title: Comparative risk of microalbuminuria and proteinuria in UK residents of south Asian and white European ethnic background with type 2 diabetes: a report from UKADS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated and compared the prevalence of microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria and their determinants in a cohort of UK resident patients of white European or south Asian ethnicity with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1978 patients, comprising 1486 of south Asian and 492 of white European ethnicity, in 25 general practices in Coventry and Birmingham inner city areas in England were studied in a cross-sectional study. Demographic and risk factor data were collected and presence of microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria assessed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN 38297969.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalences of microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary albumin:creatinine measurements were available for 1852 (94%) patients. The south Asian group had a lower prevalence of microalbuminuria, 19% vs. 23% and a higher prevalence of overt proteinuria, 8% vs. 3%, χ(2) = 15.85, 2df, P = 0.0004. In multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for confounding factors, significantly increased risk for the south Asian vs. white European patients for overt proteinuria was shown; OR (95% CI) 2.17 (1.05, 4.49), P = 0.0365. For microalbuminuria, an interaction effect for ethnicity and duration of diabetes suggested that risk for south Asian patients was lower in early years following diagnosis; OR for SA vs. WH at durations 0 and 1 year were 0.56 (0.37, 0.86) and 0.59 (0.39, 0.89) respectively. After 20 years' duration, OR = 1.40 (0.63, 3.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparability of ethnicity defined groups; statistical methods controlled for differences between groups, but residual confounding may remain. Analyses are based on a single measure of albumin:creatinine ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were significant differences between ethnicity groups in risk factor profiles and microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria outcomes. Whilst south Asian patients had no excess risk of microalbuminuria, the risk of overt proteinuria was elevated significantly, which might be explained by faster progression of renal dysfunction in patients of south Asian ethnicity.
authors: Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors: Neil T
authors: NT
authors: Raymond
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Paul O'Hare
authors: Srikanth
authors: S
authors: Bellary
authors: Sudhesh
authors: S
authors: Kumar
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Jones
authors: Anthony H
authors: AH
authors: Barnett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D044466:Asian People; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People