title: The exocytosis of fluorescent nanodiamond and its use as a long-term cell tracker.
abstract: Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) has excellent biocompatibility and photostability, making it well suited for long-term labeling and tracking of cancer and stem cells. To prove the concept, the exocytosis of FND particles (size ≈100 nm) from three cell lines--HeLa cervical cancer cells, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, and 489-2.1 multipotent stromal cells--is studied in detail. FND labeling is performed by incubating the cells in a serum-free medium containing 80 μg mL(-1) FND for 4 h. No significant alteration in growth or proliferation of the FND-labeled cells, including the multipotent stromal cells, is observed for up to 8 days. Flow cytometric analysis, in combination with parallel cell doubling-time measurements, indicates that there is little (≈15% or less) excretion of the endocytosed FND particles after 6 days of labeling for both HeLa and 489-2.1 cells, but exocytosis occurs more readily (up to 30%) for 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. A comparative experiment with FND and the widely used dye, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, demonstrates that the nanoparticle platform is a promising alternate probe for long-term cell labeling and tracking applications.
authors: Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors: Chia-Yi
authors: CY
authors: Fang
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Vaijayanthimala
authors: Chi-An
authors: CA
authors: Cheng
authors: Shih-Hua
authors: SH
authors: Yeh
authors: Ching-Fang
authors: CF
authors: Chang
authors: Chung-Leung
authors: CL
authors: Li
authors: Huan-Cheng
authors: HC
authors: Chang
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D005089:Exocytosis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013388:Succinimides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C087165:5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; D005452:Fluoresceins; D058612:Nanodiamonds; D013388:Succinimides