title: The protective role of coastal marshes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salt marshes lie between many human communities and the coast and have been presumed to protect these communities from coastal hazards by providing important ecosystem services. However, previous characterizations of these ecosystem services have typically been based on a small number of historical studies, and the consistency and extent to which marshes provide these services has not been investigated. Here, we review the current evidence for the specific processes of wave attenuation, shoreline stabilization and floodwater attenuation to determine if and under what conditions salt marshes offer these coastal protection services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a thorough search and synthesis of the literature with reference to these processes. Seventy-five publications met our selection criteria, and we conducted meta-analyses for publications with sufficient data available for quantitative analysis. We found that combined across all studies (n = 7), salt marsh vegetation had a significant positive effect on wave attenuation as measured by reductions in wave height per unit distance across marsh vegetation. Salt marsh vegetation also had a significant positive effect on shoreline stabilization as measured by accretion, lateral erosion reduction, and marsh surface elevation change (n = 30). Salt marsh characteristics that were positively correlated to both wave attenuation and shoreline stabilization were vegetation density, biomass production, and marsh size. Although we could not find studies quantitatively evaluating floodwater attenuation within salt marshes, there are several studies noting the negative effects of wetland alteration on water quantity regulation within coastal areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that salt marshes have value for coastal hazard mitigation and climate change adaptation. Because we do not yet fully understand the magnitude of this value, we propose that decision makers employ natural systems to maximize the benefits and ecosystem services provided by salt marshes and exercise caution when making decisions that erode these services.
authors: Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America. cshepard@ucsc.edu
authors: Christine C
authors: CC
authors: Shepard
authors: Caitlin M
authors: CM
authors: Crain
authors: Michael W
authors: MW
authors: Beck
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D055868:Floods; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D011642:Publications; D012623:Seawater; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014872:Water Movements; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride