title: Nutrient and food intakes of middle-aged adults at low risk of cardiovascular disease: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with favorable levels of readily measured cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (low risk, LR) experience low long-term rates of CVD mortality and greater longevity. The purpose of the current study was to compare nutrient/food intakes of LR participants with participants not LR in the INTERMAP study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women (40-59 years) from 17 population samples in four countries (China, Japan, UK, US) provided four 24-h dietary recalls and two timed 24-h urine collections. LR was defined as meeting all of the following CVD risk criteria: systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) ≤ 120/ ≤ 80 mmHg; no drug treatment for high BP, hyperlipidemia, or CVD; non-smoking; BMI <25.0 kg/m(2) (US, UK) or <23.0 kg/m(2) (China, Japan); alcohol consumption <26.0 g/day (men)/<13.0 g/day (women); and no history of diabetes or CVD. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations of nutrient/food intakes with LR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LR individuals reported higher intake of vegetable protein, fiber, magnesium, non-heme iron, potassium; lower energy intake; lower intake of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, animal protein; and lower 24-h urinary sodium compared with individuals not LR. With regard to foods, LR individuals reported higher intake of fruits, vegetables, grains, pasta/rice, fish; lower intakes of meats, processed meats, high-fat dairy, and sugar-sweetened beverages than individuals not LR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower energy intake and differential intake of multiple specific nutrients and foods are characteristic of individuals at low risk for developing CVD. Identification of dietary habits associated with LR is important for further development of public health efforts aimed at reduction/prevention of CVD.
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. christina-shay@ouhsc.edu
authors: Christina M
authors: CM
authors: Shay
authors: Jeremiah
authors: J
authors: Stamler
authors: Alan R
authors: AR
authors: Dyer
authors: Ian J
authors: IJ
authors: Brown
authors: Queenie
authors: Q
authors: Chan
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Elliott
authors: Liancheng
authors: L
authors: Zhao
authors: Nagako
authors: N
authors: Okuda
authors: Katsuyuki
authors: K
authors: Miura
authors: Martha L
authors: ML
authors: Daviglus
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Van Horn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients