title: Repeated 24-hour recalls versus dietary records for estimating nutrient intakes in a national food consumption survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The methodology used in the first Belgian food consumption survey followed to a large extent the instructions of the European Food Consumption (EFCOSUM) reports, where repeated 24-hour recalls (24HR) using EPIC-SOFT were recommended.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relative validity of two non-consecutive 24HR using EPIC-SOFT by comparison with 5-day estimated dietary records (EDR). To assess misreporting in energy for both methods by comparing energy intake with energy expenditure from accelerometery in a subsample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 175 subjects (aged 15 and over) were recruited to participate in the study. Repeated 24HR were performed with an interval of 2-8 weeks. After completion of the second interview, subjects were instructed to keep an EDR. Dietary intakes were adjusted for within-person variability to reflect usual intakes. A Student's t-test was calculated to assess differences between both methods. Spearman and Kappa correlation coefficients were used to investigate agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 127 subjects completed the required repeated 24HR, as well as the five record days. From 76 participants, accelerometer data were available. In both methods, about 35% of participants had ratios of Energy Intake/Total Energy Expenditure (EI/TEE) above or below 95% confidence intervals for EI/TEE, suggesting misreporting of energy. Significant differences between the two dietary intake methods were found for total energy, total fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, alcohol, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin and iron. In general, intakes from 24HR were higher compared to EDR. Correlation coefficients for all nutrients ranged from 0.16 for thiamine to 0.70 for water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study show that in the context of nutritional surveillance, duplicate 24HR can be used to asses intakes of protein, carbohydrates, starch, sugar, water, potassium and calcium.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Care Vesalius, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Keyzer
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Vriendt
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandevijvere
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Oyen
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
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