title: Sleep and immune function.
abstract: Sleep and the circadian system exert a strong regulatory influence on immune functions. Investigations of the normal sleep-wake cycle showed that immune parameters like numbers of undifferentiated naïve T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibit peaks during early nocturnal sleep whereas circulating numbers of immune cells with immediate effector functions, like cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine activity peak during daytime wakefulness. Although it is difficult to entirely dissect the influence of sleep from that of the circadian rhythm, comparisons of the effects of nocturnal sleep with those of 24-h periods of wakefulness suggest that sleep facilitates the extravasation of T cells and their possible redistribution to lymph nodes. Moreover, such studies revealed a selectively enhancing influence of sleep on cytokines promoting the interaction between antigen presenting cells and T helper cells, like interleukin-12. Sleep on the night after experimental vaccinations against hepatitis A produced a strong and persistent increase in the number of antigen-specific Th cells and antibody titres. Together these findings indicate a specific role of sleep in the formation of immunological memory. This role appears to be associated in particular with the stage of slow wave sleep and the accompanying pro-inflammatory endocrine milieu that is hallmarked by high growth hormone and prolactin levels and low cortisol and catecholamine concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Besedovsky
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Born
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Science. 1991 Jul 5;253(5015):77-9
references.pmid: 2063207
references.citation: Cell Immunol. 2010;266(1):40-5
references.pmid: 20850711
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 1997 Jun;9(6):479-84
references.pmid: 9229358
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 19;102(16):5808-13
references.pmid: 15817686
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Nov;21(8):1058-62
references.pmid: 17524612
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Sep 25;288(12):1471-2
references.pmid: 12243633
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2010 Oct;31(10):384-90
references.pmid: 20817556
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1991 Jul;164(1):188-91
references.pmid: 2056204
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 22;876:119-30
references.pmid: 10415600
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2010 Jun;267(6):543-60
references.pmid: 20210843
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Dec 15;80(12):1844-52
references.pmid: 20696138
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2007 May;21(4):384-92
references.pmid: 17198749
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Apr;1193:48-59
references.pmid: 20398008
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 1996 Feb;17(1):64-102
references.pmid: 8641224
references.citation: Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009 Jun;19(3):187-97
references.pmid: 19144554
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Aug;21(6):736-45
references.pmid: 17467231
references.citation: Immunity. 2008 Mar;28(3):425-35
references.pmid: 18328742
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1994 Jul;94(1):293-300
references.pmid: 7518833
references.citation: Sleep. 1995 Sep;18(7):543-8
references.pmid: 8552924
references.citation: J Immunol. 1997 May 1;158(9):4454-64
references.pmid: 9127011
references.citation: J Immunol. 2008 Aug 1;181(3):1737-45
references.pmid: 18641310
references.citation: J Immunol. 2011 Jul 1;187(1):283-90
references.pmid: 21632713
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):114-26
references.pmid: 20046194
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 2010 Jun 7;264(3):1068-76
references.pmid: 20307551
references.citation: FASEB J. 2009 Oct;23(10):3629-36
references.pmid: 19546306
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb;56(2):399-408
references.pmid: 17265475
references.citation: Sleep. 2000 Nov 1;23(7):859-63
references.pmid: 11083594
references.citation: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991 Oct;198(1):513-27
references.pmid: 1891468
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):R504-9
references.pmid: 17409265
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 Jan 1;184(1):503-11
references.pmid: 19949113
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2003 Sep-Oct;65(5):831-5
references.pmid: 14508028
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:275-306
references.pmid: 15771572
references.citation: Brain Res. 1996 Mar 4;711(1-2):153-62
references.pmid: 8680858
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):1893-9
references.pmid: 9626115
references.citation: Vaccine. 1998 Jul;16(11-12):1111-5
references.pmid: 9682366
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2011 Jan;36(1):1-6
references.pmid: 20820913
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 Jun;4(6):457-67
references.pmid: 15173834
references.citation: Sleep. 1998 Sep 15;21(6):553-66
references.pmid: 9779515
references.citation: Immunol Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;79(4):350-7
references.pmid: 11488982
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Feb;155(2):231-8
references.pmid: 19040608
references.citation: Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Jan-Feb;51(4):294-302
references.pmid: 19110131
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Jun;246(6 Pt 2):R994-9
references.pmid: 6611091
references.citation: Lancet. 1999 Oct 23;354(9188):1435-9
references.pmid: 10543671
references.citation: Life Sci. 1998;63(8):701-9
references.pmid: 9718099
references.citation: Immunity. 2003 Jul;19(1):71-82
references.pmid: 12871640
references.citation: Cell Immunol. 1982 Jan 15;66(2):407-22
references.pmid: 6279318
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002 Nov;27(8):921-31
references.pmid: 12383453
references.citation: Neuroimmunomodulation. 2009;16(5):300-17
references.pmid: 19571591
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Feb 18;43(4):678-83
references.pmid: 14975482
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2005 Nov;19(6):526-9
references.pmid: 16214023
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Oct;17(10):1866-71
references.pmid: 19543212
references.citation: Sleep. 2001 Nov 1;24(7):804-9
references.pmid: 11683483
references.citation: Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Oct;24(5):775-84
references.pmid: 21112025
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Aug;23(6):767-75
references.pmid: 19254756
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;89(11):5762-71
references.pmid: 15531540
references.citation: Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Apr;30(4):621-6
references.pmid: 17409491
references.citation: Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106(3):153-63
references.pmid: 9710353
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 1984 Jun;79:119-38
references.pmid: 6204924
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2004 Jul;18(4):361-7
references.pmid: 15157953
references.citation: Immunopharmacology. 1987 Sep;14(1):11-20
references.pmid: 3679801
references.citation: FASEB J. 1996 Apr;10(5):643-53
references.pmid: 8621064
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;495:111-9
references.pmid: 11774554
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2004 Jul;18(4):341-8
references.pmid: 15157951
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan;107(1):165-70
references.pmid: 11150007
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jul;25(5):817-9
references.pmid: 21187141
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2006 Sep 18;166(16):1695-700
references.pmid: 16983046
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 May;4(5):371-9
references.pmid: 15122202
references.citation: Immunology. 2010 Dec;131(4):488-500
references.pmid: 20646075
references.citation: Sleep. 2007 Apr;30(4):401-11
references.pmid: 17520784
references.citation: FASEB J. 2006 Oct;20(12):2174-6
references.pmid: 16912152
references.citation: Chronobiol Int. 2009 Oct;26(7):1409-29
references.pmid: 19916839
references.citation: Sleep. 2000 Mar 15;23(2):185-90
references.pmid: 10737335
references.citation: Sleep. 1995 Dec;18(10):908-11
references.pmid: 8746400
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007 Aug 31;59(9-10):985-1014
references.pmid: 17804113
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1313-6
references.pmid: 9141509
references.citation: Int Immunol. 2005 Aug;17(8):1059-69
references.pmid: 16000327
references.citation: Metabolism. 2006 Oct;55(10 Suppl 2):S20-3
references.pmid: 16979422
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2001 Feb;13(1):114-9
references.pmid: 11154927
references.citation: Brain Res. 1998 Apr 13;789(2):283-92
references.pmid: 9573384
references.citation: Immunol Today. 1990 Nov;11(11):406-10
references.pmid: 2078294
references.citation: Endocrine. 2004 Oct;25(1):41-8
references.pmid: 15545705
references.citation: Neuroimmunomodulation. 2004;11(5):299-306
references.pmid: 15316240
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1991 Dec;35(1-3):53-64
references.pmid: 1955572
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2119-26
references.pmid: 15126529
references.citation: Sleep. 1998 May 1;21(3):241-8
references.pmid: 9595602
references.citation: Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):785-9
references.pmid: 12399580
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2001 Nov;22(11):633-40
references.pmid: 11698225
references.citation: Sleep Med Rev. 2009 Aug;13(4):257-64
references.pmid: 19095474
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 1992 Jun;6(2):97-116
references.pmid: 1504372
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4):R1018-22
references.pmid: 10198380
references.citation: Sleep Med Rev. 2008 Jun;12(3):197-210
references.pmid: 18222099
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2007 Jan;128(1):92-105
references.pmid: 17116321
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(32):3408-16
references.pmid: 19075717
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jul;25(5):1036-43
references.pmid: 21182929
references.citation: Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17:6-63
references.pmid: 21446352
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Mar;172(1-2):156-65
references.pmid: 16457895
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 1996 Jun;10(2):92-102
references.pmid: 8811933
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 1996 Jun;10(2):77-91
references.pmid: 8811932
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Nov;265(5 Pt 2):R1148-54
references.pmid: 8238617
references.citation: Sleep. 2007 Sep;30(9):1145-52
references.pmid: 17910386
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2004 Jul;18(4):390-8
references.pmid: 15157956
references.citation: Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005 Nov;11(6):481-4
references.pmid: 16217172
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Oct;289(4):R1054-63
references.pmid: 15947073
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Nov 20;31(5):711-21
references.pmid: 19836265
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 15;106(50):21407-12
references.pmid: 19955445
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2011 May;130(2):226-38
references.pmid: 21334376
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):442-7
references.pmid: 18256599
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1573-9
references.pmid: 9589658
references.citation: Hypertension. 1997 Jul;30(1 Pt 1):71-6
references.pmid: 9231823
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2001 Feb;36(2):267-82
references.pmid: 11226742
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Nov;5(11):844-52
references.pmid: 16239903
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 May;280(5):R1476-82
references.pmid: 11294771
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Dec;110(3):500-8
references.pmid: 9409657
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 May;32(4):358-66
references.pmid: 17408865
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Oct;25(7):1416-26
references.pmid: 21539909
references.citation: Reg Immunol. 1989 Sep-Oct;2(5):321-5
references.pmid: 2562046
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1998 Jan 19;187(2):205-16
references.pmid: 9432978
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Oct 9;3(4):364-6
references.pmid: 18940728
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jan 12;169(1):62-7
references.pmid: 19139325
references.citation: Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):221-7
references.pmid: 10398592
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Nov 20;31(5):705-10
references.pmid: 19836266
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Aug;84(8):2603-7
references.pmid: 10443646
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 1999 Jun;8 Suppl 1:53-9
references.pmid: 10389107
references.citation: Blood. 2009 May 21;113(21):5134-43
references.pmid: 19293427
references.citation: J Immunol. 2003 Oct 15;171(8):4073-80
references.pmid: 14530328
references.citation: J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2005 May;25(5):241-53
references.pmid: 15871661
references.citation: Proc R Soc Med. 1963 Apr;56:253-7
references.pmid: 13952050
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Aug 27;394(6696):897-901
references.pmid: 9732873