title: Technical aspects of anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing totally thoracoscopic cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of fast-track general anesthesia in patients undergoing nonrobotically assisted and totally thoracoscopic cardiac surgeries has not been previously reported previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six patients (41 males; mean age, 13.2 ± 6.2 years; range, 5-47 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrobotically assisted totally thoracoscopic surgeries were performed for atrial (n = 58) or ventricular septal defect (n = 32), tetralogy of Fallot (n = 2), left atrial myxoma (n = 3), and pulmonary valve stenosis (n = 1). Fast-track general anesthesia was induced with midazolam, propofol, fentanyl, and vecuronium and was maintained with remifentanil and sevoflurane. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established peripherally through the femoral vein and artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All surgeries were successful. There were no perioperative mortality or major complications. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were 42 ± 21 minutes and 33 ± 8 minutes, respectively. In 82 cases, the heart regained beats automatically after the release of the aortic cross-clamp, whereas in 14 patients external defibrillation was required. Extubation was conducted in 32 patients (33.3%) in the operating room 15 minutes after the operation. The mean times of mechanical ventilation and stay in the intensive care unit were 1.5 ± 0.2 hours and 20.1 ±1.2 hours, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiopulmonary bypass for totally thoracoscopic cardiac surgery can be established through the femoral artery and femoral vein. With fast-track anesthesia, early extubation in the operating room can be achieved in more than one third of patients.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China.
authors: Zong-Wang
authors: ZW
authors: Zhang
authors: Xue-Jun
authors: XJ
authors: Zhang
authors: Chang-Ying
authors: CY
authors: Li
authors: Long-Le
authors: LL
authors: Ma
authors: Le-Xin
authors: LX
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult