title: Drug adverse events and system complications of intrathecal opioid delivery for pain: origins, detection, manifestations, and management.
abstract: Intrathecal drug delivery is effective for the treatment of cancer and nonmalignant pain in patients who do not respond well to oral opioids, in patients who cannot tolerate the side effects associated with opioids, or in patients who show a large, permanent increase in dosage. Although intrathecal drug delivery is associated with pharmacological side effects and complications, its benefits far outweigh its risks. There are three main categories of potential adverse events associated with intrathecal drug delivery: pharmacologic side effects, surgical complications, and device-related complications. Prevention, early recognition, and prompt management of adverse events will optimize patient outcomes. Many adverse events either resolve on their own or can be managed with dosage or device adjustment. More serious complications may require surgical intervention or discontinuation of therapy. This paper will provide an overview of adverse events and complications, their origins, detection, manifestations, and management.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Pain Institute, Zürich, Switzerland;              Department of Algology, Medical Faculty of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey;              Uni-Kliniken/Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Köln, Germany;              A.Z. Maria Middelares, Sint Niklaas, Belgium;              Sunshine Pain Treatment Center, Fremont, California, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koulousakis
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Van Buyten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuchard