title: The outcomes of treatment and the etiology of lymphoceles with a focus on hemostasis in kidney recipients: a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiopathogenesis of lymphoceles remains incompletely understood. The aim of our work was to analyze the perturbations of blood coagulation process for their possible impact on the etiology of lymphoceles. Additionally we performed an evaluation of the incidence and effectiveness of treatment methods for lymphoceles.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2004 to 2010, we performed 242 kidney transplantations in 92 female and 150 male patients. The hemostatic parameters included concentrations of: antithrombin, plasminogen, thrombin/antithrombin complexes (TAT), prothrombin products F1+2 (F1+2), d-dimers, and plasmin/antiplasmin complexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 7 years follow-up 27 (11%) recipients had developed symptomatic lymphoceles, namely abdominal discomfort, a palpable mess in the lower abdomen, arterial hypertension, infection of the operative site with fever, lymphorrhoea with surgical wound dehiscence, decreased diurnal urine output with an elevated plasma creatinine, voiding problems of urgency and vesical tenesmus, and/or symptoms of deep vein thrombosis. We applied the following methods of treatment aspiration alone, percutaneous drainage, laparoscopic fenestration or open surgery. In two only patients did perform open surgery. Since 2008 we have not performed an aspiration alone because of high rate of recurrence (almost 100%) and abandoned open surgery in favor of a laparoscopic approach. Our minimally invasive surgery includes percutaneous drainage guided by ultrasound and a laparoscopic procedure with 100% effectiveness. The examined hemostatic parameters revealed decreased concentrations of TAT complexes and F1+2 in subjects with lymphocele showing positive predictive values of 33% and 41% respectively. The negative predictive values for TAT complexes and F1+2 were 14% and 10%, respectively, suggesting decreased blood coagulation activity among effected recipients. Altered blood coagulation processes may explain some aspects of the disturbances of postoperative obliteration of damaged lymphatic vessels and formation of pathological lymph collection afterward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perturbations of blood coagulation may be one cause for a lymphocele.
authors: Department of Clinical Anatomy, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Clinic of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Ziętek
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Iwan-Ziętek
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Sulikowski
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sieńko
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nowacki
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Zukowski
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kaczmarczyk
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ciechanowicz
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ostrowski
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Rość
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kamiński
mesh_terms: D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008210:Lymphocele / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome