title: Intranasal anti-rabies DNA immunization promotes a Th1-related cytokine stimulation associated with plasmid survival time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DNA vaccination has a great potential to decrease infectious diseases worldwide, such as rabies. Here we showed the effects of a single anti-rabies DNA vaccination applied intranasally (IN) on plasmid survival time, neutralizing antibody (NA) titers, G-protein expression and Th1/Th2-related cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only one 50-μg dose of an anti-rabies DNA vaccine was IN administered to 160 Balb/c mice. Twenty mice were used for the neutralizing antibody study, 35 for the proliferation assay, 35 for Th1/Th2-related cytokines, 35 for glycoprotein expression by immunocytochemistry, and 35 for pGQH detection and G-protein mRNA expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Th1-type related cytokines from spleen cells (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) were detected. Rabies NA titers were ≥0.6 IUs from day 30 onward in the IN DNA-vaccinated group. The plasmid was identified in brains and lungs from days 3-15. The mRNA transcript was amplified in brains and lungs from days 3-30, and G-protein expression was observed in spleens, brains and lungs on days 3, 8, and 15. In all cases, a gradual decrease was observed on days 30 and 45 and absent on day 60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that Th1-type related cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were stimulated during the first month after DNA vaccination, correlating with the proliferation assays. Also, it was associated with the plasmid survival time remaining in lungs and brains prior to its degradation.
authors: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Coordinación de Investigación del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, D.F., Mexico.
authors: Iris Angélica
authors: IA
authors: Feria-Romero
authors: Karina
authors: K
authors: Chávez-Rueda
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Orozco-Suárez
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Blanco-Favela
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Calzada-Bermejo
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Chávez-Sánchez
authors: Leticia
authors: L
authors: Manuel-Apolinar
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Hernández-González
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Aguilar-Setién
authors: Emiliano
authors: E
authors: Tesoro-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D016207:Cytokines; D011819:Rabies Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA