title: Effect of ammonia in cigarette tobacco on nicotine absorption in human smokers.
abstract: The function of ammonia as tobacco additive is subject of scientific debate. It is argued that ammonia, by increasing the proportion of free nicotine, increases the absorption of nicotine in smokers. As a result of the addition of ammonia to cigarettes, smokers get exposed to higher internal nicotine doses and become more addicted to the product. On two occasions, the nicotine absorption in blood was measured after smoking a commercial cigarette of either brand 1 or brand 2, which differed 3.8-fold in ammonium salt content. Using a standardized smoking regime (six puffs, 30 s puff interval, 7 s breath hold before exhalation), 51 regular smokers smoked brand 1 (Caballero Smooth Flavor; 0.89 mg ammonium per gram tobacco) and brand 2 (Gauloise Brunes; 3.43 mg ammonium per gram tobacco). Puff volumes and cardiovascular parameters were monitored during and following smoking, respectively. Measurement of serum nicotine level in the blood samples collected over time following smoking of the two brands, showed that total amount of nicotine absorbed did not differ between the two brands. Present results demonstrate that smoking tobacco containing a higher amount of the tobacco additive ammonium does not increase the absorption of nicotine in the smoker's body.
authors: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Jan.van.Amsterdam@rivm.nl
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: van Amsterdam
authors: Annemarie
authors: A
authors: Sleijffers
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: van Spiegel
authors: Roos
authors: R
authors: Blom
authors: Maarten
authors: M
authors: Witte
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: van de Kassteele
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Blokland
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Steerenberg
authors: Antoon
authors: A
authors: Opperhuizen
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D000641:Ammonia / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D000641:Ammonia