title: Investigation of the effect of power ultrasound on the nucleation of water during freezing of agar gel samples in tubing vials.
abstract: Nucleation, as an important stage of freezing process, can be induced by the irradiation of power ultrasound. In this study, the effect of irradiation temperature (-2 °C, -3 °C, -4 °C and -5 °C), irradiation duration (0s, 1s, 3s, 5s, 10s or 15s) and ultrasound intensity (0.07 W cm(-2), 0.14 W cm(-2), 0.25 W cm(-2), 0.35 W cm(-2) and 0.42 W cm(-2)) on the dynamic nucleation of ice in agar gel samples was studied. The samples were frozen in an ethylene glycol-water mixture (-20 °C) in an ultrasonic bath system after putting them into tubing vials. Results indicated that ultrasound irradiation is able to initiate nucleation at different supercooled temperatures (from -5 °C to -2 °C) in agar gel if optimum intensity and duration of ultrasound were chosen. Evaluation of the effect of 0.25 W cm(-2) ultrasound intensity and different durations of ultrasound application on agar gels showed that 1s was not long enough to induce nucleation, 3s induced the nucleation repeatedly but longer irradiation durations resulted in the generation of heat and therefore nucleation was postponed. Investigation of the effect of ultrasound intensity revealed that higher intensities of ultrasound were effective when a shorter period of irradiation was used, while lower intensities only resulted in nucleation when a longer irradiation time was applied. In addition to this, higher intensities were not effective at longer irradiation times due to the heat generated in the samples by the heating effect of ultrasound. In conclusion, the use of ultrasound as a means to control the crystallization process offers promising application in freezing of solid foods, however, optimum conditions should be selected.
authors: FRCFT, School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Kiani
authors: Da-Wen
authors: DW
authors: Sun
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Delgado
authors: Zhihang
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D007053:Ice; D008422:Materials Testing; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D007053:Ice; D014867:Water; D000362:Agar