title: Drug discovery research targeting the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: Won-Tak
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duggineni
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ziwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D002465:Cell Movement; D055808:Drug Discovery; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053586:Virus Internalization / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4
references.citation: Nat Med. 1996 Nov;2(11):1174-8
references.pmid: 8898734
references.citation: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011 Jul;236(7):844-50
references.pmid: 21697335
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Oct 15;78(8):993-1000
references.pmid: 19540208
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Nov 14;384(6605):184-7
references.pmid: 8906796
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Sep;48(9):2472-82
references.pmid: 13130466
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jan 1;21(1):262-6
references.pmid: 21109432
references.citation: J Virol. 1993 Dec;67(12):7383-93
references.pmid: 7693970
references.citation: Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008 Oct;7(5):767-70
references.pmid: 18577527
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 31;278(5):3378-85
references.pmid: 12433920
references.citation: Science. 1988 Apr 1;240(4848):80-2
references.pmid: 2832945
references.citation: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 Jan;35(1):24-32
references.pmid: 8624619
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Oct 14;94(21):11663-8
references.pmid: 9326667
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 28;273(35):22279-83
references.pmid: 9712844
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2006 Aug;169(2):424-32
references.pmid: 16877345
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Feb;54(2):817-24
references.pmid: 19949058
references.citation: Chem Biol. 2006 Jan;13(1):69-79
references.pmid: 16426973
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Nov 6;284(45):31270-9
references.pmid: 19758998
references.citation: ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Aug 11;2(8):597-602
references.pmid: 21841963
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Oct;108(4):503-8
references.pmid: 11590372
references.citation: Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Jan;44(1):117-26
references.pmid: 20009003
references.citation: Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998 Jul;88(1):84-90
references.pmid: 9683554
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Feb;2(2):106-15
references.pmid: 11910892
references.citation: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1995;21(1):1-6
references.pmid: 7796707
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2001 Apr 10;17(6):475-86
references.pmid: 11350661
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Dec 1;165(11):6590-8
references.pmid: 11086103
references.citation: Science. 1996 Jun 28;272(5270):1955-8
references.pmid: 8658171
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 23;107(47):20565-70
references.pmid: 21059953
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Jul;53(7):2940-8
references.pmid: 19451305
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2000 Apr 4;39(13):3782-7
references.pmid: 10736178
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Sep 1;70(5):752-61
references.pmid: 16011832
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004 May 29;359(1445):823-37
references.pmid: 15293810
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2003 May;34(1):70-4
references.pmid: 12692554
references.citation: Org Biomol Chem. 2010 Feb 7;8(3):616-21
references.pmid: 20090978
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Dec 1;167(11):6552-8
references.pmid: 11714824
references.citation: Arthritis Res. 2000;2(5):415-23
references.pmid: 11056676
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Oct 5;263(3):691-5
references.pmid: 10512741
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Jul 1;165(1):499-508
references.pmid: 10861089
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Sep;41(9):1669-76
references.pmid: 9751101
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Dec;79(24):15398-404
references.pmid: 16306611
references.citation: Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2005 Dec;9(6):1267-82
references.pmid: 16300475
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2009 Jan;100(1):95-102
references.pmid: 19018754
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 18;280(11):9895-903
references.pmid: 15632118
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2005 Dec 15;48(25):7923-4
references.pmid: 16335916
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Jul;8(7):1893-905
references.pmid: 19567818
references.citation: Blood. 1999 Dec 1;94(11):3658-67
references.pmid: 10572077
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Aug 4;275(31):23774-82
references.pmid: 10827088
references.citation: Lancet. 1989 May 6;1(8645):983-5
references.pmid: 2565516
references.citation: Blood. 1998 Jan 1;91(1):100-10
references.pmid: 9414273
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Apr;1768(4):952-63
references.pmid: 17169327
references.citation: Clin Exp Metastasis. 2010 Feb;27(2):97-105
references.pmid: 18814042
references.citation: Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1066-71
references.pmid: 20929726
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2007 Nov 15;50(23):5655-64
references.pmid: 17958344
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2003 Jul 21;42(28):3251-3
references.pmid: 12876735
references.citation: Lancet. 2003 Aug 30;362(9385):697-703
references.pmid: 12957092
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 May;39(5):844-54
references.pmid: 8639182
references.citation: Blood. 2002 Oct 15;100(8):2778-86
references.pmid: 12351385
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Jul 15;18(14):4124-9
references.pmid: 18539453
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Jul;38(7):946-52
references.pmid: 7612044
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Oct 14;264(1):42-7
references.pmid: 10527838
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1998 Mar 26;8(7):369-76
references.pmid: 9545196
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002 Oct;1(10):808-20
references.pmid: 12360258
references.citation: Science. 1971 Jan 22;171(3968):293-4
references.pmid: 5538844
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 11;104(37):14759-64
references.pmid: 17804806
references.citation: Lancet. 2000 Dec 23-30;356(9248):2144-8
references.pmid: 11191542
references.citation: Nat Med. 1998 Jan;4(1):72-7
references.pmid: 9427609
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 28;101(52):18117-22
references.pmid: 15608062
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 15;201(2):178-85
references.pmid: 20025530
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Jul 26;271(30):18217-23
references.pmid: 8663493
references.citation: Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(1):93-102
references.pmid: 17266570
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 20;186(8):1383-8
references.pmid: 9334378
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 9;282(10):7154-63
references.pmid: 17218311
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Dec;5(12):3113-21
references.pmid: 17172414
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Jul;51(7):2351-8
references.pmid: 17452489
references.citation: Blood. 1971 Oct;38(4):500-8
references.pmid: 5285545
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1994;63:101-32
references.pmid: 7979235
references.citation: Am J Med. 1988 May;84(5):817-25
references.pmid: 2966579
references.citation: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2006 Jun;10(3):194-202
references.pmid: 16675286
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 3;101(31):11304-9
references.pmid: 15277683
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Jan;57(1):116-24
references.pmid: 10617686
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Oct;39(10):1703-10
references.pmid: 8843861
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Jul 23;11(14):1897-902
references.pmid: 11459656
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Nov 15;111(4):589-601
references.pmid: 12437931
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2000 Nov 7;39(44):13545-50
references.pmid: 11063591
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2007 Sep;25(9):2158-66
references.pmid: 17525235
references.citation: Leukemia. 2007 Jun;21(6):1249-57
references.pmid: 17410186
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2009 Mar;21(3):761-7
references.pmid: 19212637
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Oct;81(20):11489-98
references.pmid: 17686848
references.citation: Blood. 2000 Oct 15;96(8):2655-63
references.pmid: 11023495
references.citation: Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2008 Dec;5(4):312-8
references.pmid: 19075611
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Mar 1;21(5):1414-8
references.pmid: 21295470
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 18;201(8):1307-18
references.pmid: 15837815
references.citation: AIDS. 2008 Jan 2;22(1):23-31
references.pmid: 18090388
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 1;100(9):2404-14
references.pmid: 9410920
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 1999;17:657-700
references.pmid: 10358771
references.citation: FASEB J. 1999 Oct;13(13):1699-710
references.pmid: 10506573
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2009 Apr;100(4):778-81
references.pmid: 19245436
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):219-23
references.pmid: 12853963
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2010 Apr;37(4):1957-69
references.pmid: 19653123
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Aug 29;382(6594):833-5
references.pmid: 8752281
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 10;94(12):6426-31
references.pmid: 9177234
references.citation: Science. 1996 Dec 13;274(5294):1924-6
references.pmid: 8943208
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2005 Sep 20;44(37):12316-28
references.pmid: 16156645
references.citation: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2009 Mar;4(1):150-60
references.pmid: 19034668
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Jun 11;393(6685):591-4
references.pmid: 9634237
references.citation: J Surg Res. 2009 Aug;155(2):231-6
references.pmid: 19482312
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 21;107(51):22255-9
references.pmid: 21139054
references.citation: EMBO J. 1997 Dec 1;16(23):6996-7007
references.pmid: 9384579
references.citation: Exp Hematol. 2005 Mar;33(3):295-307
references.pmid: 15730853
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 9;95(12):6941-6
references.pmid: 9618518
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Feb 15;91(4):1214-8
references.pmid: 8108389
references.citation: J Virol. 1996 May;70(5):2825-31
references.pmid: 8627756
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22020
references.pmid: 21760945
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1992;15:87-114
references.pmid: 1575451
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2002 Apr;160(4):1353-60
references.pmid: 11943720
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Nov 17;132(45):15899-901
references.pmid: 20973474
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2000 Oct 24;39(42):12837-44
references.pmid: 11041848
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Jun 11;393(6685):595-9
references.pmid: 9634238
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2004 Sep 23;47(20):4818-28
references.pmid: 15369385
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 May 17;277(20):17476-85
references.pmid: 11880384
references.citation: Curr Opin Hematol. 2010 Jul;17(4):319-26
references.pmid: 20473162
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 20;186(8):1389-93
references.pmid: 9334379
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Aug;60(2):341-7
references.pmid: 11455021
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 13;278(24):21989-97
references.pmid: 12663671
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Jul 15;165(2):716-24
references.pmid: 10878344
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Nov;20(11):1111-7
references.pmid: 12379868
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Dec 1;161(11):6139-47
references.pmid: 9834099
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Nov 14;384(6605):179-83
references.pmid: 8906795
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(17):2015-20
references.pmid: 15279542
references.citation: FASEB J. 1993 Sep;7(12):1185-7
references.pmid: 7690724
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Aug 15;382(6592):635-8
references.pmid: 8757135
references.citation: Science. 1996 May 10;272(5263):872-7
references.pmid: 8629022
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Dec 30;253(3):877-82
references.pmid: 9918823
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1998 May 7;8(10):595-8
references.pmid: 9601645
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jun 20;97(13):7124-9
references.pmid: 10860979
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Sep 15;167(6):3064-73
references.pmid: 11544290
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 1;344(5):350-62
references.pmid: 11172168
references.citation: Immunol Lett. 2001 Aug 1;78(1):29-34
references.pmid: 11470148
references.citation: Leukemia. 2002 Sep;16(9):1713-24
references.pmid: 12200686
references.citation: Science. 1996 Oct 25;274(5287):602-5
references.pmid: 8849450
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 1;100(7):4185-90
references.pmid: 12642669
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2000 May 1;16(7):627-34
references.pmid: 10791873
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jun 1;16(11):2927-31
references.pmid: 20484021
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1997 Feb 1;7(2):112-21
references.pmid: 9024623
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Nov 23;110(21):3300-5
references.pmid: 15533866
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2003 Aug 15;14(3):171-97
references.pmid: 12923300
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 1994;12:593-633
references.pmid: 8011292
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 May;80(10):4909-20
references.pmid: 16641282
references.citation: Blood. 2006 Oct 1;108(7):2438-45
references.pmid: 16735597
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2006 Aug 1;71(3):455-65
references.pmid: 16769043
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Jun 20;381(6584):661-6
references.pmid: 8649511
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2007 Jan 25;50(2):192-8
references.pmid: 17228861
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 10;278(2):896-907
references.pmid: 12417595
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;5(12):998-1012
references.pmid: 15573137
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2006 Jun;12(3):211-8
references.pmid: 16877302
references.citation: Leukemia. 2002 Oct;16(10):1992-2003
references.pmid: 12357350
references.citation: J Virol. 2001 Aug;75(16):7637-50
references.pmid: 11462036
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 15;89(12):5286-90
references.pmid: 1608936
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):437-46
references.pmid: 8898197
references.citation: Science. 1994 Mar 25;263(5154):1762-7
references.pmid: 8134838
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Oct 15;167(8):4686-92
references.pmid: 11591799
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2002 May;9(10):613-24
references.pmid: 12032707
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9448-53
references.pmid: 9689100
references.citation: J Virol. 1997 Jun;71(6):4744-51
references.pmid: 9151868
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 27;102(52):19208-13
references.pmid: 16365317
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2011 Nov 10;54(21):7648-62
references.pmid: 21905730
references.citation: AIDS. 1992 Jul;6(7):665-9
references.pmid: 1354447
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Jun 11;113(24):6206-14
references.pmid: 19050309
references.citation: EMBO J. 1997 May 15;16(10):2599-609
references.pmid: 9184207
references.citation: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2010;341:173-91
references.pmid: 20397073
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):C123-32
references.pmid: 11401834
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3548-53
references.pmid: 9108013
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 20;186(8):1395-400
references.pmid: 9334380
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1208-20
references.pmid: 16277673
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2008 Feb 1;86(2):243-55
references.pmid: 17847079
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 7;192(3):455-62
references.pmid: 10934234
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1997 Jul 7;186(1):139-46
references.pmid: 9207008
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Aug 29;382(6594):829-33
references.pmid: 8752280
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1995 Jul 25;34(29):9307-14
references.pmid: 7542919
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 27;276(17):14153-60
references.pmid: 11154697
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Aug 22;382(6593):722-5
references.pmid: 8751444
references.citation: Curr Opin Hematol. 2008 Jul;15(4):285-92
references.pmid: 18536564
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Mar 1;410(6824):50-6
references.pmid: 11242036
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Jun 20;381(6584):667-73
references.pmid: 8649512
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Sep 15;165(6):3423-9
references.pmid: 10975862
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2003 Jun;4(6):865-77
references.pmid: 12791271
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 8;272(32):19771-6
references.pmid: 9242636
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2002;42:469-99
references.pmid: 11807180
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1991 Jan;7(1):3-16
references.pmid: 2015114
references.citation: Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):290-4
references.pmid: 9323208
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Mar;81(5):2359-71
references.pmid: 17182681
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Feb 1;160(3):1522-31
references.pmid: 9570576
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Jun;86(3):201-15
references.pmid: 10882809
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 23;279(4):3033-41
references.pmid: 14585837
references.citation: Eur J Med Res. 2007 Oct 15;12(9):397-402
references.pmid: 17933720
references.citation: Stem Cells. 1995 Sep;13(5):512-6
references.pmid: 8528100
references.citation: Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1656-9
references.pmid: 9287217
references.citation: Protein Sci. 1999 Nov;8(11):2270-80
references.pmid: 10595530
references.citation: J Med Chem. 2010 Apr 22;53(8):3376-88
references.pmid: 20297846
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Oct;79(20):12667-73
references.pmid: 16188969