title: Subject-specific changes in brain white matter on diffusion tensor imaging after sports-related concussion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current approaches to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis do not permit identification of individual-level changes in DTI indices. We investigated the ability of wild bootstrapping analysis to detect subject-specific changes in brain white matter (WM) before and after sports-related concussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was performed in nine high school athletes engaged in hockey or football and six controls. Subjects underwent DTI pre- and postseason within a 3-month interval. One athlete was diagnosed with concussion (scanned within 72 h), and eight suffered between 26 and 399 subconcussive head blows. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were measured in each WM voxel. Bootstrap samples were generated, and a permuted t test was used to compare voxel-wise FA/MD changes in each subject pre- vs. postseason.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of WM voxels with significant (p<.05) pre-post FA changes was highest for the concussion subject (3.2%), intermediary for those with subconcussive head blows (mean 1.05%±.15%) and lowest for controls (mean 0.28%±.01%). Similarly, the percentage of WM voxels with significant MD changes was highest for the concussion subject (3.44%), intermediary for those with subconcussive head blows (mean 1.48%±.17%) and lowest for controls (mean 0.48%±.05%). Significantly changed FA and MD voxels colocalized in the concussion subject to the right corona radiata and right inferior longitudinal fasciculus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wild bootstrap analysis detected significantly changed WM in a single concussed athlete. Athletes with multiple subconcussive head blows had significant changes in a percentage of their WM that was over three times higher than controls. Efforts to understand the significance of these WM changes and their relationship to head impact forces appear warranted.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. jeff_bazarian@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bazarian
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blyth
authors.forename: Allyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borrino
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
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