title: The subgingival microbiota of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little information about the microbiologic profiles of periodontal lesions in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) and the significance of bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontitis in these patients. This comprehensive analysis of the subgingival microbiota in patients with PLS used 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) clonal analysis and the 16S rRNA-based Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients with PLS from seven unrelated families volunteered for this microbiologic study. Subgingival plaque was collected with sterile paper points from multiple sites with ≥5 mm probing depth, and whole genomic DNA was extracted. The 16S rRNA genes were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. The samples were then probed for ≈300 predominant oral bacterial species using the HOMIM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most commonly detected phylotypes in the clonal analysis were Gemella morbillorum, Gemella haemolysans, Granulicatella adiacens, Lachnospiraceae OT 100 (EI074), Parvimonas micra, Selenomonas noxia, and Veillonella parvula. As a group, streptococci were commonly detected in these individuals. In the HOMIM analysis, a total of 170 bacterial species/phylotypes were detected, with a range of 40 to 80 species per patient with PLS. Of these, 12 bacterial species were detected in medium to high levels in ≥50% of the individuals. The high-frequency strains were clustered into eight groups: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter spp., Capnocytophaga granulosa, G. morbillorum, P. micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Streptococcus spp., and Tannerella forsythia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subgingival microbiota in PLS is diverse. Periodontal pathogens commonly associated with chronic and aggressive periodontitis and opportunistic pathogens may be associated with the development of severe periodontitis in patients with PLS.
authors.affiliation: Periodontal Diagnostics Research Laboratory, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. Jasim.Albandar@temple.edu
authors.forename: Jasim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Albandar
authors.forename: Razan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khattab
authors.forename: Fawza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monem
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barbuto
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Paster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000145:classification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000145:classification; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000145:classification; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification; D002206:Capnocytophaga / Q000145:classification; D056568:Carnobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D058834:Gemella / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D010214:Papillon-Lefevre Disease / Q000382:microbiology*; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000145:classification; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D045202:Porphyromonas endodontalis / Q000145:classification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D020357:Selenomonas / Q000145:classification; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification; D014678:Veillonella / Q000145:classification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S