title: Microneedle assisted iontophoretic transdermal delivery of prochlorperazine edisylate.
abstract: This paper investigates the microneedle (MN) mediated in vitro transdermal iontophoretic delivery of prochlorperazine edisylate (PE) across dermatomed human skin. The Dermaroller™ induced microchannels were visualized using methylene blue staining and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro skin permeation studies were performed using vertical static Franz diffusion cells. Iontophoretic protocols involved application of direct current at a density of 0.4 mA/cm(2) using Ag as an anode and Ag/AgCl as a cathode. The effect of PE concentration (20, 50 and 100 mg/mL), number of passes of microneedles (0, 5, 10 and 20) on both iontophoretic and passive delivery of PE was studied. The Dermarollertm was found to successfully breach the skin barrier and a linear relationship (r(2) = 0.99) was observed between the number of passes of the Dermaroller™ and the number of microchannels created. Passive transdermal flux of PE (0.060 ± 0.003 µg/cm(2)/h) at 50 mg/mL donor PE concentration) was low and increased (4.15 ± 0.57 µg/cm(2)/h) with the application of direct current. Application of iontophoresis in conjunction with microneedle pre-treatment resulted in enhanced flux (4.90 ± 0.39 µg/cm(2)/h at 50 mg/mL donor PE concentration) of PE. The projected transdermal PE flux indicates that a 9 cm(2) patch could deliver PE in a sufficient amount to maintain therapeutic levels of the drug. In conclusion, microneedles when used in conjunction with iontophoresis significantly enhanced the transdermal delivery of PE and it may be feasible to develop an iontophoretic transdermal patch that could be integrated with MN.
authors: California Northstate College of Pharmacy, Rancho Cordova, USA.
authors: Chandra Sekhar
authors: CS
authors: Kolli
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Xiao
authors: Daniel L
authors: DL
authors: Parsons
authors: R Jayachandra
authors: RJ
authors: Babu
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000378:metabolism; D009339:Needles; D011346:Prochlorperazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D008751:Methylene Blue; D011346:Prochlorperazine