title: A critical review of advance directives in Germany: attitudes, use and healthcare professionals' compliance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent legal changes in Germany make non-compliance with advance directives (ADs) a criminal offence. This article assesses the evidence on attitudes towards, use of, and physician compliance with ADs in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical review: studies on ADs, identified from a systematic review of culture and end-of-life care in Germany (11 electronic databases, 3 journals, reference lists, and grey literature), were included. An interpretative synthesis of findings revealed cross-cutting themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two studies (1996-2009) were identified. Key themes were: awareness; utilization; compliance; and bindingness of ADs. There was a positive trend between awareness of ADs and study publication date. Use varied between patient groups (0.3-62%) and was low amongst the general population (2.5-10%). Fears about ADs' purpose and possible abuse were identified. Physician discomfort in discussing ADs and non-compliance were reported. Physicians preferred legally binding ADs, though conflicting results were reported for patients' desired level of bindingness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is increasing awareness of ADs in Germany, there remains low use, poor communication, fears of abuse, some non-compliance and contradictory evidence regarding desired bindingness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although legal changes will hopefully improve compliance, low awareness, communication difficulties and uncertainties surrounding ADs must be addressed if use is to increase.
authors: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain. n.evans@vumc.nl
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Evans
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Bausewein
authors: Arantza
authors: A
authors: Meñaca
authors: Erin V W
authors: EV
authors: Andrew
authors: Irene J
authors: IJ
authors: Higginson
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Harding
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Pool
authors: Marjolein
authors: M
authors: Gysels
mesh_terms: D032722:Advance Care Planning / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024362:Advance Directive Adherence; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005858:Germany; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*