title: Muscle coordination patterns for efficient cycling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cycling is a repetitive activity using coordinated muscle recruitment patterns to apply force to the pedals. With more muscles available for activation than required, some patterns produce high power, whereas some are more efficient. The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between muscle coordination and factors affecting muscle coordination to explain changes in overall mechanical efficiency (ηO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface EMG, kinematics, and pedal forces were measured at 25%, 40%, 55%, 60%, 75%, and 90% V˙O(2max). Principal component analysis was used to establish muscle coordination, kinematic, and pedal force patterns associated with high and low ηO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 55%-60% V˙O(2max), ηO was maximized and was highly related to the muscle coordination patterns. At high ηO, there was more medial and lateral gastrocnemii and soleus; less gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior; later medial and lateral vastii and biceps femoris; and earlier semitendinosus muscle activity resulting in an even distribution and synchronization of peak activity. Also, the ankle was more plantar flexed through the top and downstroke of the pedal cycle and more dorsiflexed during the upstroke for high ηO. The ηO was independent of the pedal force application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that increased ηO is achieved through the coordination of muscles crossing the same joint, sequential peak activation from knee to hip to ankle, and reliance on multiple muscles for large joint torques. Also, muscle activity variability across the top and bottom of the cycle indicates that left and right leg muscle coordination may play a significant role in efficient cycling. These findings imply that cycling at 55%-60% V˙O(2max) will maximize the rider's exposure to high efficient muscle coordination and kinematics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. omb@sfu.ca
authors.forename: Ollie M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Champoux
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wakeling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological / Q000502:physiology*