title: Combining indoor residual spraying with chlorfenapyr and long-lasting insecticidal bed nets for improved control of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae: an experimental hut trial in Benin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neither indoor residual spraying (IRS) nor long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are able to fully interrupt transmission in holoendemic Africa as single interventions. The combining of IRS and LLINs presents an opportunity for improved control and management of pyrethroid resistance through the simultaneous presentation of unrelated insecticides.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chlorfenapyr IRS and a pyrethroid-impregnated polyester LLIN (WHO approved) were tested separately and together in experimental huts in southern Benin against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. The bed nets were deliberately holed with either six or 80 holes to examine the effect of increasing wear and tear on protectiveness. Anopheles gambiae were genotyped for the kdr gene to assess the combination's potential to prevent the selection of pyrethroid resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of kdr was 84%. The overall mortality rates of An. gambiae were 37% and 49% with the six-hole and 80-hole LLINs, respectively, and reached 57% with chlorfenapyr IRS. Overall mortality rates were significantly higher with the combination treatments (82-83%) than with the LLIN or IRS individual treatments. Blood feeding (mosquito biting) rates were lowest with the 6-hole LLIN (12%), intermediate with the 80-hole LLIN (32%) and highest with untreated nets (56% with the 6-hole and 54% with the 80-hole nets). Blood feeding (biting) rates and repellency of mosquitoes with the combination of LLIN and chlorfenapyr IRS showed significant improvement compared to the IRS treatment but did not differ from the LLIN treatments indicating that the LLINs were the primary agents of personal protection. The combination killed significantly higher proportions of Cx. quinquefasciatus (51%, 41%) than the LLIN (15%, 13%) or IRS (32%) treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chlorfenapyr IRS component was largely responsible for controlling pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes and the LLIN component was largely responsible for blood feeding inhibition and personal protection. Together, the combination shows potential to provide additional levels of transmission control and personal protection against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, thereby justifying the additional resources required. Chlorfenapyr has potential to manage pyrethroid resistance in the context of an expanding LLIN/IRS strategy.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngufor
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: N'Guessan
authors.forename: Pelagie
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boko
authors.forename: Abibatou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odjo
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vigninou
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asidi
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akogbeto
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D001541:Benin; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C436643:chlorfenapyr
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