title: Protein energy malnutrition predicts complications in liver cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein energy malnutrition frequently occurs in liver cirrhosis. Hand-grip strength according to Jamar is most reliable to predict protein energy malnutrition. We aimed to determine whether protein energy malnutrition affects complication risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 84 cirrhotics, baseline nutritional state was determined and subsequent complications prospectively assessed. Influence of potentially relevant factors including malnutrition (by Jamar hand-grip strength) on complication rates were evaluated with univariate analysis. Effect of malnutrition was subsequently evaluated by multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for possible confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Underlying causes of cirrhosis were viral hepatitis in 31%, alcohol in 26%, and other in 43%. Baseline Child-Pugh (CP) class was A, B, or C in 58, 35, and 7%, respectively. Energy and protein intake decreased significantly with increasing CP class, with shift from proteins to carbohydrates. At baseline, according to Jamar hand-grip strength, malnutrition occurred in 67% (n=56). Malnutrition was associated with older age and higher CP class (CP class A 57%, B 79%, C 100%) but not with underlying disease or comorbidity. Complications occurred in 18 and 48% in well-nourished and malnourished patients, respectively, (P=0.007) during 13 ± 6 months follow-up. In multivariate analysis, malnutrition was an independent predictor of complications, after correcting for comorbidity, age, and CP score (adjusted odds ratio 4.230; 95% confidence interval 1.090-16.422; P=0.037). In univariate analysis, mortality (4 vs. 18%; P=0.1) tended to be worse in malnourished patients, but this trend was lost in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malnutrition is an independent predictor of complications in cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: Evelien J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Trip
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Siersema
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Hoek
authors.forename: Karel J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: van Erpecum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins