title: Mechanical tissue optical clearing technique increases imaging resolution and contrast through ex vivo porcine skin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanical tissue optical clearing permits light delivery deeper into turbid tissue, which may improve current optical diagnostics and laser-based therapeutic techniques. We investigated the effects of localized compression on brightfield imaging through ex vivo porcine skin by evaluating resolution and contrast of a target positioned beneath native, mechanically compressed, or chemically cleared specimens. We also evaluated the effects of indentation on dynamic tissue thickness and light transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5 mm diameter, hemispherically tipped, manual load transducer was used to compress specimens using 2-44 N for 60 seconds. Chemically cleared specimens were immersed for 1 hour in glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide. A USAF 1951 resolution target was positioned beneath specimens and imaged using brightfield microscopy. Resolution and contrast of target features were analyzed. In separate experiments, a mechanical test instrument was used to compress and hold specimens at a final thickness while measuring applied load and light transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Image intensity profiles showed that while uncompressed skin did not allow resolution of any target, localized compression allowed maximum resolution up to a line width of 173 ± 21 µm. Mechanical clearing achieved up to four times higher maximum resolution and 2-3 times higher contrast sensitivity than chemical immersion. Resolving capability was highly correlated with compressive tissue strain. Light transmission increased during tissue compression, but also increased while holding final thickness constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Localized compression is an effective technique for increasing resolution and contrast of target features through tissue and may improve light-based diagnostics. Thickness reduction and other mechanisms appear to contribute to this effect.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA. aizquie@vt.edu
authors.forename: Alondra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izquierdo-Román
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Leeanna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hyacinth
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Rylander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D008027:Light; D011312:Pressure; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine