title: Long-term dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis and inflammation via effects on monocyte recruitment and chemotaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are increasingly used to accomplish glycemic targets in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Because DPP-4 is expressed in inflammatory cells, we hypothesized that its inhibition will exert favorable effects in atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male LDLR(-/-) mice (6 weeks) were fed a high-fat diet or normal chow diet for 4 weeks and then randomized to vehicle or alogliptin, a high-affinity DPP-4 inhibitor (40 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)), for 12 weeks. Metabolic parameters, blood pressure, vascular function, atherosclerosis burden, and indexes of inflammation were obtained in target tissues, including the vasculature, adipose, and bone marrow, with assessment of global and cell-specific inflammatory pathways. In vitro and in vivo assays of DPP-4 inhibition (DPP-4i) on monocyte activation/migration were conducted in both human and murine cells and in a short-term ApoE(-/-) mouse model. DPP-4i improved markers of insulin resistance and reduced blood pressure. DPP-4i reduced visceral adipose tissue macrophage content (adipose tissue macrophages; CD11b(+), CD11c(+), Ly6C(hi)) concomitant with upregulation of CD163. DPP-4 was highly expressed in bone marrow-derived CD11b(+) cells, with DPP-4i downregulating proinflammatory genes in these cells. DPP-4i decreased aortic plaque with a striking reduction in plaque macrophages. DPP-4i prevented monocyte migration and actin polymerization in in vitro assays via Rac-dependent mechanisms and prevented in vivo migration of labeled monocytes to the aorta in response to exogenous tumor necrosis factor-α and DPP-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPP-4i exerts antiatherosclerotic effects and reduces inflammation via inhibition of monocyte activation/chemotaxis. These findings have important implications for the use of this class of drugs in atherosclerosis.
authors: Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. sanjay.rajagopalan@osumc.edu
authors: Zubair
authors: Z
authors: Shah
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Kampfrath
authors: Jeffrey A
authors: JA
authors: Deiuliis
authors: Jixin
authors: J
authors: Zhong
authors: Colleen
authors: C
authors: Pineda
authors: Zhekang
authors: Z
authors: Ying
authors: Xiaohua
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Lu
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Moffatt-Bruce
authors: Rekha
authors: R
authors: Durairaj
authors: Qinghua
authors: Q
authors: Sun
authors: Georgeta
authors: G
authors: Mihai
authors: Andrei
authors: A
authors: Maiseyeu
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Rajagopalan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008660:Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009000:Monocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D010880:Piperidines; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D014498:Uracil; D005947:Glucose; C520853:alogliptin