title: Pupal development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at different moisture values in four soil types.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate adult emergence and duration of the pupal stage of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and emergence of the fruit fly parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), under different moisture conditions in four soil  types, using soil water matric potential. Pupal stage duration in C. capitata was influenced differently for males and females. In females, only soil type affected pupal stage duration, which was longer in a clay soil. In males, pupal stage duration was individually influenced by moisture  and soil type, with a reduction in pupal stage duration in a heavy clay soil and in a sandy clay, with longer duration in the clay soil. As matric potential decreased, duration of the pupal stage of C. capitata males increased, regardless of soil type. C. capitata emergence was  affected by moisture, regardless of soil type, and was higher in drier soils. The emergence of D. longicaudata adults was individually influenced by soil type and moisture factors, and the number of emerged D. longicaudata adults was three times higher in sandy loam and lower  in a heavy clay soil. Always, the number of emerged adults was higher at higher moisture conditions. C. capitata and D. longicaudata pupal development was affected by moisture and soil type, which may facilitate pest sampling and allow release areas for the parasitoid to be defined  under field conditions.
authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors: F de M M
authors: Fde M
authors: Bento
authors: R N
authors: RN
authors: Marques
authors: M L Z
authors: ML
authors: Costa
authors: J M M
authors: JM
authors: Walder
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Silva
authors: J R P
authors: JR
authors: Parra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033622:Ceratitis capitata / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008297:Male; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis* / Q000469:parasitology; D014863:Wasps / Q000254:growth & development*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water