title: Transumbilical endoscopic surgery for completely enclosing inguinal hernias in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been great interest in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in recent years. We report another new approach for pediatric inguinal hernia repair: transumbilical endoscopic surgery (TUES). Compared with the natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery technique, TUES can obtain similar scarless results on the abdomen.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our hospital, 2-trocar TUES was the standard procedure used to repair pediatric inguinal hernias. Through 2 intraumbilical incisions, two 5-mm trocars were inserted into the abdomen under laparoscopic guidance. With the use of a needle-holding forceps, a round needle with 2-0 nonabsorbable suture material was introduced into the peritoneal cavity through the anterior abdominal wall near the internal inguinal ring. The orifice of the hernial sac was closed extraperitoneally with a purse-string suture around the internal inguinal ring, and intraperitoneal knot-tying was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 76 inguinal repairs were performed in 64 children (age range, 6 months to 9 years; median, 3.8 years; 44 boys, 20 girls). All operations were completed successfully by TUES, with the exception of one case of intraoperative bleeding because the inferior epigastric vein was punctured. The mean operating time was 20 minutes (range, 15-30 minutes). No postoperative bleeding, hydrocele, or scrotal edema in this group of patients was found, and there were no known cases of postoperative testicular atrophy or hypotrophy nor hernia recurrence on the symptomatic side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary experience shows satisfactory outcomes with TUES for completely enclosing inguinal hernias in children. This technique appears to be safe, effective, and reliable. The cosmetic result is excellent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang Province, China. wxz613@126.com
authors.forename: Xuewu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Daiqiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Qifeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Wangyong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000517:prevention & control; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014472:Umbilicus