title: Evaluation of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, hemoglobin A1c, and glucose levels in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a marker of hyperglycemic excursions in adults with diabetes and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 8%. We compared 1,5-AG levels among youth and young adults with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D) and investigated the utility of 1,5-AG in the assessment of glycemic status in pediatric T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 1,5-AG, HbA1c, and plasma glucose levels in 138 patients with T1D (duration ≥1 yr) and 136 healthy controls, aged 10-30 yr. Within each group, we investigated associations between 1,5-AG and clinical characteristics, HbA1c and random plasma glucose. For patients with T1D, 1,5-AG was further analyzed according to HbA1c strata: <8, 8-9, and >9%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to controls, patients with T1D had higher HbA1c (8.5 ± 1.6 vs. 5.1 ± 0.4%, p < 0.0001), lower 1,5-AG (4.0 ± 2.0 vs. 24.7 ± 6.4 µg/mL, p < 0.0001), and higher glucose (11.1 ± 5.2 vs. 5.1 ± 0.9 mmol/L, p < 0.0001). Males had higher 1,5-AG than females within patients (4.5 ± 2.3 vs. 3.4 ± 1.6 µg/mL, p = 0.003) and controls (26.0 ± 6.6 vs. 23.5 ± 6.0 µg/mL, p = 0.02). 1,5-AG was not correlated with glucose in either group. 1,5-AG was significantly correlated to HbA1c in patients, but not controls. For patients with HbA1c < 8%, 1,5-AG demonstrated the widest range and was not predicted by HbA1c; 1,5-AG levels were narrowly distributed among patients with HbA1c ≥ 8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth and young adults with T1D demonstrate similar 1,5-AG levels which are distinct from controls. 1,5-AG assessment may provide unique information beyond that provided by HbA1c in the mid-term assessment of glycemic control in young patients with T1D and HbA1c < 8%.
authors: Adolescent, and Young Adult Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors: Sanjeev N
authors: SN
authors: Mehta
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Schwartz
authors: Jamie R
authors: JR
authors: Wood
authors: Britta M
authors: BM
authors: Svoren
authors: Lori Mb
authors: LM
authors: Laffel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C006584:1,5-anhydroglucitol