title: [Percutaneous embolization of coronary fistulas: a single-center experience].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A coronary fistula is a connection between one of the coronary arteries and a cardiac chamber or great artery. It is a rare defect and usually occurs in isolation. Two-dimensional echocardiography has an important role in diagnosis but coronary or CT angiography is essential to delineate the anatomy. Surgery is the traditional therapeutic approach but percutaneous closure is now the recommended method, with excellent results and few complications in experienced centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe our experience with percutaneous treatment of 15 coronary fistulas in 12 patients between 1996 and 2011. Eight (67%) were male and median age was 25 years. The most frequent symptoms were murmur and/or fatigue. All fistulas were congenital. Five patients (42%) had concomitant cardiac disease: pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (1), patent ductus arteriosus (1), ostium secundum atrial septal defect (1), stenotic bicuspid aortic valve (1), and critical pulmonary stenosis operated in the neonatal period (1). Three patients had two fistulas, while the others had a single lesion. All fistulas were hemodynamically significant. They originated in the territory of the right coronary (10), left coronary (3) and circumflex (2), draining into the right ventricle (5), pulmonary artery (6), right atrium (2) coronary sinus (1) and left ventricle (1). Embolization materials included standard coils, controlled-release coils, microcoils (standard, GDC or IDC) and an Amplatzer(®) duct occluder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Embolization was achieved in all patients. There was no mortality. One patient with a large fistula and a very small right coronary artery distally to the origin of the fistula had a right ventricular infarction. In three patients there were minor complications: inadvertent coil embolization, recovered in the same procedure (1), transient arrhythmia (1) and femoral pseudo-aneurysm (1). In a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (one month to 14 years), there were no procedure-related complications. Echocardiographic and/or angiographic control showed complete and permanent occlusion in ten patients and minimal residual flow in two patients through small collaterals with no hemodynamic significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous embolization represents an effective form of treatment for selected coronary fistulas. A wide range of embolization devices must be available to ensure the best therapeutic approach.
authors: Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica, Hospital de Santa Cruz, CHLO, Carnaxide, Portugal. margaridaoms@gmail.com
authors: Margarida
authors: M
authors: Silva
authors: Nuno
authors: N
authors: Carvalho
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Teixeira
authors: Graça
authors: G
authors: Nogueira
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Menezes
authors: Rui
authors: R
authors: Ferreira
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Maymone-Martins
authors: Rui
authors: R
authors: Anjos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016157:Vascular Fistula / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult