title: An unusual presentation of subcutaneous granuloma annulare in association with juvenile-onset diabetes: case report and literature review.
abstract: Subcutaneous granuloma annulare (SGA) is a rarely reported subtype of granuloma annulare that occurs almost exclusively in children. The etiology of these lesions is unknown, although a possible relationship to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been proposed in the literature. Here we present an unusual case of SGA on the right forearm in a 3-year-old girl. Unlike the typical lesions noted on the extremities, on magnetic resonance imaging her lesions involved the subcutaneous tissue and adjacent muscles in multiple locations. Histopathologically, the case was consistent with SGA but was unusual in its distribution involving multiple muscles, a finding that has not been previously reported. Weeks after incisional biopsy, she was readmitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) secondary to IDDM. After treatment of her DKA and control of her glycemia, the forearm SGA vanished, which supported the pathologic diagnosis and alleviated our concerns secondary to the unusual distribution.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California 94609, USA. aagrawal@mail.cho.org
authors.forename: Anurag K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Bamidele F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Kammen
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donthineni
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000473:pathology; D016460:Granuloma Annulare / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose