title: Androgen receptor co-activators in the regulation of cellular events in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Androgen receptor (AR) action in benign and malignant tissue is potentiated by a number of co-regulatory proteins that may interact with one or more receptor domains. With improvement of research methodologies, it became possible to detect a number of co-activators whose expression is increased in prostate cancer tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manuscripts describing prostate cancer-relevant regulation of cellular events by co-activators are selected and summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AR co-activators may regulate histone modification, proteasomal degradation, chaperones, sumoylation, chromatin remodeling, and cytoskeleton. Some of them (TIF-2) are up-regulated by androgens, whereas the expression of others increases during androgen ablation (p300, CBP, and Tip60). Most co-factors are important for the stimulation of cellular proliferation, although in some cases (ART-27), they act as tumor suppressors and are deleted in prostate cancer tissue. In addition to stimulating AR, some co-activators suppress apoptosis in prostate cancer cells that do not express the AR (p300 and SRC-3). It was recently shown that the inhibition of p300 slows down proliferation, stimulates apoptosis, and inhibits migration and invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-factors whose down-regulation results in the alterations of multiple cellular functions may be valid targets for novel therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
authors: Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. zoran.culig@i-med.ac.at
authors: Zoran
authors: Z
authors: Culig
authors: Frédéric R
authors: FR
authors: Santer
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D015534:Trans-Activators