title: Intellectual ability and executive function in pediatric moyamoya vasculopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Moyamoya vasculopathy is characterized by progressive stenosis of the major arteries of the Circle of Willis, resulting in compromised cerebral blood flow and increased risk of stroke. The objectives of the current study were to examine intellectual and executive functioning of children with moyamoya and to evaluate the impact of moyamoya type, stroke (clinical or silent), vasculopathy laterality, and disease duration on neurocognitive abilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty pediatric participants (mean age 10 y 10 mo, SD 4 y; 18 females, 12 males) completed age-appropriate Wechsler Intelligence Scales before any therapeutic revascularization procedures. Reports of executive function were obtained from parents and teachers using the Behavior Rating Index of Executive Function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with moyamoya scored significantly lower than the test standardization samples on all indices of intelligence and ratings of executive functioning (p<0.001). Patients did not differ by type of moyamoya or history of stroke. Patients with bilateral disease and stroke scored significantly lower than those with unilateral disease on measures of overall intellectual function (p=0.035) and verbal comprehension (p=0.04). Deficits in metacognitive executive functions were also more pronounced in bilateral patients according to teacher ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with moyamoya are at risk for intellectual and executive problems, exacerbated by bilateral disease and clinical stroke history.
authors: Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada  
authors: Tricia S
authors: TS
authors: Williams
authors: Robyn
authors: R
authors: Westmacott
authors: Nomazulu
authors: N
authors: Dlamini
authors: Leeor
authors: L
authors: Granite
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Dirks
authors: Rand
authors: R
authors: Askalan
authors: Daune
authors: D
authors: Macgregor
authors: Mahendranath
authors: M
authors: Moharir
authors: Gabrielle
authors: G
authors: Deveber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data