title: A systematic review of musculoskeletal disorders among school teachers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) represent one of the most common and most expensive occupational health problems in both developed and developing countries. School teachers represent an occupational group among which there appears to be a high prevalence of MSD. Given that causes of MSD have been described as multi-factorial and prevalence rates vary between body sites and location of study, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for MSD among teaching staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved an extensive search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases in 2011. All studies which reported on the prevalence and/or risk factors for MSD in the teaching profession were initially selected for inclusion. Reference lists of articles identified in the original search were then examined for additional publications. Of the 80 articles initially located, a final group of 33 met the inclusion criteria and were examined in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review suggests that the prevalence of self-reported MSD among school teachers ranges between 39% and 95%. The most prevalent body sites appear to be the back, neck and upper limbs. Nursery school teachers appear to be more likely to report suffering from low back pain. Factors such as gender, age, length of employment and awkward posture have been associated with higher MSD prevalence rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this study suggests that school teachers are at a high risk of MSD. Further research, preferably longitudinal, is required to more thoroughly investigate the issue of MSD among teachers, with a greater emphasis on the possible wider use of ergonomic principles. This would represent a major step forward in the prevention of MSD among teachers, especially if easy to implement control measures could be recommended.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, 2258, Australia.
authors.forename: Patience N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Erick
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005178:Faculty; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
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