title: Evaluation of a new universal primer for ceramics and alloys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in vitro the effect of using a universal primer on the resin bond strength to ceramics (silicate and zirconia) and two noble alloys for metal-ceramic restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disk-like specimens made of four dental restoration materials (silicate ceramic, zirconia ceramic, gold-based alloy and palladium-based alloy) were ground with abrasive paper, prepared for bonding (silicate ceramic: etching with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s; the other materials: air abrasion with 50-µm Al2O3 at 2.5 bar) and ultrasonically cleaned in 96% isopropanol. Eight specimens of each material were primed with a universal primer, 8 specimens were primed with a well-established material-specific method (silicate ceramic: silanization; zirconia ceramic: phosphate monomer-containing primer; alloys: sulfuric monomer-containing primer). Plexiglas tubes filled with a composite resin were bonded to the specimens using an alignment apparatus and a composite luting resin. After storage in 37°C tap water for three days, or 167 days with additional thermocycling, tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 167 days of storage, median TBS values for each material were (well-established method/universal primer) 40 MPa/37 MPa (silicate ceramic), 41 MPa/41 MPa (zirconia ceramic), 20 MPa/17 MPa (gold-based alloy), and 20 MPa/19 MPa (palladium-based alloy). Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant differences among control groups and test groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The universal primer seems to be a promising alternative compared to using three different primers for alloys, silicate and zirconia ceramics.
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.
authors: Farhad
authors: F
authors: Azimian
authors: Karsten
authors: K
authors: Klosa
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Kern
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D000431:Ethanol; D006047:Gold Alloys; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010165:Palladium; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D006047:Gold Alloys; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D017640:Silicates; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D000431:Ethanol; D010165:Palladium; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide