title: Homogeneous single-label biochemical Ras activation assay using time-resolved luminescence.
abstract: Mutations of the small GTP-binding protein Ras have been commonly found in tumors, and Ras oncogenes have been established to be involved in the early steps of cancerogenesis. The detection of Ras activity is critical in the determination of the cell signaling events controlling cell growth and differentiation. Therefore, development of improved methods for primary screening of novel potential drugs that target small GTPase or their regulators and their signaling pathways is important. Several assays have been developed for small GTPases studies, but all these methods have limitations for a high-throughput screening (HTS) use. Multiple steps including separation, use of radioactive labels or time-consuming immunoblotting, and a need of large quantities of purified proteins are decreasing the user-friendliness of these methods. Here, we have developed a homogeneous H-Ras activity assay based on a single-label utilizing the homogeneous quenching resonance energy transfer technique (QRET). In the QRET method, the binding of a terbium-labeled GTP (Tb-GTP) to small GTPase protein H-Ras protects the signal of the label from quenching, whereas the signal of the nonbound fraction of Tb-GTP is quenched by a soluble quencher. This enables a rapid determination of the changes in the activity status of Ras. The assay optimization showed that only 60 nM concentration of purified H-Ras protein was needed. The functionality of the assay was proved by detecting the effect of H-Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Son of Sevenless. The signal-to-background ratio up to 7.7 was achieved with an average assay coefficient of variation of 9.1%. The use of a low concentration of purified protein is desirable and the signal-to-background ratio of 3.4 was achieved in the assay at a concentration of 60 nM for H-Ras and SOS proteins. The need of only one labeled molecule and the ability to decrease the quantities of purified proteins used in the experiments are valuable qualities in HTS showing the potential of the QRET method.
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martikkala
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veltel
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirjavainen
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rozwandowicz-Jansen
authors.forename: Urpo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lamminmäki
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hänninen
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Härmä
mesh_terms: D004735:Energy Transfer; D006147:Guanine / Q000378:metabolism; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D013725:Terbium / Q000737:chemistry; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013725:Terbium; D006147:Guanine; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D018631:ras Proteins