title: Detailed characterization of proanthocyanidins in skin, seeds, and wine of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon wine grapes (Vitis vinifera).
abstract: The distribution of proanthocyanidin (PA) polymer lengths, proanthocyanidin concentration at each polymer length, and polymer composition were determined in the seed, skin, and wine of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries grown in southeast Australia. PA was fractionated by semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by phloroglucinolysis and HPLC to report the degree of polymerization (DP), concentration, and composition at 11 DP values in seed and wine and 21 DP values in skin. In skin, the highest PA concentration was observed at a DP of 31 in Shiraz and 29 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing 15% of the total PA in both varieties. The distribution of seed PA had the highest concentration at a DP of 7 in Shiraz and 6 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing around 30% of the total PA. In the wine PA distribution, the highest concentration was observed at a DP of 11 in Shiraz and 9 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing around 26 and 32% of the distribution, respectively. A second peak in wine PA concentration was observed at the largest DP of 18 in Shiraz and 15 in Cabernet Sauvignon representing around 20% of the distribution. The composition in wine did not vary at different DP, but the proportion of epicatechin gallate varied in seed PA less than 4 DP. The proportion of epigallocatechin increased with increasing DP in skin PA. Wine PA had a DP range and composition similar to the distribution of skin PA between DP 4 and 18 suggesting that larger skin PAs are not extracted into wine. This study provides information that could be used to target the important PA fractions in grapes that need to be measured to understand (or predict) PA extraction into wine and eventual mouthfeel.
authors.affiliation: The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5005, Australia. rachel.hanlin@dpi.vic.gov.au
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanlin
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kelm
authors.forename: Kerry L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Mark O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Downey
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D058105:Polymerization; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013045:Species Specificity; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D044945:Proanthocyanidins