title: Radiographic prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement in collegiate football players: AAOS Exhibit Selection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement may be greater in athletes than in the general population because of increased loading of the hip during sports. This study evaluated the radiographs of collegiate football players in order to quantify the prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement in asymptomatic athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven male collegiate football players (age, 21 ± 1.9 years) participated in this prospective study. Both hips (n = 134) were evaluated independently by two orthopaedic surgeons for radiographic signs of femoroacetabular impingement. The alpha angle and femoral head-neck offset were measured on frog-leg lateral radiographs. The lateral center-edge angle, acetabular index, crossover sign, and alpha angle were measured on anteroposterior radiographs. Data for continuous variables were averaged between observers prior to assessing prevalence. Cam femoroacetabular impingement was considered to be present if the femoral head-neck offset was &lt;8 mm and/or the alpha angle was &gt;50° on either radiograph. Pincer femoroacetabular impingement was considered to be present if the lateral center-edge angle was &gt;40°, the acetabular index was &lt;0°, and/or a positive crossover sign was detected by both observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five percent of the 134 hips had at least one sign of cam or pincer impingement, and 77% had more than one sign. Twenty-one percent had only one sign of cam femoroacetabular impingement and 57% had both signs. Fifty-two percent had only one sign of pincer femoroacetabular impingement, 10% had two, and 4% had all three signs. Specifically, 72% had an abnormal alpha angle, 64% had a decreased femoral head-neck offset, 61% had a positive crossover sign, 16% had a decreased acetabular index, and 7% had an increased lateral center-edge angle. Fifty percent of all hips had at least one sign of pincer femoroacetabular impingement and at least one sign of cam impingement. Interobserver and intraobserver repeatability was moderate or better for each measure (range, 0.59 to 0.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphologic abnormalities associated with cam and pincer femoroacetabular impingement were common in these collegiate football players. The prevalence of cam and pincer femoroacetabular impingement was substantially higher than the previously reported prevalence in the general population.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Ashley.Kapron@utah.edu
authors: Ashley L
authors: AL
authors: Kapron
authors: Andrew E
authors: AE
authors: Anderson
authors: Stephen K
authors: SK
authors: Aoki
authors: Lee G
authors: LG
authors: Phillips
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Petron
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Toth
authors: Christopher L
authors: CL
authors: Peters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005538:Football; D006621:Hip Joint; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012307:Risk Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult