title: Referral and comanagement of the patient with CKD.
abstract: CKD is a common condition with well-documented associated morbidity and mortality. Given the substantial disease burden of CKD and the cost of ESRD, interventions to delay progression and decrease comorbidity remain an important part of CKD care. Early referral to nephrologists has been shown to delay progression of CKD. Conversely, late referral has been associated with increased hospitalizations, higher mortality, and worsened secondary outcomes. Late referral to nephrology has been consequent to numerous factors, including the health care system, provider issues, and patient related factors. In addition to timely referral to nephrologists, the optimal modality to provide care for CKD patients has also been evaluated. Multidisciplinary clinics have shown significant improvements in other disease states. Data for the use of these clinics have shown benefit in mortality, progression, and laboratory markers of disease severity. However, studies supporting the use of multidisciplinary clinics in CKD have been mixed. Evidence-based guidelines from groups, including Renal Physicians Association and NKF, provide tools for management of CKD patients by both generalists and nephrologists. Through the use of guidelines, timely referral, and a multidisciplinary approach to care, the ability to provide effective and efficient care for CKD patients can be improved. We present a model to guide a multidisciplinary comanagement approach to providing care to patients with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, USA.
authors.forename: Garland Adam
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Warren Kline
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009398:Nephrology; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome