title: Determination of famoxadone, fenamidone, fenhexamid and iprodione residues in greenhouse tomatoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Greenhouse tomato production is intended exclusively for fresh consumption. Typical greenhouse conditions provide a conducive environment for the development of different fungi, principally late blight and grey mould, that can destroy plants and fruits. For this reason, different fungicides with different sites of action are used in integrated pest management strategies. Famoxadone, fenamidone, fenhexamid and iprodione (fig. 1) are fungicides of difference classes with different actions that could be used to control tomato pests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The QuEChERS method showed good recoveries, and the analytical method allowed good separation of the fungicides selected. Good results were obtained in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision, with a coefficient of variation of < 9.8%. The limits of determination and quantification of the method were far below the maximum residual levels (MRLs) set by the EU for these fungicides in tomatoes. The analysis of fungicide residues showed that cv. Shiren accounted for higher residue levels than cv. Caramba. The dissipation curves were similar in the two cultivars, indicating that the decrease in pesticides was not related to the tomato type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Care should be taken when using pesticides in greenhouse conditions, because degradation mainly affects fruit growth. The size of the tomato, in particular its surface/weight ratio, is very important for defining pesticide residues. All fungicides used showed residue levels below the MRLs at the preharvest interval.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. aangioni@unica.it
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angioni
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Porcu
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dedola
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000073739:Strobilurins
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006827:Hydantoins; D008689:Methacrylates; D010080:Oxazoles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D000073739:Strobilurins; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C451426:N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide; C033148:iprodione; C401929:famoxadone