title: Internal fixation: a historical review.
abstract: Internal fixation has become a pillar of surgical specialties, yet the evolution of these devices has been relatively short. The first known description of medical management of a fracture was found in the Edwin Smith Papyrus of Ancient Egypt (circa 2600 bc). The first description of internal fixation in the medical literature was in the 18th century. The advancement of techniques and technology over the last 150 years has helped to preserve both life and function. The pace of advancement continues to accelerate as surgeons continue to seek new technology for osseous fixation. The authors present a thorough review of the history of internal fixation and the transformation into a multibillion dollar industry.
authors.affiliation: robert.m.greenhagen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenhagen
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000266:history; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices / Q000266:history; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013537:Sutures