title: Metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents is associated with risk for nephrolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between urinary pH and metabolic syndrome risk factors along with insulin resistance in obese adolescents, and to evaluate the relationship between other urinary stone-forming and -inhibiting markers and metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 46 obese adolescents were enrolled. Twenty-four hour and randomly obtained urine samples were analyzed for urinary pH, promoters of stone formation (ie, uric acid, oxalate, and relative saturation ratio of calcium oxalate [RSR-CaOx]), and inhibitors of stone formation (ie, citrate and osteopontin). Other data collected included height, weight, blood pressure, and fasting lipid, insulin, and glucose levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects had a mean age of 14.6±2.0 years and a mean body mass index of 36±6.3 kg/m(2). Random urine pH and the number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome were negatively correlated (r=-0.34; P=.02). RSR-CaOx was correlated with both homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score (r=0.38; P<.01) and number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome (r=0.47; P=.001)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased urinary pH and increased RSR-CaOx are associated with risk factors for metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Rishita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Campfield
authors.forename: Chrystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wittcopp
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Braden
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Visintainer
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: Holley F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers