title: Metabolite detection of pancreatic carcinoma by in vivo proton MR spectroscopy at 3T: initial results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to identify metabolic features of pancreatic carcinoma by in vivo proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy at 3 Tesla.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy volunteers and 40 patients with pancreatic carcinoma confirmed by histopathology underwent T2-weighted imaging for localisation of the single voxel. Respiration-triggered (1)H MR spectroscopy was used to detect metabolites in normal pancreas and cancerous tissue. All spectral data were processed with SAGE software. Unsuppressed water at 4.7 ppm was used as an internal reference to determine metabolite concentrations. Each ratio among the different peak areas was statistically evaluated between normal pancreas and pancreatic carcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following five groups of spectra were detected: unsaturated fatty acids (-CH = CH-) at 5.4 ppm; residual water at 4.7 ppm; choline metabolites at 3.2 ppm; unsaturated fatty acids (-CH2-CH = CH-) or a combination of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), glutamine, glutamate, macromolecules and unsaturated fatty acids (-CH2-CH = CH-) at 2.0 ppm and lipids at 1.3 ppm. Ratio of lipids to unsuppressed water in normal pancreas was statistically greater than that in pancreatic cancer (p=0.004). Ratio of choline to unsuppressed water in normal pancreas was statistically greater than that in pancreatic cancer (p=0.0001). Ratio of fatty acids (-CH = CH-) to lipids in normal pancreas was statistically lower than that in pancreatic cancer (p=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with normal pancreas, pancreatic carcinoma has a higher ratio of fatty acids (-CH = CH-) to lipids and lower ratios of lipids to unsuppressed water and choline to unsuppressed water at 3T.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University and Department of Medical Image, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004151:Dipeptides; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005973:Glutamine; C027172:isospaglumic acid; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D002794:Choline
references.citation: J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005 Mar-Apr;29(2):163-9
references.pmid: 15772531
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Jan;19(1):68-75
references.pmid: 14696222
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2002 Aug;48(2):215-22
references.pmid: 12210929
references.citation: Neuroradiology. 2002 May;44(5):371-81
references.pmid: 12012120
references.citation: Annu Rev Nutr. 1994;14:269-96
references.pmid: 7946521
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2001 Oct;22(5):565-604
references.pmid: 11588141
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2005 Mar;92(5):1116-25
references.pmid: 15715662
references.citation: Br J Neurosurg. 2002 Aug;16(4):329-34
references.pmid: 12389884
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res. 2001;3(1):36-40
references.pmid: 11250743
references.citation: Radiographics. 2007 Sep-Oct;27(5):1445-62; discussion 1462-4
references.pmid: 17848702
references.citation: Radiology. 2001 Jul;220(1):40-6
references.pmid: 11425970
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2003 Mar;270(5):991-9
references.pmid: 12603332
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1998 Jan;39(1):53-60
references.pmid: 9438437
references.citation: Radiology. 1999 Nov;213(2):473-80
references.pmid: 10551229
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2000 Apr;43(4):393-410
references.pmid: 10819232
references.citation: Radiology. 1996 Mar;198(3):795-805
references.pmid: 8628874
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2007 Mar;17(3):638-49
references.pmid: 17021700
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2007 Nov;98(11):1678-82
references.pmid: 17727683
references.citation: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2005;7:287-326
references.pmid: 16004573
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1997 Apr 15;57(8):1452-9
references.pmid: 9108445
references.citation: Magn Reson Q. 1994 Dec;10(4):191-247
references.pmid: 7873353
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Feb;49(2):223-32
references.pmid: 12541241
references.citation: Radiology. 2002 Mar;222(3):715-21
references.pmid: 11867790
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2007 Jan 15;120(2):224-9
references.pmid: 17044016
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2007 Jul;17(7):1651-62
references.pmid: 17235536
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1999 Dec;117(6):1463-84
references.pmid: 10579988
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2006 Mar-Apr;56(2):106-30
references.pmid: 16514137
references.citation: Bioessays. 2002 Aug;24(8):749-57
references.pmid: 12210536
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Sep;50(3):461-7
references.pmid: 12939752
references.citation: Radiology. 1998 Oct;209(1):269-75
references.pmid: 9769842
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 1998 Nov;135(1):260-4
references.pmid: 9799704
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2006 Jun 16;26(1):76-90
references.pmid: 16609143