title: Loss of macrophage migration inhibitory factor impairs the growth properties of human HeLa cervical cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to determine the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine associated with cell proliferation and tumour growth in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our team used RNA interference technology to knock down MIF expression in human HeLa cervical cancer cells and to establish a stable cell line lacking MIF function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that long-term loss of MIF had little effect on cell morphology, but significantly inhibited their population growth and proliferation. The HeLa MIF-knockdown cells retained normal apoptotic signalling pathways in response to TNF-alpha treatment; however, they exhibited unique DNA profiles following doxorubicin treatment, suggesting that MIF may regulate a cell cycle checkpoint upon DNA damage. Our data also showed that knockdown of MIF expression in HeLa cells led to increased cell adhesion and therefore impaired their migratory capacity. More importantly, cells lacking MIF failed to either proliferate in soft agar or form tumours in vivo, when administered to nude mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MIF plays a pivotal role in proliferation and tumourigenesis of human HeLa cervical carcinoma cells, and may represent a promising therapeutic target for cancer intervention.
authors: Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
authors: D Z
authors: DZ
authors: Xiao
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Dai
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Luo
authors: X Y
authors: XY
authors: Liu
authors: Q X
authors: QX
authors: Lin
authors: X H
authors: XH
authors: Li
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Huang
authors: X Y
authors: XY
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C515598:MIF protein, human