title: Formulation and in vitro release evaluation of newly synthesized palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsion delivery system for 30% ethanolic dried extract derived from local Phyllanthus urinaria for skin antiaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently there has been a remarkable surge of interest about natural products and their applications in the cosmetic industry. Topical delivery of antioxidants from natural sources is one of the approaches used to reverse signs of skin aging. The aim of this research was to develop a nanoemulsion cream for topical delivery of 30% ethanolic extract derived from local Phyllanthus urinaria (P. urinaria) for skin antiaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Palm kernel oil esters (PKOEs)-based nanoemulsions were loaded with P. urinaria extract using a spontaneous method and characterized with respect to particle size, zeta potential, and rheological properties. The release profile of the extract was evaluated using in vitro Franz diffusion cells from an artificial membrane and the antioxidant activity of the extract released was evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formulation F12 consisted of wt/wt, 0.05% P. urinaria extract, 1% cetyl alcohol, 0.5% glyceryl monostearate, 12% PKOEs, and 27% Tween 80/Span 80 (9/1) with a hydrophilic lipophilic balance of 13.9, and a 59.5% phosphate buffer system at pH 7.4. Formulation F36 was comprised of 0.05% P. urinaria extract, 1% cetyl alcohol, 1% glyceryl monostearate, 14% PKOEs, 28% Tween 80/Span 80 (9/1) with a hydrophilic lipophilic balance of 13.9, and 56% phosphate buffer system at pH 7.4 with shear thinning and thixotropy. The droplet size of F12 and F36 was 30.74 nm and 35.71 nm, respectively, and their nanosizes were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy images. Thereafter, 51.30% and 51.02% of the loaded extract was released from F12 and F36 through an artificial cellulose membrane, scavenging 29.89% and 30.05% of DPPH radical activity, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The P. urinaria extract was successfully incorporated into a PKOEs-based nanoemulsion delivery system. In vitro release of the extract from the formulations showed DPPH radical scavenging activity. These formulations can neutralize reactive oxygen species and counteract oxidative injury induced by ultraviolet radiation and thereby ameliorate skin aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. elrashidm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Elrashid Saleh
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mahdi
authors.forename: Azmin Mohd
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: Mohamed Hameem
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sakeena
authors.forename: Ghassan Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: Muthanna F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Abdulkarim
authors.forename: Munavvar Abdul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sattar
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008970:Molecular Weight; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D029803:Phyllanthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D004952:Esters; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D000431:Ethanol; D000073878:Palm Oil; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
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