title: Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor in growth and peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis which drives endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and migration while increasing vascular permeability. Playing an important role in the physiology of normal ovaries, VEGF has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Essentially by promoting tumor angiogenesis and enhancing vascular permeability, VEGF contributes to the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis associated with malignant ascites formation, the characteristic feature of advanced ovarian cancer at diagnosis. In both experimental and clinical studies, VEGF levels have been inversely correlated with survival. Moreover, VEGF inhibition has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and ascites production and to suppress tumor invasion and metastasis. These findings have laid the basis for the clinical evaluation of agents targeting VEGF signaling pathway in patients with ovarian cancer. In this review, we will focus on VEGF involvement in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer and its contribution to the disease progression and dissemination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, s.masoumimoghaddam@student.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Samar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masoumi Moghaddam
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pourgholami
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001201:Ascites; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010534:Peritoneal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2007 Mar;204(1):283-7
references.pmid: 17188266
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 15;12(6):1928-35
references.pmid: 16551879
references.citation: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2005 Jun;31(3):307-13
references.pmid: 16052402
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 10;28(5):780-7
references.pmid: 20048182
references.citation: Blood. 2001 Feb 1;97(3):785-91
references.pmid: 11157498
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jul 29;52(8):5737-42
references.pmid: 21642626
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2004 Oct 25;167(2):223-9
references.pmid: 15504909
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Jun;97(3):784-9
references.pmid: 15943987
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jan 1;29(1):69-75
references.pmid: 21098323
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2009 Mar 24;100(6):971-8
references.pmid: 19240722
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2003 Mar 1;63(5):906-11
references.pmid: 12615701
references.citation: Reprod Domest Anim. 2002 Dec;37(6):362-8
references.pmid: 12464076
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 1;63(17):5224-9
references.pmid: 14500349
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 20;27(33):5601-6
references.pmid: 19826113
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2009 Mar 1;124(5):1045-53
references.pmid: 19058181
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2009 Mar 3;15(3):232-9
references.pmid: 19249681
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Apr 1;196(1):124-35
references.pmid: 15050414
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003 Mar-Apr;13(2):125-9
references.pmid: 12657111
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 15;67(8):3683-90
references.pmid: 17440080
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 1;26(1):76-82
references.pmid: 18165643
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2008 Dec;111(3):461-6
references.pmid: 18829088
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 Apr;156(4):1363-80
references.pmid: 10751361
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 May 22;273(21):13313-6
references.pmid: 9582377
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1995 Jun;52(6):1426-35
references.pmid: 7543299
references.citation: Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2010 Apr;38(3):127-37
references.pmid: 19815366
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Jan 22;140(2):268-79
references.pmid: 20141840
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2006 Apr;15(4):831-6
references.pmid: 16525667
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 Sep;112(5):659-69
references.pmid: 12952915
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jan 15;16(2):664-72
references.pmid: 20068097
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 1;14(23):7781-9
references.pmid: 19047105
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2001 Sep 20;12(14):1713-29
references.pmid: 11560766
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1993 Jun 15;53(12):2912-8
references.pmid: 8504432
references.citation: Semin Cancer Biol. 2003 Apr;13(2):159-67
references.pmid: 12654259
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2009 Feb 1;124(3):553-61
references.pmid: 19004006
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Mar;16(3):279-86
references.pmid: 17945514
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1993 Oct 1;53(19):4727-35
references.pmid: 8402650
references.citation: Vascul Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;39(4-5):225-37
references.pmid: 12747962
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 1;11(19 Pt 1):6966-71
references.pmid: 16203789
references.citation: Cancer. 2011 Aug 15;117(16):3731-40
references.pmid: 21815133
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 1997 Jan-Feb;17(1A):99-103
references.pmid: 9066636
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jun 15;161(2):851-8
references.pmid: 2735925
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2011 Mar;30(1):141-51
references.pmid: 21298574
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Mar 1;21(5):687-90
references.pmid: 20185770
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2007 May;18(5):945-9
references.pmid: 17298959
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006 May;7(5):359-71
references.pmid: 16633338
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1970 Feb 15;106(4):492-7
references.pmid: 5412843
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 1;10(15):5253-63
references.pmid: 15297429
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 15;17(6):1415-24
references.pmid: 21278244
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 2002 Dec;34(8):3134-7
references.pmid: 12493399
references.citation: Microcirculation. 2009 Oct;16(7):572-92
references.pmid: 19521900
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Jul-Aug;60(4):222-43
references.pmid: 20554717
references.citation: Cancer. 1997 Jul 1;80(1):98-106
references.pmid: 9210714
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Nov;103(2):512-7
references.pmid: 16750560
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2000 Mar;16(3):445-54
references.pmid: 10675474
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 1997 Dec 23;121(2):169-75
references.pmid: 9570355
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2010 Sep;30(9):3355-60
references.pmid: 20944108
references.citation: Cancer. 2007 Aug 15;110(4):791-800
references.pmid: 17582802
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Aug;25(8):911-20
references.pmid: 17664940
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2005 Jun;27(4):371-7
references.pmid: 15949234
references.citation: Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2003 May;3(1):16-8
references.pmid: 12777188
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003 Dec;22(4):465-72
references.pmid: 12884919
references.citation: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Jun;10(6):597-605
references.pmid: 19513949
references.citation: Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 Jul;68(1):267-74
references.pmid: 21499894
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2002 Nov;161(5):1917-24
references.pmid: 12414537
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008 Sep-Oct;18(5):934-6
references.pmid: 18081793
references.citation: Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2003 Nov 10;1:88
references.pmid: 14613536
references.citation: Can J Oncol. 1996 Nov;6(2):474-80
references.pmid: 12056099
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011;27:563-84
references.pmid: 21756109
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2010 Dec;101(12):2658-63
references.pmid: 21040214
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2011 Nov;12(12):1109-17
references.pmid: 21992853
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2011 Jun 30;95(8):2687-9
references.pmid: 21616486
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2006 Oct;209(1):56-66
references.pmid: 16775835
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 1;29(10):1230-2
references.pmid: 21383287
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2010 Jul;10(7):505-14
references.pmid: 20574450
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 2003 Jan;81(1):20-31
references.pmid: 12545246
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007 Jul-Aug;17(4):771-6
references.pmid: 17343605
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 1;12(17):5018-22
references.pmid: 16951216
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Apr 5;87(7):506-16
references.pmid: 7707437
references.citation: Eye (Lond). 2010 Oct;24(10):1576-84
references.pmid: 20508651
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2001 Mar;114(Pt 5):853-65
references.pmid: 11181169
references.citation: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2010;31(2):156-9
references.pmid: 20527230
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Aug 15;62(16):4645-55
references.pmid: 12183421
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 15;9(15):5721-8
references.pmid: 14654557
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Nov 30;265(3):636-9
references.pmid: 10600473
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 6;279(6):4339-45
references.pmid: 14625284
references.citation: Semin Oncol. 2009 Apr;36(2 Suppl 1):S12-9
references.pmid: 19393831
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Nov 25;94(24):13203-8
references.pmid: 9371824
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2002 Jan 10;97(2):163-7
references.pmid: 11774259
references.citation: Radiographics. 2003 May-Jun;23(3):687-701
references.pmid: 12740470
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2010 Jul 1;87(1):30-9
references.pmid: 20139114
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 1992 Dec;153(3):557-62
references.pmid: 1447317
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2003 Jun 15;63(12):3403-12
references.pmid: 12810677
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2010 Oct;119(1):32-7
references.pmid: 20584542
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2004 May-Jun;24(3b):1973-9
references.pmid: 15274387
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2009 Mar 3;15(3):220-31
references.pmid: 19249680
references.citation: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1999;20(3):177-81
references.pmid: 10410879
references.citation: Science. 1983 Feb 25;219(4587):983-5
references.pmid: 6823562
references.citation: JAMA. 2011 Feb 2;305(5):506-8
references.pmid: 21285431
references.citation: J Dermatol Sci. 2010 Jun;58(3):171-6
references.pmid: 20430590
references.citation: Mol Hum Reprod. 2007 Oct;13(10):729-36
references.pmid: 17804434
references.citation: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1993;14 Suppl:140-5
references.pmid: 8200365
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2003 Jul 15;63(14):4225-31
references.pmid: 12874030
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1998 Jun 15;58(12):2652-60
references.pmid: 9635593
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2010 Dec 15;127(12):2893-917
references.pmid: 21351269
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2007 Nov;6(11):2959-66
references.pmid: 18025280
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Apr;5(4):823-9
references.pmid: 10213218
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Aug 1;26(22):3709-14
references.pmid: 18669456
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Dec 8;438(7069):820-7
references.pmid: 16341007
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2010 Jun;37(6):1121-8
references.pmid: 20436077
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 2006 Nov;37(11):1414-25
references.pmid: 17010410
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Dec;49(12):5177-82
references.pmid: 18708611
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Jul;130(1):19-24
references.pmid: 23623830
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Nov 1;16(21):5320-8
