title: Role of multiple hosts in the cross-species transmission and emergence of a pandemic parvovirus.
abstract: Understanding the mechanisms of cross-species virus transmission is critical to anticipating emerging infectious diseases. Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged as a variant of a feline parvovirus when it acquired mutations that allowed binding to the canine transferrin receptor type 1 (TfR). However, CPV-2 was soon replaced by a variant virus (CPV-2a) that differed in antigenicity and receptor binding. Here we show that the emergence of CPV involved an additional host range variant virus that has circulated undetected in raccoons for at least 24 years, with transfers to and from dogs. Raccoon virus capsids showed little binding to the canine TfR, showed little infection of canine cells, and had altered antigenic structures. Remarkably, in capsid protein (VP2) phylogenies, most raccoon viruses fell as evolutionary intermediates between the CPV-2 and CPV-2a strains, suggesting that passage through raccoons assisted in the evolution of CPV-2a. This highlights the potential role of alternative hosts in viral emergence.
authors.affiliation: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Carole E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Harbison
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pagan
authors.forename: Karla M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stucker
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kaelber
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.forename: M Kevin
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dubovi
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Parrish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs; D058507:Host Specificity; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058873:Pandemics / Q000662:veterinary*; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017992:Parvovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011821:Raccoons / Q000821:virology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins
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