title: Biomarkers in tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic therapy.
abstract: Tumor angiogenesis has been identified to play a critical role in tumor growth and tumor progression, and is regulated by a balance of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic cytokines. Among them VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its signaling through its receptors are of crucial relevance. Inhibition of VEGF signaling by monoclonal antibodies or small molecules (kinase inhibitors) has already been successfully established for the treatment of different cancer entities and multiple new drugs are being tested in clinical trials. However not all patients are likely to respond to these therapies, but to date there are no reliable biomarkers available to predict therapy response. Many studies integrated biomarker programs in their study protocols, thus several potential biomarkers have been identified which are currently under clinical investigation in prospective randomized studies. This review intends to give an overview of the described potential biomarkers as well as different imaging techniques such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging that can indicate benefit, resistance and toxicity to anti-angiogenic therapies.
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; E-Mails:  andreas.pircher@i-med.ac.at  (A.P.);  wolfgang.hilbe@i-med.ac.at  (W.H.).
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pircher
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hilbe
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heidegger
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drevs
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tichelli
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Medinger
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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