title: Vitamin D deficiency in obese children and its relationship to glucose homeostasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obese and non-overweight children in North Texas, to examine relationships between dietary habits and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level in obese children, and to examine the relationship between 25(OH)D level and markers of abnormal glucose metabolism and blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional design, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, dietary information, serum 25(OH)D, fasting glucose and insulin, 2-h glucose from oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were recorded for 411 obese subjects (6-16 yr old) at an obesity referral clinic. 25(OH)D was also obtained from 87 control non-overweight subjects (6-16 yr old).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two percent of obese subjects had a 25(OH)D level below 75 nmol/liter, and 50% were below 50 nmol/liter. Among non-overweight subjects, these frequencies were 68 and 22%, respectively (both P < 0.01 compared with obese subjects). 25(OH)D was negatively associated with soda intake (P < 0.001), juice intake (P = 0.009), and skipping breakfast (P < 0.001). 25(OH)D was negatively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = -0.19; P = 0.001) and 2-h glucose (r = -0.12; P = 0.04) after adjustment for body mass index and age but was not correlated with hemoglobin A1c, systolic blood pressure Z score, or diastolic blood pressure Z score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency is common in children in this southern United States location and is significantly more prevalent in obese children. Lower 25(OH)D level is associated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA.
authors.forename: Micah L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Naim M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Oden
authors.forename: Perrin C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hutchison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
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