title: Tossing and turning--insomnia in relation to occupational stress, rumination, fatigue, and well-being.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study of a large and heterogeneous sample of 5210 daytime employees was designed to shed         more light on the work effort-recovery mechanism by examining the cross-sectional relations between subjective         sleep quality and (i) psychosocial work characteristics, (ii) work-related rumination, (iii) fatigue after work, and         (iv) affective well-being at work and work pleasure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Dutch Questionnaire on the Experience and         Evaluation of Work and created three sleep quality groups (low, low-to-intermediate, and high quality). Group         differences were studied through analysis of variance (ANOVA). To examine the relations among the study variables in         more detail, we also conducted four sets of stepwise regression analyses. In all the analyses, we corrected for age,         level of education, and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of (M)ANOVA provided strong evidence for a relation between sleep         quality and adverse work characteristics and work-related rumination. Furthermore, poor sleepers reported higher levels         of fatigue after work, and poor sleep quality was related to both lower affective well-being during work and work         pleasure. Regression analyses revealed that sleep quality was the strongest statistical predictor of after-work fatigue         and affective well-being at work, and high levels of work rumination constituted the strongest statistical predictor of         sleep complaints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As this study showed strong relations between sleep quality, occupational stress,         fatigue, perseverative cognitions, and work motivation, it supports effort-recovery theory. Interventions should         aim to prevent a disbalance between effort and recovery.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. M.Kompier@psych.ru.nl
authors.forename: Michiel A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kompier
authors.forename: Toon W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Taris
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Veldhoven
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009770:Obsessive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D016272:Occupational Health; D011594:Psychometrics; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology