title: Clinical and microbial evaluation of the effects on gingivitis of a mouth rinse containing an Enteromorpha linza extract.
abstract: Enteromorpha linza, a green alga, has been recognized as a potential source of natural antimicrobial and antifungal compounds. We previously reported that an E. linza extract strongly inhibited the growth of Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of a mouth rinse containing the E. linza extract on gingivitis disease, as measured by the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP), and on two bacterial strains (P. intermedia and P. gingivalis), in comparison with Listerine(®) (Listerine-Korea, Seoul, Korea), which was used as a positive control. In total, 55 subjects were recruited into active participation in this clinical study. The PI, GI, BOP, and bacterial strains were then evaluated over a test period of 6 weeks. After 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks, the same clinical indices were recorded, and the levels of P. intermedia and P. gingivalis were quantified via real-time polymerase chain reaction. At the end of the study, the group using the mouth rinse containing the E. linza extract evidenced significant reductions in the clinical indices (PI, GI, and BOP) and P. gingivalis compared with baseline values. Moreover, E. linza extract containing mouth rinse produced effects similar to those of Listerine. Overall, these results indicate that a mouth rinse containing E. linza extract significantly reduces plaque, improves the condition of gingival tissues, and reduces bleeding. Additionally, E. linza extract mouth rinse significantly inhibits P. gingivalis and P. intermedia. Thus, this clinical study demonstrated that the twice-daily use of an E. linza extract mouth rinse can inhibit and prevent gingivitis.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, CHA University, Kyonggi, Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hee-Hyun
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ok-Hwan
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyeon-Son
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jae-Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Boo-Yong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000187:drug effects; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012459:Salicylates; D013729:Terpenes; D044445:Ulva / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012459:Salicylates; D013729:Terpenes; C057473:Listerine