title: The effect of surface conditioning on the bond strength of resin composite to amalgam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of different surface conditioning methods on the tensile bond strength (TBS) and integrity of the amalgam-resin composite interface, using commercially available restoration repair systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty Gamma 2 amalgam specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 2 weeks and then randomly assigned to one of the following conditioning groups (n=20/group): Group 1: air abrasion, alloy primer and 'Panavia 21', Group 2: air abrasion and 'Amalgambond Plus', Group 3: air abrasion and 'All-Bond 3', Group 4: diamond bur, alloy primer and 'Panavia 21', Group 5: diamond bur and 'Amalgambond Plus', Group 6: diamond bur and 'All-Bond 3', Group 7: silica coating technique, and Group 8: non-conditioned amalgam surfaces (control group). Subsequently, resin composite material was added to the substrate surfaces and the amalgam-resin composite specimens were subjected to TBS testing. Representative samples from the test groups were subjected to scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry. The data was analysed statistically with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests (α=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean TBS of amalgam-resin composite ranged between 1.34 and 5.13MPa and varied with the degree of amalgam surface roughness and the type of conditioning technique employed. Significantly highest TBS values (5.13±0.96MPa) were obtained in Group 1 (p=0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the tested conditions, significantly greater tensile bond strength of resin composite to amalgam was achieved when the substrate surface was conditioned by air abrasion followed by the application of the Panavia 21 adhesive system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effecting a repair of an amalgam restoration with resin composite via the use of air abrasion and application of Panavia 21 would seem to enhance the integrity of the amalgam-resin composite interface. Clinical trials involving the implementation of this technique are indicated to determine the usefulness of this technique.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol Dental Hospital & School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom. i.blum@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Igor R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Khaula
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hafiana
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Michele E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Barbour
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Daryll C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Jagger
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D058250:Dental Restoration Repair / Q000379:methods*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; D010710:Phosphates; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: C074864:All-Bond system; C070606:Amalgambond; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; C093719:Panavia TPN-S; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D003723:Dental Amalgam