title: Echocardiography of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: Echocardiography is critical in the assessment of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Fundamental techniques and standardised approaches are useful when evaluating patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome prenatally, after birth, and before the Norwood operation (Stage 1); after the Norwood operation, before and after the superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (Stage 2); before and after the Fontan operation (Stage 3); and for chronic surveillance after the Fontan operation. From foetal assessment to ongoing surveillance after the Fontan procedure, echocardiography remains the primary technique for cardiac monitoring in this growing population of children and adults.
authors.affiliation: All Children’s Hospital –Heart Institute of Florida, 601 5th Street South, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA. Thieu.nguyen@allkids.org
authors.forename: Thieu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nardell
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galas
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Timofeev
authors.forename: Rich
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lambou
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marx
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods