title: Transcriptomic analysis reveals calcium regulation of specific promoter motifs in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)) mediate plant responses to stress by regulating the expression of genes encoding proteins that confer tolerance. Several plant stress genes have previously been shown to be calcium-regulated, and in one case, a specific promoter motif Abscisic Acid Responsive-Element (ABRE) has been found to be regulated by calcium. A comprehensive survey of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome for calcium-regulated promoter motifs was performed by measuring the expression of genes in Arabidopsis seedlings responding to three calcium elevations of different characteristics, using full genome microarray analysis. This work revealed a total of 269 genes upregulated by [Ca(2+)](c) in Arabidopsis. Bioinformatic analysis strongly indicated that at least four promoter motifs were [Ca(2+)](c)-regulated in planta. We confirmed this finding by expressing in plants chimeric gene constructs controlled exclusively by these cis-elements and by testing the necessity and sufficiency of calcium for their expression. Our data reveal that the C-Repeat/Drought-Responsive Element, Site II, and CAM box (along with the previously identified ABRE) promoter motifs are calcium-regulated. The identification of these promoter elements targeted by the second messenger intracellular calcium has implications for plant signaling in response to a variety of stimuli, including cold, drought, and biotic stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Helen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Whalley
authors.forename: Alexander W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Sargeant
authors.forename: John F C
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lacoere
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: Nigel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D050091:Dendrimers; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D014862:Wasp Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D050091:Dendrimers; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D014862:Wasp Venoms; C037500:mastoparan; D002118:Calcium
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