title: Intake of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids in relation to risk of uterine leiomyomata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  US black women have higher rates of uterine leiomyomata (UL) and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables than do white women. Whether fruit and vegetable intake is associated with UL in black women has not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the association of dietary intake of fruit, vegetables, carotenoids, folate, fiber, and vitamins A, C, and E with UL in the Black Women's Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, we followed 22,583 premenopausal women for incident UL (1997-2009). Diet was estimated by using food-frequency questionnaires in 1995 and 2001. Cox regression was used to derive incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs for the association between each dietary variable (in quintiles) and UL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 6627 incident cases of UL diagnosed by ultrasonography (n = 4346) or surgery (n = 2281). Fruit and vegetable intake was inversely associated with UL (≥4 compared with <1 serving/d; IRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98; P-trend = 0.03). The association was stronger for fruit (≥2 servings/d compared with <2 servings/wk; IRR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.98; P-trend = 0.07) than for vegetables (≥2 servings/d compared with <4 servings/wk: IRR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.05; P-trend = 0.51). Citrus fruit intake was inversely associated with UL (≥3 servings/wk compared with <1 serving/mo: IRR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.00; P-trend = 0.01). The inverse association for dietary vitamin A (upper compared with lower quintiles: IRR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97; P-trend = 0.01) appeared to be driven by preformed vitamin A (animal sources), not provitamin A (fruit and vegetable sources). UL was not materially associated with dietary intake of vitamins C and E, folate, fiber, or any of the carotenoids, including lycopene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a reduced risk of UL among women with a greater dietary intake of fruit and preformed vitamin A.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, MA 02215, USA. lwise@bu.edu
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Rose G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Radin
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Shiriki K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kumanyika
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boggs
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018231:Leiomyomatosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D017697:Premenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014675:Vegetables; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids
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