title: [Epidemiological fundamentals of clinically localized prostate cancer].
abstract: Prostate cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world (in the number of new cases), the third most common  cancer in men, and the most common cancer in men in Europe, North America, and some parts of Africa. Different  geographical regions have varying incidence and mortality. The risk of prostate cancer is increased by African-American  ethnicity, increasing age, positive family history, and other factors such as diet. Nonetheless, the causes of prostate cancer are not well understood compared with other common cancers like lung and breast cancer. The introduction of  prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening made an enormous impact on the incidence of prostate cancer, which increased  in the early 1990s and is currently down to pre-PSA screening levels. Screening has caused a change in pattern of disease  to an earlier stage but not lower grade. Yet we know little about what causes this disease, in the past 10 years interest  in and funding for prostate cancer research have increased and several promising risk modifiers have been  identified-eg,  genetic predisposition, insulin growth factor (IGF) concentrations, and lycopene consumption.
authors: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España. jims09@me.com
authors: Juan Ignacio
authors: JI
authors: Martínez-Salamanca
authors: C Martínez
authors: CM
authors: Ballesteros
authors: Joaquín
authors: J
authors: Carballido Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000728:Androgens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000453:epidemiology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen