title: Xanthene food dye, as a modulator of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptide aggregation and the associated impaired neuronal cell function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD is a degenerative brain disorder that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. It has been suggested that aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is closely linked to the development of AD pathology. In the search for safe, effective modulators, we evaluated the modulating capabilities of erythrosine B (ER), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved red food dye, on Aβ aggregation and Aβ-associated impaired neuronal cell function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In order to evaluate the modulating ability of ER on Aβ aggregation, we employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, and immunoassays using Aβ-specific antibodies. TEM images and ThT fluorescence of Aβ samples indicate that protofibrils are predominantly generated and persist for at least 3 days. The average length of the ER-induced protofibrils is inversely proportional to the concentration of ER above the stoichiometric concentration of Aβ monomers. Immunoassay results using Aβ-specific antibodies suggest that ER binds to the N-terminus of Aβ and inhibits amyloid fibril formation. In order to evaluate Aβ-associated toxicity we determined the reducing activity of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with Aβ aggregates formed in the absence or in the presence of ER. As the concentration of ER increased above the stoichiometric concentration of Aβ, cellular reducing activity increased and Aβ-associated reducing activity loss was negligible at 500 µM ER.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that ER is a novel modulator of Aβ aggregation and reduces Aβ-associated impaired cell function. Our findings also suggest that xanthene dye can be a new type of small molecule modulator of Aβ aggregation. With demonstrated safety profiles and blood-brain permeability, ER represents a particularly attractive aggregation modulator for amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.
authors: H Edward
authors: HE
authors: Wong
authors: Inchan
authors: I
authors: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004923:Erythrosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D055503:Protein Multimerization / Q000187:drug effects*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40); D004923:Erythrosine