title: Mobile intervention design in diabetes: review and recommendations.
abstract: Mobile technology enhances the potential to assess, prompt, educate, and engage individuals with diabetes. The near-ubiquitous presence of mobile phones allows real-time contextually relevant support for diabetes self-care. We review the design of mobile interventions included in a recent meta-analysis. Although mobile programs can lead to improvements in glycemic control, many aspects, such as the role of the diabetes clinician, real-time features, and patient engagement have not been documented. Studies with the greatest impact on hemoglobin A(1c) integrated patient feedback and a role for clinicians. Research is needed regarding feasible and efficacious roles for clinical support in mobile interventions. Recommendations for design and research include the following: consideration of patient and clinician burden; identification of patterns and metrics for patient treatment adherence and engagement; integration of goal setting and problem solving; enhancing patient education; a greater focus on patient-centered motivational strategies; and utilization of study designs that relate intervention design elements to outcomes.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Pediatrics, & Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. shelagh.mulvaney@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Shelagh A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mulvaney
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ritterband
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bosslet
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin