title: Rice hull smoke extract inactivates Salmonella Typhimurium in laboratory media and protects infected mice against mortality.
abstract: A previously characterized rice hull smoke extract (RHSE) was tested for bactericidal activity against Salmonella Typhimurium using the disc-diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of RHSE was 0.822% (v/v). The in vivo antibacterial activity of RHSE (1.0%, v/v) was also examined in a Salmonella-infected Balb/c mouse model. Mice infected with a sublethal dose of the pathogens were administered intraperitoneally a 1.0% solution of RHSE at four 12-h intervals during the 48-h experimental period. The results showed that RHSE inhibited bacterial growth by 59.4%, 51.4%, 39.6%, and 28.3% compared to 78.7%, 64.6%, 59.2%, and 43.2% inhibition with the medicinal antibiotic vancomycin (20 mg/mL). By contrast, 4 consecutive administrations at 12-h intervals elicited the most effective antibacterial effect of 75.0% and 85.5% growth reduction of the bacteria by RHSE and vancomycin, respectively. The combination of RHSE and vancomycin acted synergistically against the pathogen. The inclusion of RHSE (1.0% v/w) as part of a standard mouse diet fed for 2 wk decreased mortality of 10 mice infected with lethal doses of the Salmonella. Photomicrographs of histological changes in liver tissues show that RHSE also protected the liver against Salmonella-induced pathological necrosis lesions. These beneficial results suggest that the RHSE has the potential to complement wood-derived smokes as antimicrobial flavor formulations for application to human foods and animal feeds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory rice hull derived liquid smoke has the potential to complement widely used wood-derived liquid smokes as an antimicrobial flavor and health-promoting formulation for application to foods.
authors: Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung Phil
authors: SP
authors: Kim
authors: Mi Young
authors: MY
authors: Kang
authors: Jun Cheol
authors: JC
authors: Park
authors: Seok Hyun
authors: SH
authors: Nam
authors: Mendel
authors: M
authors: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D005520:Food Preservatives; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012906:Smoke; D014640:Vancomycin