title: Nanoparticle-based monitoring of cell therapy.
abstract: Exogenous cell therapy aims to replace/repair diseased or dysfunctional cells and promises to revolutionize medicine by restoring tissue and organ function. To develop effective cell therapy, the location, distribution and long-term persistence of transplanted cells must be evaluated. Nanoparticle (NP) based imaging technologies have the potential to track transplanted cells non-invasively. Here we summarize the most recent advances in NP-based cell tracking with emphasis on (1) the design criteria for cell tracking NPs, (2) protocols for cell labeling, (3) a comparison of available imaging modalities and their corresponding contrast agents, (4) a summary of preclinical studies on NP-based cell tracking and finally (5) perspectives and future directions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Chenjie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Luye
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roes
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miranda-Nieves
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nahrendorf
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ankrum
authors.forename: Weian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Karp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2001 Dec;19(12):1141-7
references.pmid: 11731783
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 2011 Apr;68(4):1036-47; discussion 1047
references.pmid: 21221028
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):538-44
references.pmid: 15681376
references.citation: J Radiol Prot. 2008 Jun;28(2):161-8
references.pmid: 18495983
references.citation: Circulation. 2011 Feb 1;123(4):425-43
references.pmid: 21282520
references.citation: Nat Med. 2006 Jan;12(1):144-8
references.pmid: 16380717
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2009 Aug 18;42(8):1097-107
references.pmid: 19476332
references.citation: Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):1989-92
references.pmid: 10720318
references.citation: Trends Mol Med. 2010 Dec;16(12):561-73
references.pmid: 21074494
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Mar 1;17(5):545-80
references.pmid: 12629038
references.citation: Chem Soc Rev. 2011 Mar;40(3):1647-71
references.pmid: 21082078
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2007 Dec;2(12):751-60
references.pmid: 18654426
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1994 Oct 6;331(14):889-95
references.pmid: 8078550
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010 Mar 8;62(3):284-304
references.pmid: 19909778
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 30;355(22):2376-8
references.pmid: 17135597
references.citation: Transpl Int. 2007 Dec;20(12):1059-65
references.pmid: 17850231
references.citation: J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2006 Aug;6(8):2320-8
references.pmid: 17037837
references.citation: Adv Mater. 2010 Jul 6;22(25):2729-42
references.pmid: 20473985
references.citation: Ann ICRP. 2007;37(2-4):1-332
references.pmid: 18082557
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jul 27;101(30):10901-6
references.pmid: 15256592
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Dec 15;42(24):9424-30
references.pmid: 19174926
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2011 Feb;65(2):564-74
references.pmid: 20928883
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2004 Jan 1;4(1):11-18
references.pmid: 28890669
references.citation: Chem Biol. 1996 May;3(5):337-47
references.pmid: 8807862
references.citation: Small. 2006 Dec;2(12):1412-7
references.pmid: 17192996
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009 Jun 21;61(6):467-77
references.pmid: 19389434
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Mar 9;133(9):2955-61
references.pmid: 21314118
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Jun;10(6):432-63
references.pmid: 12056848
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2011 Mar 22;5(3):2376-84
references.pmid: 21370893
references.citation: Small. 2010 Jan;6(1):12-21
references.pmid: 19844908
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Nov;23(11):1407-13
references.pmid: 16258544
references.citation: Circulation. 2008 Jan 22;117(3):379-87
references.pmid: 18158358
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011 May;38(5):949-68
references.pmid: 21170525
references.citation: FASEB J. 2008 Nov;22(11):3908-18
references.pmid: 18682573
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2010 Dec;31(36):9482-91
references.pmid: 20965562
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2009 Apr;50(4):493-6
references.pmid: 19289434
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2010 Mar;10(3):213-21
references.pmid: 20168320
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2010 Sep;31(27):7061-9
references.pmid: 20619790
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Jun 1;245(2):272-9
references.pmid: 20338187
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2010 Oct;23(8):986-94
references.pmid: 20799371
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2009 Aug;27(8):1921-31
references.pmid: 19544438
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2011 Feb;32(4):1167-76
references.pmid: 21035183
references.citation: Pract Neurol. 2011 Feb;11(1):29-36
references.pmid: 21239652
references.citation: Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008 Mar;65(3):191-9
references.pmid: 18055210
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2006 May;27(14):2820-8
references.pmid: 16430958
references.citation: Pediatr Transplant. 2009 Nov;13(7):892-7
references.pmid: 19017287
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1005-14
references.pmid: 16476845
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2009 Mar;61(3):587-94
references.pmid: 19107898
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb;114(2):165-72
references.pmid: 16451849
references.citation: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Aug;233(8):930-40
references.pmid: 18480418
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2009 Jul 21;42(7):832-41
references.pmid: 19530674
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2011 Jun;65(6):1776-85
references.pmid: 21404328
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Feb;19(2):421-7
references.pmid: 18081241
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2010 Apr;63(4):1031-43
references.pmid: 20373404
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008;47(1):173-6
references.pmid: 17992677
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2009 Oct 7;54(19):R59-97
references.pmid: 19724102
references.citation: Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Mar 12;11(3):1070-81
references.pmid: 20480000
references.citation: Mol Imaging Biol. 2010 Jan-Feb;12(1):25-34
references.pmid: 19582510
references.citation: Heart. 2008 Mar;94(3):360-7
references.pmid: 18276820
references.citation: Neurotoxicology. 2009 Jan;30(1):155-9
references.pmid: 19007810
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Jul 31;1275(3):161-203
references.pmid: 8695634
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 27;105(21):7387-92
references.pmid: 18492802
references.citation: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2011 Jul-Aug;3(4):343-55
references.pmid: 21472999
references.citation: Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2003 Nov 13;1:102
references.pmid: 14614775
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2009 Mar;20(3):217-24
references.pmid: 19257853
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 23;107(8):3305-10
references.pmid: 20133731
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2011 Feb 9;111(2):253-80
references.pmid: 21077606
references.citation: Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Apr;25 Suppl 1:99-109
references.pmid: 19132547
references.citation: NeuroRx. 2005 Apr;2(2):226-36
references.pmid: 15897947
references.citation: Opt Express. 2009 Jun 22;17(13):10489-98
references.pmid: 19550444
references.citation: JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009 Nov;2(11):1035-46
references.pmid: 19926041
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Oct 28;131(42):15346-51
references.pmid: 19795861
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jun;59(6):1225-31
references.pmid: 18506784
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Oct 1;584(Pt 1):25-30
references.pmid: 17690140
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2008 Oct;18(10):2021-32
references.pmid: 18506449
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2009 Jul;4(7):411-4
references.pmid: 19581891
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Aug;20(8):816-20
references.pmid: 12134166
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):580-9
references.pmid: 18385732
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008 Apr;85(1):47-60
references.pmid: 17688252
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010 Sep 30;62(12):1175-86
references.pmid: 20816906
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010 Aug 30;62(11):1080-93
references.pmid: 20800081
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:975-1028
references.pmid: 15771591
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2009 Oct;27(10):2614-23
references.pmid: 19650040
references.citation: FASEB J. 2005 Dec;19(14):2014-6
references.pmid: 16230334
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2005 Jul-Aug;16(4):995-9
references.pmid: 16029042
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2008 Feb;26(2):505-16
references.pmid: 17975226
references.citation: Science. 1991 Nov 22;254(5035):1178-81
references.pmid: 1957169
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2008 Jun;108(6):2064-110
references.pmid: 18543879
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2004 Nov 19;43(45):6042-108
references.pmid: 15538757
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2011 Jun;226(6):1444-52
references.pmid: 21413018
references.citation: Basic Res Cardiol. 2008 Mar;103(2):105-13
references.pmid: 18324366
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2010 May;58(6):845-54
references.pmid: 20036262
references.citation: J Chem Phys. 2010 May 21;132(19):194903
references.pmid: 20499988
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jul 2;5(1):54-63
references.pmid: 19570514
references.citation: Nanotechnology. 2009 Nov 25;20(47):475102
references.pmid: 19875875
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):1067-70
references.pmid: 20305636
