title: Face, content and construct validity of a virtual reality simulator for robotic surgery (SEP Robot).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to establish face, content and construct validation of the SEP Robot (SimSurgery, Oslo, Norway) in order to determine its value as a training tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tasks used in the validation of this simulator were arrow manipulation and performing  a surgeon's knot. Thirty participants (18 novices, 12 experts) completed the procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulator was able to differentiate between experts and novices in several respects. The novice group required more time to complete the tasks than the expert group, especially suturing.  During the surgeon's knot exercise, experts significantly outperformed novices in maximum tightening stretch, instruments dropped, maximum winding stretch and tool collisions in addition to total task time. A trend was found towards the use of less force by the more experienced participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SEP robotic simulator has demonstrated face, content and construct validity as a virtual reality simulator for robotic surgery. With steady increase in adoption of robotic surgery world-wide, this simulator may prove to be a valuable adjunct to clinical mentorship.
authors: Urology Centre, uy’s Hospital, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Gavazzi
authors: Ali N
authors: AN
authors: Bahsoun
authors: Wim
authors: W
authors: Van Haute
authors: Kamran
authors: K
authors: Ahmed
authors: Oussama
authors: O
authors: Elhage
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Jaye
authors: M Shamim
authors: MS
authors: Khan
authors: Prokar
authors: P
authors: Dasgupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000592:standards*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education*; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult