title: Parental and child fruit consumption in the context of general parenting, parental education and ethnic background.
abstract: This study examines the association between parental and child fruit consumption in the context of general parenting, parental education and ethnic background. A cross-sectional study was performed among 1762 parent-child dyads. Mean age of the children was 8 years. One parent completed a questionnaire to measure their own and their child's fruit consumption, parenting style, education level and ethnicity. In mediation and moderation analyses, child fruit consumption was regressed on parental fruit consumption, parenting style, parental education and ethnicity. Participating children consumed on average 7.5 pieces of fruit per week. Fourteen percent met the recommended Dutch norm of two pieces of fruit per day. Parental and child fruit consumption were positively associated. The association was more pronounced under higher levels of psychological control and behavioural control, and among ethnic groups. Additionally, parental education and child fruit consumption were positively associated. Parental fruit consumption partially mediated this association. Interventions are needed to increase child fruit consumption. Interventions should focus on increasing parental fruit consumption and positive parental modelling, with particular focus on low-SES families. Additionally, interventions that combine positive modelling with positive general parenting skills (e.g. increasing behavioural control) may be more effective than interventions that focus on parental modelling alone.
authors.affiliation: IVO Addiction Research Institute, Heemraadssingel 194, 3021 DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands. rodenburg@ivo.nl
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oenema
authors.forename: Stef P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.forename: Dike
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Mheen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables