title: Proximal and distal kinematics in female runners with patellofemoral pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female runners have a high incidence of developing patellofemoral pain. Abnormal mechanics are thought to be an important contributing factor to patellofemoral pain. However, the contribution of abnormal trunk, hip, and foot mechanics to the development of patellofemoral pain within this cohort remains elusive. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine if significant differences during running exist in hip, trunk and foot kinematics between females with and without patellofemoral pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 female runners (16 patellofemoral pain, 16 healthy control) participated in this study. All individuals underwent an instrumented gait analysis. Between-group comparisons were made for hip adduction, hip internal rotation, contra-lateral pelvic drop, contra-lateral trunk lean, rearfoot eversion, tibial internal rotation, as well as forefoot dorsiflexion and abduction
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patellofemoral pain group had significantly greater peak hip adduction and hip internal rotation. No differences in contra-lateral pelvic drop were found. A trend towards reduced contra-lateral trunk lean was found in the patellofemoral pain group. No significant differences were found in any of the rearfoot or forefoot variables but significantly greater shank internal rotation was found in the patellofemoral pain group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found greater hip adduction, hip internal rotation and shank internal rotation in female runners with patellofemoral pain. We also found less contra-lateral trunk lean in the patellofemoral pain group. This may be a potential compensatory mechanism for the poor hip control seen. Rehabilitation programs that correct abnormal hip and shank kinematics are warranted in this population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, KY 40536-0200, USA. b.noehren@uky.edu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noehren
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Zack
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lattermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012420:Running; D060726:Torso / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
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