title: Bacterial assisted phytoremediation for enhanced degradation of highly sulfonated diazo reactive dye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phytoremediation is the exploitation of plants and their rhizospheric microorganisms for pollutants treatment like textile dyes, which are toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic from the effluent. The purpose of this work was to explore a naturally found plant and bacterial synergism to achieve an enhanced degradation of Remazol Black B dye (RBB).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro cultures of Zinnia angustifolia were obtained by seed culture method. Enzymatic analysis of the plant roots and Exiguobacterium aestuarii strain ZaK cells was performed before and after decolorization of RBB. Metabolites of RBB formed after its degradation were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytotoxicity studies were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The consortium ZE was found to be more efficient than individual plant and bacteria. Z. angustifolia roots showed significant induction in the activities of lignin peroxidase, laccase, DCIP reductase and tyrosinase during dye decolorization. E. aestuarii showed significant induction in the activities of veratryl alcohol oxidase, azo reductase and DCIP reductase. Analysis of metabolites revealed differential metabolism of RBB by plant, bacteria and consortium ZE. E. aestuarii and Z. angustifolia led to the formation of 3,6-diamino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, (ethylsulfonyl)benzene, and 3,4,6-trihydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and propane-1-sulfonic acid, respectively, whereas consortium ZE produced 4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenol. The phytotoxicity study revealed the nontoxic nature of the metabolites formed after dye degradation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consortium ZE was found to be more efficient and faster in the degradation of RBB when compared to degradation by Z. angustifoila and E. aestuarii individually.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India.
authors.forename: Rahul V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Khandare
authors.forename: Niraj R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Rane
authors.forename: Tatoba R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Waghmode
authors.forename: Sanjay P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Govindwar
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D056449:Bacillales / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D042845:Laccase / Q000378:metabolism; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013559:Symbiosis; D013783:Textile Industry; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C511690:naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid; D042845:Laccase; C063421:Remazol black B