title: Manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI): neurophysiological applications.
abstract: Manganese ion (Mn(2+)) is a calcium (Ca(2+)) analog that can enter neurons and other excitable cells through voltage gated Ca(2+) channels. Mn(2+) is also a paramagnetic that shortens the spin-lattice relaxation time constant (T(1)) of tissues where it has accumulated, resulting in positive contrast enhancement. Mn(2+) was first investigated as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent approximately 20 years ago to assess the toxicity of the metal in rats. In the late 1990s, Alan Koretsky and colleagues pioneered the use of manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI) towards studying brain activity, tract tracing and enhancing anatomical detail. This review will describe the methodologies and applications of MEMRI in the following areas: monitoring brain activity in animal models, in vivo neuronal tract tracing and using MEMRI to assess in vivo axonal transport rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Tabassum
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.forename: Robia G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pautler
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001370:Axonal Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003287:Contrast Media; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008345:Manganese; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D008345:Manganese
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