title: Colored perfluorocarbon liquids as novel intraoperative tools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) are used as intraoperative tools to stabilize the retina during vitreoretinal surgeries. Their use would be much facilitated if PFCLs were colored and not transparent. We describe the development of a colored PFCL for vitreoretinal surgeries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perfluorohexyloctan (F6H8) was colored by adding a blue, biocompatible anthraquinone dye, and then mixed with perfluorodecalin (PFD) or perfluorooctane (PFO) at different volume percentages. The thus-obtained colored PFCLs were incubated with lens, lens capsule, vitreous body, and retina of enucleated porcine eyes for staining purpose and analyzed microscopically. To analyze possible interactions between colored PFCLs and silicone oil, colored PFCLs were exchanged to BSS and silicone oil respectively in enucleated pig eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By mixing different volume% of colored F6H8 with perfluorodecalin (PFD) or perfluorooctane (PFO), colored PFCLs of different density and staining intensity were obtained. Cornea, lens, lens capsule, vitreous, and retina showed no signs of staining after incubation with colored PFCLs for 10 min. Colored PFCLs were transparent despite intense coloring, thus allowing a clear visibility of the underlying tissue. Immediately after instillation of silicone oil, the colored PFCL bubble was well-defined, and colored PFCL was easily aspirated. After 5 minutes reaction time, considerable diffusion of the dye from the PFCL bubble into the silicone oil was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The staining intensity can be varied according to the volume% of the colored F6H8 phase. Colored PFCL is clearly visible when installed in the vitreous cavity of a pig eye, and can easily be removed. It does not stain the intraocular tissues in pig eyes. Colored PFCL can be exchanged with silicone oil. But a time-dependent diffusion of the dye into the silicone oil was observed in pig eyes, indicating that the contact should be limited.
authors: Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana-Cisanello, Eye Surgery Clinic, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy. chiroftalmica@ao-pisa.toscana.it
authors: Stanislao
authors: S
authors: Rizzo
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Belting
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Genovesi-Ebert
authors: Nadine
authors: N
authors: Hagedorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D003720:Densitometry; D004322:Drainage; D058450:Endotamponade; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008422:Materials Testing; D013552:Swine; D057586:Vitreoretinal Surgery
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C008805:perfluorodecalin; C073608:perfluorooctane; C118616:perfluorohexyl-octan