title: Deriving health state utilities for the numerical pain rating scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of patient reported outcome measures within cost-effectiveness analysis has become commonplace. However, specific measures are required that produce values, referred to as 'utilities', that are capable of generating quality adjusted life years. One such measure - the EQ-5D - has come under criticism due to the inherent limitations of its three-level response scales. In evaluations of chronic pain, the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) which has eleven levels is routinely used which has a greater measurement range, but which can not be used in cost-effetiveness analyses. This study derived utility values for a series of EQ-5D health states that replace the pain dimensions with the NPRS, thereby allowing a potentially greater range of pain intensities to be captured and included in economic analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were undertaken with 100 member of the general population. Health state valuations were elicited using the time trade-off approach with a ten year time horizon. Additionally, respondents were asked where the EQ-5D response scale descriptors of moderate and extreme pain lay on the 11-point NPRS scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  625 valuations were undertaken across the study sample with the crude mean health state utilities showing a negative non-linear relationship with respect to increasing pain intensity. Relative to a NPRS of zero (NPRS0), the successive pain levels (NPRS1-10) had mean decrements in utility of 0.034, 0.043, 0.061, 0.121, 0.144, 0.252, 0.404, 0.575, 0.771 and 0.793, respectively. When respondents were asked to mark on the NPRS scale the EQ-5D pain descriptors of moderate and extreme pain, the median responses were '4' and '8', respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the potential floor effect of the EQ-5D with respect to pain and provide estimates of health reduction associated with pain intensity described by the NPRS. These estimates are in excess of the decrements produced by an application of the EQ-5D scoring tariff for both the United States and the United Kingdom.
authors: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK. s.dixon@shef.ac.uk
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Dixon
authors: Chris D
authors: CD
authors: Poole
authors: Isaac
authors: I
authors: Odeyemi
authors: Peny
authors: P
authors: Retsa
authors: Colette
authors: C
authors: Chambers
authors: Craig J
authors: CJ
authors: Currie
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010147:Pain Measurement