title: Paired organs-should they be treated jointly or separately in internal dosimetry?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Size, shape, and the position of paired organs are different in abdomen. However, the counterpart organs are conventionally treated jointly together in internal dosimetry. This study was performed to quantify the difference of specific absorbed fraction of organs in considering paired organs jointly like single organs or as two separate organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zubal phantom and GATE Monte Carlo package were used to calculate the SAF for the self-absorption and cross-irradiation of the lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands (paired organs), liver, spleen, stomach, and pancreas (single organs). The activity was assumed uniformly distributed in the organs, and simulation was performed for monoenergetic photons of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 keV and mono-energetic electrons of 350, 500, 690, 935, 1200 keV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that self-absorption of left and right counterpart organs may be different depending upon the differences in their masses. The cross-irradiations between left-to-right and right-to-left counterpart organs are always equal irrespective of difference in their masses. Cross-irradiation from the left and right counterpart organs to other organs are different (4-24 times in Zubal phantom) depending on the photon energy and organs. The irradiation from a single source organ to the left and right counterpart paired organs is always different irrespective of activity concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left and right counterpart organs always receive different absorbed doses from target organs and deliver different absorbed doses to target organs. Therefore, in application of radiopharmaceuticals in which the dose to the organs plays a role, counterpart organs should be treated separately as two separate organs.© 2011 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ali-Asghar
authors: AA
authors: Parach
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Rajabi
authors: Mohammad-Ali
authors: MA
authors: Askari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009929:Organ Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012984:Software; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals