title: Attributable causes of cancer in Japan in 2005--systematic assessment to estimate current burden of cancer attributable to known preventable risk factors in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To contribute to evidence-based policy decision making for national cancer control, we conducted a systematic assessment to estimate the current burden of cancer attributable to known preventable risk factors in Japan in 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first estimated the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of each cancer attributable to known risk factors from relative risks derived primarily from Japanese pooled analyses and large-scale cohort studies and the prevalence of exposure in the period around 1990. Using nationwide vital statistics records and incidence estimates, we then estimated the attributable cancer incidence and mortality in 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2005, ≈ 55% of cancer among men was attributable to preventable risk factors in Japan. The corresponding figure was lower among women, but preventable risk factors still accounted for nearly 30% of cancer. In men, tobacco smoking had the highest PAF (30% for incidence and 35% for mortality, respectively) followed by infectious agents (23% and 23%). In women, in contrast, infectious agents had the highest PAF (18% and 19% for incidence and mortality, respectively) followed by tobacco smoking (6% and 8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Japan, tobacco smoking and infections are major causes of cancer. Further control of these factors will contribute to substantial reductions in cancer incidence and mortality in Japan.
authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo. Electronic address: mnminoue@ncc.go.jp.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Inoue
authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Sawada
authors: Surveillance Division, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Matsuda
authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Iwasaki
authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sasazuki
authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Shimazu
authors: Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Shibuya
authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Tsugane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult