title: Treatment of experimental periodontal disease with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in nicotine-modified rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunctive treatment to scaling and root planing (SRP) for induced periodontitis in nicotine-modified rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 240 rats were evenly divided into two groups: C - saline solution treatment; N - nicotine treatment. Periodontal disease was induced in both groups at the first mandibular molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed. All animals were submitted to SRP and were divided according to the following treatments: SRP - irrigation with saline solution; Toluidine Blue-O (TBO) - irrigation with phenothiazinium dye (100 μg/ml); LLLT - laser irradiation (660 nm; 0.03 W; 4 J); and aPDT - TBO and laser irradiation. Ten animals in each group/treatment were euthanized at 7, 15 and 30 days. The histometric and immunohistochemical values were statistically analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intragroup analysis demonstrated that in both groups the aPDT treatment resulted in lower bone loss (BL) when compared to SRP in all experimental periods. Intergroup analysis demonstrated that aPDT treatment resulted in lower BL in Group N than in Group C treated with SRP in all experimental periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy was an effective adjunctive treatment to SRP for induced periodontitis in nicotine-modified rats.
authors.affiliation: Group of Research and Study on Laser in Dentistry (GEPLO), Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, Division of Periodontics, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. vgouveia@foa.unesp.br
authors.forename: Valdir Gouveia
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Leandro Araújo
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Valmir Campos
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Macarini
authors.forename: Juliano Milanezi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Thiago Marchi
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Alvaro Francisco
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: Maria José Hitomi
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Joni Augusto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cirelli
authors.forename: Letícia Helena
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Theodoro
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000528:radiation effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008963:Molar; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D053245:RANK Ligand; D009538:Nicotine