title: Multiple Trypanosoma infections are common amongst Glossina species in the new farming areas of Rufiji district, Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis are among several factors that constrain livestock development in Tanzania. Over the years Rufiji District was excluded from livestock production owing to tsetse fly infestation, however, a few years ago there was an influx of livestock following evictions aimed at conserving the Usangu wetlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study was conducted to determine the efficiency of available traps for catching tsetse flies, Glossina species infesting the area, their infection rates and Trypanosoma species circulating in the area. Trapping was conducted during the semi dry season for a total of 30 days (ten days each month) during the onset of the dry season of May - July 2009. Harvested flies after every 24 hours were dissected and examined under a light microscope for trypanosome infections and whole fly DNA was extracted from 82 flies and analyzed for trypanosomes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different sets of primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportions of total tsetse catches per trap were in the following decreasing order S3 (33%), H-Trap (27%), Pyramidal (19%), sticky panel (11%) and biconical trap (10%). Of the 1200 trapped flies, 75.6% were identified as Glossina pallidipes, 11.7% as G. brevipalpis, 9.6% as G. austeni and 3.0% G. morsitans morsitans. Dissections revealed the overall infection rate of 6.6% (13/197). Whole DNA was extracted from 82 tsetse flies and the prevalence of trypanosomes circulating in the area in descending order was 92.7% (76/82) for T. simiae; 70.7% (58/82) for T. brucei types; 48.8% (40/82) for the T. vivax types and 32.9% (27/82) for the T. congolense types as determined by PCR. All trypanosome types were found in all tsetse species analysed except for the T. congolense types, which were absent in G. m. morsitans. None of the T. brucei positive samples contained human infective trypanosomes by SRA - PCR test
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All tsetse species found in Rufiji are biologically important in the transmission of animal trypanosomiasis and the absence of T. congolense in G. m. morsitans could be a matter of chance only. Therefore, plans for control should consider all tsetse species.
authors.affiliation: Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (TTRI), Box 1026 Tanga, Tanzania. malele2i@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Imna I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Malele
authors.forename: Henry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Magwisha
authors.forename: Hamisi S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nyingilili
authors.forename: Kamilius A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mamiro
authors.forename: Elipidius J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rukambile
authors.forename: Joyce W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Daffa
authors.forename: Eugene A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lyaruu
authors.forename: Lupakisyo A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kapange
authors.forename: Gideon K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Kasilagila
authors.forename: Nicodemus K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Lwitiko
authors.forename: Halifa M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Msami
authors.forename: Elikira N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Kimbita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D008853:Microscopy; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013636:Tanzania; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan
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