title: Ontology design patterns to disambiguate relations between genes and gene products in GENIA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annotated reference corpora play an important role in biomedical information extraction. A semantic annotation of the natural language texts in these reference corpora using formal ontologies is challenging due to the inherent ambiguity of natural language. The provision of formal definitions and axioms for semantic annotations offers the means for ensuring consistency as well as enables the development of verifiable annotation guidelines. Consistent semantic annotations facilitate the automatic discovery of new information through deductive inferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We provide a formal characterization of the relations used in the recent GENIA corpus annotations. For this purpose, we both select existing axiom systems based on the desired properties of the relations within the domain and develop new axioms for several relations. To apply this ontology of relations to the semantic annotation of text corpora, we implement two ontology design patterns. In addition, we provide a software application to convert annotated GENIA abstracts into OWL ontologies by combining both the ontology of relations and the design patterns. As a result, the GENIA abstracts become available as OWL ontologies and are amenable for automated verification, deductive inferences and other knowledge-based applications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Documentation, implementation and examples are available from http://www-tsujii.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/GENIA/.
authors.affiliation: European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. rh497@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoehndorf
authors.forename: Axel-Cyrille
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ngonga Ngomo
authors.forename: Sampo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pyysalo
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oellrich
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rebholz-Schuhmann