title: Migration of Norway rats resulted in the worldwide distribution of Seoul hantavirus today.
abstract: Despite the worldwide distribution, most of the known Seoul viruses (SEOV) are closely related to each other. In this study, the M and the S segment sequences of SEOV were recovered from 130 lung tissue samples (mostly of Norway rats) and from six patient serum samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Genetic analysis revealed that all sequences belong to SEOV and represent 136 novel strains. Phylogenetic analysis of all available M and S segment sequences of SEOV, including 136 novel Chinese strains, revealed four distinct groups. All non-Chinese SEOV strains and most of the Chinese variants fell into the phylogroup A, while the Chinese strains originating from mountainous areas clustered into three other distinct groups (B, C, and D). We estimated that phylogroup A viruses may have arisen only within the last several centuries. All non-Chinese variants appeared to be directly originated from China. Thus, phylogroup A viruses distributed worldwide may share a recent ancestor, whereas SEOV seems to be as diversified genetically as other hantaviruses. In addition, all available mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of Norway rats, including our 44 newly recovered mtDNA sequences, were divided into two phylogenetic groups. The first group, which is associated with the group A SEOV variants, included most of rats from China and also all non-Chinese rats, while the second group consisted of a few rats originating only from mountain areas in China. We hypothesize that an ancestor of phylogroup A SEOV variants was first exported from China to Europe and then spread through the New World following the migration of Norway rats.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Zoonoses, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Dan
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wen-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Zong-Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Dun-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Yong-Gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hai-Feng
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jian-Fan
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plyusnin
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yong-Zhen
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000145:classification / Q000821:virology*; D006480:Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D051381:Rats / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D029263:Seoul virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins
references.citation: Virus Genes. 2005 Mar;30(2):157-80
references.pmid: 15744574
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2002 Oct;51(10):861-865
references.pmid: 12435066
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Dec;15(12):1963-9
references.pmid: 19961676
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Jun;15(6):885-91
references.pmid: 19523286
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Aug;16(8):1195-203
references.pmid: 20678311
references.citation: Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Sep;30(5-6):341-56
references.pmid: 17655929
references.citation: Epidemiol Infect. 1996 Oct;117(2):361-5
references.pmid: 8870634
references.citation: Medicina (B Aires). 2003;63(3):193-6
references.pmid: 12876901
references.citation: Syst Biol. 2008 Oct;57(5):758-71
references.pmid: 18853362
references.citation: Medicina (B Aires). 1996;56(1):17-22
references.pmid: 8734925
references.citation: J Virol. 2001 Dec;75(23):11803-10
references.pmid: 11689661
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2003 Jul;5(9):769-73
references.pmid: 12850202
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jun 18;459(7249):931-9
references.pmid: 19525932
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2006 Jan;23(1):7-9
references.pmid: 16177232
references.citation: Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;41(1):51-6
references.pmid: 18821445
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Mar;56(3):273-84
references.pmid: 9129529
references.citation: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2001;256:47-75
references.pmid: 11217406
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):46-51
references.pmid: 18291001
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Jul 8;430(6996):242-9
references.pmid: 15241422
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2010 May;82(6):987-95
references.pmid: 20419812
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2006 May;4(5):e88
references.pmid: 16683862
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1986 Sep;154(3):394-8
references.pmid: 2874178
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2003 Sep;71(1):105-9
references.pmid: 12858415
references.citation: Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(5):356-9
references.pmid: 15287380
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 Jun;83(12):6184-91
references.pmid: 19357167
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 1996 Nov;77 ( Pt 11):2677-87
references.pmid: 8922460
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2008 Jun;80(6):1033-41
references.pmid: 18428127
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2001 Aug;17(8):754-5
references.pmid: 11524383
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2000 Oct;17(10):1558-68
references.pmid: 11018161
references.citation: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Sep;23(9):711-7
references.pmid: 15322934
references.citation: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002 Jun 3;33(2):139-42
references.pmid: 12052569
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;15(2):200-6
references.pmid: 19193263
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2008 Aug;89(Pt 8):1987-1997
references.pmid: 18632971
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Nov 08;7:214
references.pmid: 17996036
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Apr;23(2):412-41
references.pmid: 20375360
references.citation: Chin Med J (Engl). 2007 May 5;120(9):825-30
references.pmid: 17531126
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1987 Jul;126(1):55-68
references.pmid: 3109236
references.citation: Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 1982 Aug;3(4):204-5
references.pmid: 6136336
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2010 Oct 1;26(19):2462-3
references.pmid: 20798170
references.citation: Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):443-9
references.pmid: 10642539
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 1997 Apr-Jun;3(2):95-104
references.pmid: 9204290
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2001 Jun;18(6):1001-13
references.pmid: 11371589
references.citation: Int J Environ Health Res. 2007 Feb;17(1):25-32
references.pmid: 17365077
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct;225:163-89
references.pmid: 18837782
references.citation: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2008 May;42(5):324-8
references.pmid: 18844081
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2004 Jan;21(1):45-57
references.pmid: 12949128
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2008 Jul;25(7):1488-92
references.pmid: 18417484
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Jul 14;436(7048):191-2
references.pmid: 16007072
references.citation: Virology. 2000 Dec 20;278(2):332-45
references.pmid: 11118357
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2009 Jan;26(1):143-53
references.pmid: 18922760
references.citation: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 Dec;32(4):809-13
references.pmid: 12041558
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Aug;41(2):230-40
references.pmid: 2570533
references.citation: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992 Sep;23(3):504-9
references.pmid: 1488708
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2004 Nov;33(2):349-62
references.pmid: 15336670
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;16(1):1-7
references.pmid: 20031035
references.citation: Virology. 1986 Dec;155(2):633-43
references.pmid: 3024404
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2009 Sep;5(9):e1000520
references.pmid: 19779555
references.citation: J Vet Med Sci. 2009 Oct;71(10):1357-63
references.pmid: 19887743
references.citation: Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Nov;27(11):981-4
references.pmid: 17402203