title: Coercion within Danish psychiatry compared with 10 other European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2008, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) criticized the use of mechanical restraint in Denmark and referred to it as ill-treatment. What do other European countries do better? To answer this question, we compared the use of coercive measures regarding psychiatric inpatients in Denmark and comparable European countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Comparing coercive measures from Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Belgium, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of international literature and a cross-sectional study performed as a questionnaire survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Denmark used more mechanical restraint and holding than Finland and Norway; however Sweden used twice as much as Denmark. Finland used more seclusion than did the other countries. Norway was the country that used the smallest amount of physical coercion. Only Norway, Finland, Sweden and Denmark had comparable representative data on coercion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Norway used less physical restraint than Denmark. We could not find any obvious reasons for the differences in the use of physical restraint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparing the factors surrounding coercion between countries may serve as a basis for minimizing coercion and carrying it out in the most acceptable manner for the patients, thereby providing better psychiatric treatment in Europe.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, Mental Health Centre Sct . Hans, Roskilde, Denmark. Jesper.Bak@regionh.dk
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aggernæs
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D003068:Coercion; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark; D005060:Europe; D005387:Finland; D005602:France; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D007494:Ireland; D007558:Italy; D009426:Netherlands; D009664:Norway; D019370:Observation; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000379:methods*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden; D006113:United Kingdom