title: Molecular and phenotypic evidence of a new species of genus Esox (Esocidae, Esociformes, Actinopterygii): the southern pike, Esox flaviae.
abstract: We address the taxonomic position of the southern European individuals of pike, performing a series of tests and comparisons from morphology, DNA taxonomy and population genetics parameters, in order to support the hypothesis that two species of pike, and not only one, exist in Europe. A strong relationship emerged between a northern genotype supported by COI, Cytb, AFLP and specific fragments, and a phenotype with round spot skin colour pattern and a large number of scales in the lateral line, clearly separated from a southern genotype with other skin colour pattern and a low number of scales in the lateral line. DNA taxonomy, based on a coalescent approach (GMYC) from phylogenetic reconstructions on COI and Cytb together with AFLP admixture analysis, supported the existence of two independently evolving entities. Such differences are not simply due to geographic distances, as northern European samples are more similar to Canadian and Chinese samples than the southern Europe ones. Thus, given that the differences between the two groups of European pike are significant at the phenotypic, genotypic and geographical levels, we propose the identification of two pike species: the already known northern pike (Esox lucius) and the southern pike (E. flaviae n.sp.). The correct identification of these two lineages as independent species should give rise to a ban on the introduction of northern pikes in southern Europe for recreational fishing, due to potential problems of hybridisation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy. livia@unipg.it
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucentini
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Puletti
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricciolini
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gigliarelli
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fontaneto
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lanfaloni
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bilò
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D002170:Canada; D002681:China; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D017859:Esocidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D023661:Esociformes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D005060:Europe; D005399:Fishes; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV