title: Hepatic proteome sensitivity in rainbow trout after chronically exposed to a human pharmaceutical verapamil.
abstract: Verapamil (VRP), a cardiovascular pharmaceutical widely distributed and persistent in the aquatic environment, has potential toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to these toxic effects are not well known. In the present study, proteomic analysis has been performed to investigate the protein patterns that are differentially expressed in liver of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal concentrations of VRP (0.5, 27.0, and 270 μg/liter) for 42 days. Two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was employed to detect and identify the protein profiles. The analysis revealed that the expression of six hepatic acidic proteins were markedly altered in the treatment groups compared with the control group; three proteins especially were significantly down-regulated in fish exposed to VRP at environmental related concentration (0.5 μg/liter). These results suggested that the VRP induce mechanisms against oxidative stress (glucose-regulated protein 78 and 94 and protein disulfide-isomerase A3) and adaptive changes in ion transference regulation (calreticulin, hyperosmotic glycine-rich protein). Furthermore, for the first time, protein Canopy-1 was found to be significantly down-regulated in fish by chronic exposure to VRP at environmental related levels. Overall, our work supports that fish hepatic proteomics analysis serves as an in vivo model for monitoring the residual pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and can provide valuable insight into the molecular events in VRP-induced toxicity in fish and other organisms.
authors: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jingzhou 434000, China. Electronic address: pingli06@yahoo.com.
authors: Zhi-Hua
authors: ZH
authors: Li
authors: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jingzhou 434000, China.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Li
authors: Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
authors: Miroslav
authors: M
authors: Sulc
authors: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Hulak
authors: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors: Tomas
authors: T
authors: Randak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D029941:Fish Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014700:Verapamil