title: Emotional variability and sustained arousal during exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In traditional exposure therapy for phobias and anxiety disorders, reduction of fear responding is used as an index of learning. However, recent evidence in animal models suggests that sustained arousal and enhanced fear responding throughout exposure may actually predict better long-term outcomes (Rescorla, 2000).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of sustained arousal during exposure were investigated in a clinical analog sample of 59 participants fearful of public speaking. Participants completed exposure with or without the presence of additional excitatory stimuli which were intended to enhance arousal and fear responding throughout exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group assignment (exposure versus exposure with additional excitatory stimuli) did not significantly predict outcome at 1-week follow-up testing, as measured physiologically, subjectively, and behaviorally. A set of regression analyses investigating whether any exposure process measures predicted outcome indicated that sustained arousal throughout exposure as well as variability in subjective fear responding throughout exposure (e.g., Kircanski et al., 2011) predicted lower levels of fear at follow-up testing (p < 0.05; p < 0.001) after controlling for demographic variables as well as pre-exposure fear levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The excitatory stimuli used failed to produce the intended effects. However, some participants did maintain elevated arousal throughout exposure and this predicted better outcomes at 1-week follow-up testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained arousal throughout exposure as well as variability in subjective fear responding during exposure may be better predictors of long-term outcomes than habituation of fear across exposure.
authors: UCLA Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA. najwa@ucla.edu
authors: Najwa C
authors: NC
authors: Culver
authors: Milena
authors: M
authors: Stoyanova
authors: Michelle G
authors: MG
authors: Craske
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D013060:Speech; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult