title: Preparation, spectrochemical, and computational analysis of L-carnosine (2-[(3-aminopropanoyl)amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid) and its ruthenium (II) coordination complexes in aqueous solution.
abstract: This study reports the synthesis and characterization of novel ruthenium (II) complexes with the polydentate dipeptide, L-carnosine (2-[(3-aminopropanoyl)amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid). Mixed-ligand complexes with the general composition [ML(p)(Cl)(q)(H₂O)(r)]·xH₂O (M = Ru(II); L = L-carnosine; p = 3 - q; r = 0-1; and x = 1-3) were prepared by refluxing aqueous solutions of the ligand with equimolar amounts of ruthenium chloride (black-alpha form) at 60 °C for 36 h. Physical properties of the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, DSC/TGA, and cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structures of the complexes were elucidated using UV-Vis, ATR-IR, and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, then confirmed by density function theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level. Two-dimensional NMR experiments (¹H COSY, ¹³C gHMBC, and ¹⁵N gHMBC) were also conducted for the assignment of chemical shifts and calculation of relative coordination-induced shifts (RCIS) by the complex formed. According to our results, the most probable coordination geometries of ruthenium in these compounds involve nitrogen (N1) from the imidazole ring and an oxygen atom from the carboxylic acid group of the ligand as donor atoms. Additional thermogravimetric and electrochemical data suggest that while the tetrahedral-monomer or octahedral-dimer are both possible structures of the formed complexes, the metal in either structure occurs in the ²⁺ oxidation state. Resulting RCIS values indicate that the amide-carbonyl, and the amino-terminus of the dipeptide are not involved in chelation and these observations correlate well with theoretical shift predictions by DFT.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa. branham@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: Michael Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Branham
authors.forename: Parvesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bisetty
authors.forename: Myalo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabela
authors.forename: Thirumala
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Govender
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002336:Carnosine / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D056831:Coordination Complexes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D011789:Quantum Theory; D012428:Ruthenium / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013696:Temperature; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014732:Vibration; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056831:Coordination Complexes; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D012428:Ruthenium; D002336:Carnosine