title: Characteristics of under- and over-reporters of energy intake among Japanese children and adolescents: The Ryukyus Child Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence on factors associated with misreporting of energy intake in children and adolescents is sparse, particularly in non-Western countries. We examined the characteristics of under- and over-reporters of energy intake in Japanese children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 25 761 Japanese boys and girls 6 to 15 y old. Energy intake was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire developed for Japanese children and adolescents. Estimated energy requirement was calculated from self-reported body weight with the use of equations from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations University (UNU) Expert Consultation Report on Human Energy Requirements. Under-reporters, acceptable reporters, and over-reporters of energy intake were identified based on the ratio of energy intake to estimated energy requirement (<0.76, 0.76 to 1.24, and >1.24, respectively). The risk of being an under- or over-reporter of energy intake compared with being an acceptable reporter was analyzed using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of under-, acceptable, and over-reporters of energy intake were 31.6%, 53.2%, and 15.2%, respectively. Under-reporting was associated with female sex, older age, overweight and obesity, low parental education, and completion of the dietary questionnaire without the cooperation of parent(s)/caregiver(s). Over-reporting was associated with younger age, normal weight, low parental education, and completion of the dietary questionnaire by the child/adolescent alone (compared with completion by the child/adolescent and parent[s]/caregiver[s]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although under- and over-reporting of energy intake were common and differential in this study of Japanese children and adolescents, the cooperation of parent(s)/caregiver(s) in answering the dietary questionnaire seemed to improve the quality of dietary intake data.
authors: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. kenmrkm@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Murakami
authors: Yoshihiro
authors: Y
authors: Miyake
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Sasaki
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Tanaka
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People; D015982:Bias; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D012574:Schools; D012650:Self Disclosure; D057566:Self Report