title: Effects of temperature generated from the Holmium: YAG laser on human osteoblasts in monolayer tissue culture.
abstract: With the use of lasers for ablation purposes in spinal surgery, the tissue temperature increases above the boiling point of water, leading to tissue ablation by vaporisation. Due to the thermal environment engendered by the use of lasers, there is concern about the safety of the surrounding important structures, such as dura mater, dorsal root ganglia, and nerve roots.
authors: Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK. m.hafez@imperial.ac.uk
authors: Moustafa I
authors: MI
authors: Hafez
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Sandison
authors: Richard R H
authors: RR
authors: Coombs
authors: Ian D
authors: ID
authors: McCarthy
authors: Al-Shymaa M
authors: AS
authors: Hafez
mesh_terms: D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D006695:Holmium; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006695:Holmium