title: A comparison of the prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and comorbidities among adolescents in the United States of America and Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) often starts in adolescence, but there are limited data on its prevalence. The specific aims of this study were to (1) describe the prevalence of PMDD in adolescents presenting to clinics in the midwestern United States and 2 Nigerian cities, (2) identify cultural differences, and (3) screen for comorbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adolescents attending outpatient clinics in the 3 sites. Study participants provided demographic information and completed a modified version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool. They also completed the modified Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview screen for comorbid psychiatric conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-hundred thirty-seven patients participated in the study. The participants were between 13-21 years old (mean [SD] =16.9 [2.02] years). The overall prevalence of PMDD was 4.1% (Maiduguri, Nigeria 6.5%; Lagos, Nigeria 3.1%; and 2.9% in Akron, United States). The differences were not statistically significant (P = .167). The prevalence of moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome ranged from 12.4%-16.3% among the 3 sites, with an overall prevalence of 14.5%. There was a significantly higher prevalence of other mood disorders in Akron (19.3%) compared to the Nigerian sites (P < .001.). This difference across cultures was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is prevalent across different cultures. It is a chronic condition that causes significant morbidity among adolescents. There is a need for simple diagnostic methods for early detection and evidence-based management guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA. orisara2001@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ori
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogebe
authors.forename: Jibril
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abdulmalik
authors.forename: Mashudat A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bello-Mojeed
authors.forename: Nneka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Oluwayemi O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ogun
authors.forename: Olayinka
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Omigbodun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult