title: Study of the influence of psychological factors in the etiology of vocal nodules in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role placed by certain psychological factors such as stress and personality on the development of vocal nodules has not yet been established. The aim of this case-control type study is to analyze the relationship between these psychological factors and the presence of vocal nodules while also considering the professional and social aspects of the subjects suffering from this pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case group is made up of 50 patients diagnosed with vocal nodules and with at least 6 months of evolution. The control group is made up of 50 patients diagnosed with nasal respiratory insufficiency. All the patients were examined by laryngeal stroboscopy. For the personality study, the perceived stress, and the voice use, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, Levenstein Perceived Stress Questionnaire, and Goldman Voice Use Survey were used, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects with vocal nodules presented a mean perceived stress score of 0.41±0.09, which was higher than that of the control group (0.35±0.06), the differences observed being statistically significant (P<0.001). In the personality study (MMPI-2), the only scale that was associated with the presence of the vocal nodules was that of psychomotor acceleration. The mean score obtained for the scale was 51.64±8.25 in the vocal nodule group and 45.02±0.06 in the control group (P<0.001). In the analysis of voice use, the subjects with vocal nodules scored 9.31±1.36, which was significantly higher than the score of the control group (8.07±1.24; P<0.001). In addition, other variables were associated with the presence of vocal nodules, such as being young and working in professions considered to be of vocal risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived stress and personality features of hyperactivity and impulsivity are independent factors related to vocal nodules.
authors.affiliation: General Hospital of Soria, Soria, Spain. mahfud_es@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Uali Abeida
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández Liesa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vallés Varela
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García Campayo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rueda Gormedino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz García
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010551:Personality; D010552:Personality Assessment; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D055815:Young Adult