title: Analysis of shear strain imaging for classifying breast masses: finite element and phantom results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Features extracted from axial-shear strain images of breast masses have been previously utilized to differentiate and classify benign from malignant breast masses. In this paper, we compare shear strain patterns exhibited by both the full-shear (axial and lateral component) versus only the axial-shear strain component for differentiating between bound masses (malignant) when compared to unbound masses (benign).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examine different breast mass characteristics such as mass shape, asymmetric location of masses, stiffness variations, and mass bonding characteristics to background tissue to assess their impact on shear strain patterns generated due to a uniaxial applied deformation. Two-dimensional finite element simulations of both circular and elliptical inclusions embedded within a uniform background were utilized. Different degrees of bonding were characterized using friction coefficient values ranging from 0.01 to 100 denoting loosely bound to firmly bound masses. Single-inclusion tissue-mimicking phantoms mimicking firmly bound and loosely bound ellipsoidal masses oriented at four different angles to the applied deformation were studied to corroborate the mass differentiation performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that the normalized axial-shear strain and full-shear strain area features are larger for bound when compared to unbound masses. A higher stiffness ratio or contrast between the inclusion and background also improves differentiation. Larger applied deformations reduce the discrimination performance for masses with friction coefficients lower than 0.4, due to increased mass slippage with applied deformations. Potential errors with the use of these features would occur for unbound inclusions at larger applied deformations and for asymmetric mass positions within the background normal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finite element and tissue-mimicking phantom results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing both the normalized axial-shear and full-shear strain area features to classify breast masses. Differentiation between bound or unbound masses was not affected by the mass size or shape for masses where the applied deformation is normal to the mass surface. Shear strain patterns vary significantly especially within unbound masses, when the mass surface is not normal to the applied deformation. Discrimination performance for unbound masses was improved by utilizing only the normalized shear strain area patterns located outside the mass as illustrated in this paper.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Haiyan
authors: H
authors: Xu
authors: Tomy
authors: T
authors: Varghese
authors: Ernest L
authors: EL
authors: Madsen
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009929:Organ Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012984:Software; D013314:Stress, Mechanical