title: Long-term results of botulinum toxin-augmented medial rectus recessions for large-angle infantile esotropia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term results of medial rectus recessions augmented by botulinum toxin injection for treating infants with large-angle (> 60 prism diopters [PD]) infantile esotropia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients with large-angle infantile esotropia who were followed for at least 2 years postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical treatment with botulinum toxin in addition to bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions. The preoperative findings, treatment, and outcomes were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgery was considered successful if the patients did not require additional horizontal strabismus surgery and had less than 10 PD of horizontal deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age at surgery ranged from 4 to 36 months (mean 14.5 months) and the angle of esotropia ranged from 65 to 100 PD (mean 72 PD). Treatment was successful in 17 of 23 patients (74%), with follow-up of 2 to 13 years (mean 6.6 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin-augmented medial rectus recession is an effective treatment for large-angle infantile esotropia, with stable results over time.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. Lueder@vision.wustl.edu
authors: Gregg T
authors: GT
authors: Lueder
authors: Marlo
authors: M
authors: Galli
authors: Lawrence
authors: L
authors: Tychsen
authors: Cem
authors: C
authors: Yildirim
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Pegado
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004948:Esotropia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A