title: Lumbar and Sacral Nerve Root Stimulation (NRS) in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Novel Anatomic Approach and Neuro Stimulation Technique.
abstract: Objective. The conventional technique used to stimulate the lumbar dermatomes is by stimulation of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Until recently, stimulation of nerve roots had not been successfully accomplished. We had performed selective nerve root cannulations for the placement of temporary catheters at cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral levels in chronic pain patients using a caudad rather than craniad approach. We hypothesized that by stimulating the nerve roots we could improve paresthesia coverage in areas which cannot be covered effectively by spinal cord stimulation (SCS). To test this hypothesis, we have performed trials of nerve root stimulation (NRS) in patients who had failed SCS, or who were not candidates for SCS because their pain was otherwise inaccessible to stimulation. Methods. Five patients who had been unresponsive to conservative treatment, surgery, or SCS underwent 7-day trials with NRS. The diagnoses included: ilioinguinal neuralgia, discogenic low back pain, failed back syndrome, vulvodynia, and interstitial cystitis. We collected paresthesia maps, pain maps, pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and patient satisfaction ratings. Results. Paresthesia coverage was above 75% in all patients. VAS scores declined from a mean of 9 ± 1.0 to 2.4 ± 2.1 (p < 0.05, n= 5), all 5 patients requested permanent implantation, and 4 have been implanted so far. Conclusions. Lumbar and sacral NRS trials resulted in adequate paresthesia coverage and effective pain relief in all 5 patients. Further clinical trials to evaluate long-term success rates and safety are indicated. Detailed mapping studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between electrode placement and paresthesia patterns as well as the optimal stimulation parameters.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Health Management Center, Houston, Texas;                    North Shore Pain Management Center, Huntington, New York;                    Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee; and                    Swiss Pain Center, Rheinfelden, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yland
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Redko
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naumann