title: Evaluation of the physicochemical properties and compaction behavior of melt granules produced in microwave-induced and conventional melt granulation in a single pot high shear processor.
abstract: Recently, microwave-induced melt granulation was shown to be a promising alternative to conventional melt granulation with improved process monitoring capabilities. This study aimed to compare the physicochemical and compaction properties of granules produced from microwave-induced and conventional melt granulation. Powder admixtures comprising equivalent proportions by weight of lactose 200 M and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate were granulated with polyethylene glycol 3350 under the influence of microwave-induced and conventional heating in a 10-L single pot high shear processor. The properties of the granules and compacts produced from the two processes were compared. Relative to conventional melt granulation, the rates at which the irradiated powders heated up in microwave-induced melt granulation were lower. Agglomerate growth proceeded at a slower rate, and this necessitated longer massing durations for growth induction. These factors prompted greater evaporative moisture losses from the melt granules. Additionally, nonuniform heating of the powders under the influence of microwaves led to increased inter-batch variations in the binder contents of resultant melt granules and a reliance of content homogeneity on massing duration. Agglomerate growth proceeded more rapidly under the influence of conventional heating due to the enhanced heating capabilities of the powders. Melt granules produced using the conventional method possessed higher moisture contents and improved content homogeneity. The compaction behavior of melt granules were affected by their mean sizes, porosities, flow properties, binder, and moisture contents. The last two factors were responsible for the disparities in compaction behavior of melt granules produced from microwave-induced and conventional melt granulation.
authors: GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Z H
authors: ZH
authors: Loh
authors: B Y
authors: BY
authors: Sia
authors: Paul W S
authors: PW
authors: Heng
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Lee
authors: Celine V
authors: CV
authors: Liew
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010316:Particle Size; D044367:Phase Transition; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D011208:Powders; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011208:Powders; D014867:Water; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D007785:Lactose; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous