title: An estimate of the cost of acute health effects from food- and water-borne marine pathogens and toxins in the USA.
abstract: Large and growing segments of the United States population consume seafood or engage in marine recreation. These activities provide significant benefits but also bring risk of exposure to marine-borne illness. To manage these risks, it is important to understand the incidence and cost of marine-borne disease. We review the literature and surveillance/monitoring data to determine the annual incidence of disease and health consequences due to marine-borne pathogens from seafood consumption and beach recreation in the USA. Using this data, we employ a cost-of-illness model to estimate economic impacts. Our results suggest that health consequences due to marine-borne pathogens in the USA have annual costs on the order of US$900 million. This includes US$350 million due to pathogens and marine toxins specifically identified as causing food-borne disease, an estimated US$300 million due to seafood-borne disease with unknown etiology, US$30 million from direct exposure to the Vibrio species, and US$300 million due to gastrointestinal illness from beach recreation. Although there is considerable uncertainty about the degree of underreporting of certain pathogen-specific acute marine-related illnesses, the conservative assumptions we have used in constructing our estimate suggest that it should be considered a lower bound on true costs.
authors: Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. eralston@whoi.edu
authors: Erin P
authors: EP
authors: Ralston
authors: Hauke
authors: H
authors: Kite-Powell
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Beet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000191:economics*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D014481:United States; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins