title: Dopaminergic polymorphisms and educational achievement: results from a longitudinal sample of Americans.
abstract: Although educational attainment has been found to be moderately heritable, research has yet to explore candidate genes for it. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, in the current study, we examined the association between polymorphisms in three dopaminergic genes (DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4), a dopamine index, and educational attainment. Statistically significant effects were found for DAT1, DRD2, DRD4, and the dopamine index for highest level of education. This study is the first to our knowledge that links measured genes to educational attainment.
authors.affiliation: College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 634 West Call Street, Hecht House, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127, USA. kbeaver@fsu.edu
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Beaver
authors.forename: John Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DeLisi
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vaughn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D017008:Negotiating; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C493593:DRD3 protein, human; C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D004298:Dopamine
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011 May;52(5):619-26
references.pmid: 21039487
references.citation: Behav Genet. 2004 Sep;34(5):541-7
references.pmid: 15319577
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005 May 5;135B(1):59-64
references.pmid: 15806601
references.citation: Br J Educ Psychol. 1985 Nov;55 ( Pt 3):240-50
references.pmid: 4084442
references.citation: Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):386-9
references.pmid: 12869766
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2006 May;42(3):514-32
references.pmid: 16756442
references.citation: Am J Med Genet. 1997 Apr 18;74(2):162-6
references.pmid: 9129716
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1998 Jul;28(4):265-78
references.pmid: 9803019
references.citation: Intelligence. 2009 Sep 1;37(5):466-478
references.pmid: 20161120
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;49(8):783-93
references.pmid: 20643312
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2005 Dec;8(6):602-8
references.pmid: 16354502
references.citation: Psychiatr Genet. 2001 Mar;11(1):25-9
references.pmid: 11409696
references.citation: J Health Soc Behav. 1994 Mar;35(1):45-62
references.pmid: 8014429
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004 Jan;86(1):112-29
references.pmid: 14717631
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1995 Jan;25(1):45-58
references.pmid: 7755518
references.citation: Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):851-4
references.pmid: 12161658
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2010 Mar;38(2):178-90
references.pmid: 19717274
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006 Dec;9(6):988-97
references.pmid: 17254442
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16311-6
references.pmid: 17913879
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1995 Sep;65(3):1157-65
references.pmid: 7643093
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;157(10):1700-3
references.pmid: 11007732
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1996 Mar;26(2):89-102
references.pmid: 8639155
references.citation: Sex Abuse. 2008 Dec;20(4):426-43
references.pmid: 18840900
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Jul;48(7):648-54
references.pmid: 2069496
references.citation: Genomics. 1992 Dec;14(4):1104-6
references.pmid: 1478653
references.citation: Behav Sci Law. 2010 Mar-Apr;28(2):148-73
references.pmid: 20422643
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2010 Feb;72(1):146-59
references.pmid: 19944514
references.citation: J Aging Health. 2001 Feb;13(1):92-119
references.pmid: 11503849
references.citation: JAMA. 1997 Sep 10;278(10):823-32
references.pmid: 9293990
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005 May 9;78(2):187-93
references.pmid: 15845322
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;46(10):1097-107
references.pmid: 16178934