title: Gamma-irradiated influenza virus uniquely induces IFN-I mediated lymphocyte activation independent of the TLR7/MyD88 pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have shown previously in mice, that infection with live viruses, including influenza/A and Semliki Forest virus (SFV), induces systemic partial activation of lymphocytes, characterized by cell surface expression of CD69 and CD86, but not CD25. This partial lymphocytes activation is mediated by type-I interferons (IFN-I). Importantly, we have shown that γ-irradiated SFV does not induce IFN-I and the associated lymphocyte activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report that, in contrast to SFV, γ-irradiated influenza A virus elicits partial lymphocyte activation in vivo. Furthermore, we show that when using influenza viruses inactivated by a variety of methods (UV, ionising radiation and formalin treatment), as well as commercially available influenza vaccines, only γ-irradiated influenza virus is able to trigger IFN-I-dependent partial lymphocyte activation in the absence of the TLR7/MyD88 signalling pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest an important mechanism for the recognition of γ-irradiated influenza vaccine by cytosolic receptors, which correspond with the ability of γ-irradiated influenza virus to induce cross-reactive and cross-protective cytotoxic T cell responses.
authors: Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors: Yoichi
authors: Y
authors: Furuya
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Chan
authors: En-Chi
authors: EC
authors: Wan
authors: Aulikki
authors: A
authors: Koskinen
authors: Kerrilyn R
authors: KR
authors: Diener
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Hayball
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Regner
authors: Arno
authors: A
authors: Müllbacher
authors: Mohammed
authors: M
authors: Alsharifi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000378:metabolism; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000378:metabolism; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007370:Interferon Type I; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; C477038:Tlr7 protein, mouse; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D009439:Neuraminidase