title: A multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in debilitated hosts. Clinical management of S. maltophilia is challenging due to its intrinsic resistance to a variety of antibiotics. This study investigated the trend and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. maltophilia from a nationwide surveillance study in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  S. maltophilia isolates were collected biennially between 1998 and 2008 as part of the Taiwan Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (TSAR) program from medical centers and regional hospitals throughout Taiwan. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute reference broth microdilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 377 non-duplicate S. maltophilia isolates were collected from 38 hospitals. The majority of the isolates were from the respiratory tract (256, 67.9%), followed by blood (48, 12.7%). Overall, 376 (99.7%) isolates were susceptible to minocycline, 362 (96%) to tigecycline, 311 (82.5%) to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), 300 (79.6%) to levofloxacin, 92 (24.4%) to ceftazidime, and 70 (18.6%) to ticarcillin-clavulanic acid. The MIC(50)/MIC(90) of minocycline, tigecycline, TMP-SMX, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, were ≤0.5/1 μg/mL, 0.25/1 μg/mL, ≤0.25/8 μg/mL, 1/4 μg/mL, 32/128 μg/mL, and 64/128 μg/mL, respectively. A trend of increased non-susceptibility to levofloxacin (p=0.014) was observed over the 10-year study period. Compared to TMP-SMX-susceptible isolates, TMP-SMX-resistant isolates were less susceptible to levofloxacin (54.5% vs. 84.9%, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this 10-year study, minocycline and TMP-SMX remained the two antimicrobials with better in vitro activities against S. maltophilia than ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid. The activity of levofloxacin against S. maltophilia in Taiwan declined during the past 10 years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jen-Tay
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yih-Ru
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Shiau
authors.forename: Hui-Yin
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tsai-Ling Yang
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lauderdale
authors.forename: Shan-Chwen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D020615:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents