title: Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy outbreak in freshwater fish farmed in Italy.
abstract: Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a neuropathological condition affecting > 40 species of fish. Although VER affects mainly marine fish, the disease has also been detected in certain species reared in freshwater environments. There are relatively few reports concerning the disease in freshwater species, and there is not much information on clinical signs. Nevertheless, the most common clinical findings reported from affected freshwater species are consistent with the typical signs observed in marine species. In this paper we describe the main clinical signs and the laboratory results associated with the detection of a betanodavirus in hybrid striped bass x white bass (Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops) and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, reared in a freshwater environment. We also detected the virus by real-time PCR and isolated it in cell culture from a batch of pike-perch Sander lucioperca farmed in the same system.
authors: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Bovo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Gustinelli
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Quaglio
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Gobbo
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Panzarin
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Fusaro
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Mutinelli
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Caffara
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Fioravanti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004668:Encephalitis Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004671:Encephalitis, Arbovirus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D005618:Fresh Water; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010473:Perciformes; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction