title: Frequent methamphetamine injection predicts emergency department utilization among street-involved youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methamphetamine (MA) use has been associated with health problems that commonly present in the emergency department (ED). This study sought to determine whether frequent MA injection was a risk factor for ED utilization among street-involved youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a street-involved youth cohort known as the 'At Risk Youth Study'. Behavioural data including MA use were linked to ED records at a major inner-city hospital. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to determine the risk factors for ED utilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between September 2005 and January 2007, 427 eligible participants were enrolled, among whom the median age was 21 (interquartile range 19-23) years and 154 (36.1%) were female. Within 1 year, 163 (38.2%) visited the ED, resulting in an incidence density of 53.7 per 100 person-years. ED utilization was significantly higher among frequent (i.e. ≥daily) MA injectors (log-rank P = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, frequent MA injection was associated with an increased hazard of ED utilization (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.04-3.25; P = 0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Street-involved youth who frequently inject MA appear to be at increased risk of ED utilization. The integration of MA-specific addiction treatment services within emergency care settings for high-risk youth is recommended.
authors: British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors: B D L
authors: BD
authors: Marshall
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Grafstein
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Buxton
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Qi
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Wood
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Shoveller
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D018453:Homeless Youth / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine