title: Quantifying drug-seeking behavior: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-seeking behavior (DSB) is common in the Emergency Department (ED), yet the literature describing DSB in the ED consists predominantly of anecdotal evidence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a case-control study examining the relative frequency of DSB in suspected drug-seeking patients as compared to all ED patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective chart review of 152 drug-seeking patients and of age- and gender-matched controls, noting which of the following behaviors were exhibited during a 1-year period: reporting a non-narcotic allergy, requesting addictive medications by name, requesting a medication refill, reporting lost or stolen medication, three or more ED visits complaining of pain in different body parts, reporting 10 out of 10 pain, reporting > 10 out of 10 pain, three or more ED visits within 7 days, reporting being out of medication, requesting medications parenterally, and presenting with a chief complaint of headache, back pain, or dental pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratios for each studied behavior being used by drug seeking patients as compared to controls were: non-narcotic allergy: 3.4, medication by name: 26.3, medication refill: 19.2, lost or stolen medication: 14.1, three or more pain related visits in different parts of the body: 29.3, 10 out of 10 pain: 13.9, three visits in 7 days: 30.8, out of medication: 26.9, headache: 10.9, back pain: 13.6, and dental pain: 6.3. Zero patients in the control group complained of greater than 10-out-of-10 pain or requested medication parenterally, resulting in a calculated odds ratio of infinity for these two behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Requesting parenteral medication and reporting greater than ten out of ten pain were most predictive of drug-seeking, while reporting a non-narcotic allergy was less predictive of drug-seeking than other behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Stanford/Kaiser Emergency Medicine Residency, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Casey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Reb J H
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Close
authors.forename: Erik D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Wiele
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Villarreal
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology