title: Avoiding complications from spinal cord stimulation: practical recommendations from an international panel of experts.
abstract: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective technique for the relief of neuropathic pain. Biologic complications are more prevalent within the first 3 months after implantation, are generally minor and reversible, and do not affect patients' acceptance of the treatment. Technically, hardware-related complications are uncommon and occur more frequently in the first 2 years following implantation of the device than after. Nevertheless, the incidence of technological complications can be relatively high if the technique is not performed correctly. Based on a review of the literature and on the experience and consensus of an expert panel, this manuscript attempts to provide practical guidelines, which may help implanters avoid some of the technological complications of SCS implantation. Areas covered by this article include patient positioning, the appropriate use of imaging, insertion of percutaneous and surgical leads, intraoperative stimulation, lead choice and suturing, considerations pre- and postimplantation, stimulation settings and regimens, implantable pulse generator positioning, and control of infections. It is hoped that these guidelines may help physicians to improve their SCS implantation technique and thereby improve the outcomes of the therapy. These guidelines should be of special value for newer centers starting SCS therapy for their patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada;              Anesthesia and Pain Management Services, Center for Neuromodulation, EHC, Hospital of Morges, Morges, Switzerland;              Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;              Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy; and              Pain Management Department, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Maria Middelares, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buchser
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linderoth
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meglio
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Van Buyten