title: Multidimensional measure of display clutter and pilot performance for advanced head-up display.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to: develop a multidimensional measure of display clutter for advanced head-up displays (HUDs) incorporating enhanced and synthetic vision; assess the influence of HUD configuration on perceptions of display clutter, workload, and flight performance; model clutter scores in terms of visual display properties; and model flight performance in terms of subjective and objective clutter indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a flight simulator, 18 pilots with different levels of flight experience flew approaches divided into three segments. Three HUD configuration sets were presented under two levels of flight workload. Pilot ratings of overall display clutter, its underlying dimensions, and mental workload were recorded along with flight performance measures. Display image analysis software was used to measure visual properties of the HUDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multidimensional measure of clutter showed internal consistency with overall perceived clutter. Calculated clutter scores were sensitive to HUD configurations and in agreement with a priori display classifications. There was a trend for the extremes of display clutter to cause higher workload and less stable performance due to cognitive complexity and a lack of information for high and low clutter displays, respectively. Multiple linear regression models of perceived clutter were developed based on HUD visual properties with predictive utility. Models of flight performance based on the clutter score and workload ratings were also developed, but with less predictive power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures and models of display clutter are expected to be applicable to the evaluation of a range of display concepts.
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA.
authors.forename: Sang-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Prinzel
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kaber
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stelzer
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001359:Aviation; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014796:Visual Perception; D016526:Workload