title: Determinants and consequences of renal function variations with aldosterone blocker therapy in heart failure patients after myocardial infarction: insights from the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the effect of the selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone on renal function and the interaction between changes in renal function and subsequent cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after an acute myocardial infarction in the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serial changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were available in 5792 patients during a 24-month follow-up. Patients assigned to eplerenone had a decline in eGFR with an adjusted mean difference of -1.4±0.3 mL · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2) compared with placebo (P<0.0001), an effect that appeared within the first month (-1.3±0.4 mL · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2)) and persisted throughout the study. Overall, 914 patients experienced a decline in eGFR >20% in the first month, 16.9% and 14.7% in the eplerenone and placebo groups, respectively (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.30; P=0.017). In multivariate analyses, determinants of this early decline in eGFR were female sex, age ≥65 years, smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction <35%, and use of eplerenone and loop diuretic. An early decline in eGFR by >20% was associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes independently of baseline eGFR and of the use of eplerenone, which retained its prognostic benefits even under these circumstances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and receiving standard medical care, an early decline in eGFR is not uncommon and is associated with poor long-term outcome. Eplerenone induced a moderately more frequent early decline in eGFR, which did not affect its clinical benefit on cardiovascular outcomes.
authors: Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-INSERM CHU de Nancy, France.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Rossignol
authors: John G F
authors: JG
authors: Cleland
authors: Sunil
authors: S
authors: Bhandari
authors: Stéphane
authors: S
authors: Tala
authors: Finn
authors: F
authors: Gustafsson
authors: Renaud
authors: R
authors: Fay
authors: Zohra
authors: Z
authors: Lamiral
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Dobre
authors: Bertram
authors: B
authors: Pitt
authors: Faiez
authors: F
authors: Zannad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000077545:Eplerenone; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
chemical_list: D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone; D000077545:Eplerenone