title: Molecular mechanisms of compartmentalization and biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria.
abstract: Magnetotactic bacteria (MB) are remarkable organisms with the ability to exploit the earth's magnetic field for navigational purposes. To do this, they build specialized compartments called magnetosomes that consist of a lipid membrane and a crystalline magnetic mineral. These organisms have the potential to serve as models for the study of compartmentalization as well as biomineralization in bacteria. Additionally, they offer the opportunity to design applications that take advantage of the particular properties of magnetosomes. In recent years, a sustained effort to identify the molecular basis of this process has resulted in a clearer understanding of the magnetosome formation and biomineralization. Here, I present an overview of MB and explore the possible molecular mechanisms of membrane remodeling, protein sorting, cytoskeletal organization, iron transport, and biomineralization that lead to the formation of a functional magnetosome organelle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. komeili@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komeili
mesh_terms: D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D020564:Deltaproteobacteria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008124:Locomotion; D055944:Magnetosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D021381:Protein Transport
chemical_list: D007501:Iron; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1992 May;174(9):2748-53
references.pmid: 1314800
references.citation: Biosystems. 1981;13(3):181-201
references.pmid: 7213948
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2007 Sep;9(9):2162-74
references.pmid: 17686015
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Sep;61(9):3232-9
references.pmid: 16535116
references.citation: Science. 1993 Feb 5;259(5096):803-6
references.pmid: 17809345
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 6;107(27):12263-8
references.pmid: 20566879
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Feb;70(2):1040-50
references.pmid: 14766587
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2007 Oct;1(3):228-33
references.pmid: 19206653
references.citation: Proteomics. 2006 Oct;6(19):5234-47
references.pmid: 16955514
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2003;57:125-54
references.pmid: 14527275
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007 Jun;57(Pt 6):1318-1322
references.pmid: 17551050
references.citation: Res Microbiol. 2010 Oct;161(8):701-5
references.pmid: 20674739
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2011 May;80(4):1075-87
references.pmid: 21414040
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010 Jun;2(6):a003442
references.pmid: 20516135
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Aug;73(4):534-52
references.pmid: 19602153
references.citation: Environ Microbiol Rep. 2011 Apr;3(2):233-8
references.pmid: 23761255
references.citation: Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):242-5
references.pmid: 16373532
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7683-7
references.pmid: 1502184
references.citation: J Struct Biol. 2004 Mar;145(3):254-62
references.pmid: 14960376
references.citation: Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):880-3
references.pmid: 9572727
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2010 Jul 1;77(1):208-24
references.pmid: 20487281
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 18;105(46):17648-53
references.pmid: 18936486
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Jun;61(5-6):536-44
references.pmid: 12764570
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2007 Jul;189(13):4899-910
references.pmid: 17449609
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 7;278(10):8745-50
references.pmid: 12496282
references.citation: Science. 1981 Jun 12;212(4500):1269-70
references.pmid: 17738834
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jun;75(12):3972-9
references.pmid: 19395570
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Sep 19;134(6):945-55
references.pmid: 18805088
references.citation: Science. 2010 Mar 5;327(5970):1258-61
references.pmid: 20203050
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2005 Nov;187(21):7176-84
references.pmid: 16237001
references.citation: DNA Res. 2005;12(3):157-66
references.pmid: 16303747
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2010 Apr;76(2):480-8
references.pmid: 20345667
references.citation: ISME J. 2011 Oct;5(10):1634-40
references.pmid: 21509043
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2010 May 3;584(9):1806-13
references.pmid: 19925791
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Mar;188(6):2275-9
references.pmid: 16513757
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003 Jan 28;218(2):371-5
references.pmid: 12586419
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Feb;192(4):1097-105
references.pmid: 20023033
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2003 Oct;185(19):5779-90
references.pmid: 13129949
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1982;36:217-38
references.pmid: 6128956
references.citation: Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1129-32
references.pmid: 10550045
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Jan;1772(1):21-5
references.pmid: 17097860
references.citation: Gene. 1996 May 24;171(1):99-102
references.pmid: 8675040
references.citation: Science. 1979 Mar 30;203(4387):1355-6
references.pmid: 17780480
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Sep 19;134(6):956-68
references.pmid: 18805089
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2008 Jan;190(1):377-86
references.pmid: 17965152
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 23;107(12):5593-8
references.pmid: 20212111
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Oct;19(10):1801-8
references.pmid: 19675025
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Oct;70(10):6230-9
references.pmid: 15466570
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 25;286(8):6386-92
references.pmid: 21169637
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1980 Mar;141(3):1399-408
references.pmid: 6245069
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jun;59(6):1225-31
references.pmid: 18506784
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Aug;192(16):4192-204
references.pmid: 20562310
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010 Oct;2(10):a000422
references.pmid: 20739411
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2007 Dec;189(23):8737-40
