title: Photodynamic inactivation of viruses using upconversion nanoparticles.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality that utilizes light of an appropriate wavelength to excite photosensitive materials called photosensitizers, which upon excitation, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are cytocidal and virucidal. However, problems such as hydrophobicity of photosensitizers and limited tissue penetration ability of the current light sources impeded its promotion as a mainstay in medical technology. Here, by using near-infrared (NIR)-to-visible upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs), we demonstrate UCN-based photodynamic inactivation as a potential antiviral strategy. These UCNs are nanotransducers which not only act as carriers of photosensitizers but also active participants in PDT by transducing NIR radiation to visible emissions appropriate for excitation of the attached photosensitizers. The UCNs effectively reduced the infectious virus titers in vitro with no clear pathogenicity in murine model and increased target specificity to virus-infected cells. Hence, this is a promising antiviral approach with feasible applications in the treatments of virus-associated infections, lesions and cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Meng Earn
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Yen-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Justin Jang Hann
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species