title: Pharmacogenetics in psychiatry: translating research into clinical practice.
abstract: Pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic (PGx) approaches to psychopharmacology aim to identify clinically meaningful predictors of drug efficacy and/or side-effect burden. To date, however, PGx studies in psychiatry have not yielded compelling results, and clinical utilization of PGx testing in psychiatry is extremely limited. In this review, the authors provide a brief overview on the status of PGx studies in psychiatry, review the commercialization process for PGx tests and then discuss methodological considerations that may enhance the potential for clinically applicable PGx tests in psychiatry. The authors focus on design considerations that include increased ascertainment of subjects in the earliest phases of illness, discuss the advantages of drug-induced adverse events as phenotypes for examination and emphasize the importance of maximizing adherence to treatment in pharmacogenetic studies. Finally, the authors discuss unique aspects of pharmacogenetic studies that may distinguish them from studies of other complex traits. Taken together, these data provide insights into the design and methodological considerations that may enhance the potential for clinical utility of PGx studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. Malhotra@lij.edu
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lencz
mesh_terms: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological / Q000378:metabolism; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
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