title: Nausea, vomiting, and heartburn in pregnancy: a prospective look at risk, treatment, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine risk factors, treatment, and outcomes for nausea/vomiting (N/V) and heartburn during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 2731 women from a prospective cohort study of gallbladder disease in pregnancy. Subjects completed questionnaires at enrollment, early third trimester, and 4-6 weeks postpartum. We used logistic regression to examine independent predictors of upper gastrointestinal symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five percent of pregnant women experienced either heartburn and/or N/V. Independent predictors for heartburn included prepregnancy heartburn (OR 5.28, 95% CI 3.78-7.37), multigravidity, prepregnancy body mass index, and pregnancy weight gain. Independent predictors for N/V included prepregnancy N/V (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.52-3.31), other digestive problems prepregnancy, younger age, single gestation, and carrying a female fetus. 11% of women with N/V and 47% of women with heartburn used pharmacologic therapy. Infants born to women with heartburn had significantly higher birth weights (p = 0.03), but gestational age at delivery was not significantly different. N/V was not associated with birth weight or gestational age at delivery. 19.7% of women with heartburn during pregnancy reported postpartum heartburn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heartburn and N/V are common pregnancy symptoms, particularly among women with a history of such symptoms. Neither condition appears to adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy. Pregnancy-related heartburn predisposes to early postpartum heartburn.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors: Christopher R
authors: CR
authors: Naumann
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Zelig
authors: Peter G
authors: PG
authors: Napolitano
authors: Cynthia W
authors: CW
authors: Ko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006356:Heartburn / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult