title: Bilateral polymicrobial osteomyelitis with Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei: a case report and an updated literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a case of bilateral polymicrobial osteomyelitis with Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei, and review the literature on Candida osteomyelitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched for cases of Candida osteomyelitis published in the English-language literature between 1970 and 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 60-year-old previously healthy man was hospitalized with gallstone pancreatitis. Between 3 weeks and 6 months after hospitalization, he developed bilateral osteomyelitis of the feet with C. tropicalis and C. krusei. The patient was treated with surgery, fluconazole, and a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B. The left lower limb was amputated, and at a 2-year follow-up, the patient had almost no pain in his right foot.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 40 new cases in the literature since the latest review in 2004. Most cases of Candida osteomyelitis are caused by Candida albicans, but an increasing number are caused by non-albicans species. The prognosis is favorable, with full recovery in the majority of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida osteomyelitis should be considered when a patient presents with risk factors and pain without previous trauma, because Candida, despite being part of the normal flora, is the fourth leading cause of hematogenous nosocomial infections. The recommended treatment is surgery and fluconazole as monotherapy or initially combined with a fungicidal agent, either a different amphotericin B formulation or an echinocandin.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Copenhagen University, Herlev Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark. nckaldau@gmail.com
authors: Niels Christian
authors: NC
authors: Kaldau
authors: Stig
authors: S
authors: Brorson
authors: Poul-Einar
authors: PE
authors: Jensen
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Schultz
authors: Magnus
authors: M
authors: Arpi
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D041022:Candida tropicalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D004338:Drug Combinations; D054714:Echinocandins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D054714:Echinocandins; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole