title: Plasma membrane disruptions with different modes of injurious mechanical ventilation in normal rat lungs*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plasma membrane disruptions are caused by excessive mechanical stress and thought to be involved in inflammatory mediator upregulation. Presently, plasma membrane disruption formation has been studied only during mechanical ventilation with large tidal volumes and limitedly to subpleural alveoli. No information is available concerning the distribution of plasma membrane disruptions within the lung or the development of plasma membrane disruptions during another modality of injurious mechanical ventilation, i.e., mechanical ventilation with eupneic tidal volume (7 mL · kg) at low end-expiratory lung volume. The aim of this study is to assess whether 1) mechanical ventilation with eupneic tidal volume at low end-expiratory lung volume causes plasma membrane disruptions; and 2) the distribution of plasma membrane disruptions differs from that of mechanical ventilation with large tidal volume at normal end-expiratory lung volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma membrane disruptions have been detected as red spots in gelatin-included slices of rat lungs stained with ethidium homodimer-1 shortly after anesthesia (control) after prolonged mechanical ventilation with eupneic tidal volume at low end-expiratory lung volume followed or not by the restoration of physiological end-expiratory lung volume and after prolonged mechanical ventilation with large tidal volumes and normal end-expiratory lung volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma membrane disruptions increased during mechanical ventilation at low end-expiratory lung volume, mainly at the bronchiolar level. Resealing of most plasma membrane disruptions occurred on restoration of normal end-expiratory lung volume. Mechanical ventilation with large tidal volume caused the appearance of plasma membrane disruptions, both bronchiolar and parenchymal, the latter to a much greater extent than with mechanical ventilation at low end-expiratory lung volume. The increase of plasma membrane disruptions correlated with the concomitant increase of airway resistance with both modes of mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Amount and distribution of plasma membrane disruptions between small airways and lung parenchyma depends on the type of injurious mechanical ventilation. This could be relevant to the release of inflammatory mediators.
authors: Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Pecchiari
authors: Ario
authors: A
authors: Monaco
authors: Antonia
authors: A
authors: Koutsoukou
authors: Edgardo
authors: E
authors: D'Angelo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*