title: Expression and reactivation of HIV in a chemokine induced model of HIV latency in primary resting CD4+ T cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently described that HIV latent infection can be established in vitro following incubation of resting CD4+ T-cells with chemokines that bind to CCR7. The main aim of this study was to fully define the post-integration blocks to virus replication in this model of CCL19-induced HIV latency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of integrated HIV DNA but low production of reverse transcriptase (RT) was found in CCL19-treated CD4+ T-cells infected with either wild type (WT) NL4.3 or single round envelope deleted NL4.3 pseudotyped virus (NL4.3- Δenv). Supernatants from CCL19-treated cells infected with either WT NL4.3 or NL4.3- Δenv did not induce luciferase expression in TZM-bl cells, and there was no expression of intracellular p24. Following infection of CCL19-treated CD4+ T-cells with NL4.3 with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) inserted into the nef open reading frame (NL4.3- Δnef-EGFP), there was no EGFP expression detected. These data are consistent with non-productive latent infection of CCL19-treated infected CD4+ T-cells. Treatment of cells with phytohemagluttinin (PHA)/IL-2 or CCL19, prior to infection with WT NL4.3, resulted in a mean fold change in unspliced (US) RNA at day 4 compared to day 0 of 21.2 and 1.1 respectively (p = 0.01; n = 5), and the mean expression of multiply spliced (MS) RNA was 56,000, and 5,000 copies/million cells respectively (p = 0.01; n = 5). In CCL19-treated infected CD4+ T-cells, MS-RNA was detected in the nucleus and not in the cytoplasm; in contrast to PHA/IL-2 activated infected cells where MS RNA was detected in both. Virus could be recovered from CCL19-treated infected CD4+ T-cells following mitogen stimulation (with PHA and phorbyl myristate acetate (PMA)) as well as TNFα, IL-7, prostratin and vorinostat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this model of CCL19-induced HIV latency, we demonstrate HIV integration without spontaneous production of infectious virus, detection of MS RNA in the nucleus only, and the induction of virus production with multiple activating stimuli. These data are consistent with ex vivo findings from latently infected CD4+ T-cells from patients on combination antiretroviral therapy, and therefore provide further support of this model as an excellent in vitro model of HIV latency.
authors: Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors: Suha
authors: S
authors: Saleh
authors: Fiona
authors: F
authors: Wightman
authors: Saumya
authors: S
authors: Ramanayake
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Alexander
authors: Nitasha
authors: N
authors: Kumar
authors: Gabriela
authors: G
authors: Khoury
authors: Cândida
authors: C
authors: Pereira
authors: Damian
authors: D
authors: Purcell
authors: Paul U
authors: PU
authors: Cameron
authors: Sharon R
authors: SR
authors: Lewin
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054415:Chemokine CCL19 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000187:drug effects; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000187:drug effects*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054415:Chemokine CCL19; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus