title: Expression of antimicrobial peptides in diabetic foot ulcer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foot ulcers are one of the main diabetes complications due to its high frequency and difficulty of complete healing. There are several factors that participate in diabetic ulcers development and limited information exists about the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in its pathogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the expression pattern of the main AMPs: Human Neutrophil Peptide (HNP)-1, Human β-defensin (HBD)-1, HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4 and cathelicidin LL-37 in biopsies from diabetic foot ulcers (DFU).
  
  
  METHODS
  20 biopsies from DFU grade 3 according to Wagner's classification and 20 biopsies from healthy donors were obtained. Real time PCR, immunohistochemistry and primary cell cultures were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  β-Defensins were overexpressed in DFU, whereas LL-37 has low or none expression in comparison with healthy skin. When primary cell culture from these biopsies were performed and infected with Staphylococcus aureus, epidermal cell from diabetic ulcers showed lower LL-37 expression compared with cell cultures from healthy donors skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that though most AMPs are expressed in DFU, this production is not appropriate to promote wound healing and contain secondary infections.
authors: Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Zacatecas, Mexico. rondo_vm@yahoo.com
authors: Bruno
authors: B
authors: Rivas-Santiago
authors: Valentín
authors: V
authors: Trujillo
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Montoya
authors: Irma
authors: I
authors: Gonzalez-Curiel
authors: Julio
authors: J
authors: Castañeda-Delgado
authors: Albertina
authors: A
authors: Cardenas
authors: Kublai
authors: K
authors: Rincon
authors: Maria L
authors: ML
authors: Hernandez
authors: Rogelio
authors: R
authors: Hernández-Pando
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism; D014456:Ulcer / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054804:Cathelicidins
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D023083:beta-Defensins; D054804:Cathelicidins