title: Expression of angiogenic and vasculogenic factors in human lymphedematous tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphedema is the progressive distention of tissue due to lymphatic dysfunction. The affected area enlarges over time because of fibroadipose deposition, causing morbidity. Because increasing tissue mass requires neovascularization, we hypothesized that angiogenesis or vasculogenesis might be upregulated in lymphedema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphedematous tissue was collected prospectively from nine patients after resection: upper extremity (n = 1), lower extremity (n = 3), penis/scrotum (n = 5). Neovascularization was compared to normal tissue. Specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (pericyte marker), CD31 (microvascular density), CD31/Ki67 (proliferating endothelial cells), and CD34/CD133 (endothelial progenitor cells). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine mRNA expression of progenitor cells (CD133) and factors that recruit them: vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and stromal-cell derived factor 1α (SDF-1α). Angiopoetin-1,-2 (ANG-1,-2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and VEGF receptors (VEGFR1,2) were quantified using qRT-PCR. There was no difference in microvascular density, pericytic density, or endothelial proliferation between lymphedematous and normal tissue (p = 0.1). Endothelial progenitor cells were not present in lymphedema or normal specimens (p < 0.01). VEGF-A (1.3-fold), HIF-1α (0.8-fold), SDF-1α (2.1-fold), VEGFR2 (0.09-fold), and CD133 (0.02-fold) expression were not elevated compared to normal tissue (p = 0.1). ANG-1 (5.6-fold), ANG-2 (2.5-fold), MMP-2 (3.9-fold), MMP-9 (33.4-fold), and VEGFR1 (12.8-fold) mRNA was increased in lymphedematous specimens compared to control (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphedematous tissue does not exhibit upregulation of angiogenesis or vasculogenesis. Neovascularization is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
authors: Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Rafael A
authors: RA
authors: Couto
authors: Ann M
authors: AM
authors: Kulungowski
authors: Aditya S
authors: AS
authors: Chawla
authors: Steven J
authors: SJ
authors: Fishman
authors: Arin K
authors: AK
authors: Greene
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9