title: Neuromodulation in a rat model of the bladder micturition reflex.
abstract: A rat model of bladder reflex contraction (BRC) was used to determine the optimal frequency and intensity of spinal nerve (SN) stimulation to produce neuromodulation of bladder activity and to assess the therapeutic mechanisms of this neuromodulation. In anesthetized female rats (urethane 1.2 g/kg ip), a wire electrode was used to produce bilateral stimulation of the L6 SN. A cannula was placed into the bladder via the urethra, and the urethra was ligated to ensure an isovolumetric bladder. Saline infusion induced BRC. Electrical stimulation of the SN produced a frequency- and intensity-dependent attenuation of the frequency of bladder contractions. Ten-herz stimulation produced maximal inhibition; lower and higher stimulation frequency produced less attenuation of BRC. Attenuation of bladder contraction frequency was directly proportional to the current intensity. At 10 Hz, stimulation using motor threshold pulses (T(mot)) produced a delayed inhibition of the frequency of bladder contractions to 34 ± 11% of control. Maximal bladder inhibition appeared at 10 min poststimulation. High current intensity at 0.6 mA (∼6 * T(mot)) abolished bladder contraction during stimulation, and the inhibition was sustained for 10 min poststimulation (prolonged inhibition). Furthermore, in rats pretreated with capsaicin (125 mg/kg sc), stimulation produced a stronger inhibition of BRC. The inhibitory effects on bladder contraction may be mediated by both afferent and efferent mechanisms. Lower intensities of stimulation may activate large, fast-conducting fibers and actions through the afferent limb of the micturition reflex arc in SN neuromodulation. Higher intensities may additionally act through the efferent limb.
authors: Medtronic, Inc., Neuromodulation Research, 7000 Central Ave. NE, RCE470, Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA. xin.su@medtronic.com
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Su
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Nickles
authors: Dwight E
authors: DE
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*