title: Operative correction of arch collapse with forefoot deformity: a retrospective analysis of outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are many forefoot deformities, including hallux valgus, forefoot overload, and hammertoe that are treated as unrelated problems with multiple different techniques. Currently, there has been renewed interest in the role of a gastrocnemius contracture on foot deformities. Our objective was to review a specific surgical treatment plan for forefoot deformities classified by us as Type 2 arch collapse and evaluate the outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 374 patients who underwent foot procedures to treat deformity classified as a Type 2 arch collapse. Data was collected regarding complications and need for secondary surgery. A phone survey was performed to assess patient satisfaction, pain level, and Foot Function Index (FFI) scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 374 patients (412 feet), there was a 96% (357 of 371 feet) union rate at the first tarsometatarsal joint and 98% (227 of 232 feet) union rate at metatarsal shortening osteotomy sites. Recurrence of hallux valgus was 2.7% (7 of 256 feet), while hallux varus occurred in 1.6% (4 of 256 feet). There were 292 patients (78%) available for phone interview. Of those patients, 88% were satisfied with the results of the procedure. The subset of procedures relating to the highest mean FFI was hammertoe correction (22.2) and the highest mean pain score was related to metatarsal shortening osteotomy (2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Utilizing the arch collapse model, operative treatment of forefoot deformities with a combination of procedures including gastrocnemius recession, first TMT fusion, modified McBride, hammertoe correction, and metatarsal shortening osteotomy can produce good satisfaction rates with low complication rates.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, USA.
authors: Rohan
authors: R
authors: Habbu
authors: Scott M
authors: SM
authors: Holthusen
authors: John G
authors: JG
authors: Anderson
authors: Donald R
authors: DR
authors: Bohay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004863:Equinus Deformity / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000453:epidemiology; D050488:Hallux Varus / Q000453:epidemiology; D037801:Hammer Toe Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult