title: Polymorphisms of stress-related genes and the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NCL/P) is a common structural malformation with a complex and multifactorial etiology. It has been shown that maternal psychological stress in the periconceptional period can contribute to an increase in the risk of NCL/P affecting pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four single nucleotide polymorphisms of 11 stress-related genes (COMT, CRHR1, FKBP5, GABRA6, HSD11β2, MAOA, NPY, NR3C1, SERPINA6, SLC6A4, and TPH2) were investigated in 220 healthy mothers of children with facial clefts and 210 matched controls using restriction fragment-length polymorphism and high-resolution melting analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that polymorphisms in SLC6A4, TPH2, and SERPINA6 appear to be maternal factors increasing the risk of having a child with facial clefts. The closest correlations with NCL/P were found for the SLC6A4 rs2020942 and TPH2 rs10879357 gene variants (odds ratio [OR], 1.720; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.158-2.553; p = 0.0069; p(trend) = 0.0036; and OR, 1.837; 95% CI, 1.226-2.753, p = 0.0030, p(trend) = 0.0057; respectively). Moreover, haplotype analysis revealed that several combinations of markers in SLC6A4, TPH2, and SERPINA6 might be significantly associated with the risk of NCL/P affected pregnancies. However, these associations were not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that nucleotide variants of genes encoding components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and serotoninergic system have a role in the etiology of NCL/P in the Polish population. SLC6A4, TPH2, and SERPINA6 might be novel candidate genes for this common congenital anomaly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. amostowska@wp.pl
authors.forename: Adrianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mostowska
authors.forename: Kamil K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hozyasz
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wojcicka
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lianeri
authors.forename: Pawel P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Jagodzinski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D014156:Transcortin / Q000235:genetics; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C534935:SERPINA6 protein, human; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D014156:Transcortin; C494784:TPH2 protein, human; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase