title: Direct contact with mineral trioxide aggregate activates and differentiates human dental pulp cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is routinely used for pulp-capping procedures. However, little is known about its direct interaction with the cells or whether MTA is capable of releasing soluble factors that could help in differentiating cells. There have been no previous studies showing this aspect of MTA. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether direct contact of the cells with MTA was necessary to help differentiate the pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human dental pulp cells were cultured on gray MTA, either in direct contact or away from the cells on a cell culture insert, and the levels of gene expression, secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the rates of cell proliferation were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MTA when placed in direct contact with the cells promoted up-regulated the expression of important odontoblastic genes like osteocalcin and dentin sialoprotein, thereby showing that direct contact of the cells with the MTA is necessary to promote differentiation of the pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells, which in turn are responsible for dentin bridge formation. MTA also induced an increase in the secretion of VEGF when placed in direct contact with the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our study supports the fact that direct contact of the cells with the MTA is necessary to help differentiate them into odontoblast-like cells, which in turn will lead to a successful treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. avina@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Avina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paranjpe
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smoot
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D003809:Dentin, Secondary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003810:Dentinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009804:Odontoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000187:drug effects; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000187:drug effects; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D015675:Osteocalcin; D010087:Oxides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; D012313:RNA; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D017640:Silicates; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate
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