title: Risk factors for invasive fungal disease in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 5,000 cases of invasive Candida species infections occur in the United Kingdom each year, and around 40% of these cases occur in critical care units. Invasive fungal disease (IFD) in critically ill patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality at a cost to both the individual and the National Health Service. In this paper, we report the results of a systematic review performed to identify and summarise the important risk factors derived from published multivariable analyses, risk prediction models and clinical decision rules for IFD in critically ill adult patients to inform the primary data collection for the Fungal Infection Risk Evaluation Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An internet search was performed to identify articles which investigated risk factors, risk prediction models or clinical decisions rules for IFD in critically ill adult patients. Eligible articles were identified in a staged process and were assessed by two investigators independently. The methodological quality of the reporting of the eligible articles was assessed using a set of questions addressing both general and statistical methodologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria, of which eight articles examined risk factors, four developed a risk prediction model or clinical decision rule and one evaluated a clinical decision rule. Studies varied in terms of objectives, risk factors, definitions and outcomes. The following risk factors were found in multiple studies to be significantly associated with IFD: surgery, total parenteral nutrition, fungal colonisation, renal replacement therapy, infection and/or sepsis, mechanical ventilation, diabetes, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) or APACHE III score. Several other risk factors were also found to be statistically significant in single studies only. Risk factor selection process and modelling strategy also varied across studies, and sample sizes were inadequate for obtaining reliable estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review shows a number of risk factors to be significantly associated with the development of IFD in critically ill adults. Methodological limitations were identified in the design and conduct of studies in this area, and caution should be used in their interpretation.
authors: Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, Tavistock House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9HR, UK.
authors: Hannah
authors: H
authors: Muskett
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Shahin
authors: Gavin
authors: G
authors: Eyres
authors: Sheila
authors: S
authors: Harvey
authors: Kathy
authors: K
authors: Rowan
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Harrison
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D058365:Candidiasis, Invasive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects