title: Physical therapy activities in stroke, knee arthroplasty, and traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: their variation, similarities, and association with functional outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mix of physical therapy services is thought to be different with different impairment groups. However, it is not clear how much variation there is across impairment groups. Furthermore, the extent to which the same physical therapy activities are associated with functional outcomes across different types of patients is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine similarities and differences in the mix of physical therapy activities used in rehabilitation among patients from different impairment groups and (2) to examine whether the same physical therapy activities are associated with functional improvement across impairment groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in inpatient rehabilitation facilities. The participants were 433 patients with stroke, 429 patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and 207 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Measures used in this study included: (1) the Comprehensive Severity Index to measure the severity of each patient's medical condition, (2) the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to measure function, and (3) point-of-care instruments to measure time spent in specific physical therapy activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 groups had similar admission motor FIM scores but varying cognitive FIM scores. Patients with TKA spent more time on exercise than the other 2 groups (average=31.7 versus 6.2 minutes per day). Patients with TKA received the most physical therapy (average=65.3 minutes per day), whereas the TBI group received the least physical therapy (average=38.3 minutes per day). Multivariate analysis showed that only 2 physical therapy activities (gait training and community mobility) were both positively associated with discharge motor FIM outcomes across all 3 groups. Three physical therapy activities (assessment time, bed mobility, and transfers) were negatively associated with discharge motor FIM outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study focused primarily on physical therapy without concurrently considering other therapies such as occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, nursing care, and case management or the potential interaction of these inputs. This analysis did not consider the interventions that physical therapists used when patients participated in discrete physical therapy activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 patient groups spent a considerable portion of their physical therapy time in gait training relative to other activities. Both gait training and community mobility are higher-level activities that were positively associated with outcomes, although all 3 groups spent little time in community mobility activities. Further research studies, such as randomized clinical trials and predictive validity studies, are needed to investigate whether higher-level or more-integrated therapy activities are associated with better patient outcomes.
authors: Center for Post-acute Innovation & Research, National Rehabilitation Hospital, 102 Irving St NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA. gerben.dejong@medstar.net
authors: Gerben
authors: G
authors: DeJong
authors: Ching-Hui
authors: CH
authors: Hsieh
authors: Koen
authors: K
authors: Putman
authors: Randall J
authors: RJ
authors: Smout
authors: Susan D
authors: SD
authors: Horn
authors: Wenqiang
authors: W
authors: Tian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome