title: Incentive or habit learning in amphibians?
abstract: Toads (Rhinella arenarum) received training with a novel incentive procedure involving access to solutions of different NaCl concentrations. In Experiment 1, instrumental behavior and weight variation data confirmed that such solutions yield incentive values ranging from appetitive (deionized water, DW, leading to weight gain), to neutral (300 mM slightly hypertonic solution, leading to no net weight gain or loss), and aversive (800 mM highly hypertonic solution leading to weight loss). In Experiment 2, a downshift from DW to a 300 mM solution or an upshift from a 300 mM solution to DW led to a gradual adjustment in instrumental behavior. In Experiment 3, extinction was similar after acquisition with access to only DW or with a random mixture of DW and 300 mM. In Experiment 4, a downshift from DW to 225, 212, or 200 mM solutions led again to gradual adjustments. These findings add to a growing body of comparative evidence suggesting that amphibians adjust to incentive shifts on the basis of habit formation and reorganization.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. rnmuzio@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rubén N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Muzio
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pistone Creydt
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iurman
authors.forename: Mauro A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sirani
authors.forename: Mauricio R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Papini
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001835:Body Weight; D006184:Habits; D007858:Learning; D009042:Motivation; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride
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