title: Histamine pharmacology and new CNS drug targets.
abstract: During the last decade, the identification of a number of novel drug targets led to the development of promising new compounds which are currently under evaluation for their therapeutic prospective in CNS related disorders. Besides the established pleiotropic regulatory functions in the periphery, the interest in the potential homeostatic role of histamine in the brain was revived following the identification of H(3)  and H(4)  receptors some years ago. Complementing classical CNS pharmacology, the development of selective histamine receptor agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists provides the lead for the potential exploitation of the histaminergic system in the treatment of brain pathologies. Although no CNS disease entity has been associated directly to brain histamine dysfunction until now, the H(3)  receptor is recognized as a drug target for neuropathic pain, sleep-wake disorders, including narcolepsy, and cognitive impairment associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease, while the first H(3)  receptor ligands have already entered phase I-III clinical trials. Interestingly, the localization of the immunomodulatory H(4)  receptor in the nervous system exposes attractive perspectives for the therapeutic exploitation of this new drug target in neuroimmunopharmacology. This review focuses on a concise presentation of the current "translational research" approach that exploits the latest advances in histamine pharmacology for the development of beneficial drug targets for the treatment of neuronal disorders, such as neuropathic pain, cognitive, and sleep-wake pathologies. Furthermore, the role of the brain histaminergic system(s) in neuroprotection and neuroimmunology/inflammation remains a challenging research area that is currently under consideration.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Medical School University of Athens, Athens, Greece. aityliga@med.uoa.gr
authors: Ekaterini
authors: E
authors: Tiligada
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Kyriakidis
authors: Paul L
authors: PL
authors: Chazot
authors: M Beatrice
authors: MB
authors: Passani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D006632:Histamine / Q000502:physiology*; D018494:Histamine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011968:Receptors, Histamine / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000074040:Receptors, Histamine H4; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; C418607:HRH4 protein, human; D018494:Histamine Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011968:Receptors, Histamine; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3; D000074040:Receptors, Histamine H4; D006632:Histamine