title: Identification of the nanogold particle-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by omic techniques and systems biology analysis.
abstract: Growth inhibition and apoptotic/necrotic phenotype was observed in nanogold particle (AuNP)-treated human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, proteomic techniques including two-dimensional electrophoresis/mass spectrometry and protein microarrays were utilized to study the differentially expressed proteome and phosphoproteome, respectively. Systems biology analysis of the proteomic data revealed that unfolded protein-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response was the predominant event. Concomitant with transcriptomic analysis using mRNA expression, microarrays show ER stress response in the AuNP-treated cells. The ER stress protein markers' expression assay unveiled AuNPs as an efficient cellular ER stress elicitor. Upon ER stress, cellular responses, including reactive oxygen species increase, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and mitochondria damage, chronologically occurred in the AuNP-treated cells. Conclusively, this study demonstrates that AuNPs cause cell death through induction of unmanageable ER stress.
authors: Department of Life-Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yen-Yin
authors: YY
authors: Tsai
authors: Yi-Huei
authors: YH
authors: Huang
authors: Ya-Li
authors: YL
authors: Chao
authors: Kuang-Yu
authors: KY
authors: Hu
authors: Li-Te
authors: LT
authors: Chin
authors: Shiu-Huey
authors: SH
authors: Chou
authors: Ai-Ling
authors: AL
authors: Hour
authors: Yeong-Der
authors: YD
authors: Yao
authors: Chi-Shun
authors: CS
authors: Tu
authors: Yao-Jen
authors: YJ
authors: Liang
authors: Cheng-Yuh
authors: CY
authors: Tsai
authors: Hao-Yu
authors: HY
authors: Wu
authors: Shan-Wen
authors: SW
authors: Tan
authors: Han-Min
authors: HM
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006046:Gold / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D049490:Systems Biology
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D006046:Gold