title: Recommendation for a non-animal alternative to rat caries testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a requirement of the Food & Drug Administration's final monograph on "Anticaries drug products for over-the-counter human use", the toothpaste industry has been conducting animal caries tests on every fluoride-containing toothpaste introduced into the U.S. market since 1996. The practice of testing in animals, although required by law, is in stark conflict with the corporate policy of many U.S. and global toothpaste manufacturers, in which, if possible, alternatives to animal testing are utilized. A provision does exist within the regulation which allows the use of an alternative method to demonstrate efficacy. However, to take advantage of this provision, a petition must be submitted to the FDA and in this petition data demonstrating the alternative provides results of "equivalent accuracy" must be included. After many years of research, model development and model comparisons, we have identified one particular laboratory model that demonstrated excellent correlation with the currently accepted animal caries models. This model, known as the Featherstone pH cycling model, is discussed in this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Featherstone pH cycling model has been shown to produce results of equivalent accuracy to the animal caries model by: (1) demonstrating a clinically relevant fluoride dose response similar to that shown in the animal caries model (including 1100 ppm F, 250 ppm F and placebo); (2) demonstrating similar results to the animal caries model for clinically proven dentifrice formulations relative to positive and negative controls; (3) demonstrating discriminating ability in strong agreement with the animal caries model for differentiating between a dentifrice formulation with attenuated fluoride activity and a USP standard; and (4) providing a clinically relevant representation of the caries process, as demonstrated by orthodontic banding studies. In addition, the model sufficiently addresses both salivary and abrasive/anticalculus agent interference concerns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For more than 50 years, fluoride has been the first defense in the fight against dental caries. The clinical effectiveness of fluoride is well accepted and documented extensively in the literature. The mechanism through which fluoride provides its benefit is very straightforward and well understood. The proposed laboratory model effectively simulates the effect of the caries process and has been shown to demonstrate equivalent accuracy to animal caries. This indicates that there are strong scientific grounds for the use of this model as an alternative to the animal caries test. Based on the strength of the data and the correlations noted between the two models, we recommend that the scientific community and the toothpaste industry broadly accept the Featherstone laboratory pH cycling model as an appropriate alternative to animal testing, particularly for ionic fluoride based dentifrices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. john.featherstone@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: John D B
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Featherstone
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Stookey
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kaminski
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Faller
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000517:prevention & control; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D005459:Fluorides