title: Advances in the clinical development of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors in cancers.
abstract: Hsp90 is an ATP dependent molecular chaperone protein which integrates multiple oncogenic pathways. As such, Hsp90 inhibition is a promising anti-cancer strategy. Several inhibitors that act on Hsp90 by binding to its N-terminal ATP pocket have entered clinical evaluation. Robust pre-clinical data suggested anti-tumor activity in multiple cancer types. Clinically, encouraging results have been demonstrated in melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, castrate refractory prostate cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma and multiple myeloma. In breast cancer, proof-of-concept was demonstrated by first generation Hsp90 inhibitors in combination with trastuzumab mainly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+metastatic breast cancer. There are a multitude of second generation Hsp90 inhibitors currently under investigation. To date, however, there is no FDA approved Hsp90 inhibitor nor standardized assay to ascertain Hsp90 inhibition. This review summarizes the current status of both first and second generation Hsp90 inhibitors based on their chemical classification and stage of clinical development. It also discusses the pharmacodynamic assays currently implemented in clinic as well as other novel strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of Hsp90 inhibitors. Ultimately, these efforts will aid in maximizing the full potential of this class of agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
authors: Department of Medicine, Breast Cancer Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Komal
authors: K
authors: Jhaveri
authors: Tony
authors: T
authors: Taldone
authors: Shanu
authors: S
authors: Modi
authors: Gabriela
authors: G
authors: Chiosis
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins