title: Foam granulation: new developments in pharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms using twin screw extrusion machinery.
abstract: This paper investigates foam granulation in a twin screw extruder as a new continuous wet granulation technique for pharmaceutical powder drug formulations. Foamed aqueous binder has a reportedly lower soak-to-spread ratio than drop or spray liquid addition in batch granulation. This work demonstrates a twin screw extruder configuration for foam granulation and subsequently compares the new approach against liquid injection in the granulation of α-lactose monohydrate with a methylcellulose binder. Trials were conducted at high powder output rates (20-40 kg/h) and high screw speeds (220-320 RPM) with two screw configurations. Process stability improved with the new technique allowing granulation with less binder. The extruded mass maintained a low exit temperature, being insensitive to operating conditions unlike the liquid injection approach, where temperatures rose significantly as flow rate increased. The particle size distribution by foam granulation reflected a more uniformly wetted mass with larger granule growth noted even for conditions where dry powder exited by liquid injection. Other factors were found similar between the two binder delivery methods such as consumed mechanical energy, as well as fracture strength and compressibility of produced granules.
authors.affiliation: MMRI/ CAPPA-D, Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. mthomps@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weatherley
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pukadyil
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sheskey
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D008747:Methylcellulose; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D008747:Methylcellulose; D007785:Lactose