title: Autonomic modulation and health-related quality of life among schizophrenic patients treated with non-intensive case management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is associated with autonomic dysfunction and this may increase cardiovascular mortality. Past studies on autonomic modulation of schizophrenic patients focused on inpatients rather than individuals in a community setting, especially those receiving non-intensive case management (non-ICM). Besides, autonomic modulation and its association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in this population remain unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 25 schizophrenic patients treated by non-ICM and 40 healthy volunteers were matched by age, gender and body mass index; smokers were excluded. Between the two groups, we compared the individuals' 5 min resting assessments of heart rate variability and their HRQoL, which was measured using EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D). Patients with schizophrenia were assessed for psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS). We examined the relationship between heart rate variability measurements, HRQoL scores, PANSS scores, and other clinical variables among the schizophrenic patients treated by non-ICM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the controls, patients with schizophrenia showed a significant impairment of autonomic modulation and a worse HRQoL. Cardiovagal dysfunction among the schizophrenic patients could be predicted independently based on lower educational level and more negative symptoms. Sympathetic predominance was directly associated with anticholinergics use and EQ-5D using a visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with schizophrenia treated by non-ICM show a significant impairment of their autonomic function and HRQoL compared to the controls. Since the sympathovagal dysfunction is associated with more negative symptoms or higher VAS score, the treatment of the negative symptoms as well as the monitoring of HRQoL might help to manage cardiovascular risk among these individuals. In addition, EQ-VAS scores must be interpreted more cautiously in such a population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Ren
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yu-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Terry B J
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Hung-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wu Chang
authors.forename: Chih-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chen-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hai-Gwo
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hwu
authors.forename: Cheryl C H
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019090:Case Management; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*
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