title: Cystatin C is associated with inflammation but not atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even mild renal impairment is associated with increased atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality. Cystatin C, a novel measure of renal function, is more sensitive than conventional creatinine-based measures for the detection of subtle renal impairment. Increased cystatin concentrations are also associated with cardiovascular risk, independently of conventional measures of renal function. This study examined the hypothesis that cystatin C is elevated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is associated with coronary atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum cystatin C, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, coronary artery calcium score (CACS), Framingham risk score (FRS), Modified Diet in Renal Disease estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD-eGFR), and other clinical parameters were measured in 118 patients with SLE and 83 control subjects. The independent association between concentrations of cystatin C and SLE was evaluated using multivariable linear regression models, and the relationship between renal measures and coronary calcium was assessed with multivariable proportional odds logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cystatin C, but not other measures of renal function, was significantly higher in patients with SLE than in controls (1.09 [interquartile range, IQR: 0.85-1.28] mg/l vs. 0.89 [IQR: 0.76-0.99] mg/l; p < 0.001 after adjustment for age, race, sex and MDRD-eGFR). Cystatin C was significantly associated with SLICC (p = 0.04), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p = 0.02), TNF-α (p = 0.008) and IL-6 (p = 0.01) after adjustment for age, race, and sex. Cystatin C was not significantly correlated with coronary calcium score in SLE (rho=0.096, p = 0.31) and the association remained non-significant after adjustment for age, race, sex, and Framingham risk score (p = 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cystatin C was higher in patients with SLE than in control subjects even after adjustment for conventional measures of renal function. Cystatin C was significantly correlated with several markers of inflammation in SLE but was not associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Subtle renal dysfunction does not appear to be directly associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lertnawapan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Rho
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oeser
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Solus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gebretsadik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D055316:Cystatin C; D002118:Calcium
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