title: A tiered ecological risk assessment of three chlorophenols in Chinese surface waters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ecological risks posed by three chlorophenols (CPs), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Chinese surface waters were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was achieved by applying a tiered ecological risk assessment (ERA) approach ranging from deterministic methods to probabilistic options to measured concentrations of CPs in surface water of seven major watersheds and three drainage regions in China and the chronic toxicity data for indigenous Chinese species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the risks of three chlorophenols are ranked PCP>2,4-DCP≈2,4,6-TCP. PCP posed little ecological risk while 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP posed negligible or de minimis risk in Chinese surface water. However, the risks varied with different river basins, for example, PCP posed some ecological risk in the Yangtze, Huaihe, and Pearl Rivers. The magnitude of 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP pollution in North China was more serious than that in South China.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The probabilistic risk assessment approach, which can provide more information for risk managers and decision makers, was favored over the screening-level single-value estimate method. However, the results from all tiers of the ERA methods in the framework were consistent with each other.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jijun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jinmiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
authors.forename: Kristine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010416:Pentachlorophenol / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002733:Chlorophenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010416:Pentachlorophenol; C024564:2,4,6-trichlorophenol; C004762:2,4-dichlorophenol
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