title: Lameness scoring system for dairy cows using force plates and artificial intelligence.
abstract: Lameness scoring is a routine procedure in dairy industry to screen the herds for new cases of lameness. Subjective lameness scoring, which is the most popular lameness detection and screening method in dairy herds, has several limitations. They include low intra-observer and inter-observer agreement and the discrete nature of the scores which limits its usage in monitoring the lameness. The aim of this study is to develop an automated lameness scoring system comparable with conventional subjective lameness scoring by means of artificial neural networks. The system is composed of four balanced force plates installed in a hoof-trimming box. A group of 105 dairy cows was used for the study. Twenty-three features extracted from ground reaction force (GRF) data were used in a computer training process which was performed on 60 per cent of the data. The remaining 40 per cent of the data were used to test the trained system. Repeatability of the lameness scoring system was determined by GRF samples from 25 cows, captured at two different times from the same animals. The mean sd was 0.31 and the mean coefficient of variation was 14.55 per cent, which represents a high repeatability in comparison with subjective vision-based scoring methods. Although the highest sensitivity and specificity values were seen in locomotion score groups 1 and 4, the automatic lameness system was both sensitive and specific in all groups. The sensitivity and specificity were higher than 72 per cent in locomotion score groups 1 to 4, and it was 100 per cent specific and 50 per cent sensitive for group 5.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. mokaram@ut.ac.ir
authors.forename: S Mokaram
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ghotoorlar
authors.forename: S Mehdi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ghamsari
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nowrouzian
authors.forename: S Mokaram
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ghotoorlar
authors.forename: S Shiry
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ghidary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index