title: Nictitating membrane resection in the horse: a comparison of long-term outcomes using local vs. general anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neoplasia, for which surgical excision is a frequent treatment, is the most common disease of the equine nictitating membrane. There is little long-term follow-up information available to the practitioner regarding the long-term effects of nictitating membrane excision on ocular health. No information is available to compare recurrence of primary neoplasia of the nictitating membrane after excision with local or general anaesthesia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term complications of nictitating membrane resection in horses; recurrence of neoplasia of the nictitating membrane when nictitating membrane resection is performed under local vs. general anaesthesia and if the method of anaesthesia used to permit resection of the affected membrane influences the recurrence of neoplasia of the nictitating membrane after complete nictitating membrane resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 26 horses receiving resection of the nictitating membrane for primary neoplasia of the nictitating membrane 1999-2009 were reviewed. Clinical examination findings, surgical procedure, anaesthesia type, histopathological findings and details of adjunctive treatment were recorded. Owners were contacted via telephone regarding post operative outcomes. Data were analysed using a Fisher's exact test (P<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common long-term complication of nictitating membrane excision was mild ocular discharge. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histopathological diagnosis. Recurrence of neoplasia was uncommon (2/26 horses). No significant difference in the number of horses experiencing recurrence of neoplasia was detected between groups receiving general anaesthesia vs. those receiving local anaesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resection of the nictitating membrane in horses following local anaesthesia is not associated with increased risk of recurrence of neoplasia compared with excision under general anaesthesia. Resection of the nictitating membrane is not associated with any long-term ocular side effects and can be an effective modality for cure of primary neoplasia of the nictitating membrane in selected cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. alabelle@illinois.edu
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Labelle
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Metzler
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wilkie
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005142:Eyelid Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D009541:Nictitating Membrane / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local