title: [Comparative study of the subjective emotional experience among adolescents showing depressive symptoms associated or not with risk-taking behavior].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relationships between risk-taking behavior and depressive disorders in young people are considered as a complex psychopathological problem. Previous findings showed strong correlations between substance abuse, risk-taking behavior and depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, questions remain concerning potential common factors of depression and risk-taking behavior. Besides research focusing on personality dimensions, some others highlight the role played by emotions and their pathological aspects. In these studies, pathological emotional processing such as alexithymia or specific deficit in emotional intensity was linked to both risk-taking behavior and depressive disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate potential specific emotional profiles of adolescents engaged in pathological risk-taking or depressive symptomatology, versus adolescents presenting an association of both.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and eigty-eight adolescents (m(age)=14,93, SD=1,44), with 257 boys (m(age)=15, SD=1,51) and 231 girls (m(age)=14,52, SD=1,23), were spread into four groups: adolescents engaged in high level risk-taking, adolescents showing both high risk-taking and high depressive symptoms, depressed adolescents, and a control group without any pathological aspects. The four groups completed a set of three assessments: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Scale (YRBSS), Level of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) and Differential Emotional Scale (DES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents engaged in risk-taking have the lowest level of emotional awareness and subjective emotional intensity, while adolescents of the second group (depression with risk-taking behavior) have a higher level on both measures. Depressed adolescents present the highest score of emotional awareness within the pathological groups, lower than controls. Paradoxically, their ability to represent themselves others' emotions were higher than the control group, just as the intensity of their subjective emotional experience in case of negative emotions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results may be explained by a specific developmental hypothesis, in which emotional awareness growth from the early period of life to late childhood, allowing children to gradually experiment more and more complex subjective emotional experiences. However, early exposure to traumatic experiences or inadequate environment may lead to developmental arrests, in which emotional awareness is weak. In this case, a lack of emotional information caused by low emotional awareness may have pathological issues, in terms of depression and risk-taking behavior. Clinical implications of this interpretation are discussed.
authors: UFR psychologie sciences de l'éducation, laboratoire PsyCLE (EA 3273), Aix-Marseille universités, 29, avenue Robert-Schuman, 13621 Aix-en-Provence cedex 1, France. vincent.brejard@univ-provence.fr
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Bréjard
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pasquier
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bonnet
authors: J-L
authors: JL
authors: Pedinielli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001364:Awareness; D002605:Character; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D056345:Theory of Mind