title: Prevalence of and predictors of substance use among adolescents in rural villages of Moshi district, Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of substance use among primary school pupils and out-of-school adolescents in Moshi rural district, northern Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  A school-based cross-sectional study focusing on primary school adolescents in standards 6 and 7 in Kahe rural community. We also conducted a population-based cross-sectional study among out-of-school adolescents in the same rural villages. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the school-based survey while for the out-of-school survey the questionnaire was administered in the households using trained interviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 545 in-school and 668 out-of-school adolescents participated in the study. Of the 545 school adolescents, 45.4% were males and 56.6% females while for the out-of-school adolescents, 68.1% were males and 31.9% females. Of the school adolescents, more males than females reported being alcohol drinkers (16.7% versus 9.2%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95% CI, 1.17 - 3.29). The prevalence proportions of cigarette smoking were 26.2% for men and 15.5% for women while prevalence proportions of marijuana smoking were 4.1% for men and 3.0% for women. As for the out-of-school adolescents, the prevalence proportions of alcohol use were 26.2% for men and 15.5% for women. The prevalence proportions of cigarette smoking were 14.3% for men and 1.9% for women while the prevalence proportions of marijuana smoking were 1.5% for men and 1.4% for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance use among adolescents is very high suggesting the need for interventions in this rural population of Tanzania.
authors: (epartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Social Sciences, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam.oreslrondence to:K.S \lonika . P.O. Box 65(015, Muhiml Iilli Ulniersity of Ieallth il(d Allied Science,, I)iar es Salaam,lll E-lluil: Klllll ikocll.mllulllla,.c.i,. Kmnyika@muhas.ac.tz
authors: Kagoma S
authors: KS
authors: Mnyika
authors: Melkiory C
authors: MC
authors: Masatu
authors: Knut-Inge
authors: KI
authors: Klepp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012574:Schools; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult