Income inequality and health: the role of population size, inequality threshold, period effects and lag effects.
BACKGROUND
Income inequality has been associated with worse health outcomes in several but not all studies. The heterogeneity across studies may be explained by the variations in the size of area or population over which income inequality was evaluated. Moreover, the studies above a certain inequality threshold, conducted more recently, and incorporating a time lag may have stronger associations between income inequality and health. The authors investigated if the strength of the association between income inequality and health was altered by these factors.


METHODS
The authors conducted a multivariate meta-regression analysis using nine multilevel cohort studies on income inequality and mortality and 14 multilevel cross-sectional studies on income inequality and self-rated health.


RESULTS
Among cross-sectional studies, studies evaluating country-level inequality (average population>24 million) were more likely to show a stronger association between income inequality and poor health compared with those evaluating income inequality within small average populations (<820 000). There were no significant differences in the effect size of inequality-health association relating to the differences in the population size within a country across which income inequality was evaluated in both cross-sectional and cohort studies. The authors found that the threshold effects, period effects and lag effects were independent of the population size.


CONCLUSIONS
Income inequality at the country level may have stronger adverse contextual effects on health than inequality in smaller areas, perhaps by best reflecting social stratification in a society. Furthermore, we found that threshold, period and lag effects were independent of area unit for evaluating inequality, which may have important policy implications.
Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicineand Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan. nkondo@yamanashi.ac.jp
Naoki
N
Kondo
Rob M
RM
van Dam
Grace
G
Sembajwe
S V
SV
Subramanian
Ichiro
I
Kawachi
Zentaro
Z
Yamagata
D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019049:Developed Countries; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D011156:Population Density; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012923:Social Class