Five-year follow-up investigation of bone mineral density by age in premenopausal elite-level long-distance runners.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) by age in premenopausal elite long-distance runners at 2 time points, 5.02 ± 0.5 years apart.


METHODS
Follow-up study.


METHODS
University Research Institute.


METHODS
Twenty-three elite-level distance runners (baseline age, 24.9 ± 3.9 years; body mass index, 18.7 ± 1.1; running distance, 89.3 ± 19.4 km/wk) participated in the study.


METHODS
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (iDXA; GE Healthcare)-derived BMD z-scores for the total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS) (L2-L4), and proximal femur. A z-score of <-1.0 indicated low BMD by age.


RESULTS
Lumbar spine BMD z-scores had increased significantly by follow-up for all runners (baseline, -1.1 ± 0.9; follow-up, -0.7 ± 0.7; P = 0.04) and for formerly amenorrheic runners with restored menstruation (n = 10; baseline, -1.5 ± 0.9; follow-up, -0.9 ± 0.6; P = 0.03). Total body, but not proximal femur z-scores, had also increased (P < 0.05). Improvements in z-scores correlated with an increased body fat (LS: R2 = 0.27; TB: R2 = 0.35; P < 0.01) and menstrual history score (LS: R2 = 0.36; TB: R2 = 0.27; P < 0.05). There were no associations with lean mass or running volume at any skeletal site (P = 0.07-0.89).


CONCLUSIONS
Low BMD by age in highly-trained female runners may be at least partially reversible before the age of 30 years, even when competitive running is continued. This seems to be related to restored menstruation and an increased body fat. Further larger studies are required to clarify our findings.
DXA Unit, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, United Kingdom. k.hind@leedsmet.ac.uk
Karen
K
Hind
Cathy
C
Zanker
John
J
Truscott
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D056352:Athletes; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000502:physiology; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult