title: "On the shoulders of giants": a history of the understandings of pain, leading to the understandings of neuromodulation.
abstract: The history of the use of electrical stimulation for pain is a cavalcade of research and innovation of many great scholars, scientists, and physicians over centuries that continues up to the present day. The legacy of this philosophy, research, and innovation is the field of neuromodulation for pain control. Today, patients with chronic pain from damage to the nervous system and chronic pain of the extremities, the axial low back, and neck, the face, and the viscera, all derive benefit from these early pioneers that have led to the expanding field of neuromodulation ... "on the shoulders of giants." We present here a history of the understandings of pain from the ancients to the present, which has led to our understandings of the use of electricity to cure disease and release patients from their suffering, generating the new, exciting, and expanding field of neuromodulation.
authors.affiliation: *Pacific Pain Treatment Centers, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Elliot S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Krames