title: Influenza viruses in Thailand: 7 years of sentinel surveillance data, 2004-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The re-emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1) in 2004 and the pandemic of influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 highlight the need for routine surveillance systems to monitor influenza viruses, particularly in Southeast Asia where H5N1 is endemic in poultry. In 2004, the Thai National Institute of Health, in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, established influenza sentinel surveillance throughout Thailand.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review routine epidemiologic and virologic surveillance for influenza viruses for public health action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Throat swabs from persons with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory illness were collected at 11 sentinel sites during 2004-2010. Influenza viruses were identified using the standard protocol for polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were cultured and identified by immunofluorescence assay; strains were identified by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Data were analyzed to describe frequency, seasonality, and distribution of circulating strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 19,457 throat swabs, 3967 (20%) were positive for influenza viruses: 2663 (67%) were influenza A and able to be subtyped [21% H1N1, 25% H3N2, 21% pandemic (pdm) H1N1] and 1304 (33%) were influenza B. During 2009-2010, the surveillance system detected three waves of pdm H1N1. Influenza annually presents two peaks, a major peak during the rainy season (June-August) and a minor peak in winter (October-February).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that March-April may be the most appropriate months for seasonal influenza vaccination in Thailand. This system provides a robust profile of the epidemiology of influenza viruses in Thailand and has proven useful for public health planning.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand. malinee.c@dmsc.mail.go.th
authors.forename: Malinee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chittaganpitch
authors.forename: Krongkaew
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Supawat
authors.forename: Sonja J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Sunthareeya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waicharoen
authors.forename: Sirima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patthamadilok
authors.forename: Thitipong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yingyong
authors.forename: Lynnette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brammer
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Epperson
authors.forename: Passakorn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akrasewi
authors.forename: Pathom
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sawanpanyalert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014776:Virus Cultivation; D055815:Young Adult
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