title: A flow-through passive dosing system for continuously supplying aqueous solutions of hydrophobic chemicals to bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity tests.
abstract: A continuous supply of water with defined stable concentrations of hydrophobic chemicals is a requirement in a range of laboratory tests such as the OECD 305 protocol for determining the bioconcentration factor in fish. Satisfying this requirement continues to be a challenge, particularly for hydrophobic chemicals. Here we present a novel solution based on equilibrium passive dosing. It employs a commercially available unit consisting of ~16000 polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubes connected to two manifolds. The chemicals are loaded into the unit by repeatedly perfusing it with a methanol solution of the substances that is progressively diluted with water. Thereafter the unit is perfused with water and the chemicals partition from the unit into the water. The system was tested with nine chemicals with logK(OW) ranging from 4.1 to 6.3. The aqueous concentrations generated were shown to be largely independent of the water flow rate, and the unit to unit reproducibility was within a factor of ~2. In continuous flow experiments the aqueous concentrations of most of the study chemicals remained constant over 8d. A model was assembled that allows prediction of the operating characteristics of the system from the logK(OW) or PDMS/water partition coefficient of the chemical. The system is a simple, safe, predictable and flexible tool that generates stable aqueous concentrations of hydrophobic chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. margaretha.adolfsson-erici@itm.su.se
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adolfsson-Erici
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Åkerman
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jahnke
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McLachlan
mesh_terms: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012996:Solutions; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; C013830:baysilon