title: Transcriptional regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: transcription factor regulation and function, mechanisms of initiation, and roles of activators and coactivators.
abstract: Here we review recent advances in understanding the regulation of mRNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many fundamental gene regulatory mechanisms have been conserved in all eukaryotes, and budding yeast has been at the forefront in the discovery and dissection of these conserved mechanisms. Topics covered include upstream activation sequence and promoter structure, transcription factor classification, and examples of regulated transcription factor activity. We also examine advances in understanding the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery, conserved coactivator complexes, transcription activation domains, and the cooperation of these factors in gene regulatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. shahn@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Elton T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Aug;24(15):6871-86
references.pmid: 15254252
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):707-19
references.pmid: 17320508
references.citation: Cell. 1988 Jan 29;52(2):169-78
references.pmid: 2830022
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;20(23):8709-19
references.pmid: 11073972
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Apr;12(4):1719-27
references.pmid: 1549123
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jul;36(12):3993-4008
references.pmid: 18515835
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 28;106(17):6956-61
references.pmid: 19365074
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(17):5851-60
references.pmid: 17720707
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2005 Jul;30(7):405-12
references.pmid: 15950477
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Feb 22;108(4):475-87
references.pmid: 11909519
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;15(12):7059-66
references.pmid: 8524273
references.citation: Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1876-82
references.pmid: 11313499
references.citation: Science. 2007 Aug 10;317(5839):815-9
references.pmid: 17690298
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Aug 11;15(15):6243-59
references.pmid: 2442725
references.citation: Cell. 1998 Jul 24;94(2):239-49
references.pmid: 9695952
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2006;75:271-94
references.pmid: 16756493
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1996 May;16(5):2504-8
references.pmid: 8628318
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1993;58:213-23
references.pmid: 7956032
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2010 Mar 09;8(3):e1000329
references.pmid: 20231876
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2002 Aug;26(3):223-38
references.pmid: 12165425
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8548-53
references.pmid: 12084916
references.citation: Genetics. 1993 Apr;133(4):775-84
references.pmid: 8462841
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Nov 18;123(4):581-92
references.pmid: 16286007
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2002 Aug;10(2):409-15
references.pmid: 12191485
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;109(3):983-9
references.pmid: 2670959
references.citation: Cell. 1987 Jul 3;50(1):143-6
references.pmid: 3297350
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 29;92(18):8224-8
references.pmid: 7667272
references.citation: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2000 Apr;3(2):126-31
references.pmid: 10745000
references.citation: Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Dec;236(1):65-75
references.pmid: 1494352
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D562-71
references.pmid: 17947331
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Sep 10;461(7261):186-92
references.pmid: 19741698
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Jun;17(6):753-60
references.pmid: 20453859
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 5;92(25):11864-8
references.pmid: 8524864
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Sep 21;106(6):697-708
references.pmid: 11572776
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2002 Aug;10(2):227-36
references.pmid: 12191469
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 May;24(10):4104-17
references.pmid: 15121833
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Mar;16(3):753-61
references.pmid: 8622676
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1998 May;18(5):2884-91
references.pmid: 9566907
references.citation: Cell. 1995 May 5;81(3):359-68
references.pmid: 7736588
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2004 Apr;3(2):339-47
references.pmid: 15075264
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 3;104(14):5812-7
references.pmid: 17392431
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 28;278(48):47441-8
references.pmid: 14500708
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jun;28(12):3883-93
references.pmid: 18426909
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Oct 25;102(43):15412-7
references.pmid: 16234232
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Jan 9;116(1):75-86
references.pmid: 14718168
