title: Status of cellular immunity lacks prognostic significance in vulvar squamous carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is generally recognized that the immune system has an important role in regulating cancer development. Evidence indicating a prognostic role of the immune system in vulvar carcinoma is scarce. This study investigated the presence and prognostic significance of several aspects of the immune system in vulvar squamous carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of intratumoral CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) T-lymphocytes, next to HLA class I (HLA-A, HLA-B/C and β(2)-m) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in a consecutively selected cohort of 286 vulvar squamous carcinoma patients, all treated in the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands. Associations between immunohistochemistry expression and the influence on survival were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T-lymphocytes was significantly lower in tumors with loss of HLA-A (p=0.004), HLA-B/C (p=0.024) or β(2)-m (p=0.025) expression compared with tumors with expression of HLA class I. No association was found between the number of intratumoral CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and Foxp3(+) T-lymphocytes, HLA class I and IDO expression and survival of vulvar squamous carcinoma patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the immune system does not seem to have a major influence on prognosis of patients with vulvar squamous carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Toppen
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ten Hoor
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Boezen
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Kema
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollema
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Nijman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase