Visible and near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of raw milk for cow health monitoring: reflectance or transmittance?
The composition of produced milk has great value for the dairy farmer. It determines the economic value of the milk and provides valuable information about the metabolism of the corresponding cow. Therefore, online measurement of milk components during milking 2 or more times per day would provide knowledge about the current health and nutritional status of each cow individually. This information provides a solid basis for optimizing cow management. The potential of visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy for predicting the fat, crude protein, lactose, and urea content of raw milk online during milking was, therefore, investigated in this study. Two measurement modes (reflectance and transmittance) and different wavelength ranges for Vis/NIR spectroscopy were evaluated and their ability to measure the milk composition online was compared. The Vis/NIR reflectance measurements allowed for very accurate monitoring of the fat and crude protein content in raw milk (R(2)>0.95), but resulted in poor lactose predictions (R(2)<0.75). In contrast, Vis/NIR transmittance spectra of the milk samples gave accurate fat and crude protein predictions (R(2)>0.90) and useful lactose predictions (R(2)=0.88). Neither Vis/NIR reflectance nor transmittance spectroscopy lead to an acceptable prediction of the milk urea content. Transmittance spectroscopy can thus be used to predict the 3 major milk components, but with lower accuracy for fat and crude protein than the reflectance mode. Moreover, the small sample thickness (1mm) required for NIR transmittance measurement considerably complicates its online use.
Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics, and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (BIOSYST-MeBioS K.U.Leuven), Leuven, Belgium. Ben.Aernouts@biw.kuleuven.be
B
B
Aernouts
E
E
Polshin
J
J
Lammertyn
W
W
Saeys
D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
D005223:Fats; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007785:Lactose