title: Analysis of electromyographic activity of ankle muscles on stable and unstable surfaces with eyes open and closed.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proprioceptive exercises are performed on a daily basis in physiotherapy with the use of different unstable platforms in order to improve joint stability using the mechanical and sensory properties of ligaments, joint capsule and integrated activity of the muscles surrounding the joint. Changes in the myoelectrical characteristics of the muscles during activity can be identified using surface electromyography (EMG), which provides important information on the behavior of muscles submitted to different types of load.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to analyze the electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis on stable and unstable surfaces with eyes open and closed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five active, healthy, male and female individuals were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation and a protocol involving warm up and the electromyographic assessment of muscle activity on different surfaces. The order of the data collection was chosen randomly by lots [on stable ground or unstable platforms (trampoline, balance platform, proprioceptive disk and proprioceptive board) with eyes open and on a trampoline, balance platform and stable ground with eyes closed]. The individuals remained balanced on these surfaces for 15 s with the knee at 30° flexion in order to provide greater instability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in muscle activity on the unstable surfaces, with the exception of the trampoline, which did not achieve statistically significant differences in relation to the stable ground. The tibialis anterior and peroneus longus exhibited the greatest electromyographic activity on all surfaces. The proprioceptive tests performed with eyes closed exhibited significantly greater electromyographic activity than with eyes open.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proprioceptive exercises on unstable surfaces generated a significant increase in electromyographic activity, especially with eyes closed, and are therefore a valuable resource in the sensory-motor rehabilitation of the ankle.
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Alfredo
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Braun Ferreira
authors.forename: Wagner Menna
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Luciano Pavan
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Ivo Ilvan
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Kerpers
authors.forename: Alderico
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodrigues de Paula
authors.forename: Claudia Santos
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult