The effect of 6 and 15 MV on intensity-modulated radiation therapy prostate cancer treatment: plan evaluation, tumour control probability and normal tissue complication probability analysis, and the theoretical risk of secondary induced malignancies.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 and 15-MV photon energies on intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) prostate cancer treatment plan outcome and to compare the theoretical risks of secondary induced malignancies.


METHODS
Separate prostate cancer IMRT plans were prepared for 6 and 15-MV beams. Organ-equivalent doses were obtained through thermoluminescent dosemeter measurements in an anthropomorphic Aldersen radiation therapy human phantom. The neutron dose contribution at 15 MV was measured using polyallyl-diglycol-carbonate neutron track etch detectors. Risk coefficients from the International Commission on Radiological Protection Report 103 were used to compare the risk of fatal secondary induced malignancies in out-of-field organs and tissues for 6 and 15 MV. For the bladder and the rectum, a comparative evaluation of the risk using three separate models was carried out. Dose-volume parameters for the rectum, bladder and prostate planning target volume were evaluated, as well as normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and tumour control probability calculations.


RESULTS
There is a small increased theoretical risk of developing a fatal cancer from 6 MV compared with 15 MV, taking into account all the organs. Dose-volume parameters for the rectum and bladder show that 15 MV results in better volume sparing in the regions below 70 Gy, but the volume exposed increases slightly beyond this in comparison with 6 MV, resulting in a higher NTCP for the rectum of 3.6% vs 3.0% (p=0.166).


CONCLUSIONS
The choice to treat using IMRT at 15 MV should not be excluded, but should be based on risk vs benefit while considering the age and life expectancy of the patient together with the relative risk of radiation-induced cancer and NTCPs.
Department of Medical Physics, St Luke's Cancer Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK. m.hussein@nhs.net
M
M
Hussein
S
S
Aldridge
T
T
Guerrero Urbano
A
A
Nisbet
D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011336:Probability; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology