title: Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of almond skins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It aims to study potential genotoxicity of almond skins.
  
  
  METHODS
  A bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed on S. typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 in the absence or presence of S-9 mixture at a dose range of 312.5 to 5 000 μg/plate. A micronucleus test and a mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration tests were performed in Swiss Albino (CD-1) mice at doses of 625, 1 250, and 2 500 mg/kg bw used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almond skins exerted no mutagenic activity in various bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in either the absence or the presence of metabolic activation at all doses tested. Various doses of almond skins did not affect the proportions of immature to total erythrocytes, the number of micronuclei in the immature erythrocytes, or the number of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations of Swiss albino mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almond skins are not genotoxic under the conditions of the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and two in vivo tests - micronucleus test and mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test, which supports the safety of almond skins for dietary consumption.
authors: Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: XiaoPeng
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Qian
authors: Q
authors: Xiang
authors: WenMing
authors: W
authors: Cui
authors: XuDong
authors: X
authors: Jia
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts