title: Impacts of HIV infection and long-term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral human papilloma virus type 16.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence and the copy numbers of oral human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) in HIV-infected patients compared with non-HIV controls, and (ii) the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its duration on the virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out in HIV-infected patients with and without ART and in non-HIV controls. Saliva samples were collected, and the DNA extracted from those samples was used as a template to detect HPV-16 E6 and E7 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student's t-test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine HIV-infected patients: 37 on ART (age range, 23-54 years; mean, 37 years), 12 not on ART (age range, 20-40 years; mean, 31 years), and 20 non-HIV controls (age range, 19-53 years; mean, 31 years) were enrolled. The prevalence of oral HPV-16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients than in non-HIV controls when using E6 assay (geometric mean = 10696 vs. 563 copies/10(5) cells, P < 0.001), but not E7 assay. No significant difference was observed between those who were and were not on ART. Long-term use of ART did not significantly change the prevalence of oral HPV-16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus (P = 0.567).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the prevalence of oral HPV-16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus are increased by HIV infection. Neither the use of ART nor its duration significantly affected the virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Korntip
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amornthatree
authors.forename: Hutcha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sriplung
authors.forename: Winyou
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mitarnun
authors.forename: Wipawee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nittayananta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000821:virology; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; C068651:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C059731:oncogene protein E7, Human papillomavirus type 16; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
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