title: Are the surgeons safe during UV-A radiation exposure in collagen cross-linking procedure?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the effect of scattered UV-A radiation used in the collagen cross-linking (CXL) procedure and the amount of radiation reaching the surgeon and the surrounding area and to estimate the dampening effect by various protective devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case series, 3 patients [aged 25-30 (±2.5) years] with keratoconus underwent a CXL procedure with UV-A light and riboflavin. Irradiance was measured using a spectrometer (Model USB2000; Ocean Optics, Inc) for various distances from the source, at various angles, and for different durations of radiation. The spectrometer was also used to measure the dampening effect produced by gown, latex gloves, and UV-protective glasses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum UV-A radiation (1.4 × 10(-9) mW/cm(2)) was measured at 2 cm from the limbus, when the probe was held at a 45-degree angle to the floor. UV-A radiation reaching the surgeon's eye and the abdomen was 3.403 × 10(-11) and 2.36 × 10(-11) mW/cm(2), respectively. Gown, latex gloves, and UV-protective glasses showed dampening effects of 99.58%, 95.01%, and 99.73%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CXL appears to be a safe procedure with respect to UV-A radiation exposure to the surgeon. Further safety can be ensured by UV-protective devices.
authors: Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors: Rashmi
authors: R
authors: Shetty
authors: Rohit
authors: R
authors: Shetty
authors: Padmamalini
authors: P
authors: Mahendradas
authors: Bhujang K
authors: BK
authors: Shetty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003094:Collagen / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000628:therapy*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009885:Ophthalmology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014467:Ultraviolet Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen