title: Cognitive behavioral therapy for institutionalized elders complaining of sleep disturbance in Alexandria, Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are among the most widely used nonpharmacologic alternatives for the treatment of insomnia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of insomnia, factors affecting it, and the impact of a cognitive behavioral therapy for institutionalized elders complaining of sleep disturbance in Alexandria, Egypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was done through two phases. A cross-sectional design was used in the first phase to detect the prevalence of sleep problems and their correlates among the elderly, then pretest-posttest design was used to apply an intervention program to the elders who suffered from insomnia. A pre-designed structured interview questionnaire was presented to the participants. The main outcome measure was sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included a total of 210 elders (97 males and 113 females), with a mean age of 72.2 ± 5.3 years, about two thirds of them were poor sleepers (63.3%). The results show that after carrying out the behavioral therapy for the elders, the percentage of poor sleepers decreased from 63.3% to 46.2%. Two variables (educational level and female sex) proved to be statistically significantly related to the improvement in sleep quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A goal of this intervention program was considerably achieved. Importantly, the intervention appears to improve sleep quality among the elders. Data from this study re-enforce the continuing need for more sleep educational programs that are intended to attract the attention of elders especially those institutionalized.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Heba M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: El Kady
authors.forename: Hala K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Sherine G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mohamed
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating