title: Cadmium a metalloestrogen: are we convinced?
abstract: Metalloestrogens are inorganic metal ions that bind to and activate oestrogen receptors. They are implicated in the aetiology of oestrogen-dependent diseases such as cancers of the breast and endometrium as well as endometriosis. Cadmium is one of the most studied metalloestrogens. In this review, scientific evidence for the oestrogenic effects of cadmium is critically evaluated to determine if there is sufficient evidence to support cadmium as an aetiological factor of oestrogen-dependent disease in humans. Results of the review indicated that, although the in vitro and in vivo evidence of the oestrogenic properties of cadmium was persuasive, evidence from population-based human studies remains conflicting. Considerable knowledge gaps exist on the potential oestrogenic effect of cadmium in humans. Research that focuses on bridging these knowledge gaps would be useful in preventing and managing oestrogen-dependent disease in humans.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. yasanga78@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nalinda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Roshini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peiris-John
authors.forename: Rajitha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wickremasinghe
authors.forename: Hemantha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senanayake
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sathiakumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D002104:Cadmium