title: Development of a 96-well catheter-based microdilution method to test antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida biofilms, which are often associated with device-related infections, including catheter-related bloodstream infections, are resistant to commonly used antifungal agents. Current microtitre (96-well) plate-based methods to determine the antifungal susceptibility of these biofilms do not involve clinically relevant substrates (e.g. catheters), and are not well suited for evaluating the surface topography and three-dimensional architecture of biofilms. We describe a simple, reproducible catheter-based microtitre plate method to form biofilms and evaluate their antifungal susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilms were formed by Candida species on 5 mm catheter discs placed in microtitre plates and quantified using metabolic conversion of a formazan dye (XTT). The morphology, surface topography and three-dimensional architecture of these biofilms were evaluated by fluorescence, confocal scanning laser and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The optimized XTT method was used to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of formed Candida biofilms to fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and anidulafungin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum XTT activity was achieved within 90 min. All tested Candida strains formed robust biofilms on catheter discs at both 24 and 48 h (P = 0.66). Biofilms exhibited typical gross morphology, surface topography and architecture, and no difference in biofilm thickness (P = 0.37). The three tested azoles were not active against the biofilms (MIC ≥ 64 mg/L), but anidulafungin possessed potent activity against them (MIC = 0.063-0.125 mg/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed method is simple, rapid and reproducible, and requires relatively small amounts of drug. It can be used to perform both high-resolution microscopic analysis of the topography and architecture of biofilms, and evaluation of their antifungal susceptibility.
authors: Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA.
authors: Emeka I
authors: EI
authors: Nweze
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Ghannoum
authors: Jyotsna
authors: J
authors: Chandra
authors: Mahmoud A
authors: MA
authors: Ghannoum
authors: Pranab K
authors: PK
authors: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D057785:Catheters / Q000382:microbiology*; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C059087:2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide