title: Effects of increased white blood cell count on retinal perfusion during hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have shown that administration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is followed by an increase of white blood cell (WBC) count. There is evidence from other vascular beds that an increase in WBC count impairs blood flow regulation especially in the microcirculation. Whether this also holds true for the ocular circulation is yet unknown. In the following trial we investigated whether an increase in WBC count alters the oxygen induced vasoconstriction of retinal vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled with two parallel groups. 24 healthy, male subjects were included. Measurements of retinal white blood cell flux with the blue-field entoptic technique, red blood cell velocity using the laser Doppler velocimeter and retinal vessel diameter using a Retinal Vessel Analyzer, were assessed at baseline and after breathing of 100% oxygen over 20 min. Thereafter 300 μg of G-CSF or placebo was administered. Measurements were repeated after another inhalation of 100% oxygen 8h later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  G-CSF did not show any influence on systemic hemodynamics. WBC count increased significantly from 5.7 ± 1.6 × 10(9)/L at baseline up to 19.5 ± 4.8 × 10(9)/L 8h after G-CSF administration. As expected, oxygen breathing induced a pronounced vasoconstriction and a decrease red and white cell flux in both, the placebo and the G-CSF group (p<0.01 for both groups). Administration of G-CSF increased WBC flux, but did not affect red blood cell flux. The response of red blood cell flux and retinal vessel diameters to hyperoxia was not altered by G-CSF administration. However, leukocytosis leads to a more pronounced oxygen induced reduction in red blood cell velocity compared to the placebo group (p=0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that increased WBC count as induced with G-CSF, leads to a more pronounced reduction in retinal red blood cell flux during states of vasoconstriction. This indicates that, as in other vascular beds, an increase in WBC leads to an altered blood flow regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lasta
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fuchsjager-Mayrl
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolzt
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmetterer
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garhöfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001317:Austria; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000069585:Filgrastim; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D006801:Humans; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen; D010919:Placebos; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014664:Vasodilation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000069585:Filgrastim; D010100:Oxygen