title: Targeting of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum by fluorescent macrocyclic compounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Useful probes of the intracellular environment that target a specific organelle in order to allow direct observation of the changes in these regions is of high current interest. Macrocyclic ligands have already revealed themselves as important selective hosts in some biological applications, forming stable and specific complexes. Therefore, in this paper, several macrocyclic ligands are evaluated as potential molecular probes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four polyammonium macrocycles and one macrotricyclic bearing pyridine and phenanthroline chromophores have been synthesised and evaluated as molecular probes. The cytotoxicity of the compounds has been analyzed using human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), non-cancerous human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and human adult dermal skin fibroblasts from a breast cancer patient (P14). All the compounds showed low toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 10 µM, except for [32]phen(2)N(4) which proved to be highly cytotoxic for MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry studies evidenced that the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic MCF-7 and NHDF cells induced by the compounds is considerably low. Also, flow cytometry analysis showed that some compounds seem to modify the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of the cells. Fluorescence microscopy evidenced that compounds easily cross the plasma membrane (5 min) and accumulated into the mitochondria, as confirmed by co-localization with MitoTracker Green™. The fluorescence images also evidenced an intact mitochondria structure after 48 h. Moreover, reticular staining suggestive of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization, in addition to the mitochondrial one, has been found by confocal microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study reveals that compounds Me(2)[28]py(2)N(6), cryptphen, [16]phenN(2), [30]phen(2)N(6), have low toxicity and localize in mitochondria and ER. The ability of these compounds for translocating the cellular membrane (5 min) without special conditioning of the cells or derivatization of the probe, the time-dependent localization (48 h) and the cellular viability provide a proof-of-concept towards their use as promising probes towards biomedical studies.
authors: Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal. carlacruz@fcsaude.ubi.pt
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Cruz
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Cairrao
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Silvestre
authors: Luiza
authors: L
authors: Breitenfeld
authors: Paulo
authors: P
authors: Almeida
authors: João A
authors: JA
authors: Queiroz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010618:Phenanthrolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008024:Ligands; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D010618:Phenanthrolines; D011725:Pyridines