title: Energy balance-related behavioural patterns in 5-year-old children and the longitudinal association with weight status development in early childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined clustering of dietary intake and activity behaviours (i.e. physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour) in 5-year-old children, as well as the longitudinal association with BMI and overweight development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify behavioural patterns. Backward regression analyses were used to examine the association of behavioural patterns with parent and child background characteristics, as well as the association of the patterns with BMI Z-score and overweight development up to ages 7 and 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data originated from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study (n 2074 at age 5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patterns emerged: a 'sedentary-snacking' pattern (including television viewing and snack consumption), a 'healthy intake' pattern (including healthy items such as fruit, vegetables and fish), a 'sandwich' pattern (including bread and sandwich fillings) and a 'sporty-traditional meal' pattern (including sports, meat and potatoes). The patterns were related to child gender, general appetite and various parental characteristics. The sedentary-snacking pattern was positively associated with longitudinal BMI development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-behavioural energy balance-related behavioural patterns exist at age 5 years. Different activity types (e.g. sports, television viewing) clustered differently with the behavioural patterns, indicating the need to incorporate these different types instead of one general PA measure in energy balance-related pattern analyses. The clustering and potential synergy between activity behaviours and dietary intake, as well as the associations with weight status development, stress the importance of an integrated approach to PA and healthy nutrition promotion in preventing childhood overweight.
authors: Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Jessica.Gubbels@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors: Jessica S
authors: JS
authors: Gubbels
authors: Stef P J
authors: SP
authors: Kremers
authors: R Alexandra
authors: RA
authors: Goldbohm
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Stafleu
authors: Carel
authors: C
authors: Thijs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D009043:Motor Activity; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D062410:Snacks; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television; D014675:Vegetables