title: Training and learning robotic surgery, time for a more structured approach: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery is growing rapidly and there is an increasing need for a structured approach to train future robotic surgeons.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on training and learning strategies for robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and the Journal of Robotic Surgery was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included articles concerning training, learning, education and teaching of robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery in any specialism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently selected articles to be included. We categorised the included articles into: training modalities, learning curve, training future surgeons, curriculum design and implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 114 full text articles. Training modalities such as didactic training, skills training (dry lab, virtual reality, animal or cadaver models), case observation, bedside assisting, proctoring and the mentoring console can be used for training in robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery. Several training programmes in general and specific programmes designed for residents, fellows and surgeons are described in the literature. We provide guidelines for development of a structured training programme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic surgical training consists of system training and procedural training. System training should be formally organised and should be competence based, instead of time based. Virtual reality training will play an import role in the near future. Procedural training should be organised in a stepwise approach with objective assessment of each step. This review aims to facilitate and improve the implementation of structured robotic surgical training programmes.
authors: Division of Women and Baby, Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.w.r.schreuder@umcutrecht.nl
authors: H W R
authors: HW
authors: Schreuder
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Wolswijk
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Zweemer
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Schijven
authors: R H M
authors: RH
authors: Verheijen
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D006176:Gynecology / Q000193:education*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D059032:Learning Curve; D008611:Mentors; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods