title: Evidence-based treatments for depression and anxiety versus treatment-as-usual: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the relative efficacy of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) versus treatment-as-usual (TAU) in routine care for anxiety and depression in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search of studies that directly compared an EBT with a TAU was conducted. Meta-analytic methods were used to estimate effectiveness of EBTs relative to TAU and to model how various confounding variables impacted the results of this comparative research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. There was significant heterogeneity in the TAU conditions, which ranged from unknown and/or minimal mental health treatment to psychotherapeutic interventions provided by trained professionals. Although the effect for EBT vs. TAU was significantly greater than zero, the effect for EBT vs. TAUs that were psychotherapeutic interventions was not statistically different from zero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneity of TAU conditions in this meta-analysis highlight the importance of clarifying the research questions being asked when investigating and drawing conclusions from EBT-TAU comparisons. Researchers need to clarify if they are comparing an EBT to psychotherapeutic services in routine care or to minimal mental health services. Extant research on EBT versus TAU reveals that there is insufficient evidence to recommend the transportation of EBTs for anxiety and depression to routine care, particularly when the routine care involves psychotherapeutic services.
authors: Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. wampold@education.wisc.edu
authors: Bruce E
authors: BE
authors: Wampold
authors: Stephanie L
authors: SL
authors: Budge
authors: Kevin M
authors: KM
authors: Laska
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Del Re
authors: Timothy P
authors: TP
authors: Baardseth
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Fluckiger
authors: Takuya
authors: T
authors: Minami
authors: D Martin
authors: DM
authors: Kivlighan
authors: Wade
authors: W
authors: Gunn
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*