title: Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides and central nervous system mechanisms of weight control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the multiple roles of gastrointestinal peptides in the control of food intake and body weight with specific emphasis on ghrelin, amylin and glucagon-like peptide 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies support a role for ghrelin, amylin and glucagon-like peptide 1 in short-term and long-term effects on food intake and body weight. Apart from contributing to energy homeostasis, ghrelin's participation in reward and sensory processing has been the focus of much recent work. New findings on amylin's effects on food intake and energy balance provide further support for its role in meal-related food intake and suggest that it may also function as an adiposity signal. New investigations on the role of central and peripheral glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors in mediating the anorexic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 have suggested that they differentially contribute to short-term and long term effects on food intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrointestinal peptides can influence food intake through mechanisms that involve short-term meal-related effects or through activation of central pathways involved in energy balance. An appreciation of the multiple actions of gastrointestinal peptides on food intake will aid in developing new strategies for weight management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. laden@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ladenheim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001835:Body Weight; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D001067:Appetite Depressants; D054439:Ghrelin; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1