title: Biomechanical reevaluation of orthodontic asymmetric headgear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the distribution of distal and lateral forces produced by orthodontic asymmetric headgear (AHG) using mathematical models to assess periodontal ligament (PDL) influence and to attempt to resolve apparent inconsistencies in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical models for AHG were constructed to calculate AHG force magnitudes and direction using the theory of elasticity. The PDL was simulated by elastic springs attached to the inner-bow terminals of the AHG. The total storage energy (E(t)) of the AHG and the supporting springs was integrated to evaluate the distal and lateral forces produced by minimizing E(t) (Castigliano's theorem). All analytical solutions were derived symbolically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spring-supported headgear model (SSHG) predicted the magnitude and distribution of distal forces consistent with our data and the published data of others. The SSHG model revealed that the lateral forces delivered to the inner-bow terminals were not equal, and the spring constant (stiffness of the PDL) affected the magnitude and direction of the resultant lateral forces. Changing the stiffness of the PDL produced a greater biomechanical effect than did altering the face-bow design. The PDL spring model appeared to help resolve inconsistencies in the literature between laboratory in vitro experiments and clinical in vivo studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Force magnitude and direction of AHG were predicted precisely using the present model and may be applied to improve the design of AHG to minimize unwanted lateral tooth movement.
authors.affiliation: Applied Science & Engineering Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Mulin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: H Garland
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hershey
authors.forename: Tung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Ching-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004548:Elasticity; D005115:Extraoral Traction Appliances; D006801:Humans; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008954:Models, Biological; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010513:Periodontal Ligament; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*