title: [German practice of involuntary commitment at both federal and state level after introduction of the Guardianship law (1992-2009)].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the steady rise of psychiatric coercive measures in Germany, the question arises whether this development is significantly influenced by the corresponding legal basis or through epidemiological, socio-economic or socio-structural factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on full surveys of the Federal Ministry of Justice we examined the development and associations of 10 indicators of coercive psychiatric measures over a period of 18 years. Time trends of all indicators have been descriptively analysed. Statistical associations between time trends and between involuntary and admissions economic indicators were analysed by regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All annual involuntary commitment rates have increased, judicial ordered physical restraint measures particularly strongly (848%). The rate of judicial rejections of applied involuntary measures showed the lowest increase. On the other hand, quotas of involuntary admissions remained stable. In former East Germany, the involuntary admission rates are only a third of those in the former West Germany. Results of regression analyses indicate an excess increase of physical coercive measures in psychiatric hospitals in relation to the increase of psychiatric admissions. In former East Germany the rate of involuntary admissions at the federal state level is negatively correlated with the average gross income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The continuous increase of coercive psychiatric measures in consequence to the change in the Guardianship law suggests that this change has influenced the practice. The differences at federal and state levels, and the sharper rise in the former East Germany by lower rates in comparison to the former West Germany need an explanation, as well as the fact that the rate of involuntary admissions is associated at least in the former East Germany with economic conditions.
authors: Zentrum für Psychiatrie Südwürttemberg, Sinova Kliniken, Ravensburg. juan.valdes-stauber@zfp-zentrum.de
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Valdes-Stauber
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Deinert
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kilian
mesh_terms: D003068:Coercion; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000639:trends; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors