title: Interaction of apolipoprotein E genotype with smoking and physical inactivity on coronary heart disease risk in men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) polymorphism affects lipid levels and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. However, these associations may be modified by lifestyle factors. Therefore, we studied whether smoking, physical inactivity or overweight interact with APOE on cholesterol levels and CHD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combining two Swedish case-control studies yielded 1735 CHD cases and 4654 population controls (3747 men, 2642 women). Self-reported questionnaire lifestyle data included smoking (ever [current or former regular] or never) and physical inactivity (mainly sitting leisure time). We obtained LDL cholesterol levels and APOE genotypes. CHD risk was modelled using logistic regression to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for relevant covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking interacted with APOE on CHD risk; adjusted ORs for ever versus never smoking were 1.45 (95% CI 1.00-2.10) in ɛ2 carriers, 2.25 (95% CI 1.90-2.68) in ɛ3 homozygotes and 2.37 (95% CI 1.85-3.04) in ɛ4 carriers. Female ɛ4 carriers had OR 3.62 (95% CI 2.32-5.63). The adjusted ORs for physical inactivity were 1.09 (95% CI 0.73-1.61), 1.34 (95% CI 1.12-1.61), and 1.79 (95% CI 1.38-2.30) in ɛ2, ɛ3ɛ3 and ɛ4 groups, respectively. No interaction was seen between overweight and APOE for CHD risk, or between any lifestyle factor and APOE for LDL cholesterol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The APOE ɛ2 allele counteracted CHD risk from smoking in both genders, while the ɛ4 allele was seen to potentiate this risk mainly in women. Similar ɛ2 protection and ɛ4 potentiation was suggested for CHD risk from physical inactivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. jaana.gustavsson@amm.gu.se
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehlig
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leander
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Strandhagen
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Björck
authors.forename: Dag S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Thelle
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lissner
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E