title: Relationship between dietary intake and microalbuminuria: findings from the Takahata study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several studies have investigated the relationship between dietary nutrient intake and microalbuminuria, no study of an Asian population has been reported. The present study investigates the relationship between dietary intake and microalbuminuria in a general Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 675 men and 924 women who did not have diabetes. Participants who had a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥300 mg/g, who did not complete a questionnaire regarding food frequency and who did not provide complete urine measurements were excluded. Nutrient intake was assessed by validated food frequency questionnaire. Microalbuminuria was defined as UACR ≥30 mg/g. The relationship between dietary nutrient intake and microalbuminuria was examined using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure and use of antihypertensive medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant association was observed among the men. The multiple adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of having microalbuminuria per 1 standard deviation increase in total protein (%kcal), animal protein (%kcal), animal protein (g/day), animal fat, niacin, carbohydrate and β-cryptoxanthin among the women were 1.33 (1.07-1.66), 1.35 (1.09-1.66), 1.42 (1.08-1.88), 1.29 (1.05-1.59), 1.28 (1.04-1.57), 0.73 (0.58-0.92) and 0.76 (0.59-0.996), respectively. The multiple adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of having microalbuminuria in the highest quintile of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the lowest was 2.16 (1.03-4.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less animal protein and more β-cryptoxanthin in the diet might help to prevent microalbuminuria. Prospective studies including controlled trials are required to confirm this conclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konta
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Narimatsu
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kayama
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D044466:Asian People; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009525:Niacin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D024341:Xanthophylls; D009525:Niacin; D003404:Creatinine