title: Galanin and α-MSH autoantibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropeptides galanin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are involved in the regulation of memory and appetite. Increased galanin and decreased α-MSH levels were reported in postmortem brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Here we studied if autoantibodies (autoAbs) reacting with galanin and α-MSH are altered in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of free and total IgG autoAbs reacting with galanin and α-MSH were measured in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 18 subjects with AD and in 15 age-matched non-demented controls. Values were correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, body mass index (BMI) and CSF levels of AD biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF levels of total but not free IgG autoAbs against galanin were increased in AD, resulting in increased percentage of galanin autoAbs present as immune complexes. CSF levels of galanin total autoAbs and α-MSH free autoAbs correlated negatively with the severity of cognitive impairment as measured by MMSE. Both total and free autoAbs against galanin and α-MSH in CSF correlated negatively with age in AD patients but not in controls. CSF levels of galanin autoAbs and free α-MSH AutoAbs negatively correlated with CSF levels of t-Tau, p-Tau and ratios of t-Tau/Aβ42 or p-Tau/Aβ42 in AD patients but not in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AutoAbs reacting with galanin and α-MSH are present in CSF and are associated with clinical characteristics of AD patients. The functional significance and therapeutic potential of these autoAbs should be further clarified.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurology IRCCS C Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy. alfredo.costa@mondino.it
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bini
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamze-Sinno
authors.forename: Arrigo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moglia
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franciotta
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sinforiani
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravaglia
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bole-Feysot
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hökfelt
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Déchelotte
authors.forename: Sergueï O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Fetissov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D019004:Galanin / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000276:immunology; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D000521:alpha-MSH; D019004:Galanin