title: Overlap of dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux in the general population: one disease or distinct entities?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The overlap of dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is known to be frequent, but whether the overlap group is a distinct entity or not remains unclear. The aims of the study was to evaluate whether the overlap of dyspepsia and GER (dyspepsia-GER overlap) occurs more than expected due to chance alone, and evaluate the risk factors for dyspepsia-GER overlap.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2008 and 2009, a validated Bowel Disease Questionnaire was mailed to a total of 8006 community sample from Olmsted County, MN. Overall, 3831 of the 8006 subjects returned surveys (response rate 48%). Dyspepsia was defined by symptom criteria of Rome III; GER was defined by weekly or more frequent heartburn and/or acid regurgitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dyspepsia and GER occurred together more commonly than expected by chance. The somatic symptom checklist score was significantly associated with dyspepsia-GER overlap vs GER alone or dyspepsia alone [OR = 1.9 (1.4, 2.5), and 1.6 (1.2, 2.1), respectively]. Insomnia was also significantly associated with dyspepsia-GER overlap vs. GER alone or dyspepsia alone [OR = 1.4 (1.1, 1.7), OR = 1.3 (1.1, 1.6), respectively]. Moreover, proton pump inhibitor use was significantly associated with dyspepsia-GER overlap vs dyspepsia alone [OR = 2.4 (1.5, 3.8)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dyspepsia-GER overlap is common in the population and is greater than expected by chance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Choung
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Schleck
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zinsmeister
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires