title: Robotic extravesical anti-reflux operations in complex cases: technical considerations and preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate technical aspects and outcome of robotic laparoscopic extravesical anti-reflux surgery in the treatment of high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) with associated complicating conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective database and chart reviews were performed to identify a subgroup of patients with high-grade VUR who underwent robot-assisted anti-reflux surgery using the extravesical Lich-Gregoir repair and who additionally had preoperatively known complicating factors. Five such patients were operated on from 2005 to 2009. All had bilateral VUR, bladder dysfunction, breakthrough infections, renal scarring or at least one of the following complicating factors: posterior urethral valve bladders, duplex systems or para-ostial diverticula. Outcome and surgical aspects were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up 9 of 10 ureters were free of reflux and diverticulae had disappeared completely. No lasting urinary retentions occurred but two boys needed reinsertion of a catheter for 24 h after surgery. No further complications were noted. There were no signs of obstruction, infections did not persist and there was no negative effect on bladder function. Dissection of para-ostial diverticula seemed the only additional technical challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robot-assisted extravesical anti-reflux surgery seems a promising technique in the operative management of this unfavorable subset of patients. Reflux cure rate is higher than expected using injection therapy and at the same time morbidity seems lower than with open surgery. Further experience is needed to confirm these first impressions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. piet.callewaert @ mumc.nl
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Callewaert
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Biallosterski
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rahnama'i
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Van Kerrebroeck
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*