title: Psychiatric hospitalization by court observation order in Israel: a ten year follow up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the proportion of defendants hospitalized by court observation order (COO) who were diagnosed as having a psychiatric disorder during: 1) the COO period, or 2) a 10-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on all adult defendants, who underwent psychiatric hospitalization by COO between 1991 and 1995, were extracted from the National Psychiatric Case Registry of the Israel Ministry of Health, and rehospitalizations over the next ten years were identified. ANO VA and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for comparing the diagnosed and undiagnosed defendant cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 17% of defendants hospitalized by COO received a psychiatric diagnosis (N=316), while the remaining referred defendants (N=1,532) were not diagnosed as suffering from any psychiatric disorder. Although 56% of the initially undiagnosed group (N=863) were rehospitalized and received a psychiatric diagnosis during the next ten years, 36% of the original cohort never received a diagnosis subsequent to hospitalization (N=556). Significant median differences in inpatient days associated with a follow-up diagnosis of psychotic disorder were found between the diagnosed and undiagnosed defendant cohorts (z=4.89, p less than .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high rate of diagnosis of defendants who were undiagnosed at the index hospitalization suggests that the COO is ineffective and tends to discharge without diagnosis defendants who are later found to be psychotic. Therefore, an independent examination of the accuracy of the forensic psychiatric evaluation (FPE) process is called for, to determine whether actual disorders are being missed. There should be a professional and public debate on the unnecessary use of court-ordered hospitalizations and ways of their prevention.
authors.affiliation: Shaar Menashe MHC, Hadera, Israel.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grinshpoon
authors.forename: Razek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khawaled
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polakiewicz
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Appelbaum
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ponizovsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D037141:Mandatory Programs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013997:Time Factors