title: Suppression of phospholipase Dγs confers increased aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major stress in acidic soil that comprises about 50% of the world's arable land. The complex molecular mechanisms of Al toxicity have yet to be fully determined. As a barrier to Al entrance, plant cell membranes play essential roles in plant interaction with Al, and lipid composition and membrane integrity change significantly under Al stress. Here, we show that phospholipase Dγs (PLDγs) are induced by Al stress and contribute to Al-induced membrane lipid alterations. RNAi suppression of PLDγ resulted in a decrease in both PLDγ1 and PLDγ2 expression and an increase in Al resistance. Genetic disruption of PLDγ1 also led to an increased tolerance to Al while knockout of PLDγ2 did not. Both RNAi-suppressed and pldγ1-1 mutants displayed better root growth than wild-type under Al stress conditions, and PLDγ1-deficient plants had less accumulation of callose, less oxidative damage, and less lipid peroxidation compared to wild-type plants. Most phospholipids and glycolipids were altered in response to Al treatment of wild-type plants, whereas fewer changes in lipids occurred in response to Al stress in PLDγ mutant lines. Our results suggest that PLDγs play a role in membrane lipid modulation under Al stress and that high activities of PLDγs negatively modulate plant tolerance to Al.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Cunxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedair
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welti
authors.forename: Lloyd W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Xuemin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000737:chemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D009154:Mutation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006017:Glycolipids; D008055:Lipids; D010743:Phospholipids; D000535:Aluminum; D010739:Phospholipase D