title: Spirodiclofen and spirotetramat bioassays for monitoring resistance in citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a key pest of San Joaquin Valley California citrus. Spirodiclofen was registered for mite control in 2007, and spirotetramat for scale control in 2008. Because of the potential for resistance to spirodiclofen to develop in spider mites, and cross-resistance to spirotetramat used for other citrus pests, bioassay methods for resistance monitoring were developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The responses of four populations of adult female, egg and larval stages of P. citri to spirodiclofen were compared to determine the most robust bioassay method for this pesticide. Adult females responded with a higher LC(99) and larval stages exhibited higher control mortality and a lower slope of response compared with the egg stage. Thus, the egg stage was found to be the most suitable stage for testing. Egg production and egg shape were significantly affected by spirodiclofen treatment of adult female mites. Bioassays with the related compound spirotetramat revealed that P. citri egg hatch was less affected by this compound, requiring the assessment of mortality to be extended to 11 days after treatment when the hatched larvae succumbed to the pesticide. Discriminating concentrations of 10 ppm for spirodiclofen and 31.6 ppm for spirotetramat in an 11 day bioassay were tested against eight field populations of P. citri, and 99-100% mortality resulted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide a baseline for the response of P. citri to spirodiclofen and spirotetramat that will aid resistance management in California citrus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Gregory H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Montez
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Grafton-Cardwell
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002957:Citrus / Q000469:parasitology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C508135:spirodiclofen; D015107:4-Butyrolactone