title: Soy milk and dairy consumption is independently associated with ultrasound attenuation of the heel bone among postmenopausal women: the Adventist Health Study-2.
abstract: Soy milk has become a popular substitute for dairy milk with important health claims. We hypothesized that soy milk, based on its nutrient composition, is comparable to dairy products and, therefore, beneficial for bone health. To test this hypothesis, we examined the benefit of soy milk and dairy products intake on bone health using broadband ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus. Postmenopausal white women (n = 337) who had completed a lifestyle and dietary questionnaire at enrollment into the Adventist Health Study-2 had their calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation measured 2 years later. The association between osteoporosis (defined as a T-score <-1.8) and some dietary factors (soy milk, dairy) and selected lifestyle factors was assessed using logistic regression. In a multivariable model adjusted for demographics, hormone use, and other dietary factors, osteoporosis was positively associated with age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.12) and inversely associated with body mass index (OR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97) and current estrogen use (OR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.13-0.56). Compared with women who did not drink soy milk, women drinking soy milk once a day or more had 56% lower odds of osteoporosis (OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.20-0.98; P(trend) = .04). Women whose dairy intake was once a day or more had a 62% reduction in the likelihood of having osteoporosis (OR = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.86; P(trend) = .02) compared with women whose dairy intake was less than twice a week. Among individual dairy products, only cheese showed an independent and significant protection (OR = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.12-0.66; P(trend) = .004) for women eating cheese more than once per week vs those who ate cheese less than once a week. We concluded that osteoporosis is inversely associated with soy milk intake to a similar degree as dairy intake after accounting for age, body mass index, and estrogen use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Vmatthews@myriverbend.org
authors.forename: Vichuda Lousuebsakul
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Synnove F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.forename: W Lawrence
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Beeson
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D041942:Soy Milk / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
references.citation: Proc Nutr Soc. 2006 Feb;65(1):76-92
references.pmid: 16441947
references.citation: Bone Miner. 1991 Dec;15(3):175-91
references.pmid: 1773131
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1422-7
references.pmid: 18469267
references.citation: J Nutr. 2005 May;135(5):1243-7
references.pmid: 15867312
references.citation: Bone. 2002 Nov;31(5):547-55
references.pmid: 12477567
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 2007 Jun;17(6):454-7
references.pmid: 17395486
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2008 Apr;37(2):260-5
references.pmid: 17726038
references.citation: Clin Phys Physiol Meas. 1990 Aug;11(3):243-9
references.pmid: 2245589
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2004 Aug;43(4):246-57
references.pmid: 15309425
references.citation: Aust Fam Physician. 2004 Nov;33(11):875-80
references.pmid: 15584324
references.citation: Lancet. 1996 Aug 24;348(9026):511-4
references.pmid: 8757153
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 2003 Feb;13(2):119-27
references.pmid: 12559671
references.citation: J Med Food. 2009 Dec;12(6):1260-7
references.pmid: 20041779
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):681-9
references.pmid: 10966884
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Dec;17(12):2222-30
references.pmid: 12469916
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Feb;10(2):243-9
references.pmid: 7754803
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Jul 3;288(1):49-57
references.pmid: 12090862
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(1):7-22
references.pmid: 9102067
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(5):416-24
references.pmid: 10591840
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2008 Jun;11(6):564-72
references.pmid: 17686206
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2003 May;14(3):198-207
references.pmid: 12730794
references.citation: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2006 Aug;83(2):53-9
references.pmid: 16944838
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Oct;73(4):339-49
references.pmid: 12874703
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2006 Apr;89(4):1207-21
references.pmid: 16537954
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2005 May;20(5):886-92
references.pmid: 15931736
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jan;20(1):1-21
references.pmid: 18523710
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2004 Mar;15(3):217-25
references.pmid: 14745486
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(4):321-30
references.pmid: 10928222
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;62(2):155-61
references.pmid: 17392695
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(6):471-7
references.pmid: 11446563
references.citation: Clin Physiol. 2001 Jan;21(1):51-9
references.pmid: 11168297
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Apr;14(4):644-51
references.pmid: 10234587
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1330-8
references.pmid: 15928804
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2004 Apr;91(4):513-31
references.pmid: 15035679
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):923-34
references.pmid: 16280421
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Jan;14(1):125-8
references.pmid: 9893074
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(6):441-9
references.pmid: 10663343
references.citation: Bone. 1995 Nov;17(5 Suppl):505S-511S
references.pmid: 8573428
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Apr;19(2 Suppl):83S-99S
references.pmid: 10759135
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2007 May;18(5):629-39
references.pmid: 17235664
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 2007 Sep;113(5):233-41
references.pmid: 17663660
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan;85(1):300S-303S
references.pmid: 17209214
references.citation: Acta Orthop. 2007 Dec;78(6):813-21
references.pmid: 18236189
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(4):565-72
references.pmid: 21547850
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(7):581-7
references.pmid: 11527057
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Oct;16(10):1886-92
references.pmid: 11585354
references.citation: Bone. 2009 May;44(5):948-53
references.pmid: 19168161
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2005 Sep 12;165(16):1890-5
references.pmid: 16157834
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1982 Oct;70(4):716-23
references.pmid: 7119111
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;88(3):1048-54
references.pmid: 12629084
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2007 Jun;65(6 Pt 1):294-9
references.pmid: 17605306
references.citation: Bone. 2006 May;38(5):686-93
references.pmid: 16406762