title: Laparoscopic transdiaphragmatic pericardial window: getting to the heart of the matter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penetrating wounds to the upper abdomen and lower precordium mandate exclusion of intra-abdominal and cardiac injuries. The most sensitive test to exclude cardiac injury is direct visualization of the pericardial fluid. Since 2001, we have examined the abdomen and performed transdiaphragmatic (central tendon) pericardial window via laparoscopy in stable patients at risk for both cardiac and peritoneal injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  At our Level I trauma center we reviewed consecutive patients who underwent evaluation of pericardial fluid after trauma between 2001 and 2008 and identified those patients in whom laparoscopic pericardial window was performed. We collected data on demographics, technique, findings, complications, and follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 393 patients who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy. Of those, 38 patients received laparoscopic transdiaphragmatic pericardial window. Six cardiac injuries (15.8%) were identified with 5 penetrating injuries to the right ventricle and 1 myocardial contusion. All 5 right ventricular injuries required median sternotomy for injury repair. None of the patients had significant hemodynamic compromise during operation. The pericardial window was left open in all patients, with no morbidity. The average length of stay for patients without chest tubes and a negative window was less than 24 hours. For patients with chest tubes, length of stay was 4.6 days. The interquartile range for follow-up was 21.5 to 315 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostic laparoscopy with transdiaphragmatic pericardial window allows for thorough evaluation of both abdominal and cardiac injuries with a resultant short length of stay and no morbidity or mortality. In this, the largest series in the literature, laparoscopic pericardial window was a safe and effective modality to evaluate hemodynamically stable patients who are at risk for both cardiac and abdominal injuries.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors: Caitlin A
authors: CA
authors: Smith
authors: Joseph M
authors: JM
authors: Galante
authors: Jonathan L
authors: JL
authors: Pierce
authors: Lynette A
authors: LA
authors: Scherer
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D003964:Diaphragm; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D010491:Pericardial Window Techniques; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*