title: Advances in HIV microbicide development.
abstract: There is an urgent need control the spread of the global HIV pandemic. A microbicide, or topical drug applied to the mucosal environment to block transmission, is a promising HIV prevention strategy. The development of a safe and efficacious microbicide requires a thorough understanding of the mucosal environment and its role in HIV transmission. Knowledge of the key events in viral infection identifies points at which the virus might be most effectively targeted by a microbicide. The cervicovaginal and rectal mucosa play an important role in the innate defense against HIV, and microbicides must not interfere with these functions. In this review, we discuss the current research on HIV microbicide development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Easterhoff
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewhurst
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
references.citation: Mol Hum Reprod. 2007 Jul;13(7):491-501
references.pmid: 17483528
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 19;5(2):e9310
references.pmid: 20174579
references.citation: J Reprod Immunol. 1996 Aug;31(1-2):81-95
references.pmid: 8887124
references.citation: AIDS. 2011 Apr 24;25(7):957-66
references.pmid: 21330907
references.citation: Diagn Cytopathol. 2006 Oct;34(10):676-81
references.pmid: 16955474
references.citation: J Virol. 2011 Aug;85(15):7582-93
references.pmid: 21593172
references.citation: Am J Reprod Immunol. 2008 Jan;59(1):44-54
references.pmid: 18154595
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 15;183(8):1204-13
references.pmid: 11262202
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009 Feb 27;61(2):75-85
references.pmid: 19135107
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2005 Aug;206:306-35
references.pmid: 16048557
references.citation: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997 May;4(3):367-74
references.pmid: 9144379
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 23;321(21):1460-2
references.pmid: 2811959
references.citation: J Virol. 1994 Oct;68(10):6391-400
references.pmid: 8083977
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 May;41(5):1881-7
references.pmid: 12734221
references.citation: Lancet. 2010 Oct 16;376(9749):1329-37
references.pmid: 20851460
references.citation: Nat Med. 1996 Oct;2(10):1084-9
references.pmid: 8837605
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2005 Dec;73(6):1253-63
references.pmid: 16093359
references.citation: AIDS. 2010 Jan 16;24(2):163-87
references.pmid: 20010071
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Nov;79(22):14318-29
references.pmid: 16254366
references.citation: AIDS. 2008 Jul 11;22(11):1257-66
references.pmid: 18580604
references.citation: AIDS. 2004 Nov 5;18(16):2191-5
references.pmid: 15577653
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep 1;202(5):739-44
references.pmid: 20629537
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1991 Jul 1;174(1):289-92
references.pmid: 1647436
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2011 Jul 15;413(1-2):10-18
references.pmid: 21511017
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2008 Jan 15;5(1):e16
references.pmid: 18198941
references.citation: J Reprod Med. 1984 Apr;29(4):269-71
references.pmid: 6716372
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2008 Nov;35(11):946-59
references.pmid: 18685546
references.citation: AAPS J. 2009 Mar;11(1):78-87
references.pmid: 19194802
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1996 Jun;104(3):538-42
references.pmid: 9099941
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2010 Feb;31(1):79-97
references.pmid: 19903932
references.citation: J Virol. 2011 Jul;85(13):6610-7
references.pmid: 21525346
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Jan 13;6(1):e16242
references.pmid: 21249155
references.citation: AIDS. 2010 Jan 16;24(2):317-9
references.pmid: 20010074
references.citation: Contraception. 2007 Aug;76(2):126-31
references.pmid: 17656182
references.citation: Antiviral Res. 2010 Dec;88 Suppl 1:S30-9
references.pmid: 21109066
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 Jun;74(12):5577-86
references.pmid: 10823865
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1999 May;179 Suppl 3:S441-3
references.pmid: 10099115
references.citation: Science. 1995 Dec 15;270(5243):1811-5
references.pmid: 8525373
references.citation: J Immunol. 2008 Jul 15;181(2):969-75
references.pmid: 18606648
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2008 Aug 5;5(8):e157; discussion e157
references.pmid: 18684007
references.citation: Mol Hum Reprod. 2000 Feb;6(2):191-6
references.pmid: 10655462
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2003 Oct;1(1):25-34
references.pmid: 15040177
references.citation: J Virol. 2002 Oct;76(19):9868-76
references.pmid: 12208964
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Aug 1;51(4):416-23
references.pmid: 19623693
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 26;6(4):e19295
references.pmid: 21541293
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Jul;30(7):568-70
references.pmid: 12838085
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 9;100(25):15006-10
references.pmid: 14657379
references.citation: Immunology. 2004 Dec;113(4):524-33
references.pmid: 15554931
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2000 Sep;182(3):708-15
references.pmid: 10950763
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2009 Mar;36(3 Suppl):S84-91
references.pmid: 19218890
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 Nov;83(21):11196-200
references.pmid: 19692470
references.citation: Biomarkers. 2007 Nov-Dec;12(6):608-22
references.pmid: 17852080
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Jul;54(7):2994-3001
references.pmid: 20479208
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2001 Jun;75(6):1234-5
references.pmid: 11384659
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Nov 3;438(7064):99-102
references.pmid: 16258536
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2009 May;136(6):1965-78
references.pmid: 19462506
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1059-71
references.pmid: 18083097
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan;83(1):97-105
references.pmid: 17507921
references.citation: J Immunol. 1997 Mar 15;158(6):3017-27
references.pmid: 9058841
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Sep;96(3):431-9
references.pmid: 10960638
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 Apr 1;17(4):327-31
references.pmid: 9525433
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Jan 05;6(1):e15835
references.pmid: 21246052
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 Jul;74(13):6087-95
references.pmid: 10846092
references.citation: Blood. 1997 Aug 1;90(3):1141-9
references.pmid: 9242546
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2010 Jun 23;7:55
references.pmid: 20573198
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2000 Apr;73(4):687-93
references.pmid: 10731526
references.citation: Antiviral Res. 2010 Dec;88 Suppl 1:S40-6
references.pmid: 21109067
references.citation: Infect Control. 1987 Oct;8(10):412-4
references.pmid: 3667119
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2009 May;25(5):483-8
references.pmid: 19388819
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 13;101(15):5640-5
references.pmid: 15064398
references.citation: J Androl. 1995 Jan-Feb;16(1):64-74
references.pmid: 7539415
references.citation: Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010 Jun;63(6):566-75
references.pmid: 20384619
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Feb;166(2):720-6
references.pmid: 1536258
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2006 May;21(5):1135-42
references.pmid: 16531471
references.citation: Science. 1988 Apr 29;240(4852):646-9
references.pmid: 2452480
references.citation: Immunology. 2010 Feb;129(2):207-19
references.pmid: 19824918
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Oct;50(10):3250-9
references.pmid: 17005802
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2010 Feb;37(2):100-4
references.pmid: 19823111
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jan 21;5(1):e8829
references.pmid: 20098623
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Jan 23;3(1):e1474
references.pmid: 18213382
references.citation: Antiviral Res. 2007 Sep;75(3):188-97
references.pmid: 17408760
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2004 Jul;94(7):1159-64
references.pmid: 15226137
references.citation: AIDS. 2000 Nov 10;14(16):2457-65
references.pmid: 11101055
references.citation: AIDS. 2005 Dec 2;19(18):2157-63
references.pmid: 16284466
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2007 May 1;195(9):1332-9
references.pmid: 17397004
references.citation: Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):485-7
references.pmid: 15486300
references.citation: Res Virol. 1998 Jan-Feb;149(1):53-68
references.pmid: 9561564
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2002 Oct;3(10):975-83
references.pmid: 12352970
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 May;52(5):1768-81
references.pmid: 18316528
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;195(5):703-10
references.pmid: 17262713
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 30;100(20):11672-7
references.pmid: 12972635
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Apr 15;35(5):455-63
references.pmid: 15021310
references.citation: J Virol. 1991 Mar;65(3):1543-50
references.pmid: 1995952
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Apr 23;458(7241):1034-8
references.pmid: 19262509
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20209
references.pmid: 21673796
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Mar 11;464(7286):217-23
references.pmid: 20220840
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2009 Aug 15;200(4):599-608
references.pmid: 19586414
references.citation: Antiviral Res. 2010 Dec;88 Suppl 1:S10-8
references.pmid: 21109063
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Nov;56(5):954-6
references.pmid: 16155060
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(9):849-56
references.pmid: 2789269
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 27;105(21):7552-7
references.pmid: 18490657
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12559-63
references.pmid: 7809077
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 1;196(9):1394-402
references.pmid: 17922405
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 31;359(5):463-72
references.pmid: 18669425
references.citation: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;324:149-65
references.pmid: 18481459
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2003 Jul;19(7):535-41
references.pmid: 12921090
references.citation: Mol Pharm. 2009 Jan-Feb;6(1):173-81
references.pmid: 19053536
references.citation: AIDS. 2011 Aug 24;25(13):1585-94
references.pmid: 21633286
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 1992 Nov;85(11):706-7
references.pmid: 1474562
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2003 Nov 15;188(10):1473-82
references.pmid: 14624372
references.citation: Am J Reprod Immunol. 1999 Nov;42(5):312-20
references.pmid: 10584987
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Mar 15;166(6):4231-6
references.pmid: 11238676
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 Apr 1;11(4):388-95
references.pmid: 8601226
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jan 22;5(1):e8781
references.pmid: 20107502
references.citation: Nat Med. 1997 Jan;3(1):42-7
references.pmid: 8986739
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Sep;8(9):737-44
references.pmid: 18728636
references.citation: Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1168-74
references.pmid: 20643915
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Jun 1;51(2):125-9
references.pmid: 19349871
references.citation: Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Nov;8(11):685-97
references.pmid: 18992405
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Nov;79(22):14355-70
references.pmid: 16254370
references.citation: AIDS. 2006 Oct 3;20(15):1917-22
references.pmid: 16988512
references.citation: AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):73-83
references.pmid: 16327322
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 Jan;83(1):73-80
references.pmid: 18945786
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Jun 1;39(2):138-42
references.pmid: 15905728
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jun;8(6):447-57
references.pmid: 18469831
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Dec 19;2(12):e1312
references.pmid: 18091987
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1148-52
references.pmid: 15793562
references.citation: Am J Reprod Immunol. 2005 Feb;53(2):65-76
references.pmid: 15790340
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Aug 24;23(13):1669-77
references.pmid: 19553806
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2006 Nov 15;325(1-2):82-9
references.pmid: 16884869
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1995 Jul;96(1):456-64
references.pmid: 7615818