title: Paternal smoking is associated with greater food insecurity among poor families in rural Indonesia.
abstract: Food insecurity is common in developing countries and related to the physical well being of families. Household food insecurity is intended to reflect a household's access, availability, and utilization of food. The relationship between paternal smoking and household food insecurity has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of paternal smoking with household food insecurity among poor families in rural Indonesia. In a cross-sectional study of 26,380 rural households in the Indonesian Nutrition Surveillance System in 2003, we examined the relationship between paternal smoking and household food insecurity score, as measured using a 9-item food security questionnaire. The prevalence of paternal smoking was 72.9%. In families with and without a father who smoked, the mean (standard error) household food insecurity score was 1.83 (0.01) and 1.48 (0.02), respectively (p<0.0001). Paternal smoking was associated with greater household food insecurity score (p<0.0001) in a multivariable linear regression model, adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, weekly household expenditure per capita, and province. Among poor families in rural Indonesia, households with a father who smokes are at greater risk of household food insecurity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. rdsemba@jhmi.edu; klaus.kraemer@dsm.com
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.forename: Ashley A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Pee
authors.forename: Nasima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moench-Pfanner
authors.forename: Jee Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rah
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Badham
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bloem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult