title: Heart rate as an independent risk factor in patients with multiple organ dysfunction: a prospective, observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between baseline heart rate and outcome in patients with multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) as well as the course of heart rate over the first 4 days during MODS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study in 89 patients with MODS, defined as an APACHE-II score ≥20. Baseline heart rate (HR(0)) was determined over a 60-minute period at the time of MODS diagnosis. 28-day all-cause mortality was the primary endpoint of the study, a fall of the APACHE-II score by 4 points or more from day 0 to day 4 constituted the secondary endpoint. Hazard ratios for heart rate of 90 beats per minute (bpm) or greater relative to less than 90 bpm were calculated using Cox proportional hazards model and adjusted for confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median baseline heart rate was 83 bpm in survivors and 92 bpm in non-survivors (p = 0.048). 28-day mortality was 32 and 61% in patients with HR(0) < 90 bpm and HR(0) ≥ 90 bpm, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio for 28-day mortality was 2.30 (95% confidence interval 1.21-4.36, p = 0.001) for HR(0) ≥ 90 bpm relative to HR(0) < 90 bpm. No correlation was found between baseline heart rate and the secondary endpoint. From day 0 to day 4, heart rate remained elevated in all patients, as well as in survivors and non-survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A heart rate ≥90 bpm at the time of MODS diagnosis is an independent risk factor for increased 28-day mortality. As in patients with cardiovascular conditions such as coronary heart disease or chronic heart failure, heart rate might constitute a target for heart rate-lowering therapy in the narrow initial treatment window of MODS.
authors: Department of Medicine, Halle (Saale) University Hospital, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097, Halle (Saale), Germany. robert.hoke@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors: Robert S
authors: RS
authors: Hoke
authors: Ursula
authors: U
authors: Müller-Werdan
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Lautenschläger
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Werdan
authors: Henning
authors: H
authors: Ebelt
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors