title: Impact of lifestyle-related factors on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Taichung Diabetes Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether combined lifestyle behaviors have an impact on all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients aged 30-94 years with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 5,686 patients >30 years old with T2DM who were enrolled in a Diabetes Care Management Program at a medical center in central Taiwan before 2007. Lifestyle behaviors consisted of smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, and carbohydrate intake. The main outcomes were all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between combined lifestyle behaviors and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mortality rate among men was 24.10 per 1,000 person-years, and that among women was 17.25 per 1,000 person-years. After adjusting for the traditional risk factors, we found that combined lifestyle behavior was independently associated with all-cause mortality and mortality due to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Patients with three or more points were at a 3.50-fold greater risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI 2.06-5.96) and a 4.94-fold (1.62-15.06), 4.24-fold (1.20-14.95), and 1.31-fold (0.39-4.41) greater risk of diabetes-specific, CVD-specific, and cancer-specific mortality, respectively, compared with patients with zero points. Among these associations, the combined lifestyle behavior was not significantly associated with cancer mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined lifestyle behavior is a strong predictor of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients with T2DM.
authors: School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: Cheng-Chieh
authors: CC
authors: Lin
authors: Chia-Ing
authors: CI
authors: Li
authors: Chiu-Shong
authors: CS
authors: Liu
authors: Wen-Yuan
authors: WY
authors: Lin
authors: Martin Mao-Tsu
authors: MM
authors: Fuh
authors: Sing-Yu
authors: SY
authors: Yang
authors: Cheng-Chun
authors: CC
authors: Lee
authors: Tsai-Chung
authors: TC
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates