title: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial coinfection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous reports have described the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infected patients. However, data on the effects of bacterial coinfection on these patients are very scarce. Therefore, this study explores the impact of bacterial coinfection on the clinical and laboratory parameters amongst H1N1 hospitalized patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This retrospective study involved hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed H1N1 infections (September 2009 to May 2010). Relevant clinical data and the detection of bacterial coinfection from respiratory or sterile site samples were obtained. Multiplex PCR was used to determine the co-existence of other respiratory viruses. Comparison was made between patients with and without bacterial coinfection. The occurrence of coinfection was 34%; 14 (28%) bacterial and only 3 (6%) viral. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 5) was the commonest bacteria followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3). In univariate analysis, clinical factors associated with bacterial coinfection were age > 50 years (p = 0.02), presence of comorbidity (p = 0.04), liver impairment (p = 0.02), development of complications (p = 0.004) and supplemental oxygen requirement (p = 0.02). Leukocytosis (p = 0.02) and neutrophilia (p = 0.004) were higher in bacterial coinfected patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age > 50 years and combined complications were predictive of bacterial coinfection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial coinfection is not uncommon in H1N1 infected patients and is more frequently noted in the older aged patients and is associated with higher rates of complications. Also, as adjunct to clinical findings, clinicians need to have a higher index of suspicion if neutrophilia was identified at admission as it may denote bacterial coinfection.
authors: Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia. amreeta.dhanoa@monash.edu
authors: Amreeta
authors: A
authors: Dhanoa
authors: Ngim C
authors: NC
authors: Fang
authors: Sharifah S
authors: SS
authors: Hassan
authors: Priyatharisni
authors: P
authors: Kaniappan
authors: Ganeswrie
authors: G
authors: Rajasekaram
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058873:Pandemics; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult