title: The taboo of cancer: the experiences of cancer disclosure by Iranian patients, their family members and physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to describe the experiences of cancer disclosure by Iranian cancer patients, their family members and physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty cancer patients, ten family members and eight physicians participated in this study. Data were collected via semi-structured, in-depth interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three categories were identified: cancer avoidance, a climate of non-disclosure and mutual concern. The findings demonstrated that cancer is a taboo subject and the word cancer, as well as other indicative terms, was rarely used in daily communication. A climate of non-disclosure predominated because patients were the last to know their diagnosis, they were unaware of their prognosis, and family members and physicians employed strategies to conceal this information. The mutual concern of patients, family members and physicians was the main reason that cancer was not discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer is a taboo subject in Iran that is maintained and reinforced primarily because of the mutual concern of patients, family members and physicians. The first step to address this taboo and inform cancer patients of their diagnosis would be to understand and help mitigate the individual, family and social consequences of disclosure.
authors.affiliation: Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zamanzadeh
authors.forename: Azad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahmani
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valizadeh
authors.forename: Caleb
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hassankhani
authors.forename: Ali-Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Nikanfar
authors.forename: Fuchsia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel / Q000208:ethnology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003219:Confidentiality; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013609:Taboo / Q000523:psychology*; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014342:Truth Disclosure