title: Cigarette smoke extract induces select matrix metalloproteinases and integrin expression in periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The periodontal ligament (PDL) is the connective tissue that anchors the cementum of the teeth to the alveolar bone. PDL fibroblasts are responsible for the production of collagen and remodeling of the PDL. Periodontal disease is increased among smokers in both incidence and severity. This study examines the direct effect of smoking on PDL fibroblasts and their production of various matrix components and remodeling enzymes.
  
  
  METHODS
  PDL cells were plated for 1 day and then treated with various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Survival of PDL cells was quantified after exposure to CSE, and their ability to contract three-dimensional collagen gels was examined. Changes in transcript expression after CSE treatment was compared using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagens, and integrins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with CSE-induced cell death at concentrations of ≥5%. PDL-cell-induced collagen gel contraction was reduced at concentrations of 1.5% CSE. Treatment with CSE selectively increased the expression of collagen Vα3 and decreased collagen XIα1. CSE increased the expression of MMP1 and MMP3 and, to a lesser extent, MMP2 and MMP8. CSE also increased the expression of integrins α1, α2, and α10 (collagen receptors) and α9 (a tenascin receptor).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that cigarette smoking has local effects on the cells of the PDL. CSE reduced survival of PDL cells and their ability to contract collagen matrices. CSE also altered the expression of molecules known to provide the structural integrity of the ligament by altering collagen synthesis and remodeling as well as cell adhesion.
authors: Department of Oral Biology, Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Ave., New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
authors: Zachary
authors: Z
authors: Bulmanski
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Brady
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Stoute
authors: Thomas E
authors: TE
authors: Lallier
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D024062:Collagen Type V / Q000187:drug effects; D024161:Collagen Type XI / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains / Q000187:drug effects; D039423:Integrin alpha1 / Q000187:drug effects; D039421:Integrin alpha2 / Q000187:drug effects; D016023:Integrins / Q000187:drug effects*; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000187:drug effects; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000187:drug effects; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000187:drug effects; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000187:drug effects*; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D012906:Smoke; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024062:Collagen Type V; D024161:Collagen Type XI; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D005782:Gels; D039001:Integrin alpha Chains; D039423:Integrin alpha1; D039421:Integrin alpha2; D016023:Integrins; D012906:Smoke; C406210:integrin alpha 10; C084613:integrin alpha9; D003094:Collagen; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; C511768:MMP3 protein, human; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1