title: [Field resistance of Phytophthora melonis to metalaxyl in South China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phytophthora melonis is the casual agent of wax gourd and cucumber Phytophthora blight which becomes a constraint for sustainable production of the related crops. Metalaxyl is one of the principal fungicides for controlling the disease now. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to investigate the baseline sensitivity and field resistance of P. melonis to metalaxyl in South China; (2) to test the occurrence of metalaxyl-resistant mutants from metalaxyl-sensitive wild type strains exposed to the fungicide; and (3) to monitor the development of metalaxyl resistance in P. melonis population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 400 samples of wax gourd and cucumber Phytophthora blight were collected from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangdong province during 2007-2010, and 193 strains of P. melonis were isolated and purified. The sensitivity of the isolated strains to metalaxyl was tested using mycelial growth rate method in vitro and floating-leaf-disk method in vivo, respectively. The metalaxyl-sensitive strains were induced on PDA plates containing 10 microg/mL metalaxyl.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitive, moderately resistant and resistant strains were recorded as 29.0% , 18.1% and 52.8%, respectively, among 193 tested strains. The frequency and level of resistance of P. melonis from Guangdong were higher than that from Guangxi. The strains from cucumber was generally more resistant to metalaxyl than those from wax gourd. The metalaxyl-resistant strains were frequently detected as predominant populations in most of the sampling sites and the highest resistance index (4226.9) was confirmed. Metalaxyl-resistant (M1r) mutants could be isolated from approximately 60% of the sensitive wild-type strains. The resistance level of the M mutants was 189-407 times higher than that of their sensitive parental strains. The EC50 values of 9 sensitive strains from a sampling site without a record of phenylamide fungicide application ranged from 0.0429 to 0.5461 microg/mL. Their mean EC50 value (0.3200 +/- 0.1617 microg/mL) was considered as the baseline sensitivity of P. melonis to metalaxyl in South China.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metalaxyl-resistant strains universally occur in South China, especially in the vegetable-growing areas with a longer history of metalaxyl application. The establishment of the baseline sensitivity of P. melonis to metalaxyl will provide a science-based guide for evaluating and further monitoring resistance of the pathogen to the fungicide.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China. wuyongguan@tom.com
authors.forename: Yongguan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shaofeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Siliang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dasen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Qiqin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhenlu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cen
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002681:China; D028462:Cucumis / Q000382:microbiology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; C028175:metalaxyl; D000409:Alanine