title: The molecular diagnosis and management of thyroid neoplasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The molecular work-up of thyroid nodules on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology samples has given clinicians a new level of diagnostic information. We focus this review on the molecular techniques used in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, especially BRAF, and the resulting management considerations that are raised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BRAF testing offers both diagnostic and prognostic information; it has been used along with the Bethesda Thyroid FNA Classification System to offer preoperative guidance in the management of thyroid nodules. Various authors have successfully utilized molecular panels on cytologic specimens including mutations and rearrangements such as RAS and RET/PTC. Preoperative mutation detection allows initial management decisions to be made with a greater clinical confidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BRAF molecular testing holds promise as a possible diagnostic tool for indeterminate FNAs, and as a determinant for planning initial clinical management of thyroid nodules. Further developments in the molecular approach to thyroid cancer are expected to allow greater individualization of patient care.
authors: Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. constantine.theoharis@yale.edu
authors: Constantine
authors: C
authors: Theoharis
authors: Sanziana
authors: S
authors: Roman
authors: Julie Ann
authors: JA
authors: Sosa
mesh_terms: D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf