title: Comparison of chemokine and receptor gene expression between Wharton's jelly and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of their multilineage differentiation capacity, immunomodulatory role and homing ability, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are emerging as a new therapeutic strategy for treating a variety of disorders. Although bone marrow (BM) is the best characterized source of MSC, Wharton's jelly (WJ) of the umbilical cord holds great promise as an alternative. As delivery direct to the site of injury is not always feasible, efficient homing of MSC to the site of injury is critical for inducing tissue repair and regeneration. MSC express a wide variety of growth factors, chemokines and receptors that are important for cell migration, homing and re-establishment of blood supply for recovery of damaged tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed chemokine and receptor gene expression profiles of WJ MSC were established, and subsequently compared with those of BM-derived MSC using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array. Secretion of growth factors was analyzed and evaluated using culture supernatant from WJ and BM MSC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results revealed a differential expression pattern of the chemokines and their receptors between WJ- and BM-derived MSC. Several Glutamic acid-Leucine-Arginine; ELR-positive CXC chemokine genes and secretion of growth factors, which promote angiogenesis, were found to be up-regulated in WJ MSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To understand better the localization and mechanism of tissue repair by transplanted WJ MSC, we attempted chemokine and their receptor transcription profiling, followed by analysis of growth factors secreted by WJ MSC, and compared them against those of BM MSC. The data suggest that MSC from different sources can be explored for distinct therapeutic roles.
authors.affiliation: Stempeutics Research Pvt Ltd, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Parvathy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.forename: Swathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundarraj
authors.forename: Zubaidah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Anish Sen
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Malancha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ta
mesh_terms: D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics*; D055153:Stem Cell Niche; D059631:Wharton Jelly / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; C557651:elastin-laminin receptor, human