title: HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: a qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV infection rates are increasing among marginalized women in Ontario, Canada. HIV-related stigma, a principal factor contributing to the global HIV epidemic, interacts with structural inequities such as racism, sexism, and homophobia. The study objective was to explore experiences of stigma and coping strategies among HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a community-based qualitative investigation using focus groups to understand experiences of stigma and discrimination and coping methods among HIV-positive women from marginalized communities. We conducted 15 focus groups with HIV-positive women in five cities across Ontario, Canada. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to enhance understanding of the lived experiences of diverse HIV-positive women. Focus group participants (n = 104; mean age = 38 years; 69% ethnic minority; 23% lesbian/bisexual; 22% transgender) described stigma/discrimination and coping across micro (intra/interpersonal), meso (social/community), and macro (organizational/political) realms. Participants across focus groups attributed experiences of stigma and discrimination to: HIV-related stigma, sexism and gender discrimination, racism, homophobia and transphobia, and involvement in sex work. Coping strategies included resilience (micro), social networks and support groups (meso), and challenging stigma (macro).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-positive women described interdependent and mutually constitutive relationships between marginalized social identities and inequities such as HIV-related stigma, sexism, racism, and homo/transphobia. These overlapping, multilevel forms of stigma and discrimination are representative of an intersectional model of stigma and discrimination. The present findings also suggest that micro, meso, and macro level factors simultaneously present barriers to health and well being--as well as opportunities for coping--in HIV-positive women's lives. Understanding the deleterious effects of stigma and discrimination on HIV risk, mental health, and access to care among HIV-positive women can inform health care provision, stigma reduction interventions, and public health policy.
authors: Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Carmen H
authors: CH
authors: Logie
authors: Llana
authors: L
authors: James
authors: Wangari
authors: W
authors: Tharao
authors: Mona R
authors: MR
authors: Loutfy
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005783:Gender Identity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D011287:Prejudice; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D011477:Sex Work; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D057545:Social Stigma; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014930:Women; D055815:Young Adult