title: Magnetic resonance imaging of tumors colonized with bacterial ferritin-expressing Escherichia coli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown that human ferritin can be used as a reporter of gene expression for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bacteria also encode three classes of ferritin-type molecules with iron accumulation properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we investigated whether these bacterial ferritins can also be used as MRI reporter genes and which of the bacterial ferritins is the most suitable reporter. Bacterial ferritins were overexpressed in probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. Cultures of these bacteria were analyzed and those generating highest MRI contrast were further investigated in tumor bearing mice. Among members of three classes of bacterial ferritin tested, bacterioferritin showed the most promise as a reporter gene. Although all three proteins accumulated similar amounts of iron when overexpressed individually, bacterioferritin showed the highest contrast change. By site-directed mutagenesis we also show that the heme iron, a unique part of the bacterioferritin molecule, is not critical for MRI contrast change. Tumor-specific induction of bacterioferritin-expression in colonized tumors resulted in contrast changes within the bacteria-colonized tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that colonization and gene expression by live vectors expressing bacterioferritin can be monitored by MRI due to contrast changes.
authors: Genelux Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: Hill
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Stritzker
authors: Miriam
authors: M
authors: Scadeng
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Geissinger
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Haddad
authors: Thomas C
authors: TC
authors: Basse-Lüsebrink
authors: Uwe
authors: U
authors: Gbureck
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Jakob
authors: Aladar A
authors: AA
authors: Szalay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008667:Metalloproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D008667:Metalloproteins; C026121:bfr protein, E coli; D007501:Iron