title: Late outcomes of carotid artery stenting: a critical review.
abstract: The role of carotid artery stenting (CAS) as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy for the treatment of extracranial carotid occlusive disease for stroke prevention continues to evolve. Although technical and device refinements aimed at making CAS safer continue to this day, safety  as measured by 30-day and 1-year outcomes has been the primary recipient of regulatory and practice attention. Relatively less emphasis has been placed on the incidence of recurrent stenosis after CAS and the efficacy of CAS in late stroke prevention. Data on late outcomes of CAS, including  factors of potential influence, have been emerging and are addressed in this review.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. charles.ross@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Yancey
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.forename: Amit J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Marvin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology