title: Aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf induces generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in rat oocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Present study was aimed to determine whether aqueous neem leaf extract (NLE) induces generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in rat oocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory research setting at Department of Zoology of Banaras Hindu University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty eight sexually immature female rats that were 20-30 days of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sexually immature female rats were fed palatable dose of NLE (10 mg/g dry feed palate) for 10 days and then subjected to superovulation induction protocol. Thereafter, rats were euthanized, ovulated cumulus oocyte complexes were collected from oviduct and oocytes were denuded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rate of morphological apoptotic changes, measurement of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and cytochrome c concentrations, caspase-9, caspases-3 activities and DNA fragmentation in oocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo NLE treatment induced morphological apoptotic changes were associated with increased hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and cytochrome c concentrations, caspase-9, caspase-3 activities and DNA fragmentation in oocyte.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NLE induces generation of ROS that leads to oocytes apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway.
authors.affiliation: Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
authors.forename: Anima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Tulsidas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Shrivastav
authors.forename: Shail K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chaube
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D031601:Azadirachta / Q000737:chemistry; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013480:Superovulation
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2009 Jan 1;106(1):73-82
references.pmid: 19009557
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2006 Apr;85 Suppl 1:1223-31
references.pmid: 16616096
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 23;274(17):11549-56
references.pmid: 10206961
references.citation: Drug Resist Updat. 2004 Apr;7(2):97-110
references.pmid: 15158766
references.citation: Mol Cancer Res. 2003 Jan;1(3):186-94
references.pmid: 12556558
references.citation: Arch Pharm Res. 2010 Aug;33(8):1181-91
references.pmid: 20803121
references.citation: Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 2005 Mar;5(2):149-6
references.pmid: 15777222
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2002 Feb;9(2):423-32
references.pmid: 11864614
references.citation: Hum Exp Toxicol. 2009 Aug;28(8):493-503
references.pmid: 19755441
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Dec 15;649(1-3):84-91
references.pmid: 20858478
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jul-Aug;1777(7-8):877-81
references.pmid: 18439415
references.citation: Biochem J. 2004 Dec 1;384(Pt 2):201-32
references.pmid: 15450003
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 1;67(15):7406-20
references.pmid: 17671211
references.citation: Exp Mol Med. 2009 Mar 31;41(3):201-7
references.pmid: 19293639
references.citation: Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1132-6
references.pmid: 9027315
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2010 Jan;17(1):170-9
references.pmid: 19730443
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Jul 12;86(1):147-57
references.pmid: 8689682
references.citation: Cell Biol Int. 2009 Mar;33(3):337-43
references.pmid: 19385030
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 2008 Mar;42(3):212-20
references.pmid: 18344115
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2004 Apr;81(4):965-72
references.pmid: 15066449
references.citation: Invest New Drugs. 2009 Jun;27(3):246-52
references.pmid: 18719855
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2004 Dec;71(6):1898-906
references.pmid: 15306551
references.citation: J Pathol. 1993 May;170(1):1-8
references.pmid: 8326456
references.citation: Invest New Drugs. 2010 Aug;28(4):392-401
references.pmid: 19458912
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2010 May;223(2):408-14
references.pmid: 20082303
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 2009 Mar;43(3):287-94
references.pmid: 19184696
references.citation: Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1129-32
references.pmid: 9027314
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2010 Jun 28;292(2):228-36
references.pmid: 20083342
references.citation: Reproduction. 2004 Sep;128(3):281-91
references.pmid: 15333779
references.citation: J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2006 Sep;13(6):451-8
references.pmid: 16879991
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Dec 1;16(23):5679-91
references.pmid: 21138867
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 15;280(15):15449-55
references.pmid: 15703181
references.citation: Apoptosis. 2005 Aug;10(4):863-74
references.pmid: 16133876
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2004 Jun;70(6):1644-9
references.pmid: 14766725