Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
The recognition and treatment of nonmotor symptoms are increasingly emphasized in the care of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This manuscript will review signs and symptoms localized, generally, to the cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Cortical manifestations include dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and psychosis. Apathy, restlessness (akathisia), and impulse control disorders will be linked as basal ganglia symptoms. Symptoms attributed to the brainstem comprise depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Peripheral nervous system disturbances may lead to orthostatic hypotension, constipation, pain, and sensory disturbances.
Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA. mark.stacy@duke.edu
Mark
M
Stacy
D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*