title: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of extract and isolated compounds from the leaves of Salvia officinalis in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salvia officinalis L. has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for gastric disturbances and inflammatory processes. This study investigated the toxicological, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) from leaves of Salvia officinalis and its isolated compounds in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were treated with HE before the induction of nociceptive response by chemical agents (acetic-acid, formalin, glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde). Total leukocytes and plasma extravasation induced by acetic acid and paw oedema induced by glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde were also measured. The antinociceptive effect of carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid were evaluated on formalin and cinnamaldehyde models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the acute toxicity test the value of estimated LD50 for HE was 44.7579 g/kg. Oral administration of HE (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) inhibited the number of writhings, total leukocytes and plasma extravasation induced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, HE reduced both neurogenic and inflammatory phases, effect that was affected by naloxone. The glutamate-, capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception and paw oedema were reduced by HE at doses that did not affect the locomotor activity of mice in the open field test. Carnosol (10mg/kg) and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid (30 mg/kg) inhibited the inflammatory phase of formalin and the nociception and mechanical allodynia induced by cinnamaldehyde.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that HE presents significant anti-inflammatory and also antinociceptive effects on chemical behavioral models of nociception that involves an opioid mechanism. In addition, carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid contained in this plant appears to contribute for the antinociceptive property of the extract, possibly through a modulatory influence on TRPA1-receptors. However, further studies regarding the precise site and the mechanism of action of HE and carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid merited exploring further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melissa Raboni Alves
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Luiz Kae Sales
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: Thiago Louback Machado
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: das Neves
authors.forename: Carla Francielle
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Heros
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Moacir Geraldo
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pizzolatti
authors.forename: Adair Roberto Soares
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Cristiane Hatsuko
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda de Paula
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D027543:Salvia officinalis / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; D000097245:Ursolic Acid; C068623:carnosol