title: Biofilm growth on implants: bacteria prefer plasma coats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial biofilm formation on prostheses or devices used for osteosynthesis is increasingly recognized as cause of persistent infections, an entity known as implant-associated posttraumatic osteomyelitis. Biofilm formation is a very complex, multistep process with adhesion as the first and decisive step. The most prevalent pathogens found are staphylococci species, especially S. aureus, presumably due to a preference to non-biological materials, such as metal. Adherence is influenced by several factors, including the microenvironment, in which blood proteins from serum or plasma might influence adhesion and maybe biofilm formation. The aim of the present study was to test and to compare adherence of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa to different biological and non-biological surfaces in vitro. The question was addressed if coating of the surface by plasma or serum proteins influences bacterial adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adherence of radiolabeled bacteria to different surfaces in the presence or absence or serum/plasma proteins was measured over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When testing adherence of S. aureus to plastic, titanium or to monolayers of epithelial cells (A549) or fibroblasts (Colo800) a clear-cut preference for non-biological surfaces, especially for titanium was seen. Using P. aeruginosa species a similar pattern without a significant difference was revealed. When mimicking the in vivo situation by pre-coating of titanium with human serum or plasma adherence was increased, especially when titanium was coated ("opsonized") by plasma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial adherence to surfaces is determined by a variety of factors such as temperature, the presence of nutrients, the absence of host defense systems and the configuration of the covered surface. In vivo, adherence to non-biological surfaces is also influenced by the microenvironment, especially plasma proteins, promoting biofilm formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aytac
authors.forename: G Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hänsch
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D001798:Blood Proteins; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D006801:Humans; D007595:Joint Prosthesis / Q000382:microbiology*; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011137:Polystyrenes; D014025:Titanium