title: Complex wound-healing problems in neurosurgical patients: risk factors, grading and treatment strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wound-healing problems in the neurosurgical patient can be particularly bothersome, owing to various specific risk factors involved. These may vary from simple wound dehiscence to complex multi-layer defects with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and contamination. The latter is quite rare in practice and requires an individually titrated reconstruction strategy. The objective is to retrospectively analyze neurosurgical patients with complex, recalcitrant wound-healing problems we had treated in our department, attempt to develop a grading system based on the risk factors specific to our specialty and adapt a surgical reconstruction algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an 11-year period, 49 patients were identified to have had complex, recalcitrant wound-healing problems involving the cranial vault (n = 43) and the skull base (n = 6) that required an adapted surgical wound-management strategy. The etiologies of wound healing problems were aftermaths of surgical treatment of: (1) brain tumors (nine cases), (2) aneurysm clipping (ten cases), (3) trauma (27 patients), and (4) congenital malformations (three patients). Local rotational advancement flaps were performed in 18 patients and free microvascular tissue transfer was performed in 37 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major risk factors leading to recalcitrant wound healing problems in the presented group were: prolonged angiographic interventions (20%), ongoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy (47%), prolonged cortisone application (51%), CSF leak (76%) and, above all, multiple failed attempts at wound closure (94%). Stable long-term wound healing was achieved in all patients using vascularized tissue coverage. A ternary grading system was developed based on various risk factors in the presented cohort. Accordingly, the algorithm for reconstruction in neurosurgical patients was adapted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary disease, treatment history, and distorted anatomical structures are major concerns in the management of complex wound-healing problems in neurosurgical patients. The higher the risk factors involved, the more complex is the surgical strategy. Free microvascular tissue transfer offers stable long-term results in recalcitrant cases. However, this may be indicated only in patients with a good prognosis of the underlying disease.
authors: Departments of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany. k_g_krishnan@hotmail.com
authors: Kartik G
authors: KG
authors: Krishnan
authors: Adolf
authors: A
authors: Müller
authors: Bujung
authors: B
authors: Hong
authors: Alexander A
authors: AA
authors: Potapov
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Schackert
authors: Volker
authors: V
authors: Seifert
authors: Joachim K
authors: JK
authors: Krauss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013529:Surgical Wound Dehiscence / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult