title: HIV partner notification is effective and feasible in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities for HIV treatment and prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sexual partners of persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection require HIV counseling, testing and, if necessary, evaluation for therapy. However, many African countries do not have a standardized protocol for partner notification, and the effectiveness of partner notification has not been evaluated in developing countries .
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection presenting to sexually transmitted infection clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi, were randomized to 1 of 3 methods of partner notification: passive referral, contract referral, or provider referral. The passive referral group was responsible for notifying their partners themselves. The contract referral group was given seven days to notify their partners, after which a health care provider contacted partners who had not reported for counseling and testing. In the provider referral group, a health care provider notified partners directly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred forty-five index patients named 302 sexual partners and provided locator information for 252. Among locatable partners, 107 returned for HIV counseling and testing; 20 of 82 [24%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 15% to 34%] partners returned in the passive referral arm, 45 of 88 (51%; 95% CI: 41% to 62%) in the contract referral arm, and 42 of 82 (51%; 95% CI: 40% to 62%) in the provider referral arm (P < 0.001). Among returning partners (n = 107), 67 (64%) of were HIV infected with 54 (81%) newly diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first evidence of the effectiveness of partner notification in sub-Saharan Africa. Active partner notification was feasible, acceptable, and effective among sexually transmitted infections clinic patients. Partner notification will increase early referral to care and facilitate risk reduction among high-risk uninfected partners.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA. rown@med.unc.edu
authors: Lillian B
authors: LB
authors: Brown
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: Miller
authors: Gift
authors: G
authors: Kamanga
authors: Naomi
authors: N
authors: Nyirenda
authors: Pearson
authors: P
authors: Mmodzi
authors: Audrey
authors: A
authors: Pettifor
authors: Rosalie C
authors: RC
authors: Dominik
authors: Jay S
authors: JS
authors: Kaufman
authors: Clement
authors: C
authors: Mapanje
authors: Francis
authors: F
authors: Martinson
authors: Myron S
authors: MS
authors: Cohen
authors: Irving F
authors: IF
authors: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D016358:Contact Tracing / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult