title: Comparison of air-kerma strength determinations for HDR (192)Ir sources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a comparison of the interim air-kerma strength standard for high dose rate (HDR) (192)Ir brachytherapy sources maintained by the University of Wisconsin Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (UWADCL) with measurements of the various source models using modified techniques from the literature. The current interim standard was established by Goetsch et al. in 1991 and has remained unchanged to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  The improved, laser-aligned seven-distance apparatus of the University of Wisconsin Medical Radiation Research Center (UWMRRC) was used to perform air-kerma strength measurements of five different HDR (192)Ir source models. The results of these measurements were compared with those from well chambers traceable to the original standard. Alternative methodologies for interpolating the (192)Ir air-kerma calibration coefficient from the NIST air-kerma standards at (137)Cs and 250 kVp x rays (M250) were investigated and intercompared. As part of the interpolation method comparison, the Monte Carlo code EGSnrc was used to calculate updated values of A(wall) for the Exradin A3 chamber used for air-kerma strength measurements. The effects of air attenuation and scatter, room scatter, as well as the solution method were investigated in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average measurements when using the inverse N(K) interpolation method for the Classic Nucletron, Nucletron microSelectron, VariSource VS2000, GammaMed Plus, and Flexisource were found to be 0.47%, -0.10%, -1.13%, -0.20%, and 0.89% different than the existing standard, respectively. A further investigation of the differences observed between the sources was performed using MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulations of each source model inside a full model of an HDR 1000 Plus well chamber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the differences between the source models were found to be statistically significant, the equally weighted average difference between the seven-distance measurements and the well chambers was 0.01%, confirming that it is not necessary to update the current standard maintained at the UWADCL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. rasmussen.brian@gmail.com
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Cal R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Micka
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dewerd
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes