title: No evidence of a link between influenza vaccines and Guillain-Barre syndrome-associated antiganglioside antibodies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by acute, progressive peripheral neuropathy and is commonly associated with the presence of antiganglioside antibodies. Previously, influenza vaccination was linked with the increased incidence of GBS; however, whether antiganglioside antibodies are subsequently induced remains unresolved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from human subjects vaccinated with seasonal influenza vaccines from the 2007-2008, 2008-2009, or 1976-1977 influenza seasons were screened for the induction of immunity to influenza and the presence of antiganglioside antibodies pre- and post-vaccination. Likewise, sera from mice vaccinated with seasonal influenza vaccines (1988-1989, 2007-2008) or "swine flu" pandemic vaccines (1976, 2009) were assessed in the same manner. Viruses were also screened for cross-reacting ganglioside epitopes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antiganglioside antibodies were found to recognize influenza viruses; this reactivity correlated with virus glycosylation. Antibodies to influenza viruses were detected in human and mouse sera, but the prevalence of antiganglioside antibodies was extremely low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the correlation between antiganglioside antibody cross-reactivity and glycosylation of viruses suggests the role of shared carbohydrate epitopes, no correlation was observed between hemagglutinin-inhibition titers and the induction of antiganglioside antibodies after influenza vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boltz
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McElhaney
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCullers
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webby
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005260:Female; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000276:immunology*; D020275:Guillain-Barre Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D005732:Gangliosides; D007252:Influenza Vaccines