title: A new and alternative leads positioning for complex regional pain syndrome treatment: paraforaminal stimulation.
abstract: We present a case of a female patient suffering from type I complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) who developed "mirror imaging" of her CRPS and was successfully treated with dual spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the paraforaminal epidural space. This patient initially had unilateral pain that was unsuccessfully treated with midline SCS and single-lead lateral epidural lead placement "paraforaminally." One year later, because we believed that paraforaminal stimulation would preferentially stimulate primary sensitized afferents innervating the painful area, we reperformed SCS with two leads positioned laterally and paraforaminally close to the roots within the epidural space. After repositioning and after 1 year of paraforaminal stimulation, there was significant improvement in the patient's symptoms, resolving all unilateral and "mirrored" symptoms. We conclude that paraforaminal stimulation may be a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of CRPS.
authors.affiliation: Pain Unit, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy; and              Anesthesiology Unit, Cittadella Hospital, Cittadella, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni Colini
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Baldeschi
authors.forename: Giandomenico
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Babbolin