title: [Mortality of myocardial infarction].
abstract: Coronary disease is a major cause of death and disability. From 1975 to 2000, coronary mortality was reduced by half. Better treatments and reduction of risk factors are the main causes. This phenomenon is observed in most developed countries, but mortality from coronary heart disease continues to increase in developing countries. In-hospital mortality of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is in the range of 7 to 10% in registries. In infarction without ST segment elevation (NSTEMI), in-hospital mortality is around 5%. More recent studies found a similar in-hospital mortality for STEMI and NSTEMI. Because of patient selection and monitoring, mortality in clinical trials is much lower. After adjustment for the extent of coronary disease, age, risk factors, history of myocardial infarction, the excess mortality observed in women is fading. Many clinical, biological and laboratory parameters are associated with mortality in myocardial infarction. They refer to the immediate risk of death (ventricular rhythm disturbances, shock…), the extent of infarction (number of leads with ST elevation on the ECG, release of biomarkers, ejection fraction…), the presence of heart failure, the failure of reperfusion and the patient's baseline risk (age, renal function…). Risk scores, and more specifically the GRACE risk score, synthesize these different markers to predict the risk of death in a given patient. However, their use for the treatment of myocardial only concerns NSTEMI. Only a limited number of mechanical or pharmacological interventions reduces mortality of heart attack. The main benefits are observed with reperfusion by thrombolysis or primary angioplasty in STEMI, aspirin, heparin, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Some medications such as bivalirudin and fondaparinux reduce mortality by decreasing the incidence of hemorrhagic complications. The guidelines classify interventions according to their benefit and especially their ability to reduce mortality. Organized care systems that improve implementation of guidelines also reduce mortality. Finally, some new therapeutic approaches such as post-conditioning and new therapeutic classes offer encouraging prospects for further reducing the mortality of myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Soins intensifs et urgences cardiologiques, hôpital cardiovasculaire et pneumologique Louis-Pradel, BP Lyon-Montchat, France. eric.bonnefoy-cudraz@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonnefoy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kirkorian
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome