title: Home foreclosure and risk of psychiatric morbidity during the recent financial crisis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A defining feature of the US economic downturn of 2008-2010 was the alarming rate of home foreclosure. Although a substantial number of US households have experienced foreclosure since 2008, the effects of foreclosure on mental health are unknown. We examined the effects of foreclosure on psychiatric symptomatology in a prospective, population-based community survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the Detroit Neighborhoods and Health Study (DNHS), waves 1 and 2 (2008-2010). A probability sample of predominantly African-American adults in Detroit, Michigan participated (n=1547). We examined the association between home foreclosure between waves 1 and 2 and increases in symptoms of DSM-IV major depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common reasons for foreclosure were an increase in monthly payments, an increase in non-medical expenses and a reduction in family income. Exposure to foreclosure between waves 1 and 2 predicted symptoms of major depression and GAD at wave 2, controlling for symptoms at wave 1. Even after adjusting for wave 1 symptoms, sociodemographics, lifetime history of psychiatric disorder at wave 1 and exposure to other financial stressors between waves 1 and 2, foreclosure was associated with an increased rate of symptoms of major depression [incidence density ratio (IDR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-3.6] and GAD (IDR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide the first prospective evidence linking foreclosure to the onset of mental health problems. These results, combined with the high rate of home foreclosure since 2008, suggest that the foreclosure crisis may have adverse effects on the mental health of the US population.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. katie.mclaughlin@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nandi
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Koenen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057172:Economic Recession; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006306:Health Surveys; D006798:Housing / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
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