Suspected opioid-induced hyperalgesia in an infant.
One explanation for diminished opioid analgesic efficacy is opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). We report a case of OIH in an infant with gastroschisis, requiring multiple surgical interventions and prolonged sedation for ventilation. This is the first report of OIH in an infant. On day 41 of life after nine separate surgical interventions, the patient's pain scores increased and remained elevated, despite increasing opioid administration. The patient also developed hyperalgesia, allodynia, and photophobia and became extremely irritable upon handling. Other possible causes were excluded, including interruption to opioid delivery, sepsis, acid-base and electrolyte disturbance, and ongoing surgical pathology. An opioid rotation to hydromorphone was initiated and ketamine was commenced. Sedation for ventilation was achieved with dexmedetomidine and midazolam infusions. Over a period of 24 h after opioid de-escalation, pain scores reduced rapidly and the patient became significantly less irritable with handling. All infusions were gradually weaned and eventually ceased.
Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. benhallett@benhallett.com.au
B R
BR
Hallett
G A
GA
Chalkiadis
D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007508:Irritable Mood; D007582:Jejunostomy; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018710:Pain Clinics; D010147:Pain Measurement; D020795:Photophobia / Q000209:etiology; D012086:Reoperation
D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl