title: The use of electroconvulsive therapy in a cohort of forensic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Denmark, over 2500 people are in psychiatric treatment in forensic mental health services at any one time, most suffering from schizophrenia. Many of them have illnesses that are resistant to medication. There is evidence of the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for schizophrenia, but not explicitly for this complex forensic group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the outcome of using ECT as augmentation therapy in a cohort of forensic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia who were failing to respond to antipsychotic medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  In one university-based psychiatric clinic, data were extracted from the medical records of all patients treated with ECT during a 6-year period. Fifty-nine of these patients were diagnosed within the schizophrenia spectrum and eight were in specialist forensic hospital services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of illness for the forensic cohort was 16 years (range 3-33 years), with the index episode having lasted a mean of 34 months (3 weeks to 8 years) in spite of treatment with at least two antipsychotic drugs. Psychotic symptoms were accompanied by seriously assaultive behaviour in all cases. All but one of these patients had an excellent or good symptomatic and behavioural response to ECT. Half (four) went on to maintenance ECT. No adverse effects were documented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECT is rarely used in specialist secure services, but should not be forgotten as a treatment that may enable medication-resistant, assaultive psychotic patients to progress safely out to the community.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. dianakrist@gmail.com
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Kristensen
authors: Mette
authors: M
authors: Brandt-Christensen
authors: Hans Henrik
authors: HH
authors: Ockelmann
authors: Martin Balslev
authors: MB
authors: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D003718:Denmark; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011329:Prisoners / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014754:Violence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents