title: Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (Cochrane Review).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The question of whether reduced sodium intake is effective as a health prophylaxis initiative is unsolved. The purpose was to estimate the effects of low-sodium vs. high-sodium intake on blood pressure (BP), renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, and lipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies randomizing persons to low-sodium and high-sodium diets evaluating at least one of the above outcome parameters were included. Data were analyzed with Review Manager 5.1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 167 studies were included. The effect of sodium reduction in: (i) Normotensives: Caucasians: systolic BP (SBP) -1.27 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): -1.88, -0.66; P = 0.0001), diastolic BP (DBP) -0.05 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.51, 0.42; P = 0.85). Blacks: SBP -4.02 mm Hg (95% CI: -7.37, -0.68; P = 0.002), DBP -2.01 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.37, 0.35; P = 0.09). Asians: SBP -1.27 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.07, 0.54; P = 0.17), DBP -1.68 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.29, -0.06; P = 0.04). (ii) Hypertensives: Caucasians: SBP -5.48 mm Hg (95% CI: -6.53, -4.43; P < 0.00001), DBP -2.75 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.34, -2.17; P < 0.00001). Blacks: SBP -6.44 mm Hg (95% CI: -8.85, -4.03; P = 0.00001), DBP -2.40 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.68, -0.12; P = 0.04). Asians: SBP -10.21 mm Hg (95% CI: -16.98, -3.44; P = 0.003), DBP -2.60 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.03, -1.16; P = 0.0004). Sodium reduction resulted in significant increases in renin (P < 0.00001), aldosterone (P < 0.00001), noradrenaline (P < 0.00001), adrenaline (P < 0.0002), cholesterol (P < 0.001), and triglyceride (P < 0.0008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium reduction resulted in a significant decrease in BP of 1% (normotensives), 3.5% (hypertensives), and a significant increase in plasma renin, plasma aldosterone, plasma adrenaline, and plasma noradrenaline, a 2.5% increase in cholesterol, and a 7% increase in triglyceride.
authors: Department of Rheumatology TA4242/Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Niels A
authors: NA
authors: Graudal
authors: Thorbjørn
authors: T
authors: Hubeck-Graudal
authors: Gesche
authors: G
authors: Jürgens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D014280:Triglycerides; D000450:Aldosterone; D002784:Cholesterol; D012083:Renin