title: Urinary tract infections in the early posttransplant period after liver transplantation: etiologic agents and their susceptibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We performed an analysis of etiologic agents for urinary tract infections in the early posttransplant period after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in adult recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study covered the first 4 weeks after OLT of 190 patients from September 2001 to the end of 2007. Immunosuppression consisted of steroids and tacrolimus. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was piperacillin/tazobactam, fluconazole, and SBD. Urine samples were cultured to identify microorganisms in accord with standard microbiological procedures and to test susceptibility using Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urine specimens (n=539) examined from 185 recipients (97.4%) showed 210 microbial strains. The most common were Gram-negative (n=131; 62.4%) with predominance of Escherichia coli (28.2%), Enterobacter cloacae (19.1%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (11.4%). Extended-spectrum β- lactamases (ESBL(+)) strains were isolated in 38.5% of cases. Gram-positive bacteria comprised 28.6% (n=60): The most common strains were enterococci (85% including HLAR 80.4% and VRE 17.6%] and staphylococci 11.8% [MRSA/MRCNS; 100%]. There were 19 (9%) fungal strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, the identification in urine samples of multi-drug-resistant bacterial and fungal strains in patients after OLT such as ESBL(+) 38.5%; HLAR 80.4%; VRE 17.6%; and MRSA/MRCNS 100% requires better infection control.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. dkawecki@o2.pl
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Kawecki
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pacholczyk
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Łagiewska
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Adadyński
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Lisik
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Sawicka-Grzelak
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Durlik
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Paczek
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Chmura
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Mlynarczyk
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Rowinski
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Luczak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D026141:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology