title: Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of extracellular superoxide dismutase promotes an invasive phenotype in human lung cancer by disrupting ECM homeostasis.
abstract: Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD) is an important superoxide scavenger in the lung in which its loss, sequence variation, or abnormal expression contributes to lung diseases; however, the role of EcSOD in lung cancer has yet to be studied. We hypothesized that EcSOD loss could affect malignant progression in lung, and could be either genetic or epigenetic in nature. To test this, we analyzed EcSOD expression, gene copy number, promoter methylation, and chromatin accessibility in normal lung and carcinoma cells. We found that normal airway epithelial cells expressed abundant EcSOD and had an unmethylated promoter, whereas EcSOD-negative lung cancer cells displayed aberrant promoter hypermethylation and decreased chromatin accessibility. 5-aza-dC induced EcSOD suggesting that cytosine methylation was causal, in part, to silencing. In 48/50 lung tumors, EcSOD mRNA was significantly lower as early as stage I, and the EcSOD promoter was hypermethylated in 8/10 (80%) adenocarcinomas compared with 0/5 normal lung samples. In addition, 20% of the tumors showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of EcSOD. Reexpression of EcSOD attenuated the malignant phenotype of lung carcinoma cells by significantly decreasing invasion and survival. Finally, EcSOD decreased heparanase and syndecan-1 mRNAs in part by reducing NF-κB. By contrast, MnSOD and CuZnSOD showed no significant changes in lung tumors and had no effect on heparanase expression. Taken together, the loss of EcSOD expression is unique among the superoxide dismutases in lung cancer and is the result of EcSOD promoter methylation and LOH, suggesting that its early loss may contribute to ECM remodeling and malignant progression.
authors: Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors: Melissa L T
authors: ML
authors: Teoh-Fitzgerald
authors: Matthew P
authors: MP
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: Taylor J
authors: TJ
authors: Jensen
authors: Bernard W
authors: BW
authors: Futscher
authors: Frederick E
authors: FE
authors: Domann
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity / Q000502:physiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010641:Phenotype; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C441642:SOD3 protein, human; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase