title: Dicationic alkylammonium bromide gemini surfactants. Membrane perturbation and skin irritation.
abstract: Dicationic alkylammonium bromide gemini surfactants represent a class of amphiphiles potentially effective as skin permeation enhancers. However, only a limited number of studies has been dedicated to the evaluation of the respective cytotoxicity, and none directed to skin irritation endpoints. Supported on a cell viability study, the cytotoxicity of gemini surfactants of variable tail and spacer length was assessed. For this purpose, keratinocyte cells from human skin (NCTC 2544 cell line), frequently used as a model for skin irritation, were employed. The impact of the different gemini surfactants on the permeability and morphology of model vesicles was additionally investigated by measuring the leakage of calcein fluorescent dye and analyzing the NMR spectra of ³¹P, respectively. Detail on the interaction of gemini molecules with model membranes was also provided by a systematic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. An irreversible impact on the viability of the NCTC 2544 cell line was observed for gemini concentrations higher than 25 mM, while no cytotoxicity was found for any of the surfactants in a concentration range up to 10 mM. A higher cytotoxicity was also found for gemini surfactants presenting longer spacer and shorter tails. The same trend was obtained in the calorimetric and permeability studies, with the gemini of longest spacer promoting the highest degree of membrane destabilization. Additional structural and dynamical characterization of the various systems, obtained by ³¹P NMR and MD, provide some insight on the relationship between the architecture of gemini surfactants and the respective perturbation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. asalmeida@qui.uc.pt
authors.forename: João A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Faneca
authors.forename: Rui A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Eduardo F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Alberto A C C
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pais
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
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