title: Effects of andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide on cultured primary astrocytes and PC12 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of andrographolide (AP1) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP2) on pheochromocytoma cell line 12 (PC12) cells in an astrocyte-rich environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The abilities of AP1 and AP2 to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from stimulated astrocytes were tested. In addition, the abilities of AP1 and AP2 to reduce oxidative stress in astrocytes were tested using an oxidative-sensitive fluorescent dye. The reduction of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) in stimulated astrocytes was tested using the dot blot method. Reduction of H(2)O(2)-induced death was tested in PC12 cells. Astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) and TNF-α-stimulated astrocyte-conditioned medium (SACM) were used to assess the effects of AP2 on PC12 cells treated with H(2)O(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AP1 and AP2 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and CSPG in TNF-α stimulated astrocytes. AP1 protected H(2)O(2)-treated PC12 cells cultured in ACM. Co-incubation of PC12 cells in H(2)O(2), and ACM collected from AP1 treated astrocytes did not prevent cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AP1 and AP2 effectively ameliorated astrocytic pro-inflammatory reactions and prevented PC12 cell death with different efficacies. These compounds may be candidates for treatment of spinal-cord injury and neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Gifong East Road,Wufeng, Taiwan, ROC
authors.forename: Yew-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Yi-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wen-Tai
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Hui-Nung
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Huang-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yerra Koteswara
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Meng-Jen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C495626:14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004224:Diterpenes; C030419:andrographolide