title: In the hunt for the "sultans of smack:" dope, gangsters and the construction of the Turkish deep state.
abstract: This article traces the development and evolution of the Turkish heroin trade against the backdrop of the Republic of Turkey's long transition from imperial core to nation-state. In taking up heroin's relationship to modern Turkey, I would like to specifically explore the meaning and manifestations of what many inside and outside of academia have called the "deep state." Heroin, I argue, was and is one of the most vital enablers of the factional "deep state" rivalries that compete for power in Ankara, adding a steady violent dimension to local and national politics.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gingeras
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education / Q000266:history; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education / Q000266:history; D055030:Drug Users / Q000193:education / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D006076:Government / Q000266:history; D003932:Heroin / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D003932:Heroin