title: Cold-shock eliminates female nucleus in fertilized eggs to induce androgenesis in the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), a teleost fish.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgenesis (all-male inheritance) is generally induced by means of irradiating the eggs to inactivate the maternal genome, followed by fertilization with normal sperm. In fish, the conventional technique for induced androgenesis has been applied for rapid fixation to traits, recovery of cryopreserved genotypes, sex-control, etc. A new method of androgenesis that eliminates the need to irradiate the egg was proposed using the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (a teleost fish).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the eggs of wild-type females were fertilized with sperm of albino or orange phenotype males and cold-shocked at 0 to 3°C for 60 min duration just after fertilization, generally more than 30% (with a peak of 100%) of the hatched progeny were androgenotes. While a few of them were the normal diploid, most of them turned out to be abnormal haploid. All-male inheritance was verified by the expression of the recessive color trait (albino or orange) and microsatellite genotypes comprising only paternally derived alleles. Nuclear behavior after the cold-shock treatment was traced by microscopic observation of DAPI (4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained samples and hematoxylin-eosin stained histological sections, and the extrusion of egg (maternal) nucleus was observed in eggs treated in the optimum timing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper, we demonstrate that cold-shock treatment (at 0 and 3°C) of loach eggs for 60 min just after fertilization successfully induces androgenetic haploid development. The most likely mechanism of cold-shock induced androgenesis is an elimination of the egg nucleus together along with the second polar body and subsequent development of a decondensed sperm nucleus or male pronucleus.
authors: Laboratory of Aquaculture Genetics and Genomics, Faculty and Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
authors: Kagayaki
authors: K
authors: Morishima
authors: Takafumi
authors: T
authors: Fujimoto
authors: Mami
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: Ayako
authors: A
authors: Kawae
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Etsuro
authors: E
authors: Yamaha
authors: Katsutoshi
authors: K
authors: Arai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005838:Genotype; D006238:Haploidy; D007211:Indoles; D040582:Inheritance Patterns / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D015053:Zygote / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; C007293:DAPI