title: Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula: developmental outcome at 10 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess long-term developmental outcome in children who received iron-fortified or low-iron formula.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up at 10 years of a randomized controlled trial (1991-1994) of 2 levels of formula iron. Examiners were masked to group assignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban areas around Santiago, Chile.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original study enrolled healthy, full-term infants in community clinics; 835 completed the trial. At 10 years, 473 were assessed (56.6%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron-fortified (mean, 12.7 mg/L) or low-iron (mean, 2.3 mg/L) formula from 6 to 12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured IQ, spatial memory, arithmetic achievement, visual-motor integration, visual perception, and motor functioning. We used covaried regression to compare iron-fortified and low-iron groups and considered hemoglobin level before randomization and sensitivity analyses to identify 6-month hemoglobin levels at which groups diverged in outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the low-iron group, the iron-fortified group scored lower on every 10-year outcome (significant for spatial memory and visual-motor integration; suggestive for IQ, arithmetic achievement, visual perception, and motor coordination; 1.4-4.6 points lower; effect sizes, 0.13-0.21). Children with high 6-month hemoglobin levels (> 12.8 g/dL [to convert to grams per liter, multiply by 10]) showed poorer outcome on these measures if they received iron-fortified formula (10.7-19.3 points lower; large effect sizes, 0.85-1.36); those with low hemoglobin levels (< 10.5 g/dL) showed better outcome (2.6-4.5 points higher; small but significant effects, 0.22-0.36). High hemoglobin levels represented 5.5% of the sample (n = 26) and low hemoglobin levels represented 18.4% (n = 87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term development may be adversely affected in infants with high hemoglobin levels who receive 12.7 mg/L of iron-fortified formula. Optimal amounts of iron in infant formula warrant further study.
authors: Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5406, USA. blozoff@umich.edu
authors: Betsy
authors: B
authors: Lozoff
authors: Marcela
authors: M
authors: Castillo
authors: Katy M
authors: KM
authors: Clark
authors: Julia B
authors: JB
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009048:Motor Skills; D011597:Psychomotor Performance
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019266:Iron, Dietary