title: Bioassay-guided isolation of neuroprotective compounds from Loranthus parasiticus against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in NG108-15 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A parasite plant, Loranthus parasiticus (Loranthaceae), which is generally known as benalu teh (in Malay), Sang Ji Sheng (in Chinese), and baso-kisei (in Japan) distributed in south and southwest part of China, has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of schizophrenia in southwest China. Loranthus parasiticus has various uses in folk and traditional medicines for bone, brain, kidney, liver, expels wind-damp, and prevents miscarriage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of Loranthus parasiticus against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative damage in NG108-15 hybridoma cells, so as to present evidence for the traditional use of this parasite plant in the treatment of oxidative stress related neurodegenerative diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dried and ground leaves of Loranthus parasiticus were extracted and fractionated into Loranthus parasiticus ethanol extract (LPEE), Loranthus parasiticus ethyl acetate fraction (LPEAF), and Loranthus parasiticus aqueous fraction (LPAF), which were subjected to neuroprotective activity assessment by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation was performed subsequently to identify the most neuroactive compound. Mechanism studies underlying the present neuroprotection model of the isolated neuroactive compound was evaluated by employing 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) for translocation of membrane phosphatidyleserine to identify cells undergo apoptosis, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3' tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detection, and PI for cell cycle events analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among those tested extract and fractions (LPEE, LPEAF, and LPAF) in our previous screening, LPAF significantly (P<0.01) yielded the highest neuroprotective activity with 78.00±1.85% cell viability in a dose dependent manner, supporting a neuroprotective role for LPAF in vitro. AC trimer and (+)-catechin have been isolated from LPAF successfully through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation approach and (+)-catechin exhibited stronger neuroprotective activity as compared with AC trimer. (+)-Catechin increased cell viability and decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in NG108-15 cells. Moreover, (+)-catechin reduced total annexin V positive cells (early and late apoptotic cells), attenuated the collapsed of MMP, and inhibited cell cycle arrested at sub-G(1) population following H(2)O(2) insult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, the use of Loranthus parasiticus as folk medicine in the treatment of mental disorder was attributed to the presence of proanthocyanidins in this parasite plant. These findings support the traditional use of Loranthus parasiticus which is capable in managing neurological disorder where oxidative stress is implicated.
authors: Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Daniel Zin Hua
authors: DZ
authors: Wong
authors: Habsah Abdul
authors: HA
authors: Kadir
authors: Sui Kiong
authors: SK
authors: Ling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002392:Catechin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D028183:Loranthaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002392:Catechin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide