title: Does maternal long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy influence the bone health of children? The Southampton Women's Survey.
abstract: In this large, population-based, prospective, mother-offspring cohort study, maternal long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status during pregnancy was found to be positively associated with bone mass in the offspring at age 4 years. The findings suggest that variation in intrauterine exposure to n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs may have potential consequences for skeletal development.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Maternal diet in pregnancy has been linked to childhood bone mass, but the mechanisms and nutrients involved are uncertain. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have been shown to affect bone metabolism, but the relationship between maternal fatty acid status and bone mass in the offspring remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the association between maternal LCPUFA status in late pregnancy (34 weeks gestation) and bone density in their children at age 4 years within 727 mother-child pairs taking part in the Southampton Women's Survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of the n-3 LCPUFA component of maternal plasma phosphatidylcholine were positively associated with a number of bone mineral measures at the age of 4 years; these associations persisted after adjustment for maternal body build, walking speed and infant feeding. Relationships were most evident for eicosapentaenoic acid (r = 0.09, p = 0.02 for whole body areal bone mineral density [aBMD] and r = 0.1, p = 0.008 for lumbar spine aBMD) and for docosapentaenoic acid (r = 0.09, p = 0.02 for whole body aBMD and r = 0.12, p = 0.002 for lumbar spine aBMD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that variation in early exposure to n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA may have potential consequences for bone development and that the effects appear to persist into early childhood.
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dhanwal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inskip
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000097:blood*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051598:Whole Body Imaging; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; C026219:docosapentaenoic acid