title: Effect of progestin compared with combined oral contraceptive pills on lactation: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effect of progestin-only compared with combined hormonal contraceptive pills on rates of breastfeeding continuation in postpartum women. Secondary outcomes include infant growth parameters, contraceptive method continuation, and patient satisfaction with breastfeeding and contraceptive method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postpartum breastfeeding women who desired oral contraceptives were randomly assigned to progestin-only and combined hormonal contraceptive pills. At 2 and 8 weeks postpartum, participants completed in-person questionnaires that assessed breastfeeding continuation and contraceptive use. Infant growth parameters including weight, length, and head circumference were assessed at 8 weeks postpartum. Telephone questionnaires assessing breastfeeding, contraceptive continuation, and satisfaction were completed at 3-7 weeks and 4 and 6 months. Breastfeeding continuation was compared between groups using Cox proportional hazards regression. Differences in baseline demographic characteristics and in variables between the two intervention groups were compared using χ tests, Fisher exact test, or two-sample t tests as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breastfeeding continuation rates at 8 weeks (progestin-only 63.5%; combined hormonal 64.1%), contraceptive continuation, and infant growth parameters did not differ between users of progestin-only and combined hormonal contraceptive pills. Infant formula supplementation and maternal perception of inadequate milk supply were associated with decreased rates of breastfeeding in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choice of combined hormonal or progestin-only contraceptive pills administered 2 weeks postpartum did not adversely affect breastfeeding continuation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01465022.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Family and Community Medicine, and Biostatistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. eespey@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Espey
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogburn
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leeman
authors.forename: Rameet
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ostrom
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schrader
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011372:Progestins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D011372:Progestins; D009640:Norethindrone