Structured inspection of medications carried and stored by emergency medical services agencies identifies practices that may lead to medication errors.
BACKGROUND
Medications are essential to emergency medical services (EMS) agencies when providing lifesaving care, but the EMS environment has challenges related to safe medication storage when compared with a hospital setting. We developed a structured process, based on common pharmacy practices, to review medications carried by EMS agencies to identify situations that may lead to medication error and to determine some best practices that may reduce potential errors and the risk of patient harm.


OBJECTIVE
To provide a descriptive account of EMS practices related to carrying and storing medications that have the potential for causing a medication administration error or patient harm.


METHODS
Using a structured process for inspection, an emergency medicine pharmacist and emergency physician(s) reviewed the medication carrying and storage practices of all nine advanced life support ambulance agencies within a five-county EMS region. Each medication carried and stored by the EMS agency was inspected for predetermined and spontaneously observed issues that could lead to medication error. These issues were documented and photographed. Two EMS medical directors reviewed each potential error for the risk of producing patient harm and assigned each to a category of high, moderate, or low risk. Because issues of temperature on EMS medications have been addressed elsewhere, this study concentrated on potential for EMS medication administration errors exclusive of storage temperatures.


RESULTS
When reviewing medications carried by the nine EMS agencies, 38 medication safety issues were identified (range 1 to 8 per EMS agency). Of these, 16 were considered to be high risk, 14 moderate risk, and eight low risk for patient harm. Examples of potential issues included carrying expired medications, container-labeling issues, different medications stored in look-alike vials or prefilled syringes in the same compartment, and carrying crystalloid solutions next to solutions premixed with a medication. When reviewing medications stored at the EMS agency stations, eight safety issues were identified (range from 0 to 4 per station), including five moderate-risk and three low-risk issues. No agency had any high-risk medication issues related to storage of medication stock in the station.


CONCLUSIONS
We observed potential medication safety issues related to how medications are carried and stored at all nine EMS agencies in a five-county region. Understanding these issues may assist EMS agencies in reducing the potential for a medication error and risk of patient harm. More research is needed to determine whether following these suggested best practices for carrying medications on EMS vehicles actually reduces errors in medication administration by EMS providers or decreases patient harm.
From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822-2005, USA. dkupas@geisinger.edu
Douglas F
DF
Kupas
Meghan A
MA
Shayhorn
Paul
P
Green
Thomas F
TF
Payton
D000552:Ambulances; D004356:Drug Storage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D014481:United States