title: Pulmonary oxidative stress is induced by maximal exercise in young cigarette smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress is induced by both cigarette smoking and acute exercise. It has also been reported that exercise can induce plasma oxidative stress in young cigarette smokers. However, no previous report has demonstrated that exercise induces pulmonary oxidative stress in cigarette smokers. The aim of this study was to determine whether pulmonary oxidative stress is induced by maximal exercise in cigarette smokers as measured by reactive oxygen species generation and total antioxidant content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen male smokers (mean age: 25.9 ± 2.9 years) and 18 male nonsmokers (mean age: 24.2 ± 4.3 years) participated in this study. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) concentration and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were measured at baseline and after maximal exercise in the Wingate anaerobic test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant interaction of group by time was observed for EBC H2O2 concentration (p = .015). After exercise, EBC H(2)O(2) concentrations were significantly increased in the smoking group (p = .030) but not in the nonsmoking group. There were no significant changes in EBC BAP in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that in cigarette smokers, maximal exercise induces pulmonary oxidative stress, which may lead to oxidative damage in the lungs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taito
authors.forename: Kiyokazu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sekikawa
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Domen
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Tatsushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inamizu
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D045853:Exhalation; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide