title: From microscopy to whole slide digital images:  a century and a half of image analysis.
abstract: In the year 1850, microscopes had evolved in quality to the point that the "first pathologists emerged from the treacherous swamps of medieval practice onto the relatively firm ground that histopathology seemed to offer." These early pathologists began to practice the art of image analysis, and diagnostic surgical pathology was born. Today the traditional microscope, in the hands of an experienced pathologist, is established as the gold standard for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Nonetheless, it is a tool and a technology that is more than 150 years old. Rapid advances in the capabilities of digital imaging hardware and software now offer the real possibility of moving to a new level of practice, using whole slide digital images for diagnosis, education, and research in morphologic pathology. Potential efficiencies in work flow and diagnostic integration, coupled with the use of powerful new analytic methods, promise radically to change the future shape of surgical pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, HMR, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. cltaylor@usc.edu
authors.forename: Clive R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008853:Microscopy / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted