title: Optically transmitted and inductively coupled electric reference to access in vivo concentrations for quantitative proton-decoupled ¹³C magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: This report describes our efforts on quantification of tissue metabolite concentrations in mM by nuclear Overhauser enhanced and proton decoupled (13) C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the Electric Reference To access In vivo Concentrations (ERETIC) method. Previous work showed that a calibrated synthetic magnetic resonance spectroscopy-like signal transmitted through an optical fiber and inductively coupled into a transmit/receive coil represents a reliable reference standard for in vivo (1) H magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantification on a clinical platform. In this work, we introduce a related implementation that enables simultaneous proton decoupling and ERETIC-based metabolite quantification and hence extends the applicability of the ERETIC method to nuclear Overhauser enhanced and proton decoupled in vivo (13) C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, ERETIC signal stability under the influence of simultaneous proton decoupling is investigated. The proposed quantification method was cross-validated against internal and external reference standards on human skeletal muscle. The ERETIC signal intensity stability was 100.65 ± 4.18% over 3 months including measurements with and without proton decoupling. Glycogen and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations measured with the ERETIC method were in excellent agreement with internal creatine and external phantom reference methods, showing a difference of 1.85 ± 1.21% for glycogen and 1.84 ± 1.00% for unsaturated fatty acid between ERETIC and creatine-based quantification, whereas the deviations between external reference and creatine-based quantification are 6.95 ± 9.52% and 3.19 ± 2.60%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. chen@biomed.ee.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinzer-Schweizer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boesiger
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henning
mesh_terms: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D011522:Protons; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D011522:Protons; D006003:Glycogen