title: Effects of mindfulness training on body awareness to sexual stimuli: implications for female sexual dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatments of female sexual dysfunction have been largely unsuccessful because they do not address the psychological factors that underlie female sexuality. Negative self-evaluative processes interfere with the ability to attend and register physiological changes (interoceptive awareness). This study explores the effect of mindfulness meditation training on interoceptive awareness and the three categories of known barriers to healthy sexual functioning: attention, self-judgment, and clinical symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four college students (30 women) participated in either a 12-week course containing a "meditation laboratory" or an active control course with similar content or laboratory format. Interoceptive awareness was measured by reaction time in rating physiological response to sexual stimuli. Psychological barriers were assessed with self-reported measures of mindfulness and psychological well-being.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who participated in the meditation training became significantly faster at registering their physiological responses (interoceptive awareness) to sexual stimuli compared with active controls (F(1,28) = 5.45, p = .03, η(p)(2) = 0.15). Female meditators also improved their scores on attention (t = 4.42, df = 11, p = .001), self-judgment, (t = 3.1, df = 11, p = .01), and symptoms of anxiety (t = -3.17, df = 11, p = .009) and depression (t = -2.13, df = 11, p < .05). Improvements in interoceptive awareness were correlated with improvements in the psychological barriers to healthy sexual functioning (r = -0.44 for attention, r = -0.42 for self-judgment, and r = 0.49 for anxiety; all p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mindfulness-based improvements in interoceptive awareness highlight the potential of mindfulness training as a treatment of female sexual dysfunction.
authors: Contemplative Studies Initiative, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
authors: R Gina
authors: RG
authors: Silverstein
authors: Anne-Catharine H
authors: AC
authors: Brown
authors: Harold D
authors: HD
authors: Roth
authors: Willoughby B
authors: WB
authors: Britton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D001364:Awareness; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012649:Self Concept; D012677:Sensation; D012737:Sex Factors; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D019529:Sexuality / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult