title: Feasibility of pharmacy-initiated pharmacogenetic screening for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to investigate the feasibility of pharmacy-initiated pharmacogenetic (PGt) screening in primary care with respect to patient willingness to participate, quality of DNA collection with saliva kits, genotyping, and dispensing data retrieved from the pharmacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polypharmacy patients aged >60 years who used at least one drug with Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code N06AA01-N06AX19 (antidepressants), A02BC01-A02BC05 (proton-pump inhibitors), N05AA01-N05AH04 (antipsychotics), or C07AB02 (metoprolol) in the preceding 2 years were randomly selected. DNA was collected with saliva kits and genotyped for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 with the AmpliChip. Pharmacy dispensing records were retrieved and screened for drugs interacting with the patient's CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype by using the evidence-based PGt guidelines from the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 93 invited patients, 54 (58.1%) provided informed consent. Nine saliva samples (16.7%) contained too little DNA. Call rates for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 were 93.3% and 100%, respectively. Frequencies of genotype-predicted phenotype were 2.4%, 38.1%, 54.8%, and 4.8% for CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PM), intermediate metabolizers (IM), extensive metabolizers (EM), and ultrarapid metabolizers (UM) respectively. For CYP2C19 genotype-predicted phenotype, frequencies were 2.2%, 15.6%, and 82.2% for PM, IM, and EM, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that pharmacy-initiated PGt screening is feasible for a primary care setting.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, NL, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Swen
authors: T
authors: T
authors: van der Straaten
authors: J A M
authors: JA
authors: Wessels
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Bouvy
authors: E E W
authors: EE
authors: Vlassak
authors: W J J
authors: WJ
authors: Assendelft
authors: H-J
authors: HJ
authors: Guchelaar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019338:Polypharmacy; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6