Oral supplementation with 25(OH)D3 versus vitamin D3: effects on 25(OH)D levels, lower extremity function, blood pressure, and markers of innate immunity.
To test the effect of 25(OH)D(3) (HyD) compared to vitamin D(3) on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25(OH)D), lower extremity function, blood pressure, and markers of innate immunity. Twenty healthy postmenopausal women with an average 25(OH)D level of 13.2 ± 3.9 ng/mL (mean ± SD) and a mean age of 61.5 ± 7.2 years were randomized to either 20 µg of HyD or 20 µg (800 IU) of vitamin D(3) per day in a double-blind manner. We measured on 14 visits over 4 months, 25(OH)D serum levels, blood pressure, and seven markers of innate immunity (eotaxin, interleukin [IL]-8, IL-12, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 kDa [IP-10], monocyte chemotactic protein-1 [MCP-1], macrophage inflammatory protein beta [MIP-1β], and "Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted" [RANTES]). At baseline and at 4 months, a test battery for lower extremity function (knee extensor and flexor strength, timed up and go, repeated sit-to-stand) was assessed. All analyses were adjusted for baseline measurement, age, and body mass index. Mean 25(OH)D levels increased to 69.5 ng/mL in the HyD group. This rise was immediate and sustained. Mean 25(OH)D levels increased to 31.0 ng/mL with a slow increase in the vitamin D(3) group. Women on HyD compared with vitamin D(3) had a 2.8-fold increased odds of maintained or improved lower extremity function (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-6.58), and a 5.7-mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.0002). Both types of vitamin D contributed to a decrease in five out of seven markers of innate immunity, significantly more pronounced with HyD for eotaxin, IL-12, MCP-1, and MIP-1 β. There were no cases of hypercalcemia at any time point. Twenty micrograms (20 µg) of HyD per day resulted in a safe, immediate, and sustained increase in 25(OH)D serum levels in all participants, which may explain its significant benefit on lower extremity function, systolic blood pressure, and innate immune response compared with vitamin D(3).
Centre on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich and Waid City Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. HeikeABischoff@aol.com
Heike Annette
HA
Bischoff-Ferrari
Bess
B
Dawson-Hughes
Elisabeth
E
Stöcklin
Eduard
E
Sidelnikov
Walter Churchill
WC
Willett
John Orav
JO
Edel
Hannes Balthasar
HB
Stähelin
Swen
S
Wolfram
Alexander
A
Jetter
Joseph
J
Schwager
Jana
J
Henschkowski
Arnold
A
von Eckardstein
Andreas
A
Egli
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002112:Calcifediol; D002118:Calcium