title: Exploring the milk-clotting properties of a plant coagulant from the berries of S. elaeagnifolium var. Cavanilles.
abstract: Solanum elaeagnifolium (trompillo or silverleaf nightshade) is an endemic plant from the northeast of Mexico and southwest of United States. This plant is considered as a weed with negative impact on agriculture and livestock production. Nevertheless, in some places of Chihuahua, Mexico, the berries of this plant have been used for decades in the manufacture of artisanal filata-type asadero cheese. The milk-clotting enzyme of S. elaeagnifolium has been scarcely studied; for this reason, the aim of this work was to explore some properties of this plant coagulant. Protein extracts (PEs) from ripe berries of S. elaeagnifolium were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and assessed for milk-clotting activity. In addition, milk gels and miniature fresh-type cheeses manufactured with the plant coagulant were analyzed for their texture properties. The PE from the berries of S. elaeagnifolium contained 8 proteins with molecular weights from 22 to 62 kDa. Some bands observed in the PE had similar molecular weights as reported for aspartic proteinases such as chymosin. The extracts from the berries of S. elaeagnifolium had lower milk-cloting activities than observed with rennin or chymosin, but this plant coagulant produced firm gels under acidic conditions. The mini-cheeses manufactured with this coagulant were softer than cheeses manufactured with rennin or chymosin. For this reason, the coagulant from the ripe berries of S. elaeagnifolium could be suitable not only for the manufacture of filata-type cheeses but also for the manufacture of soft cheeses such as cream cheese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silverleaf nightshade (trompillo) is a plant that grows in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. This plant is considered a weed with negative impact on agriculture and livestock production. However, the ripe berries of this plant have been used by ancient Pima Indians as a substitute of rennin in making cheese. In this work, it was observed that this plant coagulant had lower activity and produced softer cheeses than did rennin or chymosin. For this reason, the coagulant from berries of S. elaeagnifolium could be used for the manufacture of soft cheeses such as cream cheese.
authors: Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Chihuahua, Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Chihuahua, México. ngutierrez@uach.mx
authors: Gutiérrez-Méndez
authors: GM
authors: Néstor
authors: Chávez-Garay Dely
authors: CG
authors: Rubí
authors: Jiménez-Campos
authors: JC
authors: Héctor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D005638:Fruit / Q000201:enzymology*; D006244:Hardness; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008800:Mexico; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000201:enzymology; D032322:Solanum / Q000201:enzymology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases