title: Design, manufacture, and evaluation of an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom purpose-built for radiotherapy dosimetric intercomparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was designed and constructed to meet specific criteria for multicenter radiotherapy dosimetric intercomparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three dimensional external and organ outlines were generated from a computed tomography image set of a male pelvis, forming the basis of design for an anatomically realistic phantom. Clinically relevant points of interest were selected throughout the dataset where point-dose values could be measured with thermoluminescence dosimeters and a small-volume ionization chamber. Following testing, three materials were selected and the phantom was manufactured using modern prototyping techniques into five separate coronal slices. Time lines and resource requirements for the phantom design and manufacture were recorded. The ability of the phantom to mimic the entire treatment chain was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phantom CT images indicated that organ densities and geometries were comparable to those of the original patient. The phantom proved simple to load for dosimetry and rapid to assemble. Due to heat release during manufacture, small air gaps and density heterogeneities were present throughout the phantom. The overall cost for production of the prototype phantom was comparable to other commercial anthropomorphic phantoms. The phantom was shown to be suitable for use as a "patient" to mimic the entire treatment chain for typical external beam radiotherapy for prostate and rectal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phantom constructed for the present study incorporates all characteristics necessary for accurate Level III intercomparison studies. Following use in an extensive Level III dosimetric comparison over a large time scale and geographic area, the phantom retained mechanical stability and did not show signs of radiation-induced degradation.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia. kristie.harrison@calvarymater.org.au
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Harrison
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Ebert
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kron
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Howlett
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Cornes
authors: C S
authors: CS
authors: Hamilton
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Denham
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010388:Pelvis / Q000473:pathology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software