title: Small molecule inhibitors of the Candida albicans budded-to-hyphal transition act through multiple signaling pathways.
abstract: The ability of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans to interconvert between budded and hyphal growth states, herein termed the budded-to-hyphal transition (BHT), is important for C. albicans development and virulence. The BHT is under the control of multiple cell signaling pathways that respond to external stimuli, including nutrient availability, high temperature, and pH. Previous studies identified 21 small molecules that could inhibit the C. albicans BHT in response to carbon limitation in Spider media. However, the studies herein show that the BHT inhibitors had varying efficacies in other hyphal-inducing media, reflecting their varying abilities to block signaling pathways associated with the different media. Chemical epistasis analyses suggest that most, but not all, of the BHT inhibitors were acting through either the Efg1 or Cph1 signaling pathways. Notably, the BHT inhibitor clozapine, a FDA-approved drug used to treat atypical schizophrenia by inhibiting G-protein-coupled dopamine receptors in the brain, and several of its functional analogs were shown to act at the level of the Gpr1 G-protein-coupled receptor. These studies are the first step in determining the target and mechanism of action of these BHT inhibitors, which may have therapeutic anti-fungal utility in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Midkiff
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Borochoff-Porte
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Douglas I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D025301:Hyphae; D008715:Methionine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; C096898:L 744832; D008715:Methionine; D003024:Clozapine