title: A multidimensional approach to impulsivity changes in mild Alzheimer's disease and control participants: cognitive correlates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulsive behaviors are frequently described in brain-damaged patients, including patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, few studies have examined impulsivity changes and associated cognitive impairments in AD and healthy controls. Consequently, the first aim of this study was to compare patients with mild AD and matched controls on four dimensions of impulsivity (urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking) recently highlighted in the literature. The second objective was to examine the association between impulsivity changes and cognitive performances on executive/attentional tasks in mild AD and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with mild AD and 30 matched controls were administered a battery of tests that assessed executive and attention processes. In addition, informants of each patient and control completed a short questionnaire designed to assess the changes on the four dimensions of impulsivity (Rochat et al., 2008).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with mild AD had higher scores than controls on lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance dimensions of impulsivity, whereas the two groups did not differ on urgency and sensation seeking. Furthermore, patients showed significant decreased performances on measures of inhibition of prepotent responses, set-shifting, and working memory, as well as higher variability of reaction times (RTs) than matched controls. Regression analyses computed on the whole sample emphasized that difficulties in inhibition of prepotent responses significantly predicted higher lack of premeditation, and larger variability of RTs and set-shifting difficulties significantly predicted higher lack of perseverance, even when global cognitive functioning, general processing speed, working memory, and age were controlled for. Urgency and sensation seeking were not associated with any variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide valuable insight into the nature of brain systems and cognitive processes underlying impulsive behaviors. In addition, they open up interesting prospects for better comprehension of behavioral and psychological symptoms of AD.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Lucien.Rochat@unige.ch
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rochat
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Billieux
authors.forename: Anne-Claude
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Juillerat Van der Linden
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Annoni
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zekry
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Martial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van der Linden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index