title: Direct production of biodiesel from high-acid value Jatropha oil with solid acid catalyst derived from lignin.
abstract: Solid acid catalyst was prepared from Kraft lignin by chemical activation with phosphoric acid, pyrolysis and sulfuric acid. This catalyst had high acid density as characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method analyses. It was further used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid and one-step conversion of non-pretreated Jatropha oil to biodiesel. The effects of catalyst loading, reaction temperature and oil-to-methanol molar ratio, on the catalytic activity of the esterification were investigated.
  
  
  
  The highest catalytic activity was achieved with a 96.1% esterification rate, and the catalyst can be reused three times with little deactivation under optimized conditions. Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil was studied under such conditions. It was found that 96.3% biodiesel yield from non-pretreated Jatropha oil with high-acid value (12.7 mg KOH/g) could be achieved.
  
  
  
  The catalyst can be easily separated for reuse. This single-step process could be a potential route for biodiesel production from high-acid value oil by simplifying the procedure and reducing costs.
authors.affiliation: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. zhenFANG@xtbg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Fei-Ling
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Pua
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Sarani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Chin-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chia