title: Bladder exstrophy: an epidemiologic study from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research, and an overview of the literature.
abstract: Bladder exstrophy (BE) is a complex congenital anomaly characterized by a defect in the closure of the lower abdominal wall and bladder. We aimed to provide an overview of the literature and conduct an epidemiologic study to describe the prevalence, and maternal and case characteristics of BE. We used data from 22 participating member programs of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR). All cases were reviewed and classified as isolated, syndrome, and multiple congenital anomalies. We estimated the total prevalence of BE and calculated the frequency and odds ratios for various maternal and case characteristics. A total of 546 cases with BE were identified among 26,355,094 births. The total prevalence of BE was 2.07 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.90-2.25) and varied between 0.52 and 4.63 among surveillance programs participating in the study. BE was nearly twice as common among male as among female cases. The proportion of isolated cases was 71%. Prevalence appeared to increase with increasing categories of maternal age, particularly among isolated cases. The total prevalence of BE showed some variations by geographical region, which is most likely attributable to differences in registration of cases. The higher total prevalence among male cases and older mothers, especially among isolated cases, warrants further attention.
authors: Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. csiffel@cdc.gov
authors: Csaba
authors: C
authors: Siffel
authors: Adolfo
authors: A
authors: Correa
authors: Emmanuelle
authors: E
authors: Amar
authors: Marian K
authors: MK
authors: Bakker
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Bermejo-Sánchez
authors: Sebastiano
authors: S
authors: Bianca
authors: Eduardo E
authors: EE
authors: Castilla
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Clementi
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Cocchi
authors: Melinda
authors: M
authors: Csáky-Szunyogh
authors: Marcia L
authors: ML
authors: Feldkamp
authors: Danielle
authors: D
authors: Landau
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: Leoncini
authors: Zhu
authors: Z
authors: Li
authors: R Brian
authors: RB
authors: Lowry
authors: Lisa K
authors: LK
authors: Marengo
authors: Pierpaolo
authors: P
authors: Mastroiacovo
authors: Margery
authors: M
authors: Morgan
authors: Osvaldo M
authors: OM
authors: Mutchinick
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Pierini
authors: Anke
authors: A
authors: Rissmann
authors: Annukka
authors: A
authors: Ritvanen
authors: Gioacchino
authors: G
authors: Scarano
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Szabova
authors: Richard S
authors: RS
authors: Olney
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012744:Sex Ratio