title: Documenting changes in adult speakers' locus of causality during stuttering treatment using Origin and Pawn scaling.
abstract: The concepts of locus of control and locus of causality are similar and refer to the degree to which a person perceives daily occurrences to be a consequence of his or her own behavior. Locus of control is considered to be a unidimensional construct indicating an inverse relationship between the polls of internality and externality. The locus of control is generally determined by using questionnaires with a limited number of items. Locus of causality is considered to be a two-dimensional construct where Origin and Pawn values, which are similar to internality and externality, respectively, are not necessarily inversely related. Locus of causality is determined by content analysis of freely spoken or written narratives. In the current study Origin and Pawn scores were obtained from twenty adults prior to and following a three-week intensive stuttering treatment program. Brief narratives written by the participants were analyzed to obtain Origin and Pawn values. These scores were compared with traditional measures of therapeutic outcome (Locus of Control, OASES, PSI, percentage of syllables stuttered). Results indicated statistically significant increases in pre- to post-treatment Origin scores (p=.001; Cohen's d=1.44) and statistically significant decreases in pre- to post-treatment Pawn scores (p=.003; Cohen's d=1.11). Origin and Pawn scores showed significant relationships with other measures of stuttering, indicating concurrent and construct validity. Origin and Pawn scaling procedures appear to provide a valid, sensitive, and nonreactive indicator of the speaker's locus of causality and ability to develop an autonomous and agentic lifestyle.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After reading this article, the readers will be able to: (1) distinguish between the concepts of locus of control and locus of causality, (2) describe the characteristics of individuals behaving as an Origin and a Pawn, (3) differentiate patterns of change for Origin and Pawn scores prior to and following treatment, and (4) describe the clinical advantages using Origin and Pawn scaling procedures for individuals who stutter.
authors: Oklahoma State University, 011 Murray Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. kyungjae.lee@okstate.edu
authors: Kyungjae
authors: K
authors: Lee
authors: Walter H
authors: WH
authors: Manning
authors: Carl
authors: C
authors: Herder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000523:psychology; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome