Etiology and epidemiological analysis of glaucoma-filtering bleb infections in a tertiary eye care hospital in South India.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the microbial etiology and associated risk factors among patients with blebitis following trabeculectomy.


METHODS
A retrospective analysis of all culture-proven blebitis was performed in patients who underwent trabeculectomy between January 2004 and December 2008. A standardized form was filled out for each patient, documenting sociodemographic features and information pertaining to risk factors. Swabbing of the infected bleb surface was performed for all suspected cases and further subjected to microbiological analysis.


RESULTS
A total of 23 patients with culture-proven blebitis were treated during the study period, with a mean age of 59.2 years (59.2 ± SD: 12.8; range, 30-81 years). Duration of onset was early (≤ 36 months) in six (26%) cases and late (> 36 months) in 17 (74%) cases with a range between 15 and 144 months (mean, 82.91 months; SD: 41.89). All 23 blebs were located superiorly and of which, 21 (91%) were microcystic avascular, 1 (4%) diffuse avascular, and 1 (4%) vascular flattened. The predominant risk factor identified was bleb leak (35%; 8 of 23) followed by thin bleb (22%; 5 of 23) and blepharitis (17%; 4 of 23). Bleb leaks (100%) were recorded only in patients with late onset (≥ 9 years) of infection (P< 0.001), while the incidence of ocular surface disease (100%) occurred early (≤ 3 years) (P< 0.001). Use of topical steroids was associated frequently with cases of thin blebs (80%; 4 of 5) (P< 0.001), while topical antibiotics showed bleb leaks (88%; 7 of 8) (P< 0.001). Coagulase-positive staphylococci were frequently recovered from blebitis with thin blebs (71%; 5 of 7) (P = 0.001), Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) with bleb leak (100%; 8 of 8) (P< 0.001), Corynebacterium with blepharitis (100%; 3 of 3) (P = 0.001), and Streptococci with releasable sutures (75%; 3 of 4) (P = 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Bleb leak is the principal risk factor responsible for late-onset blebitis, while early-onset blebitis could be ascribed to ocular surface diseases. Streptococci were mainly responsible for early onset of infection, while the late onset was due to CoNS.
Aravind-Zeiss Centre of Excellence in Glaucoma, Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu - 627 001, India. drrk@tvl.aravind.org
R
R
Ramakrishnan
M Jayahar
MJ
Bharathi
Devendra
D
Maheshwari
P M T
PM
Mohideen
Mona
M
Khurana
C
C
Shivakumar
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001768:Blister / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014130:Trabeculectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*