title: Pectenotoxin-2 from marine sponges: a potential anti-cancer agent-a review.
abstract: Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), which was first identified as a cytotoxic entity in marine sponges, has been reported to display significant cytotoxicity to human cancer cells where it inhibits mitotic separation and cytokinesis through the depolymerization of actin filaments. In the late stage of endoreduplication, the effects of PTX-2 on different cancer cells involves: (i) down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 members and IAP family proteins; (ii) up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax protein and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-receptor 1/receptor 2 (DR4/DR5); and (iii) mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, PTX-2 induces apoptotic effects through suppression of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in several cancer cells. Analysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins showed that PTX-2 increases phosphorylation of Cdc25c and decreases protein levels of Cdc2 and cyclin B1. Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 and Cdk2, which are associated with the induction of endoreduplication, were upregulated. Furthermore, it was found that PTX-2 suppressed telomerase activity through the transcriptional and post-translational suppression of hTERT. The purpose of this review was to provide an update regarding the anti-cancer mechanism of PTX-2, with a special focus on its effects on different cellular signaling cascades.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Gi-Young
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
authors.forename: Wun-Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Korea.|Department of Biomaterial Control (BK21 program), Graduate School, and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Korea.
authors.forename: Yung Hyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1454-3124
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D005663:Furans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005663:Furans; D018942:Macrolides; D011714:Pyrans; C098380:pectenotoxin 2; D000095702:Polyether Toxins