title: Size at birth, weight gain in infancy and childhood, and adult diabetes risk in five low- or middle-income country birth cohorts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations of birth weight and weight gain in infancy and early childhood with type 2 diabetes (DM) risk in five cohorts from low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 6,511 young adults from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa. Exposures were weight at birth, at 24 and 48 months, and adult weight, and conditional weight gain (CWG, deviation from expected weight gain) between these ages. Outcomes were adult fasting glucose, impaired fasting glucose or DM (IFG/DM), and insulin resistance homeostasis model assessment (IR-HOMA, three cohorts).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birth weight was inversely associated with adult glucose and risk of IFG/DM (odds ratio 0.91[95% CI 0.84-0.99] per SD). Weight at 24 and 48 months and CWG 0-24 and 24-48 months were unrelated to glucose and IFG/DM; however, CWG 48 months-adulthood was positively related to IFG/DM (1.32 [1.22-1.43] per SD). After adjusting for adult waist circumference, birth weight, weight at 24 and 48 months and CWG 0-24 months were inversely associated with glucose and IFG/DM. Birth weight was unrelated to IR-HOMA, whereas greater CWG at 0-24 and 24-48 months and 48 months-adulthood predicted higher IR-HOMA (all P < 0.001). After adjusting for adult waist circumference, birth weight was inversely related to IR-HOMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower birth weight and accelerated weight gain after 48 months are risk factors for adult glucose intolerance. Accelerated weight gain between 0 and 24 months did not predict glucose intolerance but did predict higher insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. san@global.co.za
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kuzawa
authors.forename: Lakshmy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Nanette R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Manual
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Zea
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Aryeh D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: Caroline H D
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fall
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001938:Brazil; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology*; D006166:Guatemala; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010679:Philippines; D012306:Risk; D013019:South Africa; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
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