title: Static and dynamic foot characteristics in children aged 1-13 years: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to acquire static and dynamic foot geometry and loading in childhood, and to establish data for age groups of a population of 1-13 year old infants and children. A total of 10,382 children were recruited and 7788 children (48% males and 52% females) were finally included into the data analysis. For static foot geometry foot length and foot width were quantified in a standing position. Dynamic foot geometry and loading were assessed during walking on a walkway with self selected speed (Novel Emed X, 100Hz, 4 sensors/cm(2)). Contact area (CA), peak pressure (PP), force time integral (FTI) and the arch index were calculated for the total, fore-, mid- and hindfoot. Results show that most static and dynamic foot characteristics change continuously during growth and maturation. Static foot length and width increased with age from 13.1±0.8cm (length) and 5.7±0.4cm (width) in the youngest to 24.4±1.5cm (length) and 8.9±0.6cm (width) in the oldest. A mean walking velocity of 0.94±0.25m/s was observed. Arch-index ranged from 0.32±0.04 [a.u.] in the one-year old to 0.21±0.13 [a.u.] in the 5-year olds and remains constant afterwards. This study provides data for static and dynamic foot characteristics in children based on a cohort of 7788 subjects. Static and dynamic foot measures change differently during growth and maturation. Dynamic foot measurements provide additional information about the children's foot compared to static measures.
authors: University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Germany. stefmue@uni-potsdam.de
authors: Steffen
authors: S
authors: Müller
authors: Anja
authors: A
authors: Carlsohn
authors: Juliane
authors: J
authors: Müller
authors: Heiner
authors: H
authors: Baur
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing