title: Reproductive factors and Parkinson's disease: a multicenter case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible association between endogenous and exogenous estrogens and Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The FRAGAMP study is a large Italian multicenter case-control study. PD was diagnosed according to Gelb's criteria. A standardized questionnaire was administered to record demographic, epidemiological, and clinical data. Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariate analysis (logistic regression).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred PD women (mean age, 68.0 ± 9.5 years) and 299 control women (mean age, 61.8 ± 9.9 years) were enrolled in the study. Age at menarche, age at menopause, fertile life duration, cumulative duration of pregnancies, hormone replacement therapy, and surgical menopause were not significantly associated with PD. Multivariate analysis showed a significant positive association between use of oral contraceptives and PD, with an adjusted OR of 3.27 (95% CI, 1.24-8.59; P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that oral contraceptives could increase the risk of PD.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Ingrassia Sezione di Neuroscienze, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: Gennarina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arabia
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Annesi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Mari
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lamberti
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Epifanio
authors.forename: Letterio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morgante
authors.forename: Autilia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quattrone
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zappia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens