title: Selection for resistance, reversion towards susceptibility and synergism of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), is an economic pest of pome fruits throughout North America. Repeated applications of broad-spectrum insecticides have resulted in the development of resistance, cross-resistance and multiple resistance in this pest. Studies were conducted to determine the possibility of resistance evolution, stability of resistance and the effect of metabolic synergists on toxicity of new reduced-risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in C. rosaceana.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larvae of C. rosaceana were selected for resistance to chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in the laboratory. Significant levels of resistance to each insecticide were observed after 12 generations of selection. In the absence of selection pressure, susceptibility of a subset of larvae from both chlorantraniliprole- and spinetoram-selected populations reverted to preselection levels after five and six generations respectively, indicating that resistance to both chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram was unstable in C. rosaceana. In synergist bioassays performed after 12 generations of selection, S,S,S-tributylphosphoro trithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergized the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram respectively, suggesting the involvement of esterases in chlorantraniliprole resistance and the involvement of mixed-function oxidases in spinetoram resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram could be incorporated into C. rosaceana resistance management programs by using rotational strategies.
authors: Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA. ashfaqsial@yahoo.com
authors: Ashfaq A
authors: AA
authors: Sial
authors: Jay F
authors: JF
authors: Brunner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C517733:chlorantranilipole; C548262:spinetoram