title: Children suspected of having pulmonary embolism: multidetector CT pulmonary angiography--thromboembolic risk factors and implications for appropriate use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate thromboembolic risk factors for pulmonary embolism (PE) detected by using computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiography in children and to determine whether such information could be used for more appropriate use of CT pulmonary angiography in this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study and waived the need for patient informed consent. Two hundred twenty-seven consecutive CT pulmonary angiography studies in 227 pediatric patients who underwent CT pulmonary angiography for clinically suspected PE at a single large pediatric referral hospital between July 2004 and March 2011 were evaluated. Age, sex, referral setting, and D-dimer result, as well as seven possible risk factors, were compared between patients with and those without PE. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to identify the independent risk factors of PE. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to determine the optimal cutoff number of risk factors for predicting a positive CT pulmonary angiography result for PE in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six (16%) of 227 CT pulmonary angiography studies were positive for PE. Five risk factors, including immobilization (P < .001), hypercoagulable state (P = .003), excess estrogen state (P = .002), indwelling central venous line (P < .001), and prior PE and/or deep venous thrombosis (P < .001), were found to be significant independent risk factors for PE. With use of two or more risk factors as the clinical threshold, the sensitivity of a positive PE result was 89% (32 of 36 patients), and the specificity was 94% (180 of 191 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unlikely for CT pulmonary angiography results to be positive for PE in children with no thromboembolic risk factors. The use of risk factor assessment as a first-line triage tool has the potential to guide more appropriate use of CT pulmonary angiography in children, with associated reductions in radiation exposure and costs.
authors: Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Edward.Lee@childrens.harvard.edu
authors: Edward Y
authors: EY
authors: Lee
authors: Sunny K S
authors: SK
authors: Tse
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Zurakowski
authors: Victor M
authors: VM
authors: Johnson
authors: Nam Ju
authors: NJ
authors: Lee
authors: Donald A
authors: DA
authors: Tracy
authors: Phillip M
authors: PM
authors: Boiselle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007479:Iopamidol; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007479:Iopamidol