title: Changes in stress distribution of orthodontic miniscrews and surrounding bone evaluated by 3-dimensional finite element analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Miniscrews can be used to provide absolute anchorage during orthodontic treatment. If we could obtain the optimum design or shape of the miniscrew, we might be able to reduce its size and lessen the chance of root contact. In addition, miniscrews are placed at several angles, and orthodontic forces are applied in various directions for clinical requirements. In this study, we used finite element analysis to investigate changes in stress distribution at the supporting bone and miniscrew by changing the angle and the shape of the miniscrew and the direction of force.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of miniscrews (cylindrical pin, helical thread, and nonhelical thread) were designed and placed in 2 types of supporting bone (cancellous and cortical). The miniscrews were inclined at 30°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 60°, 70°, 80°, and 90° to the surface of the supporting bone. A force of 2N was applied in 3 directions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly lower maximum stress was observed in the cancellous bone compared with the cortical bone. By changing the implantation angle, the ranges of the maximum stress distribution at the supporting bone were 9.46 to 14.8 MPa in the pin type, and 17.8 to 75.2 MPa in the helical thread type. On the other hand, the ranges of the maximum stress distribution at the titanium element were 26.8 to 92.8 MPa in the pin type, and 121 to 382 MPa in the helical thread type. According to the migration length of the threads in the nonhelical type, the maximum stresses were 19.9 to 113 MPa at the bone, and 151 to 313 MPa at the titanium element. By changing the angle of rotation in the helical thread type, the maximum stress distributions were 25.4 to 125 MPa at the bone, and 149 to 426 MPa at the titanium element. Furthermore, the maximum stress varied at each angle according to the direction of the applied load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From our results, the maximum stresses observed in all analyzed types and shapes of miniscrews were under the yield stress of pure titanium and cortical bone. This indicates that the miniscrews in this study have enough strength to resist most orthodontic loads.
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Akihiro
authors: A
authors: Suzuki
authors: Taisuke
authors: T
authors: Masuda
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Takahashi
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Deguchi
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Suzuki
authors: Teruko
authors: T
authors: Takano-Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology; D001863:Bone Screws; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium