title: Duane retraction syndrome: series of 441 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the demographic and clinical profile of various subtypes of Duane retraction syndrome (DRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series of 441 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total 441 patients, 389 (88.2%) and 52 (11.8%) patients had unilateral and bilateral involvement, respectively. In both unilateral and bilateral cases, type I was the most common subtype, followed by types III and II. Mean age of presentation of type I DRS was significantly less (13.3 years) compared with types II (23 years) and III (21.9 years) (P < .05). Unilateral disease was significantly more common in females (57. 6%, P = .006), whereas there was no gender predilection in bilateral cases (P = .77). Type 1 DRS was significantly more common among females (57.96%, P = .003) compared with males, whereas there was no such gender predilection in types II and III. The left eye was more commonly involved in patients with types I and III (P < .05), whereas in type II there was no such predilection for any eye involvement. Esotropia was more common in patients with bilateral disease (53.8%) and exotropia was predominant ocular deviation in patients with types II and III (70% and 66.67%, P = .03). There was no difference in the type of deviation in patients with type I (P > .05). Upshoots and downshoots were more common in unilateral disease and types I and III compared with type II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unilateral and bilateral DRS show considerable differences in gender distribution, associated ocular deviation, overshoots, and ocular and systemic associations.
authors.affiliation: Jasti V Ramanamma Children’s Eye Care Center and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, L V Prasad Eye Institute, KAR Campus, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India. drrk123@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kekunnaya
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Virender
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.forename: Sannapaneni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnaiah
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venkateshwar Rao
authors.forename: Urvish
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vashist
authors.forename: Debajit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004370:Duane Retraction Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004948:Esotropia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005099:Exotropia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult