title: Using actigraphy and transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the relationship between sleep and visuomotor skill learning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep following training can enhance motor skill memory consolidation while chronic sleep disruption can have the converse effect. The aim of this investigation was to explore the relationship between sleep measured by wrist actigraphy, motor skill consolidation and primary motor cortex excitability in young, healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Training was a visuospatial finger-tracking task. Dependent measures included tracking skill performance, cortical excitability, measures of sleep, and level of arousal. Assessments occurred pre-training, post-training and at 12 h and 24 h retention. An activity monitor was worn on the wrist during the nights preceding and following training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that sleep during the night following training was predictive of 1) offline skill consolidation following training (R² = 0.34) and 2) cortical excitability at 24 h follow-up (R² = 0.35) with less time spent awake associated with better skill performance and lower cortical excitability at 24 h follow-up. No difference in measures of sleep was observed between nights of sleep (p > 0.05). Sleep the night before training did not influence skill performance, skill acquisition during training, nor measures of cortical excitability at pre-training assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a relationship between motor skill development, cortical excitability and sleep following training. These results invite further investigation into the utility of actigraphy as a low-cost, easy-to-administer alternative to polysomnography for short and long-term evaluation of the relationship between sleep, cortical excitability and motor skill learning in healthy and patient populations.
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Program in Physical Therapy/Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. michael.borich@ubc.ca
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Borich
authors: Teresa Jacobson
authors: TJ
authors: Kimberley
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult