title: Endonucleases: tools to correct the dystrophin gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various endonucleases can be engineered to induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) in chosen DNA sequences. These DSBs are spontaneously repaired by nonhomologous-end-joining, resulting in micro-insertions or micro-deletions (INDELs). We detected, characterized and quantified the frequency of INDELs produced by one meganuclease (MGN) targeting the RAG1 gene, six MGNs targeting three introns of the human dystrophin gene and one pair of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) targeting exon 50 of the human dystrophin gene. The experiments were performed in human cells (i.e. 293 T cells, myoblasts and myotubes).
  
  
  METHODS
  To analyse the INDELs produced by the endonucleases the targeted region was polymerase chain reaction amplified and the amplicons were digested with the Surveyor enzyme, cloned in bacteria or deep sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endonucleases targeting the dystrophin gene produced INDELs of different sizes but there were clear peaks in the size distributions. The positions of these peaks were similar for MGNs but not for ZFNs in 293 T cells and in myoblasts. The size of the INDELs produced by these endonucleases in the dystrophin gene would have permitted a change in the reading frame. In a subsequent experiment, we observed that the frequency of INDELs was increased by re-exposition of the cells to the same endonuclease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endonucleases are able to: (i) restore the normal reading of a gene with a frame shift mutation; (ii) delete a nonsense codon; and (iii) knockout a gene. Endonucleases could thus be used to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other hereditary diseases that are the result of a nonsense codon or a frame shift mutation.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre de Recherche de CHUL, CHUQ, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chapdelaine
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boisvert
authors.forename: Luciana P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corbeil
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montpetit
authors.forename: Jacques P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tremblay
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000235:genetics*; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005091:Exons; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D016654:Genes, RAG-1; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D016364:Reading Frames; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D016189:Dystrophin; D004720:Endonucleases