title: Evaluation of the permeability of agricultural films to various fumigants.
abstract: A variety of agricultural films are commercially available for managing emissions and enhancing pest control during soil fumigation. These films are manufactured using different materials and processes which can ultimately result in different permeability to fumigants. A systematic laboratory study of the permeability of the agricultural films to nine fumigants was conducted to evaluate the performance of commonly used film products, including polyethylene, metalized, and high-barrier films. The permeability, as expressed by mass transfer coefficient (cm/h), of 27 different films from 13 manufacturers ranged from below 1 × 10(-4) cm/h to above 10 cm/h at 25 °C under ambient relative humidity test conditions. The wide range in permeability of commercially available films demonstrates the need to use films which are appropriate for the fumigation application. The effects of environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, on the film permeability were also investigated. It was found that high relative humidity could drastically increase the permeability of the high-barrier films. The permeability of some high-barrier films was increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude when the films were tested at high relative humidity. Increasing the temperature from 25 to 40 °C increased the permeability for some high-barrier films up to 10 times more than the permeability at 25 °C, although the effect was minimal for several of these films. Analysis of the distribution of the permeability of the films under ambient humidity conditions to nine fumigants indicated that the 27 films largely followed the material type, although the permeability varied considerably among the films of similar material.
authors.affiliation: Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
authors.forename: Yaorong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Thuy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chism
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000295:instrumentation; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods; D006813:Humidity; D010539:Permeability; D010571:Pest Control / Q000295:instrumentation; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D020959:Polyethylene