title: Thyroid dysfunction and long-term outcome during and after interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is a well-established adverse effect in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients, treated with interferon-alpha (IFN-α), with or without ribavirin. However, the long-term outcome is not well-studied. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and long-term outcome of TD after HCV-therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 109 HCV-treated patients (for 6 to 12 months, according to HCV genotype), for the period 1996 to 2008. Thyroid function tests were performed every 3 months during therapy and after discontinuation (3 months to 12 years). Routine laboratory tests and virological assessment were performed according to generally accepted practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TD was observed in 26 patients (23.85%). The positive and negative predictive value for thyroid autoantibodies (ATA) was 80% and 72.7%, respectively. Relative risk for those with positive ATA was 2.9 (95% CI: 1.6 to 5.3, P = 0.014). The median duration of TD was 12.0 months (min: 3; max: 132). The median follow-up period for the patients with TD was 25.5 months (min: 12; max: 144). Finally, 15 patients developed permanent TD (57.69%), compared to 11 with temporary TD (42.31%). Sex is a risk factor for TD, as there were more females than males affected (P = 0.011). Genotype, viral load, time of HCV-exposure prior to therapy, and virological response did not differ between patients with and without TD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TD among HCV-treated patients was more frequent than usually reported, with >50% developing permanent TD. ATA status may play a role in estimating the risk of subsequent TD. Women appear to be more vulnerable to TD than men.
authors: Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aristotle University, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Themistoklis
authors: T
authors: Vasiliadis
authors: Vasiliadis
authors: V
authors: Themistoklis
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Anagnostis
authors: Anagnostis
authors: A
authors: Panagiotis
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Nalmpantidis
authors: Nalmpantidis
authors: N
authors: Georgios
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Soufleris
authors: Soufleris
authors: S
authors: Konstantinos
authors: Kaliopi
authors: K
authors: Patsiaoura
authors: Patsiaoura
authors: P
authors: Kaliopi
authors: Nikolaos
authors: N
authors: Grammatikos
authors: Grammatikos
authors: G
authors: Nikolaos
authors: Eleni
authors: E
authors: Orfanou-Koumerkeridou
authors: Orfanou-Koumerkeridou
authors: OK
authors: Eleni
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Kargiotis
authors: Kargiotis
authors: K
authors: Konstantinos
authors: Aristidis
authors: A
authors: Slavakis
authors: Slavakis
authors: S
authors: Aristidis
authors: Aristidis
authors: A
authors: Deliyiannidis
authors: Deliyiannidis
authors: D
authors: Aristidis
authors: Nikolaos
authors: N
authors: Eugenidis
authors: Eugenidis
authors: E
authors: Nikolaos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012254:Ribavirin