title: What works to meet the sexual and reproductive health needs of women living with HIV/AIDS.
abstract: It is critical to include a sexual and reproductive health lens in HIV programming as most HIV transmission occurs through sexual intercourse. As global attention is focusing on the sexual and reproductive health needs of women living with HIV, identifying which interventions work becomes vitally important. What evidence exists to support sexual and reproductive health programming related to HIV programmes?This article reviews the evidence of what works to meet the sexual and reproductive health needs of women living with HIV in developing countries and includes 35 studies and evaluations of eight general interventions using various methods of implementation science from 15 countries. Data are primarily from 2000-2009. Searches to identify effective evaluations used SCOPUS, Popline, Medline, websites and consultations with experts. Evidence was ranked using the Gray Scale.A range of successful and promising interventions to improve the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women living with HIV include: providing contraceptives and family planning counselling as part of HIV services; ensuring early postpartum visits providing family planning and HIV information and services; providing youth-friendly services; supporting information and skills building; supporting disclosure; providing cervical cancer screening; and promoting condom use for dual protection against pregnancy and HIV. Provision of antiretrovirals can also increase protective behaviours, including condom use.While many gaps in programming and research remain, much can be done now to operationalize evidence-based effective interventions to meet the sexual and reproductive health needs of women living with HIV.
authors.affiliation: J. Gay and Associates, LLC, 7218 Spruce Avenue, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USA.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.affiliation: Futures Group, 1 Thomas Circle, Ste 200, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hardee
authors.affiliation: Artemis Global Consulting, 30 Hillcrest Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Croce-Galis
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission*; D003906:Developing Countries; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006298:Health Services Administration; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D060728:Reproductive Health
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Jul 17;23(11):1397-404
references.pmid: 19381076
references.citation: AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):85-92
references.pmid: 16327323
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2011 May;15(4):778-87
references.pmid: 21082338
references.citation: Lancet. 2008 Aug 30;372(9640):764-75
references.pmid: 18687460
references.citation: AIDS. 2006 Jan 9;20(2):143-57
references.pmid: 16511407
references.citation: J Urban Health. 2005 Sep;82(3 Suppl 4):iv92-100
references.pmid: 16107445
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 11;365(6):493-505
references.pmid: 21767103
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Apr 15;41(5):642-50
references.pmid: 16652039
references.citation: BMC Cancer. 2006 May 23;6:135
references.pmid: 16719902
references.citation: AIDS Care. 2007 Jul;19(6):707-20
references.pmid: 17573590
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Nov 02;4(11):e7691
references.pmid: 19888347
references.citation: AIDS. 2010 Jul 17;24(11):1778-81
references.pmid: 20588106
references.citation: J Int AIDS Soc. 2010 Jul 19;13:26
references.pmid: 20642843
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Mar 27;23(6):N1-5
references.pmid: 19279439
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Nov;23 Suppl 1:S97-S103
references.pmid: 20081394
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2007 Dec;12(12):1484-9
references.pmid: 18076556
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Feb 1;50(2):215-22
references.pmid: 19131885
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Aug 19;101(16):1120-30
references.pmid: 19648510
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;45(3):360-9
references.pmid: 17599316
references.citation: Int J STD AIDS. 2008 Feb;19(2):85-9
references.pmid: 18334059
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Nov;23 Suppl 1:S115-21
references.pmid: 20081383
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2006;938:1-13; discussion 317-41
references.pmid: 16921915
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011 Feb 1;56(2):125-30
references.pmid: 21068673
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011 Mar 1;56(3):199-203
references.pmid: 21239991
references.citation: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007 Oct;16(8):1200-10
references.pmid: 17937573
references.citation: AIDS Care. 2011 Mar;23(3):303-14
references.pmid: 21347893
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Jan;34(1):25-9
references.pmid: 16691159
references.citation: AIDS. 2001 Jan 5;15(1):87-96
references.pmid: 11192872
references.citation: Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6 Suppl):S51-4
references.pmid: 17531617
references.citation: Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;12(1):19-26
references.pmid: 21975269
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Nov;23 Suppl 1:S89-95
references.pmid: 20081393
references.citation: J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2009 Mar-Apr;20(2):92-109
references.pmid: 19286122
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2009 Nov;87(11):833-9
references.pmid: 20072768
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2008 Jun 17;5(6):e132
references.pmid: 18563963
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Nov;23 Suppl 1:S123-30
references.pmid: 20081384
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Nov;23 Suppl 1:S55-67
references.pmid: 20081389
references.citation: Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2009 Apr;57(2):77-86
references.pmid: 19304422
references.citation: J Biosoc Sci. 2009 Mar;41(2):269-78
references.pmid: 18847526
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):17-20
references.pmid: 18290997
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2009 Feb;99(2):340-7
references.pmid: 19059862
references.citation: AIDS Behav. 2010 Aug;14(4):816-23
references.pmid: 18949550
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Nov;23 Suppl 1:S69-77
references.pmid: 20081390
references.citation: Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):24-30
references.pmid: 19341520
references.citation: AIDS Care. 2008 Jan;20(1):21-5
references.pmid: 18278611
references.citation: Sex Transm Infect. 2008 Oct;84 Suppl 2:ii49-53
references.pmid: 18799493
references.citation: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2005 Nov;19(11):760-8
references.pmid: 16283836
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 15;45(4):510-3
references.pmid: 17638204
references.citation: Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;12(1):2-3
references.pmid: 21975268