title: ICU capacity strain and the quality and allocation of critical care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing demand for critical care, with limited potential for comparable expansion of supply, may strain the abilities of ICUs to provide high-quality care in an equitable fashion. Efforts to counter the untoward consequences for the quality and ethics of critical care delivery are limited by the absence of a specific and validated metric of ICU capacity strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This manuscript presents a conceptual framework for ICU capacity strain, considers what data elements may contribute to it, and suggests methods for determining the optimal metric. Next, it outlines the range of potential consequences of increased capacity strain, in terms of both the quality and ethics of care delivered. Finally, consideration is given to how untoward consequences of ICU capacity strain might be mitigated through better understanding of what makes some ICUs better able than others to withstand temporal fluctuations in the demand for their services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of an appropriately accurate and parsimonious measure of ICU capacity strain may augment the precision of future critical care outcomes research by reducing unexplained variance attributable to temporal fluctuations in ICU-level factors; elucidate organizational characteristics that make some ICUs better able to withstand high-capacity strain without substantive degradations in quality; and enhance the transparency of critical care rationing while helping to improve its equity and efficiency, thereby promoting the ethics of this inevitable practice.
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. shalpern@exchange.upenn.edu
authors: Scott D
authors: SD
authors: Halpern
mesh_terms: D003210:Concept Formation; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007902:Length of Stay; D017146:Models, Organizational; D058996:Quality Improvement; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014481:United States