title: Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryptorchidism, or undescended/maldescended testis, is the most common birth defect of male genitalia. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades. This may be due to an increase in the prevalence of anti-androgenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochloride pesticides, plasticizers and fungicides. A newer group of chemicals, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are being implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are used worldwide in polymers that are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e.g., textile, computers and televisions, insulating foam, electrical equipment and kitchen appliances). In order to quantify BFRs we introduce the use of hair levels of polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs) as biomarkers of systemic exposure. This approach will allow for the estimation of in utero BFR exposure, in the process of evaluating the potential link between the incidence of cryptorchidism in newborn males and level of exposure of the pregnant mother to environmentally relevant BFRs. For that end we have developed a GC/MS assay in which children's hair is analyzed for the presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pilot, 10-40mg of hair from 24 children (12 newborn and 12 from children 1 to 15 years) was extracted overnight at 40°C with 4N HCl and hexane (4:1). The samples were eluted from 2g NaSO(4):2g Florisil SPE columns with 8mL hexane. Dried samples are reconstituted with anhydrous isooctane and injected onto a GC/MS and analyzed for BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183 and BDE-209.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PBDEs were detected in all of the newborn and child hair. The ΣPBDE ranged from 0.038 to 1.01pg/mg newborn hair and from 0.208 to 2.695ng/mg child hair. The most abundant PBDE in newborn hair was BDE-153 while in child hair the variable PBDEs were BDE-47 and BDE-99. The highest molecular weight congener BDE-209 was detected in 10/24 pediatric hair samples. The LOQ is 0.0625pg/mg (BDE-209 0.625pg/mg) and the efficiency of extraction was between 70 and 90%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This GC/MS method is sufficiently sensitive to detect the presence of all 8 PBDE congeners tested in as little as 10mg of pediatric hair. The results show that PBDEs are present in newborn hair, making this matrix useful in examining in utero exposure to PBDEs and linking it to cryptorchidism.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aleksa
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether