title: Propensity score matching in estimating the effect of managerial education on academic planning behavior. Study design: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many academic settings teaching a particular topic is applied to every student enrolled in the same academic year, it is a difficult task for researchers to design a randomized control group study. This research aimed to estimate the effect of teaching management and planning on increasing academic planning behavior (APB), using propensity score matching (PSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional survey utilizing a self-reported structured questionnaire on a systematic random sample of 421 students in Hanoi Medical University, one of the eight medical schools in Vietnam, this evaluation study adopted regression procedures to assess model fit, then PSM to create a matched control group in order to allow for evaluating the effect of management education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed both direct and indirect effects of the education on behavior. After PSM to adjust for the possible confounders to balance statistically two groups--with and without management education, there is statistically a significant difference in APB between these two groups, making a net difference of 18.60% (p<.05). The estimated 18.6 percentage point increase can be translated into the practice of APB by 670 students in the population. This number of academic planners can be attributed to a high recall of important management and planning education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provided theoretical as well as practical implications to guide the design of the education and evaluation of teaching.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, 01 Ton That Tung Str, Dong Da Dist, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam. nvanhuy@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Huy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: V Nguyen
authors.forename: An T M
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.forename: Dzung V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Do
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003479:Curriculum; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024382:Professional Role; D057216:Propensity Score; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012577:Schools, Medical; D057566:Self Report; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult