title: Cutaneous adverse reactions to sulfonamide antibiotics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sulfonamides are divided into two main groups which are sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfonamide non-antibiotics. The wide use of sulfonamide antibiotics leads to increasing incidence of sulfonamide cutaneous reactions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to explore the cutaneous manifestations induced by sulfonamide antibiotics in a large number of Thai patients, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV infected individuals. The second purpose is to determine the risk factors for development of sulfonamide cutaneous reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied 191 patients with sulfonamide antibiotics cutaneous reactions attending the adverse drug reaction center, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok between 2006 and 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Majority of the patients was female (59.7%).Maculopapular rash was the most common cutaneous manifestation (37.7%) followed by fixed drug eruption (22%), angioedema with or without urticaria (12.6%) and urticaria alone (12%). Among those with known HIV serology, maculopapular eruption occurred more frequently in the HIV positive group while fixed drug eruption occurred more frequently in HIV-negative group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From our study, there were no significant determination factors to develop serious drug reactions. However, the HIV-positive status and lower level of CD4 count had a tendency to increase risk of developing serious cutaneous reactions.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.
authors: Weeranut
authors: W
authors: Chantachaeng
authors: Leena
authors: L
authors: Chularojanamontri
authors: Kanokvalai
authors: K
authors: Kulthanan
authors: Kowit
authors: K
authors: Jongjarearnprasert
authors: Nuruemon
authors: N
authors: Dhana
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000379:methods; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013449:Sulfonamides