title: Fundamental properties of Ca2+ signals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ca2+ is a ubiquitous and versatile second messenger that transmits information through changes of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Recent investigations changed basic ideas on the dynamic character of Ca2+ signals and challenge traditional ideas on information transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present recent findings on key characteristics of the cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics and theoretical concepts that explain the wide range of experimentally observed Ca2+ signals. Further, we relate properties of the dynamical regulation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration to ideas about information transmission by stochastic signals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate the importance of the hierarchal arrangement of Ca2+ release sites on the emergence of cellular Ca2+ spikes. Stochastic Ca2+ signals are functionally robust and adaptive to changing environmental conditions. Fluctuations of interspike intervals (ISIs) and the moment relation derived from ISI distributions contain information on the channel cluster open probability and on pathway properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robust and reliable signal transduction pathways that entail Ca2+ dynamics are essential for eukaryotic organisms. Moreover, we expect that the design of a stochastic mechanism which provides robustness and adaptivity will be found also in other biological systems. Ca2+ dynamics demonstrate that the fluctuations of cellular signals contain information on molecular behavior. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signaling.
authors: Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany. kevin.thurley@mdc-berlin.de
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Thurley
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Skupin
authors: Rüdiger
authors: R
authors: Thul
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Falcke
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D011336:Probability
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors