title: Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of the ethanol extract from Cynoglossum lanceolatum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. (Boraginaceae) has been used in folk medicine in china to treat acute nephritis, periodontitis, acute submandibular lymphadenitis, snake bite, etc. However, there have been no scientific reports in the modern literature on the diuretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of this plant. The objective of this study is to evaluate the above activities of the Cynoglossum lanceolatum extract (CLE) in animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diuretic effect of CLE was assessed in rats and rabbits. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using fresh egg white-induced paw edema in rats, carrageenan-elicited paw edema in adrenalectomized rats, and dimethylbenzene-induced inflammation in mice. The analgesic action was estimated in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot-plate test. In addition, the acute oral toxicity of CLE was studied in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CLE strikingly and dose-dependently increased urine output of rats and rabbits, suppressed fresh egg white-induced paw edema in rats and carrageenan-elicited paw edema in adrenalectomized rats, reduced dimethylbenzene-induced ear edema in mice, inhibited the writhing response in mice, but did not increased reaction time of mice in the hot-plate test. No death of mice was observed when orally administered CLE up to 12g/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings propose that CLE has evident diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and non-central analgesic activities. Furthermore the anti-inflammatory action does not rely on endogenetic glucocorticoids regulated by hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. On the other hand, CLE also shows a favorable safety.
authors.affiliation: Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Wei-Zhong
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D028082:Boraginaceae; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010047:Ovalbumin; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D018517:Plant Roots; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects; D014992:Xylenes
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D012997:Solvents; D014992:Xylenes; D000431:Ethanol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002351:Carrageenan; D010047:Ovalbumin; D019342:Acetic Acid