title: Adaptation to conflict via context-driven anticipatory signals in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.
abstract: Behavioral interference elicited by competing response tendencies adapts to contextual changes. Recent nonhuman primate research suggests a key mnemonic role of distinct prefrontal cells in supporting such context-driven behavioral adjustments by maintaining conflict information across trials, but corresponding prefrontal functions have yet to be probed in humans. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the human neural substrates of contextual adaptations to conflict. We found that a neural system comprising the rostral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and portions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex specifically encodes the history of previously experienced conflict and influences subsequent adaptation to conflict on a trial-by-trial basis. This neural system became active in anticipation of stimulus onsets during preparatory periods and interacted with a second neural system engaged during the processing of conflict. Our findings suggest that a dynamic interaction between a system that represents conflict history and a system that resolves conflict underlies the contextual adaptation to conflict.
authors.affiliation: Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horga
authors.forename: Tiago V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Pengwei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhishun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
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