title: Understanding the trends in HIV and hepatitis C prevalence amongst injecting drug users in different settings--implications for intervention impact.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent systematic review observed that HIV prevalence amongst injectors is negligible (<1%) below a threshold HCV prevalence of 30%, but thereafter increases with HCV prevalence. We explore whether a model can reproduce these trends, what determines different epidemiological profiles and how this affects intervention impact.
  
  
  METHODS
  An HIV/HCV transmission model was developed. Univariate sensitivity analyses determined whether the model projected a HCV prevalence threshold below which HIV is negligible, and how different behavioural and epidemiological factors affect the threshold. Multivariate uncertainty analyses considered whether the model could reproduce the observed breadth of HIV/HCV epidemics, how specific behavioural patterns produce different epidemic profiles, and how this affects an intervention's impact (reduces injecting risk by 30%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model projected a HCV prevalence threshold, which varied depending on the heterogeneity in risk, mixing, and injecting duration in a setting. Multivariate uncertainty analyses showed the model could produce the same range of observed HIV/HCV epidemics. Variability in injecting transmission risk, degree of heterogeneity and injecting duration mainly determined different epidemic profiles. The intervention resulted in 50%/28% reduction in HIV incidence/prevalence and 37%/10% reduction in HCV incidence/prevalence over five years. For either infection, greater impact occurred in settings with lower prevalence of that infection and higher prevalence of the other infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are threshold levels of HCV prevalence below which HIV risk is negligible but these thresholds are likely to vary by setting. A setting's HIV and HCV prevalence may give insights into IDU risk behaviour and intervention impact.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. peter.vickerman@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vickerman
authors.forename: Natasha K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001519:Behavior; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016485:Needle Sharing; D012306:Risk; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology