title: Changes in depressive symptoms, social support, and loneliness over 1 year after a minimum 3-month videoconference program for older nursing home residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 3-month videoconference interaction program with family members has been shown to decrease depression and loneliness in nursing home residents. However, little is known about the long-term effects on residents' depressive symptoms, social support, and loneliness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this longitudinal quasi-experimental study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a videoconference intervention in improving nursing home residents' social support, loneliness, and depressive status over 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  We purposively sampled 16 nursing homes in various areas of Taiwan. Elderly residents (N = 90) of these nursing homes meeting our inclusion criteria were divided into an experimental (n = 40) and a comparison (n = 50) group. The experimental group received at least 5 minutes/week for 3 months of videoconference interaction with their family members in addition to usual family visits, and the comparison group received regular family visits only. Data were collected in face-to face interviews on social support, loneliness, and depressive status using the Social Support Behaviors Scale, University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively, at four times (baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after baseline). Data were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the videoconferencing program, participants in the experimental group had significantly lower mean change in instrumental social support scores at 6 months (-0.42, P = .03) and 12 months (-0.41, P = .03), and higher mean change in emotional social support at 3 (0.74, P < .001) and 12 months (0.61, P = .02), and in appraisal support at 3 months (0.74, P = .001) after adjusting for confounding variables. Participants in the experimental group also had significantly lower mean loneliness and depressive status scores at 3 months (-5.40, P < .001; -2.64, P < .001, respectively), 6 months (-6.47, P < .001; -4.33, P < .001), and 12 months (-6.27, P = .001; -4.40, P < .001) compared with baseline than those in the comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our videoconference program had a long-term effect in alleviating depressive symptoms and loneliness for elderly residents in nursing homes. This intervention also improved long-term emotional social support and short-term appraisal support, and decreased residents' instrumental social support. However, this intervention had no effect on informational social support.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Hsin
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yun-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D012944:Social Support; D013624:Taiwan; D049269:Videoconferencing
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