title: Long-term betacarotene-supplementation enhances serum insulin concentrations  without effect on the onset of puberty in the female goat.
abstract: The effect of betacarotene (BC) supplementation on the onset of puberty and serum insulin levels in goats was evaluated in the study. In June, prepuberal goats (n=17; 3 months old; 7/8 Saanen-Alpine; 26° NL) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1/ betacarotene group supplemented daily with 50 mg of BC (n=9; live weight [LW]: 17.3±1.0 kg; body condition score [BCS]: 3.34±0.12) or 2/ control group (CONT; n=8; LW:16.1±1.0 kg; BCS=3.17±0.12). From June to November, an intermittent blood sampling was performed twice per week in both groups to evaluate serum progesterone (P(4)), while monthly samples were intended for insulin (INS) determination. Initial mean LW (16.7±1.0 kg) and BCS (3.31±0.12) were similar (p>0.05) in both groups. Mean serum insulin (1.37 vs. 1.18±0.09 ng/ml), age of puberty (215.7 vs. 226.5±6.6 days) and the percentage of goats reaching puberty (44.4 vs. 25.0±17.0%) did not differ (p>0.05) between BC and CONT group, respectively. However, increase in serum insulin during the second half of the experiment was observed in BC group (p<0.05) which was positively correlated with LW (r=0.95; p<0.05). In addition, as LW (r=-0.89) and serum insulin (r=-0.76) levels increased, the natural photoperiod decreased, revealing negative correlations (p<0.05) between the respective variables. In this study, BC supplementation did not promote precocious puberty and did not affect the percentage of goats reaching activation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis during the establishment of puberty. Nonetheless, BC supplementation positively affected the release pattern of insulin suggesting a potential role of BC as pancreas-activating molecule.
authors.affiliation: Colonia Centro, Lerdo, Durango, Mexico. cmeza2020@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Meza-Herrera
authors.forename: Luis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hernández-Valenzuela
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Bulnes
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tena-Sempere
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abad-Zavaleta
authors.forename: Homero
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salinas-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mellado
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veliz-Deras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D014815:Vitamins; D019207:beta Carotene; D011374:Progesterone