title: No evidence for activation of T(H)1 or T(H)17 pathways in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with β-cell autoimmunity or T1D.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The balance between T(H)1, T(H)2, T(H)17, and regulatory T cells has been suggested to be disturbed in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated this balance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from children at risk of developing T1D and children with T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied PBMC expression levels of markers related to T(H)1 (T-bet, IL-12Rβ(1), IL-12Rβ(2)), T(H)2 (GATA-3, IL-4Rα), T(H)17 (IL-17A), and regulatory T cells (Foxp3, ICOS, and CTLA-4) with real-time polymerase chain reaction from 17 children with T1D, 13 children with β-cell autoimmunity, 15 children with T1D risk-associated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and 24 healthy, control children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed decreased expression levels of GATA-3 by PBMC of healthy children with autoantibodies compared to healthy, control children (p = 0.014) or children with HLA risk alleles (p = 0.032). Children with T1D demonstrated lower expression levels of T-bet, IL-12Rβ(1), and IL-4Rα both at diagnosis and 12 months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no indication of aberrant activation of T(H)1, T(H)17, or Treg in peripheral blood from children with or without risk of T1D. The observed immunological differences between children at risk of and with T1D should be considered when immunopathogenesis of β-cell destruction is studied.
authors.affiliation: Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics and Diabetes Research Center, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walldén
authors.forename: Jarno
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaarala
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