title: Increased BMP expression in arthrofibrosis after TKA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the multiple possible aetiologies of painful total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the diagnosis and treatment of such patients are challenging. In a considerable number of patients, an intraarticular pathology is present, although not verifiable with clinical and diagnostic imaging techniques as in cases of primary arthrofibrosis. In these patients, the differentiation between intra- and extraarticular causes of pain remains difficult. Until now, little attention has been paid to changes of the synovial fluid and tissue in these knees. The objective of this study was to analyse the changes of the synovial environment in patients suffering from arthrofibrosis after TKA in comparison with knees with referred pain suffering from hip arthritis. The changes of the synovial environment probably provide additional diagnostic information to verify an intraarticular pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The synovial fluid of 10 consecutive knees in 10 patients presenting with a primary arthrofibrosis after TKA without signs of infection, instability, malalignment, or loosening was analysed and compared to the synovial fluid of 10 knees with referred pain serving as controls. The BMP-2 concentration was measured in the synovial fluid, and the presence of cytokines leading to an overexpression of BMP-2 was detected by measuring the change of BMP-2 expression in a synoviocyte cell line following exposing to the synovial fluid of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of BMP-2 in the synovial fluid was significantly higher in arthrofibrotic TKA knees (24.3 ± 6.9 pg/mL), compared with the control group 5.9 ± 4.8 pg/mL (P < 0.001). Corresponding to this finding, BMP-2 expression in synoviocytes was upregulated 11.5-fold (P < 0.05) by synovial fluid of patients suffering from arthrofibrosis after TKA, compared with the control group with referred pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMP-2 is overexpressed and its concentrations are consequently higher in patients suffering from arthrofibrosis after TKA. The synovial BMP-2 concentration may be a potential marker for differentiating between intra- and extraarticular causes of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  II.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. tilman.pfitzner@charite.de
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfitzner
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geissler
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perka
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matziolis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
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