title: Differential effects of linezolid and ciprofloxacin on toxin production by Bacillus anthracis in an in vitro pharmacodynamic system.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. Ciprofloxacin is a gold standard for the treatment of anthrax. Previously, using the non-toxin-producing ΔSterne strain of B. anthracis, we demonstrated that linezolid was equivalent to ciprofloxacin for reducing the total (vegetative and spore) bacterial population. With ciprofloxacin therapy, the total population consisted of spores. With linezolid therapy, the population consisted primarily of vegetative bacteria. Linezolid is a protein synthesis inhibitor, while ciprofloxacin is not. Since toxins are produced only by vegetative B. anthracis, the effect of linezolid and ciprofloxacin on toxin production is of interest. The effect of simulated clinical regimens of ciprofloxacin and linezolid on the vegetative and spore populations and on toxin production was examined in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model over 15 days by using the toxin-producing Sterne strain of B. anthracis. Ciprofloxacin and linezolid reduced the total Sterne population at similar rates. With ciprofloxacin therapy, the total Sterne population consisted of spores. With linezolid therapy, >90% of the population was vegetative B. anthracis. With ciprofloxacin therapy, toxin was first detectable at 3 h and remained detectable for at least 5 h. Toxin was never detected with linezolid therapy. Ciprofloxacin and linezolid reduced the total Sterne population at similar rates. However, the B. anthracis population was primarily spores with ciprofloxacin therapy and was primarily vegetative bacteria with linezolid therapy. Toxin production was detected for at least 5 h with ciprofloxacin therapy but was never detected with linezolid treatment. Linezolid may have an advantage over ciprofloxacin for the treatment of B. anthracis infections.
authors: Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA. alouie@medicine.ufl.edu
authors: Arnold
authors: A
authors: Louie
authors: Brian D
authors: BD
authors: Vanscoy
authors: Henry S
authors: HS
authors: Heine
authors: Weiguo
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Terry
authors: T
authors: Abshire
authors: Kari
authors: K
authors: Holman
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Kulawy
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Brown
authors: George L
authors: GL
authors: Drusano
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000881:Anthrax / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D000069349:Linezolid; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000069349:Linezolid