title: Osseous and ligamentous scaphoid anatomy: Part I. A systematic literature review highlighting controversies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The interpretation of scaphoid anatomy and kinematics is confusing and controversial. This results from a lack of consensus on the anatomy of the ligaments attaching to the scaphoid and an overwhelming variety of substantially different anatomic descriptions and classification systems of the wrist joint in the literature. The present study systemically reviews the consistencies or inconsistencies of the various scaphoid ligament descriptions and aims to clarify and unify different concepts and classification systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic search of the medical literature from 1950 to 2010. We included all descriptive reports of the anatomy or morphology of the scaphoid, ligaments, or both. With the aim to describe the best available evidence, we considered all anatomical descriptions but emphasized a selection of the most frequently cited articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search resulted in 555 potentially eligible descriptive reports, 58 of which met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Variations in the anatomic descriptions appear to be mostly due to the difficulty of identifying individual interdigitating ligaments or bundles by macroscopic dissections, as well as the interindividual variability in ligament anatomy. The most important areas of controversy in the scaphoid ligament attachments include the radial collateral ligament, dorsal radiocarpal ligament, dorsal intercarpal ligament, volar scaphotriquetral ligament, and scaphotrapezium-trapezoid ligament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the scaphoid ligaments other than the scaphocapitate ligament have been described consistently. Future research is required to verify the ligament attachments that currently have the most controversial descriptions, while addressing the interindividual variability of ligament insertions and morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thorough knowledge of the anatomy will enhance our understanding of the kinematics of the scaphoid.
authors: Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam and Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. g.a.buijze@amc.uva.nl
authors: Geert A
authors: GA
authors: Buijze
authors: Santiago A
authors: SA
authors: Lozano-Calderon
authors: Simon D
authors: SD
authors: Strackee
authors: Leendert
authors: L
authors: Blankevoort
authors: Jesse B
authors: JB
authors: Jupiter
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D021361:Scaphoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology