title: Subgaleal hemorrhage: risk factors and outcomes.
abstract: Subgaleal hemorrhage in the newborn is a serious adverse event that is often unrecognized and under-appreciated. This retrospective case series aimed to determine perinatal factors associated with subgaleal hemorrhage and subsequent neonatal outcomes. Obstetric and neonatal details of 21 infants with subgaleal hemorrhage over a 10-year period were collected. The mother was primiparous in 95% cases, 48% had a prolonged second stage (>120 minutes) and 43% had prolonged rupture of membranes (>12 hours). Thirteen infants (62%) were born by instrumental vaginal delivery. Ten infants (48%) required resuscitation at delivery. The severity of subgaleal hemorrhage was mild in four infants (19%), moderate in 10 (48%) and severe in seven (33%). Hypovolemic shock developed in 10 infants (48%), encephalopathy in 13 (62%) and coagulopathy was present in five infants (24%). There were three (14%) deaths. Long-term outcomes were good in the surviving infants.
authors: Department of Neonatology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Amy E
authors: AE
authors: Swanson
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Veldman
authors: Euan M
authors: EM
authors: Wallace
authors: Atul
authors: A
authors: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000401:mortality; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000401:mortality; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012535:Scalp / Q000098:blood supply; D012720:Severity of Illness Index