title: Dietary patterns and smoking in Northern Irish men: a population at high risk of coronary heart disease.
abstract: This study evaluated dietary habits of Northern Irish men who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease, stratified as never-, ex-, moderate-, or heavy-smokers. Participants were male volunteers (30 - 49 years) from a single workforce in Belfast (n = 765). Dietary information was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. For 'a priori' diet scores, never- and ex-smokers had a significantly higher fruit and vegetable score, Mediterranean diet score, and alternative Mediterranean diet score than moderate or heavy-smokers (all p < 0.05). For 'a posteriori' patterns, scores for the healthy, sweet tooth, and traditional dietary patterns, derived from principal component analysis, differed significantly by smoking status, being lower among smokers for the healthy and sweet tooth patterns, and higher in ex-smokers for the traditional pattern (all p < 0.05). When the 'a posteriori' patterns were included in models predicting likelihood of being in a particular smoking category with the 'a priori' patterns, the results for the fruit and vegetable score lost significance (p = 0.13). Both 'a priori' and 'a posteriori' dietary patterns identified smokers, particularly heavy smokers, as exhibiting fewer healthy dietary habits than never- or ex-smokers, but 'a posteriori' dietary patterns appeared to be more strongly associated with smoking status.
authors: Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science B, Belfast, UK. m.odoherty@qub.ac.uk
authors: Mark G
authors: MG
authors: O'Doherty
authors: Paula M L
authors: PM
authors: Skidmore
authors: Ian S
authors: IS
authors: Young
authors: Michelle C
authors: MC
authors: McKinley
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Cardwell
authors: John W G
authors: JW
authors: Yarnell
authors: Fred K
authors: FK
authors: Gey
authors: Alun
authors: A
authors: Evans
authors: Jayne V
authors: JV
authors: Woodside
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D008055:Lipids