title: Design and evaluation of a functional electrical stimulation system for hand sensorimotor augmentation.
abstract: The aim of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of a new method for therapeutic exercise of grasping in patients with upper limb disability. The new method combines active voluntary exercise augmented with electrical stimulation and controlled by using force feedback. The feedback has two functions: automatic control of the intensity of electrical stimulation by minimizing the tracking error, and biofeedback to the patient on the computer screen. The force feedback is realized by the use of a newly designed adjustable hand force measuring device, which comprises two force sensors. The therapy requires from patients to volitionally try to open and close the hand while tracking the target on the screen. The system was evaluated in a pilot study in five healthy and two chronic incomplete tetraplegic subjects. Results in healthy subjects were used for reference and for stimulation controller evaluation. The therapy in incomplete tetraplegic subjects of 45-min daily session delivered during four weeks. The results of pilot study show that augmentation of voluntary grip force control with presented system is possible.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia;              Institute for Rehabilitation, Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and              University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jernej
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perdan
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamnik
authors.forename: Pavla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Obreza
authors.forename: Gregorij
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kurillo
authors.forename: Tadej
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bajd
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munih