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Apr;12(4):1507-14
references.pmid: 1549108
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2009 Sep;10(9):973-82
references.pmid: 19680288
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2009 Jun 1;23(11):1351-63
references.pmid: 19487574
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2004 May 1;18(9):1022-34
references.pmid: 15132995
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Mar;15(3):1220-33
references.pmid: 7862116
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 31;274(53):37575-82
references.pmid: 10608811
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Jan 1;34(Database issue):D446-51
references.pmid: 16381908
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2009 Mar 27;33(6):752-62
references.pmid: 19328068
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jan;16(1):347-58
references.pmid: 8524314
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1998;63:181-8
references.pmid: 10384282
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Oct 20;24(2):293-300
references.pmid: 17052462
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 7;357(4):1167-83
references.pmid: 16483601
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Nov;30(22):5273-83
references.pmid: 20855531
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2001 Apr 15;15(8):1007-20
references.pmid: 11316794
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 21;103(47):17846-51
references.pmid: 17101987
references.citation: EMBO J. 1997 Dec 15;16(24):7468-80
references.pmid: 9405375
references.citation: Genetics. 1994 Mar;136(3):781-8
references.pmid: 8005433
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Apr;19(4):556-66
references.pmid: 19158363
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 1997 Mar;22(3):93-7
references.pmid: 9066259
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Feb;25(3):1173-82
references.pmid: 15657442
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 May 19;33(9):2838-51
references.pmid: 15905473
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(15):5367-79
references.pmid: 12101232
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2008 Dec;4(12):e1000243
references.pmid: 19096501
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2010 Jan 29;395(4):686-704
references.pmid: 19895816
references.citation: Nature. 1991 Apr 4;350(6317):436-8
references.pmid: 2011193
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 2;285(14):10703-14
references.pmid: 20139423
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 16;2(6):e70
references.pmid: 16789814
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 9;273(41):26559-65
references.pmid: 9756893
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 28;283(48):33101-9
references.pmid: 18826948
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2008 Dec;7(12):2061-8
references.pmid: 18952899
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Jul;4(7):1393-401
references.pmid: 6095068
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Jul 7;334(6177):37-42
references.pmid: 3290687
references.citation: Science. 1996 Nov 8;274(5289):948-53
references.pmid: 8875929
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Oct 11;32(18):5379-91
references.pmid: 15477388
references.citation: Genetics. 2000 Aug;155(4):1535-42
references.pmid: 10924455
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2001 Nov 1;15(21):2786-96
references.pmid: 11691830
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2003 May;11(5):1301-9
references.pmid: 12769853
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2010 May;30(10):2376-90
references.pmid: 20308326
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Mar;25(6):2138-46
references.pmid: 15743812
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Oct;13(10):895-901
references.pmid: 16964259
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 28;101(52):18069-74
references.pmid: 15604142
references.citation: Cell. 1991 Aug 9;66(3):563-76
references.pmid: 1907890
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2002 Feb 20;513(1):53-7
references.pmid: 11911880
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Jul;18(7):3819-28
references.pmid: 9632766
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 30;285(18):13850-62
references.pmid: 20177068
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 Aug 19;19(4):511-22
references.pmid: 16109375
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 26;276(43):40254-62
references.pmid: 11509572
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Jul 23;15(2):199-208
references.pmid: 15260971
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2004 Oct;5(10):953-7
references.pmid: 15459746
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1996 May;16(5):2518-26
references.pmid: 8628320
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Sep 15;3(9):e3213
references.pmid: 18791642
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Jun 15;25(12):2464-9
references.pmid: 9171100
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2000 Jul;25(7):325-30
references.pmid: 10871883
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Sep;29(17):4852-63
references.pmid: 19581288
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Apr;17(4):1848-59
references.pmid: 9121433
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1997 Jul 1;11(13):1640-50
references.pmid: 9224714
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Feb 19;457(7232):1033-7
references.pmid: 19169243
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2005 May;30(5):250-5
references.pmid: 15896743
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 24;101(8):2339-44
references.pmid: 14983011
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Aug;8(8):3439-47
references.pmid: 3062381
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 1;277(9):7002-9
references.pmid: 11748218
references.citation: Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):482-4
references.pmid: 15486299
references.citation: Nature. 2003 May 15;423(6937):241-54
references.pmid: 12748633
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Feb;13(2):117-20
references.pmid: 16429153
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Sep 10;461(7261):193-8
references.pmid: 19741699
references.citation: Cell. 1987 Jul 3;50(1):137-42
references.pmid: 3297349
references.citation: Annu Rev Biophys. 2008;37:337-52
references.pmid: 18573085
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2008 Dec 23;6(12):2928-39
references.pmid: 19108605
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2000 May;11(5):1739-51
references.pmid: 10793148
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1999 Jan 1;13(1):49-63
references.pmid: 9887099
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Jul;20(14):5140-8
references.pmid: 10866670
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2004 Mar 1;20(4):569-75
references.pmid: 14990453
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2004 Feb 1;18(3):333-43
references.pmid: 14871930
references.citation: Genetics. 2007 Dec;177(4):2007-17
references.pmid: 18073420
references.citation: Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2333-7
references.pmid: 11423663
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Mar 29;446(7135):572-6
references.pmid: 17392789
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5271-6
references.pmid: 11959977
references.citation: EMBO J. 2007 Oct 17;26(20):4324-34
references.pmid: 17898805
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 6;275(40):30886-93
references.pmid: 10906145
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;8(4):284-95
references.pmid: 17380162
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8419-23
references.pmid: 3909145
references.citation: Genetics. 2008 May;179(1):331-43
references.pmid: 18458105
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 May 14;285(20):15489-15499
references.pmid: 20189987
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):185-8
references.pmid: 8774886
references.citation: EMBO J. 2003 Oct 1;22(19):5147-53
references.pmid: 14517252
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Feb;25(3):1162-72
references.pmid: 15657441
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 26;274(9):5895-900
references.pmid: 10026213
references.citation: Science. 1993 Aug 13;261(5123):909-11
references.pmid: 8346441
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2007 May;6(5):786-96
references.pmid: 17351075
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 26;105(8):2934-9
references.pmid: 18287073
references.citation: Int Rev Cytol. 2003;224:111-71
references.pmid: 12722950
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2010 Mar 15;339(2):225-9
references.pmid: 19682982
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5029
references.pmid: 19343176
references.citation: Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 2003;73:251-79
references.pmid: 12882520
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Feb 1;19(3):400-9
references.pmid: 10654939
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1995 Dec 1;9(23):2903-10
references.pmid: 7498787
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2003 May;23(10):3468-76
references.pmid: 12724405
references.citation: EMBO J. 1993 Jun;12(6):2431-7
references.pmid: 8508768
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 19;102(16):5749-54
references.pmid: 15817685
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Jul 17;19(14):3704-13
references.pmid: 10899124
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;6(12):4763-6
references.pmid: 3099172
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):4391-9
references.pmid: 8321238
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2000 Jun;12(3):355-60
references.pmid: 10801461
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Dec 27;87(7):1261-70
references.pmid: 8980232
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 28;282(52):37308-15
references.pmid: 17974563
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2004 May;11(5):394-403
references.pmid: 15114340
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2010 Jun;11(6):426-37
references.pmid: 20421872
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5367-72
references.pmid: 11959990
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(1):59-75
references.pmid: 20805245
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jan 15;31(2):532-50
references.pmid: 12527760
references.citation: Genetics. 2007 Mar;175(3):1127-35
references.pmid: 17237508
references.citation: EMBO J. 1988 Jul;7(7):2221-8
references.pmid: 3046934
references.citation: C R Biol. 2005 Sep;328(9):773-82
references.pmid: 16168358
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2002 Nov;46(3):781-9
references.pmid: 12410835
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2003 Mar;67(1):1-15, table of contents
references.pmid: 12626680
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Jun;62(2):465-503
references.pmid: 9618449
references.citation: Science. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1845-8
references.pmid: 19056941
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Jun;24(12):5249-56
references.pmid: 15169889
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 11;277(41):38095-103
references.pmid: 12167649
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Jan;22(2):505-16
references.pmid: 11756546
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2009 Aug 15;8(16):2557-64
references.pmid: 19597342
references.citation: EMBO J. 1999 Sep 15;18(18):5108-19
references.pmid: 10487762
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 May 26;281(21):14787-95
references.pmid: 16540468
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2009 Nov 25;36(4):541-6
references.pmid: 19941815
references.citation: Cell. 1997 May 2;89(3):365-71
references.pmid: 9150136
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2005;59:407-50
references.pmid: 16153175
references.citation: Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2003 Feb;13(1):31-9
references.pmid: 12581657
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2010 Jun;35(6):315-22
references.pmid: 20299225
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2004 Aug;36(8):900-5
references.pmid: 15247917
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Aug 18;334(6183):631-3
references.pmid: 3165494
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Nov;3(11):e215
references.pmid: 17997593
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):5040-2
references.pmid: 3062378
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Nov;37(21):6991-7001
references.pmid: 19767613
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2008 Apr 1;22(7):872-7
references.pmid: 18381891
references.citation: Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):983-8
references.pmid: 14963322
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 8;277(10):7989-95
references.pmid: 11773077
references.citation: Science. 1997 Aug 29;277(5330):1310-3
references.pmid: 9271577
references.citation: Cell. 1994 Dec 16;79(6):1103-9
references.pmid: 8001136
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 Oct;39(10):1235-44
references.pmid: 17873876
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 10;284(28):18565-9
references.pmid: 19363031
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2002 May;13(5):1709-21
references.pmid: 12006664
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Dec;22(24):8774-86
references.pmid: 12446794
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Apr 9;14(1):1-15
references.pmid: 15068799
references.citation: Cell. 1998 Sep 4;94(5):573-83
references.pmid: 9741622
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 2;274(27):19017-24
references.pmid: 10383402
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Sep 28;443(7110):415-20
references.pmid: 17006507
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009 Feb;21(1):127-33
references.pmid: 19181512
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2005 May;30(5):240-4
references.pmid: 15896741
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Mar 1;21(5):1101-11
references.pmid: 11867538
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2000 Apr 15;14(8):951-62
references.pmid: 10783167
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Jul 25;31(2):201-11
references.pmid: 18657503
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2001 Sep 15;15(18):2445-56
references.pmid: 11562353
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2002 Mar 15;16(6):673-5
references.pmid: 11963920
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Apr 1;28(7):1499-505
references.pmid: 10710415
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 May 13;18(4):399-402
references.pmid: 15893723
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10966-70
references.pmid: 1961765
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Mar 5;116(5):699-709
references.pmid: 15006352
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2010 May;27(5):1035-43
references.pmid: 20026480
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Feb;13(2):1069-77
references.pmid: 8423776
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Jan;14(1):629-40
references.pmid: 8264631
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;24(4):1721-35
references.pmid: 14749387
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;25(13):5626-38
references.pmid: 15964818
references.citation: Cell. 1993 Jul 2;73(7):1361-75
references.pmid: 8324825
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):626-30
references.pmid: 15961632
references.citation: Cell. 1986 Sep 12;46(6):885-94
references.pmid: 3530496
references.citation: Yeast. 2006 Feb;23(3):159-71
references.pmid: 16498703
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2002 Jul 23;12(14):1240-4
references.pmid: 12176335
references.citation: Adv Protein Chem. 2004;67:67-92
references.pmid: 14969724
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):2668-73
references.pmid: 10077568
references.citation: EMBO J. 1986 Oct;5(10):2689-96
references.pmid: 3536481
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2008 Jun;10(6):707-15
references.pmid: 18488019
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 May 19;281(20):14119-28
references.pmid: 16571719
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Jun 10;399(6736):609-13
references.pmid: 10376605
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 10;99(25):16144-9
references.pmid: 12446845
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 19;282(3):1534-8
references.pmid: 17121853
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2004;5(9):R62
references.pmid: 15345046
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2004 Sep 21;14(18):1675-9
references.pmid: 15380071
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Nov;22(21):7365-71
references.pmid: 12370284
references.citation: Cell. 1984 Dec;39(3 Pt 2):675-82
references.pmid: 6096019
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Feb;9(2):85-98
references.pmid: 21233849
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1998 Dec;2(6):863-7
references.pmid: 9885573
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Oct 20;335(6192):683-9
references.pmid: 3050531
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Jan 4;409(6816):109-13
references.pmid: 11343124
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Apr 21;22(2):179-92
references.pmid: 16630888
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2010 May 11;20(9):868-71
references.pmid: 20417106
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1999 Dec 15;13(24):3217-30
references.pmid: 10617571
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jul 5;273(2):584-91
references.pmid: 10873649
references.citation: Cell. 2003 Nov 14;115(4):389-99
references.pmid: 14622594
references.citation: Cell. 1989 Feb 24;56(4):549-61
references.pmid: 2917366
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Feb 3;21(3):319-30
references.pmid: 16455487
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Jul;66(13):2123-34
references.pmid: 19308322
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):1868-76
references.pmid: 3290644
references.citation: Genetics. 1994 Jul;137(3):647-57
references.pmid: 8088510
references.citation: Structure. 2009 Feb 13;17(2):202-10
references.pmid: 19217391
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):42003-10
references.pmid: 11555651
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Feb;11(2):1161-6
references.pmid: 1990272
references.citation: Nature. 1994 Oct 6;371(6497):523-7
references.pmid: 7935765
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2000;1(1):REVIEWS001
references.pmid: 11104519
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Aug;20(16):5847-57
references.pmid: 10913168
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Jan;20(2):634-47
references.pmid: 10611242
references.citation: Nature. 1983 Aug 18-24;304(5927):652-4
references.pmid: 6348555
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;24(24):10975-85
references.pmid: 15572698
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):18171-8
references.pmid: 15710619
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Jan 18;29(1):81-91
references.pmid: 18206971
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Dec;62(5):1433-46
references.pmid: 17121596
references.citation: Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):71-6
references.pmid: 12775844
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Jun 4;14(5):553-7
references.pmid: 15175151
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Jun 8;405(6787):701-4
references.pmid: 10864329
references.citation: Nature. 1997 Apr 10;386(6625):569-77
references.pmid: 9121580
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Feb 13;284(7):4422-8
references.pmid: 19056732
references.citation: Cell. 1992 Jul 24;70(2):251-65
references.pmid: 1638630
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 24;275(12):8397-403
references.pmid: 10722672
references.citation: EMBO J. 2009 Jan 7;28(1):69-80
references.pmid: 19057509
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Oct;14(10):6411-8
references.pmid: 7935367
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Oct;25(20):9092-102
references.pmid: 16199885
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2003 Oct;12(4):983-90
references.pmid: 14580348
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Jan;14(1):501-8
references.pmid: 8264619
references.citation: Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1344-9
references.pmid: 18451266
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1994 Dec 1;8(23):2868-78
references.pmid: 7995524
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Oct;15(10):5757-61
references.pmid: 7565728
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 Dec;39(12):1512-6
references.pmid: 17994019
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2010 Jan 29;395(4):671-85
references.pmid: 19895820
references.citation: Nature. 1993 Oct 7;365(6446):520-7
references.pmid: 8413605
references.citation: Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):793-805
references.pmid: 2201452
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48(38):7021-4
references.pmid: 19681084
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2011 Dec 23;44(6):942-53
references.pmid: 22195967
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;12(11):4981-7
references.pmid: 1406674
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Dec 8;24(5):735-746
references.pmid: 17157256
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1980 Dec 25;255(24):11992-6
references.pmid: 7440580
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1999 Nov 15;13(22):2940-5
references.pmid: 10580001
references.citation: EMBO J. 1995 Jun 1;14(11):2570-9
references.pmid: 7781610
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2003;72:449-79
references.pmid: 12651739
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 11;278(28):26146-58
references.pmid: 12676948
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2003 Aug;12(2):437-47
references.pmid: 14536083
references.citation: Cell. 1998 Nov 25;95(5):717-28
references.pmid: 9845373
references.citation: Oncogene. 2007 Aug 13;26(37):5329-40
references.pmid: 17694076
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 8;103(32):12045-50
references.pmid: 16880382
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2008 Nov 15;22(22):3184-95
references.pmid: 19056896
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 6;101(14):4776-80
references.pmid: 15037753
references.citation: EMBO J. 1994 Jun 1;13(11):2617-24
references.pmid: 8013461
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Aug;17(8):4718-29
references.pmid: 9234728
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 Apr 29;18(3):369-78
references.pmid: 15866178
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Feb 1;21(3):456-69
references.pmid: 19940020
references.citation: Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1058-62
references.pmid: 11834832
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Apr 22;464(7292):1187-91
references.pmid: 20237471
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2000 Jan 15;14(2):142-6
references.pmid: 10702024
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2001 Aug 1;15(15):1946-56
references.pmid: 11485989
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 25;279(26):27607-12
references.pmid: 15102838
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Apr 27;374(6525):820-2
references.pmid: 7723828
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Jan 16;3(1):e1436
references.pmid: 18197247
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Jul;21(14):4427-40
references.pmid: 11416123
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Aug 22;90(4):615-24
references.pmid: 9288742
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 24;273(30):18974-8
references.pmid: 9668076
references.citation: EMBO J. 2010 Feb 17;29(4):706-16
references.pmid: 20033062
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Feb 12;391(6668):660-6
references.pmid: 9490409
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2008 Sep;25(9):1863-75
references.pmid: 18573843
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jun;28(11):3757-66
references.pmid: 18362165
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2010 Aug 27;39(4):583-94
references.pmid: 20797630
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1997 May;17(5):2669-78
references.pmid: 9111337
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Feb;22(3):693-703
references.pmid: 11784848
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2005 Aug;57(3):834-46
references.pmid: 16045625
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 May;25(9):3461-74
references.pmid: 15831453
references.citation: Genetics. 2009 Jul;182(3):735-45
references.pmid: 19398770
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 May-Jun;41(3):105-78
references.pmid: 16858867
references.citation: Cell. 1988 Nov 4;55(3):443-6
references.pmid: 3180218
references.citation: Protein Sci. 1997 Nov;6(11):2359-64
references.pmid: 9385638
references.citation: Structure. 2009 Apr 15;17(4):559-67
references.pmid: 19368889
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 27;273(48):32080-7
references.pmid: 9822683
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Jan 1;24(1):238-41
references.pmid: 8594589
references.citation: Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1244-8
references.pmid: 10818000
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Nov 25;402(6760):418-21
references.pmid: 10586882
references.citation: Cell. 1988 Jan 29;52(2):161-7
references.pmid: 2830021
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;28(1):108-21
references.pmid: 17967894
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Apr 30;141(3):407-18
references.pmid: 20434983
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1998 May 15;12(10):1398-408
references.pmid: 9585500
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 4;283(27):18473-7
references.pmid: 18442971
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 27;281(43):32909-21
references.pmid: 16926161
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2004 Jul;11(7):664-71
references.pmid: 15195149
references.citation: FASEB J. 2010 Feb;24(2):346-56
references.pmid: 19762556
references.citation: Science. 2010 Jan 15;327(5963):335-8
references.pmid: 20007866
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D132-6
references.pmid: 18032429
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):6000-13
references.pmid: 12138208
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Sep;18(9):5121-7
references.pmid: 9710596
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2000 Oct 27;484(1):48-54
references.pmid: 11056220
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Aug 15;268(23):17554-8
references.pmid: 8349634
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Nov;15(11):6109-17
references.pmid: 7565763
references.citation: EMBO J. 1998 Jul 15;17(14):4086-91
references.pmid: 9670023
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Mar;17(3):273-9
references.pmid: 20154708
references.citation: Genetics. 2007 Sep;177(1):151-66
references.pmid: 17660562
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Jan 25;23(2):230-7
references.pmid: 7862526
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Jul;13(7):603-10
references.pmid: 16819517
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Feb;17(2):194-201
references.pmid: 20098423
references.citation: EMBO J. 2006 Aug 23;25(16):3791-800
references.pmid: 16888622
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 1;272(31):19383-92
references.pmid: 9235937
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 1999 Jul;1(3):E66-7
references.pmid: 10559913
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2002 Oct 29;12(21):1828-32
references.pmid: 12419182
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2006 Sep;70(3):583-604
references.pmid: 16959962
references.citation: Protein Pept Lett. 2009;16(6):642-9
references.pmid: 19519523
references.citation: Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):755-8
references.pmid: 11934987
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Jan 25;18(2):291-8
references.pmid: 2183176
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 22;285(4):2438-55
references.pmid: 19940160
references.citation: Science. 1992 Jan 24;255(5043):450-3
references.pmid: 1310361
references.citation: Genetics. 2005 Feb;169(2):583-94
references.pmid: 15489524
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Oct;29(20):5604-10
references.pmid: 19651897
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Jul 9;98(1):1-4
references.pmid: 10412974
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2004 Jul 13;43(27):8878-84
references.pmid: 15236596
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;31(4):818-31
references.pmid: 21149579
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jun;10(6):2916-23
references.pmid: 2188103
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2007 Feb;6(2):291-301
references.pmid: 17158732
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2001 Sep 15;15(18):2457-69
references.pmid: 11562354
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Dec 26;32(6):878-87
references.pmid: 19111667
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Apr 27;374(6525):822-3
references.pmid: 7723829
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Nov;20(21):8168-77
references.pmid: 11027286
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;9(9):4056-60
references.pmid: 2674686
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jan 8;105(1):106-11
references.pmid: 18160537
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Mar 9;374(6518):193-6
references.pmid: 7877695
references.citation: Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1418-22
references.pmid: 10827951
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2001 Jan;7(1):117-26
references.pmid: 11172717
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Apr 28;332(6167):853-6
references.pmid: 3128741
references.citation: Genetics. 2010 Nov;186(3):829-41
references.pmid: 20739709
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Jan;19(1):86-98
references.pmid: 9858534
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Jun 17;465(7300):956-60
references.pmid: 20559389
references.citation: BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Mar 18;5:31
references.pmid: 15113405
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Feb 27;13(4):573-85
references.pmid: 14992726
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1998 May;1(6):917-24
references.pmid: 9660975
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2009 May 15;34(3):387-93
references.pmid: 19450536
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 8;272(32):19801-7
references.pmid: 9242640
references.citation: Mol Syst Biol. 2011 Jul 05;7:503
references.pmid: 21734642
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Mar;23(6):1910-21
references.pmid: 12612066
references.citation: Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2153-6
references.pmid: 10591646
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Oct 15;119(2):169-80
references.pmid: 15479635
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Nov;19(11):2090-100
references.pmid: 19652015
references.citation: Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1863-76
references.pmid: 11313498
references.citation: Nature. 1993 Oct 7;365(6446):512-20
references.pmid: 8413604
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 17;281(7):3936-42
references.pmid: 16361698
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1992 Jul;6(7):1319-31
references.pmid: 1628834
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2008 Jan;33(1):2-8
references.pmid: 18054235
references.citation: EMBO J. 2003 Jul 1;22(13):3395-402
references.pmid: 12840001
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jan;17(1):287-95
references.pmid: 8972209
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;21(23):7923-32
references.pmid: 11689685
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2010 Mar 25;11:200
references.pmid: 20338033
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1989;58:1051-77
references.pmid: 2673007
references.citation: Cell. 1998 Jul 10;94(1):45-53
references.pmid: 9674426
references.citation: EMBO J. 1990 Aug;9(8):2523-8
references.pmid: 2196175
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2000 Sep 22;302(3):581-92
references.pmid: 10986120
references.citation: Structure. 2009 Mar 11;17(3):363-73
references.pmid: 19278651
references.citation: Science. 1993 Aug 6;261(5122):759-62
references.pmid: 8342041
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 1995;29:651-74
references.pmid: 8825489
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2010 Jan 14;11:30
references.pmid: 20074339
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2010 Dec 15;26(24):3028-34
references.pmid: 20966006
references.citation: EMBO J. 2010 Feb 17;29(4):717-26
references.pmid: 20094031
references.citation: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2008;53(4):275-87
references.pmid: 18759110
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2008 Mar;72(1):197-210, table of contents
references.pmid: 18322039
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2000 May;11(5):1753-64
references.pmid: 10793149
references.citation: Cell. 1987 Mar 13;48(5):847-53
references.pmid: 3028647
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Mar;10(3):161-72
references.pmid: 19204718
references.citation: Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1242-4
references.pmid: 10817999
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Jun 10;399(6736):605-9
references.pmid: 10376604
references.citation: EMBO J. 1991 Feb;10(2):369-75
references.pmid: 1899375
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2005 Jul 29;350(5):833-42
references.pmid: 15979093
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Dec;8(12):5299-309
references.pmid: 2854195
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Dec;17(12):6982-93
references.pmid: 9372930
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2005 May;30(5):256-63
references.pmid: 15896744
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Aug;14(8):696-703
references.pmid: 17632521
references.citation: Yeast. 2010 Jun;27(6):345-59
references.pmid: 20162531
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jun;38(10):3186-95
references.pmid: 20123732
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):188-91
references.pmid: 8774887
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Jun;19(6):4324-33
references.pmid: 10330173
references.citation: Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):807-17
references.pmid: 2201453
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 Jun 10;18(6):735-48
references.pmid: 15949447
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2008 Jun 13;379(4):678-94
references.pmid: 18485366
references.citation: Cell. 1989 Feb 10;56(3):409-19
references.pmid: 2644045
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):1495-500
references.pmid: 11171979
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Apr;38(7):2154-67
references.pmid: 20056654
references.citation: Genetics. 2005 Apr;169(4):1903-14
references.pmid: 15695361
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Feb;18(2):1003-12
references.pmid: 9447997
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2008 Nov 1;22(21):2994-3006
references.pmid: 18981477
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Dec 12;91(6):741-52
references.pmid: 9413984
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2006 May;26(9):3339-52
references.pmid: 16611979
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2009 Dec 25;36(6):924-31
references.pmid: 20064459
references.citation: Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):206-9
references.pmid: 19965383
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Jul 1;21(13):3424-33
references.pmid: 12093743
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Nov 19;462(7271):323-30
references.pmid: 19820686
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1995 Feb 1;9(3):370-84
references.pmid: 7867933
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Oct;81(19):5951-5
references.pmid: 6091123
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2002 Dec 1;16(23):3017-33
references.pmid: 12464632
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jul 22;94(15):8036-41
references.pmid: 9223310
references.citation: Nature. 1990 Jul 26;346(6282):329-31
references.pmid: 2142753
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2006 Aug 4;23(3):355-64
references.pmid: 16885025
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2008 Feb;6(2):e38
references.pmid: 18303948
references.citation: Cell. 1988 Dec 23;55(6):1137-45
references.pmid: 2849508