title: Measles vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a review of recent practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The health needs of children and adolescents in humanitarian emergencies are critical to the success of relief efforts and reduction in mortality. Measles has been one of the major causes of child deaths in humanitarian emergencies and further contributes to mortality by exacerbating malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency. Here, we review measles vaccination activities in humanitarian emergencies as documented in published literature. Our main interest was to review the available evidence focusing on the target age range for mass vaccination campaigns either in response to a humanitarian emergency or in response to an outbreak of measles in a humanitarian context to determine whether the current guidance required revision based on recent experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the published literature for articles published from January 1, 1998 to January 1, 2010 reporting on measles in emergencies. As definitions and concepts of emergencies vary and have changed over time, we chose to consider any context where an application for either a Consolidated Appeals Process or a Flash Appeal to the UN Central Emergency Revolving Fund (CERF) occurred during the period examined. We included publications from countries irrespective of their progress in measles control as humanitarian emergencies may occur in any of these contexts and as such, guidance applies irrespective of measles control goals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the few well-documented epidemic descriptions in humanitarian emergencies, the age range of cases is not limited to under 5 year olds. Combining all data, both from preventive and outbreak response interventions, about 59% of cases in reports with sufficient data reviewed here remain in children under 5, 18% in 5-15 and 2% above 15 years. In instances where interventions targeted a reduced age range, several reports concluded that the age range should have been extended to 15 years, given that a significant proportion of cases occurred beyond 5 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measles outbreaks continue to occur in humanitarian emergencies due to low levels of pre-existing population immunity. According to available published information, cases continue to occur in children over age 5. Preventing cases in older age groups may prevent younger children from becoming infected and reduce mortality in both younger and older age groups.
authors.affiliation: Epicentre, 8 rue Saint Sabin, Paris 75011, France. rebecca.grais@epicentre.msf.org.
authors.forename: Rebecca F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Grais
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strebel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mala
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nandy
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gayer