title: The role of self-efficacy, recovery self-efficacy, and preparatory planning in predicting short-term smoking relapse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to identify the role of self-efficacy, recovery self-efficacy, and preparatory planning with regard to short-term smoking relapse. We also assessed whether the importance of these variables differed for smokers quitting individually and without help (self-quitters) and smokers quitting with the help of a smoking cessation course (group quitters).
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal quasi-experimental study with follow-ups at 1 and 3 months after the quit attempt was conducted in order to assess the role of baseline self-efficacy, recovery self-efficacy, and preparatory planning on short-term relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The recruitment included adult daily smokers (N= 121), quitting in a smoking cessation course (N= 57) and self-quitters (N= 64). Respondents received internet-based questionnaires 2 weeks before quitting (baseline) and 1 and 3 months after the quit attempt. Predictors of relapse were analysed using logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relapse at 1 and 3 months after the quit attempt was predicted by low levels of baseline self-efficacy. Simple slope analyses revealed that less preparatory planning significantly predicted relapse at 1 month after the quit attempt among group quitters, but not among self-quitters. Recovery self-efficacy was only predictive of relapse after 1 month when self-efficacy was excluded from the analyses. Moreover, among group quitters, the results indicated a borderline significant curved relation between recovery self-efficacy and relapse after 1 month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that more research is needed on the role of preparatory planning and recovery self-efficacy. Moreover, we recommend incorporating self-efficacy increasing techniques in relapse-prevention interventions.
authors: Care and Public Health Research Institute (Caphri), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. iman.elfeddali@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Elfeddali
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bolman
authors: M J J M
authors: MJ
authors: Candel
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Wiers
authors: H
authors: H
authors: De Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020377:Self Efficacy; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult