title: High degree of kinesiophobia after lumbar disc herniation surgery: a cross-sectional study of 84 patients .
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have investigated outcomes after disc surgery. However, the occurrence of kinesiophobia has not been investigated previously in patients after disc herniation surgery. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated kinesiophobia in patients who had been treated surgically for lumbar disc herniation, and we related the results to established outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  10-34 months after surgery, questionnaires were sent to 97 patients who had undergone standardized open discectomy. Outcome measures included Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK); Oswestry disability index (ODI); European quality of life in 5 dimensions (EQ-5D); visual analog scale (VAS) for leg and back pain, work disability, and patient satisfaction; Zung self-rating depression scale (ZDS); pain catastrophizing scale (PCS); and a self-efficacy scale (SES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  36 of 80 patients reported having kinesiophobia. There were statistically significant differences in ODI, EQ-5D, VAS leg and back pain, ZDS, PCS, and SES between patients with and without kinesiophobia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half of the patients suffered from kinesiophobia 10-34 months after surgery for disc herniation. These patients were more disabled, had more pain, more catastrophizing thoughts, more symptoms of depression, lower self-efficacy, and poorer health-related quality of life than patients without kinesiophobia.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. gunilla.limback_svensson@vgregion.se
authors: Gunilla Limbäck
authors: GL
authors: Svensson
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Lundberg
authors: Hans Christian
authors: HC
authors: Ostgaard
authors: Gunilla Kjellby
authors: GK
authors: Wendt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058443:Catastrophization; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult