title: Immunomodulatory factors in cervicovaginal secretions from pregnant and non-pregnant women: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnant women are at an increased risk for HIV infection due to unknown biological causes. Given the strong effect of sex-hormones on the expression of immunomuodulatory factors, the central role of mucosal immunity in HIV pathogenesis and the lack of previous studies, we here tested for differences in immunomuodulatory factors in cervico-vaginal secretions between pregnant and non-pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared concentrations of 39 immunomodulatory factors in cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) from 21 pregnant women to those of 24 non-pregnant healthy women from the US. We used Bonferroni correction to correct for multiple testing and linear regression modeling to adjust for possible confounding by plasma cytokine concentration, cervical ectopy, total protein concentration, and other possible confounders. Cervical ectopy was determined by planimetry. Concentration of immunomodulatory factors were measured by a multiplex assay, protein concentration by the Bradford Method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty six (66%) of the 39 measured immunomodulatory factors were detectable in at least half of the CVL samples included in the study. Pregnant women had threefold lower CVL concentration of CCL22 (geometric mean: 29.6 pg/ml versus 89.7 pg/ml, p = 0.0011) than non-pregnant women. CVL CCL22 concentration additionally correlated negatively with gestational age (Spearman correlation coefficient [RS]: -0.49, p = 0.0006). These associations remained significant when corrected for multiple testing. CCL22 concentration in CVL was positively correlated with age and negatively correlated with time since last coitus and the size of cervical ectopy. However, none of these associations could explain the difference of CCL22 concentration between pregnant and non-pregnant women in this study, which remained significant in adjusted analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study population, pregnancy is associated with reduced concentrations of CCL22 in cervicovaginal secretions. The role of CCL22 on HIV transmission should now be investigated in prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, USA. jan.walter@ucr.edu
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Orin
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gipps
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aldrovandi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002582:Cervix Mucus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000276:immunology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000276:immunology*; D044364:Vaginal Douching; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines