title: Multiplex screening of persistent organic pollutants in fish using spectrally encoded microspheres.
abstract: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are environmental and food-related contaminants of global public health concern and known to be carcinogenic and endocrine disruptors. Their monitoring is essential, and an easy-to-use, rapid, and affordable multianalyte screening method with simplified sample preparation can be a valuable tool prior to instrumental analysis. For this purpose, a flow cytometric immunoassay (FCIA), based on a spectrally encoded microbeads technology, was developed for the multiplex detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) in buffer and fish extracts. The sensitivities of the assays in the three-plex FCIA format were similar to the individual FCIAs for the marker compounds benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) in buffer with IC(50) values of 0.4, 20, and 2 μg L(-1), respectively. Apart from the three markers, we could detect at least 14 other POPs. Extracts of fish with different fat content, prepared with a simplified extraction and cleanup procedure, had an insignificant influence on the overall three-plex FCIA performance, with the exception of some impact on the PAHs detection. The performance of the three-plex FCIA, in combination with the simple extraction procedure, is adequate for regulatory control in accordance with the required limits.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meimaridou
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalachova
authors.forename: Weilin L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Shelver
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franek
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pulkrabova
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haasnoot
authors.forename: Michel W F
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nielen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000032:analysis*; D005396:Fish Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005399:Fishes; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D007118:Immunoassay; D008863:Microspheres; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C028451:3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl