title: Quantitative evaluation of cryptococcal pathogenesis and antifungal drugs using a silkworm infection model with Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an in vivo system that could quantitatively evaluate the therapeutic effects of antifungal drugs using a silkworm infection model with Cryptococcus neoformans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Silkworms reared at 37°C died after an injection of viable serotype A C. neoformans fungus into the haemolymph. The serotype A C. neoformans, which is known to have higher mammal pathogenicity than the serotype D, was also more virulent against the silkworm. Furthermore, the deletion mutants of genes gpa1, pka1 and cna1, which are genes known to be necessary for the pathogenesis in mammals, showed an increase in the number of fungal cells necessary to kill half of the silkworm population (LD(50) value). Antifungal drugs, amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole and ketoconazole, showed therapeutic effects in silkworms infected with C. neoformans. However, amphotericin B was not therapeutically effective when injected into the silkworm intestine, comparable to the fact that amphotericin B is not absorbed by the intestine in mammals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The silkworm-C. neoformans infection model is useful for evaluating the therapeutic effects of antifungal drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The silkworm infection model has various advantages for screening antifungal drug candidates. We can also elucidate the cryptococcal pathogenesis and evaluate the in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicity of each drug.
authors: Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Matsumoto
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Miyazaki
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Fukunaga
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Shimizu
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kawamoto
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Sekimizu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012831:Bombyx / Q000382:microbiology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents