title: Effects of a music intervention on patients undergoing cerebral angiography: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effect of a music intervention on procedural anxiety, stress response and medication requirements in participants with a cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) undergoing cerebral angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective pilot study was conducted using an experimental two group pre-test, post-test design. 48 participants were randomly assigned to a control group (standard care) or experimental group (standard care plus self-selected music via overhead stereo system). The stress response was measured by heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at baseline, and during and following the procedure. Anxiety was measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI) before and after the procedure, and total medications administered periprocedurally were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  24 participants in each group were enrolled. R-ANCOVA revealed non-significant findings for HR (F=1.4; p=0.27; power=0.38) and SBP (F=2.1; p=0.10; power=0.57). The ANCOVA for anxiety revealed significantly lower STAI scores in the control group (F=3.8; p=0.003) compared with the experimental group. Independent t test analysis for the total doses of fentanyl and midazolam were found to be F=0.08, p=0.78 and F=0.38, p=0.54, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A music intervention on participants with a brain aneurysm or AVM undergoing cerebral angiography did not have a statistically significant impact on reducing the stress response, anxiety or medication requirements. Interestingly, participants in the control group had significantly less anxiety after their angiogram than did participants in the experimental group. This pilot study sets the stage for future research to further examine these findings.
authors: Interventional Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. tvanderboom@partners.org
authors: Teresa L
authors: TL
authors: Vanderboom
authors: Patricia M
authors: PM
authors: Arcari
authors: Mary E
authors: ME
authors: Duffy
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Somarouthu
authors: James D
authors: JD
authors: Rabinov
authors: Albert J
authors: AJ
authors: Yoo
authors: Joshua A
authors: JA
authors: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015588:Observer Variation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives