title: Spermatogenesis in cryptorchidism.
abstract: Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the most frequent congenital abnormality in newborn boys. The process of testicular descent to the scrotum is controlled by hormones produced in Leydig cells, insulin-like3, and androgens. Variation in genetic and environmental factors might affect testicular descent. A failure of spermatogenesis and germ cell apoptosis resulting in infertility as well as an increased risk of neoplastic transformation of germ cell are the direct consequences of cryptorchidism in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. Alexander.Agoulnik@fiu.edu
authors.forename: Alexander I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Agoulnik
authors.forename: Zaohua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones