title: In vitro and in vivo models of drug ototoxicity: studying the mechanisms of a clinical problem.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug ototoxicity represents one of the main preventable causes of deafness. Ototoxicity is a trait shared by aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotics, antimalarial medications, loop diuretics, platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents, some NSAIDs and most recently described, acetaminophen when abused with narcotic medication. These medications are prescribed despite their side effects, which includes inner ear toxicity, because they are life-saving drugs or there is a lack of better treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review will discuss in vitro and in vivo models of ototoxicity highlighting recently published ototoxicity research. The reader will learn the strengths and limitations of different ototoxicity models and what molecular insights have been gained from their application. A better understanding of the cellular mechanisms of these ototoxins will help in the discovery of ways to prevent and treat hearing loss associated with ototoxic medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are benefits to both in vitro and in vivo models of ototoxicity. Research of a particular medication and its ototoxic mechanisms should draw from several models, enabling a better answer to the clinical question of prevention and treatment of inner ear drug toxicity.
authors: University of Utah, Adjunct Research Faculty, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 50 N. Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA. joshyorgason@gmail.com
authors: Joshua G
authors: JG
authors: Yorgason
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Luxford
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Kalinec
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects; D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000009:adverse effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000009:adverse effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides / Q000009:adverse effects; D023421:Models, Animal
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000962:Antimalarials; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018942:Macrolides; D000082:Acetaminophen; D002945:Cisplatin