title: Repositioning of supraorbital nerve stimulation electrode using retrograde needle insertion: a technical note.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With growing interest and acceptance of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) approach, there is now an increasing need in developing clear procedural details to resolve frequent complications and minimize associated tissue injury. Migration and suboptimal positioning of PNS electrodes are one of the most commonly observed complications of PNS approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a simple technique for repositioning a supraorbital electrode using retrograde insertion of introducer needle that allows one to place percutaneous (cylindrical) PNS electrode into appropriate anatomical location with minimal additional injury to surrounding tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This approach has been successfully used in multiple cases. An illustrative case of electrode revision with proposed technique is described in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technically simple approach to repositioning of cylindrical supraorbital electrodes using retrograde needle insertion eliminates the need for a more elaborate and invasive procedure. The technique can be used for electrode repositioning in most PNS applications.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. kslavin@uic.edu
authors: Konstantin V
authors: KV
authors: Slavin
authors: Prasad S S V
authors: PS
authors: Vannemreddy
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D009915:Orbit / Q000294:innervation*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012086:Reoperation