title: Short-lived immunity against pertussis, age-specific routes of transmission, and the utility of a teenage booster vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pertussis incidence has been increasing for the past two decades in Norway, as in much of the highly vaccinated world. The greatest increase is in teenagers, although the most severe cases occur in infants. A teenage booster is recommended globally, largely with the aim of reducing infant incidence. However few countries have implemented the booster, and almost no data have been published on its utility in preventing infant cases. We aim to assess the duration of vaccine-induced immunity, and the possibility for a teenage-booster vaccine to protect infants in Norway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used a unique data set that merged case reports with a national vaccine registry from Norway, 1996-2010, to assess age- and cohort-specific hazards of infection. We also developed and implemented a likelihood-based method for estimating the duration of immunity, taking into account age-contact data relevant for pertussis transmission. The risk of infection in thirteen-year olds increased nearly four-fold, however the hazard in infants did not significantly change. The seasonality of cases in pre-school-aged children differed from that of school-aged children. The introduction of a childhood booster vaccine provided indirect protection for unvaccinated members of the cohort, but little protection to neighboring cohorts. Additionally, we found evidence for increasingly rapid infection after three doses of vaccine, potentially caused by significant and heterogeneous loss of immunity. An estimated 15% of vaccinated individuals lost their immunity within five years after vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunity induced by the acellular pertussis vaccine prevents both disease and transmission, but is short-lived and heterogeneous. The age-mixing patterns lead to little contact between teenagers and infants. Therefore, while a teenage booster vaccine campaign would likely provide strong protection for cohorts of teenagers, it would provide little protection for infants.
authors: Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, 501 ASI Bldg, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. jennie.lavine@gmail.com
authors: Jennie S
authors: JS
authors: Lavine
authors: Ottar N
authors: ON
authors: Bjørnstad
authors: Birgitte Freiesleben
authors: BF
authors: de Blasio
authors: Jann
authors: J
authors: Storsaeter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000379:methods*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D022282:Vaccines, Acellular / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010567:Pertussis Vaccine; D022282:Vaccines, Acellular