title: Characterizing the interface between wild ducks and poultry to evaluate the potential of transmission of avian pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Characterizing the interface between wild and domestic animal populations is increasingly recognized as essential in the context of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) that are transmitted by wildlife. More specifically, the spatial and temporal distribution of contact rates between wild and domestic hosts is a key parameter for modeling EIDs transmission dynamics. We integrated satellite telemetry, remote sensing and ground-based surveys to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of indirect contacts between wild and domestic birds to estimate the risk that avian pathogens such as avian influenza and Newcastle viruses will be transmitted between wildlife to poultry. We monitored comb ducks (Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos) with satellite transmitters for seven months in an extensive Afro-tropical wetland (the Inner Niger Delta) in Mali and characterise the spatial distribution of backyard poultry in villages. We modelled the spatial distribution of wild ducks using 250-meter spatial resolution and 8-days temporal resolution remotely-sensed environmental indicators based on a Maxent niche modelling method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show a strong seasonal variation in potential contact rate between wild ducks and poultry. We found that the exposure of poultry to wild birds was greatest at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, when comb ducks disperse from natural water bodies to irrigated areas near villages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides at a local scale a quantitative evidence of the seasonal variability of contact rate between wild and domestic bird populations. It illustrates a GIS-based methodology for estimating epidemiological contact rates at the wildlife and livestock interface integrating high-resolution satellite telemetry and remote sensing data.
authors.affiliation: CIRAD ES, UR Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Montpellier, France. julien.cappelle@cirad.fr
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cappelle
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gaidet
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.forename: John Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Takekawa
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Bouba
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fofana
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000821:virology*; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology*; D001717:Birds; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004372:Ducks / Q000821:virology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008302:Mali; D008954:Models, Biological; D009548:Niger; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011200:Poultry / Q000821:virology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013686:Telemetry
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