title: Pharmaceutical principles of acid inhibitors: unmet needs.
abstract: Despite the well-established benefits of currently approved delayed-release proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of acid-related diseases, the unmet needs are still present and although often frustrating, they challenge clinicians. The unmet needs relate to the lack of complete control of acid secretion with oral PPI administration in the management of patients with gastroesophageal symptoms. These substantial groups of patients, who do not respond completely to standard doses of PPIs, are nonresponders, and their lack of response should be considered as PPI failure. Several mechanisms could explain PPI failure: differences in pharmacokinetics, PPI formulation, dosing time and diet, noncompliance, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, esophageal hypersensitivity, and nocturnal acid breakthrough. To increase the quality of life of these patients and avoid multiple medical consultations and unnecessary investigations, we have to go one step forward and use combined therapy or look towards new treatments beyond acid suppression.
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. zeljko.krznaric1@zg.t-com.hr
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krznaric
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ljubas Kelecic
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rustemovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vranesic Bender
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ostojic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Markos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scarpignato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005744:Gastric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors