title: Characterization of a thermostable methylaspartate ammonia lyase from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans.
abstract: Methylaspartate ammonia lyase (MAL; EC 4.3.1.2) catalyzes the reversible addition of ammonia to mesaconate to give (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartate and (2S,3R)-3-methylaspartate as products. MAL is of considerable biocatalytic interest because of its potential use for the asymmetric synthesis of substituted aspartic acids, which are important building blocks for synthetic enzymes, peptides, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Here, we have cloned the gene encoding MAL from the thermophilic bacterium Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Z-2901. The enzyme (named Ch-MAL) was overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Ch-MAL is a dimer in solution, consisting of two identical subunits (∼49 kDa each), and requires Mg(2+) and K(+) ions for maximum activity. The optimum pH and temperature for the deamination of (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acid are 9.0 and 70°C (k                         (cat) = 78 s(-1) and K                         (m) = 16 mM). Heat inactivation assays showed that Ch-MAL is stable at 50°C for >4 h, which is the highest thermal stability observed among known MALs. Ch-MAL accepts fumarate, mesaconate, ethylfumarate, and propylfumarate as substrates in the ammonia addition reaction. The enzyme also processes methylamine, ethylamine, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and methoxylamine as nucleophiles that can replace ammonia in the addition to mesaconate, resulting in the corresponding N-substituted methylaspartic acids with excellent diastereomeric excess (>98% de). This newly identified thermostable MAL appears to be a potentially attractive biocatalyst for the stereoselective synthesis of aspartic acid derivatives on large (industrial) scale.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Raj
authors: Vinod
authors: V
authors: Puthan Veetil
authors: Wiktor
authors: W
authors: Szymanski
authors: Frank J
authors: FJ
authors: Dekker
authors: Wim J
authors: WJ
authors: Quax
authors: Ben L
authors: BL
authors: Feringa
authors: Dick B
authors: DB
authors: Janssen
authors: Gerrit J
authors: GJ
authors: Poelarends
mesh_terms: D000642:Ammonia-Lyases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D020536:Enzyme Activators; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000642:Ammonia-Lyases; C034881:methylaspartate ammonia-lyase; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium