Detecting diclofenac in livestock carcasses in India with an ELISA: a tool to prevent widespread vulture poisoning.
Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has caused catastrophic vulture declines across the Indian sub-continent. Here, an indirect ELISA is used to detect and quantify diclofenac in 1251 liver samples from livestock carcasses collected across India between August 2007 and June 2008, one to two years after a ban on diclofenac manufacture and distribution for veterinary use was implemented. The ELISAs applicability was authenticated with independent data obtained using LC-ESI/MS. Of 1251 samples, 1150 (91.9%) were negative for diclofenac using both methods, and 60 (4.8%) were positive at 10-4348 and 10-4441 μg kg(-1) when analysed by ELISA and LC-ESI/MS, respectively. The residue level relationship in the 60 positive samples was highly significant (p < 0.001, r(2) = 0.644). Data suggest that this immunological assay could be used not only for cost effective sample screening, but also for residue level semi-quantification.
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 Uttar Pradesh, India.
Mohini
M
Saini
Mark A
MA
Taggart
Dietmar
D
Knopp
Suchitra
S
Upreti
Devendra
D
Swarup
Asit
A
Das
Praveen K
PK
Gupta
Reinhard
R
Niessner
Vibhu
V
Prakash
Rafael
R
Mateo
Richard J
RJ
Cuthbert
D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002162:Camelus; D002417:Cattle; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D046093:Falconiformes; D006041:Goats; D006736:Horses; D007194:India; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D058751:Livestock; D012756:Sheep; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D004008:Diclofenac