title: A review of the association between depression and insulin resistance: pitfalls of secondary analyses or a promising new approach to prevention of type 2 diabetes?
abstract: We review the validity of the evidence for an association between depression and the risk of insulin resistance (IR). We describe the potentially plausible biological and behavioral mechanisms that explain how depression increases the risk of IR and consequent overt diabetes. We have identified gaps in the literature to guide future research. Evidence for bidirectional associations between depression and IR is inconsistent. Results showing positive associations between depression and IR are derived from cross-sectional studies, whereas negative findings are typically reported in cohort studies. On the other hand, tentative trial evidence suggests that the effective treatment of depression can improve IR, and that lifestyle programs improve IR and reduce depressive symptoms. These emerging themes could lead to potential new multidisciplinary approaches to preventing diabetes.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK. naomi.silva@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atlantis
authors.forename: Khalida
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;67(3):220-9
references.pmid: 20194822
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2007 Jul-Aug;69(6):529-36
references.pmid: 17636146
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21551
references.pmid: 21829436
references.citation: Curr Diab Rep. 2010 Dec;10(6):396-405
references.pmid: 20878274
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Dec;31(12):2398-403
references.pmid: 19033420
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2008 Aug;51(8):1356-67
references.pmid: 18563385
references.citation: Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010 Nov-Dec;32(6):583-9
references.pmid: 21112449
references.citation: JAMA. 2010 May 19;303(19):1921-8
references.pmid: 20483968
references.citation: Metabolism. 2000 Sep;49(9):1145-9
references.pmid: 11016895
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2007 May;24(5):451-63
references.pmid: 17470191
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2007 Nov;69(8):723-8
references.pmid: 17942838
references.citation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011 Dec;46(12):1303-12
references.pmid: 20976591
references.citation: Brain Res Rev. 2008 Mar;57(2):531-53
references.pmid: 17524488
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1998 Oct;88(10):1518-22
references.pmid: 9772855
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Mar;34(3):752-62
references.pmid: 21357362
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2009 Jun;26(6):641-8
references.pmid: 19538241
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2007 Oct;25(10):2117-24
references.pmid: 17885556
references.citation: Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009 Nov-Dec;31(6):571-5
references.pmid: 19892216
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2006 May;49(5):837-45
references.pmid: 16520921
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2008 May;29(9):1110-7
references.pmid: 18400765
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 May;29(5):1130-9
references.pmid: 16644654
references.citation: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Nov;67(5):784-9
references.pmid: 17697007
references.citation: Age Ageing. 2003 Jan;32(1):81-7
references.pmid: 12540353
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;67(12):1856-61
references.pmid: 17194262
references.citation: BMJ. 2009 Oct 06;339:b3868
references.pmid: 19808767
references.citation: Metabolism. 2007 Jun;56(6):825-9
references.pmid: 17512316
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 May;298(5):E920-9
references.pmid: 20103738
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Nov;86(5):527-32
references.pmid: 19641491
references.citation: BMJ. 2005 Mar 26;330(7493):705-6
references.pmid: 15684022
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;60(8):817-26
references.pmid: 12912765
references.citation: Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:160-71
references.pmid: 17591599
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Dec;31(12):2383-90
references.pmid: 19033418
references.citation: Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010:573594
references.pmid: 20490354
references.citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep;21(3):129-37
references.pmid: 16335904
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Oct 1;152(7):651-7
references.pmid: 11032160
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2611-20
references.pmid: 21190455
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 Dec;27(12):2856-62
references.pmid: 15562197
references.citation: Biol Res Nurs. 2011 Apr;13(2):175-81
references.pmid: 21044969
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2002 Mar;25(3):464-70
references.pmid: 11874931
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 23;104(4):1319-24
references.pmid: 17229839
references.citation: Metabolism. 2000 Oct;49(10):1255-60
references.pmid: 11079812
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2006 Nov 27;166(21):2314-21
references.pmid: 17130383
references.citation: BMJ. 2003 Dec 13;327(7428):1383-4
references.pmid: 14670883
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;11(10):929-33
references.pmid: 16702975
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2006 Dec;49(12):2874-7
references.pmid: 17066302
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;189:297-308
references.pmid: 17012652
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2010 May;33(5):1128-33
references.pmid: 20185745
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1999 Apr;22(4):623-34
references.pmid: 10189543
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2008 Jul;109(1-2):75-82
references.pmid: 18063093