title: Multimodality treatment for sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the paranasal sinuses is rare, accounting for 5% of sinonasal malignancies. The purpose of this study was to assess prognostic factors and survival rates for sinonasal NEC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of patients with NEC treated from 1990 to 2004 was performed. Patient demographics, TNM classification, treatment modality, recurrences, and survival were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NEC was identified in 28 patients; the most common primary site was the ethmoid sinuses. Most patients presented with advanced tumors; few had regional or distant metastasis. Local recurrence rate was 21%. Five-year overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were 65% and 78%, respectively. Response to chemotherapy predicted for improved survival, although no differences in outcomes were noted between definitive management strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NEC of the paranasal sinuses is an exceedingly rare malignancy of the paranasal sinuses. Our data suggests definitive management with surgery or radiotherapy offers durable control. The response to chemotherapy may predict for overall outcomes.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
authors: Elisabeth H
authors: EH
authors: Mitchell
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Diaz
authors: Turker
authors: T
authors: Yilmaz
authors: Dianna
authors: D
authors: Roberts
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Levine
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: DeMonte
authors: Ehab Y
authors: EY
authors: Hanna
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Kupferman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult