Individual psychomotor impairment in relation to zopiclone and ethanol concentrations in blood--a randomized controlled double-blinded trial.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate individual traffic-relevant impairment related to measured blood zopiclone and ethanol concentrations. Also, we aimed to study possible development of acute tolerance.


METHODS
A randomized controlled four-way cross-over double-blind trial. Study drugs were zopiclone 5 or 10 mg, 50 g ethanol or placebo.


METHODS
Laboratory study with computerized tests: Connor's Continuous Performance test, Choice Reaction Time and Stockings of Cambridge. Altogether, the tests consisted of 15 test components, representing three levels of behaviour (automotive, control, executive planning), relevant to traffic safety.


METHODS
Sixteen healthy male volunteers.


METHODS
Each study day, 10 blood samples were collected from each volunteer. Fifteen psychomotor test components were registered at baseline and a further three times after intake. Impairment was defined as any individual deterioration in performance compared to individual baseline performance.


RESULTS
Blood drug concentrations up to 74 µg/l zopiclone and 0.100% ethanol were measured. We found a clear positive concentration-effect relationship for zopiclone and ethanol for both automotive and control behaviours, and a modest relationship for executive planning behaviour. Significant impairment started to be observed at concentrations above 16 µg/l zopiclone (automotive and control behaviour) and above 0.026% ethanol (automotive behaviour). Acute tolerance was found for both drugs.


CONCLUSIONS
The hypnotic, zopiclone, can impair psychomotor performance at blood concentrations as low as 16 µg/l.
Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. ingebjorg.g.gustavsen@fhi.no
Ingebjørg
I
Gustavsen
Knut
K
Hjelmeland
Jean-Paul
JP
Bernard
Jørg
J
Mørland
D001334:Automobile Driving; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects
D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; C515050:zopiclone; D000431:Ethanol