title: Preoperative proteinuria predicts acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to examine the utility of using proteinuria in preoperative risk stratification for acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury is a common and important complication for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Proteinuria, which reflects structural damage to the glomeruli or renal tubules, may aid the prediction of acute kidney injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The urine albumin to creatinine ratio and dipstick proteinuria concentration were prospectively measured in 1159 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The cohort was organized into 4 clinical risk categories based on the preoperative urine albumin to creatinine ratio: 10 mg/g or less (≤ 1.1 mg/mmol), 11 to 29 mg/g (1.2-3.3 mg/mmol), 30 to 299 mg/g (3.4-33.8 mg/mmol), and 300 mg/g or greater (≥ 33.9 mg/mmol). The primary outcome was postoperative acute kidney injury, defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network stage I criterion (serum creatinine increase ≥ 50% or ≥ 0.3 mg/dL; 26.5 μmol/L).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in the incidence of acute kidney injury was noted across the urine albumin to creatinine ratio categories. Adding the urine albumin to creatinine ratio to the clinical model to predict acute kidney injury improved the area under the curve from 0.67 to 0.70 (P < .001), and the continuous net reclassification improvement was 29% (P < .001). The urine albumin to creatinine ratio was also independently associated with the risk of in-hospital dialysis and intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay. Surgery status and preoperative glomerular filtration rate were effect modifiers; the association was stronger among those undergoing elective surgery and those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative proteinuria provides graded stratification risk for acute kidney injury and is an independent predictor of other outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06516, USA.
authors: Steven G
authors: SG
authors: Coca
authors: Divakar
authors: D
authors: Jammalamadaka
authors: Kyaw
authors: K
authors: Sint
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Thiessen Philbrook
authors: Michael G
authors: MG
authors: Shlipak
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Zappitelli
authors: Prasad
authors: P
authors: Devarajan
authors: Sabet
authors: S
authors: Hashim
authors: Amit X
authors: AX
authors: Garg
authors: Chirag R
authors: CR
authors: Parikh
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057234:Preoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011934:Reagent Strips; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011934:Reagent Strips; D003404:Creatinine