title: Directed molecular evolution to design advanced red fluorescent proteins.
abstract: Fluorescent proteins have become indispensable imaging tools for biomedical research. Continuing progress in fluorescence imaging, however, requires probes with additional colors and properties optimized for emerging techniques. Here we summarize strategies for development of red-shifted fluorescent proteins. We discuss possibilities for knowledge-based rational design based on the photochemistry of fluorescent proteins and the position of the chromophore in protein structure. We consider advances in library design by mutagenesis, protein expression systems and instrumentation for high-throughput screening that should yield improved fluorescent proteins for advanced imaging applications.
authors: Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors: Fedor V
authors: FV
authors: Subach
authors: Kiryl D
authors: KD
authors: Piatkevich
authors: Vladislav V
authors: VV
authors: Verkhusha
mesh_terms: D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019151:Peptide Library; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D019151:Peptide Library; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein