title: Antioxidant properties of the edible Basidiomycete Armillaria mellea in submerged cultures.
abstract: Antioxidant components, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids and total phenols are produced effectively by Armillaria mellea submerged cultures. Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths obtained by A. mellea submerged cultures are extracted with methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) and hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) by A. mellea submerged cultures show good antioxidant properties as evidenced by low EC(50) values (<10 mg/mL). Total flavonoid is mainly found in hot water extracts; however, total phenol is rich in methanol and hot water extracts from mycelia. Ascorbic acid and total phenol contents are well correlated with the reducing power and the scavenging effect on superoxide anions. Total flavonoid content is dependent on the antioxidant activity and the chelating effect on ferrous ions. Total antioxidant component contents are closely related to the antioxidant activity and the scavenging superoxide anion ability. Results confirm that extracts with good antioxidant properties from fermenting products by A. mellea are potential good substitutes for synthetic antioxidants and can be applied to antioxidant-related functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsin Fong, Hsin Chu 304, Taiwan; E-Mail:  moonriversnow@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ming-Yeou
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lung
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055392:Armillaria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D014867:Water; D013481:Superoxides; D000432:Methanol
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 May;86(1):51-8
references.pmid: 12686441
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Mar 1;37(5):837-41
references.pmid: 2830882
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1988 Sep;9(9):1541-5
references.pmid: 3409459
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2007;35(3):507-16
references.pmid: 17597509
references.citation: Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2007 Jul-Aug;43(4):495-500
references.pmid: 17929580
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1996;20(1):35-43
references.pmid: 8903677
references.citation: Br J Anaesth. 2003 Feb;90(2):221-32
references.pmid: 12538380
references.citation: Planta Med. 1984 Aug;50(4):288-90
references.pmid: 6548820
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1994 Apr 14;330(15):1029-35
references.pmid: 8127329
references.citation: Int J Biol Macromol. 2008 Mar 1;42(2):127-32
references.pmid: 18023861
references.citation: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2000 Feb;53(2):137-43
references.pmid: 10805573
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 1988 Aug;26(8):717-23
references.pmid: 3058561
references.citation: Bioresour Technol. 2009 Mar;100(5):1860-3
references.pmid: 19010668
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Sep 2;119(1):153-9
references.pmid: 18640252
references.citation: J Food Sci. 2010 Jan-Feb;75(1):E18-24
references.pmid: 20492161
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999 Dec;63(12):2130-6
references.pmid: 10664846
references.citation: J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1994 Aug;26(4):349-58
references.pmid: 7844109
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Mar 23;53(6):2327-32
references.pmid: 15769176
references.citation: Biochem J. 1984 Apr 1;219(1):1-14
references.pmid: 6326753
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 1995 Apr;22(4):375-83
references.pmid: 7633567
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1994 Nov 15;315(1):161-9
references.pmid: 7979394
references.citation: Fitoterapia. 2001 Dec;72(8):858-64
references.pmid: 11731110