title: Open-label trial and randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of hydrogen-enriched water for mitochondrial and inflammatory myopathies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular hydrogen has prominent effects on more than 30 animal models especially of oxidative stress-mediated diseases and inflammatory diseases. In addition, hydrogen effects on humans have been reported in diabetes mellitus type 2, hemodialysis, metabolic syndrome, radiotherapy for liver cancer, and brain stem infarction. Hydrogen effects are ascribed to specific radical-scavenging activities that eliminate hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, and also to signal-modulating activities, but the detailed molecular mechanisms still remain elusive. Hydrogen is a safe molecule that is largely produced by intestinal bacteria in rodents and humans, and no adverse effects have been documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed open-label trial of drinking 1.0 liter per day of hydrogen-enriched water for 12 weeks in five patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD), four patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM), and five patients with mitochondrial myopathies (MM), and measured 18 serum parameters as well as urinary 8-isoprostane every 4 weeks. We next conducted randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of 0.5 liter per day of hydrogen-enriched water or placebo water for 8 weeks in 10 patients with DM and 12 patients with MM, and measured 18 serum parameters every 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the open-label trial, no objective improvement or worsening of clinical symptoms was observed. We, however, observed significant effects in lactate-to-pyruvate ratios in PMD and MM, fasting blood glucose in PMD, serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) in PM/DM, and serum triglycerides in PM/DM. In the double-blind trial, no objective clinical effects were observed, but a significant improvement was detected in lactate in MM. Lactate-to-pyruvate ratios in MM and MMP3 in DM also exhibited favorable responses but without statistical significance. No adverse effect was observed in either trial except for hypoglycemic episodes in an insulin-treated MELAS patient, which subsided by reducing the insulin dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydrogen-enriched water improves mitochondrial dysfunction in MM and inflammatory processes in PM/DM. Less prominent effects with the double-blind trial compared to the open-label trial were likely due to a lower amount of administered hydrogen and a shorter observation period, which implies a threshold effect or a dose-response effect of hydrogen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Aichi Medical University College of Nursing, 21 Karimata Yazako, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ibi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 21 Karimata Yazako, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Longevity and Aging Research, Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Nakafudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Kinji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohno