title: Prescription opioid misuse: characteristics of earliest and most recent memory of hydromorphone use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prescription opioid use is highly prevalent and a major physician concern. However, little is known about how individuals initiate into use of these medications or how they use them later in life. Hydromorphone is a medication of particular interest given its subjective similarities to heroin and tendency to be misused by illicit opioid users. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of initial, and more recent, hydromorphone use occasions as remembered by a population of individuals in treatment for their opioid use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight clients enrolled in low-threshold methadone maintenance treatment were interviewed regarding their earliest and most recent uses of hydromorphone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydromorphone was first used after trying many different substances (eg, tobacco, alcohol, hallucinogens, powder cocaine). Two-thirds of the sample reported initially using hydromorphone without a prescription. Participants who initially used hydromorphone without a prescription reported using for different reasons (ie, to get high, curiosity vs manage pain), via different routes of administration (ie, injection vs orally), and were more likely to co-use other substances, than those whose earliest hydromorphone use was prescribed. However, these 2 subgroups did not differ greatly during their most recent use occasion (ie, the majority reported using to avoid withdrawal, via injection; almost 50% reported co-use with other substances).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was considerable variability in characteristics of hydromorphone use initiation among individuals enrolled in low-threshold methadone maintenance treatment. However, later use of hydromorphone was remarkably consistent across individuals and shares many characteristics previously documented for heroin use. Additional investigations into hydromorphone are warranted, particularly given previous findings regarding the prevalence of nonmedical use of this drug and its similarities to heroin.
authors: Departments of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors: Heather G
authors: HG
authors: Fulton
authors: Sean P
authors: SP
authors: Barrett
authors: Sherry H
authors: SH
authors: Stewart
authors: Cindy
authors: C
authors: Macisaac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009674:Nova Scotia; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055553:Prescription Drugs
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009294:Narcotics; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D004091:Hydromorphone; D008691:Methadone