title: Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) would improve the diets of households in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used household food consumption data that the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics collected in 2002-2003 from a nationally representative sample of 48,470 Brazilian households. The consumption of SSBs is expressed as the total SSB calories consumed and as the SSB percentage of the total calories purchased. We investigated price elasticity with regression models, controlling for demographic variables, income, and prices of all other foods and drinks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in the price of SSBs led to reductions in consumption. A 1.00% increase in the price of SSBs led to a 0.85% reduction of SSB calories consumed (1.03% reduction for the poor and 0.63% for the nonpoor). Increased income had a positive effect on SSB consumption, but the effect was less than half the size of the price elasticity (0.41% increase in SSB calories consumed for every 1.00% increase in income).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High SSB price elasticity in Brazil indicates that a tax on purchased weight or volume would lead to reductions in SSB consumption.
authors.affiliation: Center for Epidemiological Studies in Health and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. rafael.claro@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rafael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Claro
authors.forename: Renata B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003625:Data Collection; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013660:Taxes
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Dec;138(12):2454-61
references.pmid: 19022972
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2004 Dec;82(12):940-6
references.pmid: 15654409
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Jul;29(7):1697-9
references.pmid: 16801605
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2010 Aug 1;88(8):609-14
references.pmid: 20680126
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2005 Dec;8(8):1242-9
references.pmid: 16372919
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Feb 17;357(9255):505-8
references.pmid: 11229668
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2003 Sep;46(9):1190-8
references.pmid: 12879248
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2008 Mar;9(2):151-64
references.pmid: 18257753
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2009 May;119(5):1322-34
references.pmid: 19381015
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 30;360(18):1805-8
references.pmid: 19357400
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Mar 23;121(11):1356-64
references.pmid: 20308626
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 May;94(5):1562-9
references.pmid: 19208729
references.citation: Salud Publica Mex. 2008 Mar-Apr;50(2):173-95
references.pmid: 18372998
references.citation: Rev Saude Publica. 2007 Aug;41(4):557-64
references.pmid: 17589753
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):274-88
references.pmid: 16895873
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):895-6
references.pmid: 17921361
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Aug 25;292(8):927-34
references.pmid: 15328324
references.citation: Obes Res. 2003 Nov;11(11):1325-32
references.pmid: 14627752
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2007 Apr;97(4):667-75
references.pmid: 17329656
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Jun;24(6):794-800
references.pmid: 10878689
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1996 Jan;59(1):179-87
references.pmid: 8848479
references.citation: Milbank Q. 2009 Mar;87(1):229-57
references.pmid: 19298422
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Nov;31(11):1688-95
references.pmid: 17579632
references.citation: J Nutr. 1999 May;129(5):994-1001
references.pmid: 10222391
references.citation: BMJ. 2000 Aug 5;321(7257):358-61
references.pmid: 10926598
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2010 Feb;100(2):216-22
references.pmid: 20019319
references.citation: J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2901-7
references.pmid: 17056820
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Oct;110(10):1477-84
references.pmid: 20869486
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 15;361(16):1599-605
references.pmid: 19759377
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2004 Jan;22(1):11-9
references.pmid: 15106785
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2010 Mar 8;170(5):420-6
references.pmid: 20212177
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2007 Oct;97(10):1808-12
references.pmid: 17761560
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2009 Nov;12(11):2084-91
references.pmid: 19402945
references.citation: Prev Med. 2002 Aug;35(2):107-13
references.pmid: 12200094
references.citation: Rev Saude Publica. 2005 Aug;39(4):530-40
references.pmid: 16113900