title: Glycemic control and hypoglycemia in Veterans Health Administration patients converted from glyburide to glipizide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2009, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) released a national bulletin regarding the risk of hypoglycemia associated with the use of glyburide in elderly patients with renal dysfunction. Providers were encouraged to avoid glyburide and use glipizide in patients with a calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) of less than 50 mL per minute. Since this initiative, many veterans were converted by their providers from glyburide to glipizide regardless of renal impairment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (a) identify whether hemoglobin A1c remained equivalent in patients converted from glyburide to glipizide, (b) evaluate the prevalence of hypoglycemia during treatment with glyburide or glipizide, (c) compare change in glycemic control for renally impaired versus nonimpaired patients, and (d) analyze dosage conversion ratios selected by providers and measures of patient follow-up after conversion including time until A1c measurement and number of glipizide dose titrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-center, retrospective analysis of veterans converted from glyburide to glipizide from January 1, 2008, through May 31, 2010, who had documented A1c values concurrent with glyburide and glipizide use. A 2-sided equivalence analysis was used for the primary outcome. Equivalence was defined as a change in mean A1c of ± 0.2. Hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose of less than 70 mg per dL, symptoms of hypoglycemia, or hypoglycemia that led to a fall, loss of consciousness, emergency room visit, hospitalization, or death. The pre- to post-conversion change in rates of hypoglycemia was tested for significance using a McNemar's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 141 (99.3% male, 53.9% CrCl less than 50 mL per minute, mean age = 74.0 years) patients meeting inclusion criteria between 2008-2010, the average change in A1c (+ 0.34) was nonequivalent after conversion from glyburide to glipizide (7.08% vs. 7.42%, respectively). Hypoglycemia occurred more frequently during treatment with glyburide than glipizide (31.2% vs. 12.8%, respectively, P less than 0.001). Mean dose conversion ratios were consistent with VHA recommendations (1 mg per day glyburide = 1.26- 1.55 mg per day glipizide).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conversion from glyburide to glipizide was associated with an increase in A1c, but the incidence of hypoglycemia was reduced. Results of this study are consistent with the recommendation of the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes to use second-generation sulfonylureas other than glyburide. Patients converted to glipizide should be monitored closely to adjust therapy as appropriate to maintain glycemic control.
authors: Iowa City VA Health Care System, 601 Hwy 6 West, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA. rachel.skoff@va.gov
authors: Rachel A
authors: RA
authors: Skoff
authors: Nancee V
authors: NV
authors: Waterbury
authors: Robert F
authors: RF
authors: Shaw
authors: Jason A
authors: JA
authors: Egge
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Cantrell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005913:Glipizide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005905:Glyburide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003404:Creatinine; D005913:Glipizide; D005905:Glyburide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents