title: The effects of two microsporidian pathogens on the two-spotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
abstract: Two-spotted lady beetles, Adalia bipunctata L. are available for biological pest control in North America. Lady beetles are known to host microsporidia and although these pathogens are able to infect more than one host under laboratory conditions, little is known regarding the effects of more than one microsporidian pathogen on host fitness. In this study, egg cannibalism was used to examine the effects of the microsporidium Tubulinosema hippodamiae from Hippodamia convergens and an undescribed microsporidium from A. bipunctata (alone and in combination) on A. bipunctata host fitness (larval development and mortality, sex ratio, adult fecundity and longevity). Development was prolonged significantly for larvae that were infected with the undescribed microsporidium but T. hippodamiae had no effect and as a result, conclusions could not be made regarding the effects of both pathogens on larval development. The two microsporidia had no effect on sex ratios (1♀:1♂) or on adult fecundity and longevity. Spores were detected in the majority of smear preparations of individuals that were fed microsporidia-infected eggs and molecular analysis confirmed the identity of both pathogens in sampled individuals. T. hippodamiae spores were smaller than spores of the undescribed microsporidium (3.76±0.03×2.32±0.02 μm and 5.43±0.06×2.75±0.03 μm, respectively) and although the former stained less intensely than did those of latter, spores of the two pathogens are difficult to differentiate when examined by light microscopy alone. The ability of some microsporidia to infect more than one lady beetle host makes it difficult to conclude with certainty as to the number of species that are present in infected Adalia when specimens are examined solely by light microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3C3.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bjørnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D016814:Microsporidia / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D010063:Ovum / Q000382:microbiology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012744:Sex Ratio
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides