title: Human papillomavirus genotypes present in the oral mucosa of newborns and their concordance with maternal cervical human papillomavirus genotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the concordance of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes between the mother and her newborn and to identify risk factors for the vertical transmission of HPV.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV genotypes present in 329 pregnant women, their newborns, cord blood, and placenta samples were determined by molecular techniques, including using pure DNA for nested polymerase chain reaction. HPV antibodies were tested using multiplex HPV serology. Kappa statistics and the Wilcoxon test were used to assess concordance, and regression analysis was used to calculate ORs and 95% CIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV DNA was detected in 17.9% of oral samples from newborns and in 16.4% of the cervical samples of the mothers. At delivery, mother-newborn pairs had similar HPV-genotype profiles, but this concordance disappeared in 2 months. Oral HPV carriage in newborns was most significantly associated with the detection of HPV in the placenta (OR=14.0; 95% CI, 3.7-52.2; P=.0001). The association between status of the cord blood and oral HPV was also significant at delivery (OR=4.7; 95% CI, 1.4-15.9; P=.015) but disappeared within 1 month. HPV antibodies in infants were of maternal origin (OR=68; 95% CI, 20.1-230.9; P=.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV is prevalent in oral samples from newborns. The genotype profile of newborns was more restricted than that of the maternal cervical samples. The close maternal-newborn concordance could indicate that an infected mother transmits HPV to her newborn via the placenta or cord blood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. hanna.koskimaa@utu.fi
authors.forename: Hanna-Mari
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Koskimaa
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waterboer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawlita
authors.forename: Seija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grénman
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
authors.forename: Stina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000821:virology; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000821:virology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission*; D010920:Placenta / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011295:Prenatal Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral