title: Toward IMRT 2D dose modeling using artificial neural networks: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of artificial neural networks (ANN) to reconstruct dose maps for intensity modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) fields compared with those of the treatment planning system (TPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  An artificial feed forward neural network and the back-propagation learning algorithm have been used to replicate dose calculations of IMRT fields obtained from PINNACLE(3) v9.0. The ANN was trained with fluence and dose maps of IMRT fields for 6 MV x-rays, which were obtained from the amorphous silicon (a-Si) electronic portal imaging device of Novalis TX. Those fluence distributions were imported to the TPS and the dose maps were calculated on the horizontal midpoint plane of a water equivalent homogeneous cylindrical virtual phantom. Each exported 2D dose distribution from the TPS was classified into two clusters of high and low dose regions, respectively, based on the K-means algorithm and the Euclidian metric in the fluence-dose domain. The data of each cluster were divided into two sets for the training and validation phase of the ANN, respectively. After the completion of the ANN training phase, 2D dose maps were reconstructed by the ANN and isodose distributions were created. The dose maps reconstructed by ANN were evaluated and compared with the TPS, where the mean absolute deviation of the dose and the γ-index were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A good agreement between the doses calculated from the TPS and the trained ANN was achieved. In particular, an average relative dosimetric difference of 4.6% and an average γ-index passing rate of 93% were obtained for low dose regions, and a dosimetric difference of 2.3% and an average γ-index passing rate of 97% for high dose region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An artificial neural network has been developed to convert fluence maps to corresponding dose maps. The feasibility and potential of an artificial neural network to replicate complex convolution kernels in the TPS for IMRT dose calculations have been demonstrated.
authors: Radiation Oncology Department, University of Texas, Health Science Center San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. kalantzi@stanford.edu
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Kalantzis
authors: Luis A
authors: LA
authors: Vasquez-Quino
authors: Travis
authors: T
authors: Zalman
authors: Guillem
authors: G
authors: Pratx
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Lei
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software