title: Risks to young volunteers in international social projects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of young volunteers in international social projects has increased significantly with governmental and non-governmental project support. This paper investigates the hypothesis that the preventative medical advice currently given prior to departure is inadequate because the risk profile of young persons (<30 years) differs from that of the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed with participants of international social projects. A specific questionnaire was developed; inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 30 years at departure and a duration with the project of at least 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fifty-three data sets could be evaluated. Fifty-three percent were females; the destinations were as follows: 65.4% to Asia, 14.4% to Africa, and 10.5% to Latin America. The mean age was 20 years. Ninety percent of the participants received some kind of advice in travel medicine prior to departure. The vaccination rate was quite good, but pertussis (13.7%), yellow fever (80%), typhoid fever (54%), and rabies (49.7%) should be improved when travelling to high-risk regions. Food is a very important potential source of problems as 66% receive catering by the project, 56.2% from street stalls, and 44% were regularly invited to dine with locals. In Africa, only two-thirds of the participants of projects had regular access to safe water and the sanitary facilities were also poor; 51.7% of respondents reported new sexual contacts (one to more than six new partners). In most cases, condoms were used, but there were two unintended pregnancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that young people need to be targeted with specialized advice for health and safety while abroad. This should highlight age-specific risks compared to advice for a more general population. Vaccination status should be improved for some regions and diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rieke
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neppach
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hillebrandt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Küpper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel; D014611:Vaccination; D014838:Volunteers / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult