title: Subcellular distribution of glutathione and its dynamic changes under oxidative stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Glutathione is an important antioxidant in most prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It detoxifies reactive oxygen species and is also involved in the modulation of gene expression, in redox signaling, and in the regulation of enzymatic activities. In this study, the subcellular distribution of glutathione was studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy. Highest glutathione contents were detected in mitochondria and subsequently in the cytosol, nuclei, cell walls, and vacuoles. The induction of oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) led to changes in glutathione-specific labeling. Three cell types were identified. Cell types I and II contained more glutathione than control cells. Cell type II differed from cell type I in showing a decrease in glutathione-specific labeling solely in mitochondria. Cell type III contained much less glutathione contents than the control and showed the strongest decrease in mitochondria, suggesting that high and stable levels of glutathione in mitochondria are important for the protection and survival of the cells during oxidative stress. Additionally, large amounts of glutathione were relocated and stored in vacuoles in cell type III, suggesting the importance of the sequestration of glutathione in vacuoles under oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Austria. bernd.zechmann@uni-graz.at
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zechmann
authors.forename: Liang-Chun
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: Barbara E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Koffler
authors.forename: Lucija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Horvat
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomašić
authors.forename: Hrvoje
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fulgosi
authors.forename: Zhaojie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000235:genetics; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C490862:GSH1 protein, S cerevisiae; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione
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