title: Clonal plasma cell pathophysiology and clinical features of disease are linked to clonal plasma cell expression of cyclin D1 in systemic light-chain amyloidosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overexpression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) in the clonal plasma cells (PCs) of patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) has been shown to occur even in cases without t(11;14). Associations between CCND1 expression and the clonal PC disease that underlies AL and the clinical features that characterize AL have not been systematically evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the significance of CCND1 expression in the pathophysiology of the clonal PC in AL, we evaluated CD138+ marrow PC from 16 newly diagnosed untreated patients by gene expression profiling (GEP) and performed a supervised analysis comparing clones that overexpressed CCND1 with those that did not. To assess the significance of CCND1 expression with respect to the clinical features of AL, we developed and validated a real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method for quantitating expression of CCND1 in the CD138+ marrow PC cells from 53 newly diagnosed cases of AL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the analysis of GEP data, clones that overexpressed CCND1 also expressed significantly higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum protein processing genes such as SEL1L, Sec63, and PDIA6. In the analysis of RT-qPCR data, patients whose clones overexpressed CCND1 more often made only free light chains and fewer intact M-proteins, and also had a lower response rate to initial therapy. In multivariate analysis, CCND1 expression was an independent baseline predictor of survival in AL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCND1 expression is a feature of the clonal PC disease in AL that merits prospective evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hassoun
authors.forename: Lakshmanan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Comenzo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains; D019938:Cyclin D1