title: The tinnitus functional index:  development of a new clinical measure for chronic, intrusive tinnitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic subjective tinnitus is a prevalent condition that causes significant distress to millions of Americans. Effective tinnitus treatments are urgently needed, but evaluating them is hampered by the lack of standardized measures that are validated for both intake assessment and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This work was designed to develop a new self-report questionnaire, the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), that would have documented validity both for scaling the severity and negative impact of tinnitus for use in intake assessment and for measuring treatment-related changes in tinnitus (responsiveness) and that would provide comprehensive coverage of multiple tinnitus severity domains.
  
  
  METHODS
  To use preexisting knowledge concerning tinnitus-related problems, an Item Selection Panel (17 expert judges) surveyed the content (175 items) of nine widely used tinnitus questionnaires. From those items, the Panel identified 13 separate domains of tinnitus distress and selected 70 items most likely to be responsive to treatment effects. Eliminating redundant items while retaining good content validity and adding new items to achieve the recommended minimum of 3 to 4 items per domain yielded 43 items, which were then used for constructing TFI Prototype 1.Prototype 1 was tested at five clinics. The 326 participants included consecutive patients receiving tinnitus treatment who provided informed consent-constituting a convenience sample. Construct validity of Prototype 1 as an outcome measure was evaluated by measuring responsiveness of the overall scale and its individual items at 3 and 6 mo follow-up with 65 and 42 participants, respectively. Using a predetermined list of criteria, the 30 best-functioning items were selected for constructing TFI Prototype 2.Prototype 2 was tested at four clinics with 347 participants, including 155 and 86 who provided 3 and 6 mo follow-up data, respectively. Analyses were the same as for Prototype 1. Results were used to select the 25 best-functioning items for the final TFI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both prototypes and the final TFI displayed strong measurement properties, with few missing data, high validity for scaling of tinnitus severity, and good reliability. All TFI versions exhibited the same eight factors characterizing tinnitus severity and negative impact. Responsiveness, evaluated by computing effect sizes for responses at follow-up, was satisfactory in all TFI versions.In the final TFI, Cronbach's alpha was 0.97 and test-retest reliability 0.78. Convergent validity (r = 0.86 with Tinnitus Handicap Inventory [THI]; r = 0.75 with Visual Analog Scale [VAS]) and discriminant validity (r = 0.56 with Beck Depression Inventory-Primary Care [BDI-PC]) were good. The final TFI was successful at detecting improvement from the initial clinic visit to 3 mo with moderate to large effect sizes and from initial to 6 mo with large effect sizes. Effect sizes for the TFI were generally larger than those obtained for the VAS and THI. After careful evaluation, a 13-point reduction was considered a preliminary criterion for meaningful reduction in TFI outcome scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TFI should be useful in both clinical and research settings because of its responsiveness to treatment-related change, validity for scaling the overall severity of tinnitus, and comprehensive coverage of multiple domains of tinnitus severity.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA.
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Meikle
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Griest
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Harvey B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.forename: Paula J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandridge
authors.forename: Dennis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Folmer
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Sam E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.forename: Gloria E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Searchfield
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sweetow
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vernon
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology