title: Inbreeding and selection on sex ratio in the bark beetle Xylosandrus germanus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local Mate Competition (LMC) theory predicts a female should produce a more female-biased sex ratio if her sons compete with each other for mates. Because it provides quantitative predictions that can be experimentally tested, LMC is a textbook example of the predictive power of evolutionary theory. A limitation of many earlier studies in the field is that the population structure and mating system of the studied species are often estimated only indirectly. Here we use microsatellites to characterize the levels of inbreeding of the bark beetle Xylosandrus germanus, a species where the level of LMC is expected to be high.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For three populations studied, genetic variation for our genetic markers was very low, indicative of an extremely high level of inbreeding (F(IS) = 0.88). There was also strong linkage disequilibrium between microsatellite loci and a very strong genetic differentiation between populations. The data suggest that matings among non-siblings are very rare (3%), although sex ratios from X. germanus in both the field and the laboratory have suggested more matings between non-sibs, and so less intense LMC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that caution is needed when inferring mating systems from sex ratio data, especially when a lack of biological detail means the use of overly simple forms of the model of interest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taborsky
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shuker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007178:Inbreeding; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal