title: Ergonomics of and technologies for single-port lapaxroscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are a number of major constraints in ergonomics of and technologies for single port laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review is based on a complete literature search through PubMed, Medline. Single port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS), single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), laparoscopic single-site surgery (LESS), ergonomics, technologies, robotic SPLS, SPLS or SILS operations were the keywords used for the literature search.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SPLS approach imposes several restrictions: Maintenance of sufficient exposure, sustained pneumoperitoneum, adequate retraction, collision between instruments (internal and external), collision between instruments and optics, and limited instrument manipulation and triangulation. Compensatory techniques such as using percutaneous sutures for retraction and employing coaxial, flexible, and articulating instruments have been used to improve triangulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ergonomics imposed by this approach are different from those of multi-port laparoscopic surgery. Considerable progress in port and instruments for SPLS has been achieved in the last five years in order to overcome the constraints and problems facing the operating surgeon when using the SPLS approach. Further more advanced instrumentation such as hand-held manipulators with seven degrees of freedom (DOF) and robotic devices for SPLS is needed to realize the full potential of the SPLS approach.
authors: Cuschieri Skills Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland.
authors: Benjie
authors: B
authors: Tang
authors: Sichuan
authors: S
authors: Hou
authors: Sir Alfred
authors: SA
authors: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome