title: Toxicity and horizontal transfer of chlorantraniliprole against the Asian subterranean termite Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann): effects of donor:recipient ratio, exposure duration and soil type.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of chlorantraniliprole and other insecticides (bifenthrin, fipronil, indoxacarb, imidacloprid and chlorfenapyr) were tested against Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann). Four experiments were conducted: a topical bioassay, a horizontal transfer study, an insecticide bioavailability test and a feeding bioassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The topical bioassay showed that chlorantraniliprole was significantly less active to C. gestroi at 24 h post-treatment compared with the other insecticides tested. Nevertheless, it is likely that a lesser amount of chlorantraniliprole was required to cause 50% mortality of C. gestroi at 7 and 14 days post-treatment. The exposure duration and donor:recipient ratio affect the mortality of recipient termites. Mortality after exposure to chlorantraniliprole in sandy clay was significantly lower than in sand; however, by 14 days, > 90% of donor and recipient termites died in both substrates, irrespective of concentration. Fipronil and imidacloprid showed faster action, and high to moderate toxicity to C. gestroi. Termite workers also ceased to feed after exposure for 1 h to 50 mg kg(-1) chlorantraniliprole-treated sandy clay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorantraniliprole demonstrated delayed toxicity at the lowest label rate (50 mg kg(-1) ) in sandy clay. Its slow action will enable greater transfer of toxicant between nestmates, while feeding cessation will promote greater social interaction between healthy and exposed termites.
authors.affiliation: Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kok-Boon
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Neoh
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Boon-Hoi
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.forename: Chow-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D020049:Isoptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000469:parasitology*; D013997:Time Factors; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C517733:chlorantranilipole