title: Pericardial delayed hyperenhancement with CMR imaging in patients with constrictive pericarditis undergoing surgical pericardiectomy: a case series with histopathological correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and histopathologic correlates of pericardial delayed hyperenhancement (DHE) seen with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) among patients with constrictive pericarditis (CP) undergoing pericardiectomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Constrictive pericarditis patients studied by CMR will occasionally demonstrate pericardial DHE following gadolinium contrast administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 25 CP patients who underwent pericardiectomy following CMR-gadolinium study. We also assessed 10 control subjects with no evidence of pericardial disease referred for cardiac viability imaging. A novel 14-segment pericardial model was used to determine pericardial DHE score and thickness score. Histopathology of pericardial specimens was reviewed and evaluated semiquantitatively on a 4-point scale for the extent of calcification, fibrosis, inflammation, and neovascularization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DHE was present in 12 (48%) CP patients (DHE+ group), and absent in 13 CP patients (DHE- group) and all control patients. The DHE+ group had greater fibroblastic proliferation and neovascularization, as well as more prominent chronic inflammation and granulation tissue. Fibroblastic proliferation and chronic inflammation correlated with DHE presence quantitated by DHE score (Spearman r = 0.578, p < 0.002, and r = 0.590, p < 0.002, respectively), but not with pericardial thickness. Segmental analysis demonstrated no significant difference in the percentage of patients with different pericardial segmental thickness; however, overall, in each segment, the DHE+ group tended to have greater pericardial thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of pericardial DHE on CMR is common in patients with CP, and its presence is associated with histological features of organizing pericarditis, which may be a target for future focused pharmacological interventions. Patients with CP without pericardial DHE had more pericardial fibrosis and calcification, as well as lesser degrees of pericardial thickening.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Zurick
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bolen
authors.forename: Deborah H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Carmela D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Zoran B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: Jeevanantham
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajeswaran
authors.forename: E Rene
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Flamm
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003287:Contrast Media; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015588:Observer Variation; D009820:Ohio; D010492:Pericardiectomy; D010494:Pericarditis, Constrictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010496:Pericardium / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA