title: Inflammatory mediators and immune response in Mexican adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-grade inflammation and increased immunity related to cardiovascular diseases have been described in children and adults, however, studies in Mexican adolescents are being done at present.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate inflammatory proteins and indicators of immunity in adolescents by gender and body mass index.
  
  
  METHODS
  115 Mexican adolescents, 15-18 years old (36 men), were divided into non-overweight, risk of overweight and overweight by CDC pediatric criteria by body mass index. Serum concentrations of ceruloplasmin, C3 and C4 were quantified by nephelometry; IL-6 and TNF-α from stimulated supernatant were analyzed with Human Th1-Th2 cytokine CBA II kit (BD Biosciences Pharmigen, San Diego, CA), and detected by flow cytometry. Data were analysed by Mann-Whitney U.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gender differences were found in C3 (men: median 118.8, mean rank: 41.0; women: median: 143.9, mean rank: 65.7, p=0.001) and ceruloplasmin (men: median: 31.01, mean rank: 47.06; women: median: 31.0, mean rank: 62.9, p=0.015). Differences by BMI were found in C3 (women non-overweight: median: 137.00 mena rank: 36.52; women with risk of overweight/overweight: median: 175.80, mean rank: 57.69, p=0.002) and C4 (men non-overweight: median: 23.40, mean rank: 16.60; men with risk of overweight/overweight: median: 26.40, mean rank: 26.36, p=0.028; women non-overweight: median: 24.25, mean rank: 37.16 and women with risk of overweight/overweight: median: 32.80, mean rank: 54.42, p=0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammatory proteins are increased in adolescents with risk of overweight and overweight, particularly in women.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research and Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Pardo Morales
authors.forename: Ma G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Zúñiga Torres
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Martínez Carrillo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez Martínez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdés Ramos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018401:Sample Size; D012737:Sex Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha