title: Synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) with Ky(MgCa)2xO3 as heterogeneous catalyst.
abstract: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were produced from palm oil using eggshell modified with magnesium and potassium nitrates to form a composite, low-cost heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification. The catalyst, prepared by the combination of impregnation/co-precipitation was calcined at 830 °C for 4 h. Transesterification was conducted at a constant temperature of 65 °C in a batch reactor. Design of experiment (DOE) was used to optimize the reaction parameters, and the conditions that gave highest yield of FAME (85.8%) was 5.35 wt.% catalyst loading at 4.5 h with 16:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. The results revealed that eggshell, a solid waste, can be utilized as low-cost catalyst after modification with magnesium and potassium nitrates for biodiesel production.
authors: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Olutoye
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Lee
authors: B H
authors: BH
authors: Hameed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels; D002384:Catalysis; D002621:Chemistry / Q000379:methods; D004528:Egg Shell; D004951:Esterification; D004952:Esters / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D009821:Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D000073878:Palm Oil; C018330:magnesium nitrate; C023844:potassium nitrate; D000432:Methanol