Financing and systems barriers to seasonal influenza vaccine delivery in community settings.
BACKGROUND
Recommendations for annual seasonal influenza vaccination have expanded to now include >300 million children and adults each year. Community settings have become increasingly important venues for influenza vaccination. We sought to identify barriers to and solutions for expanding influenza vaccination in community settings.


METHODS
Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted from 01/09 to 06/10 with a range of stakeholders involved in influenza vaccination, including health plans, medical services firms, retail based clinics, pharmacies, schools, and state and local public health immunization programs. Participants (n=65) were asked about barriers and feasible solutions to influenza vaccine delivery to children and adults in community settings. Key themes were identified through iterative coding using a grounded theory approach.


RESULTS
Stakeholders identified specific financial barriers to influenza vaccine delivery in 3 major areas: purchase and distribution, delivery, and reimbursement. Limited purchasing power, the uncertain nature of public demand, and unpredictable timing of influenza vaccine supply were important barriers to enhance delivery in community settings. Barriers to delivery included complexities in running off-site clinics, especially in school settings, the need to manage publicly vs. privately purchased vaccines separately, and state-to-state variability in requirements for credentialing, physician oversight, and reporting. Reimbursement barriers included a protracted credentialing process, the need to determine insurance eligibility at point-of-service, and lack of a billing infrastructure in off-site clinics. Opportunities to mitigate financial barriers to influenza vaccine delivery in community settings focused on coordination across providers and the role of public health as a "trusted broker" to overcome existing challenges.


CONCLUSIONS
Financial and systems barriers hamper the optimal use of community settings to effectively deliver influenza vaccines. Public health partners at the federal, state, and local levels are well-positioned to facilitate the engagement of all stakeholders in this important and complex vaccine delivery system.
Center for Child Health Care Studies, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School, United States.
Robert B
RB
Penfold
Donna
D
Rusinak
Tracy A
TA
Lieu
Abigail
A
Shefer
Mark
M
Messonnier
Grace M
GM
Lee
D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D014481:United States
D007252:Influenza Vaccines