title: Continuous epileptiform discharges in patients treated with cefepime or meropenem.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that treatment with cefepime hydrochloride leads to higher incidence of periodic epileptiform discharges compared with treatment with other β-lactams.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from hospital pharmacy databases of patients treated with cefepime or meropenem during a 42-month period (from January 1, 2007, through June 30, 2010) were retrospectively crossed with data from the electroencephalography database for the same period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent electroencephalographic testing while taking cefepime or meropenem were selected. Only electroencephalographic tests performed during the antibiotic treatment period were considered. Matches were compared with nurses' medication records to ensure that the antibiotic considered was effectively given.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportions of patients with continuous epileptiform discharges in the 2 groups were compared using the Fisher exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1120 patients were treated with cefepime and 1572 patients with meropenem. Electroencephalographic testing was performed during treatment in 59 patients treated with cefepime and 80 treated with meropenem (5.26% vs 5.08%, P = .85). Continuous epileptiform discharges were present in 14 patients in the cefepime group and 3 in the meropenem group (1.25% vs 0.19%, P < .001). Blood creatinine concentration was elevated in 5 of the 17 patients (range, 1.5-4.2 mg/dL; reference range, 0.7-1.2 mg/dL), and liver enzyme levels were elevated in 5 patients. No patient had major electrolyte disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed a prevalence of electroencephalographic test results with continuous epileptiform discharges in 14 of 1120 patients receiving cefepime (1.25%) but only 3 of 1572 patients receiving meropenem (0.19%). Contrary to the results of previous case series, these electroencephalographic patterns occurred, in most cases, in patients with normal renal function. These results suggest that cefepime may be an independent risk factor for periodic epileptiform discharges, which are associated with worse outcomes. This finding could provide a partial explanation for the higher mortality rates reported in patients treated with cefepime compared with other β-lactams.
authors: Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. gillesnaeije@yahoo.com
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Naeije
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Lorent
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: Vincent
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Legros
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D001530:Belgium; D000077723:Cefepime; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077731:Meropenem; D008875:Middle Aged; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013845:Thienamycins / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D013845:Thienamycins; D000077723:Cefepime; D000077731:Meropenem