title: Choice of analytic approach for eye-specific outcomes: one eye or two?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of analytic approaches for eye-specific outcomes in ophthalmology publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of analytic approaches used in original research articles published in ophthalmology journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 161 research articles published in 5 ophthalmology journals in the first 2 months of 2008 were considered. Publications were categorized according to analytic approach: 1 eye selected, both eyes contribute, or per-individual outcome. Studies were considered suboptimal when criteria for eye selection were not provided or when measurements from both eyes were included without interocular correlation being considered. Visual impairment prevalence data were used to illustrate analytic approach choices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements from both eyes were included in 38% of the 112 studies that used statistical inferential techniques. In 31 (74%), there was no mention of possible correlation. Only 7% used statistical methods appropriate for correlated outcomes. In 35 studies (31%), measurements from 1 eye were selected; 31% of these did not provide selection criteria. In 67%, only univariate tests were used. A review of 47 articles published in 2011 produced similar findings. Characteristics of studies were not found to differ according whether the studies were suboptimal. Using a test appropriate for correlated outcomes resulted in a P value 3.5 times that obtained ignoring the correlation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between-eye correlation seems not to be assessed commonly in ophthalmology publications, although its knowledge aids the choice of analytic approach when eye-specific variables are of interest. Statistical methods appropriate for correlated ocular outcome data are not being applied widely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karakosta
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vassilaki
authors.forename: Sotiris
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plainis
authors.forename: Nazik Hag
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Elfadl
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsilimbaris
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moschandreas
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012107:Research Design; D012693:Serial Publications; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires