title: Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with the incidence of knee and hip osteoarthritis: a 22-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the light of conflicting results from previous studies on the role of vitamin D, we studied serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with regard to its prediction of incident knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population (n = 805) consisted of participants of a national health examination survey who had undergone baseline and follow-up clinical examinations at intervals of 20-23 years. Knee and hip OA were diagnosed on the basis of a standardized clinical examination by physicians with the same diagnostic criteria at baseline and follow-up. Information on covariates, including age, sex, season of blood draw, education, body mass index (BMI), physical workload, leisure time physical activity, smoking history, and previous injuries, was collected at baseline. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were determined from baseline serum samples kept frozen at -20°C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no significant association between serum 25(OH)D level and the risk of incident knee or hip OA. However, a statistically significant interaction between season of blood draw and serum 25(OH)D emerged when predicting the development of definite knee OA (p = 0.004). After adjusting for all the covariates, the relative odds (95% confidence interval) of developing definite knee OA per increment of 1 SD (20.7 ng/mL) in winter season 25(OH)D was 1.57 (1.10-2.27), whereas for summer season sera the corresponding rate was 0.53 (0.28-1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results do not support the hypothesis that a low level of serum 25(OH)D contributes to the development of OA. Instead, our study suggests that season is a potent effect modifier of 25(OH)D, which merits attention in future research.
authors: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. konstsan@mail.student.oulu.fi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Konstari
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Paananen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Heliövaara
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Knekt
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Marniemi
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Impivaara
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Arokoski
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Karppinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012621:Seasons; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D