title: Cellular mechanisms of restored β-cell tolerance mediated by protective alleles of Idd3 and Idd5.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes genes within the interleukin (IL)-2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte--associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) pathways influence development of autoimmune diabetes in humans and NOD mice. In NOD mice, when present together, protective alleles encoding IL-2, Idd3 candidate gene, CTLA-4, NRAMP1, and acetyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long-chain (ACADL) (candidate genes for the Idd5.1, Idd5.2, and Idd5.3 subregions) provide nearly complete diabetes protection. To define where the protective alleles of Idd3 and the Idd5 subregions must be present to protect from diabetes and tolerize islet-specific CD8(+) T cells, SCID mice were reconstituted so that the host and lymphocytes expressed various combinations of protective and susceptibility alleles at Idd3 and Idd5. Although protective Idd3 alleles in the lymphocytes and protective Idd5 alleles in the SCID host contributed most significantly to CD8 tolerance, both were required together in both lymphocyte and nonlymphocyte cells to recapitulate the potent diabetes protection observed in intact Idd3/5 mice. We conclude that genetic regions involved in autoimmune disease are not restricted in their influence to individual cell types. Even a single protective gene product, such as IL-2, must be expressed in both the lymphocytes and dendritic cells to exert its full extent of disease protection. These studies highlight the pleiotropic effects of genes that determine autoimmune disease susceptibility.
authors: Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors: Emma E
authors: EE
authors: Hamilton-Williams
authors: Jocelyn
authors: J
authors: Cheung
authors: Daniel B
authors: DB
authors: Rainbow
authors: Kara M
authors: KM
authors: Hunter
authors: Linda S
authors: LS
authors: Wicker
authors: Linda A
authors: LA
authors: Sherman
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000235:genetics*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000235:genetics*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D020297:Mice, Congenic; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D000099173:Natural Resistance-associated Macrophage Protein 1
chemical_list: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D000099173:Natural Resistance-associated Macrophage Protein 1