title: Diagnosis and treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy to prevent motor vehicle accidents: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in cirrhosis is associated with impaired driving skills and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). Detection and treatment of MHE has the potential to reduce costs and morbidity associated with MVAs. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the benefits of different strategies of MHE diagnosis and treatment for reducing MVA-related societal costs. The analyses compared five MHE management strategies: (1) presumptive treatment of all cirrhosis patients; (2) diagnosis by neuropsychological exam (NPE) with treatment; (3) diagnosis by standard psychometric tests (SPTs) with treatment; (4) diagnosis by rapid screening using inhibitory control test (ICT) with treatment; and (5) no MHE diagnosis or treatment (status quo). Treatments considered were lactulose or rifaximin, which were assumed to reduce the MVA rate to the level of similarly aged noncirrhosis patients with benefit adjusted for treatment compliance. A Markov model followed a simulated cohort of 1,000 cirrhosis patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE), from entry into treatment, through MHE development, and later OHE, when they exited the modeled cohort. Follow-up was for 5 years and included biannual MHE testing. The societal cost of a single MVA was estimated at $42,100. All four strategies with lactulose were cost-saving compared with the status quo. Diagnosis with ICT and lactulose was the most cost-effective approach (cost/MVA prevented: $24,454 ICT; $25,470 SPT; $30,469 presumptive treatment and $33,742 NPE). Net program savings over 5 years ranged from $1.7 to 3.6 million depending on the strategy. Rifaximin therapy was not cost-saving at current prices but would become so at a monthly cost of <$353.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detection of MHE, especially using the ICT, and subsequent treatment with lactulose could substantially reduce societal costs by preventing MVAs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA. jsbajaj@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Jasmohan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
authors.forename: Arun J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Heuman
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007792:Lactulose / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000078262:Rifaximin; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D012294:Rifamycins; D007792:Lactulose; D000078262:Rifaximin