title: The longitudinal role of breastfeeding in mothers' and fathers' relationship quality trajectories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guided by a family systems perspective, this study investigated whether breastfeeding plays a role in the quality of the mother-father intimate relationship over the course of child development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a prospective, longitudinal design, and data drawn from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n=986 couples), the present study examined the predictive role of breastfeeding in the first 3 years of life (for up to 4 months and for 5 months or longer, relative to never breastfeeding) in maternal and paternal trajectories of intimate relationship quality. The outcome variable of interest was emotional intimacy, rated by mothers and fathers when children were 54 months of age, in grades 1, 3, 5, and 6, and 15 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate hierarchical linear modeling, which appropriately handled dyadic data and accounted for effects of demographic covariates and earlier relationship quality, indicated that breastfeeding uniquely predicted increases in mothers' (but not fathers') marital quality levels over time. There was no difference in the strength of the positive associations for shorter versus longer breastfeeding duration. The findings suggest that improved intimate relationship quality may be another psychosocial benefit experienced by breastfeeding mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings underscore the importance of considering breastfeeding in the context of intimate relationships and may be of interest to women weighing the decision to breastfeed, their partners, and healthcare providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. papp@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Papp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003075:Coitus / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology