title: Factors that affect decisions about physical activity and exercise in survivors of breast cancer: a qualitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise has many benefits for survivors of breast cancer, yet only half of this population regularly exercise. Fear has been identified as a barrier to exercise for people with neuromusculoskeletal conditions but has been minimally explored in women with breast cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate factors that affected decisions about physical activity and exercise in survivors of breast cancer and (2) to determine whether fear was a factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation was a grounded-theory qualitative study. Qualitative data were triangulated with data from 2 quantitative scales that measured participants' beliefs about exercise and their activity levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four survivors of breast cancer in 8 focus groups participated in semistructured interviews that were recorded, transcribed, and coded. Concept maps created for each group were merged to develop themes. Beliefs about physical activity and exercise were assessed with the Decisional Balance Scale. The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity was used to assess behaviors regarding physical activity and exercise before and after the breast cancer diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants generally believed that exercise was beneficial (Decisional Balance Scale score: X=28.1 [of a maximum score of 44], SD=7.6, range=10-43). Participants decreased the amount of physical activity or exercise during treatment but increased the amount of exercise beyond prediagnosis levels after treatment (Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity score: median=6, range=2-7). Three prominent themes described participants' behaviors regarding physical activity or exercise: values and beliefs about exercise, facilitators and barriers that were both similar to those affecting the general population and cancer specific, and lack of or inaccurate information about safe exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survivors who were active were not afraid to exercise. However, concern about lymphedema and knowledge about safe and effective exercise programs influenced choices regarding physical activity and exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. t-sander@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Antoinette P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Izzo
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mountford
authors.forename: Karen W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003657:Decision Making; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*