title: Anterior cruciate ligament changes in the human knee joint in aging and osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development and patterns of spontaneous age-related changes in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and their relationship to articular cartilage degeneration are not well characterized. This study was undertaken to investigate the types and temporal sequence of age-related ACL changes and to determine their correlation with cartilage lesion patterns at all stages of osteoarthritis (OA) development in human knee joints without prior joint trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human knee joints (n = 120 from 65 donors ages 23-92) were obtained at autopsy, and ACLs and cartilage were graded macroscopically and histologically. Inflammation surrounding the ACL was assessed separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic ACL substance scores and ligament sheath inflammation scores increased with age. Collagen fiber disorganization was the earliest and most prevalent change. The severity of mucoid degeneration and chondroid metaplasia in the ACL increased with the development of cartilage lesions. A correlation between ACL degeneration and cartilage degeneration was observed, especially in the medial compartment of the knee joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that ACL degeneration is highly prevalent in knees with cartilage defects and may even precede cartilage changes. Hence, ACL deficiencies may not only be important in posttraumatic OA, but may also be a feature associated with knee OA pathogenesis in general.
authors: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors: Akihiko
authors: A
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Shuhei
authors: S
authors: Otsuki
authors: Chantal
authors: C
authors: Pauli
authors: Shigeru
authors: S
authors: Miyaki
authors: Shantanu
authors: S
authors: Patil
authors: Nikolai
authors: N
authors: Steklov
authors: Mitsuo
authors: M
authors: Kinoshita
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Koziol
authors: Darryl D
authors: DD
authors: D'Lima
authors: Martin K
authors: MK
authors: Lotz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult