title: Biology without walls: the novel endocrinology of bone.
abstract: Classical studies of vertebrate physiology have usually been confined to a given organ or cell type. The use of mouse genetics has changed this approach and has rejuvenated the concept of a whole-body study of physiology. One physiological system that has been profoundly influenced by mouse genetics is skeletal physiology. Indeed, genetic approaches have identified several unexpected organs that affect bone physiology. These new links have begun to provide a plausible explanation for the evolutionary involvement of hormones such as leptin with bone physiology. These genetic approaches have also revealed bone as a true endocrine organ capable of regulating energy metabolism and reproduction. Collectively, the body of work discussed below illustrates a new and unconventional role for bone in mammalian physiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. gk2172@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karsenty
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oury
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000502:physiology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D015675:Osteocalcin
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Mar;94(3):827-32
references.pmid: 19088165
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Jan 21;100(2):197-207
references.pmid: 10660043
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Sep 9;122(5):803-15
references.pmid: 16143109
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2009 May;24(5):785-91
references.pmid: 19063687
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Nov;95(11):4795-801
references.pmid: 21051575
references.citation: Pharm World Sci. 2008 Oct;30(5):613-6
references.pmid: 18574709
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1998 Nov;2(5):559-69
references.pmid: 9844629
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2008 Dec;217(3):819-27
references.pmid: 18727092
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan;94(1):45-9
references.pmid: 18984661
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1962 Apr;202:743-50
references.pmid: 13884668
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Sep 4;138(5):976-89
references.pmid: 19737523
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Feb;443:73-4
references.pmid: 16462429
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2009 Sep;119(9):2807-17
references.pmid: 19726872
references.citation: Cell. 1995 Dec 29;83(7):1263-71
references.pmid: 8548812
references.citation: Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1508-14
references.pmid: 10968781
references.citation: Immunol Cell Biol. 1999 Apr;77(2):188-93
references.pmid: 10234557
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Nov 1;44(9):825-38
references.pmid: 9807638
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3569-77
references.pmid: 20685883
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Oct;13(10):1234-40
references.pmid: 17873881
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Feb 23;104(4):531-43
references.pmid: 11239410
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2002 Dec;25(12):632-7
references.pmid: 12446131
references.citation: Nature. 2003 May 15;423(6937):349-55
references.pmid: 12748654
references.citation: Nature. 1998 May 7;393(6680):72-6
references.pmid: 9590691
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2011 May;22(5):1621-6
references.pmid: 20734028
references.citation: Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2531-4
references.pmid: 10617474
references.citation: Nat Med. 2010 Mar;16(3):308-12
references.pmid: 20139991
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Apr 30;117(3):387-98
references.pmid: 15109498
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 2;101(9):3258-63
references.pmid: 14978271
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1989 Jul;69(3):990-1047
references.pmid: 2664828
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Aug 10;130(3):456-69
references.pmid: 17693256
references.citation: J Bone Miner Metab. 2000;18(6):344-9
references.pmid: 11052468
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2006 Nov;4(5):341-8
references.pmid: 17084709
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Aug 1;382(6590):448-52
references.pmid: 8684484
references.citation: Mech Dev. 1996 Oct;59(2):153-64
references.pmid: 8951793
references.citation: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2004;5:407-41
references.pmid: 15485355
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Mar 24;434(7032):514-20
references.pmid: 15724149
references.citation: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;28(4):411-7
references.pmid: 18626268
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5227-33
references.pmid: 11701682
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2007 Jun;5(6):438-49
references.pmid: 17550779
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Feb 9;84(3):491-5
references.pmid: 8608603
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 2;351(10):959-62
references.pmid: 15342803
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Feb 5;96(3):329-39
references.pmid: 10025399
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1946 Oct;26(4):541-59
references.pmid: 21002972
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1984 Dec 20;311(25):1601-6
references.pmid: 6504095
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan;94(1):237-45
references.pmid: 18854399
references.citation: Neuron. 1998 Dec;21(6):1375-85
references.pmid: 9883730
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2009;25:629-48
references.pmid: 19575648
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Sep 7;130(5):811-23
references.pmid: 17803905
references.citation: Neuron. 2004 Jun 24;42(6):983-91
references.pmid: 15207242
references.citation: Science. 1969 May 9;164(3880):719-21
references.pmid: 5778021
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2006 Mar;24(3):581-9
references.pmid: 16467662
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Jun;49(6):442-6
references.pmid: 1376106
references.citation: Bone. 2002 Nov;31(5):547-55
references.pmid: 12477567
references.citation: Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2001 Nov;124(2):188-98
references.pmid: 11703084
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2011 Jan 17;208(1):41-52
references.pmid: 21187319
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Feb;13(2):168-74
references.pmid: 9495509
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Jul 23;142(2):309-19
references.pmid: 20655471
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Nov 28;135(5):825-37
references.pmid: 19041748
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2003 Aug;4(8):638-49
references.pmid: 12897775
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2006 Dec;147(12):5786-97
references.pmid: 16935838
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 1;105(13):5266-70
references.pmid: 18362359
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2008 Oct;396(1-2):66-9
references.pmid: 18657532
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2010 Feb 3;11(2):147-60
references.pmid: 20142102
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2010 Oct 15;24(20):2330-42
references.pmid: 20952540
references.citation: Neuron. 2006 Sep 21;51(6):691-702
references.pmid: 16982416
references.citation: Bone. 2000 Mar;26(3):207-13
references.pmid: 10709991
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jan 22;167(2):188-94
references.pmid: 17242321
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Nov 16;107(4):513-23
references.pmid: 11719191
references.citation: Tohoku J Exp Med. 2009 Jul;218(3):201-5
references.pmid: 19561390
references.citation: Chronobiol Int. 2004 Jan;21(1):1-25
references.pmid: 15129821
references.citation: Recent Prog Horm Res. 2002;57:385-409
references.pmid: 12017554
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2011 Apr 11;208(4):841-51
references.pmid: 21444660
references.citation: Diabetes. 2009 Mar;58(3):590-9
references.pmid: 19074988
references.citation: Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):76
references.pmid: 12511643
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2004 Apr;229(4):826-34
references.pmid: 15042706
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2006 Jul;147(7):3196-202
references.pmid: 16614075
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2002 Jul;3(1):25-38
references.pmid: 12110165
references.citation: Nature. 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):425-32
references.pmid: 7984236
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Nov;27(21):7727-34
references.pmid: 17724080
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Dec 2;269(48):30659-67
references.pmid: 7527035
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Nov 1;111(3):305-17
references.pmid: 12419242
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Jun 1;105(5):683-94
references.pmid: 11389837
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2007 Jan;132(1):397-414
references.pmid: 17241888
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33(1):139-43
references.pmid: 19808925
references.citation: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1951 Jun;77(2):323-4
references.pmid: 14854036
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2001 Oct;142(10):4394-400
references.pmid: 11564703
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Feb 15;379(6566):632-5
references.pmid: 8628397
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2008 Dec 29;183(7):1235-42
references.pmid: 19103808
references.citation: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009 Nov;25(8):768-72
references.pmid: 19877133
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Jan;19(1):19-24
references.pmid: 14753732
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Sep 15;292(11):1326-32
references.pmid: 15367554
references.citation: Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Aug;163(2):265-72
references.pmid: 20501596
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2002 May 16;346(20):1513-21
references.pmid: 12015390
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2000 Jul;6(1):87-97
references.pmid: 10949030
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2010 Jan;120(1):357-68
references.pmid: 20038793
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Mar 26;392(6674):398-401
references.pmid: 9537324
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 5;279(45):47109-14
references.pmid: 15377660
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May;92(5):1640-6
references.pmid: 17299077
references.citation: Eat Weight Disord. 2002 Jun;7(2):72-81
references.pmid: 17644861
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e3858
references.pmid: 19050760
references.citation: Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5):796-809
references.pmid: 21333348
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):7001-5
references.pmid: 9192681
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13453-8
references.pmid: 9811821
references.citation: Front Neuroendocrinol. 2000 Jul;21(3):263-307
references.pmid: 10882542
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jun 25;167(12):1246-51
references.pmid: 17592097
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Jul 23;142(2):296-308
references.pmid: 20655470