title: Improved imaging of lingual articulation using real-time multislice MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a real-time imaging technique that allows for simultaneous visualization of vocal tract shaping in multiple scan planes, and provides dynamic visualization of complex articulatory features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous imaging of multiple slices was implemented using a custom real-time imaging platform. Midsagittal, coronal, and axial scan planes of the human upper airway were prescribed and imaged in real-time using a fast spiral gradient-echo pulse sequence. Two native speakers of English produced voiceless and voiced fricatives /f/-/v/, /θ/-/ð/, /s/-/z/, /∫/- in symmetrical maximally contrastive vocalic contexts /a_a/, /i_i/, and /u_u/. Vocal tract videos were synchronized with noise-cancelled audio recordings, facilitating the selection of frames associated with production of English fricatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coronal slices intersecting the postalveolar region of the vocal tract revealed tongue grooving to be most pronounced during fricative production in back vowel contexts, and more pronounced for sibilants /s/-/z/ than for /∫/-. The axial slice best revealed differences in dorsal and pharyngeal articulation; voiced fricatives were observed to be produced with a larger cross-sectional area in the pharyngeal airway. Partial saturation of spins provided accurate location of imaging planes with respect to each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time MRI of multiple intersecting slices can provide valuable spatial and temporal information about vocal tract shaping, including details not observable from a single slice.
authors: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. yoonckim@usc.edu
authors: Yoon-Chul
authors: YC
authors: Kim
authors: Michael I
authors: MI
authors: Proctor
authors: Shrikanth S
authors: SS
authors: Narayanan
authors: Krishna S
authors: KS
authors: Nayak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003199:Computer Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult