title: Accelerated cell death 2 suppresses mitochondrial oxidative bursts and modulates cell death in Arabidopsis.
abstract: The Arabidopsis ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 2 (ACD2) protein protects cells from programmed cell death (PCD) caused by endogenous porphyrin-related molecules like red chlorophyll catabolite or exogenous protoporphyrin IX. We previously found that during bacterial infection, ACD2, a chlorophyll breakdown enzyme, localizes to both chloroplasts and mitochondria in leaves. Additionally, acd2 cells show mitochondrial dysfunction. In plants with acd2 and ACD2 (+)  sectors, ACD2 functions cell autonomously, implicating a pro-death ACD2 substrate as being cell non-autonomous in promoting the spread of PCD. ACD2 targeted solely to mitochondria can reduce the accumulation of an ACD2 substrate that originates in chloroplasts, indicating that ACD2 substrate molecules are likely to be mobile within cells. Two different light-dependent reactive oxygen bursts in mitochondria play prominent and causal roles in the acd2 PCD phenotype. Finally, ACD2 can complement acd2 when targeted to mitochondria or chloroplasts, respectively, as long as it is catalytically active: the ability to bind substrate is not sufficient for ACD2 to function in vitro or in vivo. Together, the data suggest that ACD2 localizes dynamically during infection to protect cells from pro-death mobile substrate molecules, some of which may originate in chloroplasts, but have major effects on mitochondria.
authors: Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: Gopal K
authors: GK
authors: Pattanayak
authors: Sujatha
authors: S
authors: Venkataramani
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Hortensteiner
authors: Lukas
authors: L
authors: Kunz
authors: Bastien
authors: B
authors: Christ
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Moulin
authors: Alison G
authors: AG
authors: Smith
authors: Yukihiro
authors: Y
authors: Okamoto
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Tamiaki
authors: Masakazu
authors: M
authors: Sugishima
authors: Jean T
authors: JT
authors: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000201:enzymology; D008027:Light; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D016897:Respiratory Burst
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002734:Chlorophyll; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C408689:ACD2 protein, Arabidopsis