title: Counteraction of oxidative damage in the rat liver by an ancient grain (Kamut brand khorasan wheat).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously demonstrated in rat plasma the antioxidant protective effect of whole-grain bread, particularly when made from Kamut brand khorasan wheat. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the same experimental breads in rat liver using two different bread-making procedures (baker's yeast and sourdough fermentation).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were examined in the basal condition and after the administration of doxorubicin, a pro-oxidative agent. The following parameters were measured in liver homogenates: glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activities, as antioxidant enzymes containing selenium; glutathione, α-tocopherol and β-carotene, as major non-enzymatic cell antioxidants; malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein products, as markers of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, respectively. A histologic evaluation of liver tissue was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In agreement with our previous work, we observed a lower oxidative status and a different activity of glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase in rats fed the whole-grain Kamut khorasan bread than in rats fed the modern whole-grain durum wheat bread. Histologic evaluation of the hepatic tissue showed the onset of inflammation in response to doxorubicin only in rats fed the modern durum wheat bread.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm that bread made from whole-grain Kamut khorasan protects rats from oxidative stress better than bread made from whole-grain durum wheat. This is consistent with their different antioxidant profiles. The type of wheat used for bread-making appeared to be the main determinant of the observed protective effect.
authors: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
authors: Serena
authors: S
authors: Benedetti
authors: Mariangela
authors: M
authors: Primiterra
authors: Maria Chiara
authors: MC
authors: Tagliamonte
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Carnevali
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Gianotti
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: Bordoni
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: Canestrari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001939:Bread; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002523:Edible Grain; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013045:Species Specificity; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase / Q000097:blood; D014908:Triticum / Q000145:classification; D015003:Yeasts
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D028321:Plant Preparations; D004317:Doxorubicin; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase