title: Application of an optimized system for the well-defined exposure of human lung cells to trichloramine and indoor pool air.
abstract: In this study an in vitro exposure test to investigate toxicological effects of the volatile disinfection by-product trichloramine and of real indoor pool air was established. For this purpose a set-up to generate a well-defined, clean gas stream of trichloramine was combined with biotests. Human alveolar epithelial lung cells of the cell line A-549 were exposed in a CULTEX(®) device with trichloramine concentrations between 0.1 and 40 mg/m(3) for 1 h. As toxicological endpoints the cell viability and the inflammatory response by the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were investigated. A decreasing cell viability could be observed with increasing trichloramine concentration. An increase of IL-8 release could be determined at trichloramine concentrations higher than 10 mg/m(3) and an increase of IL-6 release at concentrations of 20 mg/m(3). Investigations of indoor swimming pool air showed similar inflammatory effects to the lung cells although the air concentrations of trichloramine of 0.17 and 0.19 mg/m(3) were much lower compared with the laboratory experiments with trichloramine as the only contaminant. Therefore it is assumed that a mixture of trichloramine and other disinfection by-products in the air of indoor pool settings contribute to that effect.
authors: Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Schmalz
authors: H G
authors: HG
authors: Wunderlich
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Heinze
authors: F H
authors: FH
authors: Frimmel
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Zwiener
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Grummt
mesh_terms: D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002712:Chlorides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004203:Disinfection; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008168:Lung; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced*; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013551:Swimming Pools
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002712:Chlorides; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; C037454:nitrogen chloride