title: Passive cervical spine flexion: the effect of age and gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies reported passive cervical range of motion under unknown loading conditions or with minimal detail of subject positioning. Additionally, such studies have not quantitatively ensured the absence of active muscle during passive measurements. For the purpose of validating biomechanical models the loading condition, initial position, and muscle activation must be clearly defined. A method is needed to quantify the passive range of motion properties of the cervical spine under controlled loading conditions, particularly in the pediatric population where normative clinical and model validation data is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy female pediatric (6-12years; n=10), male pediatric (6-12years; n=9), female adult (21-40years; n=10), and male adult (20-36years; n=9) volunteers were enrolled. Subjects with restrained torsos and lower extremities were exposed to a maximum 1g inertial load in the posterior-anterior direction, such that the head-neck complex flexed when subjects relaxed their neck musculature. Surface electromyography monitored the level of muscle relaxation. A multi-camera 3-D target tracking system captured passive neck flexion angle of the head relative to the thoracic spine. General estimating equations detected statistical differences across age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Passive cervical spine flexion equaled 111.0° (SD 8.0°) for pediatric females, 102.8° (SD 7.8°) for adult females, 103.8° (SD 12.7°) for pediatric males, and 93.7° (SD 9.9°) for adult males. Passive neck flexion significantly decreased with age in both genders (P<0.01). Females exhibited significantly greater flexion than males (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study contributes normative data for clinical use, biomechanical modeling, and injury prevention tool development.
authors: Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Seacrist
authors: Jami
authors: J
authors: Saffioti
authors: Sriram
authors: S
authors: Balasubramanian
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Kadlowec
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Sterner
authors: J Felipe
authors: JF
authors: García-España
authors: Kristy B
authors: KB
authors: Arbogast
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Maltese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000502:physiology*