title: Funding and infrastructure among large-scale clinical trials examining cardiovascular diseases in Japan: evidence from a questionnaire survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large-scale clinical trials with thousands of participants are often needed to evaluate the risk reductions of cardiac events and/or death. Many recent clinical trials have evaluated the incidences of cardiac events using hard endpoints, especially in cardiovascular and metabolic medicine. A high investigation cost is involved in conducting a large-scale clinical trial, and obtaining sufficient funding is essential. The infrastructural environment of clinical trials is currently inadequate in Japan. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey to address this issue. The present study sought to clarify the current situation surrounding large-scale clinical trials in terms of funding and infrastructure, and to inform discussion about improving the financial and infrastructural situation for clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sent questionnaires to 119 sponsors of large-scale clinical trials between August 2007 and December 2007, and between July 2009 and August 2009. Answers to each question were summarized and data were statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We received responses from the sponsors of 63 (52.9%) out of 119 trials to which questionnaires were sent. The results revealed that 25 trials (39.7%) were funded by foundations, and 21 trials (33.3%) were funded by public agencies. All of the foundations involved in conducting clinical trials, where funding sources were specified, were funded by private organizations such as pharmaceutical companies. All of the clinical trials with a cost of JPY 300 million (USD 3.27 million) or more were funded by private organizations, and none were funded solely by public agencies. The sponsors of 23 trials (36.5%) responded that the trial was 'not registered' to clinical trial registry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The questionnaire responses revealed that there were still many trials whose funding sources were unclear and many sponsors were unaware of their responsibilities in managing and/or financing the costs of clinical trials. These findings indicate that further discussion is required to establish appropriate frameworks and/or rules regarding funding, while considering conflicts of interest. This discussion should take place as soon as possible to facilitate appropriate clinical trials.
authors: Department of Drug Policy and Management, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. hsawata-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Sawata
authors: Kiichiro
authors: K
authors: Tsutani
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D005376:Financial Management / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires