title: Subsurface drip application of alternative fumigants to methyl bromide for controlling nematodes in replanted grapevines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many California grape growers use preplant fumigation to ensure uniform and healthy grapevine establishment in replant situations. A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of subsurface drip-applied chemical alternatives to methyl bromide on plant-parasitic nematodes, plant vigor and fruit yield during the 6 year period following replanting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subsurface drip fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin and with iodomethane plus chloropicrin had generally similar nematicide activity as methyl bromide in three grape types, while sodium azide was less effective. The combination of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin enhanced vine vigor similarly to methyl bromide. However, all plots treated with alternative fumigants produced less fruit yield than methyl bromide over the 4 years of evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subsurface drip fumigation with alternative chemicals to methyl bromide generally provided adequate management of plant-parasitic nematodes during the vine establishment period. However, further research is required to increase the performance of alternative chemicals against other components of the replant problem, as grape yield in vines grown in the alternative treatments was lower than in methyl bromide.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Water Management Research Unit, Parlier, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J Alfonso
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sally M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Bradley D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005651:Fumigation; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; C005218:methyl bromide