title: Sports helmets now and in the future.
abstract: The paper reports on a symposium on sports helmets and presents a synthesis of information and opinion from a range of presenters and disciplines. A review of the literature shows that helmets play an important role in head injury prevention and control. Helmets have been shown to be very efficacious and effective in a range of sports and in preventing specific head injury risks, especially moderate to severe head injury. The symposium emphasised the importance of helmet standards and the need for further development. There are calls for helmets that address the needs of competitive (elite) athletes separate to helmets for recreational athletes. Deficiencies in the evidence base for head injury risks and helmet efficacy and effectiveness were identified in some sports. Issues in designing helmets that are suitable to prevent severe head injuries and concussion were discussed and explained from biomechanical and engineering perspectives. The need to evaluate helmet performance in oblique impacts and incorporate this into standards was covered in a number of presentations. There are emerging opportunities with in-helmet technology to improve impact performance or to measure impact exposure. In-helmet technology as it matures may provide critical information on the severity of the impact, the location of the injured athlete, for example, snowboarder, and assist in the retrieval and immediate, as well as the long-term medical management of the athlete. It was identified that athletes, families and sports organisations can benefit from access to information on helmet performance. The importance of selecting the appropriate-sized helmet and ensuring that the helmet and visor were adjusted and restrained optimally was emphasised. The translation pathway from the science to new and better helmets is the development of appropriate helmet standards and the requirement for only helmets to be used that are certified to those standards.
authors: Department of Risk and Safety Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia. as.mcintosh@bigpond.com
authors: Andrew Stuart
authors: AS
authors: McIntosh
authors: Thor Einar
authors: TE
authors: Andersen
authors: Roald
authors: R
authors: Bahr
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Greenwald
authors: Svein
authors: S
authors: Kleiven
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Turner
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Varese
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: McCrory
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020811:Biomedical Technology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D012015:Reference Standards; D012307:Risk Factors