title: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and large artery structure and function in young subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), indices of large artery stiffness and measures of endothelium function may be used as markers of early atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of the present study was to compare the indices of large artery structure and function as well as endothelial function and regenerating capacity between adolescents with T1DM and healthy control of similar age. In addition, the associations of different vascular measures with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), glyco-metabolic control and serum levels of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), soluble receptors for AGEs (sRAGE) and adiponectin were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen uncomplicated young T1DM patients (mean age 18 ± 2 years, history of disease 11 ± 5 years, HbA1c 7.7 ± 1.1%) and 26 controls (mean age 19 ± 2 years) were studied. A radiofrequency-based ultrasound system (Esaote MyLab 70) was used to measure carotid IMT and wave speed (WS, index of local stiffness), applanation tonometry (PulsePen) was applied to obtain central pulse pressure (PP) and augmentation index (AIx), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV, Complior) was used as index of aortic stiffness. Peripheral endothelium-dependent vasodilation was determined as reactive hyperemia index (RHI, EndoPAT). Circulating EPCs, glycometabolic profile, AGEs (autofluorescence method), sRAGE and adiponectin were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, sex and blood pressure, T1DM adolescents had significantly higher carotid IMT (456 ± 7 vs. 395 ± 63 μm, p < 0.005), carotid WS (p < 0.005), PWV (p = 0.01), AIx (p < 0.0001) and central PP (p < 0.01) and lower EPCs (p = 0.02) as compared to controls. RHI was reduced only in diabetic patients with HbA1c ≥7.5% (p < 0.05). In the overall population, EPCs were an independent determinant of carotid IMT (together with adiponectin), while fasting plasma glucose was an independent determinant of carotid WS, AIx and central PP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that young subjects with relatively long-lasting T1DM have a generalized preclinical involvement of large artery structure and function, as well as a blunted endothelium regenerating capacity. Hyperglycemia and suboptimal chronic glycemic control seem to deteriorate the functional arterial characteristics, such as large arteries stiffness, wave reflection and peripheral endothelium-dependent vasodilation, whereas an impaired endothelium regenerating capacity and adiponectin levels seem to influence arterial structure.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, Pisa, 56 124, Italy. carlo.palombo@med.unipi.it
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Palombo
authors: Michaela
authors: M
authors: Kozakova
authors: Carmela
authors: C
authors: Morizzo
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Gnesi
authors: Maria Chiara
authors: MC
authors: Barsotti
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Spontoni
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Massart
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Salvi
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Balbarini
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Saggese
authors: Rossella
authors: R
authors: Di Stefano
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Federico
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult