title: Racial differences in symptoms, comorbidity, and treatment for major depressive disorder among black and white adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Racial differences in the clinical nature of major depressive disorder (MDD) could contribute to treatment disparities, but national data with large samples are limited. Our objective was to examine black-white differences in clinical characteristics and treatment for MDD from one of the largest, national community samples of US adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-Hispanic black and white adults (n=32752) from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions produced data on 1866 respondents who met criteria for MDD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) in the preceding 12 months. Outcome measures were depressive symptoms, comorbid psychiatric and medical disorders, disability, and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blacks with MDD had significantly higher odds of initial insomnia, early-morning awakening, and restlessness than whites. Odds of hypertension (odds ratio [OR), 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-3.14), obesity (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.45-2.69), and liver disease (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.20-11.30) were higher among blacks than whites. In unadjusted models, blacks had greater impairment than whites in social and physical functioning. However, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics eliminated these differences. Blacks were less likely than whites to receive outpatient services (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36-0.72) and be prescribed medications for MDD, but were more likely to receive emergency room and inpatient treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found few racial differences in depressive symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, and disability after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Blacks' lower utilization of ambulatory treatment for MDD and greater medical comorbidity, emergency department use, and hospitalization suggests that management of MDD among blacks should be emphasized in primary care or other settings where treatment is more accessible.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Sidney H
authors: SH
authors: Hankerson
authors: Miriam C
authors: MC
authors: Fenton
authors: Timothy J
authors: TJ
authors: Geier
authors: Katherine M
authors: KM
authors: Keyes
authors: Myrna M
authors: MM
authors: Weissman
authors: Deborah S
authors: DS
authors: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American