title: [Effect of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) from Yunnan white kidney bean on development of mouse embryos].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of different concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on mouse embryo development.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, crude and purified PHA extracted from Yunnan white kidney bean with different concentration were added into M16 culture medium, the final concentration of PHA were: 50, 100, 200, 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 5 000 mg x L(-1) respectively. 2-cell stage embryos were collected and cultured in PHA containing or control medium for 72-96 h and their development were recorded. In experiment 2, different stage of embryos from 1-cell to blastocyst were treated by different concentrations of PHA same as experiment 1 and 10 000 mg x L(-1) in culture medium for 24 h before washing and cultured in M16 + PVA without PHA to blastocyst or hatching blastocyst stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low concentrations PHA at 50-100 mg x L(-1) promoted embryo development and increased the number of blastocyst stage embryos. In contrast, high concentrations of PHA (> 1 000 mg x L(-1)) blocked the embryos development from 1-cell to blastocyst stage and showed apoptosis morphology or death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the concentrations, PHA from white kidney bean shown promotion or inhibition on mouse embryo development. 1-cell stage embryo shown more sensitive to PHA treatment than that of later stage embryos. Pretreatment 24 h in PHA containing medium can influence the further development of embryos. Low concentrations of PHA is benefit to embryo development, but high concentrations of PHA (> 1 000 mg x L(-1)) will block of the development of embryos.
authors: Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China. zlf851102@163.com
authors: Lifen
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Changmei
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Mingjie
authors: M
authors: Yang
authors: Tian
authors: T
authors: Zhang
authors: Minkang
authors: M
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D010835:Phytohemagglutinins