title: A new methodology for predicting human pharmacokinetics for inhaled drugs from oratracheal pharmacokinetic data in rats.
abstract: Prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) profile for inhaled drugs in humans provides valuable information to aid toxicology safety assessment, evaluate the potential for systemic accumulation on multiple dosing and enable an estimate for the clinical plasma assay requirements.        The accuracy in prediction of inhaled human PK profiles for seven inhaled drugs or drug candidates (salmeterol, salbutamol, formoterol, fluticasone propionate, budesonide, CP-325366 and UK-432097) was assessed using rat oratracheal solution and dry powder PK data. The prediction methodology incorporates allometric scaling and mean residence time (MRT) principles with a two compartmental PK approach.        Across the range of compounds tested, the prediction of human inhaled maximum concentration (C(max)) and MRT was within 2-fold for 5 of the 7 compounds, providing an accuracy of prediction similar to the current methodologies used to predict human oral C(max) from preclinical data ( De Buck et al. 2007 ).        Administering as a dry powder formulation slowed the rat lung absorption rate of the least soluble compound (fluticasone propionate), impacting the prediction of C(max) and MRT. This flags the potential for preclinical studies with dry powder formulations to positively influence predictive accuracy, although further studies with low solubility inhaled drugs are required to confirm this.        This study illustrates the value of preclinical assessment of PKs following administration to the lung, and provides a viable means of predicting the human PK profile for inhaled drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, UK. rhys.jones@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Rhys M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D056808:Biostatistics; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000068298:Fluticasone; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004983:Ethanolamines; C557757:UK-432097; D019819:Budesonide; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D000068298:Fluticasone; D000241:Adenosine; D000420:Albuterol; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate