title: Validity of self-assessed waist circumference in a multi-ethnic UK population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate validity of waist circumference measurements obtained by self-report and self-measurement with non-verbal pictorial instructions among a multi-ethnic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and twenty-six individuals aged 40-75 years (91 South Asian, 430 White European and five other), who attended a screening programme for Type 2 diabetes, estimated their waist circumference and measured their waist with a paper tape measure. Participants were also provided with simple pictorial instructions for measurement of waist circumference in their preferred language and remeasured their waist circumference. We calculated 95% limits of agreement with measures undertaken by a healthcare professional unaware of prior measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 56.8 years (sd 9.0), mean BMI 30.0 kg/m(2) (sd 5.6) and mean waist circumference 98.4 cm (sd 14.1). Seventy-nine per cent had high waist circumference according to International Diabetes Federation criteria. The mean of participants' self-reported value was 6.8 cm lower than the healthcare professional measure (sd 8.8; 95% limits of agreement -10.4 to 24.0 cm), with significant differences by sex and ethnicity (South Asian men 7.5 cm, South Asian women 0.1 cm, White European men 7.8 cm, White European women 7.0 cm, P < 0.001). Compared with healthcare professional measures, mean self-measured waist circumference was very similar, both with instructions (0.4 cm higher; sd 5.5 cm; -11.1 to 10.4 cm) and without instructions (0.5 cm lower; sd 5.6; -10.4 to 11.4 cm), but with significant differences by sex and ethnicity (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was systematic underestimation of self-reported waist circumference in this multi-ethnic UK population. The magnitude of underestimation might reduce the performance of risk scores; however, this can be corrected through self-measurement with pictorial instructions.
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. kk22@le.ac.uk
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Khunti
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Taub
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Webb
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Srinivasan
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Stockman
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Griffin
authors: R K
authors: RK
authors: Simmons
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Davies
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D055105:Waist Circumference