title: Pharmaceutical services for endemic situations in the Brazilian Amazon: organization of services and prescribing practices for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum non-complicated malaria in high-risk municipalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of the fact that pharmaceutical services are an essential component of all malaria programmes, quality of these services has been little explored in the literature. This study presents the first results of the application of an evaluation model of pharmaceutical services in high-risk municipalities of the Amazon region, focusing on indicators regarding organization of services and prescribing according to national guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A theoretical framework of pharmaceutical services for non-complicated malaria was built based on the Rapid Evaluation Method (WHO). The framework included organization of services and prescribing, among other activities. The study was carried out in 15 primary health facilities in six high-risk municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon. Malaria individuals ≥ 15 years old were approached and data was collected using specific instruments. Data was checked by independent reviewers and fed to a data bank through double-entry. Descriptive variables were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A copy of the official treatment guideline was found in 80% of the facilities; 67% presented an environment for receiving and prescribing patients. Re-supply of stocks followed a different timeline; no facilities adhered to forecasting methods for stock management. No shortages or expired anti-malarials were observed, but overstock was a common finding. On 86.7% of facilities, the average of good storage practices was 48%. Time between diagnosis and treatment was zero days. Of 601 patients interviewed, 453 were diagnosed for Plasmodium vivax; of these, 99.3% received indications for the first-line scheme. Different therapeutic schemes were given to Plasmodium falciparum patients. Twenty-eight (4.6%) out of 601 were prescribed regimens not listed in the national guideline. Only 5.7% individuals received a prescription or a written instruction of any kind.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that while diagnostic procedure is well established and functioning in the Brazilian malaria programme, prescribing is still an activity that is actually not performed. The absence of physicians and poor integration between malaria services and primary health services make for the lack of a prescription or written instruction for malaria patients throughout the Brazilian Amazon. This fact may lead to a great number of problems in rational use and in adherence to medication.
authors: Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av, Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Arthur Neiva, CEP-21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. marmutis@ioc.fiocruz.br
authors: Martha C
authors: MC
authors: Suárez-Mutis
authors: Paula P
authors: PP
authors: de Souza
authors: Letícia F
authors: LF
authors: Freitas
authors: Elaine S
authors: ES
authors: Miranda
authors: Mônica R
authors: MR
authors: Campos
authors: Claudia Gs
authors: CG
authors: Osorio-de-Castro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials