title: Influence of cigarette smoking on endoscopic sinus surgery long-term outcomes.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of smoking on long-term outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis.
  
  
  
  The study prospectively enrolled 274 patients at the Department of Otolaryngology of the Warsaw Medical University from 1993 to 2000. All patients were diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis and scheduled for the endoscopic sinus surgery. We evaluated subgroups of patients with respect to bronchial asthma, allergy, aspirin triad, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and nasal septal deviation. Patients were divided into smokers and non-smokers. Patient CT scan results were recorded according to the four-grade classification system by Kennedy. Patients were observed over a period between 2 to 9 years following the surgical intervention and had their surgery revised if the severity of symptoms were at the same level or worsened.
  
  
  
  Prior to endoscopic sinus surgery, 23% of smokers and 20% of non-smokers scored III or IV on the Kennedy Scale. The revision ESS was carried out in 27 patients. In this group there were 20% smokers and 7% non-smokers, with the difference being significant. There was no significant difference in the postoperative quality of life scale scores.
  
  
  
  The study shows that while smoking did not influence preoperative symptoms, smokers had worse postoperative outcomes.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Krzeski
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Galewicz
authors: Rafal
authors: R
authors: Chmielewski
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Kisiel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult