title: [cAMP, cGMP and their visualization in living cells using fluorescent microscopy].
abstract: cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers regulating a myriad of intracellular functions. Standard biochemical techniques to measure their levels in cells and tissues lack high temporal and any spatial resolution. To enable real-time monitoring of cAMP and cGMP in living cells and physiological systems, we and others have developed several biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. This review will describe such novel techniques and discuss their application for various biological questions.
authors.forename: V O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Nikolaev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000032:analysis*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000032:analysis*; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP