title: Electronic noses and tongues: applications for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
abstract: The electronic nose (e-nose) is designed to crudely mimic the mammalian nose in that most contain sensors that non-selectively interact with odor molecules to produce some sort of signal that is then sent to a computer that uses multivariate statistics to determine patterns in the data. This pattern recognition is used to determine that one sample is similar or different from another based on headspace volatiles. There are different types of e-nose sensors including organic polymers, metal oxides, quartz crystal microbalance and even gas-chromatography (GC) or combined with mass spectroscopy (MS) can be used in a non-selective manner using chemical mass or patterns from a short GC column as an e-nose or "Z" nose. The electronic tongue reacts similarly to non-volatile compounds in a liquid. This review will concentrate on applications of e-nose and e-tongue technology for edible products and pharmaceutical uses.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Citrus & Subtropical Products Laboratory, 600 Ave S N.W., Winter Haven, FL 33881, USA. liz.baldwin@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Jinhe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plotto
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dea
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019649:Food Industry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis