title: Extra-articular techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a literature review.
abstract: This annotation considers the place of extra-articular reconstruction in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. Extra-articular reconstruction has been employed over the last century to address ACL deficiency. However, the technique has not gained favour, primarily due to residual instability and the subsequent development of degenerative changes in the lateral compartment of the knee. Thus intra-articular reconstruction has become the technique of choice. However, intra-articular reconstruction does not restore normal knee kinematics. Some authors have recommended extra-articular reconstruction in conjunction with an intra-articular technique.  The anatomy and biomechanics of the anterolateral structures of the knee remain largely undetermined. Further studies to establish the structure and function of the anterolateral structures may lead to more anatomical extra-articular reconstruction techniques that supplement intra-articular reconstruction. This might reduce residual pivot shift after an intra-articular reconstruction and thus improve the post-operative kinematics of the knee.
authors: Imperial College NHS Trust/St Mary's and Charing Cross Hospitals, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK.
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Dodds
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Gupte
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Neyret
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Williams
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Amis
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome