title: Factors associated with mosquito net use by individuals in households owning nets in Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ownership of insecticidal mosquito nets has dramatically increased in Ethiopia since 2006, but the proportion of persons with access to such nets who use them has declined. It is important to understand individual level net use factors in the context of the home to modify programmes so as to maximize net use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Generalized linear latent and mixed models (GLLAMM) were used to investigate net use using individual level data from people living in net-owning households from two surveys in Ethiopia: baseline 2006 included 12,678 individuals from 2,468 households and a sub-sample of the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) in 2007 included 14,663 individuals from 3,353 households. Individual factors (age, sex, pregnancy); net factors (condition, age, net density); household factors (number of rooms [2006] or sleeping spaces [2007], IRS, women's knowledge and school attendance [2007 only], wealth, altitude); and cluster level factors (rural or urban) were investigated in univariate and multi-variable models for each survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2006, increased net use was associated with: age 25-49 years (adjusted (a) OR = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-1.7) compared to children U5; female gender (aOR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.5); fewer nets with holes (Ptrend = 0.002); and increasing net density (Ptrend < 0.001). Reduced net use was associated with: age 5-24 years (aOR = 0.2; 95% CI 0.2-0.3). In 2007, increased net use was associated with: female gender (aOR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.1-1.6); fewer nets with holes (aOR [all nets in HH good] = 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.1); increasing net density (Ptrend < 0.001); increased women's malaria knowledge (Ptrend < 0.001); and urban clusters (aOR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.5-4.1). Reduced net use was associated with: age 5-24 years (aOR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.4); number of sleeping spaces (aOR [per additional space] = 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.7); more old nets (aOR [all nets in HH older than 12 months] = 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.7); and increasing household altitude (Ptrend < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both surveys, net use was more likely by women, if nets had fewer holes and were at higher net per person density within households. School-age children and young adults were much less likely to use a net. Increasing availability of nets within households (i.e. increasing net density), and improving net condition while focusing on education and promotion of net use, especially in school-age children and young adults in rural areas, are crucial areas for intervention to ensure maximum net use and consequent reduction of malaria transmission.
authors.affiliation: The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, USA. pgraves.work@gmail.com
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Jeremiah M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ngondi
authors.forename: Jimee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Asefaw
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Getachew
authors.forename: Teshome
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gebre
authors.forename: Aryc W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Mosher
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Estifanos B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Shargie
authors.forename: Zerihun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tadesse
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolkon
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reithinger
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: Frank O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005002:Ethiopia; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult