title: Cow teat skin, a potential source of diverse microbial populations for cheese production.
abstract: The diversity of the microbial community on cow teat skin was evaluated using a culture-dependent method based on the use of different dairy-specific media, followed by the identification of isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This was combined with a direct molecular approach by cloning and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This study highlighted the large diversity of the bacterial community that may be found on teat skin, where 79.8% of clones corresponded to various unidentified species as well as 66 identified species, mainly belonging to those commonly found in raw milk (Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Aerococcus, and Staphylococcus). Several of them, such as nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB), Staphylococcus, and Actinobacteria, may contribute to the development of the sensory characteristics of cheese during ripening. Therefore, teat skin could be an interesting source or vector of biodiversity for milk. Variations of microbial counts and diversity between the farms studied have been observed. Moreover, Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus devriesei, Staphylococcus arlettae, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus equinus, Clavibacter michiganensis, Coprococcus catus, or Arthrobacter gandavensis commensal bacteria of teat skin and teat canal, as well as human skin, are not common in milk, suggesting that there is a breakdown of microbial flow from animal to milk. It would then be interesting to thoroughly study this microbial flow from teat to milk.
authors.affiliation: INRA UR545 Fromagères, Aurillac, France. isabelle.verdier-metz@clermont.inra.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Verdier-Metz
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gagne
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bornes
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monsallier
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veisseire
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delbès-Paus
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Montel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009558:Nipples / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1957 Nov;74(5):591-5
references.pmid: 13480997
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Apr 15;130(3):188-95
references.pmid: 19232767
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2010 Feb 28;137(2-3):221-9
references.pmid: 20061042
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Aug;73(16):5261-7
references.pmid: 17586664
references.citation: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2008 Jun;31(2):126-40
references.pmid: 18406093
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Sep 1;126(3):302-10
references.pmid: 17869361
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jul;70(7):4267-75
references.pmid: 15240310
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2010 Mar 31;138(1-2):108-18
references.pmid: 20137820
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D141-5
references.pmid: 19004872
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2006 Jan 15;106(1):1-24
references.pmid: 16216368
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2011 May;28(3):465-71
references.pmid: 21356452
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Mar;71(3):1501-6
references.pmid: 15746353
references.citation: J Dairy Res. 1980 Feb;47(1):155-8
references.pmid: 7372885
references.citation: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2007 Nov;30(7):547-60
references.pmid: 17604934
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003 Nov;53(Pt 6):1881-4
references.pmid: 14657117
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Apr 29;146(3):253-62
references.pmid: 21429612
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2012 Feb;29(1):88-98
references.pmid: 22029922
references.citation: Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999 Apr;49 Pt 2:725-8
references.pmid: 10319495
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2003;37(5):410-4
references.pmid: 14633113
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1987 Jan;55(1):35-43
references.pmid: 3793234
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Mar;73(6):1882-91
references.pmid: 17259356
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1989 Jan;72(1):250-8
references.pmid: 2925950
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2005 Sep 15;103(3):259-70
references.pmid: 16099311
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2004 Sep 22;20(14):2317-9
references.pmid: 15073015
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1992 Jan;75(1):96-104
references.pmid: 1541747
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2008 Mar;190(6):2150-60
references.pmid: 18192393
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1989 Jul;72(7):1886-92
references.pmid: 2778172
references.citation: J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2003 Nov;50(9):447-50
references.pmid: 14633199
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010 Dec;60(Pt 12):2739-2744
references.pmid: 20061496
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1977 May;33(5):1097-104
references.pmid: 879770
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 20;104(8):2927-32
references.pmid: 17293459
references.citation: J Dairy Res. 2004 May;71(2):231-44
references.pmid: 15190953
references.citation: Microbiol Immunol. 2000;44(4):223-7
references.pmid: 10832964
references.citation: Vet Microbiol. 2010 Sep 28;145(1-2):84-9
references.pmid: 20346602
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2009 Apr;26(2):228-31
references.pmid: 19171267
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1968 Aug;51(8):1188-91
references.pmid: 5669929
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Mar 1;145 Suppl 1:S24-30
references.pmid: 20855121
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2006 Jun;56(3):471-81
references.pmid: 16689878
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003 May;53(Pt 3):631-645
references.pmid: 12807180
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Aug 24;53(17):6835-43
references.pmid: 16104808
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1990 Oct 5;215(3):403-10
references.pmid: 2231712
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Mar 19;32(5):1792-7
references.pmid: 15034147
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2009 Sep;26(6):645-52
references.pmid: 19527841