title: Stand-alone performance of a computer-assisted detection prototype for detection of acute pulmonary embolism: a multi-institutional comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether the performance of a computer-assisted detection (CAD) algorithm for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) differs in pulmonary CT angiographies acquired at various institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, we included 40 consecutive scans with and 40 without PE from 3 institutions (n = 240) using 64-slice scanners made by different manufacturers (General Electric; Philips; Siemens). CAD markers were classified as true or false positive (FP) using independent evaluation by two readers and consultation of a third chest radiologist in discordant cases. Image quality parameters were subjectively scored using 4/5-point scales. Image noise and vascular enhancement were measured. Statistical analysis was done to correlate image quality of the three institutions with CAD stand-alone performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient groups were comparable with respect to age (p = 0.22), accompanying lung disease (p = 0.12) and inpatient/outpatient ratio (p = 0.67). The sensitivity was 100% (34/34), 97% (37/38) and 92% (33/36), and the specificity was 18% (8/44), 15% (6/41) and 13% (5/39). Neither significantly differed between the institutions (p = 0.21 and p = 0.820, respectively). The mean number of FP findings (4.5, 6.2 and 3.7) significantly varied (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03), but median numbers (2, 3 and 3) were comparable. Image quality parameters were significantly associated with the number of FP findings (p<0.05) but not with sensitivity. After correcting for noise and vascular enhancement, the number of FPs did not significantly differ between the three institutions (p = 0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAD stand-alone performance is independent of scanner type but strongly related to image quality and thus scanning protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. wittenberg@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wittenberg
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lely
authors.forename: L P J
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Cobben
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokop
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schaefer-Prokop
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult