Electrocardiographic estimates of regional action potential durations and repolarization time subintervals reveal ischemia-induced abnormalities in acute coronary syndrome not evident from global QT.
We evaluated electrocardiogram estimates of repolarization times (RTs) and action potential durations (APD) separately for initial and terminal repolarization periods in a reference group of 5376 healthy men and women and in 125 acute coronary syndrome patients with and 657 without diagnostic ST elevation (ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] and non-STEMI [NSTEMI], respectively). Two key covariates in the model are the rate-adjusted QT peak interval (QT(pa)), assigned to earliest epicardial RT (RT(epi)), and (T(p)-T(xd)), the rate-invariant interval from T(p) to the inflection point (T(xd)) at T wave downstroke. (T(p)-T(xd)) defines the crossmural RT gradient (XMRT(grad)). Transmural RT(grad) (TMRT(grad)) is obtained as CosΘ(R(max)|T(max))*XMRT(grad), where Θ is the spatial angle between the maximal QRS and T vectors. Derived endocardial variables are the XMRT(endo), equal to QT(pa) + XMRT(grad) and TMRT(endo), equal to QT(pa) + TMRT(grad). Noting that excitation time (ET) and RT define APD, APD(epi) = RT(epi) - QR(p) in V6 and TMAPD(endo) = TMRT(endo)--10 milliseconds. Compared to the reference group, the estimates for APD(epi) and TMAPD(endo) were shortened in STEMI by 20 and 31 milliseconds, respectively, (p < 0.001 for both) signifying transmural ischemia. In contrast, in NSTEMI, TMAPD(endo) was shortened by 28 milliseconds (P < 0.001) with a lesser, 5 millisecond shortening of APD(epi), signifying subendocardial ischemia. QT was prolonged by 6 milliseconds in STEMI (P < 0.05) and by 8 milliseconds in NSTEMI (P < 0.001). Prolonged QT with shortened APD(epi) suggests that prolonged repolarization in terminal possibly non-ischemic regions accounts for QT prolongation in both myocardial infarction groups. These substantial differences in ischemia-induced regional manifestations of repolarization abnormalities revealed by the repolarization model were not evident from evaluation of the global QT.
Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. pentti.rautaharju@gmail.com
Pentti M
PM
Rautaharju
Richard E
RE
Gregg
Sophia H
SH
Zhou
Ron H
RH
Startt-Selvester
D000200:Action Potentials; D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors