title: Linking expression of FOXM1, CEP55 and HELLS to tumorigenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the expression of FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma to human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, and tumor stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcriptome data were analyzed from matched tumor-normal samples taken from patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Data were previously generated using deep-sequencing techniques (mRNA-Seq). Transcript levels of all three genes were validated using the NanoString nCounter system in a larger group of patients. Analyses were conducted to assess possible associations between expression levels and HPV infection status, smoking status, or tumor staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS were all overexpressed in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissue when compared to normal tissue. Significant trends were found between expression levels of FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS and tumor staging. Tumors staged 3 or greater showed significantly higher levels of expression compared with those staged 1. No significant association or trend was found between expression of any genes of interest and etiologic subgroupings (i.e., HPV, smoking).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FOXM1, CEP55, and HELLS were all overexpressed in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Gene expression is related to tumor stage. The significant association between the expression of these genes and advanced tumor stage suggest that they may play a role in tumorigenesis.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors: Jeffrey R
authors: JR
authors: Janus
authors: Rebecca R
authors: RR
authors: Laborde
authors: Alexandra J
authors: AJ
authors: Greenberg
authors: Vivian W
authors: VW
authors: Wang
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Wei
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Trier
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Olsen
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Moore
authors: Kerry D
authors: KD
authors: Olsen
authors: David I
authors: DI
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C505378:Cep55 protein, human; C107585:FOXM1 protein, human; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004265:DNA Helicases; C412063:HELLS protein, human