title: Large-scale use of mosquito larval source management for malaria control in Africa: a cost analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At present, large-scale use of two malaria vector control methods, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) is being scaled up in Africa with substantial funding from donors. A third vector control method, larval source management (LSM), has been historically very successful and is today widely used for mosquito control globally, except in Africa. With increasing risk of insecticide resistance and a shift to more exophilic vectors, LSM is now under re-evaluation for use against afro-tropical vector species. Here the costs of this intervention were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 'ingredients approach' was used to estimate the economic and financial costs per person protected per year (pppy) for large-scale LSM using microbial larvicides in three ecologically diverse settings: (1) the coastal metropolitan area of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, (2) a highly populated Kenyan highland area (Vihiga District), and (3) a lakeside setting in rural western Kenya (Mbita Division). Two scenarios were examined to investigate the cost implications of using alternative product formulations. Sensitivity analyses on product prices were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that for programmes using the same granular formulation larviciding costs the least pppy in Dar es Salaam (US$0.94), approximately 60% more in Vihiga District (US$1.50) and the most in Mbita Division (US$2.50). However, these costs are reduced substantially if an alternative water-dispensable formulation is used; in Vihiga, this would reduce costs to US$0.79 and, in Mbita Division, to US$1.94. Larvicide and staff salary costs each accounted for approximately a third of the total economic costs per year. The cost pppy depends mainly on: (1) the type of formulation required for treating different aquatic habitats, (2) the human population density relative to the density of aquatic habitats and (3) the potential to target the intervention in space and/or time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Costs for LSM compare favourably with costs for IRS and LLINs, especially in areas with moderate and focal malaria transmission where mosquito larval habitats are accessible and well defined. LSM presents an attractive tool to be integrated in ongoing malaria control effort in such settings. Further data on the epidemiological health impact of larviciding is required to establish cost effectiveness.
authors: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
authors: Eve
authors: E
authors: Worrall
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Fillinger
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D057147:Mosquito Nets / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides