title: Chikungunya: a re-emerging virus.
abstract: In the past decade, chikungunya--a virus transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes--has re-emerged in Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, and the Indian Ocean Islands as the cause of large outbreaks of human disease. The disease is characterised by fever, headache, myalgia, rash, and both acute and persistent arthralgia. The disease can cause severe morbidity and, since 2005, fatality. The virus is endemic to tropical regions, but the spread of Aedes albopictus into Europe and the Americas coupled with high viraemia in infected travellers returning from endemic areas increases the risk that this virus could establish itself in new endemic regions. This Seminar focuses on the re-emergence of this disease, the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis of virus-induced arthralgia, diagnostic techniques, and various treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Services Universitas and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. burtfj@ufs.ac.za
authors.forename: Felicity J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Micheal S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rolph
authors.forename: Nestor E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rulli
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahalingam
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Heise
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000821:virology*; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D065632:Chikungunya Fever; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007195:Indian Ocean Islands / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D012254:Ribavirin; D002738:Chloroquine