title: Extraction of antioxidants from spruce (Picea abies) bark using eco-friendly solvents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antioxidants are known to avert oxidation processes and they are found in trees and other plant materials. Tree bark is a major waste product from paper pulp industries; hence it is worthwhile to develop an extraction technique to extract the antioxidants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a fast and environmentally sustainable extraction technique for the extraction of antioxidants from bark of spruce (Picea abies) and also to identify the extracted antioxidants that are abundant in spruce bark.
  
  
  METHODS
  A screening experiment that involved three different techniques was conducted to determine the best technique to extract antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was determined with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) turned out to be the best technique and a response surface design was therefore utilised to optimise PFE. Furthermore, NMR and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS were applied to identify the extracted antioxidants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PFE using water and ethanol as solvent at 160 and 180°C, respectively, gave extracts of the highest antioxidant capacity. Stilbene glucosides such as isorhapontin, piceid and astringin were identified in the extracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study has shown that PFE is a fast and environmentally sustainable technique, using water and ethanol as solvent for the extraction of antioxidants from spruce bark.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, PO Box 599, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden. michelle.co@kemi.uu.se
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Co
authors.forename: Amelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagerlund
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engman
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunnerheim
authors.forename: Per J R
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.forename: Charlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D000431:Ethanol; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000032:analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D028222:Picea / Q000737:chemistry*; D010851:Picrates / Q000032:analysis; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012997:Solvents / Q000592:standards*; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005960:Glucosides; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D013267:Stilbenes; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl