title: Experiences of female survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: a mixed-methods study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The conflict in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the deadliest since World War II. Over a decade of fighting amongst an array of armed groups has resulted in extensive human rights abuses, particularly the widespread use of sexual violence against women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a mixed-methods approach, we surveyed a non-random sample of 255 women attending a referral hospital and two local non-governmental organizations to characterize their experiences of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). We then conducted focus groups of 48 women survivors of SGBV to elaborate on survey findings. Quantitative and qualitative data underwent thematic and statistical analysis respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the women surveyed, 193 (75.7%) experienced rape. Twenty-nine percent of raped women were rejected by their families and 6% by their communities. Thirteen percent of women had a child from rape. Widowhood, husband abandonment, gang rape, and having a child from rape were significant risk factors for social rejection. Mixed methods findings show rape survivors were seen as "contaminated" with HIV, contributing to their isolation and over 95% could not access prophylactic care in time. Receiving support from their husbands after rape was protective against survivors' feelings of shame and social isolation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rape results not only in physical and psychological trauma, but can destroy family and community structures. Women face significant obstacles in seeking services after rape. Interventions offering long-term solutions for hyper-vulnerable women are vital, but lacking; reintegration programs on SGBV for women, men, and communities are also needed.
authors: Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story Street, 2nd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jkelly@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Kelly
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Betancourt
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Mukwege
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Lipton
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Vanrooyen