Post-prostatectomy image-guided radiation therapy: evaluation of toxicity and inter-fraction variation using online cone-beam CT.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to assess the acute and late genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) guided conformal adjuvant and salvage post-prostatectomy radiotherapy (RT) compared with RT with port films.


METHODS
Sixty-eight patients (group 1) were treated with RT following radical prostatectomy (RP) using CBCT-guided conformal RT to a median dose of 68.4Gy. CBCT images were acquired three to five times weekly and were automatically co-registered to a reference CT. A comparative group (group 2) included 150 patients who received post-RP RT with weekly port films to a median dose of 64.8Gy. GU and GI toxicities were graded in both the acute and late settings using Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. Associations between toxicity and study variables were evaluated by odds ratios (ORs) estimated by logistic regression.


RESULTS
Grades 2 and 3 acute GU toxicity were experienced by 13% (n=9) and 2% (n=1) of patients in group 1, respectively, while 13% (n=19) had grade 2 acute GU toxicity in the control group (group 2). Grade 2 acute GI toxicity was experienced by 13% (n=9) and 15% (n=23) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Acute GU (P=0.67) and GI (P =0.84) toxicities were not significantly different between the two groups. There were no associations detected between CBCT and acute GI toxicity (OR 0.76, P=0.57) or acute GU (OR 1.16, P=0.75). Increased odds of acute GU toxicity were observed for doses>68.4Gy (OR 12.81, P=0.04), which were only delivered in the CBCT group. CBCT mean variations (standard deviation) for 1053 fractions were 2.8mm (2.8), 2.0mm (2.4) and 3.1mm (2.9) in the left-to-right, anterior-to-posterior (AP) and superior-to-inferior (SI) axes, respectively. Corrective shifts for variance≥5mm were required for 15%, 6% and 19% of fractions in the left-to-right, anterior-to-posterior and superior-to-inferior axes, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Rates of acute toxicity with CBCT-guided post-RP RT to 68.4Gy were similar to treatment to 64.8Gy without image-guidance RT. Acceptable early toxicity profiles suggest that CBCT is a reasonable strategy for image guidance, but the value of CBCT must be weighed against potential increased risk of secondary cancers due to increased radiation exposure.
Department of Radiation Oncology Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
Harriet B
HB
Eldredge
Matthew
M
Studenski
Scott W
SW
Keith
Edouard
E
Trabulsi
Costas D
CD
Lallas
Leonard G
LG
Gomella
Adam P
AP
Dicker
Timothy N
TN
Showalter
D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods