title: Multi-echo acquisition.
abstract: The rapid development of fMRI was paralleled early on by the adaptation of MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) methods to quantify water relaxation changes during brain activation. This review describes the evolution of multi-echo acquisition from high-speed MRSI to multi-echo EPI and beyond. It highlights milestones in the development of multi-echo acquisition methods, such as the discovery of considerable gains in fMRI sensitivity when combining echo images, advances in quantification of the BOLD effect using analytical biophysical modeling and interleaved multi-region shimming. The review conveys the insight gained from combining fMRI and MRSI methods and concludes with recent trends in ultra-fast fMRI, which will significantly increase temporal resolution of multi-echo acquisition.
authors: Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. sposse@unm.edu
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Posse
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods