title: Long-term cognitive dysfunction in patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognition had recently been suggested as a supplement to traditional measures of neurological outcome. However, no data were available in the literature on long-term cognitive outcomes in patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the long-term cognitive profiles of patients with tSAH who had returned to the community, and the risk factors associated with this event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with tSAH were contacted to obtain their consent to participate in the study of cognitive profiles and outcome. Forty-seven (42%) of 111 eligible patients completed all the assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time from ictus to assessment ranged from 3 to 5 years. No difference in patient characteristics was observed between those who participated and those who did not. In patients with tSAH who had returned to the community, domain deficits and cognitive impairment were correlated with the extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOS-E), and were predicted by age and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on admission. The accuracies of classifications were 79% and 81%, respectively. The number of domain deficits was also correlated with GOS-E, and was predicted by age, GCS on admission, and the extent of tSAH, with a total R (2) value of 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term cognitive dysfunction is common after tSAH. In addition to GCS on admission and follow-up GOS-E, the extent of tSAH is an independent risk factor for the number of cognitive domain deficits that occur.
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China. georgewong@surgery.cuhk.edu.hk
authors: George Kwok Chu
authors: GK
authors: Wong
authors: Karine
authors: K
authors: Ngai
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: Wong
authors: Sandy Wai
authors: SW
authors: Lam
authors: Vincent C T
authors: VC
authors: Mok
authors: Janice
authors: J
authors: Yeung
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Rainer
authors: Rosanna
authors: R
authors: Wong
authors: Wai Sang
authors: WS
authors: Poon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D020206:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013995:Time