title: Functional rather than immunoreactive levels of IgG4 correlate closely with clinical response to grass pollen immunotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Induction of allergen-specific IgG(4) antibodies is the most consistent immunological finding in immunotherapy trials. However, quantitative assessments of IgG(4) antibodies have not proven beneficial in evaluating clinical changes during or after immunotherapy. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between clinical outcome and allergen-specific IgG(4) titres or functional antibody responses following immunotherapy. We hypothesized that functional assays of serum IgG-associated inhibitory activity such as inhibition of IgE-allergen interactions (IgE-blocking factor) and inhibition of CD23-dependent IgE-facilitated allergen binding (IgE-FAB) correlate more closely with clinical outcome and may be biomarkers of clinical response.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an 8-month dose-response randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, 221 polysensitized subjects with severe seasonal rhinitis received Alutard SQ, Phleum pratense 100,000 SQ-U, 10,000 SQ-U or placebo injections. Serum specimens were collected before treatment, after up-dosing, during the peak season and at the end of the study. Allergen-specific IgG(4) titres and IgG-associated inhibitory activity were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A time- and dose-dependent increase in serum inhibitory activity for both the IgE-blocking factor and IgE-FAB was observed, which paralleled increases in grass pollen-specific IgG(4) antibodies. A modest but significant inverse relationship was demonstrated between postimmunotherapy serum inhibitory activity and combined symptom-rescue medication scores (IgE-FAB: r = -0.25, P = 0.0002; IgE-blocking factor: r = -0.28, P < 0.0001), whereas this was not observed for immunoreactive IgG(4) levels (r = -0.11, P = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional assays of inhibitory IgG(4) and IgE-blocking factor may be more useful surrogates of clinical response than IgG(4). Whether these antibody effects may serve as predictive biomarkers of clinical efficacy in individual patients requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shamji
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ljørring
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larché
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kimber
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Frew
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ipsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Würtzen
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Durham
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D031784:Phleum / Q000276:immunology*; D011058:Pollen / Q000276:immunology*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C038588:serum immunosuppressive factor, human; D007073:Immunoglobulin E