title: Comparison of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) as test species in the Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT).
abstract: Results are presented from a validation (with 5 laboratories) of the Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT) developed to detect endocrine disrupters (EDs) and included in the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) working program. The aromatase-inhibiting fungicide prochloraz was tested in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The fish were exposed during sexual differentiation and development from 0 to 60 days post hatch (dph). After exposure, the vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations were quantified in head/tail homogenate and the sex ratio was determined (defined as female, male, intersex or undifferentiated). NOEC/LOEC and EC(x) designs were compared to optimize the test approach. Results show that both species are highly sensitive to prochloraz during sexual development. They respond by skewing of the sex ratio towards male phenotype and by a VTG decline in females. The NOEC/LOEC approach is preferred because sex ratio is difficult to analyze with a regression model. The mean NOEC/LOEC for prochloraz on the sex ratio was 43.3/134 μg/L and 101/293 μg/L for zebrafish and fathead minnow, respectively. The mean NOEC/LOEC on the decline in female VTG concentration was 65/110 μg/L and ~30/68 μg/L respectively. In conclusion, zebrafish and fathead minnow are suitable species in the FSDT and their sexual differentiation is equally labile to EDs.
authors: Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. hol@biology.sdu.dk
authors: Henrik
authors: H
authors: Holbech
authors: Karin L
authors: KL
authors: Kinnberg
authors: Nanna
authors: N
authors: Brande-Lavridsen
authors: Poul
authors: P
authors: Bjerregaard
authors: Gitte I
authors: GI
authors: Petersen
authors: Leif
authors: L
authors: Norrgren
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Orn
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Braunbeck
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Baumann
authors: Christiane
authors: C
authors: Bomke
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Dorgerloh
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Bruns
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Ruehl-Fehlert
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Green
authors: Timothy A
authors: TA
authors: Springer
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Gourmelon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013045:Species Specificity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D014819:Vitellogenins; C045362:prochloraz