title: Self medication with antibiotics in Yogyakarta City Indonesia: a cross sectional population-based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self medication with antibiotics has become an important factor driving antibiotic resistance. This study investigated the period prevalence, patterns of use, and socio-demographic factors associated with self medication with antibiotics in Yogyakarta City Indonesia. This cross-sectional population-based survey used a pre-tested questionnaire which was self-administered to randomly selected respondents (over 18 years old) in Yogyakarta City Indonesia in 2010 (N = 625). Descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 559 questionnaires were analyzed (response rate = 90%). The period prevalence of self medication with antibiotics during the month prior to the study was 7.3%. Amoxicillin was the most popular (77%) antibiotic for self medication besides ampicilline, fradiomisin-gramisidin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin to treat the following symptoms: the common-cold including cough and sore throat, headache, and other minor symptoms; with the length of use was mostly less than five days. Doctors or pharmacists were the most common source of information about antibiotics for self medication (52%). Antibiotics were usually purchased without prescription in pharmacies (64%) and the cost of the purchases was commonly less than US $1 (30%). Previous experience was reported to be the main reason for using non-prescribed antibiotics (54%). There were no socio-demographic variables significantly associated with the actual practice of using non-prescribed antibiotics. However, gender, health insurance, and marital status were significantly associated with the intent to self medicate with antibiotics (P < 0.05). Being male (Odds Ratio = 1.7 (1.2 - 2.6)) and having no health insurance (Odds Ratio = 1.5 (1.0 -2.3)) is associated with the intent to self medicate with antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first population-based study of self-medication with antibiotics among the Indonesian population. Usage of non-prescribed antibiotics as well as intent of doing so is common across socio-demographic categories. Given the findings, factors influencing people's intentions to self medicate with antibiotics are required to be investigated to better understand such behavior. Impact of health insurance coverage on self medication with antibiotics should also be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. ariswidayati@usd.ac.id.
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Widayati
authors.forename: Sri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suryawati
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Crespigny
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hiller
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(3):277-92
references.pmid: 3629302
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2000 Mar;50(6):891-903
references.pmid: 10695985
references.citation: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007 Nov;16(11):1234-43
references.pmid: 17879325
references.citation: Sex Transm Infect. 2006 Apr;82(2):182-6
references.pmid: 16581751
references.citation: Am J Emerg Med. 2001 Jan;19(1):57-60
references.pmid: 11146021
references.citation: Int J Infect Dis. 2008 Nov;12(6):622-9
references.pmid: 18396084
references.citation: J Fam Pract. 1999 Dec;48(12):993-6
references.pmid: 10628580
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Aug;44(2):163-77
references.pmid: 10473223
references.citation: BMC Fam Pract. 2010 Aug 08;11:58
references.pmid: 20691111
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 1996 Apr;42(8):1121-8
references.pmid: 8737429
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Mar;12(3):452-9
references.pmid: 16704784
references.citation: J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005 Aug 12;8(2):326-31
references.pmid: 16124943
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 1987;24(8):689-95
references.pmid: 3603091
references.citation: Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2007;20(4):373-80
references.pmid: 18165197
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 1998 Sep;47(6):779-94
references.pmid: 9690824
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Jan;59(1):152-6
references.pmid: 17124192
references.citation: Pharm World Sci. 2010 Oct;32(5):643-50
references.pmid: 20640511
references.citation: Med Princ Pract. 2009;18(1):21-5
references.pmid: 19060486
references.citation: J Am Board Fam Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;21(2):128-34
references.pmid: 18343860
references.citation: Int Stat Rev. 1996 Dec;64(3):265-94
references.pmid: 12179593