title: The use of Pap smear and its influencing factors among women with disabilities in Taiwan.
abstract: Cervical cancer is a prevalent cancer among Taiwanese women, and can be effectively cured if diagnosed early. Therefore, cervical cancer is worthy of preventive health screening. Due to physical and psychological barriers, patients with disability may be unable to express their physical complaints accurately, thus reducing their access to health care; some may not even receive proper preventive health care or medical treatment. This study investigates the utilization of Pap smear among women with disability in Taiwan and its influencing factors. With women aged 30 and over as the study subjects, this retrospective cohort study is conducted based on the database of the Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan, 2008, combined with information gathered between 2006 and 2008 regarding preventive health care and health insurance medical claims data from the Bureau f Health Promotion and the National Health Research Institutes, respectively. The frequency of Pap smears and the percentage differences of each variable are examined using the 2× tests to check for statistical significance. Finally, logistic regression analysis is used to examine the factors influencing the use of Pap smears. The results revealed that among disabled women aged 30 and over, the use of Pap smears was 7.71% in 2008. Disabled women with the following characteristics had lower use levels regarding Pap smears: greater age, residing in areas of higher urbanization, lower income, lower education levels, unmarried, not diagnosed with cancer, diagnosed with diabetes, and with severe disability levels. Disabled women with hearing impairments or mental retardation were possessed of the highest and lowest probabilities of using Pap smear, respectively. The recommendations of this study include: (1) provide physicians with a varying pricing scheme and incentives for Pap smear based on the type or severity of disability; (2) proactively encourage gynecologist and obstetricians to conduct regular and convenient Pap smear on disabled women; and (3) target disabled women in low usage groups, and improve their knowledge of Pap smear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Kuang-Hua
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wen-Chen
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Pei-Tseng
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Kung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*