title: Liposomal nanostructures for photosensitizer delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In photodynamic therapy (PDT), photosensitizers are activated by light of a specific wavelength and produce cytotoxic molecules to damage diseased tissues. Most photosensitizers are hydrophobic and easily aggregate in aqueous solution. To maintain their photodynamic activity and to enhance delivery efficiency of photosensitizers, various pharmaceutical carriers and delivery systems have been investigated for photosensitizers. This review will focus on liposomal nanostructures for the delivery of photosensitizing agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The published literature of liposomal structures, formulations, and pharmaceutical applications for photosensitizer delivery was reviewed with the main focus on articles published between 2004 and 2011 after the two excellent reviews by Derycke et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004:56(1); 17-30 and Chen et al., Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005:2(3);477-487. Many articles dating back to 1970s were also covered for the purpose of obtaining information about historoical development of liposomal formulations for photosensitizer delivery. The systematic search was performed using several electronic databases, including Pubmed and Medline with the key search terms including PDT, photosensitizer, liposome, nanoparticle, formulation, biodistribution, etc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review focuses on liposomal nanostructures with an in depth discussion on the liposomal structure, size-related effect on blood circulation and composition of phospholipids. Different active targeting strategies will also be reviewed which serve to improve specific targeting of photosensitizers to diseased tissue. To further enhance the selective release and accumulation of photosensitizers at the targeted tissue, triggered release methods have been developed. Many other liposomal structure-based nanoparticles have been developed for improved delivery efficiency for topical and systemic administration of pharmaceutics. Finally, a new class of phototransducing liposomes called "porphysomes" will also be introduced, which achieves intrinsic multifunctionality together with structure simplicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liposomes have been proved to be efficient and safe organic carriers for photosensitizers. Multifunctional liposomal formulations, such as porphysome, are further explored for clinic theranostic applications.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2.
authors: Cheng S
authors: CS
authors: Jin
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Zheng
mesh_terms: D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents