title: Alcohol policy and taxation in South Africa: an examination of the economic burden of alcohol tax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol consumption accounts for over 4% of the global burden of disease and an even higher figure in developing countries. Several policies have been proposed to curb the negative impact of alcohol misuse. Apart from South Africa, which has witnessed a rapid development in alcohol policy, such policies are poorly developed in most African countries. South Africa uses taxation as a policy lever, in line with international evidence, to reduce alcohol consumption. However, the problem of alcohol abuse still exists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to present an analysis of alcohol tax incidence for the first time in South Africa. This was done for each category of alcohol tax (wines, spirits, beer and traditional brew [sorghum beer]) and for alcohol tax as a whole. The paper also uses the results to point to the areas where a greater understanding of the issues surrounding alcohol abuse needs to be developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the 2005/06 South African Income and Expenditure Survey. Reported expenditures on alcohol beverages were used to obtain the tax component paid by households. This was done under certain assumptions relating to alcohol content and the price per litre of alcohol. Per adult equivalent consumption expenditure was used as the measure of relative living standards and concentration curves and Kakwani indices to assess relative progressivity of alcohol taxes. Statistical dominance tests were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most sorghum beer and malt beer drinkers were in the poorer quintiles. The reverse was the case for wines and spirits. Overall, alcohol tax in South Africa was regressive (Kakwani index -0.353). The individual categories were found to be regressive. The most regressive tax was that on sorghum beer (Kakwani index -1.01); the least regressive was that on spirits (Kakwani index -0.09), although this was not statistically significant at conventional levels. These results were confirmed by the test of dominance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In South Africa, there has been a renewed interest in addressing the problem of rising alcohol abuse, but the extent to which this will translate into meaningful policies is unclear. The use of an excise tax is increasingly being recognized by economists as a way to get around some of the negative effects of abusive alcohol consumption. However, this study indicates that alcohol taxes are regressive in South Africa.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. John.Ataguba@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: John Ele-Ojo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ataguba
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011050:Policy Making; D013019:South Africa; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*