title: A network of broadly expressed HLH genes regulates tissue-specific cell fates.
abstract: Spatial and temporal expression of specific basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors defines many types of cellular differentiation. We find that a distinct mechanism regulates the much broader expression of the heterodimer partners of these specific factors and impinges on differentiation. In Drosophila, a cross-interacting regulatory network links expression of the E protein Daughterless (Da), which heterodimerizes with bHLH proteins to activate them, with expression of the Id protein Extramacrochaetae (Emc), which antagonizes bHLH proteins. Coupled transcriptional feedback loops maintain the widespread Emc expression that restrains Da expression, opposing bHLH-dependent differentiation while enhancing growth and cell survival. Where extracellular signals repress emc, Da expression can increase. This defines regions of proneural ectoderm independently from the proneural bHLH genes. Similar regulation is found in multiple Drosophila tissues and in mammalian cells and therefore is likely to be a conserved general feature of developmental regulation by HLH proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D058127:Transcription Factor 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D058127:Transcription Factor 3; C090080:Da protein, Drosophila; C497453:ID1 protein, human; C063577:emc protein, Drosophila
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