title: Which factors actually influence the development and progression of overt nephropathy in Nigerian diabetics?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors predisposing Nigerian diabetics to overt nephropathy with a view to developing strategies for its prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care hospital, a major nephrology referral centre in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients and 32 age and sex-matched diabetic patients without nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients with chronic renal failure who have been diabetic for a minimum of five years and satisfied the inclusion criteria for the study were compared with 32 age and sex-matched diabetic patients without nephropathy. Their socio-demographic parameters, clinical and laboratory profiles were determined and compared. RESULTS were analysed using the statistical package for social sciences version 10. Chi-square test, logistic regression analysis and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used, p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sought to compare socio-demographic, clinical and biochemical data between diabetic patients with overt nephropathy and those without.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of diabetes, blood pressures and blood sugar levels were significantly higher in DN patients than the controls (p < 0.05). A family history of renal disease, socio-economic status, cigarette smoking, body mass index and total serum cholesterol did not distinguish between DN patients from controls (p > 0.05). Systolic blood pressure positively correlated with serum creatinine (r = 0.057, p < 0.001) and duration of DM (r = 0.284, p = 0.02). There was a constellation of clinical features viz: retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy and left ventricular hypertrophy, which were significantly associated with DN (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged duration of diabetes, hypertension, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy, left ventricular hypertrophy and poor glycaemic control were the major risk factors for overt nephropathy among Nigerian diabetics. Apreventive strategy should include adequate blood pressure and glycaemic control.
authors: Department of Medicine, Renal Unit, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital PMB 2016, Kaduna, Nigeria.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ibrahim
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: Arogundade
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Sanusi
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ikem
authors: A O
authors: AO
authors: Akintomide
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Akinsola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine