title: Hazard perception at high- and low-risk road sites: a pilot study of interurban roads in Pakistan and Cameroon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interurban roads account for a significant proportion of traffic deaths in developing countries. In this pilot study, hazard perceptions of interurban road sites involved in ≥3 injury road traffic crashes were compared with those not involved in road traffic crashes on the same road sections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Karachi-Hala (Pakistan) and Yaoundé-Douala (Cameroon) road sections were the main study settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Videos of 26 high-risk sites and 26 low-risk sites from Karachi-Hala (Pakistan) and Yaoundé-Douala (Cameroon) roads, matched for the road section, were shown to 100 voluntary Pakistani drivers. Variations in perceived site hazardousness and preferred speed for each site pair were assessed. Analyses Factors associated with incorrect hazard perception of high-risk sites (perceived as safe) were assessed by multinomial logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drivers reported a higher hazard perception and a lower preferred speed for high-risk sites than for their matched low-risk sites in less than half of pairs (n=12, p≤0.02). Factors associated with increased likelihood of identifying a high-risk site as safe were as follows: flat road profile (adjusted OR=2.00, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.57), intersections (OR=1.96, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.68), irregular road surface (OR=3.56, 95% CI 2.68 to 4.71), nearby road obstacles (OR=2.57, 95% CI 1.96 to 3.39) and visible rain (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methods used in this study might be useful in prioritising cost-effective improvements at high-risk sites.
authors: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 897-INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France. junaid.bhatti@yahoo.com
authors: Junaid A
authors: JA
authors: Bhatti
authors: Junaid A
authors: JA
authors: Razzak
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Lagarde
authors: Jöelle
authors: J
authors: Sobngwi-Tambekou
authors: Ahmadou
authors: A
authors: Alioum
authors: L Rachid
authors: LR
authors: Salmi
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D002163:Cameroon; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D016015:Logistic Models; D010154:Pakistan; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014741:Video Recording