title: Neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants requiring resuscitation in developing countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether resuscitation of infants who failed to develop effective breathing at birth increases survivors with neurodevelopmental impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants unresponsive to stimulation who received bag and mask ventilation at birth in a resuscitation trial and infants who did not require any resuscitation were randomized to early neurodevelopmental intervention or control groups. Infants were examined by trained neurodevelopmental evaluators masked to both their resuscitation history and intervention group. The 12-month neurodevelopmental outcome data for both resuscitated and non-resuscitated infants randomized to the control groups are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study provided no evidence of a difference between the resuscitated infants (n = 86) and the non-resuscitated infants (n = 115) in the percentage of infants at 12 months with a Mental Developmental Index <85 on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (primary outcome; 18% versus 12%; P = .22) and in other neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most infants who received resuscitation with bag and mask ventilation at birth have 12-month neurodevelopmental outcomes in the reference range. Longer follow-up is needed because of increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairments.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA. wcarlo@peds.uab.edu
authors.forename: Waldemar A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Carlo
authors.forename: Shivaprasad S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Goudar
authors.forename: Omrana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pasha
authors.forename: Elwyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chomba
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Fred J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Biasini
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wallander
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thorsten
authors.forename: Hrishikesh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000628:therapy*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
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