title: Genetic and environmental causes of variation in trait resilience in young people.
abstract: The aim of this multi-informant twin study was to determine the relative role of genetic and environmental factors in explaining variation in trait resilience in adolescents. Participants were consenting families (N = 2,638 twins in 1,394 families), from seven national cohorts (age 12-18 years, both sexes) of monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared together. Questionnaire data on the adolescents' Ego-resilience (ER89) was collected from mothers, fathers and twins, and analysed by means of multivariate genetic modelling. Variance in trait resilience was best represented in an ADE common pathways model with sex limitation. Variance in the latent psychometric resilience factor was largely explained by additive genetic factors (77% in boys, 70% in girls), with the remaining variance (23 and 30%) attributable to non-shared environmental factors. Additive genetic sources explained more than 50% of the informant specific variation in mothers and fathers scores. In twins, additive and non-additive genetic factors together explained 40% and non-shared environmental factor the remaining 60% of variation. In the mothers' scores, the additive genetic effect was larger for boys than for girls. The non-additive genetic factor found in the twins' self ratings was larger in boys than in girls. The remaining sex differences in the specific factors were small. Trait resilience is largely genetically determined. Estimates based on several informants rather than single informants approaches are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, RBUP Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway. trine.waaktaar@r-bup.no
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waaktaar
authors.forename: Svenn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torgersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway; D012042:Registries; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D055815:Young Adult
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