title: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Northwest marine and freshwater recreational beaches.
abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the spatial distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at two marine and one freshwater recreational beaches in the Seattle area. Fifty-six marine water, 144 freshwater, and 96 sand samples were collected from June through August 2010. Isolates were biochemically verified as MRSA. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulse field gel electrophoresis and the presence of other antibiotic resistance genes were determined. Twenty-two freshwater (15.3%; n = 144), one dry sand (1.9%; n = 53), six wet sand (14%; n = 43), and two marine water samples (3.6%; n = 56) were MRSA positive. Of the 27 freshwater stream sites sampled multiple times, 37% of the sites were positive for MRSA and/or S. aureus ≥ 2 times. Twenty-one (67.7%) of 31 MRSA were SCCmec type IV, 15 (48.4%) of the isolates had MLST types not previously associated with humans, and 29 (93.5%) of the isolates carried other antibiotic resistance genes. This study is the first to report and characterize repeated MRSA-positive samples from freshwater drainages and creeks surrounding popular recreational beaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levin-Edens
authors.forename: Olusegun O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Soge
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: No
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stiffarm
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Meschke
authors.forename: Marilyn C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D001493:Bathing Beaches / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
references.citation: Hawaii Med J. 2010 Jan;69(1):8-12
references.pmid: 20222490
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Mar;38(3):1008-15
references.pmid: 10698988
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Dec;48(12):4546-51
references.pmid: 20881172
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Jul;107(1):300-7
references.pmid: 19239547
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2006 Mar 7;144(5):309-17
references.pmid: 16520471
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May;52(10):1227-30
references.pmid: 21498385
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Jun;48(6):2130-9
references.pmid: 20392913
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2009 Oct;58(Pt 10):1343-1353
references.pmid: 19528163
references.citation: Microb Drug Resist. 2011 Jun;17(2):241-50
references.pmid: 21395449
references.citation: Int J Med Microbiol. 2010 Feb;300(2-3):109-17
references.pmid: 20005777
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jun 08;5(6):e10990
references.pmid: 20544020
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Feb;76(3):724-32
references.pmid: 19966020
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 May;77(10):3541-3
references.pmid: 21441335
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Apr;108(4):1244-51
references.pmid: 19735317
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2008 Mar;57(Pt 3):348-358
references.pmid: 18287299
references.citation: Water Res. 2007 Jan;41(1):3-10
references.pmid: 17113123
references.citation: Lancet. 2010 May 1;375(9725):1557-68
references.pmid: 20206987
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Dec;64(6):1148-55
references.pmid: 19837712
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 15;195(2):305; author reply 305-7
references.pmid: 17191179
references.citation: Water Res. 2011 Nov 1;45(17):5681-6
references.pmid: 21917291
references.citation: Clin Med Res. 2011 Mar;9(1):7-16
references.pmid: 20739580
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 May;11(5):711-4
references.pmid: 15890125
references.citation: Water Res. 2009 Nov;43(19):4802-11
references.pmid: 19577788
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Nov;30(5):651-9
references.pmid: 1493982
references.citation: Water Res. 2011 May;45(11):3279-90
references.pmid: 21492899
references.citation: JAMA. 2007 Oct 17;298(15):1763-71
references.pmid: 17940231
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2011 Jan 06;11(1):5
references.pmid: 21211014
references.citation: J Water Health. 2006 Mar;4(1):109-24
references.pmid: 16604843