Apparent temperature and cause-specific mortality in Copenhagen, Denmark: a case-crossover analysis.
Temperature, a key climate change indicator, is expected to increase substantially in the Northern Hemisphere, with potentially grave implications for human health. This study is the first to investigate the association between the daily 3-hour maximum apparent temperature (Tapp(max)), and respiratory, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in Copenhagen (1999-2006) using a case-crossover design. Susceptibility was investigated for age, sex, socio-economic status and place of death. For an inter-quartile range (7 °C) increase in Tapp(max), an inverse association was found with cardiovascular mortality (-7% 95% CI -13%; -1%) and none with respiratory and cerebrovascular mortality. In the cold period all associations were inverse, although insignificant.
Section of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen DK-1014, Denmark. jawic@sund.ku.dk
Janine
J
Wichmann
Zorana Jovanovic
ZJ
Andersen
Matthias
M
Ketzel
Thomas
T
Ellermann
Steffen
S
Loft
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D013696:Temperature; D055815:Young Adult
D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide