title: Redox regulation in photosynthetic organisms: focus on glutathionylation.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  In photosynthetic organisms, besides the well-established disulfide/dithiol exchange reactions specifically controlled by thioredoxins (TRXs), protein S-glutathionylation is emerging as an alternative redox modification occurring under stress conditions. This modification, consisting of the formation of a mixed disulfide between glutathione and a protein cysteine residue, can not only protect specific cysteines from irreversible oxidation but also modulate protein activities and appears to be specifically controlled by small disulfide oxidoreductases of the TRX superfamily named glutaredoxins (GRXs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In recent times, several studies allowed significant progress in this area, mostly due to the identification of several plant proteins undergoing S-glutathionylation and to the characterization of the molecular mechanisms and the proteins involved in the control of this modification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article provides a global overview of protein glutathionylation in photosynthetic organisms with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of protein glutathionylation and deglutathionylation and a focus on the role of GRXs. Then, we describe the methods employed for identification of glutathionylated proteins in photosynthetic organisms and review the targets and the possible physiological functions of protein glutathionylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to establish the importance of protein S-glutathionylation in photosynthetic organisms, future studies should be aimed at delineating more accurately the molecular mechanisms of glutathionylation and deglutathionylation reactions, at identifying proteins undergoing S-glutathionylation in vivo under diverse conditions, and at investigating the importance of redoxins, GRX, and TRX, in the control of this redox modification in vivo.
authors: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France.
authors: Mirko
authors: M
authors: Zaffagnini
authors: Mariette
authors: M
authors: Bedhomme
authors: Christophe H
authors: CH
authors: Marchand
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Morisse
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Trost
authors: Stéphane D
authors: SD
authors: Lemaire
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010788:Photosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D005978:Glutathione