title: Antibiotic resistance in primary care in Austria - a systematic review of scientific and grey literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotic resistance is an increasing challenge for health care services worldwide. While up to 90% of antibiotics are being prescribed in the outpatient sector recommendations for the treatment of community-acquired infections are usually based on resistance findings from hospitalized patients. In context of the EU-project called "APRES - the appropriateness of prescribing antibiotic in primary health care in Europe with respect to antibiotic resistance" it was our aim to gain detailed information about the resistance data from Austria in both the scientific and the grey literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed including scientific and grey literature published between 2000 and 2010. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined and the review process followed published recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen scientific articles and 23 grey literature documents could be found. In contrast to the grey literature, the scientific publications describe only a small part of the resistance situation in the primary health care sector in Austria. Merely half of these publications contain data from the ambulatory sector exclusively but these data are older than ten years, are very heterogeneous concerning the observed time period, the number and origin of the isolates and the kind of bacteria analysed. The grey literature yields more comprehensive and up-to-date information of the content of interest. These sources are available in German only and are not easily accessible. The resistance situation described in the grey literature can be summarized as rather stable over the last two years. For Escherichia coli e.g. the highest antibiotic resistance rates can be seen with fluorochiniolones (19%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (27%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive and up-to-date antibiotic resistance data of different pathogens isolated from the community level in Austria are presented. They could be found mainly in the grey literature, only few are published in peer-reviewed journals. The grey literature, therefore, is a very valuable source of relevant information. It could be speculated that the situation of published literature is similar in other countries as well.
authors: Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Str, 13a/3rd floor, 1090 Vienna, Austria. kathryn.hoffmann@meduniwien.ac.at
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Hoffmann
authors: Gernot
authors: G
authors: Wagner
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Apfalter
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: Maier
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care