title: Persistent pain in a community-based sample of children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Very few studies have investigated the psychological factors associated with the pain experiences of children and adolescents in community samples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the lifetime prevalence of, and psychological variables associated with, persistent pain in a community sample of children and adolescents, and to explore differences according to sex, age and pain history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), the Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-10 (MASC-10), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C) and a pain history questionnaire that assessed chronicity and pain frequency. After research ethics board approval, informed consent⁄assent was obtained from 1022 individuals recruited to participate in a study conducted at the Ontario Science Centre (Toronto, Ontario).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1006 participants (54% female, mean [± SD] age 11.6±2.7 years) who provided complete data, 27% reported having experienced pain that lasted for three months or longer. A 2×2×2 (pain history, age and sex) multivariate ANOVA was conducted, with the total scores on the CASI, the CPASS, the MASC-10 and the PCS-C as dependent variables. Girls with a history of persistent pain expressed higher levels of anxiety sensitivity (P<0.001) and pain catastrophizing (P<0.001) than both girls without a pain history and boys regardless of pain history. This same pattern of results was found for anxiety and pain anxiety in the older, but not the younger, age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Boys and girls appear to differ in terms of how age and pain history relate to the expression of pain-related psychological variables. Given the prevalence of persistent pain found in the study, more research is needed regarding the developmental implications of persistent pain in childhood and adolescence.
authors: Department of PSychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Fuss
authors: Gabrielle
authors: G
authors: Pagé
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Katz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires