title: The accommodative lag of the young hyperopic patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accommodative accuracy of infants and young children before they had had any form of clinical intervention or treatment, in an attempt to determine the difference between 'normal' and 'abnormal' visual experience for these individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nott retinoscopy was performed on 111 subjects in binocular viewing conditions at a viewing distance of 50 cm. The target was a naturalistic cartoon image with a broadband spatial frequency amplitude spectrum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accommodative accuracy was not related to age (4-90 months). In the group found to have no apparent clinical abnormality (n = 71), the mean lag in the more hyperopic meridian of the least ametropic eye was 0.34 diopters (D). When considering the group as a whole, those with less than approximately 4 D of hyperopia demonstrated similar lags, while those with higher hyperopia, amblyopia, or strabismus had more variable lags. An ROC analysis designed to detect hyperopia >5 D in any meridian, amblyopia and/or strabismus had an area under the curve of 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82 to 0.95), and for a lag criterion of 1.3 D had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 96.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data from a relatively small but broad sampling of age and clinical status suggest that clinically normal young infants and children with low amounts of hyperopia have similar lags of accommodation from the first few months after birth. Subjects with greater than 4 D of hyperopia, or amblyopia or strabismus, have more variable lags and therefore evidence of abnormal visual experience.
authors: Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. rcandy@indiana.edu
authors: T Rowan
authors: TR
authors: Candy
authors: Kathryn H
authors: KH
authors: Gray
authors: Christy C
authors: CC
authors: Hohenbary
authors: Don W
authors: DW
authors: Lyon
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D042262:Retinoscopy; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology