title: [Evaluation of the toxic activity of the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin in two Panamanian field populations of Rhodnius pallescens (Hemíptera: Reduviidae)].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systematic evaluation of the susceptibility of disease vectors to insecticides permits the detection of the development of insecticide resistance over time. This is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of control methods and to plan management strategies of the resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The baseline susceptibility was determined for I and V instar nymphs of Rhodnius pallescens to the active ingredients of the insecticides deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bioassays were applied to two field populations of R. pallescens collected in Chilibre and Cerro Cama, Panamá. A standard protocol for topical application was adapted from that developed for Rhodnius prolixus. Bioassays were performed using topical applications on the dorsal abdominal surface, with volumes of 0.1µl and 0.5µl acetone solution of insecticide for nymphs of stage I and V respectively, using 5µl and 25µl Hamilton microsyringes with a repeating dispenser. Ten nymphs were used for each insecticide concentration. Results. With the topical application of lambdacyhalothrin on first-instar nymphs from Chilibre and Cerro Cama, the LD50 values expressed in ng/insect were 0.13 and 0.11 respectively. In fifth-instar nymphs the LD50 values were 1.71 and 3.48, respectively. For deltamethrin, the topical application on first-instar nymphs resulted in LD50 values of 0.02 and 0.02, and in fifth-instar nymphs the LD50 values were 2.11 and 1.55, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In I and V instar nymphs from the two R. pallescens populations, resistance factor values demonstrated no significant difference in the toxic effects of the two insecticides and indicated that the R. pallescens populations were susceptible them.
authors.affiliation: Sección de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, República de Panamá. lcaceres@gorgas.gob.pa
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cáceres
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rovira
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calzada
authors.forename: Azael
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saldaña
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010176:Panama; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; C037304:cyhalothrin