title: Autoimmunity and Turner's syndrome.
abstract: Turner Syndrome (TS) is a common genetic disorder, affecting female individuals, resulting from the partial or complete absence of one sex chromosome, and occurring in approximately 50 per 100,000 liveborn girls. TS is associated with reduced adult height and with gonadal dysgenesis, leading to insufficient circulating levels of female sex steroids and to infertility. Morbidity and mortality are increased in TS but average intellectual performance is within the normal range. TS is closely associated to the presence of autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases (AID), especially autoimmune thyroiditis and inflammatory bowel disease. Despite the fact that the strong association between TS and AID is well known and has been widely studied, the underlying immunopathogenic mechanism remains partially unexplained. Recent studies have displayed how TS patients do not show an excess of immunogenic risk markers. This is evocative for a higher responsibility of X-chromosome abnormalities in the development of AID, and particularly of X-genes involved in immune response. For instance, the long arm of the X chromosome hosts a MHC-locus, so the loss of that region may lead to a deficiency in immune regulation. Currently no firm guidelines for diagnosis exist. In conclusion, TS is a condition associated with a number of autoimmune manifestations. Individuals with TS need life-long medical attention. As a consequence of these findings, early diagnosis and regular screening for potential associated autoimmune conditions are essential in the medical follow-up of TS patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lleo
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caliari
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Invernizzi
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex / Q000235:genetics*; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007155:Immunologic Factors