title: Characterization and preparation of Aspergillus niger naringinase for debittering citrus juice.
abstract: Naringinase from Aspergillus niger was prepared and characterized to evaluate its effectiveness in debittering citrus juice. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by sulfate fractionation and chromatographies on Q-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, and S-100 HR columns, and estimated by gel filtration chromatography (GFC) to have a molecular weight (MW) of 131 kDa, of which its subunit was measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be around 65.5 kDa. The enzyme showed active and stable pH ranges both within 4.5 to 5.0. Its optimal temperature was in the range of 45 to 55 °C. Freeze drying provided an estimated enzymatic recovery of 95.9%, greater than spray drying with the recovery at 55.6%. The freeze-drying powder could retain its enzymatic activity stably at 4 °C for 6 mo. Also, the enzyme in 0.220 U/mL citrus juice could sufficiently remove the naringin for the bitterness. Oral acute toxicity study revealed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the naringinase powder was >10 g/kg in mice. The contents of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), the aerobic plate count, and coliform number in the enzyme powder all met the criteria for food use. These characteristics suggest that the naringinase from A. niger is efficient and suitable for debittering the citrus juice, and the process consisting of fermentation, salt precipitation, ion exchange, ultrafiltration, and freeze drying is a promising means to prepare the naringinase for food industry, setting up a strong base to enzymatically debitter citrus juice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study focused on characterization, preparation, and validation of naringinase from A. niger, which provided useful information on how to prepare, store, and use the naringinase. In addition, this naringinase met the safety standards for food use and showed strong ability to remove the bitter taste from citrus juice, which provided useful information for interested readers, and the food industry.
authors: College of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Fujian Province, PR China.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Ni
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Chen
authors: Huinong
authors: H
authors: Cai
authors: Anfeng
authors: A
authors: Xiao
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: You
authors: Yunzhen
authors: Y
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000201:enzymology*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000378:metabolism*; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D013649:Taste; D013696:Temperature; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D021122:Protein Subunits; C039827:naringinase; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; C005274:naringin