title: Development and evaluation of the  Pain Assessment in the Communicatively Impaired (PACI) tool: part II.
abstract: Pain is a common symptom for long-term care residents, particularly those in need of palliative care. However, pain assessment in residents who have communication limitations is challenging. A study was conducted with the aim of developing a pain assessment tool that could feasibly be used by direct care providers in long-term care with minimal training yet demonstrating strong psychometric properties. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to develop and test the Pain Assessment in the Communicatively Impaired (PACI) tool. Part I of this paper reported on the development phase; this second part reports on the test results. The validity and reliability results of the PACI tool were acceptable, and the convergent validity was moderately strong. A moderate level of interobserver agreement was evident, with kappas ranging from 0.46 to 0.63 for the individual items and a kappa score of 0.59 for the total tool score. The overall results of this study support the psychometric properties and feasibility of the PACI tool, offering preliminary support for its use in clinical practice.
authors: McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. kaasal@mcmaster.ca
authors: Sharon
authors: S
authors: Kaasalainen
authors: Norma
authors: N
authors: Stewart
authors: Joan
authors: J
authors: Middleton
authors: Sandy
authors: S
authors: Knezacek
authors: Terry
authors: T
authors: Hartley
authors: Christie
authors: C
authors: Ife
authors: Lara
authors: L
authors: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003144:Communication Barriers; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014743:Videotape Recording