title: Distribution and associations of [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen in community dwelling black and white men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We provide cross-sectional normative data on [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen from the Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status among Men, and the Flint Men's Health Study. We also describe associations with clinical urological measures and the risk of prostate cancer diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen were obtained from 420 white men from Olmsted County, Minnesota, and 328 black men from Genesee County, Michigan. Cross-sectional associations between [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen and prostate enlargement/elevated prostate specific antigen were assessed. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess associations between [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen and the incident diagnosis of prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen was slightly higher in black men at a median of 6.3 pg/ml (25th, 75th percentiles 4.1, 8.9) than in white men at a median of 5.6 pg/ml (25th, 75th percentiles 3.9, 7.7, respectively, p = 0.01). Baseline [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen was highly predictive of biopsy confirmed prostate cancer in the Olmsted County Study cohort. Relative to men in the [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen lower quartile those in the upper quartile were at almost eightfold increased risk for prostate cancer (HR 7.8, 95% CI 2.2-27.8) after adjusting for age and baseline prostate specific antigen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these cohorts of community dwelling black and white men [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen was much lower than in previous studies. These data suggest that [-2]proenzyme-prostate specific antigen may help identify prostate cancer in men with serum prostate specific antigen in an indeterminate range, although the reference ranges for white and black men may differ slightly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Michaela E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McGree
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: St Sauver
authors.forename: Aruna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Sarma
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Girman
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Klee
authors.forename: Kitaw
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demissie
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
references.citation: Urology. 1995 Mar;45(3):447-53
references.pmid: 7533456
references.citation: J Urol. 2001 May;165(5):1521-5
references.pmid: 11342910
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 1996 Nov 25;156(21):2462-8
references.pmid: 8944739
references.citation: J Urol. 1993 Jul;150(1):85-9
references.pmid: 7685427
references.citation: J Urol. 2004 Jun;171(6 Pt 1):2239-44
references.pmid: 15126794
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2000 Feb 1;60(3):756-9
references.pmid: 10676664
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 May;19(5):1193-200
references.pmid: 20447916
references.citation: Prostate. 2009 Feb 1;69(2):198-207
references.pmid: 18942119
references.citation: Urology. 2003 Jul;62(1):177-81
references.pmid: 12837462
references.citation: Urology. 1995 Oct;46(4):524-32
references.pmid: 7571222
references.citation: JAMA. 1993 Aug 18;270(7):860-4
references.pmid: 7688054
references.citation: Urology. 2005 May;65(5):926-30
references.pmid: 15882725
references.citation: J Urol. 2010 Apr;183(4):1355-9
references.pmid: 20171670
references.citation: J Urol. 1999 Apr;161(4):1174-9
references.pmid: 10081864
references.citation: Med Care. 1995 Apr;33(4 Suppl):AS26-35
references.pmid: 7536867
references.citation: J Urol. 2003 Dec;170(6 Pt 1):2181-5
references.pmid: 14634374
references.citation: J Urol. 1991 May;145(5):984-7
references.pmid: 2016815
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2004 Jun;50(6):1017-25
references.pmid: 15054080
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2010 Jul;43(10-11):926-8
references.pmid: 20450900
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Sep-Oct;60(5):277-300
references.pmid: 20610543
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 1;15(23):7316-21
references.pmid: 19934305
references.citation: Arch Fam Med. 1993 Jul;2(7):729-35
references.pmid: 8111497
references.citation: Urology. 2003 Jun;61(6):1086-91
references.pmid: 12809866
references.citation: Urology. 2000 Aug 1;56(2):255-60
references.pmid: 10925089