title: Association of crossword puzzle participation with memory decline in persons who develop dementia.
abstract: Participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities such as crossword puzzles may delay onset of the memory decline in the preclinical stages of dementia, possibly via its effect on improving cognitive reserve. We followed 488 initially cognitively intact community residing individuals with clinical and cognitive assessments every 12-18 months in the Bronx Aging Study. We assessed the influence of crossword puzzle participation on the onset of accelerated memory decline as measured by the Buschke Selective Reminding Test in 101 individuals who developed incident dementia using a change point model. Crossword puzzle participation at baseline delayed onset of accelerated memory decline by 2.54 years. Inclusion of education or participation in other cognitively stimulating activities did not significantly add to the fit of the model beyond the effect of puzzles. Our findings show that late life crossword puzzle participation, independent of education, was associated with delayed onset of memory decline in persons who developed dementia. Given the wide availability and accessibility of crossword puzzles, their role in preventing cognitive decline should be validated in future clinical trials.
authors: Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors: Jagan A
authors: JA
authors: Pillai
authors: Charles B
authors: CB
authors: Hall
authors: Dennis W
authors: DW
authors: Dickson
authors: Herman
authors: H
authors: Buschke
authors: Richard B
authors: RB
authors: Lipton
authors: Joe
authors: J
authors: Verghese
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies