title: Outcomes of Gamma Knife surgery for trigeminal neuralgia secondary to vertebrobasilar ectasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vertebrobasilar ectasia (VBE) is an unusual cause of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The surgical options for patients with medically refractory pain include percutaneous or microsurgical rhizotomy and microvascular decompression (MVD). All such procedures can be technically challenging. This report evaluates the response to a minimally invasive procedure, Gamma Knife surgery (GKS), in patients with TN associated with severe vascular compression caused by VBE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients underwent GKS for medically refractory TN associated with VBE. The median patient age was 74 years (range 48-95 years). Prior surgical procedures had failed in 11 patients (55%). In 9 patients (45%), GKS was the first procedure they had undergone. The median target dose for GKS was 80 Gy (range 75-85 Gy). The median follow-up was 29 months (range 8-123 months) after GKS. The treatment outcomes were compared with 80 case-matched controls who underwent GKS for TN not associated with VBE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative MR imaging or CT scanning revealed VBE that deformed the brainstem in 50% of patients. The trigeminal nerve was displaced in cephalad or lateral planes in 60%. In 4 patients (20%), the authors could identify only the distal cisternal component of the trigeminal nerve as it entered into the Meckel cave. After GKS, 15 patients (75%) achieved initial pain relief that was adequate or better, with or without medication (Barrow Neurological Institute [BNI] pain scale, Grades I-IIIb). The median time until pain relief was 5 weeks (range 1 day-6 months). Twelve patients (60%) with initial pain relief reported recurrent pain between 3 and 43 months after GKS (median 12 months). Pain relief was maintained in 53% at 1 year, 38% at 2 years, and 10% at 5 years. Some degree of facial sensory dysfunction occurred in 10% of patients. Eventually, 14 (70%) of the 20 patients underwent an additional surgical procedure including repeat GKS, percutaneous procedure, or MVD at a median of 14 months (range 5-50 months) after the initial GKS. At the last follow-up, 15 patients (75%) had satisfactory pain control (BNI Grades I-IIIb), but 5 patients (25%) continued to have unsatisfactory pain control (BNI Grade IV or V). Compared with patients without VBE, patients with VBE were much less likely to have initial (p = 0.025) or lasting (p = 0.006) pain relief.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain control rates of GKS in patients with TN associated with VBE were inferior to those of patients without VBE. Multimodality surgical or medical management strategies were required in most patients with VBE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung-Jae
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondziolka
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: Safee Faraz
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niranjan
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flickinger
authors.forename: L Dade
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lunsford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061145:Microvascular Decompression Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*