title: Pregnancies exposed to methadone, methadone and other illicit substances, and poly-drugs without methadone: a comparison of fetal neurobehaviors and infant outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is suspected that there is a continuum of impairment among prenatally drug-exposed infants, such that opioid and/or poly-drug exposure confers the highest risk for adverse neonatal outcomes than other classes of substances or single substance exposures. Suitable control groups are difficult to identify. This study compared fetal neurobehavioral development and infant outcomes in offspring of three groups of pregnant women in drug treatment. Exposure groups include: Methadone+other illicit substances (MM+Poly) and two groups currently abstinent for poly drug exposures: Methadone only (MM/A) and Non-Methadone (NM/A).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine women (19 MM+Poly, 18 MM/A, and 12 NM/A) underwent fetal monitoring at 36 weeks gestation at peak and trough levels of methadone (MM+Poly; MM/A) or at comparable morning and afternoon times (NM/A). Fetal heart rate (FHR), heart rate variability (FHRV) and motor activity (FM) data were collected. Infant measures included birth outcomes and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to the NM/A group, cardiac measures were decreased in methadone-exposed fetuses at peak levels. FHR was significantly more suppressed in the MM+Poly group. FM was significantly lower in the MM/A vs. the NM/A group at both peak and trough, indicative of more persistent exposure effects. The MM+Poly group delivered 1 week earlier and required NAS pharmacological treatment twice as often as the MM/A group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the notion that poly-drug exposure may potentiate the effects of methadone on the fetus and infant and highlights the need for intensified treatment for methadone-maintained women who abuse other substances.
authors: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. ljansson@jhmi.edu
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Jansson
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Di Pietro
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Elko
authors: E L
authors: EL
authors: Williams
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Milio
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Velez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008691:Methadone