title: Geographic variation in cardiovascular inflammation among healthy women in the Women's Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geographic variation in traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has been observed among women in the US. It is not known whether state-level variation in cardiovascular inflammation exists or could be explained by traditional clinical risk factors and behavioral lifestyle factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used multilevel linear regression to estimate state-level variation in inflammatory biomarker patterns adjusted for clinical and lifestyle characteristics among 26,029 women free of CVD. Participants derived from the Women's Health Study, a national cohort of healthy middle-aged and older women. Inflammatory biomarker patterns (plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and fibrinogen) were compared to state-level patterns of traditional CVD risk factors and global risk scores. We found that all three inflammatory biomarkers exhibited significant state-level variation including hsCRP (lowest vs. highest state median 1.3 mg/L vs. 2.7 mg/L, unadjusted random effect estimate 1(st) to 99(th) percentile range for log hsCRP 0.52, p<.001), sICAM-1 (325 ng/ml vs. 366ng/ml, unadjusted random effect estimate 1(st) to 99(th) percentile range 0.44, p<.001), and fibrinogen (322 mg/dL vs. 367 mg/dL, unadjusted random effect estimate 1(st) to 99(th) percentile range 0.41, p = .001). Neither demographic, clinical or lifestyle characteristics explained away state-level effects in biomarker patterns. Southern and Appalachian states (Arkansas, West Virginia) had the highest inflammatory biomarker values. Regional geographic patterns of traditional CVD risk factors and risk scores did not completely overlap with biomarkers of inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is state-level geographic variation in inflammatory biomarkers among otherwise healthy women that cannot be completely attributed to traditional clinical risk factors or lifestyle characteristics. Future research should aim to identify additional factors that may explain geographic variation in biomarkers of inflammation among healthy women.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's-Faulkner Hospitalist Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. crclark@partners.org
authors.forename: Cheryl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coull
authors.forename: Lisa F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Berkman
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
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