title: Length dependent potentiation in electrically stimulated human ankle dorsiflexor muscles.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term history effect of a decreasing frequency train on force and the influence of joint angle on such effect in human dorsiflexor muscles. Six able-bodied and three spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects took part in the study. Their isometric left dorsiflexor muscles were stimulated with two-second bursts at three ankle joint positions and movements at the ankle were measured. Trains with constant stimulation frequencies (CSF: 50, 25, 20, 16, 12, 8 Hz) and with decreasing stimulation frequencies (DSF1,2) were used. Each DSF tetanus consisted of four 0.5 second bursts of different frequencies (DSF1: 50, 25, 16, 8 Hz; DSF2: 50, 20, 12, 8 Hz). To evaluate the effect of preceding higher stimulation frequencies (DSF), the average moment at corresponding time intervals in the DSF and CSF trials were compared for 25, 20, 16, 12, 8 Hz. Preceding higher stimulation frequencies caused increase of the moment elicited by a given frequency. This was true for all the subjects at dorsiflexed positions, but the effect is highly dependent on joint ankle. At plantar flexed positions moment enhancement was seen only in SCI subjects. We conclude that effects of joint angle as well as individual muscle properties should be taken into account when optimizing muscle force by means of frequency modulation.
authors.affiliation: Research School for Integrated Biomedical Technology (iBME), Signals and Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, and              Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences (IFKB), Faculteit Bewegingswetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mela
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Veltink
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Huijing