title: Kinetic energy density and agglomerate abrasion rate during blending of agglomerates into powders.
abstract: Problems related to the blending of a cohesive powder with a free flowing bulk powder are frequently encountered in the pharmaceutical industry. The cohesive powder often forms lumps or agglomerates which are not dispersed during the mixing process and are therefore detrimental to blend uniformity. Achieving sufficient blend uniformity requires that the blending conditions are able to break up agglomerates, which is often an abrasion process. This study was based on the assumption that the abrasion rate of agglomerates determines the required blending time. It is shown that the kinetic energy density of the moving powder bed is a relevant parameter which correlates with the abrasion rate of agglomerates. However, aspects related to the strength of agglomerates should also be considered. For this reason the Stokes abrasion number (St(Abr)) has been defined. This parameter describes the ratio between the kinetic energy density of the moving powder bed and the work of fracture of the agglomerate. The St(Abr) number is shown to predict the abrasion potential of agglomerates in the dry-mixing process. It appeared possible to include effects of filler particle size and impeller rotational rate into this concept. A clear relationship between abrasion rate of agglomerates and the value of St(Abr) was demonstrated.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. tofan.willemsz@merck.com
authors: Tofan A
authors: TA
authors: Willemsz
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Hooijmaijers
authors: Carina M
authors: CM
authors: Rubingh
authors: Thanh N
authors: TN
authors: Tran
authors: Henderik W
authors: HW
authors: Frijlink
authors: Herman
authors: H
authors: Vromans
authors: Kees
authors: K
authors: van der Voort Maarschalk
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D002482:Cellulose; D007785:Lactose