title: Smart drugs "as common as coffee": media hype about neuroenhancement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of prescription drugs to improve cognitive functioning in normal persons--neuroenhancement"--has gained recent attention from bioethicists and neuroscientists. Enthusiasts claim that the practice is widespread and increasing, and has many potential benefits; however recent evidence provides weak support for these claims. In this study we explored how the newsprint media portrays neuroenhancement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted an empirical study of media reporting of neuroenhancement to explore: media portrayals of the prevalence of neuroenhancement; the types of evidence used by the media to support claims about its prevalence; and, the possible benefits and risks of neuroenhancement mentioned in these media articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Factiva database, we found 142 newspaper articles about the non-medical use prescription drugs for neuroenhancement for the period 2008-2010. We conducted a thematic content analysis of how articles portrayed the prevalence of neuroenhancement; what type of evidence they used in support; and, the potential benefits and risks/side-effects of neuroenhancement that were mentioned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  87% of media articles mentioned the prevalence of neuroenhancement, and 94% portrayed it as common, increasing or both. 66% referred to the academic literature to support these claims and 44% either named an author or a journal. 95% of articles mentioned at least one possible benefit of using prescription drugs for neuroenhancement, but only 58% mentioned any risks/side effects. 15% questioned the evidence for efficacy of prescription drugs to produce benefits to users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  News media articles mentioned the possible benefits of using drugs for neuroenhancement more than the potential risks/side effects, and the main source for media claims that neuroenhancement is common and increasingly widespread has been reports from the academic literature that provide weak support for this claim. We urge journalists and researchers to be cautious in their portrayal of the non-medical use of drugs for neuroenhancement.
authors.affiliation: UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia. b.partridge@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Partridge
authors.forename: Stephanie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Jayne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lucke
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D024803:Biomedical Enhancement / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003069:Coffee; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D008402:Mass Media; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee