title: Implicit cognition and substance use: the role of controlled and automatic processes in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most cognitive models of substance abuse and dependence posit that controlled and automatic processes are central to substance use. Tests of these models rely on methods that are interpreted to measure one or the other of these processes. There has been growing interest in the use of implicit substance use tasks, which are posited to reflect automatic processes. Recent model advancements suggest that behavior is determined by multiple cognitive processes and that dual-process models may provide an overly simplistic account of the cognitive process involved in the assessment of implicit cognition. The goal of the current study was to apply the Quad Model to children's performance on implicit substance use tasks and consider associations with early substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (N = 378; 52% girls) ranging from 10 to 12 years old completed alcohol and cigarette Single Category Implicit Association Tests (SC-IATs) and self-reports of substance use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four distinct cognitive processes were found to influence SC-IAT performance, one of which reflected automatic activation, the process typically viewed as central to IAT performance. Differences across drinking status revealed weaker automatic activation of negative alcohol associations for those who had (vs. had not) initiated drinking, and a strong likelihood to overcome biased attitudes was supported for all children. The low prevalence of cigarette use in our young sample prohibited examination of the model across smoking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that performance on implicit substance use tasks is not process pure. Quantifying and interpreting the multiple influencing processes are crucial for further development and evaluation of cognitive risk models of substance use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Roisin.OConnor@Concordia.ca
authors.forename: Roisin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Hector I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Lopez-Vergara
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Colder
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*