High concentrations of hydrogen sulphide elevate the expression of a series of pro-inflammatory genes in fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived from rheumatoid and osteoarthritis patients.
OBJECTIVE
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the articular structures and synovial membranes of multiple joints. Beside pharmacologically based treatments, sulphur bath therapy has long been used as a therapy for patients suffering from different rheumatic disorders. But scientific reports about the beneficial effects of H(2)S as well as about the underlying molecular mechanisms are controversial and rare.


METHODS
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from RA and OA-patients were treated with the H(2)S-donor sodium hydrogen sulphide (NaHS). IL-6 release was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gene expression of IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 as well as of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-14 was monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Modulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and ERK1/2 was analysed by Western blotting.


RESULTS
High concentrations of H(2)S (above 0.5mM) elevated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in RA- and OA-FLS. This was accompanied by activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK. H(2)S-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 was completely blocked by specific inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-κB.


CONCLUSIONS
H(2)S is a potent gaseous molecule that can upregulate the expression of a series of pro-inflammatory genes in RA and OA-FLS. Therefore, caution is advised in patients with active RA when taking sulphur bath therapy.
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rheumatology and Balneology, Kurbadstrasse 14, 1100 Vienna, Austria. burkhard.kloesch@gmx.at
Burkhard
B
Kloesch
Melissa
M
Liszt
Daniela
D
Krehan
Johann
J
Broell
Hans
H
Kiener
Guenter
G
Steiner
D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D001452:Balneology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000473:pathology
D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008900:Mineral Waters; D013440:Sulfides; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; C025451:sodium bisulfide; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide