title: Effects of undenatured whey protein supplementation on CXCL12- and CCL21-mediated B and T cell chemotaxis in diabetic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long and persistent uncontrolled diabetes tends to degenerate the immune system and leads to an increased incidence of infection. Whey proteins (WPs) enhance immunity during early life and have a protective role in some immune disorders. In this study, the effects of camel WP on the chemotaxis of B and T cells to CXCL12 and CCL21 in diabetic mice were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometric analysis of the surface expressions of CXCR4 (CXCL12 receptor) and CCR7 (CCL21 receptor) on B and T cells revealed that the surface expressions of CXCR4 and CCR7 were not significantly altered in diabetic and WP-supplemented diabetic mice compared with control mice. Nevertheless, B and T lymphocytes from diabetic mice were found to be in a stunned state, with a marked and significant (P < 0.05) decrease in CXCL12- and CCL21-mediated actin polymerization and subsequently, a marked decrease in their chemotaxis. WP supplementation in the diabetes model was found to significantly increase CXCL12- and CCL21-mediated actin polymerization and chemotaxis in both B and T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data revealed the benefits of WP supplementation in enhancing cytoskeletal rearrangement and chemotaxis in B and T cells, and subsequently improving the immune response in diabetic mice.
authors: Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. badr73@yahoo.com
authors: Gamal
authors: G
authors: Badr
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Mohany
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Metwalli
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002162:Camelus; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054421:Chemokine CCL21 / Q000378:metabolism*; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015870:Gene Expression; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055503:Protein Multimerization / Q000187:drug effects; D054400:Receptors, CCR7 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C514936:CXCR4 protein, mouse; C515371:Ccr7 protein, mouse; D054421:Chemokine CCL21; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; C515256:Cxcl12 protein, mouse; D008894:Milk Proteins; D054400:Receptors, CCR7; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D000067816:Whey Proteins