title: Treating seeds with activators of plant defence generates long-lasting priming of resistance to pests and pathogens.
abstract: • Priming of defence is a strategy employed by plants exposed to stress to enhance resistance against future stress episodes with minimal associated costs on growth. Here, we test the hypothesis that application of priming agents to seeds can result in plants with primed defences. • We measured resistance to arthropod herbivores and disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown from seed treated with jasmonic acid (JA) and/or β-aminobutryric acid (BABA). • Plants grown from JA-treated seed showed increased resistance against herbivory by spider mites, caterpillars and aphids, and against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. BABA seed treatment provided primed defence against powdery mildew disease caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen, Oidium neolycopersici. Priming responses were long-lasting, with significant increases in resistance sustained in plants grown from treated seed for at least 8 wk, and were associated with enhanced defence gene expression during pathogen attack. There was no significant antagonism between different forms of defence in plants grown from seeds treated with a combination of JA and BABA. • Long-term defence priming by seed treatments was not accompanied by reductions in growth, and may therefore be suitable for commercial exploitation.
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Worrall
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Geoff H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glowacz
authors.affiliation: Stockbridge Technology Centre Ltd, Cawood, Selby, North Yorkshire YO8 3TZ, UK.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Nigel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D060434:Herbivory / Q000187:drug effects; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D018402:Manduca / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005030:Ethylenes; D054883:Oxylipins; C047667:3-aminobutyric acid; C011006:jasmonic acid; D000040:Abscisic Acid; C036216:ethylene