title: Evaluation of enamel surfaces after bracket debonding: an in-vivo study with scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this in-vivo study were to compare the modes of failure of uncoated and adhesive precoated metal brackets by using the adhesive remnant index, and to assess the quality of the enamel surface after cleanup by using the enamel damage index.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve Victory brackets (group A) and 12 Victory adhesive precoated brackets (group B) (both, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were bonded onto the maxillary second premolars of 12 volunteers. The uncoated brackets were bonded with Transbond XT adhesive resin (3M Unitek). Replicas of the teeth were made before bonding (T0), after bracket removal (T1), and after cleanup (T2). Scanning electron microscope images of all labial enamel surfaces were taken at T0, T1, and T2, and these were evaluated according to the adhesive remnant index and the enamel damage index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of the adhesive remnant index scores with the chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. Evaluation of the enamel damage index grades with the sign test for paired samples showed a statistically significant difference (P <0.01) between T0 and T2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncoated and precoated brackets exhibited similar debonding patterns. Additionally, the debonding method tested in this study did not restore the original enamel surface, although there was no clinically relevant enamel damage.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, University of Bologna, Italy. giulio.alessandri@unibo.it
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Alessandri Bonetti
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Zanarini
authors: Serena
authors: S
authors: Incerti Parenti
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Lattuca
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Marchionni
authors: Maria Rosaria
authors: MR
authors: Gatto
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000268:Adhesiveness; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000293:injuries / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D016628:Replica Techniques; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; C516047:Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Primer