title: Xenogeneic chondrocytes promote stable subcutaneous chondrogenesis of             bone marrow-derived stromal cells.
abstract: The local microenvironment may change the ultimate fate of engineered cartilage             differentiated from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) after subcutaneous implantation.             Chondrogenically differentiated BMSCs directed by growth factors or low-intensity             ultrasound are apt to fibrose or vascularize in the subcutaneous environment,             while BMSCs implanted in articular cartilage defects can form stable cartilage.             We hypothesized that chondrocytes would provide an ideal chondrogenic environment,             and thus promote the maintenance of the chondrocytic phenotype in ectopia. To             test this hypothesis, we developed a new method to promote chondrocyte development             from BMSCs in a chondrogenic environment produced by xenogeneic chondrocytes and             compared the subcutaneous chondrogenesis of BMSCs mediated by xenogeneic chondrocytes             with that produced by growth factors. These results indicate that subcutaneous             chondrogenesis of BMSCs directed by xenogeneic chondrocytes is more effective             than that induced by growth factors. BMSCs induced by xenogeneic chondrocytes             formed relatively mature cartilage before or after implantation, following 4 weeks             of culture, which reduced the induction time in vitro and led to maintenance of             a stable cartilage phenotype after subcutaneous implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Yueqian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chengan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Guangdong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation*; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1