title: A national registry to determine the distribution and prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Thailand: implications of urbanization and pesticides as risk factors for Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs worldwide but prior to this review of data from the Thailand Parkinson's Disease Registry there had been no nationwide PD registry reported globally.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution and prevalence of PD in Thailand and related risk factors in order to more adequately develop and allocate prevention and treatment resources where they are most needed and to ascertain risk factors that are specific to the Thai population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Thailand Parkinson's Disease Registry is a new resource, and data collection began in March 2008. Data is collected by the Registry from physicians, and a mechanism is also provided for patients to self-report. This data was further analyzed by the capture-recapture methodology (CRM) to assess reporting biases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three main sources of data input to the Registry, i.e. (1) public hospitals, (2) private hospitals and (3) self-registration, require checking for duplicates and also allow estimation of completeness of recording (the degree of underreporting) in this disease registry. There is underreporting because of poor record keeping and administrative procedures in some facilities, and there is an unknown number of persons with PD who are not properly diagnosed because of inadequate facilities and staffing in some areas. Since our data sources should be overlapping in some way, and assuming that the likelihood of being detected in one system is independent of the others, we estimated these data sources' actual coverage and the expected total number of patients utilizing the 'capture-recapture' statistical technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As of March 2011, the Thailand PD Registry had identified 40,049 PD patients. Employing log-linear modeling, the CRM analysis based on the three data sets estimated underreporting of 20,516 cases. The revised estimated total is thus 60,565 cases, resulting in a crude and age-adjusted prevalence of 95.34 and 424.57 PD cases/100,000 population, respectively. The prevalence of PD was 126.83/100,000 in urban areas and 90.82/100,000 in rural areas (p < 0.001). Preliminary regional comparisons revealed a higher prevalence of PD in residents of the central plain valley of Thailand, an area with a large amount of pesticide use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of a passive registry and the CRM technique allowed us to derive population prevalence estimates for PD in Thailand. Thai PD prevalence estimates were similar to previous ones published for Asian countries; in addition, they suggested that urbanization and exposure to pesticides may both be risk factors for PD in the Thai population.
authors: Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. rbh1@ucla.edu
authors: Roongroj
authors: R
authors: Bhidayasiri
authors: Natnipa
authors: N
authors: Wannachai
authors: Sudaratana
authors: S
authors: Limpabandhu
authors: Supaporn
authors: S
authors: Choeytim
authors: Yolsilp
authors: Y
authors: Suchonwanich
authors: Samart
authors: S
authors: Tananyakul
authors: Chanvit
authors: C
authors: Tharathep
authors: Pornpet
authors: P
authors: Panjapiyakul
authors: Renu
authors: R
authors: Srismith
authors: Kanittha
authors: K
authors: Chimabutra
authors: Kammant
authors: K
authors: Phanthumchinda
authors: Thanin
authors: T
authors: Asawavichienjinda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D016304:Hospitals, Private; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries / Q000592:standards*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057566:Self Report; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014507:Urbanization; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants