title: Deterioration of renal function by chronic heart failure is associated with congestion and oxidative stress in the tubulointerstitium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the hypothesis that renal congestion is responsible for the decline in renal function in patients with heart failure (HF) via tubulointerstitial inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, in a longitudinal study, we retrospectively examined the relationship between cardiac functions and the decline of renal function during a period of 6.4±3.2 years in 20 patients who had a left ventricular ejection fraction of <40% and an estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Second, we compared the renal histology in autopsy cases of HF-induced renal dysfunction (HF-RD), cases of nephrosclerosis (NSC) and cases of neither RD nor HF (controls) in a cross-sectional study. Third, we retrospectively examined renal function in HF patients with predominantly right, but not left, ventricular dysfunction. Results eGFR decreased at 9.4±4.6%/year in the cohort of the longitudinal study. The rate of eGFR decline was correlated with blood pressure and with diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVCd) (r=0.5) measured at the initial work-up. Multivariate analysis indicated that the IVCd is an independent determinant of decline of eGFR in HF. In the cross-sectional study, fibrosis, Rac1 expression, protein nitrosylation, and number of CD68-positive cells were increased in the tubulointerstitium in both cases of HF-RD and NSC. Peritubular capillaries in HF-RD were dilated by 35% without any change in density compared with those in the controls. In right sided HF, the reduction of IVCd after treatment was associated with improvement of eGFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venous congestion may contribute to HF-induced deterioration of renal function by augmenting oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in the tubulointerstitium.
authors: The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan. matanaka@sapmed.ac.jp
authors: Marenao
authors: M
authors: Tanaka
authors: Hideaki
authors: H
authors: Yoshida
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Furuhashi
authors: Nobuhiko
authors: N
authors: Togashi
authors: Masayuki
authors: M
authors: Koyama
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Tomohisa
authors: T
authors: Yamashita
authors: Yusuke
authors: Y
authors: Okazaki
authors: Shutaro
authors: S
authors: Ishimura
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Ota
authors: Tadashi
authors: T
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Tetsuji
authors: T
authors: Miura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012189:Retrospective Studies