title: Pharmacodynamic monitoring of cyclosporin A reveals risk of opportunistic infections and malignancies in renal transplant recipients 65 years and older.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cohort of senior renal allograft recipients is increasing. Age-related physiologic changes are believed to influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immunosuppression. Measuring the residual nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT)-regulated gene expression (RGE) is a promising pharmacodynamic tool to individually monitor cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In stable senior renal allograft recipients (≥65 years), the expression of 3 calcineurin-dependent NFAT-regulated genes (interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) was measured in whole-blood samples before (C₀) and 2 hours (C₂) after oral drug intake. Clinical data on opportunistic infections were collected in a clinical observational period of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six senior patients [22 male, median age 70 years (65-77)] were enrolled in this clinical study. Median daily CsA dosage was 150 mg (50-250), CsA C₀ concentration 102 mcg/L (range 33-157), and CsA C₂ concentration 551 mcg/L (range 254-1228). The NFAT RGE varied between 3% and 37% (median 10%). CsA peak concentrations and inhibition of gene expression correlated significantly (r = -0.737, P < 0.001). NFAT RGE in patients with opportunistic infections including atypical pneumonia, cytomegalovirus and herpes viral infections was lower compared with that in patients without infections [4% (3-13) versus 11% (3-37), P = 0.05], whereas the daily CsA dosage, CsA C₀, and CsA C₂ concentrations were comparable. Renal allograft function correlated inversely with NFAT RGE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher degree of immunosuppression correlated with more infectious complications in a considerable proportion of senior renal allograft recipients treated with standard CsA therapy. Pharmacodynamic monitoring is an approach to individualize immunosuppression and could provide the opportunity to reduce complications caused by infections.
authors: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. claudia.sommerer@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Sommerer
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Schnitzler
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Meuer
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Zeier
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Giese
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016572:Cyclosporine