title: Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress among survivors of the 2005 Pakistani earthquake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare the prevalence of psychological morbidity among survivors of the 2005 northern Pakistan earthquake from Azad Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study among randomly sampled survivors (N = 361) of the earthquake living in camps at the time of the interview, approximately 6 months after the earthquake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in the total sample was 51.5% and the prevalence of individuals who received positive scores on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) was 75%. The prevalence rates for anxiety and depression symptoms were 77.3% and 70.9%, respectively. The prevalence in Azad Kashmir was 57.9% for PTSD and 79.8% for positive HSCL, and NWFP had 41.3% PTSD and 67.4% positive HSCL. Study subjects from Azad Kashmir were approximately 2 times as likely to have PTSD or a positive HSCL when compared to subjects from NWFP (odds ratio 1.95, confidence interval 1.27-3.0; P = .0024) and (odds ratio 1.91, confidence interval 1.18-3.1; P = .0085), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly half of the northern Pakistan earthquake survivors had symptoms of PTSD. Six months after the incident, more than three-fourths exhibited symptoms of an anxiety disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine, Griffin Hospital, Derby, CT 06418-1326, USA.
authors.forename: Shahrukh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashmi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petraro
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Hafsa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Rabeea
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.forename: Baylah
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tessier-Sherman
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasl
authors.forename: Haq
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nawaz
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055866:Earthquakes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*