title: Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and multivariate analysis as a screening tool for detecting Sudan I dye in culinary spices.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis was evaluated as a tool for detecting Sudan I dye in culinary spices. Three Raman modalities were studied: normal Raman, FT-Raman and SERS. The results show that SERS is the most appropriate modality capable of providing a proper Raman signal when a complex matrix is analyzed. To get rid of the spectral noise and background, Savitzky-Golay smoothing with polynomial baseline correction and wavelet transform were applied. Finally, to check whether unadulterated samples can be differentiated from samples adulterated with Sudan I dye, an exploratory analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to raw data and data processed with the two mentioned strategies. The results obtained by PCA show that Raman spectra need to be properly treated if useful information is to be obtained and both spectra treatments are appropriate for processing the Raman signal. The proposed methodology shows that SERS combined with appropriate spectra treatment can be used as a practical screening tool to distinguish samples suspicious to be adulterated with Sudan I dye.
authors.affiliation: Chemometrics, Qualimetrics and Nanosensors Group, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Di Anibal
authors.forename: Lluís F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Marsal
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Callao
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruisánchez
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009284:Naphthols / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009284:Naphthols; C024336:1-phenylazo-2-naphthol