title: Five years later: recovery from post traumatic stress and psychological distress among low-income mothers affected by Hurricane Katrina.
abstract: Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005, exposed area residents to trauma and extensive property loss. However, little is known about the long-run effects of the hurricane on the mental health of those who were exposed. This study documents long-run changes in mental health among a particularly vulnerable group-low income mothers-from before to after the hurricane, and identifies factors that are associated with different recovery trajectories. Longitudinal surveys of 532 low-income mothers from New Orleans were conducted approximately one year before, 7-19 months after, and 43-54 months after Hurricane Katrina. The surveys collected information on mental health, social support, earnings and hurricane experiences. We document changes in post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), as measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and symptoms of psychological distress (PD), as measured by the K6 scale. We find that although PTSS has declined over time after the hurricane, it remained high 43-54 months later. PD also declined, but did not return to pre-hurricane levels. At both time periods, psychological distress before the hurricane, hurricane-related home damage, and exposure to traumatic events were associated with PTSS that co-occurred with PD. Hurricane-related home damage and traumatic events were associated with PTSS without PD. Home damage was an especially important predictor of chronic PTSS, with and without PD. Most hurricane stressors did not have strong associations with PD alone over the short or long run. Over the long run, higher earnings were protective against PD, and greater social support was protective against PTSS. These results indicate that mental health problems, particularly PTSS alone or in co-occurrence with PD, among Hurricane Katrina survivors remain a concern, especially for those who experienced hurricane-related trauma and had poor mental health or low socioeconomic status before the hurricane.
authors.affiliation: Princeton University, United States. cpaxson@princeton.edu
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paxson
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fussell
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055867:Cyclonic Storms; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055820:New Orleans / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health