title: Dietary intake of cadmium from Bangladeshi foods.
abstract: Human exposure to cadmium (Cd) is associated with various diseases and high levels of Cd have been detected in Bangladeshi population warranting further research to identify the source of this exposure. In this study, Cd levels in 327 and 94 samples of Bangladeshi food and non-food samples, respectively, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This is the largest number of Bangladeshi food and nonfood samples investigated for their Cd content. High Cd levels were detected in leafy vegetables (mean 31 [SD 29]μg/kg). Of these vegetables, lal shak (Amaranthus tricolor) contained the highest Cd level (303 μg/kg [wet weight]; mean 100.5 [SD 95]μg/kg). Bangladeshi rice also showed significant concentration of Cd (mean 37.2 [SD 30]μg/kg). Of particular concern is the very high level of Cd detected in some puffed rice, which we attribute to the illegal practice of using urea for whitening the puffed rice. Tobacco leaves, which are commonly consumed during betel quid chewing by Bangladeshis, contain significant levels of Cd (mean 95 [SD 87]μg/kg). The total daily intake (TDI) of Cd from foods for Bangladeshis was estimated to be 34.55 μg/d. This is rather high when compared to the TDI of Cd for other populations. Our analysis reveals that this is mainly due to the very high intake of rice and vegetables, and lower consumption of animal products (which are low in Cd), by the Bangladeshis. We also determined the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake and target hazard quotients values for Cd. Clearly a more balanced diet is necessary to reduce the Cd intake in the Bangladeshi population, especially by reducing the very high intake of rice and certain leafy vegetables. Food manufacturing and agricultural practices needs to be altered to reduce the entry of Cd into the food chain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to high levels of Cd can be harmful to human health and this study provides a comprehensive analysis of Cd levels in a variety of food items from Bangladesh. The findings are of particular importance to consumers of Bangladeshi foods in both Bangladesh and in other countries. Data obtained will be valuable resources for food safety and regulatory bodies as our study suggests entry of Cd in foods through use of illegal chemicals in food manufacturing processes.
authors: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK. shwalrmalli@yahoo.com
authors: S W
authors: SW
authors: Al-Rmalli
authors: R O
authors: RO
authors: Jenkins
authors: P I
authors: PI
authors: Haris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D027721:Amaranthus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D001459:Bangladesh; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D012275:Oryza / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012639:Seeds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D006113:United Kingdom; D014675:Vegetables / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium