title: Posttraumatic stress and tendency to panic in the aftermath of the chlorine gas disaster in Graniteville, South Carolina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relatively little is known about psychological effects of environmental hazard disasters. This study examines the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and tendency to limited panic attack after a large chlorine spill in a community.
  
  
  METHODS
  In January 2005, a large chlorine spill occurred in Graniteville, SC. Acute injuries were quantified on an ordinal severity scale. Eight to ten months later, participating victims completed the Short Screening Scale for PTSD (n = 225) and the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI) (n = 193) as part of a public health intervention. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and forced vital capacity were likewise measured via spirometry. Two sets of univariate logistic regression models were fit to detect independent effects of each potential covariate and risk factor on PTS score and tendency to panic. A supplemental analysis examined whether poor lung function may be a confounder and/or effect modifier of the effect of acute injury on PTS score and panic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those who completed psychological screening, 36.9% exhibited PTS symptoms. FEV(1), acute injury, and the HPSI psychiatric subscale were independently associated with increased PTS score. Acute injury severity scale and female sex were associated with tendency to panic. Immediate acute injury severity and poor lung function later were independently associated with PTS symptomotology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of PTS and endorsement of tendency to panic within our sample show a need for mental health treatment after a chemical hazard disaster. Mental health personnel should be considerate of those with serious physical injuries.
authors.affiliation: Shirley L. Buchanan Neuroscience Laboratory, Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Jay P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Debjani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chanda
authors.forename: Haikun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Erik R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Svendsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055884:Chemical Hazard Release; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine
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