title: A patient with a mild holoprosencephaly spectrum phenotype and heterotaxy and a 1.3 Mb deletion encompassing GLI2.
abstract: Loss-of-function mutations of GLI2 are associated with features at the mild end of the holoprosencephaly spectrum, including abnormal pituitary gland formation and/or function, and craniofacial abnormalities. In addition patients may have branchial arch anomalies and polydactyly. Large, microscopically visible, interstitial deletions spanning 2q14.2 have been reported in patients with multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. We report here on a patient with a mild holoprosencephaly spectrum phenotype (bilateral cleft lip and palate and abnormal pituitary gland formation with panhypopituitarism) and normal psychomotor development, who was found to carry a 1.3 Mb submicroscopic heterozygous deletion in 2q14.2, encompassing the GLI2 gene. We review the genotype and phenotype of previously published probands with GLI2 aberrations. Our findings confirm the association of haploinsufficiency of GLI2 and mild HPE spectrum features. Consistent with prior reports, we observed incomplete penetrance of the deletion in the family, illustrating the multifactorial etiology of holoprosencephaly spectrum features. In addition to the holoprosencephaly spectrum features, the proband had heterotaxy of the abdominal organs. Mutations in the known heterotaxy genes (NODAL, ZIC3 and CFC1) were excluded. The deletion contains five genes, in addition to GLI2, including the EPB4.1l5 gene. Based on findings in Epb4.1l5 mutant mice we hypothesize that Epb4.1l5 is a candidate gene for the heterotaxy observed in the proband.
authors: Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.kevelam@vumc.nl
authors: Sietske H G
authors: SH
authors: Kevelam
authors: Jeske J T
authors: JJ
authors: van Harssel
authors: Bert
authors: B
authors: van der Zwaag
authors: Hubertus J M
authors: HJ
authors: Smeets
authors: Aimee D C
authors: AD
authors: Paulussen
authors: Klaske D
authors: KD
authors: Lichtenbelt
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 / Q000235:genetics; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D057895:Haploinsufficiency; D059446:Heterotaxy Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000235:genetics; D007223:Infant; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
chemical_list: C082593:GLI2 protein, human; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2