title: Image quality of microcalcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis: effects of projection-view distributions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effects of projection-view (PV) distribution on the contrast and spatial blurring of microcalcifications on the tomosynthesized slices (X-Y plane) and along the depth (Z) direction for the same radiation dose in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A GE GEN2 prototype DBT system was used for acquisition of DBT scans. The system acquires PV images from 21 angles in 3° increments over a ±30° range. From these acquired PV images, the authors selected six subsets of PV images to simulate DBT of different angular ranges and angular increments. The number of PV images in each subset was fixed at 11 to simulate a constant total dose. These different PV distributions were subjectively divided into three categories: uniform group, nonuniform central group, and nonuniform extreme group with different angular ranges and angular increments. The simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) was applied to each subset to reconstruct the DBT slices. A selective diffusion regularization method was employed to suppress noise. The image quality of microcalcifications in the reconstructed DBTs with different PV distributions was compared using the DBT scans of an American College of Radiology phantom and three human subjects. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the line profiles of microcalcifications within their in-focus DBT slices (parallel to detector plane) and the FWHMs of the interplane artifact spread function (ASF) in the Z-direction (perpendicular to detector plane) were used as image quality measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that DBT acquired with a large angular range or, for an equal angular range,with a large fraction of PVs at large angles yielded superior ASF with smaller FWHM in the Z-direction. PV distributions with a narrow angular range or a large fraction of PVs at small angles had stronger interplane artifacts. In the X-Y focal planes, the effect of PV distributions on spatial blurring depended on the directions. In the X-direction (perpendicular to the chestwall), the normalized line profiles of the calcifications reconstructed with the different PV distributions were similar in terms of FWHM; the differences in the FWHMs between the different PV distributions were less than half a pixel. In the Y-direction (x-ray source motion), the normalized line profiles of the calcifications reconstructed with PVs acquired with a narrow angular range or a large fraction of PVs at small angles had smaller FWHMs and thus less blurring of the line profiles. In addition, PV distributions with a narrow angular range or a large fraction of PVs at small angles yielded slightly higher CNR than those with a wide angular range for small, subtle microcalcifications; however, PV distributions had no obvious effect on CNR for relatively large microcalcifications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PV distributions affect the image quality of DBT. The relative importance of the impact depends on the characteristics of the signal and the direction (perpendicular or parallel) relative to the direction of x-ray source motion. For a given number of PVs, the angular range and the distribution of the PVs affect the degree of in-plane and interplane blurring in opposite ways. The design of the scan parameters of tomosynthesis systems would require proper consideration of the characteristics of the signals of interest and the potential trade-off of the image quality of different types of signals.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5842, USA. yaol@med.umich.edu
authors: Yao
authors: Y
authors: Lu
authors: Heang-Ping
authors: HP
authors: Chan
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Wei
authors: Mitch
authors: M
authors: Goodsitt
authors: Paul L
authors: PL
authors: Carson
authors: Lubomir
authors: L
authors: Hadjiiski
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Schmitz
authors: Jeffrey W
authors: JW
authors: Eberhard
authors: Bernhard E H
authors: BE
authors: Claus
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002114:Calcinosis; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D011871:Radiology / Q000379:methods; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014965:X-Rays