title: The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
abstract: Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts.
authors: Department of Ecology, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK. michael.burrows@sams.ac.uk
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: Burrows
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Schoeman
authors: Lauren B
authors: LB
authors: Buckley
authors: Pippa
authors: P
authors: Moore
authors: Elvira S
authors: ES
authors: Poloczanska
authors: Keith M
authors: KM
authors: Brander
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Brown
authors: John F
authors: JF
authors: Bruno
authors: Carlos M
authors: CM
authors: Duarte
authors: Benjamin S
authors: BS
authors: Halpern
authors: Johnna
authors: J
authors: Holding
authors: Carrie V
authors: CV
authors: Kappel
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Kiessling
authors: Mary I
authors: MI
authors: O'Connor
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Pandolfi
authors: Camille
authors: C
authors: Parmesan
authors: Franklin B
authors: FB
authors: Schwing
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Sydeman
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Richardson
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D057231:Climate Change; D017753:Ecosystem; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012621:Seasons