title: Cognitive flexibility in verbal and nonverbal domains and decision making in anorexia nervosa patients: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper aimed to investigate cognitive rigidity and decision making impairments in patients diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive type (AN-R), assessing also verbal components.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with AN-R were compared with thirty age-matched healthy controls (HC). All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery comprised of the Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Hayling Sentence Completion Task, and the Iowa Gambling Task. The Beck Depression Inventory was administered to evaluate depressive symptomatology. The influence of both illness duration and neuropsychological variables was considered. Body Mass Index (BMI), years of education, and depression severity were considered as covariates in statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AN-R group showed poorer performance on all neuropsychological tests. There was a positive correlation between illness duration and the Hayling Sentence Completion Task Net score, and number of completion answers in part B. There was a partial effect of years of education and BMI on neuropsychological test performance. Response inhibition processes and verbal fluency impairment were not associated with BMI and years of education, but were associated with depression severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide evidence that patients with AN-R have cognitive rigidity in both verbal and non-verbal domains. The role of the impairment on verbal domains should be considered in treatment. Further research is warranted to better understand the relationship between illness state and cognitive rigidity and impaired decision-making.
authors: Eating Disorders Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy. giovanni.abbatedaga@unito.it
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Abbate-Daga
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Buzzichelli
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Amianto
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Rocca
authors: Enrica
authors: E
authors: Marzola
authors: Shawn M
authors: SM
authors: McClintock
authors: Secondo
authors: S
authors: Fassino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003657:Decision Making; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014705:Verbal Behavior