title: Rapid eye movements during sleep in mice: high trait-like stability qualifies rapid eye movement density for characterization of phenotypic variation in sleep patterns of rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans, rapid eye movements (REM) density during REM sleep plays a prominent role in psychiatric diseases. Especially in depression, an increased REM density is a vulnerability marker for depression. In clinical practice and research measurement of REM density is highly standardized. In basic animal research, almost no tools are available to obtain and systematically evaluate eye movement data, although, this would create increased comparability between human and animal sleep studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained standardized electroencephalographic (EEG), electromyographic (EMG) and electrooculographic (EOG) signals from freely behaving mice. EOG electrodes were bilaterally and chronically implanted with placement of the electrodes directly between the musculus rectus superior and musculus rectus lateralis. After recovery, EEG, EMG and EOG signals were obtained for four days. Subsequent to the implantation process, we developed and validated an Eye Movement scoring in Mice Algorithm (EMMA) to detect REM as singularities of the EOG signal, based on wavelet methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of wakefulness, non-REM (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was typical of nocturnal rodents with small amounts of wakefulness and large amounts of NREM sleep during the light period and reversed proportions during the dark period. REM sleep was distributed correspondingly. REM density was significantly higher during REM sleep than NREM sleep. REM bursts were detected more often at the end of the dark period than the beginning of the light period. During REM sleep REM density showed an ultradian course, and during NREM sleep REM density peaked at the beginning of the dark period. Concerning individual eye movements, REM duration was longer and amplitude was lower during REM sleep than NREM sleep. The majority of single REM and REM bursts were associated with micro-arousals during NREM sleep, but not during REM sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep-stage specific distributions of REM in mice correspond to human REM density during sleep. REM density, now also assessable in animal models through our approach, is increased in humans after acute stress, during PTSD and in depression. This relationship can now be exploited to match animal models more closely to clinical situations, especially in animal models of depression.
authors: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany.
authors: Stephany
authors: S
authors: Fulda
authors: Christoph P N
authors: CP
authors: Romanowski
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Becker
authors: Thomas C
authors: TC
authors: Wetter
authors: Mayumi
authors: M
authors: Kimura
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Fenzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004585:Electrooculography / Q000379:methods; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010641:Phenotype; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012890:Sleep / Q000235:genetics*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000235:genetics*