title: A newly designed enteral formula containing whey peptides and fermented milk product protects mice against concanavalin A-induced hepatitis by suppressing overproduction of inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported that whey protein derived from cow milk suppressed inflammation in a variety of animal models. We developed a newly designed enteral formula using peptides prepared from whey protein and fermented milk product and investigated its ability to suppress inflammation in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard formula, AIN-93M, or enteral formula for 14 days, and then were intravenously administered concanavalin A. Inflammatory cytokines in plasma, liver, and spleen and markers of hepatic function in plasma were assessed at various time points. Livers were assessed for necrosis and apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After concanavalin A treatment, plasma aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransferase, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in mice fed enteral formula than in those fed standard formula or AIN-93M. Liver TNF-α and IFN-γ, and spleen IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were lower in enteral formula-fed mice than in standard formula-fed mice 2 h after concanavalin A treatment. Necrosis and apoptosis were suppressed in the livers of enteral formula-fed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new enteral formula is a potent novel immune-modulating diet that prevents aggravation of local inflammation by modulating systemic cytokine levels.
authors: Nutrition Research Dept., Food Science Research Labs, Meiji Co Ltd, 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan. hisae.kume@meiji.com
authors: Hisae
authors: H
authors: Kume
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Okazaki
authors: Taketo
authors: T
authors: Yamaji
authors: Hajime
authors: H
authors: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000009:adverse effects*; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000737:chemistry; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D009336:Necrosis / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D003208:Concanavalin A; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000410:Alanine Transaminase