title: Effort reward imbalance, and salivary cortisol in the morning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effort reward imbalance (ERI) is suggested to increase risk for stress and is hypothesized to increase cortisol levels, especially the awakening cortisol response, ACR.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006 and 2008, 480 individuals collected saliva samples at awakening and 30 min post-awakening. Mixed effects models with subject as a random effect and appropriate covariates were used to evaluate associations between the Effort Reward Model, and salivary cortisol at awakening (S0), and ACR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERI was negatively and significantly associated with S0 for women and positively associated with ACR. S0 and ACR increased significantly from 2006 to 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERI was significantly associated with cortisol levels at awakening (inverse association) for women, and positively associated with ACR. The population experienced a significant increase in morning cortisol levels and ACR from 2006 to 2008, which may originate in a re-organization of the included work places.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23 DK-2400 Copenhagen NV Denmark. nell0005@bbh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Nanna Hurwitz
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.forename: Søren Feodor
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blønd
authors.forename: Martin Lindhardt
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Åse Marie
authors.initials: ÅM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Netterstrøm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D012201:Reward; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone