title: A citric acid-derived ligand for modular functionalization of metal oxide surfaces via "click" chemistry.
abstract: Citric acid is a widely used surface-modifying ligand for growth and processing of a variety of nanoparticles; however, the inability to easily prepare derivatives of this molecule has restricted the development of versatile chemistries for nanoparticle surface functionalization. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a citric acid derivative bearing an alkyne group and demonstrate that this molecule provides the ability to achieve stable, multidentate carboxylate binding to metal oxide nanoparticles, while also enabling subsequent multistep chemistry via the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The broad utility of this strategy for the modular functionalization of metal oxide surfaces was demonstrated by its application in the CuAAC modification of ZnO, Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2), and WO(3) nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jamie N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Marco D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Torelli
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hamers
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008024:Ligands; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides; D019343:Citric Acid