Chemokines as markers of local inflammation and angiogenesis in patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a prospective study.
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to investigate the chemokines CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 as markers of the inflammatory responses in chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH).


METHODS
Samples of peripheral venous blood and CSDH fluid (obtained during surgery) in 76 adult patients were prospectively analyzed. Chemokine values were assessed by a Multiplex antibody bead kit.


RESULTS
We found significantly higher levels of chemokines CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in hematoma fluid compared with serum.


CONCLUSIONS
Chemokines are elevated in the hematoma cavity of patients with CSDH. It is likely that these signaling modulators play an important role in promoting local inflammation. Furthermore, biological activity of CCL2 and CXCL8 may promote neovascularization within the outer CSDH membrane, and a compensatory angiostatic activity of CXCL9 and CXCL10 may contribute to repairing this disorder. This phenomenon was restricted to the hematoma site, and the systemic chemokine levels might not reflect local immune responses.
Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Norway. mstanisi@ous-hf.no
Milo
M
Stanisic
Staale Petter
SP
Lyngstadaas
Are Hugo
AH
Pripp
Ansgar Oddne
AO
Aasen
Karl-Fredrik
KF
Lindegaard
Jugoslav
J
Ivanovic
Eivind
E
Ilstad
Ane
A
Konglund
Tiril
T
Sandell
Omar
O
Ellingsen
Terje
T
Saehle
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood*; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D020200:Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8