title: Identifying individuals at risk for fracture in Guatemala.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The FRAX calculator combines a set of clinical risk factors with country-specific incidence rates to determine the ten-year absolute risk of major osteoporotic fracture. However, regional or country-specific databases from Central American countries are not available. We compared the use of various FRAX databases and the Pluijm algorithm in determining risk of fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected clinical risk factor data needed for the FRAX calculator and Pluijm algorithm of Hispanic women in Guatemala and calculated the FRAX absolute risk measures of major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture. Subjects were postmenopausal women greater than age 40 with no history of using medication that affect bone. A random sample of 204 women in 34 different regions women in Guatemala City was visited in their homes to complete the surveys. The Pluijm risk score and FRAX risk score using the US Hispanic, Spain, and Mexican databases were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used the US NOF guidelines for treatment which suggest a treatment threshold for patients with a 10-year hip fracture probability ≥ 3% or a 10-year major osteoporotic fracture risk ≥ 20%. The number of patients meeting the suggested threshold limits for treatment using the Spain and Mexico calculators were identical. There was 100% conformity in threshold limits for both hip and major osteoporotic fracture risk. The mean conformity for any fracture risk between US Hispanic and the other two databases was 97.5%. Conformity was 99.0% based on major osteoporotic fracture and 97.5% based on risk of hip fracture. The Pluijm evaluation shows conformity of 87.2% and 83.3%, respectively, when compared to the US Hispanic and Spain/Mexico FRAX thresholds for risk of fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the different FRAX databases provide variations in the absolute risk of fracture, the overall conformity to treatment thresholds amongst the US Hispanic, Spain, and Mexico databases show the database used would have little effect as to the decision to treat. The Pluijm tool conforms to the FRAX thresholds and can be used as well. It does not matter which country-specific calculator or assessment tool is used, as there are a similar number of patients that would meet the intervention threshold.
authors.affiliation: Osteoporosis Medical Center, Beverly Hills, California, United States of America. keatonn@omcresearch.org
authors.forename: Keaton M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quiñónez Obiols
authors.forename: Stuart L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019992:Databases as Topic; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala / Q000453:epidemiology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology