title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous medetomidine in the horse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics following an intravenous (IV) bolus dose of medetomidine in the horse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective experimental trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight, mature healthy horses age 11.7 ± 4.6 (mean ± SD) years, weighing 557 ± 54 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medetomidine (10 μg kg(-1) ) was administered IV. Blood was sampled at fixed time points from before drug administration to 48 hours post administration. Behavioral, physiological and biochemical data were obtained at predetermined time points from 0 minutes to 24 hours post administration. An algometer was also used to measure threshold responses to noxious stimuli. Medetomidine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and used for calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters using noncompartmental and compartmental analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic analysis estimated that medetomidine peaked (8.86 ± 3.87 ng mL(-1) ) at 6.4 ± 2.7 minutes following administration and was last detected at 165 ± 77 minutes post administration. Medetomidine had a clearance of 39.6 ± 14.6 mL kg(-1) minute(-1) and a volume of distribution of 1854 ± 565 mL kg(-1). The elimination half-life was 29.1 ± 12.5 minutes. Glucose concentration reached a maximum of 176 ± 46 mg dL(-1) approximately 1 hour post administration. Decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, borborygmi, packed cell volume, and total protein concentration were observed following administration. Horses lowered their heads from 107 ± 12 to 20 ± 10 cm within 10 minutes of drug administration and gradually returned to normal. Horse mobility decreased after drug administration. An increased mechanical threshold was present from 10 to 45 minutes and horses were less responsive to sound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral and physiological effects following intravenous administration positively correlate with pharmacokinetic profiles from plasma medetomidine concentrations. Glucose concentration gradually transiently increased following medetomidine administration. The analgesic effect of the drug appeared to have a very short duration.
authors: K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,, USA.
authors: Kristin N
authors: KN
authors: Grimsrud
authors: Khursheed R
authors: KR
authors: Mama
authors: Eugene P
authors: EP
authors: Steffey
authors: Scott D
authors: SD
authors: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D001786:Blood Glucose; D020926:Medetomidine