title: Effect of freezing time on macronutrients and energy content of breastmilk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In neonatal units and human milk banks freezing breastmilk at less than -20 °C is the choice for preserving it. Scientific evidence in relation to the loss of nutritional quality during freezing is rare. Our main aim in this study is to determine the effect of freezing time up to 3 months on the content of fat, total nitrogen, lactose, and energy. Our secondary aim is to assess whether ultrasonic homogenization of samples enables a more suitable reading of breastmilk macronutrients with a human milk analyzer (HMA) (MIRIS, Uppsala, Sweden).
  
  
  METHODS
  Refrigerated breastmilk samples were collected. Each sample was divided into six pairs of aliquots. One pair was analyzed on day 0, and the remaining pairs were frozen and analyzed, one each at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days later. For each pair, one aliquot was homogenized by stirring, and the other by applying ultrasound. Samples were analyzed with the HMA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 3 months from freezing with the two homogenization methods, we observed a relevant and significant decline in the concentration of fat and energy content. The modification of total nitrogen and lactose was not constant and of lower magnitude. The absolute concentration of all macronutrients and calories was greater with ultrasonic homogenization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 3 months from freezing at -20 °C, an important decrease in fat and caloric content is observed. Correct homogenization is fundamental for correct nutritional analysis.
authors: Department of Neonatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. nadiaraquelg@yahoo.es
authors: Nadia Raquel
authors: NR
authors: García-Lara
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Escuder-Vieco
authors: Oscar
authors: O
authors: García-Algar
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: De la Cruz
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Lora
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Pallás-Alonso
mesh_terms: D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005615:Freezing / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis*; D017784:Milk Banks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011247:Pregnancy; D013030:Spain; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007785:Lactose; D009584:Nitrogen