title: Forearm bone mineral density and incidence of hip fractures in Swedish urban and rural men 1987-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether the recently described break in the trend in hip fracture incidence in many settings applies in both women and men, depends on changes in bone mineral density (BMD) or changes in other risk factors, or whether it is apparent in both urban and rural settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated changes in annual hip fracture incidence from 1987 to 2002 in Swedish men aged ≥60 years in one urban (n = 25,491) and one rural population (n = 16,432) and also secular differences in BMD, measured by single-photon absorptiometry at the distal radius and multiple other risk factors for hip fracture in a population-based sub-sample of the urban and the rural men aged 60-80 years in 1988/89 (n = 202 vs. 121) and in 1998/99 (n = 79 vs. 69).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant changes in the annual age-adjusted hip fracture incidence per 10,000 were apparent from 1987 to 2002 in urban (0.38 per year, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.88) or rural men (-0.05 per year, 95% CI -0.63 to 0.53). BMD was similar in 1988/89 and 1998/99 when examining both urban (-19.6 mg/cm(2), 95% CI -42.6 to 3.5) and rural (-23.0 mg/cm(2), 95% CI -52.1 to 6.1) men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since no secular change in age-adjusted hip fracture incidence was found during the study period, a levelling off in hip fracture incidence is present also in Swedish men. Because BMD on a group level was similar in 1988/89 and 1998/99, changes in other risk factors ought to be either of minor importance or counteracted by changes in different risk factors.
authors: Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. bjorn.rosengren@med.lu.se
authors: Björn E
authors: BE
authors: Rosengren
authors: Henrik G
authors: HG
authors: Ahlborg
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Gärdsell
authors: Ingemar
authors: I
authors: Sernbo
authors: Jan-Åke
authors: JÅ
authors: Nilsson
authors: Robin M
authors: RM
authors: Daly
authors: Magnus K
authors: MK
authors: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D005542:Forearm; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011884:Radius / Q000502:physiology*; D012423:Rural Health / Q000639:trends*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000639:trends*