title: Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies on S. erianthum and S. macranthum essential oils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solanum erianthum D. Don and Solanum macranthum Dunal (Solanaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves act as an abortifacient and in particular to treat leucorrhoea, sores, and skin irritations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to characterize the volatile constituents of the leaf and fruit essential oils of S. erianthum and S. macranthum; their antimicrobial and in vitro cytotoxic bioassay against human breast and prostate tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed for their constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microbroth dilution technique while the cytotoxic potentials were evaluated using the Cell Titre 96((R)) AQ(ueous) Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Solanum erianthum essential oils were characterized by the abundance of α-terpinolene (17.8%), α-phellandrene (17.5%), p-cymene (15.7%) and β-pinene (11.7%) in the leaves; α-humulene (23.1%), humulene epoxide II (20.0%), caryophyllene oxide (16.5%), methyl salicylate (11.8%) and β-caryophyllene (10.9%) in the fruits. The leaf oil of S. macranthum consisted of (E)-phytol (29.0%), pentadecanal (28.1%) and pentadecane (7.7%) while the major fruit oil constituents were α-humulene (36.5%), β-caryophyllene (17.8%), ethyl palmitate (9.4%), and methyl salicylate (8.2%). Solanum erianthum leaf volatile oil demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against Hs 578T and PC-3 human breast and prostate tumor cells respectively. In addition, the Solanum essential oils exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (19.5-625 µg/mL) on pathogens employed in the assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Solanum essential oils possess strong antimicrobial activity in addition to the potent cytotoxic potential of S. erianthum leaf oil against Hs 578T and PC-3 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. emmaflowus1@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Essien
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Ogunwande
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Setzer
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekundayo
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D057168:Distillation; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D019657:Solanaceae / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils