title: Incontinence after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter tears is related to relative length of reconstructed external sphincter: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if anatomic primary repair with end-to-end reconstruction of the external anal sphincter (EAS) in its full length combined with separate repair of coexisting internal anal sphincter (IAS) tear, when present, results in less incontinence and better anal sphincter integrity compared with conventional primary end-to-end repair in which the IAS is not actively reconstructed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women who sustained third- or fourth-degree obstetric tears were included prospectively in the study following anatomic primary repair. Women treated with conventional primary repair prior to the study period comprised the control group. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography (3D-EAUS) images were classified according to the EAUS defect score, and incontinence according to St Mark's score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three women were included in the study group and 61 in the control group, with mean follow-up times of 11 and 21 months, respectively. Among women who had not delivered vaginally prior to the tear, St Mark's score ≥ 3 was reported by 9.6% (5/52) in the study group and 37.5% (15/40) in the control group at follow-up (P = 0.002). The corresponding numbers among women who had previously delivered vaginally were 36.4% (4/11) and 42.9% (9/21), respectively (non-significant). St Mark's score correlated with the EAUS defect score (P = 0.017). An EAS defect exceeding 50% of the sphincter length was significantly less common in the study group, and in a multivariable logistic regression model, mode of repair (anatomic vs conventional) was the only factor explaining the difference in EAS sphincter length between the two groups (P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved continence status after anatomic primary repair was associated with a better longitudinal reconstruction of the EAS, while the integrity of the IAS did not differ between the groups. Women with a history of vaginal delivery prior to the sphincter tear had an inferior outcome regardless of mode of repair.
authors: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ålesund Hospital, Ålesund, Norway. stig.norderval@unn.no
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Norderval
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Røssaak
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Markskog
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Vonen
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011247:Pregnancy; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*