title: Modulating effects of bodyweight unloading on the lower limb nociceptive withdrawal reflex during symmetrical stance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of bodyweight unloading on the excitability of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) and of its receptive fields organisation during quiet stance in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NWR was elicited in 14 volunteers by electrical stimulation of the sole of the foot at mid-forefoot, arch, and heel points. Participants stood upright and wore a whole-body harness connected via a rope to a pulley. Data were recorded at 0%, 10%, 25% and 40% of the bodyweight unloading. The root mean square of the EMG activity was measured bilaterally from several lower limb muscles. Kinematics of ankle, knee, and hip were measured bilaterally using goniometers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures revealed higher reflex sizes at higher degrees of unloading in the tibialis anterior, soleus, and biceps femoris muscles and in the kinematics of the knee joint of the ipsilateral limb. No interaction between stimulation site and unloading was revealed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unloading induced a generalised enhancement of NWR excitability without modifying the reflex receptive field organisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that bodyweight unloading in general enhances the NWR excitability and suggests that only load-related afferent inputs in concert with joint movements may modify the modular organisation of the NWR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. mariano.serrao@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serrao
authors.forename: Erika G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Spaich
authors.forename: Ole Kæseler
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000294:innervation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult