title: Anti-inflammatory activity of Pistacia khinjuk in different experimental models: isolation and characterization of its flavonoids and galloylated sugars.
abstract: The present study aimed at isolating and elucidating the structure of the main components of Pistacia khinjuk L. and exploring its potential anti-inflammatory effect in different experimental models. The extract was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by measuring paw volume in three experimental models. Then, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) level, ear edema, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, histopathology, nitric oxide (NO) level, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level were assessed. Seven phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids and galloylated compounds, were isolated from the aqueous methanol extract: gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), quercetin-3-O-β-D-⁴C₁-galactopyranoside (hyperin) (3), myricetin-3-O-α-L-¹C₄-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (4), 1,6-digalloyl-β-D-glucose (5), 1,4-digalloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and 2,3-di-O-galloyl-(α/β)-⁴C₁-glucopyranose (nilocitin) (7). The anti-inflammatory activity was evidenced by decreased carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and PGE₂ elevation. In the croton oil-induced ear edema model, MPO activity was significantly inhibited, and inflammatory histopathological changes were ameliorated. In the rat air pouch model, NO generation and TNF-α release were significantly inhibited. The isolation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data of compound 6 from the genus Pistacia are revealed for the first time. Also, P. khinjuk L. aqueous methanol extract possesses anti-inflammatory activity in several experimental models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacologyand Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmat
authors.forename: Fahad A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Al-Abbasi
authors.forename: Mardi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Algandaby
authors.forename: Ashaimaa Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: Rola M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Labib
authors.forename: Nahla A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: Ashraf B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Abdel-Naim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004487:Edema / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D027927:Pistacia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005707:Gallic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase; D015232:Dinoprostone