title: In-hospital resuscitation evaluated by in situ simulation: a prospective simulation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interruption in chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation can be characterized as no flow ratio (NFR) and the importance of minimizing these pauses in chest compression has been highlighted recently. Further, documentation of resuscitation performance has been reported to be insufficient and there is a lack of identification of important issues where future efforts might be beneficial. By implementing in situ simulation we created a model to evaluate resuscitation performance. The aims of the study were to evaluate the feasibility of the applied method, and to examine differences in the resuscitation performance between the first responders and the cardiac arrest team.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study of 16 unannounced simulated cardiopulmonary arrest scenarios was conducted. The participants of the study involved all health care personel on duty who responded to a cardiac arrest. We measured NFR and time to detection of initial rhythm on defibrillator and performed a comparison between the first responders and the cardiac arrest team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 13 out of 16 simulations was used to evaluate the ability of generating resuscitation performance data in simulated cardiac arrest. The defibrillator arrived after median 214 seconds (180-254) and detected initial rhythm after median 311 seconds (283-349). A significant difference in no flow ratio (NFR) was observed between the first responders, median NFR 38% (32-46), and the resuscitation teams, median NFR 25% (19-29), p < 0.001. The difference was significant even after adjusting for pulse and rhythm check and shock delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main finding of this study was a significant difference between the first responders and the cardiac arrest team with the latter performing more adequate cardiopulmonary resuscitation with regards to NFR. Future research should focus on the educational potential for in-situ simulation in terms of improving skills of hospital staff and patient outcome.
authors: Sydvestjysk Sygehus Esbjerg, Department of Emergency Medicine, Finsensgade 35, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark. frederik.mondrup@gmail.com
authors: Frederik
authors: F
authors: Mondrup
authors: Mikkel
authors: M
authors: Brabrand
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Folkestad
authors: Jakob
authors: J
authors: Oxlund
authors: Karsten R
authors: KR
authors: Wiborg
authors: Niels P
authors: NP
authors: Sand
authors: Torben
authors: T
authors: Knudsen
mesh_terms: D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007318:Inservice Training; D008348:Manikins; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric