title: The bystander effect is a novel mechanism of UVA-induced melanogenesis.
abstract: We successfully identified the bystander effect in B16 murine melanoma cells exposed to UVA irradiation. The effect was identified based on melanogenesis following the medium transfer of the B16 cells, which had been cultured for 24 h after being exposed to UVA irradiation, to nonirradiated cells (bystander cells). Our confirmation study of the functional mechanism of bystander cells confirmed the reduced levels of mitochondrial membrane potential 1-4 h after the medium transfer. In addition, we observed increased levels of intracellular oxidation after 9-12 h, and the generation of melanin radicals, including long-lived radicals, 24 h after medium transfer. Further analysis of bystander factors revealed that the administration of EGTA treatment at the time of medium transfer led to an inhibition of melanogenesis and to neutralization of the mitochondrial membrane potential level, as well as to the restoration of intracellular oxidation levels to those of controls. The results demonstrated that the UVA irradiation bystander effect in B16 cells, as indicated by melanogenesis, was induced by the increase in intracellular oxidation due to the mitochondrial activity of calcium ions, which were among the bystander factors involved in the increase.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Life Science, Department of Radiation Life Science and Radiation Medical Science, Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiura
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: Genro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kashino
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tano
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000009:adverse effects; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005609:Free Radicals; D008543:Melanins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C029569:diacetyldichlorofluorescein; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D002118:Calcium