title: Long-term concentrative meditation and cognitive performance among older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The general consensus that cognitive abilities decline with advancing age is supported by several studies that have reported that older adults perform more poorly on multiple tests of cognitive performance as compared to younger adults. To date, preventive measures against this cognitive decline have been mainly focused on dietary, physical, and lifestyle behaviors which could allow older adults to maintain their cognitive abilities into late life. However, much less stress has been laid on evaluating meditation as a preventive measure in such cases in spite of the fact that the role of meditation on attention has been proved in several studies. In the current study, we extend this preliminary idea, examining the practice of concentrative meditation and the differences in the cognitive performance of older adults who have or have not employed this practice long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study comparing the cognitive performance of meditators and non-meditators in the geriatric age group. Twenty (age > 55 years) long-term practitioners of Vihangam Yoga meditation (>10 years of practice) were recruited in the present study and were applied six paper-pencil neuropsychological tests for assessment of short-term memory, perceptual speed, attention, and executive functioning. The tests used were: (1) the Digit Span test, (2) the Stroop Color Word test, (3) the Trailmaking test, (4) the Letter Cancellation Task, (5) the digit symbol substitution test, and (6) the Rule Shift Card Test. All the tests were also applied to 20 age- and education-matched geriatric adults who have not practiced the meditation technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vihangam Yogis showed significantly better performances in all these tests of attention (p < .05) except for the digit backward test, where a trend (p = .08) was found in favor of meditators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term Vihangam Yoga meditators have superior cognitive abilities than non-meditators in the old age group. This technique should be studied further for its ability to prevent age-related cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences, Psychiatry, Ranchi, India. drravi2121@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Priyadarshee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abhishek
authors.forename: Suprakash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudhury
authors.forename: Brent J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests