title: Care to relieve pain-stress in preterm newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A variety of non-pharmacological pain-prevention and relief techniques have been studied to evaluate the pain reduction in neonates. The aim of our study was to compare the analgesic effect of sucking a pacifier with the use of eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) during venipuncture in preterm newborns, using physiological and behavioural parameters as indicators of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the reaction to invasive procedures in 17 preterm newborns. Our patients underwent repeated vein draws without pain relief, sucking a pacifier, after the application of EMLA; we also evaluated a group of patients approached for care without pricking. For each infant we recorded the average values of the physiological parameters at rest and after pain stimuli, behavioural conditions (crying or grimaces), number and time required for blood draw.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum heart rate values, respiratory rate, and the maximum respiratory rate values presented a statistically difference only between subjects that underwent vein draws compared to subjects without pricking (p < 0.01). Moreover, the SpO2 parameter presented a significant increase in the control group compared to the others (p = 0.024). Analysis ofbehavioural parameters shows that crying seems significantly related to the duration and number ofvenipunctures (p = 0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is clear that pain stress is more closely related to the duration and number of venipuncture than pain relief methods. Our results suggest that limiting the number and duration of vein draws could help to reduce pain stresss in preterm newborns.
authors: Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Neuroscience Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors: Caterina
authors: C
authors: Di Gioia
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Bracceschi
authors: Cristiana
authors: C
authors: Copioli
authors: Benedetta
authors: B
authors: Piccolo
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Ziliani
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Pisani
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Bevilacqua
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D041361:Pacifiers; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D018962:Phlebotomy; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine