title: Clinical and microbiological characteristics of peri-implantitis cases: a retrospective multicentre study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to follow patient cases retrospectively in a longitudinal manner from the time of implant placement to the time they were diagnosed with peri-implant disease, and to identify associated clinical and microbiological features of peri-implant disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 281 patient cases were chosen from the archives of the Oral Microbiological Diagnostic Laboratory, Gothenburg, Sweden, based on bacterial samples taken from diseased implants. A form was designed and filled in separately for each case including data on patient, implant and disease profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most cases were severe peri-implantitis cases (91.4%). In 41.3% of the patients, peri-implantitis was developed early, already after having implants in function less than 4 years. The type of implant surface was significantly associated with the time in years implants were in function, before disease was developed (P < 0.05). The microbiological results by both culture and checkerboard analysis, although failed to fully correspond to the severity of the disease in terms of magnitude, proved to show that peri-implantitis is a polymicrobial anaerobic infection with increased number of AGNB (aerobic Gram-negative bacilli) in 18.6% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peri-implantitis is a biological complication of implants in function that poses a threat to their long-term survival. It may develop earlier around implants with rough surfaces and it may represent a true infection. Microbiological sampling methods should be improved and uniformed so as to fully unveil the microbiological profile of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. georgios.charalampakis@odontologi.gu.se
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charalampakis
authors.forename: Å
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahlén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden