title: Human embryonic development after blastomere removal: a time-lapse analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blastomere biopsy of human embryos is performed for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). The impact on further development is largely unexplored, though studies on mice suggest an influence on the hatching process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blastomere biopsy on early human embryonic development using time-lapse analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryos from couples undergoing PGD treatment or IVF/ICSI were included. In the PGD group, 56 human embryos had one blastomere biopsied. As controls, 53 non-biopsied IVF/ICSI embryos were selected. All embryos were cultured until 5 days after fertilization in a time-lapse incubator (EmbryoScope™). Images of embryos were acquired every 20 min. Time-points of key embryonic events were registered, and development in the two groups was compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of the biopsied cell-stage in the PGD group was longer than in the control group (P < 0.001), causing biopsied embryos to reach subsequent embryonic stages until hatching at significantly later time-points (P(compaction) < 0.001; P(morula) < 0.001; P(earlyblast) < 0.001; P(fullblast) = 0.01), but with unchanged intervals. Embryos in the PGD group started hatching at the same time-point as the control group, but had a smaller diameter (P < 0.001), and a thicker zona pellucida (P < 0.001) when hatching. Time-lapse videos revealed that in the control group, expansion of the blastocyst caused continuous thinning of zona pellucida until the blastocyst hatched, whereas in the PGD group the blastocyst hatched through the opening in zona pellucida artificially introduced prior to the biopsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find that blastomere biopsy prolongs the biopsied cell-stage, possibly caused by a delayed compaction and alters the mechanism of hatching.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, The Fertility Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. kirstine.kirkegaard@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: Kirstine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: Johnny Juhl
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hindkjaer
authors.forename: Hans Jakob
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ingerslev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium