title: [Salt consumption and cardiovascular risk : a plea for salt reduction].
abstract: High salt intake over long term is associated with increased incidence of arterial, predominantly systolic, hypertension and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, e.g., stroke, heart failure, and renal insufficiency. High salt consumption is a vascular risk factor generating aortic stiffness and decreased vascular compliance leading to central blood pressure augmentation, higher cardiac load, and diminished diastolic perfusion. The development of heart failure can be a consequence of this sequelae. Randomized trials show a reduction in blood pressure with lower sodium intake. In long-term clinical trials, a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been demonstrated. Recommendations should emphasize the simultaneous reduction in sodium intake and increase in potassium intake.
authors.affiliation: Hypertoniezentrum München, München, Deutschland. info@hypertoniezentrum.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Middeke
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
references.citation: Curr Hypertens Rep. 2007 Apr;9(2):154-9
references.pmid: 17442228
references.citation: Lancet. 2011 Jul 30;378(9789):380-2
references.pmid: 21803192
references.citation: JAMA. 1993 Aug 11;270(6):713-24
references.pmid: 8336373
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 1995 May;73(5):243-8
references.pmid: 7670928
references.citation: BMJ. 2009 Nov 24;339:b4567
references.pmid: 19934192
references.citation: BMJ. 2007 Apr 28;334(7599):885-8
references.pmid: 17449506
references.citation: Arteriosclerosis. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(2):166-9
references.pmid: 3954670
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16281-6
references.pmid: 17911245
references.citation: Hypertens Res. 2001 Nov;24(6):711-6
references.pmid: 11768732
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2004 Apr;22(4):697-703
references.pmid: 15126910
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD004937
references.pmid: 15266549
references.citation: BMJ. 2002 Sep 21;325(7365):628
references.pmid: 12242173
references.citation: Hypertension. 1991 Jun;17(6 Pt 2):989-96
references.pmid: 2045181
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jul 11;171(13):1183-91
references.pmid: 21747015
references.citation: Hypertension. 2010 Oct;56(4):584-90
references.pmid: 20733090
references.citation: Hypertension. 2003 Oct;42(4):459-67
references.pmid: 12953018
references.citation: Hypertension. 1995 Jul;26(1):34-7
references.pmid: 7607729
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 1989 Oct;3(5):283-8
references.pmid: 2810325
references.citation: Circulation. 1988 Oct;78(4):951-6
references.pmid: 2971474
references.citation: Hypertension. 2005 Aug;46(2):308-12
references.pmid: 15983240
references.citation: BMJ. 1991 Apr 6;302(6780):811-5
references.pmid: 2025703
references.citation: Circulation. 1983 Jul;68(1):50-8
references.pmid: 6851054
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 06;(7):CD009217
references.pmid: 21735439
references.citation: Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Jul;107(26):457-62
references.pmid: 20644699
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2011 Aug;29(8):1502-7
references.pmid: 21666493
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 18;362(7):590-9
references.pmid: 20089957
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4;344(1):3-10
references.pmid: 11136953
references.citation: J Hypertens Suppl. 1992 Aug;10(6):S133-6
references.pmid: 1432315
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 May 10;356(19):1966-78
references.pmid: 17494929
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 May;141(5):1901-4
references.pmid: 10803602
references.citation: Circulation. 1995 Feb 1;91(3):698-706
references.pmid: 7828296
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 1996 Mar;10(3):157-61
references.pmid: 8733032
references.citation: BMJ. 2011 Jul 28;343:d4044
references.pmid: 21798967
references.citation: JAMA. 2011 May 4;305(17):1777-85
references.pmid: 21540421
references.citation: Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2009 May;134 Suppl 3:S108-18
references.pmid: 19418415
references.citation: Hypertension. 2006 Nov;48(5):861-9
references.pmid: 17000923
references.citation: Circulation. 1998 Dec 8;98(23):2621-8
references.pmid: 9843472
references.citation: Hypertension. 2005 Jul;46(1):66-70
references.pmid: 15956111