title: Evaluation of the Relationship between Passive Smoking and Oral Pigmentation in Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melanin pigmentation in the oral mucosa occurs as a result of several reasons one of which is smoking. Cigarette smoke induces numerous side effects in the people who do not smoke, but are in the same environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of parental smoking on pigmentation of their children's oral mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out as a historical cohort. Participants were 400 healthy children, 10 to 11 years old who did not use any drugs. The passive smoker group included 200 children who at least one member in their family was a smoker. The control group included 200 children who did not have a smoker in their family. Furthermore, two groups were matched in the point of view of skin color. The children in the two groups were examined and oral pigmentation was recorded. Finally, the results were analyzed by the chi- square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigmentation was seen in 150 children (75%) in the experimental group and 122 children (61%) in the control group (P<0.005). The relative risk of oral pigmentation for children who were exposed to passive smoking was 1.23.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this study, passive smoking can induce gingival pigmentation in children.
authors: Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Hajifattahi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Azarshab
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Haghgoo
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lesan