title: Metabolic conditioning to attenuate the adverse effects of perioperative fasting and improve patient outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent articles, published between October 2009 and September 2011, that examined the adverse metabolic consequences of perioperative fasting and interventions that may be utilized to minimize these effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting induces metabolic stress and insulin resistance consequent upon effects on cellular mitochondria, gene and protein expression. Development of perioperative insulin resistance leads to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Preoperative carbohydrate loading attenuates insulin resistance via effects on cellular gene and protein expression, but its effects on clinical outcomes remain unclear. Perioperative arginine-supplemented diets were shown to be associated with significant reductions in infectious complications and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing elective surgery. Perioperative metabolic conditioning using glutamine and L-carnitine may be used to modulate insulin sensitivity but further studies need to determine whether these interventions result in clinical benefit. Finally, energy and protein provision to critically ill patients remains inadequate and is hampered by a number of factors including reliance on inaccurate means of estimating energy expenditure and enteral feed tolerance, conflicting data on the effects of energy deficit on clinical outcomes, and poor methodological quality of studies of perioperative nutritional interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous perioperative interventions are available, which if utilized should help attenuate the adverse effects of perioperative fasting and lead to improved patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. sherif.awad@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Dileep N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002331:Carnitine; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods; D005215:Fasting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005973:Glutamine; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D001120:Arginine; D002331:Carnitine