title: Histopathology of brow fat in thyroid-associated orbitopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We propose that brow enlargement seen in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) occurs secondary to the autoimmune process in Graves disease and that the changes in brow fat are histologically identical to those seen in orbital fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  With informed consent, brow and orbital fat was obtained from patients with TAO and from patients with no significant past medical history undergoing orbital decompression, blepharoplasty, and/or brow fat removal. Histologic examination was performed on the orbital and brow fat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fat histologies obtained from patients with TAO and those without known systemic disease were compared. Specimens from patients with TAO showed an increase of fibrosis and fibrous septae. Furthermore, certain biologic markers, including insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor β (IGF-1Rβ) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), were increased in the fat obtained from patients with TAO. This was identical in both the brow and the orbital fat. Fat from patients with no significant past medical history showed normal fat histology, absence of fibrous septae, and decreased marker expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Graves disease is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects patients in a variety of ways. In addition to the orbital changes seen in these patients, we have observed an increase in the brow fat compartment. We are intrigued to find that the histologic changes are identical in both the orbital and the brow fat of patients with TAO. The increased IGF-1Rβ and TSHR expression in both the brow and the orbital fat further support their role as putative markers in patients with Graves disease.
authors.affiliation: Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. hwang@jsei.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Khadavi
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Terry J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Raymond S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult