title: Effects of frequency on gross efficiency and performance in roller ski skating.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of frequency on efficiency and performance during G3 roller ski skating. Eight well-trained male cross-country skiers performed three submaximal 5-min speeds (10, 13, and 16 km/h) and a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) performance (at 20 km/h) using the G3 skating technique using freely chosen, high, and low frequency at all four speeds. All tests were done using roller skis on a large treadmill at 5% incline. Gross efficiency (GE) was calculated as power divided by metabolic rate. Power was calculated as the sum of power against frictional forces and power against gravity. Metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentration. Freely chosen frequency increased from 60 to 70 strokes/min as speed increased from 10 to 20 km/h. GE increased with power. At high power (20 km/h performance test), both efficiency and performance were significantly reduced by high frequency. In regard to choice of frequency during G3 roller ski skating, cross-country skiers seems to be self-optimized both in relation to energy saving (efficiency) and performance (TTE).
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Science Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. stig.leirdal@svt.ntnu.no
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leirdal
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sandbakk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ettema
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012861:Skating / Q000502:physiology*; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid