title: Changes in adaptive and innate immunity in patients with acute pancreatitis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute pancreatitis is a form of inflammation with clinical features ranging from pancreatic inflammation to fatal systemic manifestations. The aim of this study was to clarify changes in lymphocyte subsets and alterations in the functioning of natural killer (NK) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients were enrolled into the study; 35 with acute pancreatitis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and 10 healthy subjects. Blood was sampled early from all patients. Blood immune cells were studied on days 1 and 4 by flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-6 were estimated from supernatants of NK cells before/after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apoptosis in patients was significantly different on days 1 and 4 compared with controls. Apoptosis of CD4(+) lymphocytes was significantly correlated with the days to resolution of SIRS (r = +0.586, p = 0.022). Significant differences were observed in TNFα and IL-6 on day 1 with/without LPS stimulation between patients and healthy individuals. Significantly increased levels of TNFα and IL-6 were found after LPS stimulation compared with unstimulated supernatants in day 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NK cells altered their secretory status when stimulated with LPS. This finding could be explained by the cellular reprogramming of NK cells in the field of acute pancreatitis and SIRS.
authors: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Athens, Greece. vmylona@yahoo.gr
authors: Vassiliki
authors: V
authors: Mylona
authors: Vassilios
authors: V
authors: Koussoulas
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Tzivras
authors: Elias
authors: E
authors: Makrygiannis
authors: Panagiota
authors: P
authors: Georgopoulou
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Koratzanis
authors: Evangelos J
authors: EJ
authors: Giamarellos-Bourboulis
authors: Michalis D
authors: MD
authors: Tzivras
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha