title: A prospective cohort study of coffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer over a 26-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coffee has been reported to lower levels of estrogen and insulin, two hormones implicated in endometrial carcinogenesis, but prospective data on the relation between coffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively assessed coffee consumption in relation to endometrial cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) with 67,470 female participants aged 34 to 59 in 1980. Cumulative average coffee intake was calculated with all available questionnaires to assess long-term effects. Cox regression models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (RR), controlling for other risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewer than 4 cups of coffee per day were not associated with endometrial cancer risk. However, women who consumed 4 or more cups of coffee had 25% lower risk of endometrial cancer than those who consumed less than 1 cup per day (multivariable RR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.57-0.97; P(trend) = 0.02). We found the similar association with caffeinated coffee consumption (RR for ≥4 vs. <1 cup/d = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.51-0.95). For decaffeinated coffee consumption, a suggestive inverse association was found among women who consumed 2 or more cups per day versus <1 cup/mo. Tea consumption was not associated with endometrial cancer risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These prospective data suggest that four or more cups of coffee per day are associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drinking of coffee, given its widespread consumption, might be an additional strategy to reduce endometrial cancer risk. However, addition of substantial sugar and cream to coffee could offset any potential benefits.
authors: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. yje@hsph.harvard.edu
authors: Youjin
authors: Y
authors: Je
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Hankinson
authors: Shelley S
authors: SS
authors: Tworoger
authors: Immaculata
authors: I
authors: De Vivo
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Giovannucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine