title: Anxiety and depression associated with incontinence in middle-aged women: a large Norwegian cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have indicated depression and anxiety to be associated with urinary incontinence (UI), however, the strength of the associations varies widely. The objective of this study was to determine these associations in a large survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional population-based survey study, we analysed questionnaire data on UI, depression and anxiety from 5,321 women between 40 and 44 years. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to predict the odds of having high levels of anxiety and depression among women with UI of different types and severities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among women with UI, the adjusted OR for depression was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.32-2.04) and for anxiety 1.59 (95% CI, 1.36-1.86) compared with women without UI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UI was associated with both anxiety and depression in middle-aged women, with the strongest associations for mixed and urgency UI.
authors: Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Postboks 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway. gunhild.felde@isf.uib.no
authors: Gunhild
authors: G
authors: Felde
authors: Ingvar
authors: I
authors: Bjelland
authors: Steinar
authors: S
authors: Hunskaar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*