title: The cytocompatibility and osseointegration of the Ti implants with XPEED® surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated cytocompatibility and osseointegration of the titanium (Ti) implants with resorbable blast media (RBM) surfaces produced by grit-blasting or XPEED(®) surfaces by coating of the nanostructured calcium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ti implants with XPEED(®) surfaces were hydrothermally prepared from Ti implants with RBM surfaces in a solution containing alkaline calcium. The surface characteristics were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and surface roughness measuring system. Apatite formation was measured with SEM after immersion in modified-simulated body fluid and the amount of calcium released was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission. The cell proliferation was investigated by MTT assay and the cell attachment was evaluated by SEM in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. Thirty implants with RBM surfaces and 30 implants with XPEED(®) surfaces were placed in the proximal tibiae and in the femoral condyles of 10 New Zealand White rabbits. The osseointegration was evaluated by a removal torque test in the proximal tibiae and by histomorphometric analysis in the femoral condyles 4 weeks after implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ti implants with XPEED(®) surfaces showed a similar surface morphology and surface roughness to those of the Ti implants with RBM surfaces. The amount of calcium ions released from the surface of the Ti implants with XPEED(®) surfaces was much more than the Ti implants with RBM surfaces (P < 0.05). The cell proliferation and cell attachment of the Ti implants showed a similar pattern to those of the Ti implants with RBM surfaces (P > 0.1). Apatite deposition significantly increased in all surfaces of the Ti implants with XPEED(®) surfaces. The removable torque value (P = 0.038) and percentage of bone-to-implant contact (BIC%) (P = 0.03) was enhanced in the Ti implants with XPEED(®) surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Ti implants with XPEED(®) surfaces significantly enhanced apatite formation, removal torque value, and the BIC%. The Ti implants with XPEED(®) surfaces may induce strong bone integration by improving osseointegration of grit-blasted Ti implants in areas of poor quality bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobusiness, Megagen Implant, Gyeongsan si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong-Jun
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shinil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Hyun-Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Kyung Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ryoo
authors.forename: Kwang-Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D011817:Rabbits; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D014025:Titanium / Q000378:metabolism; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium; D002118:Calcium