title: Identification and Referral to Improve Safety (IRIS) of women experiencing domestic violence with a primary care training and support programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most clinicians have no training about domestic violence, fail to identify patients experiencing abuse, and are uncertain about management after disclosure. We tested the effectiveness of a programme of training and support in primary health-care practices to increase identification of women experiencing domestic violence and their referral to specialist advocacy services.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cluster randomised controlled trial, we selected general practices in two urban primary care trusts, Hackney (London) and Bristol, UK. Practices in which investigators from this trial were employed or those who did not use electronic records were excluded. Practices were stratified by proportion of female doctors, postgraduate training status, number of patients registered, and percentage of practice population on low incomes. Within every primary care trust area, we randomised practices with a computer-minimisation programme with a random component to intervention or control groups. The intervention programme included practice-based training sessions, a prompt within the medical record to ask about abuse, and a referral pathway to a named domestic violence advocate, who also delivered the training and further consultancy. The primary outcome was recorded referral of patients to domestic violence advocacy services. The prespecified secondary outcome was recorded identification of domestic violence in the electronic medical records of the general practice. Poisson regression analyses accounting for clustering were done for all practices receiving the intervention. Practice staff and research associates were not masked and patients were not aware they were part of a study. This study is registered at Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN74012786.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We randomised 51 (61%) of 84 eligible general practices in Hackney and Bristol. Of these, 24 received a training and support programme, 24 did not receive the programme, and three dropped out before the trial started. 1 year after the second training session, the 24 intervention practices recorded 223 referrals of patients to advocacy and the 24 control practices recorded 12 referrals (adjusted intervention rate ratio 22·1 [95% CI 11·5-42·4]). Intervention practices recorded 641 disclosures of domestic violence and control practices recorded 236 (adjusted intervention rate ratio 3·1 [95% CI 2·2-4·3). No adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A training and support programme targeted at primary care clinicians and administrative staff improved referral to specialist domestic violence agencies and recorded identification of women experiencing domestic violence. Our findings reduce the uncertainty about the benefit of training and support interventions in primary care settings for domestic violence and show that screening of women patients for domestic violence is not a necessary condition for improved identification and referral to advocacy services.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Health Foundation.
authors: Academic Unit of Primary Health Care, NIHR English School for Primary care Research, University of Bristol, UK. gene.feder@bristol.ac.uk
authors: Gene
authors: G
authors: Feder
authors: Roxane Agnew
authors: RA
authors: Davies
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Baird
authors: Danielle
authors: D
authors: Dunne
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Eldridge
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Griffiths
authors: Alison
authors: A
authors: Gregory
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Howell
authors: Medina
authors: M
authors: Johnson
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Ramsay
authors: Clare
authors: C
authors: Rutterford
authors: Debbie
authors: D
authors: Sharp
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D006113:United Kingdom