title: Hormone replacement therapy leads to increased plasma levels of platelet derived microparticles in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas prevention of cardiovascular diseases by hormonal replacement therapy is still part of an ongoing debate, well-defined data are available relating hormonal replacement therapy to an elevated risk of venous thrombosis and embolism. Although it seems that venous thrombosis in patients treated with hormonal replacement therapy is linked to changes in plasmatic coagulation, less is known about the role of platelet-derived microparticles, as well as endothelial cell-derived microparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective case-control study, levels of microparticles were investigated in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy (n = 15) and compared to age-matched controls (n = 15).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total count of microparticles and the subgroup of microparticles derived from endothelial cells did not differ in the investigated groups. In contrast, median levels of microparticles derived from platelet/megacaryocyte were higher in women taking hormonal replacement therapy (5,244 × 10(6)/l) than in controls (2,803 × 10(6)/l; p = 0.040). Furthermore, hormonal replacement therapy led to a higher plasma level of microparticles derived from activated platelets, exposing P-selectin (136 × 10(6)/l vs. 58 × 10(6)/l; p = 0.011), or exposing CD63 (171 × 10(6) vs. 91 × 10(6)/l; p = 0.011) compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher concentrations of microparticles derived from (activated) platelets/megacaryocytes were present in postmenopausal women taking hormonal replacement therapy. This finding indicates a procoagulant state in these women and might play a role in the development of venous side effects. In contrast, levels of endothelial cell-derived microparticles did not differ.
authors: 2. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany. andreas.rank@klinikum-Augsburg.de
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Rank
authors: Rienk
authors: R
authors: Nieuwland
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Nikolajek
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Rösner
authors: Lisa-Maria
authors: LM
authors: Wallwiener
authors: Erhard
authors: E
authors: Hiller
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Toth
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000502:physiology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008533:Megakaryocytes / Q000502:physiology; D015539:Platelet Activation; D010976:Platelet Count; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol