title: Giving the wrong impression: food and beverage brand impressions delivered to youth through popular movies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Marketing on television showcases less-healthful options, with emerging research suggesting movies promote similar products. Given the obesity epidemic, understanding advertising to youth should be a public health imperative. The objective of this study was to estimate youth impressions to food and beverages delivered through movies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Impressions were calculated by dividing US receipts annually into average movie ticket prices, then multiplying this by the number of brand appearances. Examination by ratings, product types and ages were conducted by Spearman rank correlation coefficient tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Youth in the USA saw over 3 billion food, beverage or food-retail establishment (FRE) impressions on average, annually from 1996 to 2005. Those aged 12-18 viewed over half of all impressions, with PG-13-rated movies containing 61.5% of impressions. There were no significant trends in brand appearances by food, beverage or FRE impressions over the decade, although there was a decreasing trend in R-rated impressions for both foods (P< 0.01) and beverages (P< 0.01), but not FREs (P= 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Movies promote billions of food and beverage impressions annually to youth. Given the public health crisis of obesity, future research should further investigate these trends, as well as the potential association of these unhealthy exposures in youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics,  Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756,  USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skatrud-Mickelson
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Adachi-Mejia
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000329:Advertising / Q000639:trends*; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D005502:Food; D019649:Food Industry; D006801:Humans; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000639:trends*; D044382:Population Groups / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States
references.citation: Econ Hum Biol. 2011 Jul;9(3):221-33
references.pmid: 21439918
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Sep;161(9):849-56
references.pmid: 17768284
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):576-83
references.pmid: 17766531
references.citation: Alcohol Alcohol. 2011 Jul-Aug;46(4):393-8
references.pmid: 21493639
references.citation: Addiction. 2011 Mar;106(3):547-54
references.pmid: 21134018
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):791-9
references.pmid: 20876181
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):1088-94
references.pmid: 15159240
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2007 Jul;33(1):48-50
references.pmid: 17572311
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Apr;108(4):673-8
references.pmid: 18375225
references.citation: Clin Dermatol. 2004 Jul-Aug;22(4):276-80
references.pmid: 15475226
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2007 Oct;33(4 Suppl):S251-6
references.pmid: 17884573
references.citation: Tob Control. 2010 Jun;19(3):197-200
references.pmid: 20197360
references.citation: Minerva Pediatr. 2002 Oct;54(5):423-36
references.pmid: 12244280
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Jun;161(6):553-60
references.pmid: 17548759
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct;72(4):929-36
references.pmid: 11010933
references.citation: Int J Pediatr Obes. 2008;3(3):168-76
references.pmid: 19086298
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2010 Jul;13(7):1003-12
references.pmid: 20018123
references.citation: Health Commun. 2008 Nov;23(6):573-84
references.pmid: 19089704
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2010 Mar;125(3):468-74
references.pmid: 20142289