title: Race/ethnicity and the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: a meta-analysis.
abstract: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine racial/ethnic differences in the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The total number of participants (N) in the assessed studies (k) varied according to whether the original study had used either Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA; N = 19,206, k = 13) or Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA; N = 65,554, k = 16). The factor structures of the CES-D were compared across five racial/ethnic groups: African Americans, American Indians, Asians, Whites, and Hispanics. Meta-analysis results suggest that the structure of the CES-D observed in EFAs varied substantially between racial/ethnic groups, whereas the CFA-assessed structure of the CES-D was mostly consistent between racial/ethnic groups. The meta-analysis of EFA studies did not consistently replicate the original four-factor structure reported by Radloff (1977), but the meta-analysis of CFA studies replicated the original four-factor structure in four of the five racial/ethnic groups. Overall, the present meta-analysis found strong evidence that the original four-factor structure may not be the best fit for all racial/ethnic groups. Thus, in clinical settings where the CES-D is used as a tool to screen for depression, clinicians and researchers should recognize the risk that symptoms of depression may be presented differently by members of different racial/ethnic groups.
authors: Center for Mental Health and Aging, and Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, USA. giyeon.kim@ua.edu
authors: Giyeon
authors: G
authors: Kim
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Decoster
authors: Chao-Hui
authors: CH
authors: Huang
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Chiriboga
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology