title: Blood enzymes and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease: a cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease causes morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Increased formation of oxygen-derived radicals can accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. Several studies have shown an imbalance in antioxidant activity, resulting in high oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, in subjects undergoing hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine subjects with chronic kidney disease and varying degrees of renal impairment, some of who were undergoing peritoneal or hemodialysis, were studied and compared with a group of healthy controls. F2-isoprostanes, selenium, and oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were used as markers for in vivo oxidative stress; paraoxonase and glutathione peroxidase were used as markers of antioxidant activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We quantified serum F2-isoprostanes, paraoxonase, selenium, oxidized LDL, and RBC glutathione and compared the treatment regimens using post-hoc pair-wise comparisons and Tukey's honest statistical difference. A significant increase in oxidative stress between the hemodialysis and control group was noted. The renal insufficiency and peritoneal dialysis groups showed increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity, reaching statistical significance for some serum analytes. Selenium concentrations and oxidized LDL did not vary significantly between the hemodialysis and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant activity are associated with declining renal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. kamisha.johnson-davis@aruplab.com
authors.forename: Kamisha L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Johnson-Davis
authors.forename: Colby
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernelius
authors.forename: Nathan B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Eliason
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beddhu
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016877:Oxidants / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016877:Oxidants; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human