title: Clinical applications of problem-solving research in neuropsychological rehabilitation: addressing the subjective experience of cognitive deficits in outpatients with acquired brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this paper is to illustrate how the lessons learned in over 20 years of randomized clinical trials have advanced cognitive rehabilitation beyond traditional approaches to problem solving by more explicitly integrating subjective self-appraisal factors in routine clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concept of problem orientation, as proposed by cognitive-behavioral psychologists, provides a much-needed framework for conceptualizing interventions to address the impact of subjective experience on cognitive functioning, within the context of cognitive remediation. By explicitly focusing on the beliefs, assumptions, and expectations that individuals with acquired brain injury have about their own cognitive functioning, the concept of problem orientation allows rehabilitation psychologists to add an element to interventions, not systematically addressed in standard approaches to cognitive remediation. Targeting objective deficits in cognitive remediation is necessary, but not sufficient: For optimal benefit, remedial interventions must address objective cognitive deficits and the patient's subjective experience of such deficits in tandem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contemporary evidence-based treatment recommendations now typically include incorporating interventions to address motivational, attitudinal, and affective factors in cognitive remediation. Further research is needed to directly compare the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitative interventions that systematically address subjective factors with those that do not.
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA. joseph.rath@med.nyu.edu
authors: Joseph F
authors: JF
authors: Rath
authors: Amy L
authors: AL
authors: Hradil
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Litke
authors: Leonard
authors: L
authors: Diller
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000339:Affect; D001290:Attitude; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D011340:Problem Solving; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012073:Remedial Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D012647:Self-Assessment