references.pmid: 17905974
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2010 Jul 16;400(3):309-22
references.pmid: 20471399
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2008 Mar;3(3):158-62
references.pmid: 18654488
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17485-9
references.pmid: 17085581
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2007 Dec;28(35):5381-9
references.pmid: 17720242
references.citation: Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2001 Spring;91-93:147-54
references.pmid: 11963843
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2011 Jul;320(2):118-27
references.pmid: 21535101
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 16;101(11):3839-44
references.pmid: 15004275
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Aug;74(15):4944-53
references.pmid: 18539817
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8701-6
references.pmid: 12060714
references.citation: Macromol Biosci. 2007 Feb 12;7(2):144-51
references.pmid: 17295401
references.citation: J Struct Biol. 2008 Sep;163(3):229-34
references.pmid: 18359639
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010 Apr;2(4):a000307
references.pmid: 20452938
references.citation: Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):117-9
references.pmid: 11778045
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 16;108(33):E480-7
references.pmid: 21784982
references.citation: Biophys J. 2006 Aug 1;91(3):1098-107
references.pmid: 16714352
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1979 Nov;140(2):720-9
references.pmid: 500569
references.citation: J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010 Mar 1;343(1):65-70
references.pmid: 20006848
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2005 Jul;100(1):1-11
references.pmid: 16233845
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004 Feb;28(1):113-26
references.pmid: 14975533
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2006 Feb 6;580(3):801-12
references.pmid: 16423350
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Jun;188(11):3805-12
references.pmid: 16707673
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2001 Mar 2;491(3):169-73
references.pmid: 11240121
references.citation: Arch Microbiol. 2003 Jan-Feb;179(2):89-94
references.pmid: 12560986
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2006 Dec;70(4):888-909
references.pmid: 17158703
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Oct;67(10):4573-82
references.pmid: 11571158
references.citation: Recent Pat Biotechnol. 2010 Nov;4(3):214-25
references.pmid: 21171958
references.citation: J R Soc Interface. 2005 Mar 22;2(2):33-7
references.pmid: 16849161
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2003 Dec;71(12):6721-7
references.pmid: 14638756
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 Mar;292(2):250-3
references.pmid: 19187208
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2009;63:501-21
references.pmid: 19575557
references.citation: Biophys J. 1997 Aug;73(2):994-1000
references.pmid: 9251816
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Apr 25;2(4):e395
references.pmid: 17460762
references.citation: Mol Imaging. 2009 May-Jun;8(3):129-39
references.pmid: 19723470
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jun;76(11):3740-3
references.pmid: 20382815
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2007 Sep;189(17):6437-46
references.pmid: 17601786
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Feb 24;268(3):932-7
references.pmid: 10679308
references.citation: Int Microbiol. 2008 Jun;11(2):75-80
references.pmid: 18645957
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 10;5(2):e9151
references.pmid: 20161777
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Aug;76(16):5526-32
references.pmid: 20581185
references.citation: Biochemistry (Mosc). 2007 Nov;72(11):1247-53
references.pmid: 18205608
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2011 Oct;82(2):342-54
references.pmid: 21883528
references.citation: Biosystems. 1981;14(2):193-203
references.pmid: 7295911
references.citation: J Biochem. 1995 Jul;118(1):23-7
references.pmid: 8537318
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Nov 24;270(47):28392-6
references.pmid: 7499342
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1988 Feb;170(2):834-41
references.pmid: 3123464
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Apr;90(1):269-75
references.pmid: 21136050
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):48183-8
references.pmid: 11557762
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2008 Nov;108(11):4855-74
references.pmid: 18937513
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 19;97(26):14133-8
references.pmid: 11106386
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010 Sep;2(9):a000364
references.pmid: 20630996
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2010 Sep;12(9):2466-78
references.pmid: 20406295
references.citation: Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):371-4
references.pmid: 16424338
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Mar 2;440(7080):110-4
references.pmid: 16299495
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2011 Aug 23;5(8):6279-96
references.pmid: 21732678
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(44):8495-9
references.pmid: 17902080
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Mar;2(3):217-30
references.pmid: 15083157
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1986 Jul;167(1):73-6
references.pmid: 2941414
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Aug;59(8):2397-403
references.pmid: 16349008
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug;13(8):2342-50
references.pmid: 21605309
references.citation: Science. 1975 Oct 24;190(4212):377-9
references.pmid: 170679
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010 Aug;22(4):430-6
references.pmid: 20605711
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2011 Feb;13(2):538-49
references.pmid: 20977572
references.citation: Arch Microbiol. 1996 Nov;166(5):301-7
references.pmid: 8929275
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1998 Jan;180(1):159-62
references.pmid: 9422606
references.citation: Proteomics. 2009 Jun;9(12):3341-52
references.pmid: 19579222
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 1988 Nov;140:35-49
references.pmid: 3204335
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 18;108(3):1134-9
references.pmid: 21191098
references.citation: Biochem Soc Symp. 2005;(72):223-31
references.pmid: 15649145
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 18;107(20):9382-7
references.pmid: 20439702