title: Ultrasound for high altitude research.
abstract: This review describes ultrasound techniques of potential use to high altitude researchers and discusses technical issues related to using ultrasound for high altitude research. Ultrasound allows portable, noninvasive evaluation of many physiologic parameters of interest to high altitude researchers. We discuss techniques that have been extensively used and emerging techniques that can be used to assess parameters of particular interest to high altitude researchers. We do not provide a definitive description of all ultrasound scanning methods but references to instructive sources are included. Potential drawbacks of ultrasound use, such as the need for sometimes extensive training and the potential for interobserver variation, are discussed and strategies for mitigating these are suggested. This review is meant to encourage other high altitude researchers to consider using ultrasound, either as a primary investigative modality or as an adjunct for monitoring parameters of interest in studies of physiology, altitude illness, or therapeutics.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. pfagenholz@partners.org
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Fagenholz
authors: Alice F
authors: AF
authors: Murray
authors: Vicki E
authors: VE
authors: Noble
authors: Aaron L
authors: AL
authors: Baggish
authors: N Stuart
authors: NS
authors: Harris
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*