title: Automated temporal tracking and segmentation of lymphoma on serial CT examinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is challenging to reproducibly measure and compare cancer lesions on numerous follow-up studies; the process is time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we show a method to automatically and reproducibly identify and segment abnormal lymph nodes in serial computed tomography (CT) exams.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our method leverages initial identification of enlarged (abnormal) lymph nodes in the baseline scan. We then identify an approximate region for the node in the follow-up scans using nonrigid image registration. The baseline scan is also used to locate regions of normal, non-nodal tissue surrounding the lymph node and to map them onto the follow-up scans, in order to reduce the search space to locate the lymph node on the follow-up scans. Adaptive region-growing and clustering algorithms are then used to obtain the final contours for segmentation. We applied our method to 24 distinct enlarged lymph nodes at multiple time points from 14 patients. The scan at the earlier time point was used as the baseline scan to be used in evaluating the follow-up scan, resulting in 70 total test cases (e.g., a series of scans obtained at 4 time points results in 3 test cases). For each of the 70 cases, a "reference standard" was obtained by manual segmentation by a radiologist. Assessment according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) using our method agreed with RECIST assessments made using the reference standard segmentations in all test cases, and by calculating node overlap ratio and Hausdorff distance between the computer and radiologist-generated contours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the reference standard, our method made the correct RECIST assessment for all 70 cases. The average overlap ratio was 80.7 ± 9.7% s.d., and the average Hausdorff distance was 3.2 ± 1.8 mm s.d. The concordance correlation between automated and manual segmentations was 0.978 (95% confidence interval 0.962, 0.984). The 100% agreement in our sample between our method and the standard with regard to RECIST classification suggests that the true disagreement rate is no more than 6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our automated lymph node segmentation method achieves excellent overall segmentation performance and provides equivalent RECIST assessment. It potentially will be useful to streamline and improve cancer lesion measurement and tracking and to improve assessment of cancer treatment response.
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. jiajing@stanford.edu
authors: Jiajing
authors: J
authors: Xu
authors: Hayit
authors: H
authors: Greenspan
authors: Sandy
authors: S
authors: Napel
authors: Daniel L
authors: DL
authors: Rubin
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*