title: The emerging role of smoking in the development of pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking has been linked to many diseases, including pancreatic cancer and more recently, pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches of primarily PubMed from 1990 to August 2011 were conducted and only articles published in English were reviewed. Original articles and reviews were selected based on screening of article abstracts and their relevance to tobacco smoking, its components, nicotine and its metabolites, and their effects particularly on the pancreas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking may affect the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis or its progression. Smoking may also affect the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. Its effects in pancreatitis appear to be dose dependent and its effects may be alcohol independent but synergize with alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific constituents of cigarette smoke, including nicotine and its metabolites, could mediate effects on the pancreas.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA.
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Alexandre
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Pandol
authors: Fred S
authors: FS
authors: Gorelick
authors: Edwin C
authors: EC
authors: Thrower
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology*; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine