title: Increasing minority patient participation in cancer clinical trials using oncology nurse navigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Residential distance from an academic or cancer center is a significant barrier to minority patient participation in cancer research. Most cancer clinical trials (CTs) are only accessible at academic and cancer centers, yet most cancer patients receive treatment in their home communities where access to CTs may be limited. Oncology nurse navigation is an innovative approach for increasing minority CT participation by facilitating access to cancer CTs in communities where minority patients live. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of oncology nurse navigation on community-based recruitment of black patients to breast cancer CTs at a major cancer center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We merged the roles of a traditional oncology research nurse and a professional patient navigator to create a novel health care provider role, the oncology nurse navigator. The primary duties of the oncology nurse navigator were to engage black cancer patients in the offices of their community physicians and to collaborate with community physicians to increase black patient participation in cancer research. The oncology nurse navigator played a key role in all phases of the CT participation process (e.g., screening for eligibility and completion of informed consent and clinical research forms) and guided each patient around barriers in the health care system. The accrual of eligible patients to breast cancer CTs was used to assess the impact of oncology nurse navigation on community-based recruitment of blacks to cancer CTs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 2007 and December 2008, a total of 132 black breast cancer patients were screened by a single oncology nurse navigator for eligibility to University of Southern California-sponsored breast cancer CTs. Fifty-nine patients were eligible for CTs, and each was invited to participate in 1 or more CTs for which they were eligible. Fifty-one of 59 eligible black patients (86% of eligible patients) were enrolled to 1 or more research protocols. The estimated cost per enrolled patient was $5,677, nearly half the expected per patient cost of treating patients on CT at an academic or cancer center.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncology nurse navigation is an effective outreach strategy for increasing black patient participation in cancer research and may be achieved at nearly half the cost of traditional methods of enrolling patients in CTs at cancer centers.
authors: University of Southern California Kenneth Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. dholmes@usc.edu
authors: Dennis Ricky
authors: DR
authors: Holmes
authors: Jacquelyn
authors: J
authors: Major
authors: Doris Efosi
authors: DE
authors: Lyonga
authors: Rebecca Simone
authors: RS
authors: Alleyne
authors: Sheilah Marie
authors: SM
authors: Clayton
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D002140:California; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection