title: Kidney stones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The age of peak incidence for stone disease is 20 to 40 years, although stones are seen in all age groups. There is a male to female ratio of 3:2.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions for stone removal in people with asymptomatic kidney stones? What are the effects of interventions for the removal of symptomatic renal stones? What are the effects of interventions to remove symptomatic ureteric stones? What are the effects of interventions for the management of acute renal colic? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2011 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 21 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antispasmodic drugs, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, intravenous fluids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, oral fluids, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and ureteroscopy.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Preminger
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
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