title: Walking training in postmenopause:  effects on both spontaneous physical activity and training-induced body adaptations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because physical exercise has been widely used for primary and secondary preventions of cardiometabolic diseases arising with menopause, the aim of our study was to determine whether participation in aerobic physical exercise is linked to the modification of spontaneous physical activity and whether this compensation affects aerobic training-related body adaptations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both before and after a 13-week walking training program, 34 postmenopausal women (mean ± SD age, 55.89 ± 3.57 y) were analyzed for lipids, adipokines, glucose, and insulin plasma levels, as well as for body measures, heart rate and blood pressure at rest, maximal aerobic capacity, total daily energy expenditure, mean intensity of daily physical activities, and time and energy spent on physical activities with an intensity of more than three metabolic equivalents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aerobic training induced significant reductions in body mass, body mass index, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, basal cardiac double product, plasma glucose, leptin, and resistin. Aerobic fitness, the reserve of the cardiac double product, and the quantitative insulin sensitivity index were significantly improved. Cluster analysis of the variations in the total daily energy expenditure, the mean intensity of daily physical activities, and the time and energy spent on physical activities with an intensity of more than three metabolic equivalents identified two subgroups: one showed reduced spontaneous physical activity (GROUP-), whereas the other did not (GROUP+). The subgroups differed significantly only for plasma lipid variation. GROUP+ showed significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol, whereas GROUP- did not show significantly modified plasma lipids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In postmenopause, participation in a program of aerobic physical exercise can result in a reduction of spontaneous physical activity, which inhibits the positive effects of the aerobic exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
authors: Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Science of Motor Education, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. andiblasio@gmail.com
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Di Blasio
authors: Patrizio
authors: P
authors: Ripari
authors: Ines
authors: I
authors: Bucci
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Di Donato
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Izzicupo
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: D'Angelo
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Di Nenno
authors: Mariagrazia
authors: M
authors: Taglieri
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Napolitano
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids; D052243:Resistin