title: Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory indicators in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by extract prepared from Ginkgo biloba cambial meristematic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaves have been used as an herbal medicine that has a complex range of biological activities. However, when we consider that biological activity of plant extracts is highly variable according to the source, location, and harvest season, technology to obtain the natural products with homogeneity is extremely important.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We established the technology to obtain the cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) of Ginkgo biloba, which were expanded in vitro with homogeneity through a suspension culture and then determined the anti-inflammatory activity of fractionated samples prepared from the ethanol extract of CMCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the anti-inflammatory activity of samples using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Especially, influence of sample treatment on the expression of various indicators, such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, transcription factor, and cytokines, involved in inflammatory activity was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A fractionated sample demonstrated 53.4% inhibition of LPS-induced NO production from the cells. Additionally, when fractionated samples were treated, iNOS and COX-2 expressions were almost completely suppressed. Fractionated samples also inhibited the phosphorylation of LPS-induced extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) and p38 MAP kinases more than 60%. IκB phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were also suppressed by fractionated samples. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, was significantly inhibited by the sample treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fractionated samples from the ethanol extract of Ginkgo biloba CMCs could potentially be the source of a powerful anti-inflammatory substance.
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors: Sun-Hee
authors: SH
authors: Jang
authors: Eun Kyung
authors: EK
authors: Lee
authors: Min Jung
authors: MJ
authors: Lim
authors: Nam Ju
authors: NJ
authors: Hong
authors: Il Seok
authors: IS
authors: Oh
authors: Young Woo
authors: YW
authors: Jin
authors: Han-Sol
authors: HS
authors: Jeong
authors: Yong-Seob
authors: YS
authors: Jeong
authors: Jeong-Chae
authors: JC
authors: Lee
authors: Yong-Suk
authors: YS
authors: Jang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018519:Meristem; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases