title: Nipple sparing mastectomy: can we predict the factors predisposing to necrosis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM) is an accepted surgical approach in selected breast cancer and prophylactic mastectomy, nevertheless post-mastectomy skin necrosis is one of the frequent complications. This study aimed to analyze the factors that may lead to skin necrosis after NSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 2010 to July 2010, we prospectively registered 50 consecutive NSM from 45 patients. There were 40 mastectomies for cancer, and 10 prophylactic mastectomies. The various patient's and surgical factors were registered during pre-, intra- and postoperative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No total necrosis of the nipple areola complex (NAC) was observed. There were thirteen cases with partial necrosis (26.0%) of the areola or the adjacent skin. All these necrosis were partial both for the surface and the thickness. Surgical debridement was performed in 9 (18.0%) cases. The significant risk factors are smoking, young age, type of incision and NAC involvement with areola flap thickness less than 5 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSM should be done with high caution in smokers. Young patients, periareolar incision and superior circumareolar incision have also a higher risk of necrosis. We recommend keeping areolar flap thickness more than 5 mm in areola region.
authors: Division of Plastic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy.
authors: Z K
authors: ZK
authors: Algaithy
authors: J Y
authors: JY
authors: Petit
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Lohsiriwat
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Maisonneuve
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Rey
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Baros
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Lai
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Mulas
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Barbalho
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Veronesi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rietjens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods; D015414:Mastectomy, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009558:Nipples; D018579:Patient Selection; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology