title: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antipyretic medications on mortality in Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the use of antipyretic medications in the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection affects mortality in humans or animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials was undertaken to identify in vivo animal experiments or randomised, controlled trials in humans of antipyretic medication in S pneumoniae infection which reported mortality data. Meta-analysis was by inverse variance weighted method for odds ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antipyretics are recommended for the symptomatic treatment of various diseases caused by S pneumoniae. However, there is evidence that fever is a protective physiological response to infection, that treating fever secondary to infection may be harmful, and that some strains of S pneumoniae are temperature sensitive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality associated with antipyretic use in S pneumoniae infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies from two publications met the inclusion criteria and investigated the use of aspirin in animal models. The pooled estimate of mortality was an OR with aspirin treatment of 1.97 (95% CI 1.22 to 3.19). There were no suitable human studies identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A twofold increased risk of mortality was found with aspirin treatment in animal models of S pneumoniae infection. No relevant human studies were identified. It is difficult to generalise from animal models to clinical medicine, but based on these findings and the prevalence and severity of S pneumoniae infections worldwide, future study of the effects of antipyretic therapy in S pneumoniae infection in humans is recommended.
authors: Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. sarah.jefferies@mrinz.ac.nz
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Jefferies
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Weatherall
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Young
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Eyers
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Beasley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058633:Antipyretics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D058633:Antipyretics; D001241:Aspirin