title: Verbal learning and memory as measured by the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test: ADHD with and without learning disabilities.
abstract: The primary purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of attention deficits, learning disability, and the combined effects of both on the learning and memory processes, as measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Thirty children (age range 12-17) diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 18 children (age range 11-17) diagnosed with learning disabilities (LD), and 64 children (age range 12-17) diagnosed with ADHD as well as with LD, and 28, 18, and 62 matched controls, respectively, participated in this study. It was found that the children diagnosed with ADHD did not differ in any of the verbal learning and memory measures derived from the Rey AVLT. The group with LD was impaired in the overall number of words recalled across the learning phase. Performance of the children diagnosed with ADHD +LD showed a similar impairment as the group with LD (i.e., overall amount of words learned) and, in addition, their retrieval efficiency was also impaired. In conclusion, this study indicates that verbal memory is preserved in children with ADHD if they have no LD and their intelligence is in the normal range or above. LD by itself leads to difficulties in acquisition, but the combination of ADHD+LD leads to additional impairment in retrieval processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. vakile@mail.biu.acil
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vakil
authors.forename: Haya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blachstein
authors.forename: Raya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wertman-Elad
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Greenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014706:Verbal Learning