title: Vinyl isolator breeding induces insulin resistance in C57BL/6JJcl mice.
abstract: As basic probiotics studies, the glucose tolerance test (GTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and adipokine and hepatic enzyme activities were investigated in male C57BL/6JJcl (B6J) mice under germfree (GF) or specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions. GF B6J mice were reproduced by reproductive engineering and cesarean section using a vinyl isolators (GF group). Some GF group mice were transferred to other vinyl isolators under SPF conditions (SPF group). In addition, conventional B6J mice bred in an open room were defined as controls (Conv group). GTT, ITT, and the sampling of blood, liver, white adipose tissue, and pancreas were performed when these B6J mice were at the age of 8 weeks. As a result, the GF and SPF groups showed hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance when compared with the Conv group. The adipose tissues and plasma TNFα concentrations in the GF and SPF groups were enlarged and increased when compared with the Conv group. Hepatic enzyme activities associated with glucose uptake in the GF and SPF groups were higher than those in the Conv group. However, hepatic enzyme activities associated with gluconeogenesis in the GF and SPF groups were lower than those in the Conv group. We assumed that these results were reactions by the liver to recover from the impaired glucose tolerance and the insulin resistance caused by vinyl isolator breeding of the GF and SPF groups by control of glucose metabolism.
authors: Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
authors: Haruo
authors: H
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Susumu
authors: S
authors: Ebukuro
authors: Ryoko
authors: R
authors: Nozu
authors: Masami
authors: M
authors: Ueno
authors: Toshiro
authors: T
authors: Arai
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Kawai
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Hirata
authors: Maya
authors: M
authors: Ogawa
authors: Takuma
authors: T
authors: Mizusawa
authors: Kuniyasu
authors: K
authors: Imai
authors: Yuichiro
authors: Y
authors: Higuchi
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Suemizu
authors: Mamoru
authors: M
authors: Ito
authors: Muneo
authors: M
authors: Saito
authors: Kyoji
authors: K
authors: Hioki
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D005943:Gluconeogenesis; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014753:Vinyl Compounds