title: Long-term follow-up of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe refractory Crohn's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although new therapeutic strategies have been developed to control Crohn's disease, medical treatment for refractory cases is not able to prevent extensive and/or repeat surgery. Recently, several cases have been reported of successful remission induction in Crohn's disease patients by means of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here we report our long-term (4 to 6 years) outcome in three patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients (two male, one female) with active severe Crohn's disease were planned to undergo autologous HSCT. All patients were intolerant or refractory to conventional therapies, including anti-TNFα antibodies. Patients either refused surgery or surgery was considered not to be a feasible alternative due to the extensive disease involvement of the small intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood stem cells were mobilized using a single infusion of cyclophosphamide 4 g/m(2), followed on day 4 by subcutaneous injections with G-CSF 5 μg/kg twice daily until leukapheresis. CD34+ cells were isolated after leukapheresis by magnetic cell sorting. In two of the three patients a second round of stem cell mobilization using G-CSF only was required, either because of low yield or because of insufficient recovery after CD34 selection. Prior to transplantation, immune ablation was achieved using cyclophosphamide 50mg/kg/day (4 days), antithymocyte globulin 30 mg/kg/day (3 days) and prednisolone 500 mg (3 days). Endoscopy, barium small bowel enteroclysis and MRI enterography were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three patients successfully completed stem cell mobilization, and two of them subsequently underwent conditioning and autologous HSCT with CD34+ cell selection. Treatment was well tolerated, with acceptable toxicity. Now, 5 and 6 years post-transplantation, these patients are in remission under treatment. The third patient went into remission after mobilization and therefore she decided not to undergo conditioning and HSCT transplantation. After a successful pregnancy she relapsed two years later. Since then, she suffers from refractory Crohn's disease for which we are now reconsidering conditioning and transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autologous HSCT appears to be safe and can be an alternative strategy for Crohn's disease patients with severe and therapy resistant disease.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. d.w.hommes@lumc.nl
authors: Daniel W
authors: DW
authors: Hommes
authors: Marjolijn
authors: M
authors: Duijvestein
authors: Zuzana
authors: Z
authors: Zelinkova
authors: Pieter C F
authors: PC
authors: Stokkers
authors: Maartje Holsbergen-de
authors: MH
authors: Ley
authors: Jaap
authors: J
authors: Stoker
authors: Carlijn
authors: C
authors: Voermans
authors: Marinus H J
authors: MH
authors: van Oers
authors: Marie José
authors: MJ
authors: Kersten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization / Q000009:adverse effects; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012074:Remission Induction; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000009:adverse effects; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents