title: The suitability of human adipose-derived stem cells for the engineering of ligament tissue.
abstract: Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the one of the most common sports-related injuries. With its poor healing capacity, surgical reconstruction using either autografts or allografts is currently required to restore function. However, serious complications are associated with graft reconstructions and the number of such reconstructions has steadily risen over the years, necessitating the search for an alternative approach to ACL repair. Such an approach may likely be tissue engineering. Recent engineering approaches using ligament-derived fibroblasts have been promising, but the slow growth rate of such fibroblasts in vitro may limit their practical application. More promising results are being achieved using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) is often proposed as an alternative choice to the MSC and, as such, may be a suitable stem cell for ligament engineering. However, the use of ASCs in ligament engineering still remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, in this study, the potential use of human ASCs in ligament tissue engineering was initially explored by examining their ability to express several ligament markers under growth factor treatment. ASC populations treated for up to 4 weeks with TGFβ1 or IGF1 did not show any significant and consistent upregulation in the expression of collagen types 1 and 3, tenascin C and scleraxis. While treatment with EGF or bFGF resulted in increased tenascin C expression, increased expression of collagens 1 and 3 were never observed. Therefore, simple in vitro treatment of human ASC populations with growth factors may not stimulate their ligament differentiative potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eagan
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zuk
authors.affiliation: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Healthcare Center, Orthopedic Tissue Engineering Laboratory Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ke-Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Bluth
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elyse J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA.|VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Healthcare Center, Orthopedic Tissue Engineering Laboratory Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McAllister
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D019063:Tenascin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006133:Growth Substances; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D019063:Tenascin; D003094:Collagen