title: T lymphocyte recruitment into renal cell carcinoma tissue: a role for chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR6, CCR5, and CCR6.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that some patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) respond to immunomodulatory therapies that activate T lymphocytes. A prerequisite for effective T cell therapy is efficient targeting of effector T cells to the tumour site, yet the molecular basis of T cell recruitment to RCC is unknown. Furthermore, some T cells that naturally infiltrate this cancer are regulatory T cells (Tregs) that may suppress antitumour immune responses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the mechanisms of effector and regulatory T cell recruitment to RCC to allow targeted therapy that promotes local anti-tumour immunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumour-infiltrating and peripheral blood T cells were collected from 70 patients undergoing nephrectomy for RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  T cells were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry for expression of 19 chemokine receptors and 7 adhesion molecules. Receptors that were expressed at higher levels on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) compared with matched peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were analysed further for their ability to mediate migration responses in TILs and for expression of corresponding ligands in tumour tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three chemokine receptors-CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6-were significantly overexpressed on TILs compared with matched PBLs (n=16 cases) and were capable of promoting migration in vitro. Their corresponding ligands CCL4-5, CXCL9-11, and CXCL16 were all detected in RCC tissue. However, since they were present in all cases studied, it was not possible to correlate ligand expression with levels of T cell infiltration. Foxp3(+) Tregs were enriched within TILs compared with matched PBLs and expressed high levels of CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6, as well as CCR6, the ligand for which (CCL20) was detectable in RCC tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support a role for CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6 in the selective recruitment of T cells into RCC tissue and, together with CCR6, in the recruitment of Tregs.
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Kimberley A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parsonage
authors.forename: Rupesh I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: D Michael A
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Nayneeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudhri
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000276:immunology*; D054399:Receptors, CCR6 / Q000276:immunology*; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3 / Q000276:immunology*; D000075744:Receptors, CXCR6; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000276:immunology*; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C106311:CCR6 protein, human; C515187:CXCR3 protein, human; C106330:CXCR6 protein, human; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D054399:Receptors, CCR6; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D000075744:Receptors, CXCR6; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D011991:Receptors, Virus