title: Hydrogen-rich water attenuates experimental periodontitis in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of periodontitis. As molecular hydrogen can act as a scavenger of ROS, we examined the effects of treatment with hydrogen-rich water on a rat model of periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A ligature was placed around the maxillary molars for 4 weeks to induce periodontitis, and the animals were given drinking water with or without hydrogen-rich water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rats with periodontitis which were treated with pure water showed a time-dependent increase in serum ROS level. Compared with the rats without periodontitis, the periodontitis-induced rats which were given pure water also showed polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration and alveolar bone loss at 4 weeks. Hydrogen-rich water intake inhibited an increase in serum ROS level and lowered expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine in the periodontal tissue at 4 weeks. Such conditions prevented polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration and osteoclast differentiation following periodontitis progression. Furthermore, inflammatory signalling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases, were less activated in periodontal lesions from hydrogen-rich water-treated rats as compared with pure water-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consuming hydrogen-rich water might be beneficial in suppressing periodontitis progression by decreasing gingival oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasuyama
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomofuji
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ekuni
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000378:metabolism; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014867:Water; D006859:Hydrogen