title: Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lichen sclerosus is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that most commonly occurs in adult women, although it may also be seen in men and children. It primarily affects the genital area and around the anus, where it causes persistent itching and soreness. Scarring after inflammation may lead to severe damage by fusion of the vulval lips (labia); narrowing of the vaginal opening; and burying of the clitoris in women and girls, as well as tightening of the foreskin in men and boys, if treatments are not started early. Affected people have an increased risk of genital cancers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus and adverse effects reported in included trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following databases up to 16 September 2011: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (from 2005), EMBASE (from 2007), LILACS (from 1982), CINAHL (from 1981), British Nursing Index and Archive (from 1985), Science Citation Index Expanded (from 1945), BIOSIS Previews (from 1926), Conference Papers Index (from 1982), and Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (from 1990). We also searched ongoing trial registries and scanned the bibliographies of included studies, published reviews, and papers that had cited the included studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of topical interventions in genital lichen sclerosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently selected trials, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. A third author was available for resolving differences of opinion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 7 RCTs, with a total of 249 participants, covering 6 treatments. Six of these RCTs tested the efficacy of one active intervention against placebo or another active intervention, while the other trial tested three active interventions against placebo.When compared to placebo in one trial, clobetasol propionate 0.05% was effective in treating genital lichen sclerosus in relation to the following outcomes: 'participant-rated improvement or remission of symptoms' (risk ratio (RR) 2.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45 to 5.61) and 'investigator-rated global degree of improvement' (standardised mean difference (SMD) 5.74, 95% CI 4.26 to 7.23).When mometasone furoate 0.05% was compared to placebo in another trial, there was a significant improvement in the 'investigator-rated change in clinical grade of phimosis' (SMD -1.04, 95% CI -1.77 to -0.31).Both trials found no significant differences in reported adverse drug reactions between the corticosteroid and placebo groups. The data from four trials found no significant benefit for topical testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and progesterone. When used as maintenance therapy after an initial treatment with topical clobetasol propionate in another trial, topical testosterone worsened the symptoms (P < 0.05), but the placebo did not.One trial found no differences between pimecrolimus and clobetasol propionate in relieving symptoms through change in pruritus (itching) (SMD -0.33, 95% CI -0.99 to 0.33) and burning/pain (SMD 0.03, 95% CI -0.62 to 0.69). However, pimecrolimus was less effective than clobetasol propionate with regard to the 'investigator-rated global degree of improvement' (SMD -1.64, 95% CI -2.40 to -0.87). This trial found no significant differences in reported adverse drug reactions between the pimecrolimus and placebo groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current limited evidence demonstrates the efficacy of clobetasol propionate, mometasone furoate, and pimecrolimus in treating genital lichen sclerosus. Further RCTs are needed to determine the optimal potency and regimen of topical corticosteroids, examine other topical interventions, assess the duration of remission or prevention of flares, evaluate the reduction in the risk of genital squamous cell carcinoma or genital intraepithelial neoplasia, and examine the efficacy in improving the quality of the sex lives of people with this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 6, Sec West, Chia-Pu Road, Puzih, Chiayi, Taiwan, 61363.
authors.forename: Ching-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Gudula
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kirtschig
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baldo
authors.forename: Fabia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brackenbury
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Fenella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wojnarowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002990:Clobetasol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D000068656:Mometasone Furoate; D011244:Pregnadienediols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D043343:Testosterone Propionate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007724:Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D011244:Pregnadienediols; D000068656:Mometasone Furoate; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; C117268:pimecrolimus; D002990:Clobetasol; D043343:Testosterone Propionate; D016559:Tacrolimus