title: Advances in the P/F ratio method for the analysis of birth histories.
abstract: Abstract   One of the most frequently used indirect techniques for deriving estimates of recent fertility from simple questions in censuses and surveys is the 'P/F ratio' method. Availability of detailed birth-history data, as in the World Fertility Survey, and applications of the P/F procedure as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the quality of data have led to simplifications and extensions of the original method. This analysis illustrates that when complete maternity histories are available, the P/F procedure can be simplified and made more powerful by (1) calculation of P/F values from cohort-period fertility rates and (2) use of two further indexing variables, namely duration since first marriage and duration since first birth, in addition to age. More generally, the paper indicates that a set of P/F values is only one of a battery of measures which aid in the analysis of trends and errors in data from maternity histories. Illustrative examples are given from various analyses of world Fertility Survey data.   Howard Goldberg has been independently pursuing an investigation of the P/F procedure by marriage duration at the Office of Population Research (Princeton University), and we have profited from recent discussions with him. We would also like to acknowledge useful comments and criticisms on earlier drafts from James Trussell and Kenneth Hill.
authors.affiliation: a    Comparative Analysis Section, World Fertility Survey   ,  35-37 Grosvenor Gardens ,  London ,  SW1W 0BS.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hobcraft
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Chidambaram