Struggling to be self-directed: residents' paradoxical beliefs about learning.
OBJECTIVE
Self-directed learning (SDL) skills serve as the basis for physician lifelong learning; however, residency training does not typically emphasize SDL skills. To understand residents' needs regarding SDL curricula, the authors used qualitative methods to examine the residency learning culture and residents' views of SDL.


METHODS
The authors conducted individual, in-depth, semistructured interviews with all 13 final-year residents at the Brown University Family Medicine Residency Program. Interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Using an iterative individual and group process, four researchers conducted a qualitative analysis of the transcripts, identifying major themes and higher-order interpretations.


RESULTS
Major themes included resident beliefs about learning, the learning culture in residency, and developmental progress in learning. Four paradoxes emerged in the analysis: (1) Residents understand and value the concept of SDL, but they engage in limited goal setting and reflection and report lack of skills to manage their own learning, particularly in the clinical setting. (2) Despite being immersed in what aims to be a learner-centered culture, many residents still value traditional, teacher-centered approaches. (3) Residents recognize patient care as the most powerful stimulus for SDL, but they often perceive patient care and learning as competing priorities. (4) Residents desire external guidance for SDL.


CONCLUSIONS
Graduating residents lacked confidence in their SDL skills and their ability to manage their learning, especially in clinical settings. Fostering SDL skills during residency will likely require training and guidance for SDL as well as changes in the structure and culture of residency.
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Melissa_Nothnagle@brown.edu
Melissa
M
Nothnagle
Gowri
G
Anandarajah
Roberta E
RE
Goldman
Shmuel
S
Reis
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000639:trends*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D020377:Self Efficacy; D014481:United States