title: Magnetic resonance techniques in multiple sclerosis: the present and the future.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to focal multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. For this reason, conventional MRI measures of the burden of disease derived from dual-echo, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and postcontrast T1-weighted sequences are regularly used to monitor disease course in patients with confirmed MS and have been included in the diagnostic workup of patients in whom MS is suspected. Other quantitative magnetic resonance (MR)-based techniques with a higher pathological specificity (including magnetization transfer-MRI, diffusion tensor-MRI, and proton MR spectroscopy) have been extensively applied to measure disease burden within focal visible lesions and in the normal-appearing white matter and gray matter of MS patients at different stages of the disease. These methods, combined with functional imaging techniques, are progressively improving our understanding of the factors associated with MS evolution. More recently, the application of new imaging modalities capable of measuring pathological processes related to the disease that have been neglected in the past (eg, iron deposition and perfusion abnormalities) and the advent of high- and ultrahigh-field magnets have provided further insight into the pathobiological features of MS. After a brief summary of the main results obtained from the established and emerging MR methods, this review discusses the steps needed before the latter become suitable for widespread use in the MS research community.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy. m.filippi@hsr.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Stefano
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Enzinger
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Horsfield
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inglese
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*