title: High-level resistance to gentamicin: genetic transfer between Enterococcus faecalis isolated from food of animal origin and human microbiota.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the in vivo gene transfer of high-level gentamicin resistance (HLRG) from Enterococcus faecalis isolated from the food of animal origin to a human isolate, using a mouse model of intestinally colonized human microbiota.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro study: The presence of plasmids involved in HLRG coding was investigated. After the conjugation experiment, the recipient strain, Ent. faecalis JH2-SS, acquired a plasmid responsible for HLRG [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) >800 μg ml(-1) ], in a similar position to the donor cells. In vivo study: Seven BALB/c mice were dosed with ceftriaxone (400 mg kg(-1) ) and then inoculated with a dilution of 1/100 of human faeces (HFc). After 72 h, Ent. faecalis JH2-SS (recipient) was inoculated and then, after a further 72 h, the animals were given Ent. faecalis CS19, isolated from the food of animal origin, involved in HLRG (donor). The presence of transconjugant strains in HFc was subsequently recorded on a daily basis until the end of the experiment. The clonal relationship between Ent. faecalis and Escherichia coli in faeces was assessed by RAPD-PCR. Both the in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the receptor strain acquired a plasmid responsible for HLRG (MICs >800 μg ml(-1) ), which migrated with a similar relative mobility value. Transconjugant strains were detected from 24 h after the donor strain inoculation and persisted until the end of the experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vivo gene transfer of HLRG from Ent. faecalis strains, isolated from the food of animal origin, to human microbiota has been demonstrated in a mouse model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complexity found on the therapeutic responses of invasive infectious diseases caused by Ent. faecalis facilitates the assessment of food of animal origin as a resistant pathogen reservoir. In addition, this study may contribute to the understanding of antimicrobials' resistance gene transfer between Ent. faecalis strains from food and human GI tract.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Division, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría, Argentina. msparo@vet.unicen.edu.ar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sparo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Urbizu
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Solana
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pourcel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delpech
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Confalonieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sánchez Bruni
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D058491:Bacterial Load; D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins