title: Direct Percutaneous Alcohol Sclerotherapy for Venous Malformations of Head and Neck Region without Fluoroscopic Guidance: Technical Consideration and Outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol is not used directly to the vascular lesion without mixing with the contrast agent because alcohol itself cannot be seen on the fluoroscopy. Since we have used alcohol for the venous malformations in the head and neck area, we realized that alcohol can be safely and effectively used without using fluoroscopy. We present the method of direct sclerotherapy using absolute alcohol without using fluoroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  After obtaining and carefully analyzing direct puncture venogram, we used this technique in 22 patients who underwent alcohol sclerotherapy. Because fluoroscopy was not used during alcohol injection, the angiotable can be placed outside of C-arm so that alcohol was comfortably injected without any obstacle around the patients. Venogram can also be obtained between the injections to detect whether there is any dangerous venous outflow drainage such as the superior ophthalmic vein to the cavernous sinus. To control the venous outflow, local compression to the draining vein was applied. The result and complication such as skin necrosis, infection, and nerve injury were evaluated during mean follow-up period of 13 months (range, 1-63 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of sclerotherapy was one in 16 and 2-5 in 6 patients. The volume of alcohol used per treatment session ranged from 2 to 18 mL (mean, 8.5 mL). There was the minimum change in 1 (4.5%), moderately decreased lesion in 12 (54.5%), and markedly decreased lesion in 9 (41%) patients. The patients did not reveal any complications during 12.9 months follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct puncture alcohol sclerotherapy without using fluoroscopy can be a safe and effective technique for treating venous malformation of the head and neck areas. In addition, the procedure can be performed in the comfortable position because biplane fluoroscopy would not be necessary.
authors: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Hye Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Baek
authors: Joon Pio
authors: JP
authors: Hong
authors: Jong Woo
authors: JW
authors: Choi
authors: Dae Chul
authors: DC
authors: Suh