title: Association between obstructive sleep apnea and urinary calculi: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To hypothesize an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and urinary calculi (UC) and assess the presence of such an association using a national population-based dataset. Elevated systemic proinflammatory pathways found in OSA patients may be linked to increased cardiovascular risk. Similar pathways have been identified in patients with UC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 53,791 patients who had received a new diagnosis of UC between 2003 and 2008 from a dataset based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance program. We randomly selected 161,373 controls and then identified subjects with prior OSA in both groups. Odds ratios (ORs) for prior OSA in UC patients compared with controls were estimated in conditional logistic regression analyses by sex and by age group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalences of prior OSA were 1.2% in all subjects, 1.5% in patients with UC, and 1.1% in controls. After adjusting for patients' monthly income, geographic location, urbanization level, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia, and obesity, the OR for prior OSA in UC patients was 1.38 (95% CI 1.30-1.49) compared with controls. Prior OSA was associated with UC both in both males (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.18-1.41) and females (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.22-1.67). Notably, the adjusted OR was most pronounced in the youngest age group, <35 years (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.97-3.34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that patients with UC had a higher prevalence of prior OSA. The OR for prior OSA was most pronounced in the youngest age group.
authors: Sleep Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Jiunn-Horng
authors: JH
authors: Kang
authors: Joseph J
authors: JJ
authors: Keller
authors: Yi-Kuang
authors: YK
authors: Chen
authors: Herng-Ching
authors: HC
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007182:Income; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology*