title: Carbon and sulfur back flux during anaerobic microbial oxidation of methane and coupled sulfate reduction.
abstract: Microbial degradation of substrates to terminal products is commonly understood as a unidirectional process. In individual enzymatic reactions, however, reversibility (reverse reaction and product back flux) is common. Hence, it is possible that entire pathways of microbial degradation are associated with back flux from the accumulating product pool through intracellular intermediates into the substrate pool. We investigated carbon and sulfur back flux during the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate, one of the least exergonic microbial catabolic processes known. The involved enzymes must operate not far from the thermodynamic equilibrium. Such an energetic situation is likely to favor product back flux. Indeed, cultures of highly enriched archaeal-bacterial consortia, performing net AOM with unlabeled methane and sulfate, converted label from (14)C-bicarbonate and (35)S-sulfide to (14)C-methane and (35)S-sulfate, respectively. Back fluxes reached 5% and 13%, respectively, of the net AOM rate. The existence of catabolic back fluxes in the reverse direction of net reactions has implications for biogeochemical isotope studies. In environments where biochemical processes are close to thermodynamic equilibrium, measured fluxes of labeled substrates to products are not equal to microbial net rates. Detection of a reaction in situ by labeling may not even indicate a net reaction occurring in the direction of label conversion but may reflect the reverse component of a so far unrecognized net reaction. Furthermore, the natural isotopic composition of the substrate and product pool will be determined by both the forward and back flux. This finding may have to be considered in the interpretation of stable isotope records.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Laboratories for Microbiology, Biogeochemistry, and Microbial Habitats, 28359 Bremen,  Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holler
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wegener
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deusner
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ferdelman
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boetius
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Widdel
mesh_terms: D001105:Archaea / Q000378:metabolism*; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000378:metabolism*; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon; D008697:Methane