title: Systemic therapy with conventional and novel immunomodulatory agents for ocular inflammatory disease.
abstract: Ocular inflammatory disease is the third leading cause of blindness in the United States. In addition to the conventional immunomodulatory agents, which include antimetabolites, alkylating agents, and antibiotics such as cyclosporine, many of which have been used in the treatment of this disease for decades, several new treatment modalities have emerged within the past 10 years. We review in detail the characteristics, safety, and efficacy of the conventional immunomodulators, the more novel agents such as the biologics, and investigational drugs that appear promising in the treatment of ocular inflammatory disease.
authors: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
authors: Khayyam
authors: K
authors: Durrani
authors: Fouad R
authors: FR
authors: Zakka
authors: Muna
authors: M
authors: Ahmed
authors: Mohiuddin
authors: M
authors: Memon
authors: Sana S
authors: SS
authors: Siddique
authors: C Stephen
authors: CS
authors: Foster
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007634:Keratitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010390:Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015423:Scleritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014605:Uveitis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors