title: Long-term cancer risk among people diagnosed with AIDS during childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in partial immune restoration for people with AIDS, but its impact on cancer risk among children is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the U.S. HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study were used to evaluate cancer risk for people diagnosed with AIDS as children (diagnosed with AIDS at ages 0-14 years, during 1980-2007, followed for up to 10 years; N = 5,850). We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) to compare cancer risk to the general population. Poisson regression evaluated changes in cancer incidence between the pre-HAART (1980-1995) and HAART eras (1996-2007).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 106 cancers observed with significantly elevated risks for the two major AIDS-defining cancers: Kaposi sarcoma [KS; N = 20, SIR = 1,694; 95% confidence interval (CI), 986-2,712 and SIR = 1,146; 95% CI, 236-3,349] during the pre-HAART and HAART eras, respectively, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; N = 64, SIR = 338; 95% CI, 242-458 and SIR = 116; 95% CI, 74-175). Incidence of both cancers declined 87% and 60%, respectively, in the HAART era (P < 0.05). Of non-AIDS-defining cancers, leiomyosarcoma risk (N = 9) was elevated during both time periods (SIR = 863; 95% CI, 235-2,211 and SIR = 533; 95% CI, 173-1,243).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People diagnosed with AIDS during childhood remain at elevated risk for KS, NHL, and leiomyosarcoma in the HAART era. Incidence of KS and NHL declined relative to widespread HAART use, but there was no change in the incidence of other cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People diagnosed with AIDS during childhood remain at elevated risk for certain cancers. Continued monitoring is warranted as this immunosuppressed population ages into adulthood where cancer risks generally increase.
authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS 7076, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Edgar P
authors: EP
authors: Simard
authors: Meredith S
authors: MS
authors: Shiels
authors: Kishor
authors: K
authors: Bhatia
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Engels
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007890:Leiomyosarcoma; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult