title: Interictal pattern-induced visual discomfort and ictal photophobia in episodic migraineurs: an association of interictal and ictal photophobia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pattern-induced visual discomfort and photophobia are frequently observed symptoms in migraineurs. The presumed pathophysiologic mechanisms of pattern glare and photophobia seem to overlap anatomically within the central nervous system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between interictal pattern-induced visual discomfort and ictal photophobia in episodic migraineurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared pattern-induced visual discomfort among 3 groups: controls, migraineurs without ictal photophobia (MwoP), and migraineurs with ictal photophobia (MwP). Photophobia was assessed with a validated photophobia questionnaire. Visual discomfort tests were performed using 3 striped patterns with different spatial frequencies. After viewing the patterns for 10 seconds, subjects were asked to report the severity of visual discomfort using 4 scales (none, mild, moderate, and severe) and using a 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS). We compared the proportion of subjects choosing moderate-to-severe discomfort and the median values of VAS scores for each pattern among the 3 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 35 controls, 18 MwoP, and 44 MwP, and there were no significant differences in clinical features among the 3 groups. MwP reported a significantly higher proportion of moderate-to-severe discomfort and higher median VAS scores than the controls and MwoP did. The intensity of discomfort increased with higher frequency of visual stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that MwP experienced more severe pattern-induced visual discomfort as compared with the controls and MwoP.
authors: Department of Neurology, Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
authors: Min Kyung
authors: MK
authors: Chu
authors: Hyoung-June
authors: HJ
authors: Im
authors: Chin-Sang
authors: CS
authors: Chung
authors: Kyungmi
authors: K
authors: Oh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058447:Eye Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D020795:Photophobia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*