title: Genotyping non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Latin America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frequency of mutations in EGFR and KRAS in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is different between ethnic groups; however, there is no information in Latin-American population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1150 biopsies of NSCLC patients from Latin America (Argentina, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico) were used extracting genomic DNA to perform direct sequencing of EGFR gene (exons 18 and 21) and KRAS gene in 650 samples. In Mexico, Scorpions ARMS was also used to obtain a genetic profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report the frequency of mutations in EGFR and KRAS genes in four Latin-American countries (n = 1150). Frequency of EGFR mutations in NSCLC was 33.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.5-35.9) (Argentina 19.3%, Colombia 24.8%, Mexico 31.2%, and Peru 67%). The frequency of KRAS mutations was 16.6% (95% CI 13.8-19.4). EGFR mutations were independently associated with adenocarcinoma histology, older age, nonsmokers, and absence of KRAS mutations. Overall response rate to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutated patients (n = 56) was 62.5% (95% CI 50-75) with a median overall survival of 16.5 months (95% CI 12.4-20.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the frequency of EGFR mutations in Latin America lies between that of Asian and Caucasian populations and therefore support the genetic heterogeneity of NSCLC around the world.
authors: Thoracic Oncology Clinical and Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México, México D.F., México. slaurie@toh.on.ca
authors: Oscar
authors: O
authors: Arrieta
authors: Andrés Felipe
authors: AF
authors: Cardona
authors: Guillermo
authors: G
authors: Federico Bramuglia
authors: Aly
authors: A
authors: Gallo
authors: Alma D
authors: AD
authors: Campos-Parra
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Serrano
authors: Marcelo
authors: M
authors: Castro
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Avilés
authors: Edgar
authors: E
authors: Amorin
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Kirchuk
authors: Mauricio
authors: M
authors: Cuello
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Borbolla
authors: Omar
authors: O
authors: Riemersma
authors: Henry
authors: H
authors: Becerra
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Rosell
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D044465:White People; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins