title: Phyt'Eaux Cités: application and validation of a programme to reduce surface water contamination with urban pesticides.
abstract: This paper presents first results of Phyt'Eaux Cités, a program put in place by the local water supply agency, the SEDIF (Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile-de-France), in collaboration with 73 local authorities, private societies and institutional offices (365 km(2)). The challenges included: measurement of the previous surface water contamination, control of urban pesticide applications, prevention of pesticide hazard on users and finally a overall reduction of surface water contamination. An inquiry on urban total pesticide amount was coupled with a surface water bi-weekly monitoring to establish the impact of more than 200 molecules upon the Orge River. For 2007, at least 4400 kg and 92 type of pesticides (essentially herbicides) were quantified for all urban users in the Phyt'Eaux Cités perimeter. At the outlet of the Orge River (bi-weekly sampling in 2007), 11 molecules were always detected above 0.1 μg L(-1). They displayed the mainly urban origin of pesticide surface water contamination. Amitrole, AMPA (Aminomethyl Phosphonic Acid), demethyldiuron, diuron, glyphosate and atrazine were quantified with a 100% of frequency in 2007 and 2008 at the Orge River outlet. During the year, peaks of contamination were also registered for MCCP, 2,4 MCPA, 2,4 D, triclopyr, dichlorprop, diflufènican, active substances used in large amount in the urban area. However, some other urban molecules, such as isoxaben or flazasulfuron, were detected with low frequency. During late spring and summer, contamination patterns and load were dominated by glyphosate, amitrole and diuron, essentially applied by cities and urban users. Both isoproturon and chlortoluron were quantified during autumn and winter months according to upstream agricultural practices. In conclusion, 3 years after the beginning of this programme, the cities reduced the use of 68% of the total pesticide amount. An improvement on surface water quality was found from 2008 and during 2009 for all pesticides. In particular, glyphosate showed a decrease of the load above 60% in 2008, partly related to the Phyt'Eaux Cités action.
authors.affiliation: EPHE - UMR Sisyphe, UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, BC 105, 75252 Paris, France. fabrizio.botta@ineris.fr
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Botta
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fauchon
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blanchoud
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chevreuil
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guery
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical