title: The reactivity of quaternary ammonium- versus potassium-fluorides supported on metal oxides: paving the way to an instantaneous detoxification of chemical warfare agents.
abstract: The reactions of the chemical warfare agents (CWAs) 2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide (HD), O-ethyl S-2-(diisopropylamino)-ethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX) and isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB) with various metal oxide-supported quaternary ammonium fluorides (QAF) and/or potassium fluoride (KF) reagents are described. These active sorbents, which were prepared by a modified procedure, include alumina, silica and titania, enriched with "available" (not bound to the surface) fluoride ions. Alumina-based fluoride reagents were found to be more active than their silica or titania counterparts. QAF/Al(2)O(3) reagents, compared to KF/Al(2)O(3), exhibit an exceptional reactivity toward HD, as demonstrated both in reaction rates and product identity. For example, with TBAF, t(1/2) is 15 min for the formation of the elimination product divinyl sulfide (DVS), while with KF, t(1/2) is 10 h for the formation of the hydrolysis product thiodiglycol (TDG). On the other hand, both sorbents reacted similarly against the nerve agents GB or VX. In order to increase the "available" fluoride content on the solid surface, the mixed active sorbent TBAF/KF/Al(2)O(3) (20/20/60) was developed. On this powder, all three CWAs were degraded instantaneously at the low loading of 1 wt% (t(1/2) < 2 min) and rapidly at the higher loadings of 5-10 wt% (t(1/2) of minutes scale). We assume that the relatively large amount of inorganic fluoride (KF) acts synergistically as a reservoir for the more reactive organic fluorides (TBAF). Moreover, the alumina surface hydroxyl groups may also operate as a water reservoir for the hydrolysis of VX or GB. Therefore, TBAF/KF/Al(2)O(3) might be considered as a promising destructive sorbent for CWAs.
authors: Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, 74100, Israel. yossiz@iibr.gov.il
authors: Yossi
authors: Y
authors: Zafrani
authors: Lea
authors: L
authors: Yehezkel
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Goldvaser
authors: Daniele
authors: D
authors: Marciano
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Waysbort
authors: Eytan
authors: E
authors: Gershonov
authors: Ishay
authors: I
authors: Columbus
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C033320:potassium fluoride; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D005459:Fluorides