title: Proteomic analysis of urinary biomarker candidates for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: Nonmuscle invasive tumors of the bladder often recur and thereby bladder cancer patients need regular re-examinations which are invasive, unpleasant, and expensive. A noninvasive and less expensive method, e.g. a urine dipstick test, for monitoring recurrence would thus be advantageous. In this study, the complementary techniques mass spectrometry (MS) and Western blotting (WB)/dot blot (DB) were used to screen the urine samples from bladder cancer patients. High resolving MS was used to analyze and quantify the urinary proteome and 29 proteins had a significantly higher abundance (p<0.05) in bladder cancer samples compared with control urine samples. The increased abundance found in urine from bladder cancer patients compared with controls was confirmed with Western blot for four selected proteins; fibrinogen β chain precursor, apolipoprotein E, α-1-antitrypsin, and leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1. Dot blot analysis of an independent urine sample set pointed out fibrinogen β chain and α-1-antitrypsin as most interesting biomarkers having sensitivity and specificity values in the range of 66-85%. Exploring the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) also revealed that bladder cancer tumors are the likely source of these proteins. They have the potential of being useful in diagnosis, monitoring of recurrence and thus may improve the treatment of bladder tumors, especially nonmuscle invasive tumors.
authors: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Mårten
authors: M
authors: Lindén
authors: Sara Bergström
authors: SB
authors: Lind
authors: Corina
authors: C
authors: Mayrhofer
authors: Ulrika
authors: U
authors: Segersten
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Wester
authors: Yaroslav
authors: Y
authors: Lyutvinskiy
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Zubarev
authors: Per-Uno
authors: PU
authors: Malmström
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Pettersson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000652:urine*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000652:urine*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D040901:Proteomics; D012372:ROC Curve; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; C115499:BBeta fibrinogen; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006023:Glycoproteins; C015246:LRG1 protein, human; C043392:SERPINA1 protein, human; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D005340:Fibrinogen