title: A new high-flexion knee scoring system to eliminate the ceiling effect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various scoring systems document improvement after TKA, but most are associated with a ceiling effect that may fail to distinguish between patients having different levels of knee function after TKA. We therefore developed a new scoring system for patients with higher levels of flexion to eliminate ceiling effects observed with current systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were (1) to determine whether the high-flexion knee score eliminates the ceiling effect, (2) to assess the validity and responsiveness of the high-flexion knee score, and (3) to determine whether the high-flexion knee score can aid in differentiation of the knee status of patients at the ceiling level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 165 patients with 201 well-functioning knees who had undergone primary TKA. We obtained Knee Society scores, WOMAC scores, Feller scores, SF-36 scores, and high-flexion knee scores for all patients. The high-flexion knee score includes items that reflect knee function in the high functional range, such as sitting on or rising from the floor, squatting, or kneeling. We determined the ceiling effects and score distributions of various scoring systems. We performed a convergent validity test of the high-flexion knee score by correlation analysis with these various scoring systems. Responsiveness of the high-flexion knee score was assessed by correlation analysis of changes in various scoring systems. To determine whether the high-flexion knee score can aid in differentiation of knee status of patients at the ceiling level, relative responsiveness of the various scores in the ceiling versus below the ceiling range was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high-flexion knee score showed no ceiling effect, whereas the other systems did. Addition of the high-flexion knee score to the other scoring systems eliminated these ceiling effects and resulted in more normalized score distributions. The high-flexion knee score correlated (r = -0.77) with WOMAC in postoperative scores, and it also correlated with the changes in WOMAC (r = -0.69) and SF-36 physical functioning (r = 0.62). The correlation of WOMAC score with SF-36 physical function score was lower in patients at the ceiling level of the Knee Society knee score and Knee Society function score, compared with the correlation at below-ceiling range, whereas the high-flexion knee score maintained a correlation with the SF-36 physical function score, even at the ceiling level of the Knee Society knee score and Knee Society function score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with other systems, the high-function knee score appears valid for evaluating the knee status in the high-flexion range. Our data suggest the high-flexion knee score differentiates among the knee status in the high-function range. Furthermore, the high-function knee score eliminates the ceiling effect of the currently used scoring tools, and thus may be useful when combined with other scoring systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sang-Eun
authors: SE
authors: Na
authors: Chul-Won
authors: CW
authors: Ha
authors: Choong-Hee
authors: CH
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome