title: The efficacy of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine in children 2 through 17 years of age: a meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nine randomized controlled clinical trials, including approximately 26,000 children aged 6 months to 17 years, have evaluated the efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) against culture-confirmed influenza illness compared with placebo or trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). The objective of the current analysis was to integrate available LAIV efficacy data in children aged 2-17 years, the group for whom LAIV is approved for use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis was conducted using all available randomized controlled trials and a fixed-effects model. Cases caused by drifted influenza B were analyzed as originally classified and with all antigenic variants classified as dissimilar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five placebo-controlled trials (4 were 2-season trials) and 3 single-season TIV-controlled trials were analyzed. Compared with placebo, year 1 efficacy of 2 doses of LAIV was 83% (95% CI: 78, 87) against antigenically similar strains; efficacy was 87% (95% CI: 78, 93), 86% (95% CI: 79, 91), and 76% (95% CI: 63, 84) for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B, respectively. Classifying B variants as dissimilar, efficacy against all similar strains was 87% (95% CI: 83, 91) and 93% (95% CI: 83, 97) against similar B strains. Year 2 efficacy was 87% (95% CI: 82, 91) against similar strains. Compared with TIV, LAIV recipients experienced 44% (95% CI: 28, 56) and 48% (95% CI: 38, 57) fewer cases of influenza illness caused by similar strains and all strains, respectively. LAIV efficacy estimates for children from Europe, the United States, and Middle East were robust and were similar to or higher than those for the overall population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children aged 2-17 years, LAIV demonstrated high efficacy after 2 doses in year 1 and revaccination in year 2, and greater efficacy compared with TIV. This meta-analysis provides precise estimates of LAIV efficacy among the approved pediatric age group.
authors.affiliation: Medical and Scientific Affairs, MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. ambrosec@medimmune.com
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.forename: Xionghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knuf
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wutzler
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated