title: Laetrile treatment for cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laetrile is the name for a semi-synthetic compound which is chemically related to amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside from the kernels of apricots and various other species of the genus Prunus. Laetrile and amygdalin are promoted under various names for the treatment of cancer although there is no evidence for its efficacy. Due to possible cyanide poisoning, laetrile can be dangerous.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the alleged anti-cancer effect and possible adverse effects of laetrile and amygdalin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following databases: CENTRAL (2011, Issue 1); MEDLINE (1951-2011); EMBASE (1980-2011); AMED; Scirus; CancerLit; CINAHL (all from 1982-2011); CAMbase (from 1998-2011); the MetaRegister; the National Research Register; and our own files. We examined reference lists of included studies and review articles and we contacted experts in the field for knowledge of additional studies. We did not impose any restrictions of timer or language.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched eight databases and two registers for studies testing laetrile or amygdalin for the treatment of cancer. Two review authors screened and assessed articles for inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We located over 200 references, 63 were evaluated in the original review and an additional 6 in this update. However, we did not identify any studies that met our inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The claims that laetrile or amygdalin have beneficial effects for cancer patients are not currently supported by sound clinical data. There is a considerable risk of serious adverse effects from cyanide poisoning after laetrile or amygdalin, especially after oral ingestion. The risk-benefit balance of laetrile or amygdalin as a treatment for cancer is therefore unambiguously negative.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik 5-Schwerpunkt Onkologie/Haematologie, Klinikum Nord, Nuernberg, Germany. stesincro@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milazzo
authors.forename: Edzard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lejeune
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horneber
mesh_terms: D000678:Amygdalin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000678:Amygdalin