title: Sentinel node navigation surgery by thoracoscopic fluorescence imaging system and molecular examination in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The application of sentinel node navigation surgery in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not popular because of the difficulty of sentinel node identification and the low incidence of complications after systemic lymph node dissection. We report the intraoperative assessment of sentinel node metastasis by thoracoscopic ICG fluorescence imaging system and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one patients who underwent surgery between January 2009 and December 2010 were investigated for sentinel node biopsy. ICG fluorescence imaging was applied by an infrared light CCD system, and sentinel nodes were identified and dissected. Intraoperative real-time quantitative RT-PCR to determine the expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) was performed for evaluation of metastasis and finally histologic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained, paraffin-embedded sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen (80%) of 20 patients with segmentectomy and 33 (80.5%) of 41 with lobectomy were identified for sentinel lymph nodes. The total identification rate was 80.3% (49 of 61). The false-negative rate was 2.1% (1 of 49). The overall accuracy rate was 78.7% (48 of 61 patients). Disease of four of these patients was upstaged to stage IIA by RT-PCR for CK-19 expression, which was positive for sentinel nodes and micrometastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that thoracoscopic ICG fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and real-time quantitative RT-PCR were useful for sentinel node biopsy and might be a powerful tool for more focused pathologic or molecular evaluation for staging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan. yamashi1@med.oita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokuishi
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anami
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moroga
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeno
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chujo
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Katsunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawahara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D053539:Keratin-19 / Q000032:analysis; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000737:chemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D013906:Thoracoscopy
chemical_list: D053539:Keratin-19; D007208:Indocyanine Green