Biomechanical comparison of suture anchor versus margin convergence plus suture anchor for rotator cuff repair.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate results of margin convergence versus suture anchors in rotator cuff repair, and to determine which method is mechanically superior.


METHODS
Eighteen kangaroo shoulders were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6). A full thickness tendon defect 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm in size was created in the supraspinatus tendon at humeral insertion, simulating a massive rotator cuff tear. Three different techniques were employed for rotator cuff repair: (i) Mitek GII suture anchor alone (Group 1); (ii) margin convergence alone (Group 2); and (iii) margin convergence plus Mitek GII suture anchor (Group 3). Combined loads were applied to each specimen. After completion of cyclic loading, the construct was loaded to failure. ANOVA and LSD (Least Significant Difference) multiple comparisons of the means were applied to results.


RESULTS
Cyclic load testing showed progressive gap formation in each repaired specimen with increasing cycles. Group 1 reached 50% failure at an average of 34 cycles, Group 2 at 75 cycles and Group 3 at 73 cycles. There were significant difference between Groups 1 and 2, and Groups 1 and 3 (P ≤ 0.001). After 100 loading cycles, the average gap size was 6.8 mm, 6.1 mm and 4.7 mm in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was a significant difference between Groups 1 and 3 (P ≤ 0.015). All specimens eventually reached failure.


CONCLUSIONS
Rotator cuff repairs with margin convergence +/- suture anchor were far stronger than suture anchor alone, both in gap formation and ultimate failure load. However, progressive gap formation with cyclic loading seems inevitable after cuff repair, which may facilitate clinical understanding of the phenomena of re-tear or residual defect.
Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Surgery, Fudan University Sports Medicine Center, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. cshiyi@163.com
Shi-yi
SY
Chen
Hilary L
HL
Malcarney
George A C
GA
Murrell
D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007614:Macropodidae; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013718:Tensile Strength