title: Culture and ethnicity influence outcomes of the Scoliosis Research Society Instrument in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective comparative study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report preoperative differences in the Scoliosis Research Society Outcomes Instrument (SRS-30) between multiple US ethnicities and native Japanese and Korean children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The SRS-24 was developed in a US cohort with AIS. Comparative studies using the SRS-24 between US and Japanese patients showed differences, suggesting that culture might affect functional outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative SRS-30 outcomes were collected from 1853 children with AIS from 6 different ethnic groups: US white (1234), black (213), Hispanic (78), and Asian (29), as well as native Japanese (192) and Koreans (107). Analysis of covariance of 4 SRS-30 domains (pain, appearance, activity, and mental) was compared between groups adjusting for differences in age, sex, major curve magnitude, and body mass index. Pairwise comparisons of the 4 SRS-30 domains were adjusted for multiple comparisons, using Bonferroni correction. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between ethnicities were found in all domains (P < 0.001). Whites reported more pain than Japanese or Koreans (Japanese = 4.52, Korean = 4.47, white = 4.04). Korean and Japanese patients had the lowest appearance scores (Japanese = 2.89, Korean = 2.73, US Asian = 3.55, Hispanic = 3.11, black = 3.47, white = 3.29). Koreans also had the lowest activity (Korean = 3.64, Japanese = 4.24, US Asian = 4.07, Hispanic = 4.02, black = 4.06, white = 4.16), mental (Korean = 3.70, Japanese = 4.23, US Asian = 4.05, Hispanic = 3.75, black = 4.03, white = 3.94), and total scores (Korean = 3.63, Japanese = 3.92, US Asian = 4.02, Hispanic = 3.75, black = 3.92, and white = 3.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culture and ethnicity influence SRS-30 outcomes in AIS. Whites reported more pain than Japanese and Koreans. Japanese and Koreans had the lowest appearance scores. Koreans additionally were distinguished by the lowest activity, mental, and total scores. These cultural and ethnic differences must be taken into account when counseling patients with AIS and studying functional outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Lee Jae
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Lawrence G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lenke
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sucato
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diab
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003469:Culture; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D057234:Preoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology