title: Skin colonization by superantigen-producing Staphylococcus aureus in Egyptian patients with atopic dermatitis and its relation to disease severity and serum interleukin-4 level.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the current study was to detect Staphylococcus aureus colonization and the presence of superantigen in atopic dermatitis (AD) in Egyptian patients, and to determine its effect on disease severity and serum interleukin (IL)-4 levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swabs were taken from the skin of 30 patients with AD. S. aureus isolates were screened for the presence of genes of exotoxins with superantigen properties by multiplex PCR. Serum IL-4 was determined by ELISA. The rate of S. aureus colonization and the presence of superantigen were correlated with disease severity and IL-4 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six of 30 patients (87%) were colonized by S. aureus, and 14 of the 26 (54%) patients were colonized with toxigenic strains. The most frequent superantigen gene present in S. aureus isolates was that coding for staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), followed by both staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) genes. The mean 'severity scoring in AD' (SCORAD) score of AD patients colonized with S. aureus harboring superantigen genes (74 ± 8) was significantly higher than that in those colonized with S. aureus isolates without superantigen genes (56 ± 6) (p<0.001). Serum IL-4 levels followed the same pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. aureus may play an important role as an aggravating factor in AD patients. Reducing the colonization of atopic skin by S. aureus is therefore the best way to reduce superantigen-induced allergic skin inflammation.
authors: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
authors: Hesham A
authors: HA
authors: Nada
authors: Nahed I M
authors: NI
authors: Gomaa
authors: Atef
authors: A
authors: Elakhras
authors: Roshdy
authors: R
authors: Wasfy
authors: Rabee Abu
authors: RA
authors: Baker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000382:microbiology*; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D018089:Superantigens; C030107:enterotoxin F, Staphylococcal; D015847:Interleukin-4; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; C034959:enterotoxin C, staphylococcal