Development of the Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale: the TPDS.
BACKGROUND
Pregnant women with high levels of stress, depression and/or anxiety are at increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes and impaired neurologic and emotional development of the offspring. Pregnancy specific instruments to measure psychological functioning during gestation are scarce and do not define items based on in-depth interviews of pregnant and recently delivered women. The current study developed a pregnancy specific scale that measures psychological functioning using in-depth interviews.


METHODS
Three focus groups were formed to discuss issues most relevant to pregnancy distress; 22 candidate items were derived for pilot testing (study I, n = 419) its psychometric properties by means of explorative factor analyses (EFA). This resulted in a 17-item TPDS which was further explored by confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and concurrent and construct validity assessment (study II, n = 454).


RESULTS
EFA in study I suggested a two component solution (negative affect (NA) and partner involvement (PI)). CFA in study II resulted in a higher order model of the NA subscale into three more subscales: NA regarding confinement, delivery and general health. TPDS, EPDS and GAD-7 were all significantly correlated.


CONCLUSIONS
The TPDS constitutes a valid and user friendly instrument to assess pregnancy distress. In addition to its proven ability to pick up pregnancy specific negative affect it also includes an important sub-scale measuring perceived partner involvement.
Department of Medical Health Psychology, University of Tilburg, The Netherlands. V.J.M.Pop@uvt.nl
Victor J M
VJ
Pop
Antoinette M
AM
Pommer
Monica
M
Pop-Purceleanu
Hennie A A
HA
Wijnen
Veerle
V
Bergink
Frans
F
Pouwer
D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult