title: The role of a pre-load beverage on gastric volume and food intake: comparison between non-caloric carbonated and non-carbonated beverage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is conflicting data on the effects of carbon dioxide contained in beverages on stomach functions. We aimed to verify the effect of a pre-meal administration of a 300 ml non-caloric carbonated beverage (B+CO2) compared to water or a beverage without CO2 (B-CO2), during a solid (SM) and a liquid meal (LM) on: a) gastric volume, b) caloric intake, c) ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) release in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  After drinking the beverages (Water, B-CO2, B+CO2), ten healthy subjects (4 women, aged 22-30 years; BMI 23 ± 1) were asked to consume either an SM or an LM, at a constant rate (110 kcal/5 min). Total gastric volumes (TGV) were evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging after drinking the beverage and at maximum satiety (MS). Total kcal intake at MS was evaluated. Ghrelin and CCK were measured by enzyme immunoassay until 120 min after the meal. Statistical calculations were carried out by paired T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data is expressed as mean ± SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGV after B+CO2 consumption was significantly higher than after B-CO2 or water (p < 0.05), but at MS, it was no different either during the SM or the LM. Total kcal intake did not differ at MS after any of the beverages tested, with either the SM (Water: 783 ± 77 kcals; B-CO2: 837 ± 66; B+CO2: 774 ± 66) or the LM (630 ± 111; 585 ± 88; 588 ± 95). Area under curve of ghrelin was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (13.8 ± 3.3 ng/ml/min) during SM following B-CO2 compared to B+CO2 and water (26.2 ± 4.5; 27.1 ± 5.1). No significant differences were found for ghrelin during LM, and for CCK during both SM and LM after all beverages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in gastric volume following a 300 ml pre-meal carbonated beverage did not affect food intake whether a solid or liquid meal was given. The consistency of the meal and the carbonated beverage seemed to influence ghrelin release, but were unable, under our experimental conditions, to modify food intake in terms of quantity. Further studies are needed to verify if other food and beverage combinations are able to modify satiation.
authors: Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples, Italy. rcuomo@unina.it
authors: Rosario
authors: R
authors: Cuomo
authors: Maria Flavia
authors: MF
authors: Savarese
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Sarnelli
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: Nicolai
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Aragri
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Cirillo
authors: Letizia
authors: L
authors: Vozzella
authors: Francesco Paolo
authors: FP
authors: Zito
authors: Viviana
authors: V
authors: Verlezza
authors: Eleonora
authors: E
authors: Efficie
authors: Maxime
authors: M
authors: Buyckx
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000378:metabolism; D004326:Drinking; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D012527:Satiation; D012528:Satiety Response; D013270:Stomach / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D002766:Cholecystokinin