title: Renal and urological abnormalities occurring with Mullerian anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the spectrum and frequency of renal and urological abnormalities in a cohort of patients with uterine anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an ethics committee approved review of 164 women referred to the imaging department from a specialist gynaecological anomaly clinic. Imaging acquired over 8 years was assessed and this was sufficient for assessment of the morphology of the gynaecological and renal tracts in 113 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absent unilateral kidney was the most common abnormality (31.8%), most frequent in Type 3 uterine anomalies. Absent kidneys occurred in other anomaly types at lower frequency. Pelvic ureteric remnants were found in 9 of 36 patients with absent kidneys; these inserted ectopically, most commonly into the vagina. Urological abnormalities were found in 11 patients with two kidneys, including ectopic ureters, scarred kidneys and dysplastic kidney. Obstructed hemivaginas were associated commonly but not invariably with an absent kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previously unreported renal and urological abnormalities have been described in patients with congenital uterine anomalies. These have significant clinical impact. Ectopic ureters can cause incontinence, and potentially cause pain and become infected. Knowledge of the ureteric course, including ureteric remnants, is essential before complex laparoscopic and vaginal surgery.
authors: Department of Imaging, University College Hospital London NHS Trust, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom. margaret.hall-craggs@uclh.nhs.uk
authors: Margaret A
authors: MA
authors: Hall-Craggs
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Kirkham
authors: Sarah M
authors: SM
authors: Creighton
mesh_terms: D058489:46, XX Disorders of Sex Development; D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D019170:Somites / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult