title: Association between cholecystectomy for gallstone disease and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gallbladder disease and cardiovascular disease share risk factors. Both have a great impact on the economics of health systems. There is evidence suggesting an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with gallbladder disease, but the association of gallbladder disease with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease is unclear. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between cholecystectomy for gallstone disease and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a case-control study comparing subjects undergoing cholecystectomy with controls without gallbladder disease or cholecystectomy. Demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data were recorded and risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed. The data were analysed with chi square test, student t test and logistic regression (univariate and multivariate).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred and ninety-eight subjects were included. The multivariate analyses demonstrated that, compared with controls, cases had an increased prevalence of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-4.8, p = 0.001), including type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.5, p = 0.018), high blood pressure (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.6-10.1, p = 0.001), and high cholesterol levels (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.5, p = 0.004). No differences were observed in the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients undergoing cholecystectomy had an increased prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, independent of age, sex, or body mass index.
authors.affiliation: Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City.
authors.forename: Norberto C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chavez-Tapia
authors.forename: Ileana Mac
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kinney-Novelo
authors.forename: Sergio E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sifuentes-Rentería
authors.forename: Maximiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres-Zavala
authors.forename: Gildardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castro-Gastelum
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Lara
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paulin-Saucedo
authors.forename: Misael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Nahum
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Méndez-Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors