title: Control of Cr6+ emissions from gas metal arc welding using a silica precursor as a shielding gas additive.
abstract: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)) emitted from welding poses serious health risks to workers exposed to welding fumes. In this study, tetramethylsilane (TMS) was added to shielding gas to control hazardous air pollutants produced during stainless steel welding. The silica precursor acted as an oxidation inhibitor when it decomposed in the high-temperature welding arc, limiting Cr(6+) formation. Additionally, a film of amorphous SiO(2) was deposited on fume particles to insulate them from oxidation. Experiments were conducted following the American Welding Society (AWS) method for fume generation and sampling in an AWS fume hood. The results showed that total shielding gas flow rate impacted the effectiveness of the TMS process. Increasing shielding gas flow rate led to increased reductions in Cr(6+) concentration when TMS was used. When 4.2% of a 30-lpm shielding gas flow was used as TMS carrier gas, Cr(6+) concentration in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) fumes was reduced to below the 2006 Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard (5 μg m(-3)) and the efficiency was >90%. The process also increased fume particle size from a mode size of 20 nm under baseline conditions to 180-300 nm when TMS was added in all shielding gas flow rates tested. SiO(2) particles formed in the process scavenged nanosized fume particles through intercoagulation. Transmission electron microscopy imagery provided visual evidence of an amorphous film of SiO(2) on some fume particles along with the presence of amorphous SiO(2) agglomerates. These results demonstrate the ability of vapor phase silica precursors to increase welding fume particle size and minimize chromium oxidation, thereby preventing the formation of hexavalent chromium.
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA.
authors: Nathan
authors: N
authors: Topham
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Kalivoda
authors: Joyce
authors: J
authors: Huang
authors: Kuei-Min
authors: KM
authors: Yu
authors: Yu-Mei
authors: YM
authors: Hsu
authors: Chang-Yu
authors: CY
authors: Wu
authors: Sewon
authors: S
authors: Oh
authors: Kuk
authors: K
authors: Cho
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Paulson
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis*; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D010316:Particle Size; D011482:Protective Devices; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014896:Welding / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D005740:Gases; D008670:Metals; D002857:Chromium; D013193:Stainless Steel; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D012822:Silicon Dioxide