title: Toll/interleukin-1 receptor member ST2 exhibits higher soluble levels in type 2 diabetes, especially when accompanied with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soluble ST2, a member of the of the Toll/IL-1 superfamily, is a novel biomarker with exceptional predictive value in heart failure and myocardial infarction- related mortality as well as in acute dyspneic states. Soluble ST2 is considered a decoy receptor of IL 33 that blocks the protective effects of the cytokine in atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling. In the present study we investigated the differences in the levels of soluble ST2, BNP and hs-CRP between healthy controls and patients with type 2 diabetes with and without left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. A secondary aim was to investigate correlations between sST2 and other biomarkers of type 2 diabetes, such as HbA1c.
  
  
  METHODS
  158 volunteers were recruited and underwent a complete Doppler-echocardiographic evaluation of both systolic & diastolic cardiac function. All subjects with ejection fraction<50% were excluded. The study population was divided in 4 groups as follows: A: 42 healthy controls, B: 18 subjects without diabetes with LVDD, C: 48 patients with type 2 diabetes without LVDD & D: 50 patients with type 2 diabetes & LVDD. ELISA technique was performed to measure sST2 levels. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis & Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables), chi squared & Fischer exact test (discrete variables), Spearman coefficient (univariate analysis) and step-wise backward method (multivariate analysis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with type 2 diabetes with (p<0.001) or without LVDD (p=0.007) had higher serum ST2 levels compared to healthy controls, state found also for hs-CRP levels but not for the corresponding BNP levels (p=0.213 & p=0.207 respectively). Patients with type 2 diabetes & LVDD had higher serum ST2 in relation to diabetic patients without LVDD (p=0.001). In multivariate analysis HbA1c positively and independently correlated with sST2 levels in both groups of patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit higher sST2 levels compared to healthy controls. The presence of LVDD in patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with even higher sST2 levels. A significant correlation between glycemic control and sST2 levels was also revealed.
authors: Diabetes Center, Tzanio General Hospital of Piraeus, and Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Greece. fousteris@mycosmos.gr
authors: Evangelos
authors: E
authors: Fousteris
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Melidonis
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Panoutsopoulos
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Tzirogiannis
authors: Stefanos
authors: S
authors: Foussas
authors: Anastasios
authors: A
authors: Theodosis-Georgilas
authors: Stavros
authors: S
authors: Tzerefos
authors: Spiridon
authors: S
authors: Matsagos
authors: Eleni
authors: E
authors: Boutati
authors: Theofanis
authors: T
authors: Economopoulos
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Dimitriadis
authors: Sotirios
authors: S
authors: Raptis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D015854:Up-Regulation; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C079241:IL1RL1 protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human