title: Latent myofascial trigger points are associated with an increased antagonistic muscle activity during agonist muscle contraction.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate motor unit activity from a latent myofascial trigger point (MTP) in an antagonist muscle during isometric agonist muscle contraction. Intramuscular activity was recorded with an intramuscular electromyographic (EMG) needle inserted into a latent MTP or a non-MTP in the posterior deltoid muscle at rest and during isometric shoulder flexion performed at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction in 14 healthy subjects. Surface EMGs were recorded from the anterior and posterior deltoid muscles. Maximal pain intensity and referred pain induced by EMG needle insertion were recorded on a visual analogue scale. The results showed that higher local pain was observed following needle insertion into latent MTPs (4.64 ± .48 cm) than non-MTPs (2.35 ± .43 cm, P < .005). Referred pain was reported in 6/14 subjects following needle insertion into latent MTPs, but none into the non-MTPs. The intramuscular EMG activity, but not surface EMG activity, in the antagonist muscle was significantly higher at rest and during shoulder flexion at latent MTPs than non-MTPs (P < .05). The current study provides the first evidence that increased motor unit excitability is associated with reduced antagonist reciprocal inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that MTPs are associated with reduced efficiency of reciprocal linhibition, which may contribute to the delayed and incomplete muscle relaxation following exercise, disordered fine movement control, and unbalanced muscle activation. Elimination of latent MTPs and/or prevention of latent MTPs from becoming active may improve motor functions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: José Miota
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.forename: Hong-You
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martínez Vizcaíno
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graven-Nielsen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009209:Myofascial Pain Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D053591:Referred Pain / Q000150:complications; D010173:Palpation; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D061028:Trigger Points / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult