title: Surgical and endovascular treatment of pediatric spinal arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pediatric spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare and complex lesions to treat. There are few reports of the endovascular and microsurgical treatment of these lesions in the pediatric population, and the treatment outcomes of these patients are not well described. The aim of this study was the clinical and radiographic outcomes of spinal AVMs in pediatric patients treated via endovascular and microsurgical modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified nine children (5 boys, 4 girls; average age 11 years, range 3-17 years) treated for spinal AVMs between 1998 and 2010. Their charts were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spinal AVMs most frequently involved the thoracic spinal cord. Four patients had associated Klippel-Trènaunay-Weber syndrome and one had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. There were two intramedullary, four conus medullaris, and three mixed extradural-intradural lesions. The most common presenting signs and symptoms were subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 3) and paraparesis (n = 5). Endovascular intervention was used exclusively in two patients, and combined endovascular and microsurgical intervention was used in four patients. Surgery was the sole treatment in three patients with excellent results. There were two treatment-related complications: one case of subarachnoid hemorrhage and one case of scrotal swelling. The mean follow-up was 28.5 months and the median was 8 months (range, 1-65 months). The mean pretreatment World Health Organization (WHO)/Zubrod score was 2.4 (range, 1-4), and the mean post-treatment score was 1.4 (range, 0-4). One patient (11%) had a recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric spinal AVMs require complex combined microsurgical and endovascular techniques to achieve favorable outcomes.
authors: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors: M Yashar S
authors: MY
authors: Kalani
authors: Azam S
authors: AS
authors: Ahmed
authors: Nikolay L
authors: NL
authors: Martirosyan
authors: Katharine
authors: K
authors: Cronk
authors: Karam
authors: K
authors: Moon
authors: Felipe C
authors: FC
authors: Albuquerque
authors: Cameron G
authors: CG
authors: McDougall
authors: Robert F
authors: RF
authors: Spetzler
authors: Ruth E
authors: RE
authors: Bristol
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007715:Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D020335:Paraparesis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome