title: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wildlife on three deer farms with a history of Johne's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection in wildlife, in pastoral landscapes with a recent history of clinical Johne's disease in livestock.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 449 wild mammals and birds from three farms in the South Island of New Zealand with recent histories of clinical Johne's disease in their deer herds were trapped and examined for gross pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, individual mesenteric lymph nodes from 380 mammals, and segments of gastrointestinal tract from 32 birds were excised, homogenised and cultured for viable Map bacilli. The prevalence of Map infection was then calculated for the various species. Faecal samples from those mammals which had culture-positive tissues were further cultured for the presence of Map.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross pathological changes were identified in the gastrointestinal tract of four brushtail possums, one cat, six ferrets, 12 hares, six hedgehogs, three rabbits, one stoat, and one paradise shelduck. Infection with Map in the gastrointestinal tract was confirmed in only three of these cases, one each of brushtail possums, hares and hedgehogs. In contrast, Map infection in the absence of gross pathological changes was frequently recorded in enteric tract tissues of mammals and birds. Among mammals, Map infection was recorded in 18/73 (25%) brushtail possums, 4/23 (17%) cats, 15/42 (36%) hedgehogs and 29/113 (26%) rabbits. Among birds, intestinal tract tissue Map infection was recorded in 3/17 (18%) paradise shelducks. Among 64 of the 74 mammals which had Map culture-positive tissues, 38% (n=5) of hedgehogs and 11% (n=3) of rabbits also had culture-positive faecal samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to identify that Map infection can be prevalent in wildlife in New Zealand. There was a high prevalence of Map infection among both scavenging and grazing wild animals. Both mammals and birds are capable of harbouring viable Map organisms in their gastrointestinal tract; further, viable Map was excreted into the environment via faeces by hedgehogs and rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous studies overseas have postulated a role of wildlife as reservoirs of Map infection and possible vectors of Johne's disease to livestock. Here, brushtail possums, hedgehogs and rabbits and in particular were identified as potential wildlife hosts for Map infection in New Zealand. This suggests that several wildlife species could contribute to the persistence of Map infection within a wildlife/livestock complex, and potentially, perhaps more importantly, to the spread of infection between farms.
authors: Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand. nugentg@landcareresearch.co.nz
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Nugent
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Whitford
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Hunnam
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Wilson
authors: M l
authors: Ml
authors: Cross
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: de Lisle
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D001717:Birds; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D008322:Mammals; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*