title: Ethanol inhibition of up-states in prefrontal cortical neurons expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critically involved in working memory, cognition, and decision making; processes significantly affected by ethanol (EtOH). During quiet restfulness or sleep, PFC neurons show synaptically evoked oscillations in membrane potential between hyperpolarized down-states and depolarized up-states. Previous studies from this laboratory used whole-cell electrophysiology and demonstrated that in individual neurons, EtOH inhibited PFC up-states at concentrations associated with behavioral impairment. Although those studies monitored activity in 1 or 2 neurons at a time, it is likely that in vivo, larger networks of neurons participate in the complex functions of the PFC. In the present study, we used imaging and a genetically encoded calcium sensor to examine the effects of EtOH on the activity of multiple neurons simultaneously during up-states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Slice cultures of mouse PFC were infected with an AAV virus encoding the calcium indicator GCaMP3 whose expression was driven by the neuron-specific synapsin promoter. After 2 to 3 weeks in culture, a fast CCD-camera imaging system was used to capture changes in GCaMP3 fluorescence before, during, and after exposure to EtOH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PFC neurons displayed robust and reproducible changes in GCaMP3 fluorescence during evoked and spontaneous up-states. Simultaneous whole-cell patch-clamp recording and GCaMP3 imaging verified that neurons transitioned into and out of up-states together. Acute application of EtOH reliably depressed up-state calcium signals with lower doses having a greater effect on up-state duration than amplitude. These effects of EtOH on up-state parameters were reversed during washout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate that EtOH has profound effects on up-state activity in prefrontal neurons and suggest that this action may underlie some of the cognitive impairment associated with acute alcohol intoxication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA. woodward@musc.edu
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pava
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D000431:Ethanol