title: Cytoplasmic expression of oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) as a prognostic factor in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in elderly women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prognostic value of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) expression in a series of untreated patients with non-human papillomavirus (HPV)-related vulvar cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry was carried out using a polyclonal rabbit anti-human ERβ antibody. The nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of ERβ was evaluated in 33 patients. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was correlated with histopathological and molecular parameters (Ki67, p21), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The expression of cytoplasmic ERβ was found to be associated with grade (P=0.006), while no association was found with any of the remaining variables examined. Cases with high cytoplasmic ERβ expression showed lower DFS and OS compared to cases with low cytoplasmic ERβ (P=0.007, P=0.01, respectively). There was also a progressive decline in both the DFS and OS with increasing tumour size (P=0.05, P=0.07, respectively) and with increasing depth of infiltration (P=0.14, P=0.07, respectively). On multivariate analysis, only tumour size and cytoplasmic ERβ staining retained an independent negative prognostic role for DFS and OS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment of cytoplasmic ERβ expression could be helpful to identify poor prognosis in elderly patients with non-HPV-related vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Zannoni
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Prisco
authors.forename: Valerio G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Vellone
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vizzielli
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tortorella
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagotti
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scambia
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta