title: Antiviral breadth and combination potential of peptide triazole HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
abstract: The first stage of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection involves the fusion of viral and host cellular membranes mediated by viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Inhibitors that specifically target gp120 are gaining increased attention as therapeutics or preventatives to prevent the spread of HIV-1. One promising new group of inhibitors is the peptide triazoles, which bind to gp120 and simultaneously block its interaction with both CD4 and the coreceptor. In this study, we assessed the most potent peptide triazole, HNG-156, for inhibitory breadth, cytotoxicity, and efficacy, both alone and in combination with other antiviral compounds, against HIV-1. HNG-156 inhibited a panel of 16 subtype B and C isolates of HIV-1 in a single-round infection assay. Inhibition of cell infection by replication-competent clinical isolates of HIV-1 was also observed with HNG-156. We found that HNG-156 had a greater than predicted effect when combined with several other entry inhibitors or the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir. Overall, we find that HNG-156 is noncytotoxic, has a broad inhibition profile, and provides a positive combination with several inhibitors of the HIV-1 life cycle. These results support the pursuit of efficacy and toxicity analyses in more advanced cell and animal models to develop peptide triazole family inhibitors of HIV-1 into antagonists of HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Karyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Fiorella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.lastname: Kantharaju
authors.forename: Muddagowda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umashankara
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pirrone
authors.forename: Srivats
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: Hosahudya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gopi
authors.forename: Fred C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin-Garcia
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shattock
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chaiken
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068698:Tenofovir; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010455:Peptides; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014230:Triazoles; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine
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