title: A meta-analysis of the outcome of endovascular and noninvasive therapies in the treatment of intermittent claudication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intermittent claudication is a common symptom of peripheral arterial disease. Currently, there is a lack of consensus on the most effective therapies for this problem. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized trials assessing the efficacy of endovascular therapy (EVT) compared with noninvasive therapies for the treatment of intermittent claudication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trials comparing the efficacy of EVT and noninvasive therapies, such as medical therapy (MT) and supervised exercise (SVE) in patients with intermittent claudication were identified by a systematic search. Data were pooled, and combined overall effect sizes (standardized differences of mean values) were calculated for a random effect model in terms of ankle-brachial index (ABI) and treadmill walking for initial claudication distance (ICD) and maximum walking distance (MWD). Nine eligible trials (873 participants) were included: two compared EVT and MT alone, four compared EVT and SVE, and three trials compared EVT plus SVE vs SVE alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterogeneity between studies was marked. Quantitative data analysis suggested that EVT improved outcomes over MT alone at early follow-up evaluations. Outcomes of EVT plus SVE were better than those of SVE alone in terms of both ABI and treadmill walking at immediate, early, and intermediate follow-up. No substantial differences in outcomes of EVT alone compared with SVE alone were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with intermittent claudication, current evidence supports improved ABI and treadmill walking when EVT is added to MT or SVE during early and intermediate follow-up. There is no evidence that EVT alone provides improved outcome over SVE alone. There is low confidence in these findings for a number of reasons, including the small number of trials, the small size of these studies, the heterogeneity in study design, and the limited use of quality of life tools in assessing outcomes. More consistent data from larger, more homogenous studies, including longer follow-up, are required.
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ahimastos
authors.forename: Elise P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: Petra G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Buttner
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Bronwyn A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kingwell
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golledge
mesh_terms: D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents