title: Neighborhood deprivation and prostate cancer mortality: a multilevel analysis from Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective was to analyze the association between neighborhood deprivation and prostate cancer mortality, after adjusting for individual characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was designed as a follow-up study of prostate cancer mortality between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2008 in patients aged 25-74 years (a total of 73 159 patients). Multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed with individual-level characteristics at the first level and level of neighborhood deprivation at the second level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-standardized prostate cancer mortality rate was 1.5 times higher in men living in high-deprivation neighborhoods than in those living in the most affluent neighborhoods. Mortality rates were also associated with certain individual-level characteristics, that is, age, marital status, family income, educational attainment, immigration status, urban/rural status, mobility and comorbidity. For example, there was a strong relationship between prostate cancer mortality and being unmarried, having a low income or educational attainment, and hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the full model, the risk of prostate cancer mortality was 25% higher in men living in the most deprived neighborhoods than in those living in the most affluent neighborhoods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High level of neighborhood deprivation independently predicts prostate cancer mortality. This raises important clinical and public health concerns. Both individual- and neighborhood-level approaches are important in healthcare policies.
authors: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Scania, Sweden.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Sundquist
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014478:Unemployment