title: The development and validation of a scale assessing individual schemas used in classifying a smoker: implications for research and practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Half of college students who have smoked in the past month do not consider themselves smokers. Understanding one's schema of smokers is important, as it might relate to smoking behavior. Thus, we aimed to develop a scale assessing how young adults classify smokers and establish reliability and validity of the scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 24,055 students at six Southeast colleges recruited to complete an online survey, 4,840 (20.1%) responded, with complete smoking and scale development data from 3,863.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Classifying a Smoker Scale consisted of 10 items derived from prior research. Factor analysis extracted a single factor accounting for 40.00% of score variance (eigenvalue = 5.52). Higher scores (range 10-70) indicate stricter criteria in classifying a smoker. The scale yielded a Cronbach's alpha of .91. Current smoking (past 30-day) prevalence was 22.8%. Higher Classifying a Smoker Scale scores (p = .001) were significant predictors of current smoking, controlling for sociodemographics. Higher scores were related to being nondaily versus daily smokers (p = .009), readiness to quit in the next month (p = .04), greater perceived smoking prevalence (p = .007), not identifying as smokers (p < .001), less perceived harm of smoking (p < .001), greater concern about smoking health risks (p = .01), and less favorable attitudes toward smoking restrictions (p < .001). Among current smokers, higher scores were related to greater smoking frequency (p = .02), not identifying as smokers (p < .001), and less perceived harm of smoking (p < .001), controlling for sociodemographics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This scale, demonstrating good psychometric properties, highlights potential intervention targets for prevention and cessation, as it relates to smoking, risk perception, and interest in quitting.
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Northeast, Room 524, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. cjberg@emory.edu
authors: Carla J
authors: CJ
authors: Berg
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Nehl
authors: Kymberle
authors: K
authors: Sterling
authors: Taneisha
authors: T
authors: Buchanan
authors: Shana
authors: S
authors: Narula
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Sutfin
authors: Jasjit S
authors: JS
authors: Ahluwalia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007062:Identification, Psychological; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D013334:Students / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult