title: Leveraging state immunization information systems to measure the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electronic immunization information systems (IISs) are now established in almost all US states. We used the IIS in Minnesota, Georgia, and Connecticut for immunization data and as the source of 1 of 2 control groups to measure pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) effectiveness (VE) using case-control methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-subjects were vaccine-eligible children who presented to 1 of 5 hospitals or emergency departments with gastroenteritis and had rotavirus antigen detected in stool during any of 3 rotavirus seasons (2007-2009). Two control groups were used: children with gastroenteritis who tested negative for rotavirus and children from the IIS matched by zip code and birth date. In Minnesota and Georgia, immunization records for rotavirus-positive and -negative children were also obtained from providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 402 (96%) rotavirus case-subjects and 825 (97%) rotavirus-negative controls who met eligibility criteria were found in the IISs. Ten IIS controls were identified for each case. VE estimates for RV5 were similar across control groups, immunization data sources, and states. VE point estimates for 3 vs 0 doses were 89% to 94% among children aged 8 months or older and 86% to 92% among those aged 24 months or older. VE for 2 doses was ≥90% among children aged 8 months or older, and VE for 1 dose was 66% among those aged 6 weeks through 5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three RV5 doses confer sustained protection against rotavirus disease during the first 3 years of life in US children. Two RV5 doses also seem to provide good protection. IISs can be valuable tools for assessing the effectiveness of vaccines administered to young children.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. mcortese@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jerris
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stinchfield
authors.forename: Kenan L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meek
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Odofin
authors.forename: Saadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khizer
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Buttery
authors.forename: Slavica
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mijatovic-Rustempasic
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Umesh D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Parashar
authors.forename: Lilly Cheng
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Immergluck
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003237:Connecticut; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007256:Information Systems; D008910:Minnesota; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines
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