title: Combined endovascular and surgical approach for the treatment of palpebral arteriovenous malformations: experience of a single center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Palpebral AVMs (pAVMs) are rare vascular lesions for which the treatment is challenging. Our aim was to present the technical aspects of the presurgical treatment by interventional neuroradiology of pAVMs and to report the clinical and angiographic results of combined (interventional neuroradiology/surgery) treatment of these malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients (5 females, 4 males) with a mean age of 22 years (range, 12-35 years) were treated in our department from December 1992 to April 2007 for superficial pAVMs. Seven patients presented with isolated pAVMs, while 2 had hemifacial AVMs. Ten TAE procedures, by using a liquid embolic agent (glue or Onyx) or microparticles, were performed in 7 patients. Six patients underwent absolute alcohol, glue, or sclerotic agent injection by direct puncture in 8 procedures. Clinical and angiographic follow-up were performed with a mean delay of, respectively, 6.3 and 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients had a single EVT. Iterative procedures were performed in 5 patients. In 1 patient, EVT was not performed because of the risk of occlusion of the central retinal artery. No complication occurred except 1 case of transient palpebral hematoma. No visual acuity loss related to an endovascular procedure was reported. Exclusion of the AVMs at the end of the procedure was >75% in all cases and total in 3/8 cases. All the patients except 2 underwent at least 1 surgical procedure after the embolization. Good clinical regression of the mass was obtained in all patients at long-term follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined endovascular and surgical treatment of pAVMs is an effective and safe technique with good clinical results at long-term follow-up.
authors: Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France. fredclare5@msn.com
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Clarençon
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Blanc
authors: C-J
authors: CJ
authors: Lin
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mounayer
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Galatoire
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Morax
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Moret
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Piotin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics