title: Prevalence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarctions in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unrecognized myocardial infarctions (UMIs) are common in the general population but have not been well studied in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and prognosis for mortality of UMI among adults with CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study included 18 864 participants in the population-based REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study who completed a baseline examination including a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). UMI was defined as the presence of myocardial infarction (MI) by Minnesota ECG classification in the absence of self-reported or recognized MI (RMI). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and albuminuria using albumin-to-creatinine ratio from a spot urine sample. All-cause mortality was assessed over a median 4 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of UMI was 4, 6, 6 and 13% among participants with eGFR levels of ≥ 60, 45-59.9, 30-44.9 and <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2), respectively, and 4, 5, 7 and 10% among participants with albuminuria levels of <10, 10-29.9, 30-299.9 and ≥ 300 mg/g, respectively. Compared to those with no MI, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality associated with UMI and RMI was 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-2.49] and 1.65 (95% CI: 1.20-2.26), respectively, among individuals with an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.03-2.16) and 1.88 (95% CI: 1.40-2.52) among individuals with albuminuria ≥ 30 mg/g. Conclusion UMIs are common among individuals with an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria and associated with an increased mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. drizk@uab.edu
authors.forename: Dana V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Rizk
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safford
authors.forename: Elsayed Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Warnock
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate