title: The influence of maternal protein nutrition on offspring development and metabolism: the role of glucocorticoids.
abstract: The consequences of sub-optimal nutrition through alterations in the macronutrient content of the maternal diet will not simply be reflected in altered neonatal body composition and increased mortality, but are likely to continue into adulthood and confer greater risk of metabolic disease. One mechanism linking manipulations of the maternal environment to an increased risk of later disease is enhanced fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC). Tissue sensitivity to cortisol is regulated, in part, by the GC receptor and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2. Several studies have shown the effects of maternal undernutrition, particularly low-protein diets, on the programming of GC action in the offspring; however, dietary excess is far more characteristic of the diets consumed by contemporary pregnant women. This study investigated the programming effects of moderate protein supplementation in pigs throughout pregnancy. We have demonstrated an up-regulation of genes involved in GC sensitivity, such as GC receptor and 11β-HSD, in the liver, but have yet to detect any other significant changes in these piglets, with no differences observed in body weight or composition. This increase in GC sensitivity was similar to the programming effects observed following maternal protein restriction or global undernutrition during pregnancy.
authors: Academic Division of Child Health, School of Clinical Sciences, E floor East Block, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. kayleigh.almond@abagri.com
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Almond
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Bikker
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Lomax
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Symonds
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Mostyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases