title: Associations between BODE index and systemic inflammatory biomarkers in COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  COPD is a multicomponent disease and systemic inflammation represents one of the possible mechanisms responsible for its systemic manifestations, including skeletal muscle weakness and cachexia. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) that reflects the skeletal muscle mass, has been shown to be associated with both dyspnoea and exercise capacity. We hypothesized that the multidimensional BODE index, that reflects the multicomponent nature of COPD, might be related to biomarkers of systemic inflammation. We further evaluated associations between FFMI and systemic inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  BODE index and FFMI were calculated in 222 stable COPD patients and 132 smokers or ex-smokers with normal lung function. Systemic inflammation was evaluated with the measurement of leptin, adiponectin, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum samples of COPD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with COPD, both BODE index and FFMI presented significant positive and negative associations respectively with leptin levels (R(2) 0.61 and 0.65, respectively), whereas FFMI presented an additional negative association with the levels of TNF-α (R(2) 0.38). No significant associations were observed in smokers or ex-smokers with normal lung function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both BODE index and FFMI, are related to the circulating levels of leptin in patients with COPD, suggesting a possible role for leptin in the systemic component of COPD. The additional association of FFMI with TNF-α may further support a role of systemic inflammation in muscle wasting in COPD.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaki
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontogianni
authors.forename: Andriana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bakakos
authors.forename: Konstantinos I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Gourgoulianis
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostikas
authors.forename: Manos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alchanatis
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papiris
authors.forename: Stelios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loukides
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000503:physiopathology; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein