title: Short- and long-term plasticity at the axon initial segment.
abstract: The axon initial segment (AIS) is a highly specialized neuronal subregion that is the site of action potential initiation and the boundary between axonal and somatodendritic compartments. In recent years, our understanding of the molecular structure of the AIS, its maturation, and its multiple fundamental roles in neuronal function has seen major advances. We are beginning to appreciate that the AIS is dynamically regulated, both over short timescales via adaptations in ion channel function, and long timescales via activity-dependent structural reorganization. Here, we review results from this emerging field highlighting how structural and functional plasticity relate to the development of the initial segment, and to neuronal disorders linked to AIS dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE11UL, United Kingdom. matthew.grubb@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.forename: Yousheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuba
authors.forename: Matthew N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rasband
authors.forename: Verena C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels
references.citation: Neurology. 2010 Oct 19;75(16):1454-8
references.pmid: 20956790
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Mar 8;26(10):2599-613
references.pmid: 16525039
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:347-81
references.pmid: 19400726
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Dec;4(12):e1000317
references.pmid: 19112491
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jun 8;441(7094):761-5
references.pmid: 16625207
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2010 Jul;13(7):852-60
references.pmid: 20543843
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Oct 13;106(41):17564-9
references.pmid: 19805144
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Dec 21;444(7122):1069-72
references.pmid: 17136099
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jun;8(6):451-65
references.pmid: 17514198
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1070-4
references.pmid: 20543823
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 1;30(35):11858-69
references.pmid: 20810905
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2009 Aug;12(8):996-1002
references.pmid: 19633666
references.citation: J Physiol. 1995 Sep 15;487 ( Pt 3):583-600
references.pmid: 8544123
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2002 Jun;5(6):533-8
references.pmid: 11992119
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Feb 8;26(6):1854-63
references.pmid: 16467534
references.citation: J Physiol. 2010 Jun 1;588(Pt 11):1829-40
references.pmid: 20375142
references.citation: Neuron. 2008 May 8;58(3):387-400
references.pmid: 18466749
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2011 Mar;9(3):e1001032
references.pmid: 21445327
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 May 28;28(22):5731-9
references.pmid: 18509034
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2011 Mar 7;192(5):813-24
references.pmid: 21357749
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 31;28(53):14329-40
references.pmid: 19118165
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2007 Feb 12;176(4):509-19
references.pmid: 17283186
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2009 Apr;101(4):1972-87
references.pmid: 19193771
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2003;26:31-55
references.pmid: 14527266
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 3;104(27):11453-8
references.pmid: 17581873
references.citation: Bioessays. 2002 Dec;24(12):1145-54
references.pmid: 12447979
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2008 Feb;11(2):178-86
references.pmid: 18204443
references.citation: J Physiol. 1996 Sep 15;495 ( Pt 3):641-7
references.pmid: 8887772
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1998 Nov 30;143(5):1295-304
references.pmid: 9832557
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2010 Aug;120(8):2661-71
references.pmid: 20628201
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 4;269(44):27163-6
references.pmid: 7961622
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Jul 20;31(29):10451-62
references.pmid: 21775591
references.citation: Neuron. 2010 Nov 4;68(3):500-11
references.pmid: 21040850
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1998 Aug;19(4):366-70
references.pmid: 9697698
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2007 Jan;97(1):746-60
references.pmid: 17093120
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2008 Nov 17;183(4):635-40
references.pmid: 19001126
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Oct 21;29(42):13242-54
references.pmid: 19846712
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2011 Sep;48(1):104-16
references.pmid: 21708259
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2009 Aug;66(2):219-26
references.pmid: 19743470
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1985 Aug 22;238(4):371-81
references.pmid: 4044922
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2010 Oct;120(10):3508-19
references.pmid: 20877009
references.citation: Neuron. 2009 Jan 29;61(2):259-71
references.pmid: 19186168
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1075-8
references.pmid: 20543825
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2007 Aug 27;178(5):875-86
references.pmid: 17709431
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 25;278(30):27333-9
references.pmid: 12716895
references.citation: J Physiol. 1996 Jan 15;490 ( Pt 2):319-24
references.pmid: 8821131
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2003 Jan;83(1):117-61
references.pmid: 12506128
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2006 Aug 7;403(3):315-7
references.pmid: 16753259
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Aug 16;55(4):633-47
references.pmid: 17698015
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Feb;5(2):97-107
references.pmid: 14735113
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Jan 15;587(1):87-100
references.pmid: 19001045
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2008 Dec 15;183(6):1101-14
references.pmid: 19064667
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 Sep 1;589(17):4167-87
references.pmid: 21669974
references.citation: Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2091-4
references.pmid: 12829783