title: Cloning and characterization of a pectin lyase gene from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and comparative phylogenetic/structural analyses with genes from phytopathogenic and saprophytic/opportunistic microorganisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microorganisms produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes as part of their strategies for plant invasion/nutrition. Among these, pectin lyases (PNLs) catalyze the depolymerization of esterified pectin by a β-elimination mechanism. PNLs are grouped together with pectate lyases (PL) in Family 1 of the polysaccharide lyases, as they share a conserved structure in a parallel β-helix. The best-characterized fungal pectin lyases are obtained from saprophytic/opportunistic fungi in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and from some pathogens such as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.The organism used in the present study, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is a phytopathogenic fungus that can be subdivided into different physiological races with different capacities to infect its host, Phaseolus vulgaris. These include the non-pathogenic and pathogenic strains known as races 0 and 1472, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report the isolation and sequence analysis of the Clpnl2 gene, which encodes the pectin lyase 2 of C. lindemuthianum, and its expression in pathogenic and non-pathogenic races of C. lindemuthianum grown on different carbon sources. In addition, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of Clpnl2 based on reported sequences of PNLs from other sources and compared the three-dimensional structure of Clpnl2, as predicted by homology modeling, with those of other organisms. Both analyses revealed an early separation of bacterial pectin lyases from those found in fungi and oomycetes. Furthermore, two groups could be distinguished among the enzymes from fungi and oomycetes: one comprising enzymes from mostly saprophytic/opportunistic fungi and the other formed mainly by enzymes from pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Clpnl2 was found in the latter group and was grouped together with the pectin lyase from C. gloeosporioides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Clpnl2 gene of C. lindemuthianum shares the characteristic elements of genes coding for pectin lyases. A time-course analysis revealed significant differences between the two fungal races in terms of the expression of Clpnl2 encoding for pectin lyase 2. According to the results, pectin lyases from bacteria and fungi separated early during evolution. Likewise, the enzymes from fungi and oomycetes diverged in accordance with their differing lifestyles. It is possible that the diversity and nature of the assimilatory carbon substrates processed by these organisms played a determinant role in this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Tarímbaro, C.P. 58000, Michoacán, México.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lara-Márquez
authors.forename: María G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Zavala-Páramo
authors.forename: Everardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: López-Romero
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Calderón-Cortés
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Gómez
authors.forename: Ulises
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Conejo-Saucedo
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cano-Camacho
mesh_terms: D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D020231:Colletotrichum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D015723:Gene Library; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases; C027349:pectin lyase