title: Skeletal myotube formation enhanced by electrospun polyurethane carbon nanotube scaffolds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the effects of electrically conductive materials made from electrospun single- or multiwalled carbon nanotubes with polyurethane to promote myoblast differentiation into myotubes in the presence and absence of electrical stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After electrical stimulation, the number of multinucleated myotubes on the electrospun polyurethane carbon nanotube scaffolds was significantly larger than that on nonconductive electrospun polyurethane scaffolds (5% and 10% w/v polyurethane). In the absence of electrical stimulation, myoblasts also differentiated on the electrospun polyurethane carbon nanotube scaffolds, as evidenced by expression of Myf-5 and myosin heavy chains. The myotube number and length were significantly greater on the electrospun carbon nanotubes with 10% w/v polyurethane than on those with 5% w/v polyurethane. The results suggest that, in the absence of electrical stimulation, skeletal myotube formation is dependent on the morphology of the electrospun scaffolds, while with electrical stimulation it is dependent on the electrical conductivity of the scaffolds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that electrospun polyurethane carbon nanotubes can be used to modulate skeletal myotube formation with or without application of electrical stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Sirinrath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sirivisoot
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000502:physiology; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D032448:Myoblasts, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051787:Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D036103:Nanotechnology; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C497418:Myf5 protein, mouse; D051787:Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D011140:Polyurethanes; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains
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