title: TRIAD III: nationwide assessment of living wills and do not resuscitate orders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concern exists that living wills are misinterpreted and may result in compromised patient safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adding code status to a living will improves understanding and treatment decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Internet survey was conducted of General Surgery, and Family, Internal, and Emergency Medicine residencies between May and December 2009. The survey posed a fictitious living will with and without additional clarification in the form of code status. An emergent patient care scenario was then presented that included medical history and signs/symptoms. Respondents were asked to assign a code status and choose appropriate intervention. Questions were formatted as dichotomous responses. Correct response rate was based on legal statute. Significance of changes in response due to the addition of either clinical context (past medical history/signs/symptoms) or code status was assessed by contingency table analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred sixty-eight faculty and residents at accredited training centers in 34 states responded. At baseline, 22% denoted "full code" as the code status for a typical living will, and 36% equated "full care" with a code status DNR. Adding clinical context improved correct responses by 21%. Specifying code status further improved correct interpretation by 28% to 34%. Treatment decisions were either improved 12-17% by adding code status ("Full Code," "Hospice Care") or worsened 22% ("DNR").
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Misunderstanding of advance directives is a nationwide problem. Addition of code status may help to resolve the problem. Further research is required to ensure safety, understanding, and appropriate care to patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hamot, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Ferdinando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Mirarchi
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Puller
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kottkamp
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D016224:Living Wills; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D016414:Resuscitation Orders