title: The myriad roles of cyclic AMP in microbial pathogens: from signal to sword.
abstract: All organisms must sense and respond to their external environments, and this signal transduction often involves second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides. One such nucleotide is cyclic AMP, a universal second messenger that is used by diverse forms of life, including mammals, fungi, protozoa and bacteria. In this review, we discuss the many roles of cAMP in bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens and its contributions to microbial pathogenesis. These roles include the coordination of intracellular processes, such as virulence gene expression, with extracellular signals from the environment, and the manipulation of host immunity by increasing cAMP levels in host cells during infection.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, PO Box 22002, Albany, New York, New York 12201-2002, USA. kathleen.mcdonough@ wadsworth.org
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D056893:Alveolata / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors; D000242:Cyclic AMP
references.citation: BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Jun 11;8:21
references.pmid: 17562013
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2002 Jul;70(7):3665-72
references.pmid: 12065508
references.citation: Future Microbiol. 2010 Mar;5(3):455-69
references.pmid: 20210554
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2004 Oct;137(2):339-43
references.pmid: 15383304
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2010 Feb;75(3):534-7
references.pmid: 20015145
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Sep 16;6(9):e1001102
references.pmid: 20862321
references.citation: J Gen Microbiol. 1979 Feb;110(2):431-41
references.pmid: 220379
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2005 Nov;7(11):1546-54
references.pmid: 16207242
references.citation: Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 1998;32:137-51
references.pmid: 9421589
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Feb 29;4(2):e1000008
references.pmid: 18389080
references.citation: J Pineal Res. 2011 Jan;50(1):64-70
references.pmid: 20964707
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2002 Mar;43(6):1577-89
references.pmid: 11952906
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jan 7;94(1):265-70
references.pmid: 8990197
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Jan;71(2):434-48
references.pmid: 19040643
references.citation: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2012 Feb;204(2):277-87
references.pmid: 21385327
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2007 Dec;189(24):8890-900
references.pmid: 17933899
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2007 Jan;189(2):388-402
references.pmid: 17071756
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Feb;17(2):667-79
references.pmid: 16291861
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2011 Jan;79(1):50-62
references.pmid: 21166893
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1993;62:749-95
references.pmid: 8394684
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2005 May;73(5):2698-703
references.pmid: 15845471
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2008 Oct;76(10):4757-63
references.pmid: 18694966
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2008 Oct;190(20):6646-59
references.pmid: 18708497
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2006 Jan;36(1):107-14
references.pmid: 16216248
references.citation: Int J Med Microbiol. 2004 Apr;293(7-8):479-82
references.pmid: 15149021
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2010 Jan;40(1):25-33
references.pmid: 19654011
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2008 Nov 12;582(27):3744-50
references.pmid: 18930049
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2009 Aug 25;9:178
references.pmid: 19703315
references.citation: Nature. 1980 Jul 31;286(5772):490-2
references.pmid: 6250067
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2009 Jun;77(6):2530-43
references.pmid: 19307216
references.citation: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009 Jan;55(1):68-73
references.pmid: 19076221
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2010 Feb;75(3):579-91
references.pmid: 19943905
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jul;76(13):4233-40
references.pmid: 20472740
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Jun;192(11):2779-90
references.pmid: 20348254
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Aug;6(8):613-24
references.pmid: 18628769
references.citation: Science. 2005 May 13;308(5724):1020-3
references.pmid: 15890882
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Mar;12(3):141-51
references.pmid: 21346730
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 May;21(9):3179-91
references.pmid: 11287622
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 May 06;6(5):e1000897
references.pmid: 20463817
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Oct;15(10):4490-9
references.pmid: 15269278
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2003 Oct;5(4):647-56
references.pmid: 14536065
references.citation: Biochem Int. 1988 Aug;17(2):337-44
references.pmid: 2847739
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008 Aug;39(2):127-32
references.pmid: 18323530
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2009 Dec;191(23):7193-205
references.pmid: 19801409
references.citation: Crit Rev Microbiol. 2004;30(3):187-96
references.pmid: 15490970
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Jul;61(2):324-37
references.pmid: 16856939
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Aug 9;110(3):303-14
references.pmid: 12176318
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Mar 5;99(5):3129-34
references.pmid: 11854465
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2004 Jan;4(4-5):361-7
references.pmid: 14734016
references.citation: Microbiol Rev. 1992 Mar;56(1):100-22
references.pmid: 1315922
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000 Oct;110(2):437-48
references.pmid: 11071298
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 7;283(45):30438-50
references.pmid: 18713737
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2009 Mar;11(3):370-80
references.pmid: 19170685
references.citation: Yeast. 2009 May;26(5):273-85
references.pmid: 19391100
references.citation: Sci Signal. 2010 Feb 16;3(109):ra11
references.pmid: 20159852
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):16754-9
references.pmid: 10358016
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1988 Jul-Sep;83(3):287-92
references.pmid: 2856076
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:243-65
references.pmid: 17335404
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2006 Dec;14(12):543-50
references.pmid: 17055275
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 29;362(4):623-39
references.pmid: 16934836
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2011 Feb;79(3):562-5
references.pmid: 21255104
references.citation: Genome Res. 2000 Feb;10(2):204-19
references.pmid: 10673278
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2005 Jun;56(5):1274-86
references.pmid: 15882420
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2004 Mar;72(3):1677-84
references.pmid: 14977975
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 May 3;277(18):15271-6
references.pmid: 11839758
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2002 May;148(Pt 5):1561-1569
references.pmid: 11988531
references.citation: J Parasitol. 1991 Jun;77(3):346-52
references.pmid: 2040946
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2009 May;37(5):1612-8
references.pmid: 19325476
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2008 Nov;76(11):5028-37
references.pmid: 18710863
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 1988 Aug;66(2):205-12
references.pmid: 2840306
references.citation: Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2006 Mar 1;62(Pt 3):200-4
references.pmid: 16511301
references.citation: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006 Feb;9(1):69-75
references.pmid: 16406775
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2005 Nov 22;15(22):2013-20
references.pmid: 16303560
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1994 Dec;176(24):7532-42
references.pmid: 8002577
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jun 03;6(6):e1000941
references.pmid: 20532217
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Apr;16(4):1971-86
references.pmid: 15673611
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2005 Nov 22;15(22):2021-6
references.pmid: 16303561
references.citation: Biochem J. 2005 Apr 15;387(Pt 2):541-51
references.pmid: 15500449
references.citation: Microbiol Rev. 1987 Mar;51(1):60-5
references.pmid: 2882409
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Jul;192(14):3553-64
references.pmid: 20494996
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2006 Jan;5(1):103-11
references.pmid: 16400172
references.citation: Med Mycol. 2005 May;43 Suppl 1:S75-82
references.pmid: 16110796
references.citation: Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1113-6
references.pmid: 16497924
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Feb 8;4(2):e19
references.pmid: 18248092
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Oct;50(1):101-4
references.pmid: 14507367
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2003 Feb;4(2):253-63
references.pmid: 12586068
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2005 Aug 15;170(4):551-7
references.pmid: 16103224
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1987 Dec;55(12):3035-43
references.pmid: 3316029
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2011 Mar;13(3):349-58
references.pmid: 21199259
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2008;62:35-51
references.pmid: 18454629
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995 Jan;8(1):34-47
references.pmid: 7704894
references.citation: Microbiol Rev. 1981 Dec;45(4):620-42
references.pmid: 6276705
references.citation: Parasitology. 2001 May;122(Pt 5):521-9
references.pmid: 11393825
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Jul;61(2):484-96
references.pmid: 16856944
references.citation: Microbios. 1976;16(65-66):183-9
references.pmid: 196160
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007 Jan;387(2):425-35
references.pmid: 16912860
references.citation: FASEB J. 2007 Mar;21(3):720-31
references.pmid: 17167070
references.citation: Bioessays. 2004 Jul;26(7):730-8
references.pmid: 15221855
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 22;105(16):6150-5
references.pmid: 18427110
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Sep;153(Pt 9):2964-2975
references.pmid: 17768239
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1997 Dec 1;11(23):3206-17
references.pmid: 9389652
references.citation: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2009 Feb;12(1):61-6
references.pmid: 19168385
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1985 Aug;76(2):508-16
references.pmid: 3928681
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2008 Jun;7(6):958-66
references.pmid: 18408056
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Jan;4(1):190-201
references.pmid: 15643074
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 May 13;6(5):e1000889
references.pmid: 20485517
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2005 Nov;187(22):7795-804
references.pmid: 16267303
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2005 Apr;7(4):499-510
references.pmid: 15760450
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Aug 25;3(8):e505
references.pmid: 19707280
references.citation: Future Microbiol. 2009 Dec;4(10):1263-70
references.pmid: 19995187
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jul 2;460(7251):98-102
references.pmid: 19516256
references.citation: Sci Signal. 2008 Aug 19;1(33):pe39
references.pmid: 18714086
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Jul 17;4(1):28-39
references.pmid: 18621008
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002 Sep;66(3):373-95, table of contents
references.pmid: 12208995
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2007 Nov;9(11):2610-28
references.pmid: 17573905
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2007 Dec;75(12):5542-9
references.pmid: 17875629
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Aug 6;285(32):24313-23
references.pmid: 20507997
references.citation: Res Microbiol. 2009 Dec;160(10):800-8
references.pmid: 19835951
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 29;283(35):23836-45
references.pmid: 18583346
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2009 Dec;30(6):423-30
references.pmid: 19560485
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Jun;74(2):171-99
references.pmid: 20508246
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2010 Mar;9(3):360-78
references.pmid: 20097740
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Sep;3(9):710-8
references.pmid: 12209131
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar;3(3):e42
references.pmid: 17367210
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2005 Feb;17(1):35-49
references.pmid: 15582487
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Apr;12(4):191-203
references.pmid: 21386859
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2009 Mar;5(3):e1000325
references.pmid: 19266022
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13899-904
references.pmid: 9811898
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1997 Nov;110 ( Pt 21):2661-71
references.pmid: 9427384
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2004 Jun;271(12):2446-51
references.pmid: 15182360