title: Dosimetric evaluation of intrafractional tumor motion by means of a robot driven phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of intrafractional tumor motion to the accumulated (absorbed) dose. The accumulated dose was determined by means of calculations and measurements with a robot driven motion phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different motion scenarios and compensation techniques were realized in a phantom study to investigate the influence of motion on image acquisition, dose calculation, and dose measurement. The influence of motion on the accumulated dose was calculated by employing two methods (a model based and a voxel based method).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor motion resulted in a blurring of steep dose gradients and a reduction of dose at the periphery of the target. A systematic variation of motion parameters allowed the determination of the main influence parameters on the accumulated dose. The key parameters with the greatest influence on dose were the mean amplitude and the pattern of motion. Investigations on necessary safety margins to compensate for dose reduction have shown that smaller safety margins are sufficient, if the developed concept with optimized margins (OPT concept) was used instead of the standard internal target volume (ITV) concept. Both calculation methods were a reasonable approximation of the measured dose with the voxel based method being in better agreement with the measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further evaluation of available systems and algorithms for dose accumulation are needed to create guidelines for the verification of the accumulated dose.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. richter_a3@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Richter
authors: Jurgen
authors: J
authors: Wilbert
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Flentje
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009038:Motion; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics