title: High-value components and bioactives from sea cucumbers for functional foods--a review.
abstract: Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as bêche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids. This review is mainly designed to cover the high-value components and bioactives as well as the multiple biological and therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with regard to exploring their potential uses for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bordbar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farooq
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nazamid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saari
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048016:Cucumaria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005398:Fisheries; D047332:Holothuria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis; D047528:Stichopus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents
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