A soybean dual-specificity kinase, GmSARK, and its Arabidopsis homolog, AtSARK, regulate leaf senescence through synergistic actions of auxin and ethylene.
As the last stage of leaf development, senescence is a fine-tuned process regulated by interplays of multiple signaling pathways. We have previously identified soybean (Glycine max) SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SARK), a leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like protein kinase from soybean, as a positive regulator of leaf senescence. Here, we report the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of GmSARK-mediated leaf senescence, especially its specific roles in senescence-inducing hormonal pathways. A glucocorticoid-inducible transcription system was used to produce transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants for inducible overexpression of GmSARK, which led to early leaf senescence, chloroplast destruction, and abnormal flower morphology in Arabidopsis. Transcript analyses of the GmSARK-overexpressing seedlings revealed a multitude of changes in phytohormone synthesis and signaling, specifically the repression of cytokinin functions and the induction of auxin and ethylene pathways. Inhibition of either auxin action or ethylene biosynthesis alleviated the senescence induced by GmSARK. Consistently, mutation of either AUXIN RESISTANT1 or ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 completely reversed the GmSARK-induced senescence. We further identified a homolog of GmSARK with a similar expression pattern in Arabidopsis and named it AtSARK. Inducible overexpression of AtSARK caused precocious senescence and abnormal floral organ development nearly identical to the GmSARK-overexpressing plants, whereas a T-DNA insertion mutant of AtSARK showed significantly delayed senescence. A kinase assay on recombinant catalytic domains of GmSARK and AtSARK revealed that these two leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like protein kinases autophosphorylate on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues. We inferred that the SARK-mediated pathway may be a widespread mechanism in regulating leaf senescence.
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
Fan
F
Xu
Tao
T
Meng
Pengli
P
Li
Yunqing
Y
Yu
Yanjiao
Y
Cui
Yaxin
Y
Wang
Qingqiu
Q
Gong
Ning Ning
NN
Wang
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003583:Cytokinins; D005030:Ethylenes; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D030262:Soybean Proteins; C036216:ethylene; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C000609127:SARK protein, Arabidopsis