title: Risk variables in the association between frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate the association between the frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis. Moreover, evaluate the influence of biological, behavioural, and social risk variables in this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample was comprised by 542 subjects of both genders, 35-55 years of age, who underwent a complete periodontal examination, and was divided into four groups according to the frequency of alcohol use, based on alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (CAGE) instruments: (1) no or occasional alcohol use (NA), (2) moderate alcohol use (MA), (3) intense alcohol use (IA) and (4) alcohol dependence (DA). Associations between the occurrence of periodontitis and potential risk variables were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression stratified by smoking status when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of periodontitis in NA, MA, IA and DA groups were 17.2%, 24.0%, 29.6% and 53%, respectively. Alcohol odds ratio (OR) estimates significantly increased with an increase in consumption frequency (DA>IA>MA>NA) and were approximately two times higher in smokers (OR = 3.43 to 7.91) compared to non-smokers (OR = 1.22 to 3.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occurrence of periodontitis among alcohol users were high and the frequency of alcohol consumption increased the odds of periodontitis incrementally mainly in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dentistry School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eugênio J P
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lages
authors.forename: Fernando O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Elizabeth M B
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lages
authors.forename: Luís O M
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cota
authors.forename: Sheila C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.forename: Gilson C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nobre-Franco
authors.forename: Renata M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cyrino
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cortelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000150:complications; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking