title: Prevalence of genital tract infection with Entamoeba gingivalis among copper T 380A intrauterine device users in Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was performed to study the prevalence and potential pathogenicity of E. gingivalis in the genital tracts of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department and Fertility Care Unit, Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. The study was carried out on 87 IUD users and 87 nonusers. The copper T 380A IUD was removed from each woman and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4; the IUD wash was centrifuged. The sediment was resuspended in 2 ml PBS and divided into two portions. One portion was used for preparation of direct and iron hematoxylin-stained smears. Direct smears and stained smears were examined for detailed morphology. The second portion of the sediment was used for DNA extraction and subsequent PCR amplification targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA of E. gingivalis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The parasite was found in 12.64% of IUD users and in 6.9% of non users (p>.3). It was found that 90.9% of those harboring E. gingivalis in their genital tract had the parasite in their oral cavity. The percentage of genital infection in IUD users increased with low level of education, rural areas, insertion in primary health-care center and among those not washing hands before checking the strings. In the infected cases, vaginal discharge was more common (81.8%) than in noninfected cases (32.9%), such difference was statistically significant (p<.05). Also, excessive vaginal discharge is more common than backache and menorrhagia in the infected cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher incidence of E. gingivalis infection in IUD users is related to oral cavity infection, residence, the facility where they inserted their IUD and washing hands attitude before checking the strings. We recommend treatment of gingival infection, proper counseling and medical education on oral and genital tract hygiene for IUD users.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. dr_ashraf_foda2000@yahoo.com
authors: Ashraf A
authors: AA
authors: Foda
authors: Mohamed M
authors: MM
authors: El-Malky
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004747:Entamoeba / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000469:parasitology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D060737:Reproductive Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D014621:Vagina / Q000469:parasitology*