title: Body image and psychological distress after prophylactic mastectomy and breast reconstruction in genetically predisposed women: a prospective long-term follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the course of psychological distress and body image at long-term follow-up (6-9 years) after prophylactic mastectomy and breast reconstruction (PM/BR) in women at risk for hereditary breast cancer, and to identify pre-PM risk factors for poor body image on the long-term.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychological distress (general and breast cancer specific) and body image (general and breast specific) were assessed in 36 high-risk women before PM (T0), at 6 months (T1) and 6-9 years (T2) after PM/BR. Investigated predictive variables (assessed at T0) for long-term body image (assessed at T2) included psychological distress, body image and coping styles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast cancer specific and general distress significantly decreased from T0 to T1 as well as from T1 to T2. Problems regarding breast related and general body image were significantly higher at T1 than at T0. Subsequently, breast related body image scores significantly decreased from T1 to T2, while the decrease in general body image scores were not significant. Active coping and seeking social support were predictive of lower scores (i.e. less problems) on breast related and general body image at long-term follow-up. Furthermore, higher scores on general body image before PM/BR were predictive for increased general body image scores at long-term follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that psychological distress is decreased after PM/BR, at the cost of persistent problems regarding body image. Exploration of coping styles and body image perception before PM/BR may help to identify vulnerable women who may benefit from additional support.
authors: Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.denheijer@erasmusmc.nl
authors: Mariska
authors: M
authors: den Heijer
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Seynaeve
authors: Reinier
authors: R
authors: Timman
authors: Hugo J
authors: HJ
authors: Duivenvoorden
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Vanheusden
authors: Madeleine
authors: M
authors: Tilanus-Linthorst
authors: Marian B E
authors: MB
authors: Menke-Pluijmers
authors: Aad
authors: A
authors: Tibben
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000523:psychology*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*