title: Predictors of persistence in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from an 11-year controlled follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to examine the age-dependent persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its predictors in a large sample of girls with and without ADHD followed prospectively for 11 years into young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were girls with (N=96) and without (N=91) ADHD and were 6-17 years old at the baseline assessment (mean age, 11 years) and 15-30 years old at the follow-up assessment (mean: 22 years). Participants were comprehensively and blindly assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and assessments of cognitive, social, school, and family functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 11-year follow-up, 33.3% met full criteria for ADHD, 29.2% showed partial persistence of the disorder, 10.4% had impaired functioning, and 4.2% were remitted but treated (77.1% of the sample). Predictors of persistence were psychiatric comorbidity, family history of psychopathology, and family and school functioning at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These long-term, prospective, follow-up findings extend to girls findings that ADHD is persistent over the long term and can be predicted from psychosocial adversity and psychiatric comorbidity ascertained 11 years earlier.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. jbiederman@partners.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hyder
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011599:Psychopathology; D055815:Young Adult
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