title: Direct and indirect effects of particulate matter on the cardiovascular system.
abstract: Human exposure to particulate matter (PM) elicits a variety of responses on the cardiovascular system through both direct and indirect pathways. Indirect effects of PM on the cardiovascular system are mediated through the autonomic nervous system, which controls heart rate variability, and inflammatory responses, which augment acute cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis. Recent research demonstrates that PM also affects the cardiovascular system directly by entry into the systemic circulation. This process causes myocardial dysfunction through mechanisms of reactive oxygen species production, calcium ion interference, and vascular dysfunction. In this review, we will present key evidence in both the direct and indirect pathways, suggest clinical applications of the current literature, and recommend directions for future research.
authors: Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors: Timothy D
authors: TD
authors: Nelin
authors: Allan M
authors: AM
authors: Joseph
authors: Matthew W
authors: MW
authors: Gorr
authors: Loren E
authors: LE
authors: Wold
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species