title: [Diaphragm and skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often accompanied by skeletal muscle alterations, resulting in enhanced morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many studies have highlighted important structural and biochemical modifications in limb and respiratory muscles in COPD. Reviewing the similarities and differences between the two most studied muscles in COPD, the quadriceps and the diaphragm, may provide important clues about the mechanisms dictating muscle changes that occur in this disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though these two muscle groups share a common systemic environment, discrepancies are observed in their respective alterations. These phenotypic differences suggest that, in addition to systemic factors, the local microenvironment must participate in the reorganization seen in these two muscles in COPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current review introduces the alterations observed in the quadriceps and diaphragm in the context of COPD and suggests possible signaling pathways involved in the development of muscle dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche, institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, université Laval, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: M-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caron
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Debigaré
authors.forename: P N R
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dekhuijzen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maltais
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000473:pathology; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000209:etiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010641:Phenotype; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex