title: Assessment of the appropriateness of serum digoxin concentration measurement in a medical group setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent quality initiatives require that the routine annual therapeutic drug-monitoring (TDM) parameters for the high-risk medication digoxin include a measure of renal function and a serum potassium level but not a serum digoxin concentration (SDC) measurement. Several studies have shown that the majority of the SDCs obtained in hospital settings provide little clinically actionable information.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the appropriateness and utility of SDCs ordered in a medical group practice setting by categorizing the reason the SDC was ordered and identifying action taken in response to the result.
  
  
  METHODS
  The descriptive study was conducted as a retrospective, electronic medical record (EMR) review of 90 primary care patients with continuous prescriptions for digoxin current on their medication profile with no gaps in therapy for at least 2 years prior to an SDC result entered into the EMR between January 1, 2009, and September 30, 2009. The reason the SDC was ordered was abstracted independently by 2 reviewers, who then assigned it to 1 of 8 predefined indication categories based on previously published criteria and practice guidelines. A third reviewer resolved inter-reviewer discrepancy (n = 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 90 patients with at least 1 SDC met inclusion criteria. Routine monitoring was the most frequent SDC order indication category with 35 patients (38.9%), 17 (48.6%) of whom did not have the recommended monitoring measures of potassium or renal function drawn concurrently. Patients were included in other categories as follows: confirmation of signs/symptoms of toxicity 30 (33.3%); assessment of factors altering pharmacokinetics 5 (5.6%); assessment of dosage change 5 (5.6%); assessment of drug interaction 3 (3.3%); assessment of clinical response 3 (3.3%); assessment of adherence 1 (1.1%); and other 2 (2.2%). Across all categories, a total of 19 (21.1%) of SDC results were outside the therapeutic range of 0.5 nanograms (ng) per mL and 2.0 ng per mL, 18 of which were below 0.5 ng per mL, with none of the subtherapeutic levels leading to a change in digoxin therapy. Only 1 patient (1.1%) had therapy changed in response to an elevated abnormal SDC result of 2.1 ng per mL and was in the routine monitoring category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of SDC results obtained in our medical group setting did not lead to clinical action, such as dose adjustment or drug discontinuation. SDCs were commonly measured as part of routine monitoring, which is considered an inappropriate indication, and often without being accompanied by better markers for digoxin toxicity such as serum potassium levels and measures of renal function as recommended by drug-monitoring quality initiatives. Provider education is needed regarding the most indicative digoxin TDM parameters to obtain in order to satisfy quality initiatives.
authors: School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA. orricok@pamf.org
authors: Kathleen B
authors: KB
authors: Orrico
authors: May
authors: M
authors: Wu
authors: Ariane R
authors: AR
authors: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004077:Digoxin; D011188:Potassium