title: Coupled-wave analysis for photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers on air holes with arbitrary sidewalls.
abstract: The coupled-wave theory (CWT) is extended to a photonic crystal structure with arbitrary sidewalls, and a simple, fast, and effective model for the quantitatively analysis of the radiative characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PC-SELs) has been developed. For illustrating complicated coupling effects accurately, sufficient numbers of waves are included in the formulation, by considering their vertical field profiles. The radiation of band-edge modes is analyzed for two in-plane air-hole geometries, in the case of two types of sidewalls: i.e. "tapered case" and "tilted case." The results of CWT analysis agree well with the results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical simulation. From the analytical solutions of the CWT, the symmetry properties of the band-edge modes are investigated. In-plane asymmetry of the air holes is crucial for achieving high output power because it causes partial constructive interference. Asymmetric air holes and tilted sidewalls help in inducing in-plane asymmetries. By breaking the symmetries with respect to the two orthogonal symmetric axes of the band-edge modes, the two factors can be tuned independently, so that the radiation power is enhanced while preserving the mode selectivity performance. Finally, top-down reactive ion etching (RIE) approach is suggested for the fabrication of such a structure.
authors: Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan. pengchao@qoe.kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Peng
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Kyosuke
authors: K
authors: Sakai
authors: Seita
authors: S
authors: Iwahashi
authors: Susumu
authors: S
authors: Noda
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D003198:Computer Simulation; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017785:Photons; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000379:methods*