title: Long-term association between seizure outcome and depression after resective epilepsy surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored the association between long-term epilepsy surgery outcome and changes in depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults were enrolled between 1996 and 2001 in a multicenter prospective study to evaluate outcomes of resective epilepsy surgery. The extent of depressive symptoms and depression case status (none, mild, or moderate/severe) were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) preoperatively and 3, 12, 24, 48, and 60 months postoperatively. A mixed-model repeated-measures analysis was performed, adjusting for covariates of seizure location, gender, age, race, education, and seizure control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total 373 subjects, 256 were evaluated at baseline and 5 years after surgery. At baseline, 164 (64.1%) were not depressed, 34 (13.3%) were mildly depressed, and 58 (22.7%) had moderate to severe depression. After 5 years, 198 (77.3%) were not depressed, 20 (7.8%) were mildly depressed, and 38 (14.8%) were moderately to severely depressed. Five years after surgery, the reduction in mean change from baseline in BDI score was greater in subjects with excellent seizure control than in the fair and poor seizure control groups (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.02 respectively). Those with good seizure control had a greater reduction in BDI score than the poor seizure control group (p = 0.02) and borderline significant reduction compared with the fair seizure control group (p = 0.055).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although study participants had initial improvement in depressive symptoms, on average, after resective surgery, only patients with good or excellent seizure control had sustained long-term improvement in mood.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 950 Campbell Ave., West Haven, CT 06516-2700, USA. hamada.hamid@yale.edu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Devinsky
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Vickrey
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinnar
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Langfitt
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dziura
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Bazil
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
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