title: A systematic review of interventions for reducing pain and distress in children undergoing voiding cystourethrography.
abstract: Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is commonly performed to screen for vesicoureteric reflux or other urological anomalies but has a potential to provoke distress in infants and children. We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of interventions to reduce distress, pain or anxiety during VCUG. Eight trials (591 participants) met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conscious sedation with midazolam effectively alleviates the distress of VCUG in children older than 1 year of age. Psychological preparation and warmed contrast medium may also be effective. Nitrous oxide 50% may be an alternative to midazolam, but further evidence is needed.
authors: Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
authors: Jia
authors: J
authors: Rao
authors: Sean E
authors: SE
authors: Kennedy
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Cohen
authors: Andrew R
authors: AR
authors: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011613:Psychotherapy; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam