title: Observations of the collapses and rebounds of millimeter-sized lithotripsy bubbles.
abstract: Bubbles excited by lithotripter shock waves undergo a prolonged growth followed by an inertial collapse and rebounds. In addition to the relevance for clinical lithotripsy treatments, such bubbles can be used to study the mechanics of inertial collapses. In particular, both phase change and diffusion among vapor and noncondensable gas molecules inside the bubble are known to alter the collapse dynamics of individual bubbles. Accordingly, the role of heat and mass transport during inertial collapses is explored by experimentally observing the collapses and rebounds of lithotripsy bubbles for water temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 °C and dissolved gas concentrations from 10 to 85% of saturation. Bubble responses were characterized through high-speed photography and acoustic measurements that identified the timing of individual bubble collapses. Maximum bubble diameters before and after collapse were estimated and the corresponding ratio of volumes was used to estimate the fraction of energy retained by the bubble through collapse. The rebounds demonstrated statistically significant dependencies on both dissolved gas concentration and temperature. In many observations, liquid jets indicating asymmetric bubble collapses were visible. Bubble rebounds were sensitive to these asymmetries primarily for water conditions corresponding to the most dissipative collapses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 Northeast 40th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. wkreider@uw.edu
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kreider
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Oleg A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Sapozhnikov
mesh_terms: D004058:Diffusion; D005740:Gases; D008096:Lithotripsy; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009038:Motion; D010316:Particle Size; D010781:Photography; D011312:Pressure; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D005740:Gases
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