title: Understanding hope after stroke: a systematic review of the literature using concept analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hope is said to be important in recovery from illness or injury, supporting adjustment, perseverance, and positive outcomes. There has been little exploration of hope in people after stroke. This is reflected in the literature, which lacks consistent definition and terminology. This purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of hope after stroke and to synthesize the findings to propose a working model of hope.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was completed. Articles were included if they explored hope from the perspective of people with stroke or if hope was reported as a key finding in a study. Coding, analytic questions, and matrices were used to extract data and to compare, contrast, and synthesize conceptualizations, processes, and outcomes of hope. This was guided by a concept analysis methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search identified 20 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of these articles suggested hope was conceptualized in 3 interrelated ways - as an inner state, as being outcome-oriented, and as an active process. Findings suggested that internal and external resources contributed to the development of hope. Hope was perceived to be linked with positive outcomes and functioned as a motivator and source of strength through recovery. Hope reflected elements also found in the concepts of expectations, goals, and optimism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel approach to analysis has furthered the understanding of hope. It has proposed a working model of hope that could be used by clinicians in considering hope with their clients and patients.
authors.affiliation: Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: F A S
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bright
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kayes
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McPherson
mesh_terms: D032882:Comprehension; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*