title: Iridoids as chemical markers of false ipecac (Ronabea emetica), a previously confused medicinal plant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several roots or rhizomes of rubiaceous species are reportedly used as the emetic and antiamoebic drug ipecac. True ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha) is chemically well characterized, in contrast to striated or false ipecac derived from the rhizomes of Ronabea emetica (syn. Psychotria emetica). Besides its previous use as substitute of ipecac, the latter species is applied in traditional medicine of Panama and fruits of its relative Ronabea latifolia are reported as curare additives from Colombia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compounds of Ronabea emetica were isolated using standard chromatographic techniques, and structurally characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Organ specific distribution in Ronabea emetica as well as in Ronabea latifolia was further assessed by comparative HPLC analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four iridoid-glucosides, asperuloside (1), 6α-hydroxygeniposide (2), deacetylasperulosidic acid (3) and asperulosidic acid (4) were extracted from leaves of Ronabea emetica. Rhizomes, used in traditional medicine, were dominated by 3. HPLC profiles of Ronabea latifolia were largely corresponding. These results contrast to the general tendency of producing emetine-type and indole alkaloids in species of Psychotria and closely related genera and merit chemotaxonomic significance, characterizing the newly delimited genus Ronabea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aim of the work was to resolve the historic problem of adulteration of ipecac by establishing the chemical profile of Ronabea emetica, the false ipecac, as one of its less known sources. The paper demonstrates that different sources of ipecac can be distinguished by their phytochemistry, thus contributing to identifying adulterations of true ipecac.
authors: Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. andi.berger@univie.ac.at
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Berger
authors: Hannes
authors: H
authors: Fasshuber
authors: Johann
authors: J
authors: Schinnerl
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Robien
authors: Lothar
authors: L
authors: Brecker
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Valant-Vetschera
mesh_terms: D000932:Antiemetics / Q000032:analysis*; D028503:Cephaelis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D039823:Iridoids / Q000032:analysis*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D032069:Psychotria / Q000737:chemistry*; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D039823:Iridoids; D010936:Plant Extracts