title: Apical extrusion of debris and irrigants using hand and three rotary instrumentation systems − An in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sterilization of the root canal is a prime aim of successful endodontics. The cleaning and shaping of the canal is directed as achieving this goal. The extrusion of apical debris has a deleterious effect on the prognosis of root canal treatment. Several instrument designs and instrumentation techniques have been developed to prevent this.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty caries free single rooted human mandibular premolar teeth were divided in four groups of ten teeth each. Teeth in each group were instrumented until the working length with rotary ProTaper, K3, Mtwo systems, and hand K-type stainless steel files. Debris and irrigant extruded from the apical foramen were collected into vials and the amounts were quantitatively determined. The data obtained were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that all instrumentation techniques produced significant amount of extruded debris and irrigant. The engine-driven nickel-titanium systems showed less apical extrusion of debris and irrigant than manual technique. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups at [P > 0.05]. Maximum apical debris and irrigant extrusion was seen with K-file group and least in the Mtwo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of rotary files and techniques to perform instrumentation does show less extrusion of the debris and irrigant from the apex. This can contribute to more successful endodontic therapy.
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Narayana Dental College, Cinthareddypalem, Nellore,Andhra Pradesh - 524 002, India.
authors: Koppolu
authors: K
authors: Madhusudhana
authors: Vinod Babu
authors: VB
authors: Mathew
authors: Nelaturi Madhusudhan
authors: NM
authors: Reddy