title: Evaluation of anti-nociceptive effect of epidural tramadol, tramadol-lidocaine and lidocaine in goats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the anti-nociceptive effect of tramadol, a combination of tramadol-lidocaine, and lidocaine alone when administered in the epidural space.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental randomized cross-over study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven healthy male goats, aged 9-11 months, weight 17.5-25.5 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatments were lidocaine, 2.86 mg kg(-1), tramadol-lidocaine (1 mg kg(-1) and 2.46 mg kg(-1), respectively) and tramadol (1 mg kg(-1)) given into the epidural space. The volume of all treatments was 0.143 mL kg(-1). Nociception was tested by pin prick and by pressure from a haemostat clamp. Times to the onset and duration of anti-nociception in the perineal region were recorded. Recumbency and ataxia were noted. Rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded before and at 15 minute intervals for 2 hours after the administration of each treatment. Statistical comparison used one-way anova with a post hoc Duncan's test as a post hoc. Significance was taken as p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Times (mean ± SD) to onset of and duration of loss of sensation, respectively in minutes were; lidocaine, 3 ± 1 and 85 ± 11), tramadol-lidocaine 4 ± 1 and 140 ± 2; tramadol 12 ± 1 and 235 ± 18. Onset and duration times were significantly longer with tramadol than the other two treatments. Duration was significantly longer with tramadol-lidocaine than with lidocaine alone. With lidocaine treatment all goats were severely ataxic or recumbent, after tramadol-lidocaine mildly ataxic, and after tramadol not ataxic. Rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates did not differ significantly from baseline after any treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of tramadol-lidocaine given by epidural injection produced an anti-nociceptive effect in the perineal region, which was rapid in onset and had a longer duration of action than lidocaine alone. This combination might prove useful clinically to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration obstetrical and surgical procedures but surgical stimuli were not investigated in this study.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. habibian_dehkordi@yahoo.com
authors: Saied H
authors: SH
authors: Dehkordi
authors: Amin
authors: A
authors: Bigham-Sadegh
authors: Razieh
authors: R
authors: Gerami
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006041:Goats; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D014147:Tramadol; D008012:Lidocaine