title: Increasing levels of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in Arctic and North Atlantic marine mammals, 1984-2009.
abstract: Temporal variations in concentrations of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) structural isomers, were examined in livers of pilot whale (Globicephala melas), ringed seal (Phoca hisida), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and in muscle tissue of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). The sampling spanned over 20 years (1984-2009) and covered a large geographical area of the North Atlantic and West Greenland. Liver and muscle samples were homogenized, extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up using hexane and solid phase extraction (SPE), and analyzed by liquid chromatography with negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In general, the levels of the long-chained PFCAs (C9-C12) increased whereas the levels of PFOS remained steady over the studied period. The PFOS isomer pattern in pilot whale liver was relatively constant over the sampling years. However, in ringed seals there seemed to be a decrease in linear PFOS (L-PFOS) with time, going from 91% in 1984 to 83% in 2006.
authors: Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden. anna.rotander@oru.se
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Rotander
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Kärrman
authors: Bert
authors: B
authors: van Bavel
authors: Anuschka
authors: A
authors: Polder
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Rigét
authors: Guðjón Atli
authors: GA
authors: Auðunsson
authors: Gísli
authors: G
authors: Víkingsson
authors: Geir Wing
authors: GW
authors: Gabrielsen
authors: Dorete
authors: D
authors: Bloch
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Dam
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D010872:Caniformia / Q000378:metabolism; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004289:Dolphins / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014907:Whales / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid