title: Proteolytic cleavage of chemerin protein is necessary for activation to the active form, Chem157S, which functions as a signaling molecule in glioblastoma.
abstract: Chemerin is a chemoattractant involved in innate and adaptive immunity as well as an adipokine implicated in adipocyte differentiation. Chemerin circulates as an inactive precursor in blood whose bioactivity is closely regulated through proteolytic processing at its C terminus. We developed methodology for production of different recombinant chemerin isoforms (chem163S, chem157S, and chem155A) which allowed us to obtain large quantities of these proteins with purity of >95%. Chem158K was generated from chem163S by plasmin cleavage. Characterization by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation demonstrated that both the N and C termini were correct for each isoform. Ca(2+) mobilization assays showed that the EC(50) values for chem163S and chem158K were 54.2 ± 19.9 nm and 65.2 ± 13.2 nm, respectively, whereas chem157S had a ∼50-fold higher potency with an EC(50) of 1.2 ± 0.7 nm. Chem155A had no agonist activity and weak antagonist activity, causing a 50% reduction of chem157S activity at a molar ratio of 100:1. Similar results were obtained in a chemotaxis assay. Because chem158K is the dominant form in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with glioblastoma (GBM), we examined the significance of chemerin in GBM biology. In silico analysis showed chemerin mRNA was significantly increased in tissue from grade III and IV gliomas. Furthermore, U-87 MG cells, a human GBM line, express the chemerin receptors, chemokine-like receptor 1 and chemokine receptor-like 2, and chem157S triggered Ca(2+) flux. This study emphasized the necessity of appropriate C-terminal proteolytic processing to generate the likely physiologic form of active chemerin, chem157S, and suggested a possible role in malignant GBM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Yasuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Xiao-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morser
authors.forename: Lawrence L K
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D018925:Chemokines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000737:chemistry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D059748:Proteolysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C102741:CMKLR1 protein, human; D018925:Chemokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C478630:RARRES2 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D005341:Fibrinolysin