title: Perspectives on intraoperative teaching: divergence and convergence between learner and teacher.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While current emphases on operative teaching focus on "virtual" education, residents and faculty engage most intimately in the operating room. The utilization of intraoperative teaching techniques, drawn from adult education principles, is understudied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey with both quantitative and qualitative elements was administered to surgical residents and their faculty. Thirty-eight analogous questions regarding teaching techniques, populating four general domains, were rated for frequency of application. Respondents were asked to rank best teaching practices and identify other effective educational approaches using open-ended questions.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based general surgical residency (5 institutions).
  
  
  METHODS
  General surgical residents and their faculty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  46 residents (77%) and 37 faculty (63%; mean 17 yrs experience) completed the survey. There was significant disagreement between residents and faculty in how frequently 32 of the 38 teaching techniques were applied (all p < 0.032). Faculty rated the technique "I set and communicate high standards" as the most frequently applied strategy, while residents rated "The faculty demonstrate technical consistency" the highest. The least employed approach, acknowledged by both groups, was "The faculty ask how they might improve their teaching." There were few differences between perceptions and preferences of junior vs. senior learners, and junior vs. senior faculty. Resident and faculty appreciation of most-effective teaching approaches was similar. Qualitative analysis of the open-ended questions yielded themes which resonate with both learners and teachers: communication processes, time pressures, optimization of the work/teaching environment, teacher engagement, patience/tolerance, autonomy, feedback, learner preparedness, and patient advocacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perceptions of residents and faculty regarding the frequency of using effective approaches for operative teaching are disparate. While faculty appear to value adult learning principles and perceive that they are employed regularly, residents have a discrepant viewpoint. However, themes that were identified by both residents and faculty through qualitative analysis provide the foundation for educational process improvements.
authors: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Charles.Vollmer@uphs.upenn.edu
authors: Charles M
authors: CM
authors: Vollmer
authors: Lori R
authors: LR
authors: Newman
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Huang
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Irish
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Hurst
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Horvath
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D007432:Intraoperative Period