Genetic induction of phosphate toxicity significantly reduces the survival of hypercholesterolemic obese mice.
OBJECTIVE
The adverse effects of metabolic disorders in obesity have been extensively studied; however, the pathologic effects of hyperphosphatemia or phosphate toxicity in obesity have not been studied in similar depth and detail, chiefly because such an association is thought to be uncommon. Studies have established that the incidence of obesity-associated nephropathy is increasing. Because hyperphosphatemia is a major consequence of renal impairment, this study determines the in vivo effects of hyperphosphatemia in obesity.


RESULTS
We genetically induced hyperphosphatemia in leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice by generating ob/ob and klotho double knockout [ob/ob-klotho(-/-)] mice. As a control, we made ob/ob mice with hypophosphatemia by generating ob/ob and 1-alpha hydroxylase double knockout [ob/ob-1α(OH)ase(-/-)] mice. Compared to the wild-type mice, all three obese background mice, namely ob/ob, ob/ob-klotho(-/-), and ob/ob-1α(OH)ase(-/-) mice developed hypercholesterolemia. In addition, the hyperphosphatemic, ob/ob-klotho(-/-) genetic background induced generalized tissue atrophy and widespread soft-tissue and vascular calcifications, which led to a shorter lifespan; no such changes were observed in the hypophosphatemic, ob/ob-1α(OH)ase(-/-) mice. Significantly, in contrast to the reduced survival of the ob/ob-klotho(-/-) mice, lowering serum phosphate levels in ob/ob-1α(OH)ase(-/-) mice showed no such compromised survival, despite both mice being hypercholesterolemic.


CONCLUSIONS
These genetic manipulation studies suggest phosphate toxicity is an important risk factor in obesity that can adversely affect survival.
Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Mutsuko
M
Ohnishi
Shigeko
S
Kato
M Shawkat
MS
Razzaque
D000818:Animals; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000235:genetics; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D054559:Hyperphosphatemia / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D000090265:Klotho Proteins; D020738:Leptin / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood
D020738:Leptin; D010710:Phosphates; D002784:Cholesterol; D005966:Glucuronidase; D000090265:Klotho Proteins; D002117:Calcitriol; D002118:Calcium