title: Levamisole-induced necrosis of skin, soft tissue, and bone:  case report and review of literature.
abstract: This represents the largest case of skin necrosis related to levamisole, a common cocaine contaminant, requiring closure with skin grafts, and is the only case resulting in nasal amputation, central upper lip excision, extremity bone necrosis, and above knee amputation. The case report is followed by a review of the literature. Unique considerations for the full-thickness necrosis induced by levamisole vasculitis are highlighted, including antibody level monitoring, need for multiple excisions, timing of skin grafting, and potential for soft tissue and bone necrosis as well. A 54-year-old man presented to an outside facility with fever, generalized weakness, and agranulocytosis, with a history of cocaine use 3 weeks before. After admission, he developed generalized violaceous lesions and an elevated p-antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody and was diagnosed with disseminated vasculitis and agranulocytosis secondary to levamisole-contaminated cocaine exposure. On transfer to the authors' facility, 52% TBSA was involved with violaceous, nonblanching lesions, which progressed to full-thickness necrosis. Local wound care continued until necrotic areas fully demarcated and progressive necrosis stabilized, and skin grafting for closure was not performed until antibody levels normalized. Current treatment of levamisole-induced skin rash or necrosis focuses on discontinuation of levamisole. As demonstrated by this case, extensive necrosis secondary to levamisole-induced vasculitis can be successfully treated with multiple excisions until necrosis stabilizes, and then, split-thickness autografts may be applied. In areas with poor vascular supply or areas with poor functional prognosis, amputation may ultimately be required.
authors: From the University of South Florida, Department of Plastic Surgery, Tampa, Florida 33606, USA.
authors: Jessica A
authors: JA
authors: Ching
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000380:Agranulocytosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007978:Levamisole / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000601:surgery; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000601:surgery; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018366:Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007978:Levamisole; D003042:Cocaine