title: High resolution three-dimensional cine phase contrast MRI of small intracranial aneurysms using a stack of stars k-space trajectory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method for targeted volumetric, three directional cine phase contrast (PC) imaging with high spatial resolution in clinically feasible scan times.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hybrid radial-Cartesian k-space trajectory is used for cardiac gated, volumetric imaging with three directional velocity encoding. Imaging times are reduced by radial undersampling and temporal viewsharing. Phase contrast angiograms are displayed in a new approach that addresses the concern of signal drop out in regions of slow flow. The feasibility of the PC stack of stars (SOS) trajectory was demonstrated with an in vivo study capturing 14 small intracranial aneurysms (2-10 mm). Aneurysm measures from six aneurysms also imaged with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were compared with linear regression with those from the PC SOS images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All aneurysms were identified on the phase contrast angiograms. The geometric measures from PC SOS and DSA were in good agreement (linear regression: slope = 0.89, intercept = 0.35, R∧2 = 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC SOS is a promising method for obtaining volumetric angiograms and cine phase contrast velocity measurements in three dimensions. Acquired spatial resolutions of 0.4 × 0.4 × (0.7-1.0) mm make this method especially promising for studying flow in small intracranial aneurysms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. kecskemeti@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kecskemeti
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Yijing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mistretta
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turski
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wieben
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016014:Linear Models; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008536:Meglumine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D009942:Organometallic Compounds
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C064572:gadobenic acid; D008536:Meglumine
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