title: Low-grade adipose tissue inflammation in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-grade systemic inflammation is common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but its source remains unclear. Adipose tissue is a potent producer of inflammatory mediators and may contribute to systemic inflammation in COPD, possibly via hypoxia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the influence of COPD and exercise-induced oxygen desaturation on adipose tissue inflammation (ATI) and its contribution to systemic inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were investigated in 28 clinically stable COPD patients [forced expiratory volume in 1 s: 58 ± 16% predicted; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 24.9 ± 2.9] and 15 age-, sex-, and body composition-matched healthy control subjects. Fat mass was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Patients were prestratified by oxygen desaturation assessed by incremental cycle ergometry. The adipocyte size and adipose tissue expression of 19 inflammatory and hypoxia-related genes were measured, and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) were histologically quantified. Systemic inflammatory markers included C-reactive protein (CRP) and a panel of 20 adipokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COPD patients had comparable fat mass but higher CRP and HOMA-IR than did control subjects. COPD patients and control subjects had comparable adipose tissue gene expression, adipocyte size, ATM infiltration, and systemic adipokine concentrations. Desaturating COPD patients had no different ATI status than did nondesaturating COPD patients. COPD patients with high CRP had significantly greater ATM infiltration than did patients with low CRP, which was independent of BMI and fat mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In COPD patients, mild-to-moderate COPD, per se, does not enhance ATI or its contribution to systemic inflammation compared with in well-matched healthy control subjects. However, to our knowledge, our study provides a first indication for a possible role of ATMs in the systemic inflammatory response in COPD that requires additional investigation. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR1402.
authors.affiliation: NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Netherlands. b.vdborst@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van den Borst
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gosker
authors.forename: Geertjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.forename: Wilco
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: Valéry A C V
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Hellwig
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Snepvangers
authors.forename: Annemie M W J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schols
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000368:Aged; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016552:Ergometry; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D010100:Oxygen