title: Exploring variables associated with change in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety following traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a pilot randomized controlled trial, we investigated the effectiveness of a 12-weekly anxiety treatment programme adapted for individuals with moderate-severe TBI, based on cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI). The current study explored the variables associated with treatment response and group differences in change expectancy and working alliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven participants recruited from a brain injury rehabilitation hospital were randomly assigned to MI + CBT, non-directive counselling (NDC) + CBT and treatment-as-usual and assessors were blinded to treatment conditions. Correlation and multiple regression were used to examine the association between reduction in anxiety ratings and a number of clinical, injury and cognitive variables. Random effects regression was used to examine group difference in changes in working alliance and expectancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a trend suggesting that greater injury severity may be predictive of poorer response to CBT and injury severity was significantly related to memory functioning. Participants receiving MI pre-treatment showed a greater increase in change expectancy at the end of CBT and at follow-up, but not at the end of MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need to further investigate the effectiveness of treatment for individuals with different injury severity and to explore the relationship between change expectancy and treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. ming-yun.hsieh@monash.edu
authors.forename: Ming-Yun
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ponsford
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult