title: Progress and contrasts of the development of tivozanib for therapy of kidney cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Targets for drug development for the treatment of kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma; RCC) include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors and mammalian target of rapamycin. Currently available oral multitargeted VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for advanced RCC, include sunitinib, sorafenib and pazopanib. Off-target TKI inhibition can potentially preclude full-dose combination with other targeted and chemotherapeutic agents. There is a need to develop more potent and selective targeted agents for RCC therapy, which are more effective and have minimal off-target effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This drug evaluation review addresses the ongoing development for the treatment of RCC with tivozanib: a potent, selective and long-half-life VEGF TKI. The testing for clinical efficacy alone or in combination with other therapies for RCC and for other tumor types, and the clinical and market relevance of introducing another RCC therapy are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tivozanib is distinguished by its high potency, selectivity, long-half-life and its potential to be effectively combined with other agents in RCC. This may offer more effective, yet well-tolerated treatment options. The relative clinical and market relevance remain to be seen, both for RCC therapy and other tumor types.
authors.affiliation: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Shilpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Mayer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fishman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011804:Quinolines; C553176:tivozanib; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor