title: Bioactive components in the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. against the inflammatory irritant action of Euphorbia plants.
abstract: Chinese jujube (also known as Chinese date) is the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae). As a famous folk medicine, it is used as antidote in traditional Chinese formula, Shi Zao Decoction, to relieve the drastic inflammatory irritant nature of Euphorbia species. The irritant activities may cause serious adverse effects in clinical practices. This study aimed to investigate the active components of Z. jujuba through the inhibitory effects on the inflammatory cells activated by Euphorbia kansui and prostratin, a phorbol ester isolated from Euphorbia fischeriana. Peritoneal macrophage of rat and splenic lymphocyte (splenocyte) of mouse were selected to evaluate these actions in vitro. Nitric oxide (NO) release of macrophage and the proliferation of splenocyte were examined through Griess method and MTT assay. TNF-α, as an important pro-inflammatory cytokines, was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Six fractions extracted from Z. jujuba were evaluated and fraction F (triterpene acids fraction) was demonstrated to be the most active part, and then, 21 compounds isolated from Z. jujuba were tested at the concentrations range from 1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml. The results show that 7 compounds of them are likely to be active compounds concerning to their pronounced inhibitory action on the activated inflammatory cells. These effects might be helpful to attenuate the irritant action of Euphorbiaceae plants and protect the gastrointestinal tissue from potent inflammatory injury, which should be beneficial to some diseases, like inflammatory bowel disease.
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Yu
authors: B P
authors: BP
authors: Jiang
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Luo
authors: X C
authors: XC
authors: Shen
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Guo
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Duan
authors: Y P
authors: YP
authors: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D028481:Euphorbia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D007509:Irritants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000009:adverse effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D031957:Ziziphus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007509:Irritants; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C070999:prostratin