title: Sex hormone replacement in Turner syndrome.
abstract: The cardinal features of Turner syndrome (TS) are short stature, congenital abnormalities, infertility due to gonadal dysgenesis, with sex hormone insufficiency ensuing from premature ovarian failure, which is involved in lack of proper development of secondary sex characteristics and the frequent osteoporosis seen in Turner syndrome. But sex hormone insufficiency is also involved in the increased cardiovascular risk, state of physical fitness, insulin resistance, body composition, and may play a role in the increased incidence of autoimmunity. Severe morbidity and mortality affects females with Turner syndrome. Recent research emphasizes the need for proper sex hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during the entire lifespan of females with TS and new hypotheses concerning estrogen receptors, genetics and the timing of HRT offers valuable new information. In this review, we will discuss the effects of estrogen and androgen insufficiency as well as the effects of sex HRT on morbidity and mortality with special emphasis on evidence based research and areas needing further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trolle
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hjerrild
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cleemann
authors.forename: Kristian H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Claus H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gravholt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011788:Quality of Life; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone