title: Hot water extract of the sclerotium of Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke enhances the immune functions of murine macrophages.
abstract: Treatment of hot water extract of the sclerotium of Polyporus rhinocerus (PRW) with murine macrophages including RAW 264.7 cell line and primary macrophages (PMs) could enhance their functional activities. These include a significant up-regulation of pinocytosis; an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO); an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in both RAW 264.7 cells and PMs. Cell surface receptors for yeast-derived beta-glucan, including Dectin-1, CR3, and TLR2, were determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of Dectin-1+ cells on the cell surface decreased in the responses of PMs to PRW. PRW increased phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, which could trigger the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signal pathway for macrophage activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, the immunomodulatory effect of PRW could be mediated by macrophage activation via the NF-kappaB signal pathway.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Cuixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Ka-Hing
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Peter C K
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D025282:Mycelium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010873:Pinocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D055492:Polyporus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000378:metabolism; D000099181:Dectin-1
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D047071:beta-Glucans; D000099181:Dectin-1; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse