title: Intravenous pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, dose proportionality and in situ permeability of anti-malarial lumefantrine in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the wide spread use of lumefantrine, there is no study reporting the detailed preclinical pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine. For the development of newer anti-malarial combination(s) and selection of better partner drugs, it is long felt need to understand the detailed preclinical pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in preclinical experimental animal species. The focus of present study is to report bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, dose linearity and permeability of lumefantrine in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single dose of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg of lumefantrine was given orally to male rats (N = 5 per dose level) to evaluate dose proportionality. In another study, a single intravenous bolus dose of lumefantrine was given to rats (N = 4) at 0.5 mg/kg dose following administration through the lateral tail vein in order to obtain the absolute oral bioavailability and clearance parameters. Blood samples were drawn at predetermined intervals and the concentration of lumefantrine and its metabolite desbutyl-lumefantrine in plasma were determined by partially validated LC-MS/MS method. In-situ permeability study was carried in anaesthetized rats. The concentration of lumefantrine in permeability samples was determined using RP-HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For nominal doses increasing in a 1:2:4 proportion, the C(max) and AUC(0-∞) values increased in the proportions of 1:0.6:1.5 and 1:0.8:1.8, respectively. For lumefantrine nominal doses increasing in a 1:2:4 proportion, the C(max) and the AUC(0-t) values for desbutyl-lumefantrine increased in the proportions of 1:1.45:2.57 and 1:1.08:1.87, respectively. After intravenous administration the clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution (Vd) of lumefantrine in rats were 0.03 (± 0.02) L/h/kg and 2.40 (± 0.67) L/kg, respectively. Absolute oral bioavailability of lumefantrine across the tested doses ranged between 4.97% and 11.98%. Lumefantrine showed high permeability (4.37 × 10(-5) cm/s) in permeability study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetic parameters of lumefantrine and its metabolite desbutyl-lumefantrine were successfully determined in rats for the first time. Lumefantrine displayed similar pharmacokinetics in the rat as in humans, with multiphasic disposition, low clearance, and a large volume of distribution resulting in a long terminal elimination half-life. The absolute oral bioavailability of lumefantrine was found to be dose dependent. Lumefantrine displayed high permeability in the in-situ permeability study.
authors: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India. wahajuddin@gmail.com
authors: Wahajuddin
authors: Sheelendra P
authors: SP
authors: Singh
authors: Kanumuri S R
authors: KS
authors: Raju
authors: Asad
authors: A
authors: Nafis
authors: Sunil K
authors: SK
authors: Puri
authors: Girish K
authors: GK
authors: Jain
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D000078102:Lumefantrine; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D000078102:Lumefantrine