references.pmid: 21041183
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 15;68(12):4774-82
references.pmid: 18559524
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2007 May;170(5):1561-72
references.pmid: 17456762
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 1997 Jan-Feb;17(1B):621-4
references.pmid: 9066589
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2011 Feb;37(1):3-23
references.pmid: 20946242
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Feb;128(2):221-8
references.pmid: 22960352
references.citation: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 01;8(4):210-21
references.pmid: 21364524
references.citation: Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 Sep;284(3):551-7
references.pmid: 20941502
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Nov 20;25(33):5165-71
references.pmid: 18024863
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1993 Nov;143(5):1255-62
references.pmid: 8238242
references.citation: Science. 1989 Dec 8;246(4935):1306-9
references.pmid: 2479986
references.citation: Mol Pathol. 2002 Dec;55(6):348-59
references.pmid: 12456770
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 29;279(44):45643-51
references.pmid: 15337760
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2002 Jul;143(7):2496-502
references.pmid: 12072380
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Dec 15;438(7070):932-6
references.pmid: 16355210
references.citation: World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2010 Feb 15;2(2):102-8
references.pmid: 21160928
references.citation: Cancer Biol Ther. 2008 May;7(5):758-66
references.pmid: 18376140
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2009 Jan;335(1):261-9
references.pmid: 18766380
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Jan 15;67(2):585-92
references.pmid: 17234767
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1995 Jan 15;55(2):360-8
references.pmid: 7812969
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jul;86(7):3377-86
references.pmid: 11443214
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2003 Sep;28(9):488-94
references.pmid: 13678960
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 1;13(3):898-901
references.pmid: 17289883
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2001 Jun;81(3):398-403
references.pmid: 11371128
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2000 Nov 15;60(22):6253-8
references.pmid: 11103779
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Sep;94(3):630-5
references.pmid: 15350351
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2012 Feb 1;130(3):532-43
references.pmid: 21351097
references.citation: Nat Med. 1998 Mar;4(3):336-40
references.pmid: 9500609
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Sep 15;17(18):6083-96
references.pmid: 21795409
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Apr 1;62(7):2019-23
references.pmid: 11929819
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2001 Jul;142(7):3244-54
references.pmid: 11416048
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2011 Aug;122(2):233-7
references.pmid: 21601912
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2012 Sep;126(3):369-74
references.pmid: 22659190
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1992 Jan;89(1):244-53
references.pmid: 1729274
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Feb;290(2):H560-76
references.pmid: 16172168
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1971 Nov 18;285(21):1182-6
references.pmid: 4938153
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 May 16;93(10):762-8
references.pmid: 11353786
references.citation: Semin Cancer Biol. 2004 Apr;14(2):115-22
references.pmid: 15018895
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Nov 20;25(33):5180-6
references.pmid: 18024865
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Oct;8(10):3193-7
references.pmid: 12374688
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2009 Apr;113(1):143-8
references.pmid: 19135710
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1993 Aug;133(2):848-59
references.pmid: 7688292
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2011 May 1;121(2):269-72
references.pmid: 21315428
references.citation: Angiogenesis. 2005;8(2):169-82
references.pmid: 16211363
references.citation: Transl Oncol. 2010 Aug 01;3(4):230-8
references.pmid: 20689764
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2011 Sep 27;105(7):890-6
references.pmid: 21878937
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Mar;11(1):17-30
references.pmid: 16703217
references.citation: Nat Med. 2010 Oct;16(10):1107-11
references.pmid: 20930754
references.citation: Lancet. 2009 Oct 17;374(9698):1371-82
references.pmid: 19793610
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Mar 13;49(10):1015-26
references.pmid: 17349880
references.citation: Mol Cancer Res. 2008 Apr;6(4):525-34
references.pmid: 18403633
references.citation: Nat Med. 2001 Apr;7(4):425-9
references.pmid: 11283668
references.citation: Nat Med. 2003 Jun;9(6):669-76
references.pmid: 12778165
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 1;66(23):11089-93
references.pmid: 17145848
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1994 Jan 1;54(1):276-80
references.pmid: 8261452
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 Nov;157(5):1537-47
references.pmid: 11073813
references.citation: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 Jan;82(1):15-9
references.pmid: 10087733
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2003 Nov;9(11):2596-600
references.pmid: 14606105
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003 Dec;22(4):337-58
references.pmid: 12884910
references.citation: Curr Oncol. 2009 May;16(3):50-4
references.pmid: 19526086
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2004 May;37(5):363-9
references.pmid: 15087251
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1998 Oct;153(4):1249-56
references.pmid: 9777956
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2012 Feb 15;130(4):857-64
references.pmid: 21445972
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1997 Jul;16(3):256-62
references.pmid: 9421092
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1992 Nov 1;176(5):1375-9
references.pmid: 1402682
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 1;66(17):8715-21
references.pmid: 16951187
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2007 Dec;213(3):581-8
references.pmid: 17708542
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2006 Feb 15;118(4):879-88
references.pmid: 16152587
references.citation: Ann Surg Oncol. 1999 Jun;6(4):373-8
references.pmid: 10379858
references.citation: Cancer. 1996 Aug 1;78(3):454-60
references.pmid: 8697391
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2005 May 15;65(10):4389-400
references.pmid: 15899831
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2010 Apr;9(4):985-95
references.pmid: 20371710
references.citation: Oncology. 2005;69 Suppl 3:4-10
references.pmid: 16301830
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 1;11(13):4923-33
references.pmid: 16000591
references.citation: Reprod Biomed Online. 2010 Apr;20(4):444-52
references.pmid: 20156703
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2009 Jan 13;100(1):1-7
references.pmid: 19002176
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Nov 2;264(3):781-8
references.pmid: 10544009
references.citation: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011 Aug;137(8):1219-28
references.pmid: 21681689
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Feb;202(2):178.e1-178.e10
references.pmid: 20113693
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 15;65(2):465-72
references.pmid: 15695388
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Feb 1;160(3):1224-32
references.pmid: 9570538
references.citation: Eur J Surg Oncol. 1996 Jun;22(3):237-9
references.pmid: 8654603
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1986 Nov;46(11):5629-32
references.pmid: 3756910
references.citation: Cancer Biol Ther. 2007 Dec;6(12):1951-9
references.pmid: 18075302
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1989 Nov 25;264(33):20017-24
references.pmid: 2584205
references.citation: Cell. 1998 Sep 18;94(6):715-25
references.pmid: 9753319
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Jun;280(6):C1358-66
references.pmid: 11350730
references.citation: Lab Invest. 1996 Jun;74(6):1105-15
references.pmid: 8667614
references.citation: Med Oncol. 2012 Mar;29(1):318-23
references.pmid: 21264536
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2001 Mar 1;61(5):2183-8
references.pmid: 11280784
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2003 Oct;24(5):600-32
references.pmid: 14570746
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul 29;333(2):328-35
references.pmid: 15961063
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):1114-22
references.pmid: 15562010
references.citation: FASEB J. 2003 Feb;17(2):262-4
references.pmid: 12490545
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Oct;299(4):R1059-67
references.pmid: 20686173
references.citation: Science. 1989 Dec 8;246(4935):1309-12
references.pmid: 2479987
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2000 Sep;74(3):429-38
references.pmid: 10973633
references.citation: Nat Med. 1996 Oct;2(10):1096-103
references.pmid: 8837607
references.citation: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010 Mar;39(3):330-2
references.pmid: 19889554
references.citation: Transplantation. 2003 Jul 15;76(1):224-30
references.pmid: 12865814
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jul 29;5(7):e11863
references.pmid: 20686684
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 13;273(46):30336-43
references.pmid: 9804796
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Sep 3;20(17):4762-73
references.pmid: 11532940
references.citation: Cytokine. 2010 Feb;49(2):141-7
references.pmid: 20015661
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 1;29(10):1247-51
references.pmid: 21383297
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Nov 15;67(22):10823-30
references.pmid: 18006827
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 1996 Mar;8(3):505-11
references.pmid: 21544389
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2002 Dec;161(6):2295-309
references.pmid: 12466143
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1995 May;146(5):1029-39
references.pmid: 7538264
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2004 Jun;145(6):2896-905
references.pmid: 14988387
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Jun;97(3):870-8
references.pmid: 15919106
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010 Oct;20(7):1132-6
references.pmid: 21495214
references.citation: J Oncol. 2010;2010:729725
references.pmid: 20508816
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2002 Sep-Oct;22(5):2697-702
references.pmid: 12529984
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2011 Oct;123(1):129-37
references.pmid: 21782227
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Dec 15;438(7070):967-74
references.pmid: 16355214
references.citation: Br J Surg. 2009 Dec;96(12):1484-91
references.pmid: 19918856
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Nov 15;41(10):1521-33
references.pmid: 17045920
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2010 Mar;27(3):541-53
references.pmid: 20001687
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2008 Jan 08;6:2
references.pmid: 18182107
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2009 Oct 8;283(2):159-67
references.pmid: 19398263
references.citation: Mol Divers. 2006 Nov;10(4):515-27
references.pmid: 16972015
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2003 Jan-Feb;10(1):89-95
references.pmid: 12469150
references.citation: Blood. 1993 May 15;81(10):2767-73
references.pmid: 8490183
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 1995 Jan;26(1):86-91
references.pmid: 7821921
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):768-72
references.pmid: 11158044
references.citation: Jpn J Cancer Res. 1996 Sep;87(9):963-71
references.pmid: 8878460
references.citation: Clin Ovarian Cancer Other Gynecol Malig. 2011 Jun;4(1):26-33
references.pmid: 21833345
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2008 Feb;108(2):421-7
references.pmid: 18036640
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 1;28(1):154-9
references.pmid: 19917843
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 May;5(5):355-66
references.pmid: 15864277
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 1997;76(9):1221-7
references.pmid: 9365173
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):281-8
references.pmid: 17210709
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jan 20;29(3):254-6
references.pmid: 21149670