title: Imaging longitudinal changes in articular cartilage and bone following doxycycline treatment in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transection model of osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of osteoarthritis following traumatic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is well established. However, few reliable indicators of early osteoarthritic changes have been established, which has limited the development of effective therapies. T(1ρ) and T(2) mapping techniques have the ability to provide highly accurate and quantitative measurements of articular cartilage degeneration in vivo. Relating these cartilaginous changes to high-resolution bone-densitometric evaluations of the late-stage osteoarthritic bone is crucial in elucidating the mechanisms of development of traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) and potential therapies for early- or late-stage intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve rabbits were monitored with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans following ACL transection surgery with a contralateral leg sham operation. Six of the rabbits were treated with oral doxycycline for the duration of the experiment. At 12 weeks, the excised knees from three animals from each group (n=6 overall) were subjected to micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous studies, initial elevations in T(1ρ) and T(2) values in ACL-transected animals were observed with relative normalization towards values see in sham-operated legs over the 12-week study. This biphasic pattern could hold diagnostic potential to differentiate osteoarthritic cartilage by tracking the relative proportions of T(1ρ) and T(2) values as they rise with inflammation then fall as collagen and proteoglycan loss leads to further dehydration. The addition of doxycycline resulted in inconclusive, yet potentially interesting, cartilaginous changes in several compartments of the rabbit legs. Micro-CT studies demonstrated decreased bone densitometrics in ACL-transected knees. Correlation studies suggest that the cartilaginous changes may be associated with some aspects of bony change and the development of OA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that there are definite relationships between cartilaginous changes as seen on MRI and late-stage microstructural bony changes after traumatic ACL injury in rabbits. In addition, doxycycline may show promise in mitigating early-stage cartilage damage that may serve to lessen late-stage osteoarthritic changes. This study demonstrates the ability to track OA progression and therapeutic efficacy with imaging modalities in vivo.
authors.affiliation: UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA. james.pinney@gmail.com
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pinney
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Burghardt
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hubert T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benjamin Ma
authors.forename: Sharmila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majumdar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D004318:Doxycycline
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