title: Post-concussion syndrome: prevalence after mild traumatic brain injury in comparison with a sample without head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of persistent post-concussion syndrome (PCS; >1 year post-injury) in participants with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and those without head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional sample of 119 participants with mTBI and 246 without previous head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online questionnaires collected data about post-concussion symptoms, cognitive failures, anxiety, depression, sleep behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder. Variability within the sample was addressed by splitting by PCS diagnosis to create four groups: mTBI + PCS, mTBI-PCS, Control + PCS and Control-PCS. PCS was diagnosed using ICD-10 criteria in all groups, with controls not requiring previous head injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCS was present to a similar extent in participants with no head injury (34%) compared to those with mTBI (31%). Only report of headaches, which could be caused by expectation bias, distinguished between mTBI + PCS and Control + PCS groups. In addition, significantly higher cognitive problems were observed in participants with mTBI compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent PCS, as currently defined, is not specific to mTBI. These data suggest that somatic and cognitive symptoms are most likely to be able to distinguish PCS after mTBI from that present in the general population. Further research is necessary into these factors in order to create more specific PCS diagnostic criteria.
authors: Department of Psychology, University Of Surrey, Guildford, UK. p.dean@surrey.ac.uk
authors: Philip J A
authors: PJ
authors: Dean
authors: Darragh
authors: D
authors: O'Neill
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Sterr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology