title: Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and hypertension in India--results from the Screening India's Twin Epidemic (SITE) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the rising number of patients with diabetes and hypertension in India, there is a dearth of nationwide, comprehensive prevalence data on these diseases. Our study aimed at collecting data on the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension and the underlying risk factors in various outpatient facilities throughout India.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was planned to be conducted in 10 Indian states, one state at a time. It was targeted to enroll about 2,000 patients from 100 centers in each state. Each center enrolled the first 10 patients (≥18 years of age, not pregnant, signed consent) per day on two consecutive days. "Diabetes" and "hypertension" were defined by the 2008 American Diabetes Association and the Joint National Committee's 7(th) Report guidelines, respectively. Patient data (demographics, lifestyle factors, medical history, and laboratory diagnostic results) were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2009-2010, in total, 15,662 eligible patients (54.8% males; mean age, 48.9±13.9 years) from eight states were enrolled. Diabetes was prevalent in 5,427 (34.7%) patients, and 7,212 (46.0%) patients had hypertension. Diabetes and hypertension were coexistent in 3,227 (20.6%) patients. Among those whose disease status was not known at enrollment, 7.2% (793 of 11,028) and 22.2% (2,408 of 10,858) patients were newly diagnosed with diabetes and hypertension, respectively; additionally, 18.4% (2,031 of 11,028) were classified as having prediabetes and 60.1% (6,521 of 10,858) as having prehypertension. A positive association (P<0.05) was observed between diabetes/hypertension and age, familial history of either, a medical history of cardiovascular disorders, alcohol consumption, and diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that the substantial burden of diabetes and hypertension is on the rise in India. Patient awareness and timely diagnosis and intervention hold the key to limiting this twin epidemic.
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Lilavati and Bhatia Hospital and Grant Medical College, Mumbai, India. shashank.sr@gmail.com
authors: Shashank R
authors: SR
authors: Joshi
authors: Banshi
authors: B
authors: Saboo
authors: Muruga
authors: M
authors: Vadivale
authors: Sameer Indravadan
authors: SI
authors: Dani
authors: Ambrish
authors: A
authors: Mithal
authors: Upendra
authors: U
authors: Kaul
authors: Mohan
authors: M
authors: Badgandi
authors: Shamanna Seshadri
authors: SS
authors: Iyengar
authors: Vijay
authors: V
authors: Viswanathan
authors: Natarajan
authors: N
authors: Sivakadaksham
authors: Partha Sarathi
authors: PS
authors: Chattopadhyaya
authors: Arup Das
authors: AD
authors: Biswas
authors: Sushil
authors: S
authors: Jindal
authors: Idris Ahmed
authors: IA
authors: Khan
authors: Bipin Kumar
authors: BK
authors: Sethi
authors: Vala Dayasagar
authors: VD
authors: Rao
authors: Jamshed Jal
authors: JJ
authors: Dalal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D058872:Epidemics; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult