title: Effect of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin on β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of sitagliptin and metformin, alone and in combination, on modelled parameters of β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data used in the present analyses are from a 104-week study, which included a 24-week, placebo- and active controlled phase followed by a 30-week, active controlled, continuation phase and an additional 50-week, active controlled extension phase. Patients were randomised to one of six blinded treatments: sitagliptin 50 mg + metformin 1000 mg b.i.d., sitagliptin 50 mg + metformin 500 mg b.i.d., metformin 1000 mg b.i.d., metformin 500 mg b.i.d., sitagliptin 100 mg q.d. or placebo. Patients on placebo were switched in a blinded manner to metformin 1000 mg b.i.d. at week 24. Subsets of patients volunteered to undergo frequently sampled meal tolerance tests at baseline and at weeks 24, 54 and 104. β-cell responsivity was assessed with the C-peptide minimal model. The static component (Φ(s)) estimates the rate of insulin secretion related to above-basal glucose concentration. The dynamic component (Φ(d)) is related to the rate of change in glucose. The total index (Φ(total)) represents the overall response to a glycaemic stimulus and is calculated as a function of Φ(s) and Φ(d). Insulin sensitivity was estimated with the Matsuda index (ISI). The disposition index, which assesses insulin secretion relative to the prevailing insulin sensitivity, was calculated based on the Φ(total) and ISI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At week 24, substantial reductions in postmeal glucose were observed with all active treatment groups relative to the placebo group. Φ(s), Φ(total) and the disposition index were significantly improved from baseline at week 24 with all active treatments relative to placebo. Generally larger effects were observed with the initial combination of sitagliptin and metformin relative to the monotherapy groups. When expressed as median percent change from baseline, Φ(s) increased from baseline by 137 and 177% in the low- and high-dose combination groups and by 85, 54, 73 and -9% in the high-dose metformin, low-dose metformin, sitagliptin monotherapy and placebo groups, respectively. At weeks 54 and 104, the combination treatment groups continued to demonstrate greater improvements in β-cell function relative to their respective monotherapy groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 24 weeks of therapy, relative to placebo, initial treatment with sitagliptin or metformin monotherapy improved β-cell function; moreover, initial combination therapy demonstrated larger improvements than the individual monotherapies. Improvements in β-cell function were found with treatments for up to 2 years.
authors: Department of Clinical Research, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. debora_williamsherman@merck.com
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Williams-Herman
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Xu
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Teng
authors: G T
authors: GT
authors: Golm
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Johnson
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Davies
authors: K D
authors: KD
authors: Kaufman
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D011719:Pyrazines; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D014230:Triazoles