title: Scutellarin protects against Aβ-induced learning and memory deficits in rats: involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the protective effects of scutellarin (Scu) on rats with learning and memory deficit induced by β-amyloid peptide (Aβ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, sham operation, Aβ, Aβ+Scu, and Aβ+piracetam groups. Aβ(25-35) was injected into the lateral ventricle (10 μg each side). Scu (10 mg/2 mL) or piracetam (10 mg/2 mL was intragastrically administered per day for 20 consecutive days following Aβ treatment. Learning and memory was assessed with Morris water maze test. The protein and mRNA levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α4, α7, and β2 subunits in the brain were examined using Western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the brain and plasma were measured using Ellman's colorimetric method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Aβ group, the escape latency period and first platform cross was significantly increased, and the total number of platform crossings was significantly decreased, as compared with the control and the sham operation groups. Both Scu and piracetam treatment significantly reduced the escape latency period and time to cross platform, and increased the number of platform crosses, but there were no significant differences between Aβ+Scu and Aβ+piracetam groups. In Aβ group, the protein levels of nAChR α4 and α7 subunits in the cerebral cortex were significantly decreased by 42%-47% and 58%-61%, respectively, as compared to the control and the sham operation groups. Scu treatment caused upregulation of α4 and α7 subunit proteins by around 24% and 30%, respectively, as compared to Aβ group, but there were no significant differences between Aβ+Scu and Aβ+piracetam groups. The protein level of nAChR β2 subunit had no significant difference among different groups. The mRNA levels of nAChR α4, α7, and β2 subunits were not significantly changed. In Aβ group, the activities of AChE and BuChE in the brain were significantly increased, but were significantly decreased in the plasma, as compared to the control and the sham operation groups. Scu or piracetam treatment restored the activities in brain and plasma nearly to the levels in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that Scu may rescue some of the deleterious effects of Aβ, possibly by stimulating nAChR protein translation and regulating cholinesterase activity.
authors: Pathological Department of Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang Medical College, China.
authors: Li-li
authors: LL
authors: Guo
authors: Zhi-zhong
authors: ZZ
authors: Guan
authors: Yong-lin
authors: YL
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D047310:Apigenin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D017931:DNA Primers; D005965:Glucuronates; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C484876:scutellarin; D047310:Apigenin; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; D002802:Cholinesterases