General unknown screening in hair by liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS).
The retrospective investigation of the exposure to toxic substances by general unknown screening of hair is still a difficult task because of the large number of possible poisons, the low sample amount and the difficult sample matrix. In this study the use of liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was tested as a promising technique for this purpose. In the optimized procedure, 20mg hair were decontaminated with water and acetone and two times extracted by 18h incubation with 0.5ml of a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile/H(2)O/ammonium formate at 37°C. A mixture of deuterated standards from different drug groups was added for quantification and method control. The united extracts were evaporated to a residue of 0.5ml and 5μl were injected without clean-up for LC-QTOF-MS measurement (instrument Agilent 6530) with positive electrospray ionization and in data dependent acquisition mode. For peak identification the accurate mass data base and spectral library of the authors was used which contains accurate mass CID spectra of more than 2500 and theoretically calculated accurate mass data of more than 7500 toxicologically relevant substances. Validation at the example of 24 illegal drugs, their metabolites and benzodiazepines resulted in limits of detection of 0.003-0.015ng/mg, and limits of quantification of 0.006-0.021ng/mg with good accuracy and intra- and interday reproducibility. The matrix effect by ion suppression/enhancement was 72-107% for basic drugs and 42-75% for benzodiazepines. Yields of the hair extraction above 90% were determined for 59 drugs or metabolites. The method was applied to hair samples from 30 drug fatalities and from 60 death cases with known therapeutic drug intake at life time. Altogether 212 substances were identified with a frequency per drug of 1-40 (mean 4.2) and per case of 2-33 (mean 10.2), between them 35 illegal drug related substances and 154 therapeutic drugs. Comparison with the data known from case histories and from the analysis of blood, urine and gastric content showed only a low agreement, with many unexpected drugs detected and many reported drugs not detected in hair. Basic drugs and metabolites such as opioides, cocaine, amphetamines, several groups of antidepressants, neuroleptics, beta-blockers or the metamizole metabolite noramidopyrine were found with high frequency whereas acidic and several neutral drugs such as cannabinoids, salicylic acid, furosemide, barbiturates, phenprocoumone or cardiac glycosides could not be detected with sufficient sensitivity, mainly because of the low ion yield of positive ESI for these compounds. The advantage of a comprehensive acquisition of all substances is paid by a lower sensitivity in comparison to targeted screening LC-MS/MS procedures. In conclusion, the procedure of sample preparation and LC-QTOF-MS analysis proved to be a robust and sensitive routine method in which the qualitative screening for a wide variety of toxic substances in hair is combined with the quantitative determination of selected illegal drugs.
Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Turmstraße 21, Building N, 10559 Berlin, Germany.
Sebastian
S
Broecker
Sieglinde
S
Herre
Fritz
F
Pragst
D000097:Acetonitriles; D000328:Adult; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D005561:Formates; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000432:Methanol; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D012997:Solvents; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D014465:Ultrasonics
D000097:Acetonitriles; D005561:Formates; D009294:Narcotics; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012997:Solvents; C030544:formic acid; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000432:Methanol; C032159:acetonitrile