title: Use of the D-R model to define trends in the emergence of Ceftazidime-resistant Escherichia coli in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of the D-R model for defining trends in the appearance of Ceftazidime-resistant Escherichia coli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Actual data related to the manifestation of Ceftazidime-resistant E. coli spanning years 1996-2009 were collected from the China National Knowledge Internet. These data originated from 430 publications encompassing 1004 citations of resistance. The GM(1,1) and the novel D-R models were used to fit current data and from this, predict trends in the appearance of the drug-resistant phenotype. The results were evaluated by Relative Standard Error (RSE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from the D-R model showed a rapid increase in the appearance of Ceftazidime-resistant E. coli in this region of the world. These results were considered accurate based upon the minor values calculated for RSE, MAD and MAE, and were equivalent to or better than those generated by the GM(1,1) model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The D-R model which was originally created to define trends in the transmission of swine viral diseases can be adapted to evaluating trends in the appearance of Ceftazidime-resistant E. coli. Using only a limited amount of data to initiate the study, our predictions closely mirrored the changes in drug resistance rates which showed a steady increase through 2005, a decrease between 2005 and 2008, and a dramatic inflection point and abrupt increase beginning in 2008. This is consistent with a resistance profile where changes in drug intervention temporarily delayed the upward trend in the appearance of the resistant phenotype; however, resistance quickly resumed its upward momentum in 2008 and this change was better predicted using the D-R model. Additional work is needed to determine if this pattern of "increase-control-increase" is indicative of Ceftazidime-resistant E. coli or can be generally ascribed to bacteria acquiring resistance to drugs in the absence of alternative intervention.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Dante S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zarlenga
authors.forename: Yudong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Guangxing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002681:China; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002442:Ceftazidime