title: Burnout syndrome among dental students: a short version of the "Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire" adapted for students (BCSQ-12-SS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Burnout has been traditionally defined in relation to the dimensions of "exhaustion", "cynicism", and "inefficiency". More recently, the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-12) further established three different subtypes of burnout: the "frenetic" subtype (related to "overload"), the "under-challenged" subtype (related to "lack of development"), and the "worn-out" subtype (related to "neglect"). However, to date, these definitions have not been applied to students. The aims of this research were (1) to adapt a Spanish version of the BCSQ-12 for use with students, (2) to test its factorial validity, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and (3) to assess potential socio-demographic and occupational risk factors associated with the development of the subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cross-sectional design on a sample of dental students (n = 314) from Santiago and Huesca universities (Spain). Participants completed the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire Student Survey (BCSQ-12-SS), the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS), and a series of socio-demographic and occupational questions formulated for the specific purpose of this study. Data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using the principal component method with varimax orthogonal rotation. To assess the relations with the criterion, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), multiple correlation coefficient (R(y.123)), and the coefficient of determination (R(2)(y.123)). To assess the association between the subtypes and the socio-demographic variables, we examined the adjusted odds ratio (OR) obtained from multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factorial analyses supported the theoretical proposition of the BCSQ-12-SS, with α-values exceeding 0.80 for all dimensions. The "overload-exhaustion" relation was r = 0.59 (p < 0.001), "lack of development"-"cynicism", r = 0.49 (p < 0.001), "neglect"-"inefficiency", r = 0.47 (p < 0.001). The "overload"-"lack of development" relation was r = 0.21 (p < 0.001), "overload"-"neglect", r = 0.20 (p < 0.001), and "lack of development"-"neglect", r = 0.38 (p < 0.001). The BCSQ-12-SS explained 38.44% of the variability in "exhaustion", (R(y.123) = 0.62), 30.25% in "cynicism" (R(y.123) = 0.55), and 26.01% in "inefficiency" (R(y.123) = 0.51). "Hours spent on studying" was found to be associated with "overload" (p = 0.001), "campus" with "lack of development" (p = 0.013), and ""failed subjects" with "neglect" (p = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the definition of burnout as established by the BCSQ-12-SS. As such, the BCSQ-12-SS can be used for the recognition of clinical profiles and for the suggestion of potential intervention strategies specific to the characteristics of each particular case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain. jmontero@unizar.es
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montero-Marin
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monticelli
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tomas
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gili
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia-Campayo
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012575:Schools, Dental; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013335:Students, Dental / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013577:Syndrome; D055815:Young Adult