title: Comparison of three different analgesic protocols during shockwave lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is one of the most important treatment modalities for urinary stone disease. The procedure may cause pain, and patient relaxation and cooperation are crucial in maintaining stone localization for optimal fragmentation and patient comfort during the procedure. As yet, there is not a standard analgesic protocol for patients undergoing SWL. We aimed to use three different analgesic agents and compare their efficacy during SWL in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Written informed consents were obtained from 95 patients with kidney stones, and they were randomized to receive lornoxicam (group L, n=32 patients), paracetamol (group P, n=31 patients), and tramadol with a patient-controlled analgesia device (group T, n=32 patients). All groups received patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol during the SWL procedure. The intensity of pain was evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 41.87 ± 16.53 years, 44.07 ± 11.48 years, and 41.24 ± 14.82 years in group L, group P, and group T, respectively. No significant differences were found between the three groups concerning patient age, stone location, or session duration (P>0.05). The mean VAS scores and analgesic consumption were lower in group L compared with other groups (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study showed that additional administration of analgesics was decreased with intravenous lornoxicam in comparison with paracetamol and only tramadol.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors: Fatih
authors: F
authors: Ozkan
authors: Fikret
authors: F
authors: Erdemir
authors: Unal
authors: U
authors: Erkorkmaz
authors: Ziya
authors: Z
authors: Kaya
authors: Yesim
authors: Y
authors: Senayli
authors: Bekir S
authors: BS
authors: Parlaktas
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014147:Tramadol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D010894:Piroxicam; D000082:Acetaminophen; D014147:Tramadol; C059451:lornoxicam