title: Is mild renal dysfunction a risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis in apparently healthy adults?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal dysfunction may be related to cerebrovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between mild renal dysfunction and carotid artery atherosclerosis detected by ultrasonography in apparently healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,106 persons (1,368 men and 738 women, mean age+/-S.D.: 56 +/- 10 years) with no history of stroke were enrolled. Kidney function was evaluated in terms of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated by using the relationship 194Cr(-1.094)×Age(-0.287)×0.739 (if female), where Cr is serum creatinine concentration. Atherosclerosis on ultrasonography was defined as regional intimal thickening or nodular lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atherosclerotic lesions were significantly more frequent in subjects with CKD stage 3 than in CKD stage 1 or 2 (p<0.001). Odds ratios for atherosclerotic lesions were significantly increased to 1.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.12, p<0.001) for increasing age, 1.66 (1.31-2.10, p<0.001) for male sex, 1.76 (1.43-2.16, p<0.001) for systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg, 1.61 (1.28-2.01, p<0.001) for LDL-cholesterol ≥140 mg/dL, and 1.59 (1.23-2.05, p=0.003) for smoking habit versus no risk factor. The odds ratio of CKD stage 3 for ≥50% carotid artery stenosis was significantly increased to 3.47 (1.09-11.08, p=0.035), although CKD stage 2 and stage 3 were not significant (0.77, 95% CI: 0.59-1.01, p=0.068; 0.99, 95%CI: 0.67-1.46, p=0.981, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal dysfunction defined in terms of eGFR might be associated with early-stage carotid atherosclerosis, but traditional vascular risk factors, including increasing age or hypertension, appear to play a major role.
authors: Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, HIMEDIC Imaging Center at Lake Yamanaka, Japan. kawasi29@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp
authors: Wakoh
authors: W
authors: Takahashi
authors: Yuuko
authors: Y
authors: Tsukamoto
authors: Tomohide
authors: T
authors: Ohnuki
authors: Shunya
authors: S
authors: Takizawa
authors: Shiaki
authors: S
authors: Kawada
authors: Shigeharu
authors: S
authors: Takagi
mesh_terms: D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index