title: Propofol sedation alone or in combination with pharyngeal lidocaine anesthesia for routine upper GI endoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients undergoing routine upper EGD, propofol is increasingly used without pharyngeal anesthesia because of its excellent sedative properties. It is unclear whether this practice is non-inferior in regard to ease of endoscopic intubation and patient comfort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relevance of local pharyngeal anesthesia regarding the ease of EGD performance in patients sedated with propofol as monotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  One community hospital and one university hospital in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 300 consecutive adult patients undergoing elective EGD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharyngeal anesthesia with 4 squirts of lidocaine spray versus placebo spray immediately before propofol sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of gag reflexes (primary endpoint), number of intubation attempts, and degree of salivation during intubation (secondary endpoints) assessed by the endoscopists and staff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the lidocaine group, 122 patients (82%) had no gag events, and 25 patients had a total of 39 gag events, whereas in the placebo group 104 patients (71%) had no gag events, and 43 patients had a total of 111 gag events. The rate ratio of gagging with quasi-likelihood estimation of placebo compared with lidocaine was 2.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-6.19; P = .005). In adjusted logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for gagging for placebo pharyngeal anesthesia compared with lidocaine was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.03-3.54). The number of intubation attempts and the degree of salivation were similar in both groups. Two patients in the placebo group experienced oxygen desaturation and needed short-term mask ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of sedation and possible long-term side effects of pharyngeal anesthesia were not assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical pharyngeal anesthesia reduces the gag reflex in patients sedated with propofol even though it does not seem to have an influence on the ease of the procedure and on patient or endoscopist satisfaction in adequately sedated patients.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Zollikerberg Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Ludwig T
authors: LT
authors: Heuss
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Hanhart
authors: Salome
authors: S
authors: Dell-Kuster
authors: Karolina
authors: K
authors: Zdrnja
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Ortmann
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Beglinger
authors: Heiner C
authors: HC
authors: Bucher
authors: Lukas
authors: L
authors: Degen
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010614:Pharynx; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol