title: DEHP and its active metabolites: leaching from different tubing types, impact on proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecule expression. Is there a subsumable context?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is suspected to be toxic for several reasons. During contact with a lipophilic medium, DEHP leaks from polyvinylchloride (PVC), but its influence on inflammatory reactions remains unknown. We examined specific DEHP leaching out of different tubing types, the possibly modulated liberation of proinflammatory cytokines and the induction of adhesion molecule expression in primary endothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were circulated in traditional PVC, nodioctyl phthalate (DOP) PVC and heparin-coated PVC tubing within a Chandler loop model. The blood was tested for the concentration of DEHP and its active metabolites as well as the liberation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1ß. Furthermore, we exposed human endothelial cells to circulated blood and analysed them for the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the other tubing, PVC tubing showed significantly elevated DEHP levels, but no alteration was observed concerning a potential up-regulation of the cytokines or activation of the endothelial adhesion molecule receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data conclude that there is no correlation between DEHP leaching and the inflammatory response after ECC support, but this study showed that even DEHP-free material is leaching DEHP and its toxic metabolites.
authors: University Children's Hospital, Div. Congenital & Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: T O
authors: TO
authors: Greiner
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Volkmann
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Hildenbrand
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Wodarz
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Perle
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Ziemer
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rieger
authors: H P
authors: HP
authors: Wendel
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D019040:E-Selectin; D020382:Interleukin-18; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate