title: Status of B-vitamins and homocysteine in diabetic retinopathy: association with vitamin-B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common cause of blindness. Although many studies have indicated an association between homocysteine and DR, the results so far have been equivocal. Amongst the many determinants of homocysteine, B-vitamin status was shown to be a major confounding factor, yet very little is known about its relationship to DR. In the present study, we, therefore, investigated the status of B-vitamins and homocysteine in DR. A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted with 100 normal control (CN) subjects and 300 subjects with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Of the 300 subjects with T2D, 200 had retinopathy (DR) and 100 did not (DNR). After a complete ophthalmic examination including fundus fluorescein angiography, the clinical profile and the blood levels of all B-vitamins and homocysteine were analyzed. While mean plasma homocysteine levels were found to be higher in T2D patients compared with CN subjects, homocysteine levels were particularly high in the DR group. There were no group differences in the blood levels of vitamins B1 and B2. Although the plasma vitamin-B6 and folic acid levels were significantly lower in the DNR and DR groups compared with the CN group, there were no significant differences between the diabetes groups. Interestingly, plasma vitamin-B12 levels were found to be significantly lower in the diabetes groups compared with the CN group; further, the levels were significantly lower in the DR group compared with the DNR group. Higher homocysteine levels were significantly associated with lower vitamin-B12 and folic acid but not with other B-vitamins. Additionally, hyperhomocysteinemia and vitamin-B12 deficiency did not seem to be related to subjects' age, body mass index, or duration of diabetes. These results thus suggest a possible association between vitamin-B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia in DR. Further, the data indicate that vitamin-B12 deficiency could be an independent risk factor for DR.
authors: Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
authors: Alleboena
authors: A
authors: Satyanarayana
authors: Nagalla
authors: N
authors: Balakrishna
authors: Sujatha
authors: S
authors: Pitla
authors: Paduru Yadagiri
authors: PY
authors: Reddy
authors: Sivaprasad
authors: S
authors: Mudili
authors: Pratti
authors: P
authors: Lopamudra
authors: Palla
authors: P
authors: Suryanarayana
authors: Kalluru
authors: K
authors: Viswanath
authors: Radha
authors: R
authors: Ayyagari
authors: Geereddy Bhanuprakash
authors: GB
authors: Reddy
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid