title: Spray granulation for drug formulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulation is a key unit process in the production of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms and involves the agglomeration of fine particles with the aid of a binding agent. Fluidized bed granulation, a classic example of spray granulation, is a technique of particle agglomeration brought about by the spray addition of the binding liquid onto a stationary bed of powder particles that is transformed to a fluid-like state by the passage of air through it.
  
  
  METHODS
  The basic working principles, equipment set-up, advantages and challenges of fluidized bed granulation are introduced in this review. This is followed by an overview of the formulation and process-related variables affecting granulation performance. Technological advances, particularly in the application of process analytical tools, in the field of fluidized bed granulation research are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluidized bed granulation is a popular technique for pharmaceutical production, as it is a highly economical and efficient one-pot process. The research and development of process analytical technologies (PAT) has allowed greater process understanding and control to be achieved, even for the lesser known fluidized bed techniques, such as bottom spray and fluidized hot melt granulation. In view of its consistent mixing, as well as continuous and concurrent wetting and drying occurring throughout processing, fluidized bed granulation shows great potential for continuous production although more research is required to fully implement, validate and integrate the PAT tools in a production line.
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
authors.forename: Zhi Hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Dawn Z L
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Er
authors.forename: Lai Wah
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Celine V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.forename: Paul W S
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Heng
mesh_terms: D011208:Powders; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011208:Powders