title: Understanding cancer-induced cachexia:  imaging the flame and its fuel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the most under explored and yet devastating consequences of cancer is cachexia, a condition in which the body is consumed by deranged carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism that is induced by inflammatory cytokines. Cachexia is associated with poor treatment outcome, fatigue and poor quality of life. Because of its multifactorial characteristics, it has been difficult to understand the impact of the tumor on body organs and the sequence of events that leads to cachexia. Such insights are critically important in identifying therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ability to understand the interaction between the tumor and normal tissues and to noninvasively image the development of this condition would be invaluable in identifying critical stages when cachexia becomes life-threatening. Current multimodality molecular and functional imaging capabilities provide unique opportunities to study cachexia holistically in preclinical models and clinically. In this review we have provided examples of how state-of-the-art imaging techniques in combination with molecular characterization can be used to understand cancer-induced cachexia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such studies will lead to clinically translatable indices for the early detection of this condition and will identify novel targets to inhibit the cachexia cascade.
authors: JHU In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Marie-France
authors: MF
authors: Penet
authors: Paul T
authors: PT
authors: Winnard
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Jacobs
authors: Zaver M
authors: ZM
authors: Bhujwalla
mesh_terms: D002100:Cachexia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates