title: Anhedonia in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease: analysis using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anhedonia, a lowered ability to experience physical or social pleasure, has recently been recognized as a non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the frequency of anhedonia and the factors influencing hedonic tone in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 86 consecutive outpatients with a clinical diagnosis of PD attending two Japanese hospitals (one university hospital and one community hospital) in February 2010. We used the self-rating Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) translated into Japanese language from the original English version to assess and quantify hedonic tone as a subjectively experienced phenomenon. We studied the association of anhedonia with the variables age, age at onset, gender, disease duration, disease severity and antiparkinsonian drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine patients (45%) were male and 47 (55%) were female. Mean age was 72.01±9.07 (49-89) years, with mean age at onset of 64.93±11.42 (31-88) years. Mean disease duration was 7.20±5.54 (1-23) years. The mean Hoehn and Yahr scale was 2.76±0.78. The mean SHAPS score of the total sample was 1.19±1.86. The SHAPS score of 14 patients (16.3%) was 3 or more, indicating anhedonia. The mean SHAPS score was lower in patients taking pramipexole (0.58±0.97) than in patients not taking pramipexole (1.57±2.16). Multiple linear regression analysis identified pramipexole as a significant negative influencing factor on the SHAPS score, while disease severity and entacapone treatment were identified as positive influencing factors. The age, onset age, gender, disease duration, and use of pergolide, amantadine, zonisamide, selegiline, anticholinergic agents and droxidopa did not significantly affect the SHAPS score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anhedonia is not rare non-motor symptom in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease. This study suggests an anti-anhedonic property of pramipexole.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan. shiroh46@med.kurume-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shiroh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: Jouchi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagasato
authors.forename: Mitsuyoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayabe
authors.forename: Hisamichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniwaki
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059445:Anhedonia; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D057181:Pleasure; D000077487:Pramipexole; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D000077487:Pramipexole