title: Bony abnormalities in classic bladder exstrophy: the urologist's perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the primary practitioner managing patients with classic bladder exstrophy (CBE), it is incumbent upon the pediatric urologist to understand the associated orthopedic anomalies and their management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Pubmed search was performed with the keyword exstrophy. Resulting literature pertaining to orthopedics and published references were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anatomic changes to the bony pelvis include outward rotation, acetabular retroversion with compensatory femoral anteversion, anterior pubic shortening, and pubic diastasis. Imaging options have improved, which impacts surgical planning. Surgical approach, including type of osteotomy and method of pubic approximation, is evolving. Most centers employ immobilization after surgery, with external fixation, Bryant's traction, Buck's traction, and spica casting being the most common methods. Orthopedic complications range from minor pin-site infections to neurologic and vascular compromise. Most experts agree osteotomy aids bladder closure beyond 72 h of life, but effect on continence remains controversial. Although no significant orthopedic benefit has been expounded, it may be too early to appreciate improvement in frequency or severity of osteoarthritis or hip dysplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While orthopedic surgeons remain vital to managing exstrophy patients, knowledge of the anatomy, imaging, surgical approaches, and immobilization enable effective communication with parents and other physicians, improving care for these complicated patients.
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Insititute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. ksuson1@jhmi.edu
authors: Kristina D
authors: KD
authors: Suson
authors: Paul D
authors: PD
authors: Sponseller
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Gearhart
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures