title: Effects of nurse staffing and nurse education on patient deaths in hospitals with different nurse work environments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Better hospital nurse staffing, more educated nurses, and improved nurse work environments have been shown to be associated with lower hospital mortality. Little is known about whether and under what conditions each type of investment works better to improve outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the conditions under which the impact of hospital nurse staffing, nurse education, and work environment are associated with patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes of 665 hospitals in 4 large states were studied through linked data from hospital discharge abstracts for 1,262,120 general, orthopedic, and vascular surgery patients, a random sample of 39,038 hospital staff nurses, and American Hospital Association data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 30-day inpatient mortality and failure-to-rescue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of decreasing workloads by 1 patient/nurse on deaths and failure-to-rescue is virtually nil in hospitals with poor work environments, but decreases the odds on both deaths and failures in hospitals with average environments by 4%, and in hospitals with the best environments by 9% and 10%, respectively. The effect of 10% more Bachelors of Science in Nursing Degree nurses decreases the odds on both outcomes in all hospitals, regardless of their work environment, by roughly 4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the positive effect of increasing percentages of Bachelors of Science in Nursing Degree nurses is consistent across all hospitals, lowering the patient-to-nurse ratios markedly improves patient outcomes in hospitals with good work environments, slightly improves them in hospitals with average environments, and has no effect in hospitals with poor environments.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4217, USA. laiken@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Aiken
authors.forename: Jeannie P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cimiotti
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Donna F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Neff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061214:Patient Safety; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace