title: Prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection among women from various provinces of the world.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We set to estimate the genotype-specific prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and its associated risk factors responsible among women with normal and abnormal cytology by systematic literature survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports on HPV prevalence published between 2000 and 2011 were retrieved. To be included, studies required information on cervical cytology, plus detailed descriptions of study populations, methods used to collect cervical samples, and assays used for HPV DNA detection and typing. Final analyses included 280 studies of which 120 were included in the final analysis. The OR, 95% CI and P value were calculated using SPSS 16.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall HPV prevalence in 576,281 women was estimated to be 32.1% (95% CI 32.098, 32.102). Corresponding estimates by region showed Eastern Asia (China) with the highest prevalence of about 57.7% of the HPV infection followed by South Central Asia (Indian subcontinent). The HPV prevalence was higher in less developed countries (42.2%) than in more developed regions (22.6%). The type-specific HPV prevalence study showed HPV 16 (9.5%) and 18 (6.2%) to be the prevalent type irrespective of the region of study. First coitus at a younger (≤ 15) age, increased number of pregnancies, increased number of sexual partners, use of contraceptives, smoking and chewing habit and early age at marriage were recognized as the significant risk factors for HPV infection. The phylogenetic analysis of HPV-16 showed the clustering of Indian sequence with the European and American sequences suggesting a similarity between HPV types. Even though the oncogenic proteins of HPV-16 detected in more developed and less developed regions clustered, the prevalence and the severity of the diseases among the less developed regions could be well explained as the exposure of the population to the possible associated risk factors concerning to the living conditions and nature of the life style adopted by the population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Krishnakumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vinodhini
authors.forename: Santhanam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shanmughapriya
authors.forename: Bhudev C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Kalimuthusamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Natarajaseenivasan
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners