title: Detection of pesticides in active and depopulated beehives in Uruguay.
abstract: The influence of insecticides commonly used for agricultural purposes on beehive depopulation in Uruguay was investigated. Honeycombs, bees, honey and propolis from depopulated hives were analyzed for pesticide residues, whereas from active beehives only honey and propolis were evaluated. A total of 37 samples were analyzed, representing 14,800 beehives. In depopulated beehives only imidacloprid and fipronil were detected and in active beehives endosulfan, coumaphos, cypermethrin, ethion and chlorpyrifos were found. Coumaphos was present in the highest concentrations, around 1,000 μg/kg, in all the propolis samples from active beehives. Regarding depopulated beehives, the mean levels of imidacloprid found in honeycomb (377 μg/kg, Standard Deviation: 118) and propolis (60 μg/kg, Standard Deviation: 57) are higher than those described to produce bee disorientation and fipronil levels detected in bees (150 and 170 μg/kg) are toxic per se. The other insecticides found can affect the global fitness of the bees causing weakness and a decrease in their overall productivity. These preliminary results suggest that bees exposed to pesticides or its residues can lead them in different ways to the beehive.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, UDELAR, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colazzo
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Parada
authors.forename: Silvina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niell
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Letelier
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Besil
authors.forename: María Verónica
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cesio
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinzen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D056631:Colony Collapse / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011429:Propolis / Q000032:analysis; D014583:Uruguay / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011429:Propolis
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