title: A prospective evaluation of a protocol for magnetic resonance imaging of patients with implanted cardiac devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is avoided in most patients with implanted cardiac devices because of safety concerns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the safety of a protocol for MRI at the commonly used magnetic strength of 1.5 T in patients with implanted cardiac devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective nonrandomized trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01130896) SETTING: One center in the United States (94% of examinations) and one in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  438 patients with devices (54% with pacemakers and 46% with defibrillators) who underwent 555 MRI studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pacing mode was changed to asynchronous for pacemaker-dependent patients and to demand for others. Tachyarrhythmia functions were disabled. Blood pressure, electrocardiography, oximetry, and symptoms were monitored by a nurse with experience in cardiac life support and device programming who had immediate backup from an electrophysiologist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activation or inhibition of pacing, symptoms, and device variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 3 patients (0.7% [95% CI, 0% to 1.5%]), the device reverted to a transient back-up programming mode without long-term effects. Right ventricular (RV) sensing (median change, 0 mV [interquartile range {IQR}, -0.7 to 0 V]) and atrial and right and left ventricular lead impedances (median change, -2 Ω [IQR, -13 to 0 Ω], -4 Ω [IQR, -16 to 0 Ω], and -11 Ω [IQR, -40 to 0 Ω], respectively) were reduced immediately after MRI. At long-term follow-up (61% of patients), decreased RV sensing (median, 0 mV, [IQR, -1.1 to 0.3 mV]), decreased RV lead impedance (median, -3 Ω, [IQR, -29 to 15 Ω]), increased RV capture threshold (median, 0 V, IQR, [0 to 0.2 Ω]), and decreased battery voltage (median, -0.01 V, IQR, -0.04 to 0 V) were noted. The observed changes did not require device revision or reprogramming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not all available cardiac devices have been tested. Long-term in-person or telephone follow-up was unavailable in 43 patients (10%), and some data were missing. Those with missing long-term capture threshold data had higher baseline right atrial and right ventricular capture thresholds and were more likely to have undergone thoracic imaging. Defibrillation threshold testing and random assignment to a control group were not performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With appropriate precautions, MRI can be done safely in patients with selected cardiac devices. Because changes in device variables and programming may occur, electrophysiologic monitoring during MRI is essential.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. snazarian@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazarian
authors.forename: Rozann
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hansford
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roguin
authors.forename: Dorith
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldsher
authors.forename: Menekhem M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zviman
authors.forename: Albert C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lardo
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Caffo
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kraut
authors.forename: Ihab R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
authors.forename: Henry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Halperin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D000075202:Contraindications; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012984:Software