title: Validation of plusoptiX S04 photoscreener as a vision screening tool in children with intellectual disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intellectual disability (ID) is a major public health issue, affecting more than 1% of children worldwide. Pediatric vision screening using standard eye charts may be challenging for children with ID, who may benefit from a quick noninvasive vision screening tool. This study evaluated the accuracy of plusoptiX S04 (Plusoptix Gmbh, Nuremberg, Germany) in detecting amblyopia risk factors in children with ID.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children diagnosed with ID according to age-appropriate psychological tests were examined consecutively. Vision screening was performed using the plusoptiX S04 prior to complete ophthalmological examination, including cycloplegic refraction. Pass/refer screening results was compared with findings of ophthalmological examination. Amblyogenic risk factors were defined according to American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus referral criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 182 infants and children were examined. Only 3% of children were uncooperative for screening. Ophthalmological examination detected amblyogenic risk factors in 32% of patients. The sensitivity of plusoptiX S04 was 95% (95% CI, 85.6%-98.9%), and specificity was 50% (95% CI, 40.8%-59.1%). The positive predictive value was 47% (95% CI, 37.7%-56.4%) and the negative predictive value was 95.4% (95% CI, 87.1%-99.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High sensitivity and negative predictive values suggest that the plusoptiX S04 will detect most children with ID who have amblyogenic risk factors, but one-half of all children referred will have no risk factors.
authors: Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Department of Ophthalmology, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. silaycanturk@gmail.com
authors: Silay Canturk
authors: SC
authors: Ugurbas
authors: Atilla
authors: A
authors: Alpay
authors: Huseyin
authors: H
authors: Tutar
authors: Haci Murat
authors: HM
authors: Sagdik
authors: Suat Hayri
authors: SH
authors: Ugurbas
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*