title: Excessıve fluorıde ıntake alters the MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-β levels of perıodontal soft tıssues: an experımental study ın rabbıts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the influence of fluoride on periodontal soft tissues by investigating any alterations in their MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-β profiles secondary to excessive fluoride intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorosis was induced in 18 rabbits (test group) through consumption of fluoride added to drinking water, whereas 10 rabbits consumed regular tap water as daily supply (control group). Following fluorosis verification, animals were sacrificed and their 1st mandibular molar teeth were utilized in the assessments. MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-β were separately investigated for gingival epithelium (GE), gingival connective tissue (GC) and periodontal ligament (PL) to evaluate periodontal soft tissues. Histological sections were prepared from the groups, the parameters were determined by immunohistochemistry, and their levels were calculated by quantification of the immunostainings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staining intensity of MMP-2 in GC and PL (p < 0.01); TIMP-1 and TGF-β of GE, GC and PL (p < 0.01) were higher in the test group compared to those of the control group. Intra-group staining of TIMP-1 was higher than MMP-2 in all test group compartments (p < 0.01) and in the control group GE (p < 0.01). TIMP-1 was also higher than TGF-β in the GE and PL of the test group (p < 0.05) and in the GE of the control group (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that excessive fluoride intake may affect periodontal soft tissues by increasing MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-β, and thereby altering the MMP-2/TIMP-1 and TIMP-1/TGF-β ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive fluoride consumption may alter the periodontal tissue homeostasis which may be detrimental in the maintenance of periodontal health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kurupelit, 55139 Samsun, Turkey. mugelutfioglu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Müge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lütfioğlu
authors.forename: Elif Eser
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sakallıoğlu
authors.forename: Umur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sakallıoğlu
authors.forename: M Yavuz
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Gülbahar
authors.forename: Mehtap
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muğlalı
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baş
authors.forename: Abdurrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D004846:Epithelial Attachment / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000209:etiology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects*; D008963:Molar / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D011817:Rabbits; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D004396:Coloring Agents; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D005459:Fluorides