title: Projected effects of tobacco smoking on worldwide tuberculosis control: mathematical modelling analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Almost 20% of people smoke tobacco worldwide--a percentage projected to rise in many poor countries. Smoking has been linked to increased individual risk of tuberculosis infection and mortality, but it remains unclear how these risks affect population-wide tuberculosis rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a state transition, compartmental, mathematical model of tuberculosis epidemics to estimate the impact of alternative future smoking trends on tuberculosis control. We projected tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality in each World Health Organization region from 2010 to 2050, and incorporated changing trends in smoking, case detection, treatment success, and HIV prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model predicted that smoking would produce an excess of 18 million tuberculosis cases (standard error 16-20) and 40 million deaths from tuberculosis (39-41) between 2010 and 2050, if smoking trends continued along current trajectories. The effect of smoking was anticipated to increase the number of tuberculosis cases by 7% (274 million v 256 million) and deaths by 66% (101 million v 61 million), compared with model predictions that did not account for smoking. Smoking was also expected to delay the millennium development goal target to reduce tuberculosis mortality by half from 1990 to 2015. The model estimated that aggressive tobacco control (achieving a 1% decrease in smoking prevalence per year down to eradication) would avert 27 million smoking attributable deaths from tuberculosis by 2050. However, if the prevalence of smoking increased to 50% of adults (as observed in countries with high tobacco use), the model estimated that 34 million additional deaths from tuberculosis would occur by 2050.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco smoking could substantially increase tuberculosis cases and deaths worldwide in coming years, undermining progress towards tuberculosis mortality targets. Aggressive tobacco control could avert millions of deaths from tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. sanjay.basu@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stuckler
authors.forename: Asaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitton
authors.forename: Stanton A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Glantz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality