title: Long-term behavioural consequences of infant feeding: the limits of observational studies.
abstract: Observational (non-experimental) studies of the association between infant feeding and subsequent child or adult behaviour are prone to residual confounding by subtle differences in psychological attributes and interactional styles of mothers who breast feed vs. those who formula-feed. We followed up 13,889 6.5-year-old Belarusian children who participated in a large cluster-randomised trial of a breast-feeding promotion intervention. Behaviour was evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), completed independently by the children's parents and teachers. We compared the results of experimental (intention-to-treat, ITT) and observational analyses (based on feeding actually received), both adjusted for clustering. Observational analyses were additionally adjusted for geographical region, urban vs. rural residence, child's sex, age at follow-up, birthweight, and maternal and paternal education. No differences between the randomised experimental vs. control groups were observed in ITT analyses. In contrast, small but statistically significant associations with weaning prior to 3 months were observed for parent and teacher SDQ scores on total difficulties, conduct problems and hyperactivity, even after multivariable adjustment. The absence of associations based on ITT analyses, in contrast with the significant associations based on observed breast-feeding duration, strongly suggests that the latter are biased by residual confounding.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Michael S
authors: MS
authors: Kramer
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Fombonne
authors: Lidia
authors: L
authors: Matush
authors: Natalia
authors: N
authors: Bogdanovich
authors: Mourad
authors: M
authors: Dahhou
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Platt
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014886:Weaning