title: Effect of foot orthoses and short-foot exercise on the cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with pes planus: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prevent overuse injuries related to excessively pronated feet, the strengthening of the foot intrinsic muscles has been recommended. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foot orthoses and a short-foot exercise intervention on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscle and strength of the flexor hallucis (FH) in subjects with pes planus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight subjects with pes planus were randomly assigned to the foot orthosis (FO) group or the combined foot orthosis and short-foot exercise (FOSF) group for an 8-week intervention. The CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of FH were assessed before and after intervention. Data were analyzed using a mixed-model ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant group by intervention interaction effects were observed in CSA of the AbdH (p=0.009) and strength of the FH (p=0.015). The results of the post hoc paired t-test showed that that the CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of the FH significantly increased after the intervention in both groups (p=0.000). The mean CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of FH were significantly greater in subjects in the FOSF group compared with subjects in the FO group (mean difference of FO vs. FOSF=13.61 mm(2) in CSA of AbdH muscle; 0.90 kgf in strength of FH; p=0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study demonstrate that foot orthoses combined with short-foot exercise is more effective in increasing the CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of FH compared with foot orthoses alone. Therefore, foot orthoses combined with short-foot exercise are recommended for improving strength of AbdH muscle in subjects with pes planus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Tourism & Health, Joongbu University, Geumsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Do-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Eun-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Oh-Yun
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016896:Treatment Outcome