Increased expression of VEGF, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-17 in a rabbit model of gastric content-induced middle ear inflammation.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the histopathological changes and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible NO-synthase (iNOS), endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-17 in the rabbit middle ear mucosa after direct gastric content exposure.


METHODS
Exploratory controlled study in which histological and immunochemical features were studied after gastric content-induced inflammation was established in rabbits. Sixteen healthy rabbits were divided into two equal groups. Gastric contents of an animal were injected into the middle ear of the same animal for 20 days. Saline was injected into the middle ear of the animals in the control group. The rabbits were humanely killed on day 27. Inflammation was assayed by light microscopy. Immunochemical staining was performed for VEGF, iNOS, eNOS, IL-1β, and IL-17 expression. Experimental and control animals were examined using the same protocol.


RESULTS
The expression levels of VEGF, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-17 differed significantly between the experimental and control groups (p=0.018, p=0.010, p=0.002, and p=0.002, respectively). The expression level of eNOS was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.132).


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that gastroesophagial reflux induced middle ear inflammation is associated with increased expression of VEGF, IL-1β, IL-17, and iNOS.
Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Atatürk Research and Education Hospital, İzmir, Turkey.
M Sinan
MS
Başoğlu
Erdem
E
Eren
Hale
H
Aslan
H Efsun
HE
Kolatan
Can
C
Ozbay
Sevinç
S
Inan
Fatma
F
Karaca
Sedat
S
Oztürkcan
Hüseyin
H
Katılmış
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005750:Gastric Juice; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
D015415:Biomarkers; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II