title: Takeaway food consumption and cardio-metabolic risk factors in young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Takeaway food consumption is positively associated with adiposity. Little is known about the associations with other cardio-metabolic risk factors. This study aimed to determine whether takeaway food consumption is associated with fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national sample of 1896, 26-36 year olds completed a questionnaire on socio-demographics, takeaway food consumption, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Waist circumference and blood pressure were measured, and a fasting blood sample was taken. For this analysis, takeaway food consumption was dichotomised to once a week or less and twice a week or more. Linear regression was used to calculate differences in the adjusted mean values for fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, HOMA and blood pressure. Models were adjusted for age, employment status, leisure time physical activity and TV viewing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women who ate takeaway once a week or less, women who ate takeaway twice a week or more had significantly higher adjusted mean fasting glucose (4.82 vs 4.88 mmol/l, respectively; P=0.045), higher HOMA scores (1.27 vs 1.40, respectively, P=0.034) and tended to have a higher mean fasting insulin (5.95 vs 6.45 mU/l, respectively, P=0.054). Similar associations were observed for men for fasting insulin and HOMA score, but the differences were not statistically significant. For both women and men adjustment for waist circumference attenuated the associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consuming takeaway food at least twice a week was associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors in women but less so in men. The effect of takeaway food consumption was attenuated when adjusted for obesity.
authors.affiliation: Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tasmania, Australia. k.j.smith@utas.edu.au
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blizzard
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McNaughton
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Venn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012147:Restaurants; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin