title: Harnessing memory adaptive regulatory T cells to control autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets. There is an immediate need to restore both β-cell function and immune tolerance to control disease progression and ultimately cure T1D. Currently, there is no effective treatment strategy to restore glucose regulation in patients with T1D. FoxP3-expressing CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potential candidates to control autoimmunity because they play a central role in maintaining self-tolerance. However, deficiencies in either naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) themselves and/or their ability to control pathogenic effector T cells have been associated with T1D. Here, we hypothesize that nTregs can be replaced by FoxP3(+) adaptive Tregs (aTregs), which are uniquely equipped to combat autoreactivity in T1D. Unlike nTregs, aTregs are stable and provide long-lived protection. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of aTregs and their potential for use as an immunological intervention to treat T1D.
authors: Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors: Cheng-Rui
authors: CR
authors: Li
authors: Bas J G
authors: BJ
authors: Baaten
authors: Linda M
authors: LM
authors: Bradley
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D039641:Integrin beta Chains / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D017634:Self Tolerance; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D039641:Integrin beta Chains; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C091368:integrin beta7