title: [Smokeless tobacco].
abstract: Use of smokeless tobacco (ST) (chewing tobacco and snuff) can lead to a number of consequences detrimental to health. ST rapidly delivers high doses of nicotine, which can lead to dependence and is also a source of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Changes usually develop in the mouth area where the ST is most often placed. Non-malignant oral lesions include leuko-oedema, hyperkeratotic lesions of the oral mucosa and localised periodontal disease. Oral premalignant lesions are leukoplakia, erythroplakia, submucosal fibrosis and lichen planus. Betel chewing, with or without tobacco, may increase the incidence of oral cancer. There is conflicting evidence with regard to snuff users about the risk of oral and gastro-oesophageal cancer. ST use is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer and may increase the risk of fatal myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. During pregnancy, ST is associated with an increase in pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery and stillbirth. Nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion reduce withdrawal symptoms and tobacco craving during ST cessation. However, they have not been shown to help long-term abstinence. Information concerning the potential hazards of ST products should be incorporated into educational programmes to discourage its use and to help users to quit. Smokeless tobacco is not recommended to help smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pneumologie, Unité de Tabacologie, Pavillon René-Beauchant, CHU La-Milétrie, BP 577, 2, rue Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers cedex, France. m.underner@chu-poitiers.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Underner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perriot
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*