title: Missing value imputation in DNA microarrays based on conjugate gradient method.
abstract: Analysis of gene expression profiles needs a complete matrix of gene array values; consequently, imputation methods have been suggested. In this paper, an algorithm that is based on conjugate gradient (CG) method is proposed to estimate missing values. k-nearest neighbors of the missed entry are first selected based on absolute values of their Pearson correlation coefficient. Then a subset of genes among the k-nearest neighbors is labeled as the best similar ones. CG algorithm with this subset as its input is then used to estimate the missing values. Our proposed CG based algorithm (CGimpute) is evaluated on different data sets. The results are compared with sequential local least squares (SLLSimpute), Bayesian principle component analysis (BPCAimpute), local least squares imputation (LLSimpute), iterated local least squares imputation (ILLSimpute) and adaptive k-nearest neighbors imputation (KNNKimpute) methods. The average of normalized root mean squares error (NRMSE) and relative NRMSE in different data sets with various missing rates shows CGimpute outperforms other methods.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. fdorri@cs.uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dorri
authors.forename: Paeiz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Azmi
authors.forename: Faezeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dorri
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics