title: A review of preclinical research demonstrating that drug and non-drug reinforcers differentially affect behavior.
abstract: This review describes and summarizes current preclinical research revealing important differences between drug and non-drug reinforcers in terms of their effects on behavior. Despite research showing that drugs are not especially strong reinforcers in animals, a number of other behavioral differences potentially relevant to addiction have been reported in studies that have compared drug and non-drug reinforcers. Several of these effects appear only after long-term access to drugs. These include an escalation of drug intake, an increased persistence in responding for the drug, and a decreased sensitivity to the effects of punishers or other suppressors of drug seeking. Further differences between drug and non-drug reinforcers include the effects that reinforcer-paired stimuli have on behavior. Drug cues, as compared to food cues, have been shown to exert greater control over reinforcer-seeking behavior after periods of abstinence. Similarly, behavior previously reinforced by drugs, but not food, has been shown to be susceptible to stress-induced reinstatement after extinction. The behavioral differences between drug and non-drug reinforcers reviewed here may identify special features of drugs that lead to addiction.
authors: Psychology Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA. dk0085a@american.edu
authors: David N
authors: DN
authors: Kearns
authors: Maria A
authors: MA
authors: Gomez-Serrano
authors: Brendan J
authors: BJ
authors: Tunstall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003463:Cues; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*