title: Pancreatic cancer risk: associations with meat-derived carcinogen intake in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies report positive associations between high-temperature cooked meat intake and pancreatic cancer. We assessed associations between dietary intake of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-mutagens formed in meat cooked at high temperatures-and incident exocrine pancreatic cancer in a prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 62 581 subjects randomized to screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Trial (PLCO) who completed an initial dietary survey that assessed meat intake, cooking methods, and doneness preferences defined the cohort. Subjects were surveyed annually for incident cancers through 2007. A National Cancer Institute research database (CHARRED) was used to estimate HCA and BaP intake and a Mutagenic Activity Index (MAI) from survey data. Proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of pancreatic cancer were estimated from multi-variate Cox regression models by quintile of intake, with the lowest quintile as the referent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up (median: 10 yr), 248 cases of exocrine pancreatic cancer were confirmed. Preferences for well and very well done meat were generally associated with increased risks. Significant elevations in pancreatic cancer risk were found in upper quintiles of MAI, and individual mutagens 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx). Compared to the lowest quintile of MAI, the third and fifth quintiles brought HRs of 1.86 (1.22, 2.85) and 1.87 (1.16, 3.02), respectively. These three exposures exhibited significant (P-trend: 0.01-0.03) positive trends in risk as their levels increased
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consuming well-done meat cooked at high temperatures, which contains high mutagen levels, appears to confer increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mongin
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
authors.forename: Myron D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Regina G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Jerome E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mabie
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Risch
authors.forename: Sally S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kazin
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Church
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000588:Amines / Q000633:toxicity; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D002273:Carcinogens; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene