title: Antimicrobial peptaibols from Trichoderma pseudokoningii induce programmed cell death in plant fungal pathogens.
abstract: Antibiosis is one of the widespread strategies used by Trichoderma spp. against plant fungal pathogens, the mechanism of which, however, remains poorly understood. Peptaibols are a large family of antimicrobial peptides produced by Trichoderma spp. Our previous study showed that trichokonins, a type of peptaibol from Trichoderma pseudokoningii SMF2, exhibited antibiotic activities against plant fungal pathogens. In this study, we first demonstrated that trichokonin VI (TK VI) induced extensive apoptotic programmed cell death in plant fungal pathogens. For a deeper insight into the apoptotic mechanism involved in the action of TK VI, Fusarium oxysporum was used as a model. Cells of F. oxysporum treated with TK VI showed apoptotic hallmarks, such as exposure of phosphatidylserine, the appearance of reactive oxygen species and fragmentation of nuclear DNA. Moreover, TK VI-treated cells exhibited an accumulation of cytoplasmic vacuoles with loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and this process was independent of metacaspases. Therefore, TK VI induces metacaspase-independent apoptotic cell death in F. oxysporum. This represents what is believed to be the first report to reveal the antibiotic mechanism of peptaibols against plant fungal pathogens.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Mei
authors: M
authors: Shi
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Xiao-Wei
authors: XW
authors: Wang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Tian
authors: T
authors: Zhang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Pei-Bao
authors: PB
authors: Zhao
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Xiao-Yan
authors: XY
authors: Song
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Cai-Yun
authors: CY
authors: Sun
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Xiu-Lan
authors: XL
authors: Chen
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Bai-Cheng
authors: BC
authors: Zhou
authors: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors: Yu-Zhong
authors: YZ
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000408:Alamethicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000408:Alamethicin; C092827:trichokonin VI