title: Metabolism of carotenoids and retinoids related to vision.
abstract: All animals endowed with the ability to detect light through visual pigments must have evolved pathways in which dietary precursors for the involved chromophore are absorbed, transported, and metabolized. Knowledge about this metabolism has exponentially increased over the past decade. Genetic manipulation of animal models provided insights into the metabolic flow of these compounds through the body and in the eyes, unraveling their regulatory aspects and aberrant side reactions. The scheme that emerges reveals a common origin of key components for chromophore metabolism that have been adapted to the specific requirements of retinoid biology in different animal classes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. johannes.vonlintig@case.edu
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Lintig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012176:Retinoids; D002338:Carotenoids
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Aug 12;122(3):449-59
references.pmid: 16096063
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Jul 13;31(28):10403-11
references.pmid: 21753017
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 28;277(26):23942-8
references.pmid: 11960992
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1994 Aug;59(2):161-70
references.pmid: 7835405
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Aug 6;99(16):10581-6
references.pmid: 12136129
references.citation: FASEB J. 2010 Jun;24(6):1656-66
references.pmid: 20061533
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 3;281(5):2835-40
references.pmid: 16319067
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 May 29;284(22):15173-83
references.pmid: 19304658
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2004 Aug 16;166(4):447-53
references.pmid: 15314061
references.citation: Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:347-81
references.pmid: 12055350
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 20;102(38):13658-63
references.pmid: 16150724
references.citation: Prog Lipid Res. 2011 Oct;50(4):388-402
references.pmid: 21763723
references.citation: EMBO J. 1999 Sep 1;18(17):4633-44
references.pmid: 10469643
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 May 16;283(20):13510-9
references.pmid: 18348983
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Feb 25;23(4):811-22
references.pmid: 14963491
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Jan;40(1):3-11
references.pmid: 9888420
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2008 Mar;7(3):258-68
references.pmid: 18316031
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Jun;131(6):1647-50
references.pmid: 11385047
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 12;279(11):10422-32
references.pmid: 14684738
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Jun;80(6):1179-87
references.pmid: 17503335
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1997 Oct;17(2):139-41
references.pmid: 9326927
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 31;103(44):16182-7
references.pmid: 17060630
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:469-512
references.pmid: 16968212
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011 Feb 1;506(1):109-21
references.pmid: 21081106
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1998 Dec;20(4):344-51
references.pmid: 9843205
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 May 27;286(21):18930-7
references.pmid: 21460218
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2001 Sep;29(1):70-4
references.pmid: 11528395
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 30;98(3):1130-5
references.pmid: 11158606
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 11;100(23):13662-7
references.pmid: 14578454
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 May 25;25(21):5187-94
references.pmid: 15917458
references.citation: ACS Chem Biol. 2011 Oct 21;6(10):1041-51
references.pmid: 21774515
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006;46:451-80
references.pmid: 16402912
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010 Jun;31(6):284-95
references.pmid: 20435355
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 22;277(47):45537-45546
references.pmid: 12226107
references.citation: Neuron. 2002 Sep 26;36(1):69-80
references.pmid: 12367507
references.citation: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2009 Jul;28(4):289-302
references.pmid: 19501669
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 25;268(21):15751-7
references.pmid: 8340400
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2003 Oct;35(2):158-64
references.pmid: 14517541
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 27;276(17):14110-6
references.pmid: 11278918
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2007 Apr 23;177(2):305-16
references.pmid: 17452532
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2009 Oct 13;19(19):1665-9
references.pmid: 19781940
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2010 Jan 26;20(2):93-102
references.pmid: 20045325
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2004 Aug;36(8):850-4
references.pmid: 15258582
references.citation: J Nutr. 2010 Dec;140(12):2134-8
references.pmid: 20962153
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 19;279(47):49447-54
references.pmid: 15355982
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 26;283(39):26684-93
references.pmid: 18658157
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 2;105(48):19000-5
references.pmid: 19020100
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2010 Jul;35(7):400-10
references.pmid: 20188572
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19565-70
references.pmid: 18048336
references.citation: J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):443-9
references.pmid: 11880569
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2003 Jun;24(3):357-87
references.pmid: 12788804
references.citation: J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):276S-280S
references.pmid: 14704333
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 21;273(34):21790-9
references.pmid: 9705317
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Jun 11;117(6):761-71
references.pmid: 15186777
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 2;279(1):635-43
references.pmid: 14532273
references.citation: J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):231S-236S
references.pmid: 14704325
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 1999 Mar;40(3):565-74
references.pmid: 10064745
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Feb;48(2):534-42
references.pmid: 17251447
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2005 Apr;10(4):178-86
references.pmid: 15817419
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2010 Sep;22(9):2970-80
references.pmid: 20884803
references.citation: Neuron. 1993 Jun;10(6):1113-9
references.pmid: 8318232
references.citation: Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):820-5
references.pmid: 17255476
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2006 Nov 14;45(45):13429-37
references.pmid: 17087496
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Apr 1;18(7):1266-75
references.pmid: 19147682
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;703:63-74
references.pmid: 20711707
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Aug 13;28(33):8208-16
references.pmid: 18701683
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 21;280(42):35647-57
references.pmid: 16115871
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 1965 Jul;6:390-6
references.pmid: 14336210
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1987 Jun 5;262(16):7618-22
references.pmid: 3584132
references.citation: Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1805-7
references.pmid: 9295268
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov 16;282(46):33553-33561
references.pmid: 17855355
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2011 Apr 5;50(13):2541-9
references.pmid: 21322544
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1985 Jan 29;24(3):787-93
references.pmid: 4039604
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2005 Mar 22;44(11):4517-25
references.pmid: 15766282
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2008 Aug;49(8):1715-24
references.pmid: 18424859
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 14;281(28):19327-38
references.pmid: 16672231
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 14;275(15):11034-43
references.pmid: 10753906
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Oct;26(7):1940-9
references.pmid: 17868371
references.citation: Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1872-4
references.pmid: 9188535
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 May 13;280(19):18822-32
references.pmid: 15755727
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 30;102(35):12413-8
references.pmid: 16116091
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Apr 7;23(7):1647-56
references.pmid: 15044947
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 12;280(32):29217-23
references.pmid: 15951442
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Oct 13;106(41):17325-30
references.pmid: 19805034
references.citation: FASEB J. 2011 Mar;25(3):948-59
references.pmid: 21106934
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 15;90(6):2375-9
references.pmid: 8384721
references.citation: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010 Nov;29(6):476-86
references.pmid: 20488254
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Feb 22;283(8):4905-11
references.pmid: 18093975
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Mar;80(3):550-60
references.pmid: 17273977
references.citation: Science. 2005 Apr 8;308(5719):267-9
references.pmid: 15821095
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;703:105-25
references.pmid: 20711710
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 2002;64:153-87
references.pmid: 11826267
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Apr 9;28(15):4008-14
references.pmid: 18400900
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 5;285(10):7739-51
references.pmid: 20053988
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1988 Jun 15;263(17):8084-90
references.pmid: 3372515
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 15;285(3):2130-9
references.pmid: 19889630
references.citation: Nature. 1977 Apr 14;266(5603):648-50
references.pmid: 404571
references.citation: Development. 2006 Oct;133(20):4119-29
references.pmid: 16971476