title: Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community-dwelling elderly Thai.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of oral malodour, (ii) to evaluate the daily variation of oral malodour and (iii) to assess associations of volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations with socio-demographics, health behaviours and oral health status in community-dwelling elderly Thai.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 428 dentate elderly people (67.6 ± 5.6 years) living in Phitsaulok, Thailand. Information on their socio-demographics, general health and health behaviours was obtained by a questionnaire. Their dental condition, periodontal status and tongue coating were clinically examined. Their flow rates and the pH of unstimulated saliva were also assessed. Oral malodour was measured at four different times of day using an Oral Chroma™.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportions of subjects diagnosed with oral malodour using the thresholds of H(2)S, CH(3)SH and (CH(3))(2) S were 60.5%, 62.9% and 80.7%, respectively. Concentrations of H(2)S showed significant daily variation. Linear regression analysis demonstrated the following significant associations: (i) oral malodour from H(2)S and thickness of the tongue coating, (ii) oral malodour from CH(3)SH and periodontal pocket depth of 5 mm or more and the presence of gingival bleeding and (iii) oral malodour from (CH(3))(2)S and systemic disease, medications and thickness of the tongue coating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral malodour was shown to be prevalent among the elderly. Daily variation was observed in the concentration of H(2)S. Tongue coating, periodontal disease, systemic diseases and medications were related to oral malodour. Therefore, these factors should be taken into consideration in oral malodour treatment and prevention programmes for the elderly.
authors: Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. patcharaphols@yahoo.com
authors: Patcharaphol
authors: P
authors: Samnieng
authors: Masayuki
authors: M
authors: Ueno
authors: Kayoko
authors: K
authors: Shinada
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Zaitsu
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Kawaguchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004245:DMF Index; D004358:Drug Therapy; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis; D006209:Halitosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000175:diagnosis; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D013440:Sulfides / Q000032:analysis; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D013785:Thailand; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013440:Sulfides; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C005231:methylmercaptan; C004784:dimethyl sulfide; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide