title: Generation of dyspeptic symptoms by direct acid and water infusion into the stomachs of functional dyspepsia patients and healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms of the development of symptoms in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients have not been fully elucidated. We previously reported that acid directly infused into the stomach causes dyspeptic symptoms in asymptomatic healthy controls (HCs); however, the response to acid infusion of FD patients was not determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the severity of dyspeptic symptoms induced by direct acid infusion in FD subjects and HCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multi-centre, cross-over, randomised, double-blind study in 23 FD subjects and 32 HCs. FD was defined using the Rome III criteria. All subjects were Helicobacter pylori negative. Each subject received two tests; 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and water infused into the stomach. The presence and severity of 12 dyspeptic symptoms were assessed using a visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of subjects developing symptoms by acid or water infusion was significantly greater in FD subjects than HCs. All of the FD subjects experienced at least one symptom by water or acid infusion. In the FD subjects, the severity of symptoms was significantly greater with acid infusion than water infusion. The severity of symptoms in total and the scores for eight of the 12 symptoms induced by acid infusion was significantly greater in FD subjects than in HCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The severity of dyspeptic symptom generation induced by direct acid infusion into the stomach was significantly greater in functional dyspepsia subjects than in healthy controls, suggesting that hypersensitivity to acid is one of the important mechanisms of the development of symptoms in functional dyspepsia patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okugawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watari
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusunoki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haruma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miwa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006851:Hydrochloric Acid