Gender differences in the effect of breastfeeding on adult psychological well-being.
BACKGROUND
Little is known about whether the positive effect of breastfeeding on child health extends to adult psychological adjustment. We hypothesized that breastfed babies would have higher psychological well-being in adulthood in relation to the pathway of childhood psychosocial adjustment.


METHODS
We used the available cases with normal birthweight from the National Child Development Study (NCDS, N=7304, born in 1958) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70, N=6205, born in 1970). Childhood psychosocial adjustment was assessed by the child's teacher, using the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides for the NCDS and the Rutter Behaviour Scale for the BCS70. Adult psychological well-being was defined in terms of measures of emotional distress and self-efficacy. In this study, we controlled the effects of socio-demographic factors at birth: maternal age and educational status, two-parenthood and being a first-born child. We used path analysis to test life-course pathways between breastfeeding and adult psychological well-being independent of socio-demographic factors at birth and the role childhood psychosocial adjustment.


RESULTS
After accounting for the effects of the socio-demographic factors at birth, being breastfed indirectly contributed to adult psychological well-being among women through the pathway from childhood psychosocial adjustment. Moreover, this was directly associated with better psychological well-being in adulthood among women from the BCS70. Being breastfed was not associated with psychological outcomes amongst men in either cohort.


CONCLUSIONS
Being breastfed contributed to psychological outcomes in women, especially from the later born cohort. Our findings suggest that being breastfed can be important for women's psychological well-being throughout the lifecourse.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. n.cable@ucl.ac.uk
Noriko
N
Cable
Mel
M
Bartley
Anne
A
McMunn
Yvonne
Y
Kelly
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult