title: MicroRNA-21 induces stemness by downregulating transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2) in colon cancer cells.
abstract: Although microRNA-21 (miR-21) is emerging as an oncogene and has been shown to target several tumor suppressor genes, including programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), its precise mechanism of action on cancer stem cells (CSCs) is unclear. Herein, we report that FOLFOX-resistant HCT-116 and HT-29 cells that are enriched in CSCs show a 3- to 7-fold upregulation of pre- and mature miR-21 and downregulation of PDCD4. Likewise, overexpression of miR-21 in HCT-116 cells, achieved through stable transfection, led to the downregulation of PDCD4 and transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2). In contrast, the levels of β-catenin, TCF/LEF activity and the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin-D, which are increased in CSCs, are also augmented in miR-21 overexpressing colon cancer cells, accompanied by an increased sphere forming ability in vitro and tumor formation in SCID mice. Downregulation of TGFβR2 could be attributed to decreased expression of the receptor as evidenced by reduction in the activity of the luciferase gene construct comprising TGFβR2-3' untranslated region (UTR) sequence that binds to miR-21. Moreover, we observed that downregulation of miR-21 enhances luciferase-TGFβR2-3' UTR activity suggesting TGFβR2 as being one of the direct targets of miR-21. Further support is provided by the observation that transfection of TGFβR2 in HCT-116 cells attenuates TCF/LEF luciferase activity, accompanied by decreased expression of β-catenin, c-Myc and Cyclin-D1. Our current data suggest that miR-21 plays an important role in regulating stemness by modulating TGFβR2 signaling in colon cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Yingjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shailender S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.forename: Bhaumik B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Phil-Sun
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nautiyal
authors.forename: Fazlul H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Adhip P N
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Majumdar
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000502:physiology*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; C524940:MIRN21 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; C114487:PDCD4 protein, human; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051176:beta Catenin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
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