title: Brief report: the temporal stability of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status Effort Index in geriatric samples.
abstract: The Effort Index (EI) of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was developed to identify inadequate effort. Although researchers have examined its validity, the reliability of the EI has not been evaluated. The current study examined the temporal stability of the EI across 1 year in two independent samples of older adults. One sample consisted of 445 cognitively intact older adults (mean age = 72.89; 59% having 12-15 years of education) and the second sample consisted of 51 individuals diagnosed with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (mean age = 82.41; 41% having 12-15 years of education). For both samples, the EI was found to have low stability (Spearman's ρ = .32-.36). When participants were divided into those whose EI stayed stable or improved versus those whose EI worsened (i.e., declining effort) on retesting, it was observed that individuals with lower baseline RBANS Total scores tended to worsen on the EI across time. Overall, the findings suggest low temporal stability of the EI in two geriatric samples. In particular, individuals with poorer cognition at baseline could present with poorer effort across time. These findings also suggest the need to further examine the temporal stability of other effort measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Kerry M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: O'Mahar
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Linck
authors.forename: Russell L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;18(8):723-33
references.pmid: 21491633
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003 Mar;18(2):145-52
references.pmid: 14591466
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;21(5-6):309-15
references.pmid: 16490966
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 Dec;20(8):1025-41
references.pmid: 16099137
references.citation: Clin Neuropsychol. 2009 Sep;23(7):1093-129
references.pmid: 19735055
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009 May;24(3):231-5
references.pmid: 19549722
references.citation: Appl Neuropsychol. 2011 Jan;18(1):11-7
references.pmid: 21390895
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 May;20(3):281-90
references.pmid: 15797165
references.citation: Clin Neuropsychol. 2010 Aug;24(6):1064-77
references.pmid: 20544558
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 19;6(4):e16973
references.pmid: 21526188
references.citation: Clin Neuropsychol. 2010 Jan;24(1):153-68
references.pmid: 19750408
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2011 Apr;33(4):448-55
references.pmid: 21154078
references.citation: Clin Neuropsychol. 2007 Sep;21(5):841-54
references.pmid: 17676548
references.citation: J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2008 Sep;21(3):204-18
references.pmid: 18838743
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2010 Mar;25(2):81-8
references.pmid: 20064816