title: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy versus ureteroscopy: a comparison of intraoperative radiation exposure during the management of nephrolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureteroscopy (URS) may be used in the treatment of similar stones and both need fluoroscopic imaging to achieve this. Fluoroscopy, however, is a source of ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study is to compare the effective radiation dose (ERD) between patients undergoing SWL vs URS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ERD was measured among consecutive patients who were undergoing either SWL or URS between January 2010 and February 2011. For SWL, ERD was calculated using fluoroscopic exposure time, current, voltage, skin-to-source distance, and field size. For URS, it was calculated from the measured dose-area product. We measured several patient and stone factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 190 patients were included (87 SWL and 103 URS). In the univariate analyses, no differences were found in ERD (7.32 vs 6.00 mSv, P=0.262 and 7.23 vs 6.07 mSv, P=0.198, for renal and ureteral stones, respectively). In the multivariate analyses, among renal stones, SWL was associated with a higher ERD than URS (β=2.06, P=0.026), and body mass index and stone size were also significant predictors (β=0.212, P=0.045 and β=0.452, P=0.004, respectively). Among ureteral stones, no differences were found (β=0.425, P=0.674), and only the presence of a stent was related to ERD (β=2.53, P=0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with renal stones, SWL was associated with a modest increase in ERD compared with URS, but for ureteral stones, both modalities were associated with similar levels of radiation. This information may be relevant for frequent stone formers needing treatments for which cumulative exposures may become significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rebuck
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Jian-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jessica T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Kent T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Nadler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult