title: A challenging diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: identification of a patient with a novel F/Null phenotype.
abstract: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is a genetic disease characterized by low levels and/or function of A1AT protein. A1AT deficiency can result in the development of COPD, liver disease, and certain skin conditions. The disease can be diagnosed by demonstrating a low level of A1AT protein and genotype screening for S and Z mutations, which are the most common. However, there are many genetic variants in A1AT deficiency, and this screening may miss rarer cases, such as those caused by dysfunctional protein. We identified a patient with a previously unreported F/null phenotype that was missed by routine screening. This case highlights the wide variation in possible mutations, limitations in diagnostics, and the importance of combining clinical suspicion with measurement of protein levels, phenotypic analysis, and in appropriate cases expanded genetic analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University Milton S, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr,, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. fishmael@hmc.psu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ringenbach
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Banta
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Faoud T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Ishmael
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