Immunotoxicological profile of chloramine in female B6C3F1 mice when administered in the drinking water for 28 days.
Monochloramine has been used to provide a disinfecting residual in water distribution systems where it is difficult to maintain an adequate free-chlorine residual or where disinfection by-product formation is of concern. The goal of this study was to characterize the immunotoxic effects of chloramine in female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice when administered via the drinking water. Mice were exposed to chloramine-containing deionized tap water at 2, 10, 20, 100, or 200 ppm for 28 days. No statistically significant differences in drinking water consumption, body weight, body weight gain, organ weights, or hematological parameters between the exposed and control animals were noted during the experimental period. There were no changes in the percentages and numbers of total B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages in the spleen. Exposure to chloramine did not affect the IgM antibody-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or anti-SRBC IgM antibody production. Minimal effects, judged to be biologically insignificant, were observed in the mixed-leukocyte response and NK activity. In conclusion, chloramine produced no toxicological and immunotoxic effects in female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice when administered for 28 days in the drinking water at concentrations ranging from 2-200 ppm.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Tai L
TL
Guo
Dori R
DR
Germolec
Bradley J
BJ
Collins
Robert W
RW
Luebke
Wimolnut
W
Auttachoat
Matthew J
MJ
Smith
Kimber L
KL
White
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002700:Chloramines / Q000633:toxicity*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D012756:Sheep; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply
D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C030816:chloramine