title: Sentinel surveillance of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance, acute infection and recent infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-1 acute infection, recent infection and transmitted drug resistance screening was integrated into voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) services to enhance the existing surveillance program in San Francisco. This study describes newly-diagnosed HIV cases and characterizes correlates associated with infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consecutive sample of persons presenting for HIV VCT at the municipal sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic from 2004 to 2006 (N = 9,868) were evaluated by standard enzyme-linked immunoassays (EIA). HIV antibody-positive specimens were characterized as recent infections using a less-sensitive EIA. HIV-RNA pooled testing was performed on HIV antibody-negative specimens to identify acute infections. HIV antibody-positive and acute infection specimens were evaluated for drug resistance by sequence analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate associations. The 380 newly-diagnosed HIV cases included 29 acute infections, 128 recent infections, and 47 drug-resistant cases, with no significant increases or decreases in prevalence over the three years studied. HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance prevalence was 11.0% in 2004, 13.4% in 2005 and 14.9% in 2006 (p = 0.36). Resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) was the most common pattern detected, present in 28 cases of resistance (59.6%). Among MSM, recent infection was associated with amphetamine use (AOR = 2.67; p<0.001), unprotected anal intercourse (AOR = 2.27; p<0.001), sex with a known HIV-infected partner (AOR = 1.64; p = 0.02), and history of gonorrhea (AOR = 1.62; p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New HIV diagnoses, recent infections, acute infections and transmitted drug resistance prevalence remained stable between 2004 and 2006. Resistance to NNRTI comprised more than half of the drug-resistant cases, a worrisome finding given its role as the backbone of first-line antiretroviral therapy in San Francisco as well as worldwide. The integration of HIV-1 drug resistance, recent infection, and acute infection testing should be considered for existing HIV/STI surveillance and prevention activities, particularly in an era of enhanced efforts for early diagnosis and treatment.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Hong-Ha.Truong@ucsf.edu
authors: Hong-Ha M
authors: HM
authors: Truong
authors: Timothy A
authors: TA
authors: Kellogg
authors: Willi
authors: W
authors: McFarland
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Louie
authors: Jeffrey D
authors: JD
authors: Klausner
authors: Susan S
authors: SS
authors: Philip
authors: Robert M
authors: RM
authors: Grant
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D017421:Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors