title: Neural correlates of successful response inhibition in unmedicated patients with late-life depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidence implicates a strong association between abnormal frontostriatal-limbic brain circuits, executive dysfunction, and late-life depression (LLD). The stop signal task (SST) was designed by Rubia et al. for use with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the neural correlates of motor response inhibition, a well-characterized executive function. In this study, we compared brain activation between a group of unmedicated participants with LLD and an unmedicated healthy cohort during SST performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants 55-85 years of age were screened, clinically evaluated, and entered into either the LLD (n = 15) or healthy comparison group (n = 13). Both groups underwent neuroimaging while performing the SST under similar conditions. The brain circuitry of successful motor inhibition was evaluated by contrasting the condition of correctly inhibiting responses with the condition of correctly responding to Go signals. Differential areas of brain activation between the LLD and comparison groups were determined with FMRIB Software Library.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite comparable SST performance measures, LLD participants demonstrated greater blood oxygen level dependent activation relative to the comparison group in predominantly left-lateralized frontostriatal-limbic circuitry that included the bilateral superior frontal cortices and left-hemispheric orbitofrontal gyri, insular cortex, cingulate cortex, caudate, and putamen. Conversely, the healthy comparison group did not exhibit any areas of greater activation than the LLD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unmedicated participants with LLD activate additional areas within frontostriatal-limbic brain circuitry when performing the SST at a level comparable to a healthy cohort.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Bobb
authors: Bryon
authors: B
authors: Adinoff
authors: Steven J
authors: SJ
authors: Laken
authors: Shawn M
authors: SM
authors: McClintock
authors: Katya
authors: K
authors: Rubia
authors: Hung-wei
authors: HW
authors: Huang
authors: Mustafa M
authors: MM
authors: Husain
authors: Kimberly S
authors: KS
authors: Mapes
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Tamminga
authors: C Munro
authors: CM
authors: Cullum
authors: Kaundinya
authors: K
authors: Gopinath
authors: Madhukar H
authors: MH
authors: Trivedi
authors: F Andrew
authors: FA
authors: Kozel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013781:Texas