title: Differential modulation of Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling by trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists.
abstract: Trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) are rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). TAAR are involved in modulation of neuronal, cardiac and vascular functions and they are potentially linked with neurological disorders like schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Subtype TAAR1, the best characterized TAAR so far, is promiscuous for a wide set of ligands and is activated by trace amines tyramine (TYR), phenylethylamine (PEA), octopamine (OA), but also by thyronamines, dopamine, and psycho-active drugs. Unfortunately, effects of trace amines on signaling of the two homologous β-adrenergic receptors 1 (ADRB1) and 2 (ADRB2) have not been clarified yet in detail. We, therefore, tested TAAR1 agonists TYR, PEA and OA regarding their effects on ADRB1/2 signaling by co-stimulation studies. Surprisingly, trace amines TYR and PEA are partial allosteric antagonists at ADRB1/2, whereas OA is a partial orthosteric ADRB2-antagonist and ADRB1-agonist. To specify molecular reasons for TAAR1 ligand promiscuity and for observed differences in signaling effects on particular aminergic receptors we compared TAAR, tyramine (TAR) octopamine (OAR), ADRB1/2 and dopamine receptors at the structural level. We found especially for TAAR1 that the remarkable ligand promiscuity is likely based on high amino acid similarity in the ligand-binding region compared with further aminergic receptors. On the other hand few TAAR specific properties in the ligand-binding site might determine differences in ligand-induced effects compared to ADRB1/2. Taken together, this study points to molecular details of TAAR1-ligand promiscuity and identified specific trace amines as allosteric or orthosteric ligands of particular β-adrenergic receptor subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kleinau
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pratzka
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grüters
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Führer-Sakel
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krude
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Köhrle
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schöneberg
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Biebermann
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009655:Octopamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000819:agonists*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014439:Tyramine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000095383:Trace Amine-Associated Receptors
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D009655:Octopamine; D010627:Phenethylamines; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014439:Tyramine; D000095383:Trace Amine-Associated Receptors; C547787:ADRB1 protein, human; C553443:ADRB2 protein, human
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