title: Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines.
abstract: Human rhinovirus (HRV) C was recently identified as the third species of HRV using a molecular technique. Infections caused by previously identified HRVs (A and B) are thought to be limited to the respiratory tract; however, pathogenesis of HRVC is still largely unknown. A total of 816 nasopharyngeal swabs from hospitalized children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines (May 2008-May 2009) were tested for HRV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and 243 samples (29.8%) were positive for HRV. Among these patients, serum samples were also tested to determine whether specific HRV species were associated with viremia. Only 30 serum samples (12.3%) were positive for HRV. However, the HRV positive rates were different among HRV species, 3% (4/135) for HRVA, 0% (0/25) for HRVB, and 31% (26/83) for HRVC, and were the highest on 2 days after the onset of symptoms. These results suggest that HRVC may have a different pathogenicity and can more commonly cause viremia than HRVA and HRVB. Serum positive rates for HRV are affected by age, i.e., higher positive rates for those aged 1 year or more. HRVC that were detected from serum exhibited the same level of sequence diversity as those positive only for nasopharyngeal samples in phylogenetic analysis. However, all HRVA which were detected from serum were clustered in a monophyletic clade based on their 5' non-coding region (NCR) sequences, which is closely related with a certain HRVC genotype (A2) in 5'-NCR. This finding suggests that the 5'NCR region may be associated with viremia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fuji
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Socorro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lupisan
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sombrero
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Galang
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamigaki
authors.forename: Raita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Rapunzel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aniceto
authors.forename: Remigio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olveda
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshitani
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014766:Viremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Aug;17(8):1430-5
references.pmid: 21801620
references.citation: Virology. 2008 Mar 1;372(1):35-47
references.pmid: 18029287
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 15;195(6):773-81
references.pmid: 17299706
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 May;17(5):627-32
references.pmid: 21483405
references.citation: Br Med J. 1970 Oct 3;4(5726):28-30
references.pmid: 4319364
references.citation: Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):55-9
references.pmid: 19213880
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2005 Mar;86(Pt 3):697-706
references.pmid: 15722530
references.citation: Arch Virol. 2009;154(6):987-91
references.pmid: 19415451
references.citation: Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009 May 1;6(3):272-7
references.pmid: 19387029
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 15;194(10):1398-402
references.pmid: 17054069
references.citation: Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1963 Feb;53(2):274-85
references.pmid: 18017963
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2005 Jul;86(Pt 7):1897-1907
references.pmid: 15958668
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2002 Jul;83(Pt 7):1697-1706
references.pmid: 12075089
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2005 Nov;77(3):414-24
references.pmid: 16173012
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1982 Aug;37(2):720-7
references.pmid: 6288570
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2009 Sep;46(1):85-9
references.pmid: 19581125
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct 15;172(8):1037-40
references.pmid: 15994468
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2009 Aug;45(4):311-7
references.pmid: 19473873
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Apr 02;3(4):e1847
references.pmid: 18382652
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 May 11;5(5):e10588
references.pmid: 20485673
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Jul 27;4(7):e6355
references.pmid: 19633719
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Nov;46(11):3736-45
references.pmid: 18753359
references.citation: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Aug;29(8):717-20
references.pmid: 20305581
references.citation: Clin Ther. 2001 Oct;23(10):1615-27
references.pmid: 11726001
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Dec 30;4(12):e8518
references.pmid: 20041158
references.citation: Br Med J. 1972 Sep 30;3(5830):824-5
references.pmid: 4342503
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2007 Jun;39(2):67-75
references.pmid: 17482871
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;15(2):344-6
references.pmid: 19193292
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2002 Feb;83(Pt 2):333-340
references.pmid: 11807226
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2009 Jun;45(2):157-60
references.pmid: 19427260
references.citation: J Infect. 2009 Aug;59(2):115-21
references.pmid: 19556008
references.citation: J Virol. 2010 Oct;84(19):10297-310
references.pmid: 20668080
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Nov;45(11):3655-64
references.pmid: 17804649
references.citation: J Clin Pathol. 1972 May;25(5):443-6
references.pmid: 4339953