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2007 Nov;48(11):1862-70
references.pmid: 17942800
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2010 Apr;11(4):305-6
references.pmid: 20359656
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006 Oct;3(10):554-62
references.pmid: 16990841
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Aug;9(8):615-27
references.pmid: 20616808
references.citation: Cell Transplant. 2010;19(6):667-79
references.pmid: 20525442
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2008 Oct;26(10):2542-51
references.pmid: 18635865
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 2005 Nov;78(935):976-88
references.pmid: 16249597
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Sep 29;3(9):e3290
references.pmid: 18820727
references.citation: Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):322-9
references.pmid: 18480813
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2011 Apr;32(11):2871-7
references.pmid: 21288566
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2008 Feb 21;53(4):R1-R39
references.pmid: 18263942
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:284840
references.pmid: 20617146
references.citation: Curr Drug Saf. 2009 Jan;4(1):79-83
references.pmid: 19149528
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2007 Jul;28(19):2959-66
references.pmid: 17397919
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2008 Sep 7;53(17):R287-317
references.pmid: 18695301
references.citation: Small. 2010 Oct 4;6(19):2136-45
references.pmid: 20818621
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 21;4(8):e6712
references.pmid: 19696933
references.citation: J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010 Jan 15;341(2):248-54
references.pmid: 19853857
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2007 Jun;57(6):1173-9
references.pmid: 17534917
references.citation: Curr Top Dev Biol. 2005;70:1-33
references.pmid: 16338335
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2005 Jan;5(1):113-7
references.pmid: 15792423
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19662
references.pmid: 21637760
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Jan;13(1):95-9
references.pmid: 17187073
references.citation: Rev Diabet Stud. 2008 Spring;5(1):6-12
references.pmid: 18548165
references.citation: Dalton Trans. 2009 Aug 7;(29):5583-91
references.pmid: 20449070
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Jun;25(6):1179-91
references.pmid: 17520738
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Aug;193(2):314-25
references.pmid: 19620426
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Aug 7;3(2):136-46
references.pmid: 18682237
references.citation: Basic Res Cardiol. 2008 Mar;103(2):114-21
references.pmid: 18324367
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Sep 29;437(7059):664-70
references.pmid: 16193041
references.citation: Transpl Immunol. 2005 Dec;15(2):91-7
references.pmid: 16412954
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Sep 11;116(11 Suppl):I38-45
references.pmid: 17846324
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005 Oct;15(5):568-75
references.pmid: 16150591
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2008 Jan;49(1):103-11
references.pmid: 18077519
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2004 Dec;52(6):1228-33
references.pmid: 15562474
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Jul 14;126(27):8394-5
references.pmid: 15237993
references.citation: Curr Probl Surg. 2011 Mar;48(3):148-212
references.pmid: 21295632
references.citation: Luminescence. 2002 Jan-Feb;17(1):43-74
references.pmid: 11816060
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Apr 27;127(16):5732-3
references.pmid: 15839639
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2009 Mar;9(3):1080-4
references.pmid: 19199477
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2008 Feb;2(2):197-202
references.pmid: 19206619
references.citation: Small. 2010 Apr 9;6(7):832-42
references.pmid: 20213651
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2006 Feb;55(2):242-9
references.pmid: 16416426
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Jan 1;34(1):1-11
references.pmid: 17056275
references.citation: Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2010 Dec;30(4):283-301
references.pmid: 20528252
references.citation: Radiology. 2004 Dec;233(3):781-9
references.pmid: 15486216
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2006 Feb;24(2):333-6
references.pmid: 16223854
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Mar;2(3):217-30
references.pmid: 15083157
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 1;69(23):8862-7
references.pmid: 19920196
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Sep 7;127(35):12387-91
references.pmid: 16131220
references.citation: Small. 2008 Sep;4(9):1445-52
references.pmid: 18680095
references.citation: Nat Med. 2003 Jan;9(1):123-8
references.pmid: 12514725
references.citation: Nat Mater. 2009 Jul;8(7):543-57
references.pmid: 19525947
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2011 Jul 17;6(8):524-31
references.pmid: 21765401
references.citation: Nat Mater. 2005 Jun;4(6):435-46
references.pmid: 15928695
references.citation: Neoplasia. 2005 Feb;7(2):109-17
references.pmid: 15802016