title: An engineered pathway for glyoxylate metabolism in tobacco plants aimed to avoid the release of ammonia in photorespiration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The photorespiratory nitrogen cycle in C₃ plants involves an extensive diversion of carbon and nitrogen away from the direct pathways of assimilation. The liberated ammonia is re-assimilated, but up to 25% of the carbon may be released into the atmosphere as CO₂. Because of the loss of CO₂ and high energy costs, there has been considerable interest in attempts to decrease the flux through the cycle in C₃ plants. Transgenic tobacco plants were generated that contained the genes gcl and hyi from E. coli encoding glyoxylate carboligase (EC 4.1.1.47) and hydroxypyruvate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.22) respectively, targeted to the peroxisomes. It was presumed that the two enzymes could work together and compete with the aminotransferases that convert glyoxylate to glycine, thus avoiding ammonia production in the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When grown in ambient air, but not in elevated CO₂, the transgenic tobacco lines had a distinctive phenotype of necrotic lesions on the leaves. Three of the six lines chosen for a detailed study contained single copies of the gcl gene, two contained single copies of both the gcl and hyi genes and one line contained multiple copies of both gcl and hyi genes. The gcl protein was detected in the five transgenic lines containing single copies of the gcl gene but hyi protein was not detected in any of the transgenic lines. The content of soluble amino acids including glycine and serine, was generally increased in the transgenic lines growing in air, when compared to the wild type. The content of soluble sugars, glucose, fructose and sucrose in the shoot was decreased in transgenic lines growing in air, consistent with decreased carbon assimilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco plants have been generated that produce bacterial glyoxylate carboligase but not hydroxypyruvate isomerase. The transgenic plants exhibit a stress response when exposed to air, suggesting that some glyoxylate is diverted away from conversion to glycine in a deleterious short-circuit of the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle. This diversion in metabolism gave rise to increased concentrations of amino acids, in particular glutamine and asparagine in the leaves and a decrease of soluble sugars.
authors: Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Rodovia Carlos Strass, Distrito da Warta, Londrina PR, Brasil.
authors: Josirley de F C
authors: Jde F
authors: Carvalho
authors: Pippa J
authors: PJ
authors: Madgwick
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Powers
authors: Alfred J
authors: AJ
authors: Keys
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Lea
authors: Martin A J
authors: MA
authors: Parry
mesh_terms: D019747:Aldose-Ketose Isomerases / Q000235:genetics; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001216:Asparagine / Q000378:metabolism; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000235:genetics*; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006038:Glyoxylates / Q000378:metabolism*; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006038:Glyoxylates; D005973:Glutamine; D001216:Asparagine; D000641:Ammonia; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; C022713:tartronate-semialdehyde synthase; D019747:Aldose-Ketose Isomerases; C028221:hyi protein, E coli; C031150:glyoxylic acid