title: Regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (Doogh) improved endothelial biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as the underlying cause of diabetic angiopathy that eventually leads to cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in diabetes. We recently demonstrated the ameliorating effect of regular vitamin D intake on the glycemic status of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, the effects of improvement of vitamin D status on glycemic status, lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with T2D were randomly allocated to one of the two groups to receive either plain yogurt drink (PYD; containing 170 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 mL, n1 = 50) or vitamin D3-fortified yogurt drink (FYD; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL, n2 = 50) twice a day for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measures, glycemic status, lipid profile, body fat mass (FM) and endothelial biomarkers including serum endothelin-1, E-selectin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were evaluated at the beginning and after the 12-week intervention period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention resulted in a significant improvement in fasting glucose, the Quantitative Insulin Check Index (QUICKI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triacylglycerols, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), endothelin-1, E-selectin and MMP-9 in FYD compared to PYD (P < 0.05, for all). Interestingly, difference in changes of endothelin-1, E-selectin and MMP-9 concentrations in FYD compared to PYD (-0.35 ± 0.63 versus -0.03 ± 0.55, P = 0.028; -3.8 ± 7.3 versus 0.95 ± 8.3, P = 0.003 and -2.3 ± 3.7 versus 0.44 ± 7.1 ng/mL, respectively, P < 0.05 for all), even after controlling for changes of QUICKI, FM and waist circumference, remained significant for endothelin-1 and MMP-9 (P = 0.009 and P = 0.005, respectively) but disappeared for E-selectin (P = 0.092). On the contrary, after controlling for serum 25(OH)D, the differences disappeared for endothelin-1(P = 0.066) and MMP-9 (P = 0.277) but still remained significant for E-selectin (P = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ameliorated vitamin D status was accompanied by improved glycemic status, lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects. Our findings suggest both direct and indirect ameliorating effects of vitamin D on the endothelial biomarkers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01236846.
authors: Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Sakineh
authors: S
authors: Shab-Bidar
authors: Tirang R
authors: TR
authors: Neyestani
authors: Abolghassem
authors: A
authors: Djazayery
authors: Mohammad-Reza
authors: MR
authors: Eshraghian
authors: Anahita
authors: A
authors: Houshiarrad
authors: A'azam
authors: A
authors: Gharavi
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Kalayi
authors: Nastaran
authors: N
authors: Shariatzadeh
authors: Malihe
authors: M
authors: Zahedirad
authors: Niloufar
authors: N
authors: Khalaji
authors: Homa
authors: H
authors: Haidari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D019332:Endothelin-1; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9