title: Quantitative analysis of left atrial function in asymptomatic patients with b-thalassemia major using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is strong evidence that left atrial (LA) size is a prognostic marker in a variety of heart diseases. Recently, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) has been reported as a useful tool for studying the phasic changes of the left atrial volumes. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the left atrium in beta-thalassemic patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and no iron overload, using RT3DE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight asymptomatic b-thalassemic patients (32.2 ± 4.3 years old, 17 men) who were on iron chelating therapy, as well as 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent transthoracic RT3DE. The patient group had normal echocardiographic systolic and diastolic indices, while there was no myocardial iron disposition according to MRI. Apical full volume data sets were obtained and LA volumes were measured at 3 time points of the cardiac cycle: (1) maximum volume (LAmax) at end-systole, just before mitral valve opening; (2) minimum volume (LAmin) at end-diastole, just before mitral valve closure; and (3) volume before atrial active contraction (LApreA) obtained from the last frame before mitral valve reopening or at time of the P wave on the surface electrocardiogram. From the derived values, left atrial active and passive emptying volumes, as well as the respective emptying fractions were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left ventricular EF (59.2 ± 2.5% patients vs. 60.1 ± 2.1% controls), E/A, E/E' were similar between the two groups. Differences in the LAmax, LAmin and LApreA between b-thalassemic patients and controls were non-significant, LAmax:(35.5 ± 13.4 vs 31.8 ± 9.8)cm3, LAmin:(16.0 ± 6.0 vs. 13.5 ± 4.2)cm3, and LApreA:(25.4 ± 9.8 vs. 24.3 ± 7.2)cm3. However, left atrial active emptying fraction was reduced in the patient group as compared to the healthy population (34.3 ± 16.4% vs. 43.2 ± 11.4%, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT3DE may be a novel technique for the evaluation of LA function in asymptomatic patients with b-Thalassemia Major. Among three-dimensional volumes and indices, left atrial active emptying fraction may be an early index of LA dysfunction in the specific patient population.
authors: Department of Cardiology, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece. dina.aggeli@gmail.com
authors: Constantina
authors: C
authors: Aggeli
authors: Ioannis
authors: I
authors: Felekos
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Poulidakis
authors: Athanasios
authors: A
authors: Aggelis
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Tousoulis
authors: Christodoulos
authors: C
authors: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D003199:Computer Systems; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*