title: Mild retinopathy is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in Japanese with and without hypertension: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether mild hypertensive retinopathy is a risk factor for mortality. This study examined whether mild hypertensive retinopathy could be a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in subjects with and without hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort study, 87 890 individuals (29 917 men and 57 973 women) 40 to 79 years of age in 1993 were followed up until 2008. Retinal photography was classified as normal, grade 1, or grade 2 based on the Keith-Wagener-Barker system. Risk ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality for each classification were calculated with Cox proportional hazards regression models. Covariates included age, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Multivariable hazard ratios for total cardiovascular disease mortality were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.38) and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.03-1.47) for grades 1 and 2 among men and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.01-1.24) and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.24-1.68) for grades 1 and 2 among women, respectively. Hazard ratios for total stroke mortality were 1.31 (95% CI, 1.13-1.53) and 1.38 (95% CI, 1.08-1.77) for grades 1 and 2 among men and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.12-1.50) and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.36-2.11) for grades 1 and 2 among women, respectively. For both hypertensive and normotensive subjects of each sex, multivariable hazard ratios for all-cause mortality, total cardiovascular mortality, and total stroke mortality were significantly higher for grade 1 or 2 compared with normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild hypertensive retinopathy is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality independently of cardiovascular risk factors among men and women with and without hypertension.
authors: Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobasyashi, Shimotugagun-Mibu, Tochigi, Japan. tossair@dokkyomed.ac.jp
authors: Toshimi
authors: T
authors: Sairenchi
authors: Hiroyasu
authors: H
authors: Iso
authors: Kazumasa
authors: K
authors: Yamagishi
authors: Fujiko
authors: F
authors: Irie
authors: Yoshiro
authors: Y
authors: Okubo
authors: Junko
authors: J
authors: Gunji
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Muto
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Ota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D058437:Hypertensive Retinopathy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution