title: Active and passive self-ligation: a myth? Part 1: torque control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the amount of torque expressed by various self-ligating brackets and to evaluate the influence of active clip designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Torque moments were measured for nine different bracket types in combination with a 0.019 × 0.025 inch stainless-steel archwire. All active brackets were measured in an open and a closed configuration to evaluate the influence of the self-ligating spring clip. In addition, slot dimensions were optically measured and compared to the torque expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moments between 3.1 Nmm and 22.6 Nmm were observed at an angulation of 30° between archwire and slot. The amount of torque contributed by the spring clip of active self-ligating brackets was approximately 1 Nmm; 10 Nmm of torque was achieved with most brackets with a 20°-25° angulation between archwire and slot. The slot dimensions ranged from 0.0222 inch (0.563 mm) to 0.0241 inch (0.613 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The influence of the ligature or the active or passive self-ligating mechanism is minimal, and slot dimensions are far more important for the transmission of torque. The amount of torque exerted by the active spring clip is approximately 1/10th of the torquing moments recommended in the literature.
authors: Orthodontic Department, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. lorenz.brauchli@unibas.ch
authors: Lorenz Martin
authors: LM
authors: Brauchli
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Steineck
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Wichelhaus
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design / Q000379:methods*; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013193:Stainless Steel; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel