title: History of diabetes and risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis from the international head and neck cancer epidemiology consortium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A history of diabetes is associated with an increased risk of several types of cancers. Whether diabetes is a risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC) has received little attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We pooled data from 12 case-control studies including 6,448 cases and 13,747 controls, and estimated OR and 95% CI for the associations between diabetes and HNC, adjusted for age, education level, sex, race/ethnicity, study center, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and body mass index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a weak association between diabetes and the incidence of HNC overall (OR, 1.09; 95% CI: 0.95-1.24). However, we observed a modest association among never smokers (OR, 1.59; 95% CI: 1.22-2.07), and no association among ever smokers (OR, 0.96; 95% CI: 0.83-1.11); likelihood ratio test for interaction P = 0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of diabetes was weakly associated with HNC overall, but we observed evidence of effect modification by smoking status, with a positive association among those who never smoked cigarettes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that glucose metabolism abnormalities may be a HNC risk factor in subgroups of the population. Prospective studies incorporating biomarkers are needed to improve our understanding of the relationship between diabetes and HNC risk, possibly providing new strategies in the prevention of HNC.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop: M4-C308, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA. sschwart@fhcrc.org
authors.forename: Marni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stott-Miller
authors.forename: Chu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shu-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Yuan-Chin Amy
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boccia
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cadoni
authors.forename: Luigino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Maso
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Keitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muscat
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Olshan
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Purdue
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serraino
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashibe
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult