title: Prenatal tobacco, marijuana, stimulant, and opiate exposure: outcomes and practice implications.
abstract: Abuse of drugs by pregnant women both in the United States and worldwide has raised many questions regarding the effects of prenatal drug exposure on the developing fetus and subsequent child outcomes. Studies using the neurobehavioral teratology model have been undertaken to determine specific prenatal drug effects on cognitive and behavioral development. Here we summarize the findings of studies that have investigated the developmental effects of prenatal exposure to tobacco, marijuana, stimulants, and opiates. These studies consider the timing and amount of prenatal exposure; other drug exposures; maternal characteristics; and other health, nutritional, and environmental factors. We review treatment options for pregnant, substance-dependent women and therapeutic interventions for exposed children.
authors: Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. sonia.minnes@case.edu
authors: Sonia
authors: S
authors: Minnes
authors: Adelaide
authors: A
authors: Lang
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Singer
mesh_terms: D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000503:physiopathology; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants