title: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with a more severe pattern of cocaine consumption in cocaine users from French West Indies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent comorbidity in patients with substance use disorder. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the consequences of ADHD comorbidity in cocaine users seeking treatment in Martinique.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 15 months, all patients seeking treatment for cocaine dependence in a specialized center were assessed using the ADHD DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition-Text Revision) criteria and the French version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six (44 men and 2 women) cocaine abusers were included. Among them, 10 (21.7%) patients met DSM-IV-TR full criteria for adult ADHD. Patients with ADHD spend significantly more money (3 fold) on cocaine per week than those without ADHD, which means that they use a higher dose. All patients with ADHD used cocaine in a pipe, which allowed a greater absorption compared to smoking cocaine in a joint or snorting cocaine powder; in contrast, only 53% of the subjects without ADHD used cocaine in a pipe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that cocaine users seeking treatment in Martinique with reported ADHD have a more severe pattern of cocaine consumption and the prevalence of ADHD's comorbidity in cocaine users is proximately equal to values previously found in the literature.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Rouen University Hospital, France.
authors: Héloïse
authors: H
authors: Delavenne
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Ballon
authors: Aimé
authors: A
authors: Charles-Nicolas
authors: Frederico Duarte
authors: FD
authors: Garcia
authors: Florence
authors: F
authors: Thibaut
authors: Jérôme
authors: J
authors: Lacoste
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008395:Martinique; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires