title: Incidence, risk factors for amputation among patients with diabetic foot ulcer in a North Indian tertiary care hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for amputation among patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study of 162 DFU in patients treated in a multidisciplinary based diabetes and endocrinology centre of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India during the period of December 2008-March 2011. Detailed history and physical examination was carried out for every subject. Risk factors for amputation were determined by univariate analysis with 95% of CI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall amputation rate was 28.4%. On univariate analysis, male sex [OR 2.8, RR 1.28], hypertension [OR 2.83, RR 1.31], neuropathy [OR 3.01, RR 1.35], nephropathy [OR 2.24, RR 1.26], LDL-C (>100mg/dl) [OR 2.53, RR 1.28], total cholesterol (>150mg/dl) [OR 3.74, RR 1.52],HDLC(<40mg/dl) [OR 1.19, RR 1.18], triglycerides (>200mg/dl) [OR 5.44, RR1.76], previous antibiotic use [OR 9.12, RR 1.92], osteomyelitis [OR 6.97, RR 2.43] and biofilm infection [OR 4.52, RR 1.41] were significant risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors for amputation were presence of PVD, leukocytosis, neuropathy, nephropathy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, over use of antibiotics, osteomyelitis, biofilm production and higher grade of ulcer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zubair
authors.forename: Abida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index