title: Alkamides activate jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling pathways and confer resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Alkamides are fatty acid amides of wide distribution in plants, structurally related to N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) from Gram-negative bacteria and to N- acylethanolamines (NAEs) from plants and mammals. Global analysis of gene expression changes in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to N-isobutyl decanamide, the most highly active alkamide identified to date, revealed an overrepresentation of defense-responsive transcriptional networks. In particular, genes encoding enzymes for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis increased their expression, which occurred in parallel with JA, nitric oxide (NO) and H₂O₂ accumulation. The activity of the alkamide to confer resistance against the necrotizing fungus Botrytis cinerea was tested by inoculating Arabidopsis detached leaves with conidiospores and evaluating disease symptoms and fungal proliferation. N-isobutyl decanamide application significantly reduced necrosis caused by the pathogen and inhibited fungal proliferation. Arabidopsis mutants jar1 and coi1 altered in JA signaling and a MAP kinase mutant (mpk6), unlike salicylic acid- (SA) related mutant eds16/sid2-1, were unable to defend from fungal attack even when N-isobutyl decanamide was supplied, indicating that alkamides could modulate some necrotrophic-associated defense responses through JA-dependent and MPK6-regulated signaling pathways. Our results suggest a role of alkamides in plant immunity induction.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Méndez-Bravo
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calderón-Vázquez
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibarra-Laclette
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raya-González
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Chávez
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molina-Torres
authors.forename: Angel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Guevara-García
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Bucio
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herrera-Estrella
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020171:Botrytis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017053:Infection Control; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C011006:jasmonic acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
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