title: Reversal of haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia by Murraya koenigii leaves in experimental animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orofacial dyskinesia (OD) is a late complication of prolonged neuroleptic treatment characterized by involuntary movements of the oral region. Chronic treatment with neuroleptics leads to development of vacuous chewing movements (VCMs). VCMs in rats are widely accepted as an animal model of OD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of Murraya koenigii L. (Rutaceae) leaves on haloperidol-induced OD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect of alcohol extract of M. koenigii leaves (EEMK) and its alkaloid fraction (AMK) on body weight, locomotor activity, behavioral parameters, such as VCMs, tongue protrusions (TPs), orofacial bursts (OBs), and biochemical parameters such as antioxidant defense enzymes levels [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)], glutathione (GSH) levels, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the forebrain region was studied in haloperidol-treated rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats chronically treated with haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p., 21 days) significantly decreased locomotion and developed VCMs, OBs, and TPs. Biochemical analysis reveals that chronic haloperidol-treated rats also showed decreased levels of SOD and CAT. Chronic haloperidol treatment significantly induced LPO and decreased the forebrain GSH levels in the rats. Co-administration of EEMK (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) and AMK (30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) along with haloperidol significantly reversed the effect on locomotion. EEMK and AMK significantly reversed the haloperidol-induced decrease in forebrain SOD and CAT levels in rats and significantly reduced the LPO and restored the decreased GSH levels by chronic haloperidol treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study concludes that M. koenigii could be screened as a potential drug for the prevention or treatment of neuroleptic-induced OD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, MGV's Pharmacy College, Panchavati, Nashik 422003, India. ruupalipatil@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Rupali
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiray
authors.forename: Sandesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinde
authors.forename: Padmaja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langade
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D032101:Murraya / Q000737:chemistry*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005978:Glutathione; D006220:Haloperidol