title: Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To update the estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) using recent data for the purpose of guiding prevention and control efforts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two areas endemic for JE in 24 Asian and Western Pacific countries were sorted into 10 incidence groups on the basis of published data and expert opinion. Population-based surveillance studies using laboratory-confirmed cases were sought for each incidence group by a computerized search of the scientific literature. When no eligible studies existed for a particular incidence group, incidence data were extrapolated from related groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 eligible studies representing 7 of 10 incidence groups in 24 JE-endemic countries were identified. Approximately 67,900 JE cases typically occur annually (overall incidence: 1.8 per 100,000), of which only about 10% are reported to the World Health Organization. Approximately 33,900 (50%) of these cases occur in China (excluding Taiwan) and approximately 51,000 (75%) occur in children aged 0-14 years (incidence: 5.4 per 100,000). Approximately 55,000 (81%) cases occur in areas with well established or developing JE vaccination programmes, while approximately 12,900 (19%) occur in areas with minimal or no JE vaccination programmes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent data allowed us to refine the estimate of the global incidence of JE, which remains substantial despite improvements in vaccination coverage. More and better incidence studies in selected countries, particularly China and India, are needed to further refine these estimates.
authors.affiliation: Ross River Consulting, LaPorte, United States of America.
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hills
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hoke
authors.forename: Joachim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hombach
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Marfin
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Theodore F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Vivien D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Tsu
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D022321:Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D022321:Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
references.citation: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Mar 12;59(RR-1):1-27
references.pmid: 20224546
references.citation: Lancet. 2009 Sep 12;374(9693):903-11
references.pmid: 19748399
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7):e1000097
references.pmid: 19621072
references.citation: Vaccine. 2010 Mar 19;28(14):2664-70
references.pmid: 20080072
references.citation: Vaccine. 2000 May 26;18 Suppl 2:1-25
references.pmid: 10821969
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Oct;15(10):1691-2
references.pmid: 19861079
references.citation: Med J Aust. 1999 Jun 7;170(11):533-6
references.pmid: 10397044
references.citation: Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2006 Aug 25;81(34/35):331-40
references.pmid: 16933380
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):52-5
references.pmid: 18291002
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Dec;79(6):963-70
references.pmid: 19052312
references.citation: World Health Stat Q. 1978;31(2):120-33
references.pmid: 214963
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2009 Nov;14(11):1365-73
references.pmid: 19747185
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2007 Nov 07;1(2):e114
references.pmid: 18060077
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Oct;83(4):766-73
references.pmid: 20889863
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Apr;48(4):1343-9
references.pmid: 20147638
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1993 May;167(5):1053-8
references.pmid: 8387561
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Sep;77(3):528-33
references.pmid: 17827373
references.citation: Med J Aust. 1996 Sep 2;165(5):256-60
references.pmid: 8816682
references.citation: Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008 Sep;61(5):333-8
references.pmid: 18806337
references.citation: J Trop Pediatr. 2011 Aug;57(4):241-4
references.pmid: 20068031
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2004 May;82(5):346-53
references.pmid: 15298225
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Jun;78(6):1002-6
references.pmid: 18541784
references.citation: Lancet. 2009 Sep 12;374(9693):893-902
references.pmid: 19748398
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Jan;15(1):1-7
references.pmid: 19116041
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(5):334-42
references.pmid: 12856051
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Dec;77(6):1146-9
references.pmid: 18165538
references.citation: J Epidemiol. 2007 Dec;17 Suppl:S48-55
references.pmid: 18239342
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 May;17(5):934-6
references.pmid: 21529419
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Aug;85(2):379-85
references.pmid: 21813862
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1988 Sep 8;319(10):608-14
references.pmid: 2842677
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 15;47(4):458-68
references.pmid: 18616397
references.citation: MMWR Recomm Rep. 1993 Jan 8;42(RR-1):1-15
references.pmid: 8381504
references.citation: BMC Med. 2006 Apr 07;4:8
references.pmid: 16603053
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 31;355(9):869-71
references.pmid: 16943399
references.citation: Int J Infect Dis. 2009 Nov;13(6):e389-93
references.pmid: 19346144