title: [Influence between early maladaptive schemas and depression].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early maladaptive schemas developed during childhood are relatively stable. Once activated, these early maladaptive schemas could influence reality perceptions and create cognitive distortions. Previous studies showed that early maladaptive schemas are linked to depression: early maladaptive schemas could be a risk factor for depression (Young, 2001) and a vulnerability marker for depression (Dozoïs, 2007).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of the present study was to explore the influence of early maladaptive schemas on depression severity among a French adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty-two participants (mean age 29 years; SD=13.86) were enrolled, 66 men (mean age 29 years; SD=13.65) and 106 women (mean age 30; SD=14.07). Participants were invited to complete the Young Schema Questionnaire, short version (YSQ-S1-Young 1994) and the Beck depression Inventory, 2nd version (BDI-II-Beck 1994). Fifty-six participants were randomly selected to complete a paper version of the scales, and 95 participants completed an online electronic version.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two percent of the participants were not depressed, 15% slightly depressed, 17% moderately depressed and 16% met criteria of severe depression. All 15 schemas scores were positively correlated to depression scores. Comparing schema scores and depression severity it can be noted that for severely depressed participants all schema scores were significantly higher, and six of 15 schemas were significantly higher in the case of moderate depression. In addition, three schemas (imperfection, vulnerability, fusional relation) are significantly and positively linked to depression scores, whereas one schema (everything is owed to me) appears to be a significantly negative predictor of associated depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms results of previous research concerning the link between early maladaptive schemas and depression. What is more, the results show that the importance of these schemas increases with depression severity. The most important variation was found on schemas concerning interpersonal relationships like "abandonment" or "social insulation and social exclusion" as well as schemas related to personal competence as for example "failure" or "dependence and incompetence". Further research will be necessary to explore the role of depression as an activator or/and by reinforcing early maladaptive schemas.
authors: Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire Octogone E.A. 4156, centre d'études et de recherche en psychopathologie (CERPP), université de Toulouse II-Le-Mirail, 5, allées Antonio-Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cormier
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Jourda
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Laros
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Walburg
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Callahan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002605:Character; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D009769:Object Attachment; D009862:Online Systems; D010469:Perceptual Distortion; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011936:Reality Testing; D012307:Risk Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D055815:Young Adult