title: Peroxides and peroxidases in the endoplasmic reticulum: integrating redox homeostasis and oxidative folding.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the port of entry into the secretory pathway, is a complex organelle that performs many fundamental functions, including protein synthesis and quality control, Ca(2+) storage and signaling. Redox homeostasis is of paramount importance for allowing the efficient folding of secretory proteins, most of which contain essential disulfide bonds.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  revealed that an intricate protein network sustains the processes of disulfide bond formation and reshuffling in the ER. Remarkably, H(2)O(2), which is a known by-product of Ero1 flavoproteins in cells, is utilized by peroxiredoxin-4 and glutathione peroxidases-7 and -8, which reside in the mammalian secretory compartment and further fuel oxidative protein folding while limiting oxidative damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  that remain to be addressed are the sources, diffusibility and signaling role(s) of H(2)O(2) in and between organelles and cells, how the emerging redundancy in the systems is coupled to precise regulation, and how the distinct pathways operating in the early secretory compartment are integrated with one another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A further dissection of the pathways that integrate folding, redox homeostasis, and signaling in the early secretory pathway may allow to manipulate protein homeostasis and survival-death decisions in degenerative diseases or cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakihana
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sitia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010544:Peroxidases