title: A dialogue among various cultures and its manifestation in stuttering therapy.
abstract: This paper presents a historical retrospective of the evolution of the clinical aspects of stuttering, and refers to social, cultural, political, and economic variables that might have exerted an influence on this evolution, particularly in relation to the authors' experience in Israel. The retrospective commences in the early decades of the 20th century, when speech and language pathology did not exist as a profession, and presents the major approaches to therapy in children and adults employed by clinicians throughout the century. We focused on the impact of the change that occurred in religious society vis-à-vis stuttering on the various aspects of stuttering therapy and research. The Israeli Stuttering Organization - AMBI - is discussed in order to explore the possible influence of social, cultural, and political variables. In addition, we devoted special attention to the changes that occurred in the therapist-client relationship since they are indicative of the change in the nature of the treatment. We elaborated on the need for dialogue as a major component in the therapy and as an important contributor to a successful outcome. The dialogue is also discussed in terms of Eastern philosophy. Future developments in the understanding of stuttering and its implications for therapy are presented and discussed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to: (1) summarize the history of the clinical development of stuttering and explore the possible influence of social, cultural, political, and economic variables particularly in relation to Israel; (2) provide a new definition of stuttering; and (3) contrast the model of a dialogue as opposed to a monologue and explain its use in the therapist-client relationship.
authors: Communication Disorders Dept., Sheba Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel. Ruthez@post.tau.ac.il
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Ezrati-Vinacour
authors: Nitza
authors: N
authors: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000266:history*; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000266:history; D013342:Stuttering / Q000208:ethnology / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy