title: A combination of nonionic surfactants and iontophoresis to enhance the transdermal drug delivery of ondansetron HCl and diltiazem HCl.
abstract: The present work reports the evaluation of three nonionic ether-monohydroxyl surfactants (C(12)E(1), C(12)E(5,) and C(12)E(8)) as skin permeation enhancers in the transdermal drug delivery of two drugs: ondansetron hydrochloride and diltiazem hydrochloride, formulated as hydrogels. The enhancers are used alone, or in combination with iontophoresis (0.3 mA - 8h). After 1h of pre-treatment with 0.16 M enhancer solutions in propylene glycol (PG), passive and iontophoretic 24 h in vitro studies across dermatomed porcine skin were performed using vertical Franz diffusion cells. Data obtained showed that the nonionic surfactant C(12)E(5) was the most effective permeation enhancer, both for the passive process as well as for samples subjected to iontophoresis, resulting in cumulative amounts of ondansetron HCl after 24h of approximately 93 μg/cm(2) and 336 μg/cm(2), respectively. Data obtained using diltiazem HCl showed a similar trend. The use of the nonionic surfactant C(12)E(5) resulted in higher enhancement ratios (ER) in passive studies, but C(12)E(8) yielded slightly higher values of drug permeated (2678 μg/cm(2)) than C(12)E(5) (2530 μg/cm(2)) when iontophoresis was also employed. Skin integrity studies were performed to assess potential harmful effects on the tissues resulting from the compounds applied and/or from the methodology employed. Skin samples used in permeation studies visualized by light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at different levels of magnification did not show significant morphological and structural changes, when compared to untreated samples. Complementary studies were performed to gain information regarding the relative cytotoxicity of the penetration enhancers on skin cells. MTS assay data using human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) indicated that HEK are more sensitive to the presence of the enhancers than HDF and that the toxicity of these compounds is enhancer molecular weight dependent.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sérgio M C
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Longsheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: João J S
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Alberto A C C
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.forename: Bozena B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Michniak-Kohn
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004058:Diffusion; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D017294:Ondansetron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010539:Permeability; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D012996:Solutions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D017294:Ondansetron; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D004110:Diltiazem