title: An approach for online evaluations of dose consequences caused by small rotational setup errors in intracranial stereotactic radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work is to investigate the impact of small rotational errors on the magnitudes and distributions of spatial dose variations for intracranial stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) treatment setups, and to assess the feasibility of using the original dose map overlaid with rotated contours (ODMORC) method as a fast, online evaluation tool to estimate dose changes (using DVHs) to clinical target volumes (CTVs) and organs-at-risks (OARs) caused by small rotational setup errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen intracranial SRT cases treated with either three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) or intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) techniques were chosen for the study. Selected cases have a variety of anatomical dimensions and pathologies. Angles of ±3° and ±5° in all directions were selected to simulate the rotational errors. Dose variations in different regions of the brain, CTVs, and OARs were evaluated to illustrate the various spatial effects of dose differences before and after rotations. DVHs accounting for rotations that were recomputed by the treatment planning system (TPS) and those generated by the ODMORC method were compared. A framework of a fast algorithm for multicontour rotation implemented by ODMORC is introduced as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average values of relative dose variations between original dose and recomputed dose accounting for rotations were greater than 4.0% and 10.0% in absolute mean and in standard deviation, respectively, at the skull and adjacent regions for all cases. They were less than 1.0% and 2.5% in absolute mean and in standard deviation, respectively, for dose points 3 mm away from the skull. The results indicated that spatial dose to any part of the brain organs or tumors separated from the skull or head surface would be relatively stable before and after rotations. Statistical data of CTVs and OARs indicate the lens and cochleas have the large dose variations before and after rotations, whereas the remaining ROIs have insignificant dose differences. DVH comparisons suggest that the ODMORC method is able to estimate the DVH of CTVs fairly accurately (within 1.5% of relative dose differences for evaluation volumes). The results also show that most of the OARs including the brain stem, spinal cord, chiasm, hippocampuses, optic nerves, and retinas, which were relatively distal from the skull and surface, had good agreement (within 2.0% of relative dose differences for 0.1 cc of the volumes ) between the ODMORC method and the recomputation, whereas OARs more proximate to the bone-tissue interface or surface, such as the lenses and cochlea, had larger dose variations (greater than 5.0%) for some cases due to the incapability of the ODMORC to account for scatter contribution variations proximate to interfaces and intrinsic dose calculation uncertainties for ROIs with small volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ODMORC method can be implemented as an online evaluation system for rotation-induced dose changes of CTVs and most OARs and for other related dose consequence analyses.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA. lubo98@ufl.edu
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Lu
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Darren
authors: D
authors: Kahler
authors: Guanghua
authors: G
authors: Yan
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Mittauer
authors: Wenyin
authors: W
authors: Shi
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Okunieff
authors: Chihray
authors: C
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009862:Online Systems; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D061106:Radiotherapy Setup Errors; D012399:Rotation; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*