title: Altered brain activation during visuomotor integration in chronic active cannabis users: relationship to cortisol levels.
abstract: Cannabis is the most abused illegal substance in the United States. Alterations in brain function and motor behavior have been reported in chronic cannabis users, but the results have been variable. The current study aimed to determine whether chronic active cannabis use in humans may alter psychomotor function, brain activation, and hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) function in men and women. Thirty cannabis users (16 men, 14 women, 18-45 years old) and 30 nondrug user controls (16 men, 14 women, 19-44 years old) were evaluated with neuropsychological tests designed to assess motor behavior and with fMRI using a 3 Tesla scanner during a visually paced finger-sequencing task, cued by a flashing checkerboard (at 2 or 4 Hz). Salivary cortisol was measured to assess HPA function. Male, but not female, cannabis users had significantly slower performance on psychomotor speed tests. As a group, cannabis users had greater activation in BA 6 than controls, while controls had greater activation in the visual area BA 17 than cannabis users. Cannabis users also had higher salivary cortisol levels than controls (p = 0.002). Chronic active cannabis use is associated with slower and less efficient psychomotor function, especially in male users, as indicated by a shift from regions involved with automated visually guided responses to more executive or attentional control areas. The greater but altered brain activities may be mediated by the higher cortisol levels in the cannabis users, which in turn may lead to less efficient visual-motor function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA. grking@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Weiran
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenger
authors.forename: Rachael M K
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Helenna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakama
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen; D006854:Hydrocortisone