title: Dodecafluoropentane emulsion decreases infarct volume in a rabbit ischemic stroke model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe), a nanodroplet emulsion with significant oxygen transport potential, in decreasing infarct volume in an insoluble-emboli rabbit stroke model.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand White rabbits (N = 64; weight, 5.1 ± 0.50 kg) underwent angiography and received embolic spheres in occluded internal carotid artery branches. Rabbits were randomly assigned to groups in 4-hour and 7-hour studies. Four-hour groups included control (n = 7, embolized without treatment) and DDFPe treatment 30 minutes before stroke (n = 7), at stroke onset (n = 8), and 30 minutes (n = 5), 1 hour (n = 7), 2 hours (n = 5), or 3 hours after stroke (n = 6). Seven-hour groups included control (n = 6) and DDFPe at 1 hour (n = 8) and 6 hours after stroke (n = 5). DDFPe dose was a 2% weight/volume intravenous injection (0.6 mL/kg) repeated every 90 minutes as time allowed. After euthanasia, infarct volume was determined by vital stains on brain sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 4 hours, median infarct volume decreased for all DDFPe treatment times (pretreatment, 0.30% [P = .004]; onset, 0.20% [P = .004]; 30 min, 0.35% [P = .009]; 1 h, 0.30% [P = .01]; 2 h, 0.40% [P = .009]; and 3 h, 0.25% [P = .003]) compared with controls (3.20%). At 7 hours, median infarct volume decreased with treatment at 1 hour (0.25%; P = .007) but not at 6 hours (1.4%; P = .49) compared with controls (2.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous DDFPe in an animal model decreases infarct volumes and protects brain tissue from ischemia, justifying further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Slot 556, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. culpwilliamc@uams.edu
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Aliza T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lowery
authors.forename: Jennifer L H
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Evan C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Leah J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hennings
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.forename: Paula K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Roberson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000494:pharmacology; D010420:Pentanes
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; C008806:perfluoropentane; D010420:Pentanes
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