in PubMed detailing its toxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To collate information on the consequences of occupational inhalation exposure of vanadium pentoxide on physiological function and wellbeing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The criteria used in the current mini-review for selecting articles were adopted from proposed criteria in The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Articles were classified from an acute and chronic exposure and toxicity thrust.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lungs are the principal route through which vanadium pentoxide enters the body. It can injure the lungs and bronchial airways possibly involving acute chemical pneumonotis, pulmonary edema and/or acute tracheobronchitis. It may adversely influence cardiac autonomic function. It stimulates the secretion of cytokines and chemokines by hepatocytes and disrupts mitochondria function. It disrupts the permeability of the epithelium and promotes access of inflammatory mediators to the underlying neuronal tissue causing injury and neuronal death. When renal brush border membrane vesicles are exposed to vanadium pentoxide, there is a time-dependent inhibition of citrate uptake and Na(+) K(+) ATPase in the membrane possibly contributing to nephrotoxicity. Exposure results in necrosis of spermatogonium, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells contributing to male infertility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vanadium pentoxide certainly has adverse effects on the health and the well-being and measures need to be taken to prevent hazardous exposure of the like.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, UCE Birmingham, 701 Baker Building, Franchise Street, Perry Barr, Birmingham B42 2SU, UK.
authors.forename: Ross G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cooper