title: Influence of pain location and hand dominance on scapular kinematics and EMG activities: an exploratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of three-dimensional kinematics and electromyography (EMG) activities is common in patients with chronic neck pain. However, the effect of hand dominance and neck pain location on the measurement of movement and EMG characteristics is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neck pain location and arm dominance on the scapular kinematics and muscle EMG activities in patients with chronic neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty subjects (10 males, 20 females; mean age (sd): 38 (11.9) years) with chronic neck pain for more than 3 months were recruited. The scapular kinematics and EMG activity of the upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles were measured during the bilateral arm elevation task. The three-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of neck pain location and hand dominance on the measurement of kinematics and EMG muscle activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The movement of scapular posterior tilt was significantly influenced by arm dominance (P = 0.001) and by the interaction of arm dominance and elevation angle (P = 0.002). The movement of scapular upward/downward rotation was affected by the interaction of arm dominance and elevation angle (P = 0.02). The location of pain did not show any significant influence on the scapular movement and muscle activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand dominance could have an influence on the scapular kinematics, which should be taken into consideration when describing and comparing neuromuscular characteristics in individuals with chronic neck pain.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112. yfshih@ym.edu.tw
authors: Yi-Fen
authors: YF
authors: Shih
authors: Yi-Hsuan
authors: YH
authors: Kao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012540:Scapula / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods