title: Experimental model of smoking and simulation of reflux with acid and pepsin in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop experimental models to evaluate the effects of hydrochloric acid associated with the pepsin instilled in the mucosa of the upper esophagus and the esophagogastric junction of young male rats Wistar, simulating injury caused by gastroesophageal reflux on the mucosa of aero-digestive tract in humans as well as the action of the risk exposure of mucosa to cigarette smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty young male Wistar rats divided in 5 groups with 10 animals each one, respectively simulating pharyngo-laryngeal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux, pharyngo-laryngeal reflux and smoking, smoking only, gastroesophageal reflux and control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histopathologic studies no recorded neoplasias, only mild changes and no significant alterations. The hemo-oximetry (carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobim) and CO2 concentration confirm that the animals were submitted to high intensity of exposure to carcinogens in tobacco and its derivatives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental models were highly efficient, practical, easy to use and economical and can be employed in other similar studies to determine the harmful effects by smoking and reflux.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzymology and Experimental Carcinogenesis, Experimental Surgery and Medicine Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Hélio
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zen Junior
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Negro
authors.forename: José Alexandre
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Colli Neto
authors.forename: Marina Rachel
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Albina Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Altemani
authors.forename: Nelson Adami
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Andreollo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000633:toxicity*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D010434:Pepsin A; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid