title: Evaluation of mRNA marker specificity for the identification of five human body fluids by capillary electrophoresis.
abstract: The identification of forensically relevant human body fluids through messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling is of interest to the forensic community. Previous studies have proposed several tissue-specific mRNA markers to achieve this goal. Seven markers for the following genes were selected for evaluation in this study: histatin 3 (HTN3) and statherin (STATH) for saliva, mucin 4 (MUC4) for vaginal secretions, matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) for menstrual blood, delta-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) for peripheral blood, and protamine 2 (PRM2) and transglutaminase 4 (TGM4) for semen. The expression of these markers was examined in each body fluid. All mRNA markers were present in their target body fluids. Peripheral blood and saliva showed little cross-reactivity with the selected markers. However, a high level of cross-reactivity was observed between the vaginal secretion marker MUC4 and saliva stains. Semen showed a high level of cross-reactivity with the selected markers. Co-expression of the predicted body fluid markers was detected in menstrual blood and vaginal secretion stains. The expression pattern of these mRNA markers varied through the menstrual cycle time points tested. Differences in gene expression levels and marker cross-reactivity were observed in the donors tested. Despite the presence of cross-reactivity and co-expression, each of the body fluids examined have distinct gene expression profiles, allowing for body fluid identification based on mRNA profiling.
authors: Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA.
authors: Mara L Lennard
authors: ML
authors: Richard
authors: Kathryn A
authors: KA
authors: Harper
authors: Rhonda L
authors: RL
authors: Craig
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Onorato
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Robertson
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Donfack
mesh_terms: D000624:5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase / Q000235:genetics; D002582:Cervix Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers; D054808:Histatins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 / Q000235:genetics; D008598:Menstruation / Q000097:blood*; D055264:Mucin-4 / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011479:Protamines / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000235:genetics; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005819:Genetic Markers; C068075:HTN3 protein, human; D054808:Histatins; D055264:Mucin-4; D011479:Protamines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C018149:STATH protein, human; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; C068621:protamine 2; D000624:5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase; C418702:transglutaminase 4; D011503:Transglutaminases; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7