title: GDPs and AGEs: impact on cardiovascular toxicity in dialysis patients.
abstract: Glucose degradation products (GDPs) are highly reactive precursors of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). High glucose concentrations, GDPs, and AGEs can activate specific pathways, including inflammatory and oxidative stress response pathways, which may adversely affect the cardiovascular system. This review discusses the impact and possible mechanisms of action of GDPs and AGEs with regard to cardiovascular toxicity in chronic kidney disease patients. The AGE-RAGE pathway appears to be particularly important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in dialysis patients. In the absence of definitive proof from randomized controlled trials, mounting evidence suggests that high levels of GDPs and AGEs play a role in the pathophysiology of cardiotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Himmele
authors.forename: Dixie-Ann
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sawin
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Diaz-Buxo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D005947:Glucose