title: Awake vs. asleep placement of spinal cord stimulators: a cohort analysis of complications associated with placement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients will typically undergo awake surgery for permanent implantation of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in an attempt to optimize electrode placement using patient feedback about the distribution of stimulation-induced paresthesia. The present study compared efficacy of first-time electrode placement under awake conditions with that of neurophysiologically guided placement under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of 387 SCS surgeries among 259 patients which included 167 new stimulator implantation to determine whether first time awake surgery for placement of spinal cord stimulators is preferable to non-awake placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of device failure for patients implanted using neurophysiologically guided placement under general anesthesia was one-half that for patients implanted awake (14.94% vs. 29.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-awake surgery is associated with fewer failure rates and therefore fewer re-operations, making it a viable alternative. Any benefits of awake implantation should carefully be considered in the future.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. sfalowski@gmail.com
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Falowski
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Celii
authors: Anthony K
authors: AK
authors: Sestokas
authors: Daniel M
authors: DM
authors: Schwartz
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Ashwini
authors: A
authors: Sharan
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome