title: Institutional requirements for influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel: results from a nationally representative survey of acute care hospitals--United States, 2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many health professional organizations now endorse influenza vaccination as a condition of employment in healthcare settings. Our objective was to describe institutional requirements for influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) among US hospitals during the 2010-2011 influenza season.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was mailed in 2011 to a nationally representative sample of 998 acute care hospitals. An institutional requirement was defined as "a policy that requires HCP to receive or decline influenza vaccination, with or without consequences for vaccine refusal." A weighted analysis included univariate analyses and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of responding hospitals (n = 808; 81.0%), 440 (55.6%) reported institutional requirements for influenza vaccination. Although employees were uniformly subject to requirements, nonemployees often were not. The proportion of requirements with consequences for vaccine refusal was 44.4% (n = 194); where consequences were imposed, nonmedical exemptions were often granted (69.3%). Wearing a mask was the most common consequence (74.2% of 194 requirements); by contrast, 29 hospitals (14.4%) terminated unvaccinated HCP. After adjustment for demographic factors, the following characteristics remained significantly associated with requirements: location in a state requiring HCP to receive or decline influenza vaccine, caring for inpatients that are potentially vulnerable to influenza, use of ≥9 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-recommended, evidence-based influenza vaccination campaign strategies, and for-profit ownership.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Influenza vaccination requirements were prevalent among hospitals of varying size and location. However, few policies were as stringent or as comprehensive as those endorsed by health professional organizations. Because influenza vaccination requirements are a viable alternative for hospitals unable to achieve high coverage through voluntary policies, there is still substantial room for improvement.
authors: Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: Brady L
authors: BL
authors: Miller
authors: Faruque
authors: F
authors: Ahmed
authors: Megan C
authors: MC
authors: Lindley
authors: Pascale M
authors: PM
authors: Wortley
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006282:Health Personnel; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D016134:Organizational Policy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines