title: Image-guided vulvovaginal interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of primary and recurrent gynecological malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRB) to the vulvovaginal region both alone and in combination with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for primary or recurrent gynecological malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1998 to 2009, 37 women with a mean age of 68 years were treated with transperineal interstitial HDRB. Fifteen patients (40.5%) were treated for primary disease, whereas 22 (59.5%) patients were treated for recurrent disease. Median time to local recurrence was 31 months (2-312 months). Primary sites included endometrium (12), vulva (11), vagina (10), vulvovagina (1), cervix (1), and bladder (2). Thirty-one patients (83.7%) in this series were treated with radical intent, whereas 6 (16.3%) were treated with palliative intent. Radically treated patients received between 45 and 60Gy (median, 45Gy) of EBRT. The median number of days from EBRT to HDR boost was 5 days (1-35 days). The HDRB doses ranged from 11Gy in two fractions to 42Gy in six fractions (dose per fraction varied from 4 to 8.5Gy) and fractions were given at least 6-8h apart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of the 31 patients (26%) treated with radical intent relapsed locally. Eleven of 37 patients (30%) treated with either radical or palliative intent recurred locally. The 2- and 5-year local progression-free survival was 74% and 63.4%, respectively. The total progression-free survival, which includes local, locoregional/nodal, and distant recurrence, at 2 and 5 years, was 73.6% and 45.6%, respectively. With a mean follow-up of 27 months (3.8-111.9 months), the median survival for the patient group was 16.6 months with a 2- and 5-year overall survival of 47.7% and 36.4%, respectively. Acute Grade 3 toxicity was seen in 13 (35%) of the 37 patients (skin: 10, urinary: 2, genital: 2, gastrointestinal: 0). No acute Grade 4 toxicities were seen. A total of 10 of the 37 patients (27%) developed late Grade 3 toxicities. Five of the 22 patients (22%) treated for recurrent disease with radical intent developed Grade 3 toxicity (skin: 4, urinary: 2, genital: 1, radiation-induced fracture of acetabulum: 1, and gastrointestinal: 0), whereas 1 of the 6 patients treated with palliative intent had Grade 3 toxicity affecting skin. No late Grade 4 toxicities were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective series suggests that interstitial perineal HDRB is a safe and effective treatment option for primary or locally recurrent gynecological malignancies. It is a valuable option in patients who have received previous EBRT to the pelvis, achieving good local control with acceptable late treatment-related side effects.
authors: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
authors: Paulo B
authors: PB
authors: De Ieso
authors: Vinod
authors: V
authors: Mullassery
authors: Raj
authors: R
authors: Shrimali
authors: Gerry
authors: G
authors: Lowe
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Bryant
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Hoskin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome