title: Testis-specific miRNA-469 up-regulated in gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25)-null mice silences transition protein 2 and protamine 2 messages at sites within coding region: implications of its role in germ cell development.
abstract: Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25), a testis-specific member of the DEAD-box family, is an essential post-transcriptional regulator of spermatogenesis. Failure of expression of Transition protein 2 (TP2) and Protamine 2 (Prm2) proteins (chromatin remodelers, essential for spermatid elongation and completion of spermatogenesis) with preservation of their mRNA expression was observed in GRTH-null mice (azoospermic due to failure of spermatids to elongate). These were identified as target genes for the testis-specific miR-469, which is increased in the GRTH-null mice. Further analysis demonstrated that miR-469 repressed TP2 and Prm2 protein expression at the translation level with minor effect on mRNA degradation, through binding to the coding regions of TP2 and Prm2 mRNAs. The corresponding primary-microRNAs and the expression levels of Drosha and DGCR8 (both mRNA and protein) were increased significantly in the GRTH-null mice. miR-469 silencing of TP2 and Prm2 mRNA in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids is essential for their timely translation at later times of spermiogenesis, which is critical to attain mature sperm. Collectively, these studies indicate that GRTH, a multifunctional RNA helicase, acts as a negative regulator of miRNA-469 biogenesis and consequently their function during spermatogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Section on Molecular Endocrinology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4510, USA.
authors.forename: Lisheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Chon-Hwa
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsai-Morris
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Joaquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: Jung-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jiabao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dufau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000502:physiology*; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000502:physiology; D049471:Pachytene Stage / Q000502:physiology; D011479:Protamines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020871:RNA Stability / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D043244:Ribonuclease III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013087:Spermatids / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C474044:Dgcr8 protein, mouse; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011479:Protamines; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C489505:Tnp2 protein, mouse; C068621:protamine 2; C513400:Drosha protein, mouse; D043244:Ribonuclease III; C487765:Ddx25 protein, mouse; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases
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