title: High-frequency ultrasound for intraoperative margin assessments in breast conservation surgery: a feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to breast imaging, ultrasound offers the potential for characterizing and distinguishing between benign and malignant breast tissues due to their different microstructures and material properties. The aim of this study was to determine if high-frequency ultrasound (20-80 MHz) can provide pathology sensitive measurements for the ex vivo detection of cancer in margins during breast conservation surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonic tests were performed on resected margins and other tissues obtained from 17 patients, resulting in 34 specimens that were classified into 15 pathology categories. Pulse-echo and through-transmission measurements were acquired from a total of 57 sites on the specimens using two single-element 50-MHz transducers. Ultrasonic attenuation and sound speed were obtained from time-domain waveforms. The waveforms were further processed with fast Fourier transforms to provide ultrasonic spectra and cepstra. The ultrasonic measurements and pathology types were analyzed for correlations. The specimens were additionally re-classified into five pathology types to determine specificity and sensitivity values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The density of peaks in the ultrasonic spectra, a measure of spectral structure, showed significantly higher values for carcinomas and precancerous pathologies such as atypical ductal hyperplasia than for normal tissue. The slopes of the cepstra for non-malignant pathologies displayed significantly greater values that differentiated them from the normal and malignant tissues. The attenuation coefficients were sensitive to fat necrosis, fibroadenoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Specificities and sensitivities for differentiating pathologies from normal tissue were 100% and 86% for lobular carcinomas, 100% and 74% for ductal carcinomas, 80% and 82% for benign pathologies, and 80% and 100% for fat necrosis and adenomas. Specificities and sensitivities were also determined for differentiating each pathology type from the other four using a multivariate analysis. The results yielded specificities and sensitivities of 85% and 86% for lobular carcinomas, 85% and 74% for ductal carcinomas, 100% and 61% for benign pathologies, 84% and 100% for fat necrosis and adenomas, and 98% and 80% for normal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from high-frequency ultrasonic measurements of human breast tissue specimens indicate that characteristics in the ultrasonic attenuation, spectra, and cepstra can be used to differentiate between normal, benign, and malignant breast pathologies.
authors: Department of Physics, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA. Timothy.Doyle@uvu.edu
authors: Timothy E
authors: TE
authors: Doyle
authors: Rachel E
authors: RE
authors: Factor
authors: Christina L
authors: CL
authors: Ellefson
authors: Kristina M
authors: KM
authors: Sorensen
authors: Brady J
authors: BJ
authors: Ambrose
authors: Jeffrey B
authors: JB
authors: Goodrich
authors: Vern P
authors: VP
authors: Hart
authors: Scott C
authors: SC
authors: Jensen
authors: Hemang
authors: H
authors: Patel
authors: Leigh A
authors: LA
authors: Neumayer
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography