title: A neuroimaging proof of principle study of Down's syndrome and dementia: ethical and methodological challenges in intrusive research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research into specific illnesses and the development of new treatments may only become possible as new technologies become available. When used for research, such technologies may best be described as 'intrusive', in that they require a considerable willingness and commitment on the part of the participants. This has increasingly been the case for brain disorders and illnesses where novel neuroimaging techniques, often combined with clinical and psychological assessments, have the potential to result in new understanding. People with intellectual disabilities (ID) have a history of under-representation as participants in research using such technologies and are therefore at risk of not receiving equal access to state-of-the-art treatments. We propose that 'intrusive' biomedical research is both possible and ethical in ID, and explore some of the methodological challenges by reference to a recent proof of principle study that used a relatively new ligand-based brain scanning technique in a group of volunteers with Down's syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five overlapping stages of the study methodology were identified and evaluated for their acceptability to volunteers with mild to moderate ID through discussion, reflection, and analysis of structured feedback in the context of key policy documents, ethical guidelines and relevant legislation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Identification of key ethical and methodological challenges from reflective practice and participant feedback facilitated the emergence of strategies that permitted continual refinement of the study design. Important areas considered included (1) being clear about the purpose and scientific justification for the study; (2) reconciling the potential risks and benefits with relevant ethical guidelines and legislation; (3) identifying and implementing effective recruitment strategies; (4) optimising and assessing capacity to consent; and (5) making the 'intrusive' procedures as acceptable as possible to people with ID.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were able to demonstrate that a proof of principle study incorporating a novel brain scanning technique in a group of volunteers with ID was feasible, safe and well tolerated, despite the vulnerabilities of the study cohort and the intrusive nature of the research. We consider the study within an ethical and historical discourse about the principles that define current 'best practice' in ID research and propose a number of key recommendations for making intrusive research acceptable in people with ID.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: d'Abrera
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Holland
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Landt
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Stocks-Gee
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Zaman
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection / Q000941:ethics; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D012107:Research Design