title: The mechanism of interaction between focused ultrasound and microbubbles in blood-brain barrier opening in mice.
abstract: The activation of bubbles by an acoustic field has been shown to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but the trigger cause responsible for the physiological effects involved in the process of BBB opening remains unknown. Here, the trigger cause (i.e., physical mechanism) of the focused ultrasound-induced BBB opening with monodispersed microbubbles is identified. Sixty-seven mice were injected intravenously with bubbles of 1-2, 4-5, or 6-8 μm in diameter and the concentration of 10(7) numbers/ml. The right hippocampus of each mouse was then sonicated using focused ultrasound (1.5 MHz frequency, 100 cycles pulse length, 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 1 min duration). Peak-rarefactional pressures of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, or 0.60 MPa were applied to identify the threshold of BBB opening and inertial cavitation (IC). Our results suggest that the BBB opens with nonlinear bubble oscillation when the bubble diameter is similar to the capillary diameter and with inertial cavitation when it is not. The bubble may thus have to be in contact with the capillary wall to induce BBB opening without IC. BBB opening was shown capable of being induced safely with nonlinear bubble oscillation at the pressure threshold and its volume was highly dependent on both the acoustic pressure and bubble diameter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Yao-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vlachos
authors.forename: Jameel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Feshitan
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borden
authors.forename: Elisa E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Konofagou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D045423:Microbubbles; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010316:Particle Size; D011312:Pressure; D013010:Sonication; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
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