title: Cytogenetic biomonitoring in children submitting to a complete set of radiographs for orthodontic planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis) in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from children undergoing orthodontic radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 25 healthy children undergoing orthodontic therapy partook in a complete set of orthodontic radiographs (lateral cephalographic, posteroanterior cephalographic, panoramic, full periapical exam, and bitewing). The micronucleus test in the buccal exfoliated cells was applied. The paired-samples t-test and the Wilcoxon test were used to compare the frequencies of alterations before and after X-ray exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no statistically significant differences (P > .05) between micronucleated buccal mucosa cells before and after exposure to radiation. However, radiation did cause other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity (P  =  .007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the micronucleus test, the complete set of radiographs requested in the orthodontic planning may not be a factor that induces chromosomal damage, but it is able to promote cytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego Coelho
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lorenzoni
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cuzzuol Fracalossi
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Araki Ribeiro
authors.forename: Eduardo Franzotti
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Sant' Anna
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002648:Child; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000379:methods; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers