title: Craniofacial resection of midline anterior skull base malignancies: a reassessment of outcomes in the modern era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Craniofacial resection has been considered the gold standard in the management of malignancies involving the anterior skull base, where the goal of surgery is negative margins with minimal morbidity. In recent years, there has been growing enthusiasm for purely endoscopic techniques for craniofacial malignancies. Given recent advancements in open surgical approaches, there is a need to review the technique of open craniofacial resection in the modern surgical era.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review our experience of open craniofacial resection of midline anterior cranial fossa malignancies in the modern era.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1995 and 2009, 41 patients underwent bifrontal craniotomy/craniofacial resection for malignancy. A subset of patients had undergone previous treatment, i.e., transfacial resection (34%), chemotherapy (5%), and radiation therapy (10%). Esthesioneuroblastoma (29%) was the most common pathology, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (27%) and the remaining patients presented with various histologic subtypes. All tumors invaded the cribriform plate; tumors invaded dura in 51%, parenchyma in 17% and orbit in 54% of patients. Negative margins were obtained in 85% of the cohort. Postoperative complications included seizure (one patient), cerebrospinal leak (one patient), and symptomatic pneumocephalus (two patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since its introduction more than 50 years ago, craniofacial resection has undergone several important technical advancements concurrent to the introduction of endoscopy. With these improvements, our results indicate good oncologic disease control with minimal morbidity for extensive malignancies invading the intracranial cavity. With improvements in both open and endoscopic techniques, there is a need to reassess outcomes to determine relative indications.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Shaan M
authors: SM
authors: Raza
authors: Tomas
authors: T
authors: Garzon-Muvdi
authors: Gary L
authors: GL
authors: Gallia
authors: Rafael J
authors: RJ
authors: Tamargo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D035262:Cranial Fossa, Anterior / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D018304:Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*