title: Repression of sucrose/ultraviolet B light-induced flavonoid accumulation in microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) leads to the generation of MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI), which restricts the invasion and propagation of potentially infectious microbes. It has been described that the perception of different bacterial and fungal MAMPs causes the repression of flavonoid induction upon light stress or sucrose application. However, the functional significance of this MTI-associated signaling output remains unknown. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR act as the pattern recognition receptors for the bacterial MAMP epitopes flg22 (of flagellin) and elf18 (of elongation factor [EF]-Tu), respectively. Here, we reveal that reactive oxygen species spiking and callose deposition are dispensable for the repression of flavonoid accumulation by both pattern recognition receptors. Importantly, FLS2-triggered activation of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes and bacterial basal defenses are enhanced in transparent testa4 plants that are devoid of flavonoids, providing evidence for a functional contribution of flavonoid repression to MTI. Moreover, we identify nine small molecules, of which eight are structurally unrelated, that derepress flavonoid accumulation in the presence of flg22. These compounds allowed us to dissect the FLS2 pathway. Remarkably, one of the identified compounds uncouples flavonoid repression and PR gene activation from the activation of reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and callose deposition, corroborating a close link between the former two outputs. Together, our data imply a model in which MAMP-induced repression of flavonoid accumulation serves a role in removing the inherent inhibitory action of flavonoids on an MTI signaling branch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanehara
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tintor
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kombrink
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schulze-Lefert
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saijo
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010444:Peptide Elongation Factor Tu / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005419:Flavonoids; D005936:Glucans; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D014157:Transcription Factors; C560925:WRKY22 protein, Arabidopsis; D013395:Sucrose; C048306:callose; D000217:Acyltransferases; C020141:flavanone synthetase; D011494:Protein Kinases; C411853:FLS2 protein, Arabidopsis; D010444:Peptide Elongation Factor Tu
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