title: Determination of nicotine and N-nitrosamines in house dust by pressurized liquid extraction and comprehensive gas chromatography--nitrogen chemiluminiscence detection.
abstract: A novel, highly selective method for the determination of nicotine, N-nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in indoor dust samples is presented in this study. Samples were extracted by in-cell clean-up pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) that allows high extraction efficiency with moderate consumption of organic solvents. The extracts were analyzed by comprehensive gas chromatography and detected with a nitrogen chemiluminiscence detector (GC×GC-NCD) that provided enhanced selectivity and sensitivity for organic nitrogen containing compounds. Method validation showed good linearity, repeatability and reproducibility (%RSD<8%). Recovery was higher than 80% for most target compounds and limits of detection lower than 16 ng g(-1). The method was used for the determination of the nitrosamine target compounds in house dust samples from both smoking and non-smoking households. All the analytes were found in the samples, nicotine being the most abundant compound in smokers' dust and one of the most abundant in non-smokers' dust. To our knowledge this is the first time that volatile N-nitrosamines and TSNAs have been determined in indoor dust samples. The results demonstrate the presence of these highly carcinogenic compounds in house dust, with inherent human exposure through inhalation and/or involuntary ingestion of house dust.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Mustafa Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Ozel
authors.forename: Alastair C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marcé
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borrull
authors.forename: Jacqueline F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D009602:Nitrosamines; D009538:Nicotine; D009584:Nitrogen