title: Stent longitudinal integrity bench insights into a clinical problem.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standardized bench-top compression and elongation testing was undertaken to assess the longitudinal strength of contemporary stents. Insights gained may improve clinical stent choice and deployment techniques, and facilitate future stent design improvements.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The hoops of coronary stents provide radial support, and connectors hold hoops together. Strut material, shape, and thickness, along with connector number and configuration, provide the balance between stent flexibility and longitudinal integrity. Longitudinal distortion manifests as length change, strut overlap, strut separation, malapposition, and luminal obstruction. These may predispose to restenosis and stent thrombosis, obstruct passage of devices, be misinterpreted as strut fracture, and require additional stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The force required to compress and to elongate 7 contemporary stents was measured with an Instron universal testing machine (Norwood, Massachusetts). Stents deployed in a silicone phantom damaged by a balloon or guide catheter were imaged by microcomputed tomography to understand better the appearances and effects of longitudinal distortion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stents with 2 connectors (Boston Scientific [Natick, Massachusetts] Omega and Medtronic [Santa Rosa, California] Driver) required significantly less force to be compressed up to 5 mm and elongated by 1 mm than designs with more connectors. The 6-connector Cypher Select required significantly more force to be elongated 5 mm than other designs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stents with 2 connectors between hoops have less longitudinal strength when exposed to compressing or elongating forces than those with more connectors. This independent, standardized study may assist stent selection in clinical situations where longitudinal integrity is important, and may aid future design improvements. Stent longitudinal strength, the resistance to shortening or elongation, appears related to the number of connectors between hoops. Using a standardized testing protocol, designs with 2 connectors were more likely to shorten or elongate than those with more connectors. Distortion may be recognized clinically as bunching or separation of struts, and may be confused with strut fracture. Without post-dilation or further stent deployment, the patient may be at increased risk for adverse clinical events. A stent design change ensuring 3 connectors, especially at the proximal end of a stent, should increase longitudinal integrity, but perhaps at the expense of stent flexibility.
authors.affiliation: Mercy Angiography, Mercy Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ormiston
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: Mark W I
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018583:Pliability; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012828:Silicones; D015607:Stents; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones