title: The influence of AT1002 on the nasal absorption of molecular weight markers and therapeutic agents when co-administered with bioadhesive polymers and an AT1002 antagonist, AT1001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of the tight junction permeation enhancer, AT1002, on the nasal absorption of molecular weight markers and low bioavailable therapeutic agents co-administered with bioadhesive polymers or zonulin antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bioadhesive polymers, carrageenan and Na-CMC, were prepared with AT1002 to examine the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002 on the nasal absorption of inulin, calcitonin and saquinavir after nasal administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood samples were collected over a 6-hour period from a jugular cannula. In addition, we determined whether AT1002 exerts a permeation-enhancing effect via activation of PAR-2 specific binding to a putative receptor of zonulin. To examine this zonulin antagonist, AT1001, was administered 30 min prior to dosing with an AT1002/inulin solution and blood samples were collected over a 6-hour period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bioadhesive polymers did not directly increase the absorption of inulin, calcitonin and saquinavir, but promoted the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002 when delivered nasally, thereby significantly increasing the absorption of each drug. Pre-treatment with AT1001 antagonized the zonulin receptor and significantly minimized the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings will assist in understanding the permeation-enhancing capability of and the receptor binding of AT1002. Further, combining AT1002 with carrageenan supports the development of the mucosal delivery of therapeutic agents that have low bioavailability even with bioadhesive agents.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics-Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Keon-Hyoung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Eddington
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007444:Inulin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011498:Protein Precursors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C530561:AT1002; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006242:Haptoglobins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011498:Protein Precursors; C408043:zonulin; D002351:Carrageenan; D007444:Inulin; D002116:Calcitonin; D002772:Cholera Toxin; C525167:larazotide acetate; D002266:Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; D019258:Saquinavir