title: Pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol and metabolites in rats after oral and intravenous administration.
abstract: METHODS
  Xanthohumol (XN), a dietary flavonoid found in hops, may have health-protective actions against cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Yet, there are limited data on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of XN. This study provides PK parameters for XN and its major metabolites in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A PK study was conducted in male jugular vein-cannulated Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (n = 12/group) received an intravenous (IV) injection (1.86 mg/kg BW) or an oral gavage of a low (1.86 mg/kg BW), medium (5.64 mg/kg BW), or high (16.9 mg/kg BW) dose of XN. Plasma samples were analyzed for XN and its metabolites using LC-MS/MS. The maximum concentration (C(max) ) and area under the curve (AUC(0-96 h) ) of total XN (free and conjugated) were 2.9±0.1 mg/L and 2.5±0.3 h*  mg/L in IV group, 0.019±0.002 mg/L and 0.84±0.17 h*  mg/L in the oral low group, 0.043±0.002 mg/L and 1.03±0.12 h*  mg/L in the oral medium group, and 0.15±0.01 mg/L and 2.49±0.10 h*  mg/L in the oral high group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioavailability of XN is dose-dependent and approximately 0.33, 0.13, and 0.11 in rats, for the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: LeeCole
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Legette
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Cristobal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: John Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Rosita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Proteau
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011427:Propiophenones / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D011427:Propiophenones; C104536:xanthohumol