title: Subcutaneous transplantation may not be an appropriate approach for the islets embedded in the collagen gel scaffolds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) has been shown to be efficient to preserve the function of transplanted islets. In this study using a mouse model, we sought to determine whether subcutaneous transplantation was a convenient procedure for achieving normoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed in vitro tests as well as morphologic observations and Western blotting to establish that embedded islets survived better than non-embedded islets. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (BALB/c) were transplanted with ECM-embedded syngeneic islets via the subcutaneous (SC; n = 5) or subrenal capsule (SRC; n = 6) routes. We measured mean blood glucose levels at various points from pretransplantation to postoperative day 14, and examined immunohistochemistry staining for insulin in the transplant grafts on day 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Islets transplanted with ECM gel retained better structure and developed a functional vasculature. Western blotting showed more caspase-3 expressed in the non-embedded islets, which indicated more islet cells undergoing apoptosis. On the first day after transplantation, glucose levels were significantly decreased in the SRC group compared with the SC group: 383.33 ± 44.50 mg/dL to 80.67 ± 16.85 mg/dL versus 414.00 ± 92.33 mg/dL to 278.28 ± 121.80 mg/dL (P < .05). Glucose levels were better maintained in the SRC group than the SC group over 14 days. Immunohistochemistry staining for insulin showed fewer islets in the SC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embedded islets with ECM gel functioned better than non-embedded ones in vitro. However, the subcutaneous route may not be an ideal site for islet transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005782:Gels; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005782:Gels; D007328:Insulin; D003094:Collagen; D053148:Caspase 3