title: Genotypes and allele frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism among Bahraini population with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related diseases.
abstract: Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, of a 287-bp Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been shown to be associated with different types of diseases and has been widely investigated in different populations with different ethnic origins. Various reports were published suggesting inter-ethnic variations in the frequency of allelic forms of the ACE gene. The goal of this study was to test the distribution of alleles and the different genotypes of ACE (I/D) polymorphism in Bahraini subjects and compare the results with those obtained from other population studies. The Bahraini population is an Arabic peninsula population with a high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension. A total of 560 unrelated Bahraini individuals were recruited in this study and the presence (insertion)/absence (deletion) (I/D) polymorphism of a 287-bp Alu1 element inside intron 16 of the ACE gene was done by PCR-based assays and the presence or absence of the genotypes were analyzed by the gel electrophoresis. The distribution of II, ID, and DD genotypes showed differences among Bahraini subjects, and the frequency of the D allele was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the studied group. The results obtained for the D allele are consistent with those obtained from previous studies among Arabs, Africans, and Caucasians, but differs significantly (P < 0.05) from those in Japanese and Chinese, thus proving the ethnic variation in the distribution of the ACE alleles in different populations.
authors.affiliation: Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Genetics & Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. alharbi_em@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Einas M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Al-Harbi
authors.forename: Eman M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.forename: Khalid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gumaa
authors.forename: Jaipaul
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001445:Bahrain; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics*; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 26;91(9):3662-5
references.pmid: 8170965
references.citation: Mol Cell Biochem. 2010 Aug;341(1-2):87-98
references.pmid: 20364300
references.citation: Q J Med. 1994 Apr;87(4):211-4
references.pmid: 8208911
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec 27;410(2-3):289-302
references.pmid: 11134677
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1989 Jun 27;28(13):5311-8
references.pmid: 2476171
references.citation: Exp Mol Med. 2004 Aug 31;36(4):345-50
references.pmid: 15365253
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2000 Nov;9(6):651-7
references.pmid: 11128428
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Sep;9(9):1653-63
references.pmid: 9727374
references.citation: J Hypertens. 1994 Aug;12(8):955-7
references.pmid: 7814855
references.citation: Clin Genet. 1997 Mar;51(3):211-3
references.pmid: 9137889
references.citation: Hum Biol. 2006 Feb;78(1):103-8
references.pmid: 16900885
references.citation: J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2008 Dec;9(4):208-14
references.pmid: 19126661
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2001 Dec;24(12):2115-20
references.pmid: 11723093
references.citation: J Biosci. 2002 Feb;27(1 Suppl 1):67-70
references.pmid: 11927778
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Oct 15;359(6396):641-4
references.pmid: 1328889
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2000 Feb;29(1):71-6
references.pmid: 10750606
references.citation: Acta Med Indones. 2010 Oct;42(4):192-8
references.pmid: 21063039
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2001 Feb;24(2):356-61
references.pmid: 11213892
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1990 Oct;86(4):1343-6
references.pmid: 1976655
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1996 Jan;39(1):97-102
references.pmid: 8720609
references.citation: PCR Methods Appl. 1993 Oct;3(2):120-1
references.pmid: 8268786
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2002 Jun;20(6):1049-51
references.pmid: 12023664
references.citation: J Hypertens. 1997 Dec;15(12 Pt 2):1579-92
references.pmid: 9488209
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;124(5):557-9
references.pmid: 18985387
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1992 Apr;1(1):72-5
references.pmid: 1338766
references.citation: J Sci Res Med Sci. 2002 Apr;4(1-2):25-7
references.pmid: 24019722
references.citation: Clin Exp Hypertens. 2000 Jan;22(1):87-97
references.pmid: 10685727
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Jul;51(1):197-205
references.pmid: 1319114
references.citation: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994 Feb;37(2):212-4
references.pmid: 8186067
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1998 Jun;21(6):936-42
references.pmid: 9614611
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Feb;17(2):252-6
references.pmid: 9081678
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2009 Oct 15;285(1-2):137-41
references.pmid: 19596363
references.citation: Diabetes. 1994 Mar;43(3):384-8
references.pmid: 8314010
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 16;332(11):706-11
references.pmid: 7854377
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1998 May 28;338(22):1626
references.pmid: 9606122
references.citation: Lancet. 1993 Oct 30;342(8879):1073-5
references.pmid: 8105309
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 1994 Sep;8(9):687-91
references.pmid: 7807499
references.citation: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1994 Dec;34(6):1271-5
references.pmid: 7696999
references.citation: BMC Res Notes. 2009 Jun 08;2:99
references.pmid: 19505317
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Mar 25;20(6):1433
references.pmid: 1313972
references.citation: Nephrology (Carlton). 2009 Apr;14(2):235-9
references.pmid: 19207872
references.citation: Lancet. 1994 Feb 19;343(8895):482-3
references.pmid: 7905978
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2000 Oct;107(4):312-9
references.pmid: 11129330
references.citation: Diabet Med. 1999 Jun;16(6):448-58
references.pmid: 10391391
references.citation: J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2009 Mar;10(1):35-40
references.pmid: 19286757