title: Parotid gland-recovery after radiotherapy in the head and neck region--36 months follow-up of a prospective clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the recovery potential of the parotid glands after using either 3D-conformal-radiotherapy (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) by sparing one single parotid gland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 06/2002 and 10/2008, 117 patients with head and neck cancer were included in this prospective, non-randomised clinical study. All patients were treated with curative intent. Salivary gland function was assessed by measuring stimulated salivary flow at the beginning, during and at the end of radiotherapy as well as 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after treatment. Measurements were converted to flow rates and normalized relative to rates before treatment. Mean doses (D(mean)) were calculated from dose-volume histograms based on computed tomographies of the parotid glands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were grouped according to the D(mean) of the spared parotid gland having the lowest radiation exposure: Group I - D(mean) < 26 Gy (n = 36), group II - D(mean) 26-40 Gy (n = 45), and group III - D(mean) > 40 Gy (n = 36). 15/117 (13%) patients received IMRT. By using IMRT as compared to 3D-CRT the D(mean) of the spared parotid gland could be significantly reduced (D(mean) IMRT vs. 3D-CRT: 21.7 vs. 34.4 Gy, p < 0.001). The relative salivary flow rates (RFSR) as a function of the mean parotid dose after 24 and 36 months was in group I 66% and 74%, in group II 56% and 49%, and in group III 31% and 24%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the parotid gland dose and the tumor site were the independent determinants 12 and 36 months after the end of RT. Patients of group I and II parotid gland function did recover at 12, 24, and 36 months after the end of RT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If a D(mean) < 26 Gy for at least one parotid gland can be achieved then this is sufficient to reach complete recovery of pre-RT salivary flow rates. The radiation volume which depends on tumor site did significantly impact on the D(mean) of the parotids, and thus on the saliva flow and recovery of parotid gland.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeremias
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hey
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Setz
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janich
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vordermark
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gernhardt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuhnt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome