title: Developmental toxicity in mice following paternal exposure to Di-N-butyl-phthalate (DBP).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paternal Di-N-butyl-phthalate (DBP) exposure pre- and postnatally on F1 generation offspring, and prenatally on F2 generation offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male mice were exposed to either 500 mg/kg or 2 000 mg/kg of DBP for 8 weeks, and mated with non-exposed females. Three-quarters of the females were sacrificed a day prior to parturition, and examined for the number of living and dead implantations, and incidence of gross malformations. Pups from the remaining females were assessed for developmental markers, growth parameters, as well as sperm quantity and quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no changes in the fertility of parents and in intrauterine development of the offspring. Pups of DBP-exposed males demonstrated growth-retardation. Following paternal exposure to 500 mg/kg bw of DBP, there were almost twice the number of males than females born in the F1 generation. F1 generation females had a 2.5-day delay in vaginal opening. Paternal exposure to 2 000 mg/kg bw of DBP increased the incidence of sperm head malformations in F1 generation males; however, there were no changes in the fertility and viability of foetuses in the F2 generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paternal DBP exposure may disturb the sex ratio of the offspring, delay female sexual maturation, and deteriorate the sperm quality of F1 generation males.
authors: Department of Radiation Protection and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. mdobrzynska@pzh.gov.p
authors: Małgorzata M
authors: MM
authors: Dobrzyńska
authors: Ewa J
authors: EJ
authors: Tyrkiel
authors: Krzysztof A
authors: KA
authors: Pachocki
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012744:Sex Ratio; D046468:Sexual Development / Q000187:drug effects; D013077:Sperm Head / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010968:Plasticizers; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate