title: Effect of a high dose of three antibiotics on the reproduction of a parthenogenetic strain of Folsomia candida (Isotomidae: Collembola).
abstract: Folsomia candida Willem (Isotomidae: Collembola) is an edaphic parthenogenetic species commonly used in ecotoxicity studies. We exposed F. candida to a high dose of three antibiotics, tylosin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline, that target different bacterial groups. Possible  toxic effects were assessed through egg production, hatching, and body size. All three antibiotics caused toxic effects. Treatment with oxytetracycline proved the most toxic. This group showed the smallest body size and lowest number of eggs laid, likely the result of a combination of antibiotic  toxicity and avoidance of the antibiotic spiked food. Active toxin avoidance by F. candida in toxicological assays may play a role in minimizing their exposure to toxic compounds. Despite the administration of high doses of oxytetracycline, F. candida individuals remained infected  with the intracellular bacteria Wolbachia indicating that this strain is resistant to this antibiotic or that the host or its gut flora had detoxified the compound. An increase in percent egg hatch with time was seen in the ampicillin and oxytetracycline treatments, indicating a possible  accommodation of the host and/or gut-flora to these antibiotics.
authors: Illinois Natural History Survey, Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA. giordano@life.uiuc.edu
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Giordano
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Weber
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Waite
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Bencivenga
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Krogh
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Soto-Adames
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D049628:Body Size / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D052287:Oviparity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects*; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D010312:Parthenogenesis; D013559:Symbiosis; D015645:Tylosin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D020577:Wolbachia
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000667:Ampicillin; D010118:Oxytetracycline; D015645:Tylosin