title: Potential characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for mineralized tissue-forming cell biology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine using stem cell biology has been a promising field for treatment of local and systemic intractable diseases. Recently, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have been identified as a novel population of stem cells. This study focused on the characterization of SHED as compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated potential characteristics of SHED by using DNA microarray, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple gene expression profiles indicated that the expression of 2753 genes in SHED had changed by ≥2.0-fold as compared with that in BMMSCs. One of the most significant pathways that accelerated in SHED was that of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor signaling, which contains several cascades such as PKA, JNK, and ASK1. When the BMP signaling pathway was stimulated by BMP-2, the expression of BMP-2, BMP-4, Runx2, and DSPP was up-regulated significantly in SHED than that in BMMSCs. Furthermore, the BMP-4 protein was expressed much higher in SHED but not in BMMSCs, as confirmed by immunofluorescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using the gene expression profiles, this study indicates that SHED is involved in the BMP signaling pathway and suggests that BMP-4 might play a crucial role in this. These results might be useful for effective cell-based tissue regeneration, including that of bone, pulp, and dentin, by applying the characteristics of SHED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Umemura
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueda
mesh_terms: D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000032:analysis; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000032:analysis; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D054734:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4 / Q000032:analysis; D019070:Cell Lineage; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000032:analysis; D054757:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIbeta Subunit / Q000032:analysis; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000032:analysis; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6 / Q000032:analysis; D048848:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5 / Q000032:analysis; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000032:analysis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D050787:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2 / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000166:cytology*; D050808:ets-Domain Protein Elk-4 / Q000032:analysis; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D052004:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors; D054734:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D054757:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIbeta Subunit; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; D048848:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D050787:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D050808:ets-Domain Protein Elk-4; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein; C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525809:BMP4 protein, human; C494193:ELK4 protein, human; C494069:ETS2 protein, human; C578040:MEF2C protein, human; C517837:PRKAR2B protein, human; C493709:RUNX2 protein, human; C517683:CAMK4 protein, human; C482858:MAP3K5 protein, human; C482566:MAP2K6 protein, human