title: Periodontitis in non-smoking type 1 diabetic adults: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare levels of periodontitis in non-smoking type 1 diabetic patients and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 1 diabetic patients, aged 20-55 years, were recruited from outpatient clinics at five hospitals in Glasgow, UK. Control subjects were recruited from physiotherapy clinics, using the buddy system and through an advertisement in a free newspaper. The primary outcome was severe periodontitis defined by clinical attachment level ≥6 mm on ≥1 tooth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 34 well controlled patients (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%), 169 poorly controlled patients and 112 non-diabetic subjects. Prevalence of severe periodontitis was higher in all type 1 diabetic patients [24.1% (95% CI: 18.4-30.6%)] and poorly controlled patients [27.2% (20.7-34.6%)] than in controls [20.5% (13.5-29.2%)]. The fully adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in never smokers comparing the whole diabetic group, and the poorly controlled group, with the control group were 1.35 [0.66-2.8] (p = 0.41) and 1.58 [0.75-3.33] (p = 0.23), respectively. Mean clinical attachment level was higher in all type 1 diabetic and poorly controlled patients than in controls (both p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate worse periodontal health in type 1 diabetic patients than in control subjects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was registered with the UKCRN, ID: 9314 and Scottish Diabetes Research Network registration number: 128.
authors.affiliation: Infection and Immunity Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow Dental School.
authors.forename: Penny J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: Gillian L F
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Siobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Creanor
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherriff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D055094:Evidence-Based Dentistry; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human