On cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash.
METHODS
Narrative review.


OBJECTIVE
To summarize the evidence that implicates the cervical zygapophysial joints as the leading source of chronic neck pain after whiplash.


BACKGROUND
Reputedly a patho-anatomic basis for neck pain after whiplash has been elusive. However, studies conducted in a variety of disparate disciplines indicate that this is not necessarily the case.


METHODS
Data were retrieved from studies that addressed the postmortem features and biomechanics of injury to the cervical zygapophysial joints, and from clinical studies of the diagnosis and treatment of zygapophysial joint pain, to illustrate convergent validity.


RESULTS
Postmortem studies show that a spectrum of injuries can befall the zygapophysial joints in motor vehicle accidents. Biomechanics studies of normal volunteers and of cadavers reveal the mechanisms by which such injuries can be sustained. Studies in cadavers and in laboratory animals have produced these injuries.Clinical studies have shown that zygapophysial joint pain is very common among patients with chronic neck pain after whiplash, and that this pain can be successfully eliminated by radiofrequency neurotomy.


CONCLUSIONS
The fact that multiple lines of evidence, using independent techniques, consistently implicate the cervical zygapophysial joints as a site of injury and source of pain, strongly implicates injury to these joints as a common basis for chronic neck pain after whiplash.
Department of Clinical Research, Newcastle Bone and Joint Institute, University of Newcastle, Royal Newcastle Centre, Newcastle, Australia. vicki.caesar@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au
Nikolai
N
Bogduk
D000818:Animals; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*