title: Ischemia-induced stimulation of cerebral microvascular endothelial cell Na-K-Cl cotransport involves p38 and JNK MAP kinases.
abstract: Previous studies have provided evidence that, in the early hours of ischemic stroke, a luminal membrane blood-brain barrier (BBB) Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) participates in ischemia-induced cerebral edema formation. Inhibition of BBB NKCC activity by intravenous bumetanide significantly reduces edema and infarct in the rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. We demonstrated previously that the BBB cotransporter is stimulated by hypoxia, aglycemia, and AVP, factors present during cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been known. Ischemic conditions have been shown to activate p38 and JNK MAP kinases (MAPKs) in brain, and the p38 and JNK inhibitors SB-239063 and SP-600125, respectively, have been found to reduce brain damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion and subarachnoid hemorrhage, respectively. The present study was conducted to determine whether one or both of these MAPKs participates in ischemic factor stimulation of BBB NKCC activity. Cultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cell NKCC activity was evaluated as bumetanide-sensitive (86)Rb influx. Activities of p38 and JNK were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence methods using antibodies that detect total vs. phosphorylated (activated) p38 or JNK. We report that p38 and JNK are present in cultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and in BBB endothelial cells in situ and that hypoxia (7% O(2) and 2% O(2)), aglycemia, AVP, and O(2)-glucose deprivation (5- to 120-min exposures) all rapidly activate p38 and JNK in the cells. We also provide evidence that SB-239063 and SP-600125 reduce or abolish ischemic factor stimulation of BBB NKCC activity. These findings support the hypothesis that ischemic factor stimulation of the BBB NKCC involves activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs.
authors: Dept. of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors: Breanna K
authors: BK
authors: Wallace
authors: Karen A
authors: KA
authors: Jelks
authors: Martha E
authors: ME
authors: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D002034:Bumetanide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008833:Microcirculation; D055806:Microvessels; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012413:Rubidium / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D020521:Stroke; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D007093:Imidazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D002034:Bumetanide; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C406525:SB 239063; D012413:Rubidium