title: Persistent or recurrent varicocoele after failed varicocoelectomy: outcome in patients treated using percutaneous transcatheter embolization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of percutaneous transcatheter embolization in the management of patients with spermatic varicocoeles persisting or recurring after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of 10 years, 28 patients (age range 13-55 years) were referred for percutaneous transcatheter embolization of postsurgical, recurrent varicocoeles. Medical documents were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate past surgical history, subjective symptoms, and results of scrotal examination, ultrasound, and semen parameters. Pre-embolization venograms were analysed to assess the anatomy of the testicular vein. The technical and clinical outcomes of embolization were then determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 28 patients included in the study had undergone laparoscopic varicocoelectomy (39.3%), high retroperitoneal ligation (25%), or inguinal ligation (25%). Subjective symptoms were scrotal pain (60.7%) and a palpable scrotal mass (50%) exclusively on the left side. Venograms revealed abnormalities of the left testicular vein in all cases. Embolization was technically successful in all but two cases, thus yielding an occlusion rate of 93%; a single case of suspected thrombophlebitis was the only complication. After excluding two, technically unsuccessful cases and one patient who was lost to follow-up, 25 patients underwent scrotal examination after embolization, which revealed complete resolution in 20 cases (80%), partial improvement in four cases (16%), and no improvement in a single case (4%). Among the follow-up group of patients, of the 12 who initially presented with scrotal pain, six (50%) were symptom-free and four (33.3%) had partial improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous transcatheter embolization of the testicular vein is technically feasible and effective for managing postsurgical recurrent varicocoeles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Gwon
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*