title: Vibration from a riveting hammer causes severe nerve damage in the rat tail model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is an occupational neurodegenerative and vasospastic disorder in workers who use powered hand tools. Frequency weighting (ISO 5349) predicts little risk of injury for frequencies >500 HZ. Potentially damaging high frequencies abound in impact tool-generated shock waves.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat tail impact vibration model was developed to deliver shock-wave vibration from a riveting hammer to simulate bucking bar exposure. Rat tails were vibrated continuously for 12 min. Tail flick withdrawal times were determined for noxious heat. Nerve trunks and skin were processed for light and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immediately after vibration, the tails were hyperalgesic and had disrupted myelinated axons, fragmented nerve endings, and mast-cell degranulation. By 4 days, the tails were hypoalgesic; nerve endings were lost in the skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shock-wave vibration causes severe nerve damage. Frequency weighting seriously underestimates the risk of nerve injury with impact tools.
authors: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors: Sandya Govinda
authors: SG
authors: Raju
authors: Olaf
authors: O
authors: Rogness
authors: Magnus
authors: M
authors: Persson
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Bain
authors: Danny
authors: D
authors: Riley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D053421:Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013623:Tail / Q000294:innervation*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*