title: Modulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus by hippocampus-derived estrogen and androgen.
abstract: The hippocampus synthesizes estrogen and androgen in addition to the circulating sex steroids. Synaptic modulation by hippocampus-derived estrogen or androgen is essential to maintain healthy memory processes. Rapid actions (1-2h) of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) occur via synapse-localized receptors (ERα or ERβ), while slow genomic E2 actions (6-48h) occur via classical nuclear receptors (ERα or ERβ). The long-term potentiation (LTP), induced by strong tetanus or theta-burst stimulation, is not further enhanced by E2 perfusion in adult rats. Interestingly, E2 perfusion can rescue corticosterone (stress hormone)-induced suppression of LTP. The long-term depression is modulated rapidly by E2 perfusion. Elevation of the E2 concentration changes rapidly the density and head structure of spines in neurons. ERα, but not ERβ, drives this enhancement of spinogenesis. Kinase networks are involved downstream of ERα. Testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) also rapidly modulates spinogenesis. Newly developed Spiso-3D mathematical analysis is used to distinguish these complex effects by sex steroids and kinases. It has been doubted that the level of hippocampus-derived estrogen and androgen may not be high enough to modulate synaptic plasticity. Determination of the accurate concentration of E2, T or DHT in the hippocampus is enabled by mass-spectrometric analysis in combination with new steroid-derivatization methods. The E2 level in the hippocampus is approximately 8nM for the male and 0.5-2nM for the female, which is much higher than that in circulation. The level of T and DHT is also higher than that in circulation. Taken together, hippocampus-derived E2, T, and DHT play a major role in modulation of synaptic plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ooishi
authors.forename: Suguru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawato
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hojo
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.forename: Shimpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higo
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komatsuzaki
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogiue-Ikeda
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimoto
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049229:Dendritic Spines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000502:physiology*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000502:physiology; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D036881:Long-Term Synaptic Depression / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol