title: Mild cognitive impairment and dementia: the importance of modifiable risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a common condition among the elderly, is defined as a deterioration of memory, attention, and cognitive function that exceeds what would be expected for the individual's age and level of education, yet does not interfere significantly with the activities of daily living. MCI may be a precursor of dementia; the rate of transition from MCI to dementia is 10% to 20% per year. The role of somatic diseases and modifiable risk factors in MCI and dementia needs further study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed pertinent original articles and reviews published 1990 up to December 2010 that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed and the Cochrane Library.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCI and dementia are associated with many somatic disorders and modifiable risk factors. MCI has biologically plausible associations with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia, although the interventional trials performed to date have yielded negative results. Recently, chronic renal failure has also been recognized as a risk factor. Insufficient evidence supports a putative benefit on MCI from the substitution of vitamin B12, vitamin D, or testosterone (when these substances are deficient), the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia or subclinical thyroid dysfunction, or hormone replacement therapy after menopause. Epidemiological data suggest that a Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and moderate alcohol consumption protect against MCI, while cigarette smoking promotes it and should be stopped.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modifiable risk factors for MCI should be sought (at the very latest) in persons who already have MCI, as their optimal treatment may improve these patients' cognitive performance or keep the existing deficits from progressing.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Technische Universität München, Germany. thorleif.etgen@klinikum-traunstein.de
authors.forename: Thorleif
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Etgen
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Förstl
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention