title: Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin-dependent individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several types of medications have been used for stabilizing heroin users: Methadone, Buprenorphine and levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM.) The present review focuses on the prescription of heroin to heroin-dependent individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare heroin maintenance to methadone or other substitution treatments for opioid dependence regarding: efficacy and acceptability, retaining patients in treatment, reducing the use of illicit substances, and improving health and social functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the Cochrane Central Register of Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to november 2009), EMBASE (1980 to 2005) and CINAHL until 2005 (on OVID) was conducted. Personal communications with researchers in the field of heroin prescription identified ongoing trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of heroin maintenance treatment (alone or combined with methadone) compared with any other pharmacological treatment for heroin-dependent individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies involving 2007 patients met the inclusion criteria. Five studies compared supervised injected heroin plus flexible dosages of methadone treatment to oral methadone only and showed that heroin helps patients to remain in treatment (valid data from 4 studies, N=1388 Risk Ratio 1.44 (95%CI 1.19-1.75) heterogeneity P=0.03), and to reduce use of illicit drugs. Maintenance with supervised injected heroin has a not statistically significant protective effect on mortality (4 studies, N=1477 Risk Ratio 0.65 (95% CI 0.25-1.69) heterogeneity P=0.89), but it exposes at a greater risk of adverse events related to study medication (3 studies N=373 Risk Ratio 13.50 (95% CI 2.55-71.53) heterogeneity P=0.52). Results on criminal activity and incarceration were not possible to be pooled but where the outcome were measured results of single studies do provide evidence that heroin provision can reduce criminal activity and incarceration/imprisonment. Social functioning improved in all the intervention groups with heroin groups having slightly better results. If all the studies comparing heroin provision in any conditions vs any other treatment are pooled the direction of effect remain in favour of heroin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence suggests an added value of heroin prescribed alongside flexible doses of methadone for long-term, treatment refractory, opioid users, to reach a decrease in the use of illicit substances, involvement in criminal activity and incarceration, a possible reduction in mortaliity; and an increase in retention in treatment. Due to the higher rate of serious adverse events, heroin prescription should remain a treatment for people who are currently or have in the past failed maintenance treatment, and it should be provided in clinical settings where proper follow-up is ensured.
authors.affiliation: Interventions, Best Practice and Scientific Partners, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Cais do Sodre' 1249-289 Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davoli
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003415:Crime / Q000517:prevention & control; D003932:Heroin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin; D008691:Methadone