title: Prostate cancer incidence in Australia correlates inversely with solar radiation.
abstract: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Increased sun exposure and blood levels of vitamin D have been postulated to be protective against prostate cancer. This is controversial. We investigated the relationship between prostate cancer incidence and solar radiation in non-urban Australia, and found a lower incidence in regions receiving more sunlight. In landmark ecological studies, prostate cancer mortality rates have been shown to be inversely related to ultraviolet radiation exposure. Investigators have hypothesised that ultraviolet radiation acts by increasing production of vitamin D, which inhibits prostate cancer cells in vitro. However, analyses of serum levels of vitamin D in men with prostate cancer have failed to support this hypothesis. This study has found an inverse correlation between solar radiation and prostate cancer incidence in Australia. Our population (previously unstudied) represents the third group to exhibit this correlation. Significantly, the demographics and climate of Australia differ markedly from those of previous studies conducted on men in the United Kingdom and the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  • To ascertain if prostate cancer incidence rates correlate with solar radiation among non-urban populations of men in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  • Local government areas from each state and territory were selected using explicit criteria. Urban areas were excluded from analysis. • For each local government area, prostate cancer incidence rates and averaged long-term solar radiation were obtained. • The strength of the association between prostate cancer incidence and solar radiation was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  • Among 70 local government areas of Australia, age-standardized prostate cancer incidence rates for the period 1998-2007 correlated inversely with daily solar radiation averaged over the last two decades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  •  There exists an association between less solar radiation and higher prostate cancer incidence in Australia.
authors.affiliation: Nepean Hospital - Urology Department, Derby St Kingswood University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. lokewtim@gmail.com
authors.forename: Tim W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.forename: Doruk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seyfi
authors.forename: Doruk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sevfi
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khadra
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012423:Rural Health; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D