title: Cold spots in neonatal incubators are hot spots for microbial contamination.
abstract: Thermal stability is essential for the survival and well-being of preterm neonates. This is achieved in neonatal incubators by raising the ambient temperature and humidity to sufficiently high levels. However, potentially pathogenic microorganisms also can thrive in such warm and humid environments. We therefore investigated whether the level of microbial contamination (i.e., the bacterial load) inside neonatal incubators can be predicted on the basis of their average temperature and relative humidity settings, paying special attention to local temperature differences. Swab samples were taken from the warmest and coldest spots found within Caleo incubators, and these were plated to determine the number of microbial CFU per location. In incubators with high average temperature (≥ 34°C) and relative humidity (≥ 60%) values, the level of microbial contamination was significantly higher at cold spots than at hot spots. This relates to the fact that the local equilibrium relative humidity at cold spots is sufficiently high to sustain microbial growth. The abundance of staphylococci, which are the main causative agents of late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates, was found to be elevated significantly in cold areas. These findings can be used to improve basic incubator hygiene.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Marcus C
authors: MC
authors: de Goffau
authors: Klasien A
authors: KA
authors: Bergman
authors: Hendrik J
authors: HJ
authors: de Vries
authors: Nico E L
authors: NE
authors: Meessen
authors: John E
authors: JE
authors: Degener
authors: Jan Maarten
authors: JM
authors: van Dijl
authors: Hermie J M
authors: HJ
authors: Harmsen
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007186:Incubators, Infant / Q000382:microbiology*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013696:Temperature