title: Detailed genetic analysis of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein gene in human parainfluenza virus type 1 isolates from patients with acute respiratory infection between 2002 and 2009 in Yamagata prefecture, Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) causes various acute respiratory infections (ARI). Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of HPIV1 is a major antigen. However, the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of such ARI are not exactly known. Recent studies suggested that a phylogenetic analysis tool, namely the maximum likelihood (ML) method, may be applied to estimate the evolutionary time scale of various viruses. Thus, we conducted detailed genetic analyses including homology analysis, phylogenetic analysis (using both the neighbor joining (NJ) and ML methods), and analysis of the pairwise distances of HN gene in HPIV1 isolated from patients with ARI in Yamagata prefecture, Japan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A few substitutions of nucleotides in the second binding site of HN gene were observed among the present isolates. The strains were classified into two major clusters in the phylogenetic tree by the NJ method. Another phylogenetic tree constructed by the ML method showed that the strains diversified in the late 1980s. No positively selected sites were found in the present strains. Moreover, the pairwise distance among the present isolates was relatively short.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evolution of HN gene in the present HPIV1 isolates was relatively slow. The ML method may be a useful phylogenetic method to estimate the evolutionary time scale of HPIV and other viruses.
authors.affiliation: Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizuta
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukagoshi
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abiko
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsushima
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itagaki
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Kunihisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kozawa
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahiko
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015707:HN Protein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010222:Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015707:HN Protein