title: One-trocar-assisted nephrectomy (OTAN): initial experience and codification of a technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic nephrectomy in children has gradually become a reasonable alternative to open nephrectomy and, besides, a retroperitoneal approach seems more logical than transperitoneal approach to perform nephroureterectomy for benign disease, as in open surgery. To further reduce the access-related complications, we propose a retroperitoneal one trocar-assisted nephrectomy (OTAN). We report our experience with minimally invasive OTAN for the treatment of benign renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 27 OTANs were performed at our institution between 2003 and 2009. The median patient age was 7.6 (range, 2-32 months). Indications for unilateral nephrectomy were multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) in 23 cases (85.2%), dysplastic kidney in 3 cases (11.1%), and reflux nephropathy in 1 case (3.7%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median operative time from the initial incision to skin closure was 60 min. Perioperative transfusion was not required in any cases. No major perioperative complications developed. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in four cases (14.8%): in three cases for a small working space arising from a peritoneal perforation, and in one case for a difficult visualization of the parenchyma (renal fusion not detected by preoperative ultrasound evaluation). Most patients were allowed oral intake on postoperative day 1. The median hospital stay was 2 (range, 2-3) days; the cosmetic results were excellent. Convalescence was uneventful in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the indications for a nephrectomy in case of benign disease remain limited, when a little child has small, poorly functioning kidneys that must be removed, a one trocar-assisted approach for nephrectomy is usefully a safe and effective treatment choice. The procedure can be easily performed through a small incision with minimal morbidity, comparable operative time, and excellent cosmesis without excessive postoperative pain issues, allowing early discharge home.
authors: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Surgery Unit, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy. mario.lima@unibo.it
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Lima
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Ruggeri
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Molinaro
authors: Tommaso
authors: T
authors: Gargano
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Gregori
authors: Beatrice
authors: B
authors: Randi
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D021782:Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney / Q000601:surgery; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome