title: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of von Willebrand disease in India.
abstract: Von Willebrand disease (VWD) in all developing countries including India is considered a rare coagulation disorder, contrary to many reports from Western countries. Prevalence data based on hospital referrals identifies type 3 VWD as the most common subtype followed by type 1 and type 2. Approximately 60 to 70% cases of type 3 VWD are reportedly born of consanguineous marriages. The discriminatory diagnostic tests mainly include assays for factor (F)VIII:C and ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination and  Von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen either by immunoelectrophoresis or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. VWD-type assisting tests like VWF collagen binding, VWF ristocetin cofactor assay, VWF-FVIII binding assay, and multimer analysis are occasionally used but not routinely applied in many laboratories. Among women, menorrhagia is an important presenting manifestation. Except for a handful of centers mainly in metropolitan cities, most laboratories in the remote parts of the country have no facilities for VWD-related investigations, resulting in occasional misdiagnoses of VWD as hemophilia A. Genetic diagnosis is being offered in two or three centers using the indirect linkage method in type 3 VWD, and efforts are continuing to implementing a direct mutation detection technique for routine practice in a few laboratories. Depending on the subtype or the severity of VWD, desmopressin, cryoprecipitate, fresh-frozen plasma, and factor VIII/VWF concentrates are used for management. Antifibrinolytic agents like epsilon-aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid are widely used as an adjuvant therapy. In women with menorrhagia, oral contraceptives as a supplementary treatment are also being widely advocated to reduce bleeding. Products like danazol, ethenyl estradiol, thalidomide, and atorvastatin have been used in individual patients; acquired VWD associated with hypothyroidism has been managed successfully with thyroid hormone treatment. Both minor and major surgical procedures are performed in a few centers with judicious use of cryoprecipitate or FVIII concentrate containing VWF along with other supplementary therapeutic products to achieve adequate hemostasis. Awareness about the disease, establishment of the comprehensive coagulation laboratory, and treatment centers will be successful in increasing diagnosis of VWD and consequently better management of affected patients. This is likely to tilt the ratios of different VWD types, and VWD is likely to emerge as the most common of all coagulation disorders in the near future.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India. kanjakshaghosh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kanjaksha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Shrimati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shetty
mesh_terms: D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D009154:Mutation; D014842:von Willebrand Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005169:Factor VIII; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin