title: Fighting in thin air: operational wilderness medicine in high Asia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current conflict in Afghanistan is the first major military action in which the United States and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces have found themselves regularly engaged in combat at high altitudes. However, high altitude warfare is not a new concept in Asia by any means.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article will offer a short general historical review of high altitude warfare in Asia and then specifically address some of the operational challenges faced by troops carrying out missions at high altitude in the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan. Additionally, there will be discussion of evidence-based interventions being used to attempt to maintain optimal health of the warfighter at high altitude in this theater of operations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Years of research into how to alleviate the problematic nature of military operations in the high altitude environment has resulted in extensive risk management recommendations from the US Army, specifically aimed at preventing altitude-related casualties.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah College of Nursing and School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. gwrodway@hotmail.com
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rodway
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Muza
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D000531:Altitude; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008887:Military Medicine; D008889:Military Personnel; D009051:Mountaineering / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D012308:Risk Management; D055813:Wilderness Medicine