title: In-the-bag capsular tension ring and intraocular lens subluxation or dislocation: a series of 23 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinical and pathologic findings from cases of in-the-bag capsular tension ring (CTR) and intraocular lens (IOL) subluxation or dislocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series with clinicopathologic correlation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three explanted subluxated/dislocated capsular bags containing a CTR and an IOL explanted in Europe and submitted in fixative to the Berlin Eye Research Institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard gross and light microscopy of specimens, complete histopathologic analyses of selected specimens done at the University of Utah, as well as questionnaire sent to explanting surgeons, and patient chart review, when available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lens design, material, and abnormalities, capsular bag anomalies, patient demographic data, surgical dates, and presence or absence of known risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were aged 76.31 ± 8.24 years at explantation, which was performed 81.5 ± 32.2 months after implantation. The IOLs in these cases were 3-piece hydrophobic acrylic (N = 11), 1-piece hydrophobic acrylic (n = 6), 3-piece silicone (n = 4), or 1-piece hydrophilic acrylic (n = 2) designs; all CTRs were made of poly(methyl methacrylate). Available information on associated ocular conditions included pseudoexfoliation (n = 17), glaucoma (n = 4), vitrectomy/retina surgery (n = 3), and trauma (n = 1). Complete histopathologic assessment in 3 specimens showed signs consistent with pseudoexfoliation, without available history related to this condition in one of the cases. Moderate/severe degrees of Soemmering's ring formation and capsulorhexis phimosis were observed or reported in 13 and 11 specimens, respectively. Fourteen eyes were implanted and explanted by the same surgeon, with an interval of 92.7 ± 23.4 months between the procedures. His rate of explantation because of subluxation/dislocation was 0.76% of the CTRs implanted during the time considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Explantation because of postoperative subluxation or dislocation of CTR-IOL-capsular bag complexes occurred approximately 6.8 years after implantation in this series, providing further evidence that a fine line exists between zonular insufficiency that can be stabilized with the CTR alone and that requiring further support. Analyses of large series may help to define common factors associated with this complication, as well as surgical planning and employment of various endocapsular support devices to enhance postoperative zonular stabilization.
authors.affiliation: John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. liliana.werner@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zaugg
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neuhann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burrow
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tetz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060437:Artificial Lens Implant Migration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008297:Male; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors