title: Technical standardization of laparoscopic direct hernia repair in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this article is to standardize the laparoscopic technique to treat direct inguinal hernia in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the last 3 years we treated laparoscopically 163 patients with a diagnosis of inguinal hernia. In 7 patients we discovered laparoscopically a direct inguinal hernia. This study is focused on the management of these 7 cases (4 girls and 3 boys; median age 4.6 years). They presented a right defect in 4 cases and a left defect in 3 cases. Six of 7 patients had been already operated for an inguinal hernia and presented a recurrence of the hernia. We used three trocars, 5-mm 0 degree optic, and two 3-mm instruments. In each case, after the resection of the lipoma using the hook cautery, the defect was closed by means of separated stitches. In every case we used the vesical ligament as an autologous patch to reinforce the closure of the defect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average operative time was 35 minutes. All the procedures were performed in a day-hospital setting. We had neither conversions nor complications in our series. With a minimum follow-up of 1 year, we had no recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic identification and repair of direct inguinal hernia in children is a safe and effective procedure to adopt. The key points of the technique are the resection of the lipoma, the closure of the defect using separated, nonabsorbable sutures, and the use of the vesical ligament to reinforce the suture. We believe that in case of recurrence of inguinal hernias after inguinal approach, laparoscopy is the gold standard technique to identify and treat the cause of the recurrence itself.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy. ciroespo@unina.it
authors: Ciro
authors: C
authors: Esposito
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Alicchio
authors: Ida
authors: I
authors: Giurin
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Castellano
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Settimi
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D013536:Suture Techniques