title: A double-blind randomised controlled trial of 25% oral glucose for pain relief in 2-month old infants undergoing immunisation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infant immunisation is the most commonly performed health procedure in developed countries. Associated pain may be harmful because we do not know what painful experiences the infant has already had and whether it might contribute to a cumulative pain experience. Healthy infants undergo immunisation with minimal pain relief. However, immunisation pain can be managed using oral sweet solutions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of 25% oral glucose solution in reducing immunisation pain in 2-month old infants. TRIAL DESIGN AND METHODS: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial conducted in Jordan. A total of 120 healthy full-term infants who met the eligibility criteria and were attending immunisation clinics for routine 2-month immunisation were randomised to receive either 2 mL of 25% oral glucose solution immediately prior to their immunisation or 2 mL of oral sterile water. Researchers, nurses and parents were blind to the solution. Primary outcome was behavioural pain measured using the Modified Behavioural Pain Scale (MBPS). Secondary outcomes were crying time and duration of full-lung cry. Crying was registered from onset of the immunisation injection and for up to 120 s after completion of the injection procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants in the intervention group experienced statistically and clinically significant reduction in behavioural pain responses (p<0.001), and spent less time crying up to 2 min after the procedure (mean difference 38 vs. 77.9s).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 2 mL oral dose of 25% glucose given immediately before an immunisation procedure reduces pain in 2-month old infants.
authors: Maternal and Child Health Department/Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan.
authors: Manal
authors: M
authors: Kassab
authors: Annabel
authors: A
authors: Sheehy
authors: Madeleine
authors: M
authors: King
authors: Cathrine
authors: C
authors: Fowler
authors: Maralyn
authors: M
authors: Foureur
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D007597:Jordan; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose