title: Binder phenotype in mothers affected with autoimmune disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report four foetal cases of the Binder phenotype associated with maternal autoimmune disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three mothers with autoimmune diseases, 2D and 3D ultrasonographic measurements were made on four foetuses with the Binder profile, and were compared with postnatal phenotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Binder phenotype can be detected in early pregnancy (14.5 WG). All foetuses had verticalized nasal bones and midfacial hypoplasia. Punctuate calcifications were found in almost all the cases. No specific maternal auto-antibody has been associated with foetal Binder phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since the Binder phenotype can be diagnosed at ultrasound examination during pregnancy, it is important to establish the underlying cause so as to assess the foetal prognosis. This study stresses the importance of systematic checks for maternal autoimmune disease in cases of prenatally diagnosed Binder phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospital Angers, France. escolin@chu-angers.fr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Touraine
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Levaillant
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pasquier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boussion
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guichet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gérard-Blanluet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Odent
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonneau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019767:Maxillofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D009035:Mothers; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography