title: Impact of meat consumption, preparation, and mutagens on aggressive prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between meat consumption and prostate cancer remains unclear, perhaps reflecting heterogeneity in the types of tumors studied and the method of meat preparation--which can impact the production of carcinogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We address both issues in this case-control study focused on aggressive prostate cancer (470 cases and 512 controls), where men reported not only their meat intake but also their meat preparation and doneness level on a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Associations between overall and grilled meat consumption, doneness level, ensuing carcinogens and aggressive prostate cancer were assessed using multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher consumption of any ground beef or processed meats were positively associated with aggressive prostate cancer, with ground beef showing the strongest association (OR = 2.30, 95% CI:1.39-3.81; P-trend = 0.002). This association primarily reflected intake of grilled or barbequed meat, with more well-done meat conferring a higher risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Comparing high and low consumptions of well/very well cooked ground beef to no consumption gave OR's of 2.04 (95% CI:1.41-2.96) and 1.51 (95% CI:1.06-2.14), respectively. In contrast, consumption of rare/medium cooked ground beef was not associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Looking at meat mutagens produced by cooking at high temperatures, we detected an increased risk with 2-amino-3,8-Dimethylimidazo-[4,5-f]Quinolaxine (MelQx) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)qunioxaline (DiMelQx), when comparing the highest to lowest quartiles of intake: OR = 1.69 (95% CI:1.08-2.64;P-trend = 0.02) and OR = 1.53 (95% CI:1.00-2.35; P-trend = 0.005), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher intake of well-done grilled or barbequed red meat and ensuing carcinogens could increase the risk of aggressive prostate cancer.
authors: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors: Sanoj
authors: S
authors: Punnen
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: Hardin
authors: Iona
authors: I
authors: Cheng
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Klein
authors: John S
authors: JS
authors: Witte
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D003710:Demography; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens