title: Effects of betaine on lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in mice and the involvement of GABA transporter 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Betaine (glycine betaine or trimethylglycine) plays important roles as an osmolyte and a methyl donor in animals. While betaine is reported to suppress expression of proinflammatory molecules and reduce oxidative stress in aged rat kidney, the effects of betaine on the central nervous system are not well known. In this study, we investigated the effects of betaine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory impairment and on mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory molecules, glial markers, and GABA transporter 2 (GAT2), a betaine/GABA transporter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were continuously treated with betaine for 13 days starting 1 day before they were injected with LPS, or received subacute or acute administration of betaine shortly before or after LPS injection. Then, their memory function was evaluated using Y-maze and novel object recognition tests 7 and 10-12 days after LPS injection (30 μg/mouse, i.c.v.), respectively. In addition, mRNA expression levels in hippocampus were measured by real-time RT-PCR at different time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated administration of betaine (0.163 mmol/kg, s.c.) prevented LPS-induced memory impairment. GAT2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in hippocampus 24 hr after LPS injection, and administration of betaine blocked this increase. However, betaine did not affect LPS-induced increases in levels of mRNA related to inflammatory responses. Both subacute administration (1 hr before, and 1 and 24 hr after LPS injection) and acute administration (1 hr after LPS injection) of betaine also prevented LPS-induced memory impairment in the Y-maze test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that betaine has protective effects against LPS-induced memory impairment and that prevention of LPS-induced changes in GAT2 mRNA expression is crucial to this ameliorating effect.
authors: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
authors: Masaya
authors: M
authors: Miwa
authors: Mizuki
authors: M
authors: Tsuboi
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Noguchi
authors: Aoi
authors: A
authors: Enokishima
authors: Toshitaka
authors: T
authors: Nabeshima
authors: Masayuki
authors: M
authors: Hiramatsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008082:Lipotropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008082:Lipotropic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C490439:Slc6a12 protein, mouse; D001622:Betaine