title: Strategies for drug delivery to the human inner ear by multifunctional nanoparticles.
abstract: Hearing loss is a very significant health problem. The methods currently available for inner ear drug delivery are limited and a noninvasive cell-specific drug delivery strategy needs to be found.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we investigated the ability of polymersomes, lipid core nanocapsules and hyperbranched poly-L-lysine to cross the round window membrane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanoparticles (NPs) used in this study have different size and chemical compositions. Freshly frozen human temporal bones were used for this investigation. Intact human round window membrane within the freshly frozen human temporal bone served as an excellent model to test the membrane permeation and distribution within the tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this investigation we were able to visualize the NPs across the round window membrane. The NPs were subsequently found to be distributed in the sensory hair cells, nerve fibers and to other cells of the cochlea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding raises hope in terms of future multifunctional NP-based drug delivery strategy to the human inner ear.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Soumen
authors: S
authors: Roy
authors: Rudolf
authors: R
authors: Glueckert
authors: Alex H
authors: AH
authors: Johnston
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Perrier
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Bitsche
authors: Tracey A
authors: TA
authors: Newman
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Saulnier
authors: Anneliese
authors: A
authors: Schrott-Fischer
mesh_terms: D003051:Cochlea / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D009412:Nerve Fibers; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D011091:Polyesters / Q000378:metabolism; D011107:Polylysine / Q000378:metabolism; D012405:Round Window, Ear / Q000378:metabolism*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D053769:Nanocapsules; D011091:Polyesters; D011107:Polylysine