title: Detection and isolation of circulating melanoma cells using photoacoustic flowmetry.
abstract: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that have separated from a macroscopic tumor and spread through the blood and lymph systems to seed secondary tumors(1,2,3).  CTCs are indicators of metastatic disease and their detection in blood samples may be used to diagnose cancer and monitor a patient's response to therapy.  Since CTCs are rare, comprising about one tumor cell among billions of normal blood cells in advanced cancer patients, their detection and enumeration is a difficult task.  We exploit the presence of pigment in most melanoma cells to generate photoacoustic, or laser induced ultrasonic waves in a custom flow cytometer for detection of circulating melanoma cells (CMCs)(4,5).  This process entails separating a whole blood sample using centrifugation and obtaining the white blood cell layer.  If present in whole blood, CMCs will separate with the white blood cells due to similar density.  These cells are resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and introduced into the flowmeter.  Rather than a continuous flow of the blood cell suspension, we induced two phase flow in order to capture these cells for further study.  In two phase flow, two immiscible liquids in a microfluidic system meet at a junction and form alternating slugs of liquid(6,7). PBS suspended white blood cells and air form microliter slugs that are sequentially irradiated with laser light.  The addition of a surfactant to the liquid phase allows uniform slug formation and the user can create different sized slugs by altering the flow rates of the two phases.  Slugs of air and slugs of PBS with white blood cells contain no light absorbers and hence, do not produce photoacoustic waves.  However, slugs of white blood cells that contain even single CMCs absorb laser light and produce high frequency acoustic waves.  These slugs that generate photoacoustic waves are sequestered and collected for cytochemical staining for verification of CMCs.
authors.affiliation: Biological Engineering, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Dermatology, University of Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rood
authors.forename: Shramik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Sagar K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DeSouza
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Viator
mesh_terms: D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology*; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods*