title: Piperazine compounds as drugs of abuse.
abstract: Synthetic drugs are among the most commonly abused drugs in the world. This abuse is widespread among young people, especially in the dance club and rave scenes. Over the last several years, piperazine derived drugs have appeared, mainly available via the internet, and sold as ecstasy pills or under the names of "Frenzy", "Bliss", "Charge", "Herbal ecstasy", "A2", "Legal X" and "Legal E". Although in the market piperazine designer drugs have the reputation of being safe, several experimental and epidemiological studies indicate risks for humans. Piperazine designer drugs can be divided into two classes, the benzylpiperazines such as N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and its methylenedioxy analogue 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)piperazine (MDBP), and the phenylpiperazines such as 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP), and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (MeOPP). Toxicokinetic properties, including metabolic pathways, actions and effects in animals and humans, with some hypothesis of mechanism of action, and analytical approaches for the identification of these drugs are summarized in this review.
authors: REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal. m.arbo@terra.com.br
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Arbo
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Bastos
authors: H F
authors: HF
authors: Carmo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015198:Designer Drugs; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D010879:Piperazines; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine