title: Effects of water uptake on melamine renal stone formation in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melamine-tainted food can induce kidney stones both in humans and animals and in domestic animals, severe cases caused acute kidney failure and death. Although increasing water intake can ameliorate kidney stone formation, its effect on melamine (Mel)-induced kidney stones has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have analysed the effect of restricted ingestion of drinking water on melamine stone formation in mice. They were given melamine and cyanuric acid orally and received drinking water either freely or for a restricted time. Kidney stone formation and renal function were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice receiving drinking water for a restricted 10-h period initially lost body weight, which returned to normal within 2 days. No other abnormalities were observed. Ingestion of melamine alone failed to induce kidney stones even under conditions of restricted drinking water. In mice treated with melamine together with cyanuric acid for 3 days, no renal stones were formed when the supply of drinking was normal. However, when drinking water was limited, stone formation was observed and accompanied by high levels of serum urea and creatinine. An increase in urine haemoglobin and glucose levels was also found. The administration resulted in up-regulated tissue osteopontin, kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin messenger RNA expression and macrophage infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate the importance of water intake in the formation of melamine-induced renal stone formation in the mouse and provide new information on the mechanisms of melamine stone formation.
authors: Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Jiao
authors: J
authors: Peng
authors: Daxu
authors: D
authors: Li
authors: Yee Kwan
authors: YK
authors: Chan
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Jonathan R
authors: JR
authors: Lamb
authors: Paul K H
authors: PK
authors: Tam
authors: Hani
authors: H
authors: El-Nezami
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000633:toxicity*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D060766:Drinking Water; C442240:Havcr1 protein, mouse; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D014227:Triazines; D053495:Osteopontin; C071332:Lcn2 protein, mouse; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; C004632:cyanuric acid; C011907:melamine