title: DNA-nanostructure-assembly by sequential spotting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to create nanostructures with biomolecules is one of the key elements in nanobiotechnology. One of the problems is the expensive and mostly custom made equipment which is needed for their development. We intended to reduce material costs and aimed at miniaturization of the necessary tools that are essential for nanofabrication. Thus we combined the capabilities of molecular ink lithography with DNA-self-assembling capabilities to arrange DNA in an independent array which allows addressing molecules in nanoscale dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the construction of DNA based nanostructures a method is presented that allows an arrangement of DNA strands in such a way that they can form a grid that only depends on the spotted pattern of the anchor molecules. An atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used for molecular ink lithography to generate small spots. The sequential spotting process allows the immobilization of several different functional biomolecules with a single AFM-tip. This grid which delivers specific addresses for the prepared DNA-strand serves as a two-dimensional anchor to arrange the sequence according to the pattern. Once the DNA-nanoarray has been formed, it can be functionalized by PNA (peptide nucleic acid) to incorporate advanced structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The production of DNA-nanoarrays is a promising task for nanobiotechnology. The described method allows convenient and low cost preparation of nanoarrays. PNA can be used for complex functionalization purposes as well as a structural element.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering Department of Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Am Mühlenberg 13, Potsdam, Germany. michael.breitenstein@ibmt.fraunhofer.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breitenstein
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hölzel
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Bier
mesh_terms: D001360:Avidin / Q000737:chemistry; D019921:Biotinylation; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000639:trends; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; C093483:neutravidin; D001360:Avidin; D004247:DNA
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