title: A polysaccharide isolated from Ecklonia cava fermented by Lactobacillus brevis inhibits the inflammatory response by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-κB in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: We previously reported that the increment of carbohydrate content in the Viscozyme(®) L (Novozyme Corp., Oklahoma City, OK, USA) extract of Lactobacillus brevis-fermented Ecklonia cava affected the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and that it might be related to the polysaccharide compound. However, there is no report of anti-inflammatory effects of the polysaccharide or its biological mechanism. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the polysaccharide and its biological mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The polysaccharide isolated from the Viscozyme extract of L. brevis-fermented E. cava (VLFEP) dose-dependently decreased LPS-stimulated NO production without cytotoxicity. Also, VLFEP significantly decreased the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) at the 100 μg/mL concentration. In addition, VLFEP dose-dependently decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of inducible NO synthase, whereas it slightly decreased those of cyclooxygenase 2 and only at the 100 μg/mL concentration. Moreover, VLEFP dose-dependently decreased the productions and/or mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, compared with those of LPS only-stimulated cells. In further experiments, VLFEP considerably reduced the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory κB as well as the translocation of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 into the nucleus, and its DNA binding was markedly induced by LPS stimulation. This study suggests that VLFEP exerts anti-inflammatory effects by down-regulating the production and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Woo
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ginnae
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Janaka Priyalal Wijesinghe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Arachchillage
authors.forename: Young Mog
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Se-Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bae-Jin
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: You-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005285:Fermentation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052196:Levilactobacillus brevis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse