title: Effect of rugby training on blood antioxidant defenses in able-bodied and spinal cord injured players.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional study with comparison group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of rugby training on the blood antioxidant capacity in able-bodied and wheelchair rugby players with tetraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of subjects participated in the study: sedentary able-bodied males (group SA, n=19), sedentary males with tetraplegia (group ST, n=10), able-bodied rugby players (group RA, n=22) and wheelchair rugby players with tetraplegia (group RT, n=14). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) were determined in erythrocyte hemolysates, whereas glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was determined in whole-blood hemolysates. Concentrations of total antioxidant status (TAS) was determined in plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SOD activity was significantly higher in the group SA compared with group ST and group RA. No significant differences occurred within the tetraplegic groups: RT and ST. Resting CAT and GPX activities were significantly higher in both the groups of rugby players than in the respective group of sedentary males. There were no differences in GR activity among all the studied groups. Plasma TAS concentration was higher in both the groups of able-bodied males compared with the respective groups of tetraplegics. The present study is the first to conduct an evaluation of wheelchair rugby training-induced adaptations to oxidative stress in individuals with tetraplegia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adaptive response to training was similar in both able-bodied and wheelchair rugby players, and it was characterized by increased erythrocyte CAT and GPX activities in resting conditions improving resistance to oxidative stress.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Hübner-Woźniak
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Morgulec-Adamowicz
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Malara
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Lewandowski
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Okęcka-Szymańska
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011044:Poland; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000097:blood*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase