title: Methodology to model the energy and greenhouse gas emissions of electronic software distributions.
abstract: A new electronic software distribution (ESD) life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology and model structure were constructed to calculate energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to counteract the use of high level, top-down modeling efforts, and to increase result accuracy, a focus upon device details and data routes was taken. In order to compare ESD to a relevant physical distribution alternative, physical model boundaries and variables were described. The methodology was compiled from the analysis and operational data of a major online store which provides ESD and physical distribution options. The ESD method included the calculation of power consumption of data center server and networking devices. An in-depth method to calculate server efficiency and utilization was also included to account for virtualization and server efficiency features. Internet transfer power consumption was analyzed taking into account the number of data hops and networking devices used. The power consumed by online browsing and downloading was also factored into the model. The embedded CO(2)e of server and networking devices was proportioned to each ESD process. Three U.K.-based ESD scenarios were analyzed using the model which revealed potential CO(2)e savings of 83% when ESD was used over physical distribution. Results also highlighted the importance of server efficiency and utilization methods.
authors: Technologies for Sustainable Built Environments Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AF, United Kingdom. d.williams@pgr.reading.ac.uk
authors: Daniel R
authors: DR
authors: Williams
authors: Yinshan
authors: Y
authors: Tang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D003132:Commerce; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D020407:Internet; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012984:Software; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants