title: Minimally invasive training in urologic oncology.
abstract: Use of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques continues to expand in the field of urologic oncology; however, proficiency in these  techniques is subject to a learning curve. Current training paradigms have incorporated MIS, but in a non-standardized fashion. Residency  work-hour restrictions and ethical concerns may influence efforts to deliver adequate training during a defined residency period. Post-residency fellowships or mini-courses may help urologists gain proficiency in these skills, but are time-consuming and may not provide adequate exposure.  Surgical simulation with dry labs and augmentation with virtual reality are important adjuncts to operative training for MIS. The urologic  oncologist must be familiar with open and MIS  techniques to effectively treat cancer in the least morbid way possible and adapt to the ever-changing field of MIS with dynamic training  paradigms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5118, USA.
authors.forename: Jen-Jane
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gonzalgo
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000193:education*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*