title: Recurrent infections and immune evasion strategies of Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: Staphylococcus aureus causes purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) that frequently reoccur. Staphylococal SSTIs can lead to invasive disease and sepsis, which are among the most significant causes of infectious disease mortality in both developed and developing countries. Human or animal infections with S. aureus do not elicit protective immunity against staphylococcal diseases. Here we review what is known about the immune evasive strategies of S. aureus that enable the pathogen's escape from protective immune responses. Three secreted products are discussed in detail, staphylococcal protein A (SpA), staphylococcal binder of immunoglobulin (Sbi) and adenosine synthase A (AdsA). By forming a complex with V(H)3-type IgM on the surface of B cells, SpA functions as a superantigen to modulate antibody responses to staphylococcal infection. SpA also captures pathogen-specific antibodies by binding their Fcγ portion. The latter activity of SpA is shared by Sbi, which also associates with complement factors 3d and factor H to promote the depletion of complement. AdsA synthesizes the immune signaling molecule adenosine, thereby dampening innate and adaptive immune responses during infection. We discuss strategies how the three secreted products of staphylococci may be exploited for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
authors.forename: Hwan Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Vilasack
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thammavongsa
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schneewind
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Missiakas
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D012008:Recurrence; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000378:metabolism; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C112405:Sbi protein, Staphylococcus aureus; D018089:Superantigens; D037521:Virulence Factors; C119204:streptococcal protective antigen; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D000241:Adenosine
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