title: Simulation for the training of human performance and technical skills: the intersection of how we will train health care professionals in the future.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this research are to begin to understand health care teams in their operational environment, establish metrics of performance for these teams, and validate a series of scenarios in simulation that elicit team and technical skills. The focus is on defining the team model that will function in the operational environment in which health care professionals work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulations were performed across the United States in 70- to 1000-bed hospitals. Multidisciplinary health care teams analyzed more than 300 hours of videos of health care professionals performing simulations of team-based medical care in several different disciplines. Raters were trained to enhance inter-rater reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study validated event sets that trigger team dynamics and established metrics for team-based care. Team skills were identified and modified using simulation scenarios that employed the event-set-design process. Specific skills (technical and team) were identified by criticality measurement and task analysis methodology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In situ simulation, which includes a purposeful and Socratic Method of debriefing, is a powerful intervention that can overcome inertia found in clinician behavior and latent environmental systems that present a challenge to quality and patient safety. In situ simulation can increase awareness of risks, personalize the risks, and encourage the reflection, effort, and attention needed to make changes to both behaviors and to systems.
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Hamman
authors: Jeffrey M
authors: JM
authors: Beaubien
authors: Beth M
authors: BM
authors: Beaudin-Seiler