title: Intrathecal therapy for cancer and nonmalignant pain: patient selection and patient management.
abstract: Intrathecal drug delivery improves pain relief, reduces suffering, and enhances quality of life in the small proportion of patients who do not respond well to oral analgesics, including oral morphine. Although morphine is the "gold standard," and the only drug approved for intrathecal pain therapy in the United States, off-label use of alternative agents appears promising, particularly in patients with neuropathic pain. Careful patient selection and management are significant determinants of successful treatment outcomes. Patient selection criteria for cancer and nonmalignant pain are similar; however, a more comprehensive psychological and social assessment is required for patients with nonmalignant pain. In addition, all patients (those with cancer or nonmalignant pain) must exhibit a positive response to an epidural or intrathecal screening test. A multidisciplinary team approach, involving psychologists, nurses, physical therapists, social workers, and spiritual leaders should be used to manage patients. Current practices for patient selection and management, screening tests, and dosing guidelines for intrathecal drug delivery systems are discussed.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Pain Relief, Charleston, West Virginia, USA;              Gemeinschaftspraxis für Neurochirurgie, Hannover, Germany;              Department of Algology, Medical Faculty of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey;              Advanced Pain Management Group, Inc., Portland, Oregon, USA;              Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winkelmüller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdine
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedder
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burchiel