title: The Procedural Index for Mortality Risk (PIMR): an index calculated using administrative data to quantify the independent influence of procedures on risk of hospital death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgeries and other procedures can influence the risk of death in hospital. All published scales that predict post-operative death risk require clinical data and cannot be measured using administrative data alone. This study derived and internally validated an index that can be calculated using administrative data to quantify the independent risk of hospital death after a procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  For all patients admitted to a single academic centre between 2004 and 2009, we estimated the risk of all-cause death using the Kaiser Permanente Inpatient Risk Adjustment Methodology (KP-IRAM). We determined whether each patient underwent one of 503 commonly performed therapeutic procedures using Canadian Classification of Interventions codes and whether each procedure was emergent or elective. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to measure the association of each procedure-urgency combination with death in hospital independent of the KP-IRAM risk of death. The final model was modified into a scoring system to quantify the independent influence each procedure had on the risk of death in hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  275 460 hospitalizations were included (137,730 derivation, 137,730 validation). In the derivation group, the median expected risk of death was 0.1% (IQR 0.01%-1.4%) with 4013 (2.9%) dying during the hospitalization. 56 distinct procedure-urgency combinations entered our final model resulting in a Procedural Index for Mortality Rating (PIMR) score values ranging from -7 to +11. In the validation group, the PIMR score significantly predicted the risk of death by itself (c-statistic 67.3%, 95% CI 66.6-68.0%) and when added to the KP-IRAM model (c-index improved significantly from 0.929 to 0.938).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We derived and internally validated an index that uses administrative data to quantify the independent association of a broad range of therapeutic procedures with risk of death in hospital. This scale will improve risk adjustment when administrative data are used for analyses.
authors: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Y 4E9, Canada. carlv@ohri.ca
authors: Carl
authors: C
authors: van Walraven
authors: Jenna
authors: J
authors: Wong
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Bennett
authors: Alan J
authors: AJ
authors: Forster
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D002170:Canada; D002423:Cause of Death; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000379:methods; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020379:Risk Adjustment / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*