title: Can perceptual learning be used to treat amblyopia beyond the critical period of visual development?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amblyopia presents early in childhood and affects approximately 3% of western populations. The monocular visual acuity loss is conventionally treated during the 'critical periods' of visual development by occluding or penalising the fellow eye to encourage use of the amblyopic eye. Despite the measurable success of this approach in many children, substantial numbers of people still suffer with amblyopia later in life because either they were never diagnosed in childhood, did not respond to the original treatment, the amblyopia was only partially remediated, or their acuity loss returned after cessation of treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we consider whether the visual deficits of this largely overlooked amblyopic group are amenable to conventional and innovative therapeutic interventions later in life, well beyond the age at which treatment is thought to be effective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a considerable body of evidence that residual plasticity is present in the adult visual brain and this can be harnessed to improve function in adults with amblyopia. Perceptual training protocols have been developed to optimise visual gains in this clinical population. Results thus far are extremely encouraging; marked visual improvements have been demonstrated, the perceptual benefits transfer to new visual tasks and appear to be relatively enduring. The essential ingredients of perceptual training protocols are being incorporated into video game formats, facilitating home-based interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many studies support perceptual training as a tool for improving vision in amblyopes beyond the critical period. Should this novel form of treatment stand up to the scrutiny of a randomised controlled trial, clinicians may need to re-evaluate their therapeutic approach to adults with amblyopia.
authors: Visual Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. andrew.astle@nottingham.ac.uk
authors: Andrew T
authors: AT
authors: Astle
authors: Ben S
authors: BS
authors: Webb
authors: Paul V
authors: PV
authors: McGraw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D011601:Psychophysics; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult