Induction and evasion of type I interferon responses by influenza viruses.
Influenza A and B viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in humans. In addition, influenza A viruses continuously re-emerge from animal reservoirs into humans causing human pandemics every 10-50 years of unpredictable severity. Among the first lines of defense against influenza virus infection, the type I interferon (IFN) response plays a major role. In the last 10 years, there have been major advances in understanding how cells recognize being infected by influenza viruses, leading to secretion of type I IFN, and on the effector mechanisms by how IFN exerts its antiviral activity. In addition, we also now know that influenza virus uses multiple mechanisms to attenuate the type I IFN response, allowing for successful infection of their hosts. This review highlights some of these findings and illustrates future research avenues that might lead to new vaccines and antivirals based on the further understanding of the mechanisms of induction and evasion of type I IFN responses by influenza viruses.
Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. adolfo.garcia-sastre@mssm.edu
Adolfo
A
García-Sastre
D015088:2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; D000090123:Viperin Protein
D015088:2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D007370:Interferon Type I; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D011506:Proteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014452:Ubiquitins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C062010:leu-13 antigen; C074034:ISG15 protein, human; C444427:RSAD2 protein, human; D000090123:Viperin Protein; C452820:RIGI protein, human