title: Gender trends of urology manuscript authors in the United States: a 35-year progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of women in urology has gradually increased in the last 35 years with an accelerated rate in the last decade. We evaluated manuscript authorship trends by gender. Manuscript authorship is a metric that has been used as a marker of academic productivity. We hypothesized that the number of first and last author publications by women has increased proportionately to the number of women in the field during the last 35 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a bibliometric study to examine authorship gender in The Journal of Urology® and Urology®. We reviewed all original articles published from American institutions in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 8,313 articles reviewed 5,461 were from American institutions, including 97.5% for which we determined author gender. There were 767 articles with female authors, including 440 first and 327 last authors. First and last female authorship increased from 2.7% of all authors in 1979 to 26.5% in 2009 (test for trend p <0.001). This authorship rate surpasses the rate of growth of women in urology, which increased from 0.24% in 1975 to 6.2% in 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on authorship gender analysis women urologists produce manuscripts at a rate that exceeds their number in the field. Findings show that women in urology are productive, active members of the academic community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Dana A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Bogdana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kovshilovskaya
authors.forename: Benjamin N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Breyer
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D015706:Bibliometrics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011643:Publishing / Q000639:trends*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014572:Urology
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