title: Dim nighttime illumination alters photoperiodic responses of hamsters through the intergeniculate leaflet and other photic pathways.
abstract: In mammals, light entrains the central pacemaker within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) through both a direct neuronal projection from the retina and an indirect projection from the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the thalamus. Although light comparable in intensity to moonlight is minimally effective at resetting the phase of the circadian clock, dimly lit and completely dark nights are nevertheless perceived differentially by the circadian system, even when nighttime illumination is below putative thresholds for phase resetting. Under a variety of experimental paradigms, dim nighttime illumination exerts effects that may be characterized as enhancing the plasticity of circadian entrainment. For example, relative to completely dark nights, dimly lit nights accelerate development of photoperiodic responses of Siberian hamsters transferred from summer to winter day lengths. Here we assess the neural pathways underlying this response by testing whether IGL lesions eliminate the effects of dim nighttime illumination under short day lengths. Consistent with previous work, dimly lit nights facilitated the expansion of activity duration under short day lengths. Ablation of the IGL, moreover, did not influence photoperiodic responses in animals held under completely dark nights. However, among animals that were provided dimly lit nights, IGL lesions prevented the short-day typical expansion of activity duration as well as the seasonally appropriate gonadal regression and reduction in body weight. Thus, the present data indicate that the IGL plays a central role in mediating the facilitative effects of dim nighttime illumination under short day lengths, but in the absence of the IGL, dim light at night influences photoperiodic responses through residual photic pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. jevans@msm.edu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D003624:Darkness; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000502:physiology*; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D017111:Phodopus; D017440:Photoperiod; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology*