title: Purple corn anthocyanins retard diabetes-associated glomerulosclerosis in mesangial cells and db/db mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is the hardening of the renal glomeruli that can lead to kidney failure. In the early stage of glomerulosclerosis occur renal mesangial expansion and renal filtration dysfunction. Purple corn has been classified as a functional food and is rich in anthocyanins exerting potential disease-preventive activities. The in vitro study using human renal mesangial cells examined that anthocyanin-rich purple corn butanol fraction (PCB) can attenuate high glucose (HG)-promoted mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were cultured for 3 days in media containing 33 mM glucose in the presence of 1-20 μg/mL PCB. In the in vivo animal study, db/db mice were treated with 10 mg/kg anthocyanin-rich polyphenolic extracts of purple corn (PCE) for 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HG enhanced mesangial production of the fibrosis biomarkers of collagen IV and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which was markedly attenuated by adding PCB. Such mesangial fibrosis entailed interleukin-8 activation via eliciting Tyk2-STAT signaling pathway. PCB dampened HG-promoted mesangial hyperplasia that appeared to be attributed to increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor. The 8-week administration of PCE lowered plasma glucose level of db/db mice and ameliorated severe albuminuria. Moreover, PCE lessened collagen fiber accumulation in kidney glomeruli and CTGF expression via retarding TGF-β signaling. Protein expressions of nephrin and podocin, key proteins for filtration barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall, were repressed by treating mice with PCE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Purple corn may be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment for diabetes-associated glomerulosclerosis accompanying proteinuria and kidney filtration dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 200-702, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Min-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jin-Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung-Lye
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Soon Sung
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Young-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D050791:STAT Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053634:TYK2 Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; C526318:CCN2 protein, mouse; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D016209:Interleukin-8; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C407223:NPHS2 protein; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D050791:STAT Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C113267:nephrin; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D053634:TYK2 Kinase; C499356:Tyk2 protein, mouse
references.citation: J Nephrol. 2009 Nov-Dec;22(6):708-15
references.pmid: 19967649
references.citation: Inflamm Res. 2008 May;57(5):199-204
references.pmid: 18465086
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2008 May 01;13:3966-74
references.pmid: 18508490
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Apr;17(4 Suppl 2):S61-3
references.pmid: 16565249
references.citation: Diabetes. 2010 Apr;59(4):1046-54
references.pmid: 20068137
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Jul;297(1):F200-9
references.pmid: 19369290
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Apr;23(4):320-31
references.pmid: 21543205
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Dec 15;12(24):3397-405
references.pmid: 14570703
references.citation: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jan;233(1):4-11
references.pmid: 18156300
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2012 Aug;51(5):541-8
references.pmid: 21850496
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2010 Aug;17(10):800-10
references.pmid: 20382513
references.citation: Curr Diabetes Rev. 2008 Feb;4(1):10-7
references.pmid: 18220690
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Mar;16 Suppl 1:S30-3
references.pmid: 15938030
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Sep;293(3):F713-22
references.pmid: 17596528
references.citation: Nephron Exp Nephrol. 2011;117(1):e9-20
references.pmid: 20689330
references.citation: Nutr Res Pract. 2009 Spring;3(1):3-8
references.pmid: 20016695
references.citation: Endocrine. 2009 Feb;35(1):1-10
references.pmid: 18972226
references.citation: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Jun;51(6):675-83
references.pmid: 17533652
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2008 Sep;99(9):1841-6
references.pmid: 18616524
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2008 Dec 22;102(12A):10L-13L
references.pmid: 19084084
references.citation: Nat Prod Rep. 2009 Aug;26(8):1001-43
references.pmid: 19636448
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Nov;297(5):F1229-37
references.pmid: 19741020
references.citation: Diabetes. 2008 Mar;57(3):714-23
references.pmid: 18083785
references.citation: Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(8):997-1016
references.pmid: 19275608
references.citation: Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005 Jun;4(3):341-51
references.pmid: 16101544
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Mar 10;58(5):3205-12
references.pmid: 20146476
references.citation: J Nutr. 2010 Mar;140(3):527-33
references.pmid: 20089785
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Apr;290(4):F813-20
references.pmid: 16278277
references.citation: J Med Food. 2009 Aug;12(4):704-13
references.pmid: 19735168
references.citation: Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(3):575-96
references.pmid: 18827908
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Feb;22(2):396-408
references.pmid: 17085463
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Apr;286(4):F653-9
references.pmid: 14678947
references.citation: J Nutr. 2003 Jul;133(7):2125-30
references.pmid: 12840166
references.citation: Ren Fail. 2001 May-Jul;23(3-4):459-70
references.pmid: 11499561
references.citation: Diabetes. 2002 Aug;51(8):2612-8
references.pmid: 12145178
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Oct 22;56(20):9391-8
references.pmid: 18800807
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Nov;48(11):3137-43
references.pmid: 20728498
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(12):1318-33
references.pmid: 19355971
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2008 Oct 8;269(2):281-90
references.pmid: 18571839
references.citation: Exp Dermatol. 2010 Aug;19(8):e182-90
references.pmid: 20113347
references.citation: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011 Apr 1;236(4):435-44
references.pmid: 21367880
references.citation: J Food Sci. 2007 Sep;72(7):C363-8
references.pmid: 17995633
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Aug;1792(8):746-56
references.pmid: 19539753