title: Investigation of the antibacterial activity of pioglitazone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antibacterial potential of pioglitazone, a member of the thiazolidinediones class of drugs, against Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Susceptibility testing was done using the antibiotic disk diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pioglitazone was measured according to the broth micro incubation standard method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pioglitazone induced a dose-dependent antibacterial activity in which the optimal concentration was 80 μM. Furthermore, results indicated that while E. coli was sensitive (MIC = 31.25 ± 3.87 mg/L) to pioglitazone-induced cytotoxicity, S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae were resistant (MIC = 62.5 ± 3.77 mg/L and MIC = 62.5 ± 4.14 mg/L, respectively). Moreover, pretreatment of bacteria with a suboptimal concentration of pioglitazone (40 μM) before adding amoxicillin, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole, or ciprofloxacin enhanced the antibacterial activity of all agents except co-trimoxazole. This enhancing effect was particularly seen against K. pneumoniae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate the possibility of a new and potentially important pioglitazone effect and the authors' ongoing studies aim to illustrate the mechanism(s) by which this antibacterial effect is induced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. mmmasadeh@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Majed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Masadeh
authors.forename: Nizar M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Mhaidat
authors.forename: Sayer I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Al-Azzam
authors.forename: Karem H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Alzoubi
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002506:Cephalexin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000658:Amoxicillin; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D002506:Cephalexin; D000077205:Pioglitazone
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