title: Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment and source apportionment of selected metals in source freshwater Khanpur Lake, Pakistan.
abstract: Selected metals (calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, lead, strontium and zinc) were measured in water samples from a source freshwater Lake. Average levels of cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead in the waters were significantly higher than the guideline values. Health risk assessment was then carried out to determine health risk via oral route and dermal contact. Hazard quotient (via ingestion) levels of cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead were higher than unity; suggesting potential adverse effects on local residents. Principal component analysis revealed considerable anthropogenic contributions of the metals in the water reservoir.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
authors: Javed
authors: J
authors: Iqbal
authors: Syed A
authors: SA
authors: Tirmizi
authors: Munir H
authors: MH
authors: Shah
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis; D003035:Cobalt / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D010154:Pakistan; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; D003035:Cobalt