title: Thrombolytic therapy is effective in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a series of nine patients and a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombosis is the major risk factor for death in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Previous case reports indicate that venous thrombosis in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is amenable to thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the outcome of thrombolytic therapy for patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria who had thromboses refractory to anticoagulation at our institutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study of 41 patients who had at least one thrombotic event, we confirmed a very high incidence of recurrence despite anticoagulation. Nine patients with thrombosis were regarded as eligible for administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, which was effective in reversing thrombi in all of 15 occasions in which it was given. Serious hemorrhagic complications developed in three cases. At last follow-up visit, of the nine patients treated, three had died, and six were in very good to excellent condition in terms of clinical outcome and radiological findings. The only patient in whom thrombolysis may have contributed to a fatal outcome also had complications of "heparin induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis", which we diagnosed in three additional patients. In our review of the literature, nine out of 15 patients treated with thrombolysis have had a good outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it is associated with a significant but manageable risk of bleeding, systemic thrombolysis is a highly effective treatment for reversing venous thromboses in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
authors: Division of Hematology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA. david.araten@nyumc.org
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Araten
authors: Rosario
authors: R
authors: Notaro
authors: Howard T
authors: HT
authors: Thaler
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Kernan
authors: Farid
authors: F
authors: Boulad
authors: Hugo
authors: H
authors: Castro-Malaspina
authors: Trudy
authors: T
authors: Small
authors: Andromachi
authors: A
authors: Scaradavou
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Magnan
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Prockop
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Chaffee
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Gonsky
authors: Raymond
authors: R
authors: Thertulien
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Tarquini
authors: Lucio
authors: L
authors: Luzzatto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006457:Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator