title: Does sleep restore the topology of functional brain networks?
abstract: Previous studies have shown that healthy anatomical as well as functional brain networks have small-world properties and become less optimal with brain disease. During sleep, the functional brain network becomes more small-world-like. Here we test the hypothesis that the functional brain network during wakefulness becomes less optimal after sleep deprivation (SD). Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded five times a day after a night of SD and after a night of normal sleep in eight young healthy subjects, both during eyes-closed and eyes-open resting state. Overall synchronization was determined with the synchronization likelihood (SL) and the phase lag index (PLI). From these coupling strength matrices the normalized clustering coefficient C (a measurement of local clustering) and path length L (a measurement of global integration) were computed. Both measures were normalized by dividing them by their corresponding C-s and L-s values of random control networks. SD reduced alpha band C/C-s and L/L-s and theta band C/C-s during eyes-closed resting state. In contrast, SD increased gamma-band C/C-s and L/L-s during eyes-open resting state. Functional relevance of these changes in network properties was suggested by their association with sleep deprivation-induced performance deficits on a sustained attention simple reaction time task. The findings indicate that SD results in a more random network of alpha-coupling and a more ordered network of gamma-coupling. The present study shows that SD induces frequency-specific changes in the functional network topology of the brain, supporting the idea that sleep plays a role in the maintenance of an optimal functional network.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. marinka.koenis@live.com
authors.forename: Maria M G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Koenis
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Romeijn
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piantoni
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: Ysbrand D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Van der Werf
authors.forename: Eus J W
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Van Someren
authors.forename: Cornelis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Stam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003344:Cortical Synchronization; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012984:Software; D055815:Young Adult
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