title: The uptake of water hardness metals by human hair.
abstract: The objective of this work was to examine the variables that influence the interaction between water hardness metals and human hair. Hair extracts various constituents from the tap water used during daily hygiene practices and chemical treatments. Calcium and magnesium metal ions are the most prevalent and give water "hardness." Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was employed to quantify the metal content of hair, which was studied as a function of the following variables: hair condition (oxidative damage), level of water hardness, and water pH. We have demonstrated that these variables impact water hardness metal uptake to varying extents, and the effects are driven primarily by the binding capacity (available anionic sites) of the hair. The condition of the hair, a key representation of the binding capacity, was most influential. Interestingly, water hardness levels had only a small effect on uptake; hair became saturated with notable amounts of water hardness metals even after repeated exposure to soft water. Water pH influenced metal uptake since side chains of hair proteins deprotonate with increasing alkalinity. These insights highlight the importance to the hair care industry of understanding the interaction between water hardness metals and hair.
authors: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0004, USA.
authors: A O
authors: AO
authors: Evans
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Marsh
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Wickett
mesh_terms: D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014867:Water