title: Ocular and periocular injuries associated with an isolated orbital fracture depending on a blunt cranial trauma: anatomical and surgical aspects.
abstract: The anatomical location of fractures following blunt cranio-orbital trauma is important for neurosurgeons and maxillofacial surgeons. In this study, 588 cranio-orbital fractures following blunt trauma were evaluated retrospectively with regard to the anatomical site and surgical treatment. Orbital cranial nerve injuries and the outcomes of the medical and/or surgical treatment are described. Distribution of the zygomatic complex and orbital fractures were as follows: zygomatic complex fractures (n:304), isolated orbital fractures (n:58), complex comminuted fractures (n:226). In 58 cases, 69 orbit fractures were found (11 bilateral and 47 unilateral fractures). The lateral wall was the most frequent fracture (n:63). The least frequent fracture was the roof of the orbit (n:11). The accompanying lesions were as follows: 89.65% of cases were associated with periorbital haematoma (n:52), 13.79% of cases with retrobulbar haemorrhage (n:8), 96.55% cases with periorbital soft tissue oedema (n:56), 53.45% cases with pneumocephalus (n:31), 8.62% cases with intra-parenchymal contusion (n:5), 6.89% cases with enophthalmia (n:4), 5.17% of cases with rhinorrhoea (n: 3), 5.17% cases with optic bulb injury and adnexial trauma (n:3), 32.76% cases with intra-orbital emphysema (n:19), and 20.69% with vision dysfunctions (n:12), of whom 2 had no optic nerve injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: H Selim
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Karabekir
authors.forename: Nuket
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gocmen-Mas
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emel
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Karacayli
authors.forename: Ramazan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koymen
authors.forename: Elmas Kagnici
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Atar
authors.forename: Nezih
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozkan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000209:etiology; D003288:Contusions / Q000209:etiology; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D004646:Emphysema / Q000209:etiology; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000209:etiology; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000150:complications; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D009915:Orbit / Q000294:innervation; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011007:Pneumocephalus / Q000209:etiology; D019315:Retrobulbar Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000150:complications