title: Rheological evaluation of the physical properties of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyaluronic acid (HA) gels are commonly injected into the skin to lift rhytides and to improve facial appearance. The different processes used in their manufacture and formulation yield products with unique physical characteristics that play an important role in predicting their clinical performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The following rheologic evaluation was performed to objectively measure the physical characteristics of HA dermal filler products derived from similar bacterial sources and containing the same butanediol diglycidyl ether cross-linker, but formulated using different manufacturing techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of two distinct families of HA products, thereby providing clinicians with a greater understanding of these products' attributes and the ability to optimize their use in the treatment of patients seeking facial rejuvenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The physical properties of commercially-available dermal fillers containing HA were evaluated using rheologic testing methods under clinically-relevant conditions. Additionally, light microscopy was used to assess the particulate nature of each product.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gels tested demonstrated a broad range of elasticity, firmness and viscosity. Light microscopy confirmed the particulate nature of each product and revealed HA particles of varying size and distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This rheologic evaluation demonstrates that differences exist among the HA products tested including gel elasticity, viscosity, and the range and distribution of gel particle sizes. Understanding the distinct physical characteristics of different HA dermal fillers and how these characteristics may predict their clinical behavior can assist clinicians in achieving the desired results in patients seeking facial rejuvenation.
authors: Intertek MSG, Redcar, United Kingdom.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Stocks
authors: Hema
authors: H
authors: Sundaram
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Michaels
authors: Manzer J
authors: MJ
authors: Durrani
authors: Mitchell S
authors: MS
authors: Wortzman
authors: Diane B
authors: DB
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D008853:Microscopy; D010316:Particle Size; D012060:Rejuvenation; D012212:Rheology; D015595:Skin Aging; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D002072:Butylene Glycols; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005782:Gels; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; C014376:1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane