title: Have secular changes in perinatal risk factors contributed to the recent autism prevalence increase? Development and application of a mathematical assessment model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 57% increase in the U.S. prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) for 8-year-old children born in 1994 versus 1998 was recently reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  To quantify the possible contributions of given risk/predictive factors on the recent ASD prevalence increase, we formulated a mathematical model based on the baseline risk factor prevalence (RFP), the proportionate change in RFP (cRFP), and the magnitude of the association between the risk factor and ASD [estimated relative risk (RR)]. We applied this model to several pregnancy-related factors (preterm, very preterm, low and very low birth weight, multiple birth, cesarean delivery, breech presentation, and assisted reproductive technology use). RFP and cRFP estimates for each factor were obtained from U.S. population-based surveillance datasets. Estimated RRs were obtained from a series of systematic literature reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We estimate that each risk factor examined, alone or in various combinations, accounted for a very small proportion (<1%) of the ASD increase. Additionally, hypothetical scenarios indicate RFP, cRFP, and RR all need to be sizable for a risk factor to appreciably influence ASD prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, although various pregnancy factors have been found to be associated with ASDs, the contribution of many of these factors to the recently observed ASD increase is likely minimal.
authors: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. LSchieve@cdc.gov
authors: Laura A
authors: LA
authors: Schieve
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Rice
authors: Owen
authors: O
authors: Devine
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Maenner
authors: Li-Ching
authors: LC
authors: Lee
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: Martha S
authors: MS
authors: Wingate
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Schendel
authors: Sydney
authors: S
authors: Pettygrove
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: van Naarden Braun
authors: Maureen
authors: M
authors: Durkin
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology