title: Latissimus dorsi free flap harvesting may affect the shoulder joint in long run.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle or myocutaneous flap is one of the most commonly used flaps and is believed to result in minimal donor-side morbidity. The impact on shoulder function from LD removal is important due to the common nature of this procedure. Previous studies have been performed after relatively short follow-up time and mostly after breast reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate shoulder function years after latissimus dorsi muscle free flap operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1998 and 2004, eight patients who underwent LD-free flap for lower limb (7) or head and neck (1) soft tissue reconstruction were enrolled in this study. Scar, shoulder pain, function, mobility, stability and strength were evaluated and measured by using the Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ), the Scar Evaluation Scale (SES) score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) form, goniometer and isokinetic tests. Measurements of the operated sides were compared to the non-operated sides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 54 ± 21 years and mean follow-up was 92.5 ± 36 months after surgery. Mean PSAQ was 73 (65%), mean SES score was 2 ± 1. When comparing the operated sides to the unoperated sides, ASES score was significantly lower in the operated side (76 versus 93, p = 0.008); The range of motion in active and passive endorotation, active extrarotation and active forward elevation were significantly reduced after surgery. Operated side revealed a significant joint instability (3.6 versus 1.2, p = 0.007) using the ASES form. Isokinetic tests revealed that only intra-rotation strength was significantly reduced (35.74 Newton-metre versus 42.7 Newton-metre, p = 0.03) in the operated side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LD harvesting can affect the function of the shoulder joint in the long run. Reduced mobility, instability and weakness could be obtained with objective measurements. However, the results should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size, internal controls and retrospective nature of this study.
authors: Department of Surgery, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland. salvatoregiordano@yahoo.it
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Giordano
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kääriäinen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Alavaikko
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kaistila
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kuokkanen
mesh_terms: D002921:Cicatrix; D005260:Female; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires