Re-examining authoritative knowledge in the design and content of a TBA training in India.
Since the 1990s, the TBA training strategy in developing countries has been increasingly seen as ineffective and hence its funding was subsequently reallocated to providing skilled attendants during delivery. The ineffectiveness of training programmes is blamed on TBAs lower literacy, their inability to adapt knowledge from training and certain practices that may cause maternal and infant health problems. However most training impact assessments evaluate post-training TBA practices and do not assess the training strategy. There are serious deficiencies noted in information on TBA training strategy in developing countries. The design and content of the training is vital to the effectiveness of TBA training programmes. We draw on Jordan's concept of 'authoritative knowledge' to assess the extent to which there is a synthesis of both biomedical and locally practiced knowledge in the content and community involvement in the design of TBA a training programme in India.


RESULTS
The implementation of the TBA training programme at the local level overlooks the significance of and need for a baseline study and needs assessment at the local community level from which to build a training programme that is apposite to the local mother's needs and that fits within their 'comfort zone' during an act that, for most, requires a forum in which issues of modesty can be addressed. There was also little scope for the training to be a two way process of learning between the health professionals and the TBAs with hands-on experience and knowledge. The evidence from this study shows that there is an overall 'authority' of biomedical over traditional knowledge in the planning and implementation process of the TBA training programme. Certain vital information was not covered in the training content including advice to delay bathing babies for at least six hours after birth, to refrain from applying oil on the infant, and to wash hands again before directly handling mother or infant. Information on complication management and hypothermia was not adequately covered in the local TBA training programme.


CONCLUSIONS
The suggested improvements include the need to include a baseline study, appropriate selection criteria, improve information in the training manual to increase clarity of meaning, and to encourage beneficial traditional practices through training.
Zentrum für Entwicklung Forschung Centre for Development Research, Bonn, Germany. sheela_saravanan@hotmail.com
Sheela
S
Saravanan
Gavin
G
Turrell
Helen
H
Johnson
Jennifer
J
Fraser
Carla Maree
CM
Patterson
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006700:Home Childbirth / Q000193:education* / Q000451:nursing; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D008518:Medicine, East Asian Traditional / Q000379:methods*; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016387:Women's Health