title: Ketamine and midazolam sedation for pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Arab world.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intravenous ketamine-midazolam sedation during pediatric endoscopy in the Arab world.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of all pediatric endoscopic procedures performed between 2002-2008 at the shared endoscopy suite of King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Jordan was conducted. All children were > 1 year old and weighed > 10 kg with American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 or 2. Analysis was performed in terms of sedation-related complications (desaturation, respiratory distress, apnea, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, emergence reactions), adequacy of sedation, need for sedation reversal, or failure to complete the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 301 patients (including 160 males) with a mean age of 9.26 years (range, 1-18 years) were included. All were premedicated with atropine; and 79.4% (239/301) had effective and uneventful sedation. And 248 (82.4%) of the 301 patients received a mean dose of 0.16 mg/kg (range, 0.07-0.39) midazolam and 1.06 mg/kg (range, 0.31-2.67) ketamine, respectively within the recommended dosage guidelines. Recommended maximum midazolam dose was exceeded in 17.6% patients [34 female (F):19 male (M), P = 0.003] and ketamine in 2.7% (3 M:5 F). Maximum midazolam dose was more likely to be exceeded than ketamine (P < 0.001). Desaturation occurred in 37 (12.3%) patients, and was reversible by supplemental oxygen in all except 4 who continue to have desaturation despite supplemental oxygen. Four (1.3%) patients had respiratory distress and 6 (2%) were difficult to sedate and required a 3rd sedative; 12 (4%) required reversal and 7 (2.3%) failed to complete the procedure. None developed apnea, bradycardia, arrest, or emergence reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine-midazolam sedation appears safe and effective for diagnostic pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Arab world for children aged > 1 year and weighing > 10 kg without co-morbidities.
authors: Pediatric Department, Medical School, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 3030, Jordan. msmiqdady@yahoo.com
authors: Mohamad-Iqbal S
authors: MI
authors: Miqdady
authors: Wail A
authors: WA
authors: Hayajneh
authors: Ruba
authors: R
authors: Abdelhadi
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Gilger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018643:Arab World; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen