title: Repeated assessment of orthotopic glioma pO(2) by multi-site EPR oximetry: a technique with the potential to guide therapeutic optimization by repeated measurements of oxygen.
abstract: Tumor hypoxia plays a vital role in therapeutic resistance. Consequently, measurements of tumor pO(2) could be used to optimize the outcome of oxygen-dependent therapies, such as, chemoradiation. However, the potential optimizations are restricted by the lack of methods to repeatedly and quantitatively assess tumor pO(2) during therapies, particularly in gliomas. We describe the procedures for repeated measurements of orthotopic glioma pO(2) by multi-site electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry. This oximetry approach provides simultaneous measurements of pO(2) at more than one site in the glioma and contralateral cerebral tissue. The pO(2) of intracerebral 9L, C6, F98 and U251 tumors, as well as contralateral brain, were measured repeatedly for five consecutive days. The 9L glioma was well oxygenated with pO(2) of 27-36 mm Hg, while C6, F98 and U251 glioma were hypoxic with pO(2) of 7-12mm Hg. The potential of multi-site EPR oximetry to assess temporal changes in tissue pO(2) was investigated in rats breathing 100% O(2). A significant increase in F98 tumor and contralateral brain pO(2) was observed on day 1 and day 2, however, glioma oxygenation declined on subsequent days. In conclusion, EPR oximetry provides the capability to repeatedly assess temporal changes in orthotopic glioma pO(2). This information could be used to test and optimize the methods being developed to modulate tumor hypoxia. Furthermore, EPR oximetry could be potentially used to enhance the outcome of chemoradiation by scheduling treatments at times of increase in glioma pO(2).
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. Electronic address: nadeem.khan@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Sriram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mupparaju
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Huagang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Radiation Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
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