title: Dietary choline, betaine and lecithin mitigates endosulfan-induced stress in Labeo rohita fingerlings.
abstract: A five-week experiment was conducted to delineate stress-mitigating effects of three different methyl donors in Labeo rohita fingerlings subjected to endosulfan toxicity. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric feed were prepared with and without supplementation of methyl donors. The feed were basal or control diet (i.e., without methyl donor supplementation), feed supplemented with choline, feed supplemented with betaine and feed supplemented with lecithin. Two hundred and twenty-five fishes were distributed randomly in five treatment groups each with three replicates. The experimental setup were normal water (without endosulfan) and fed with control diet (control group), endosulfan-treated water and fed with control diet (T₁), endosulfan-treated water and fed with choline supplemented feed (T₂), endosulfan-treated water and fed with betaine supplemented feed (T₃) and endosulfan-treated water and fed with lecithin-supplemented feed (T₄). The level of endosulfan in endosulfan treated water was maintained at the level of 1/10 of LC₅₀, that is, 0.2 ppb. During the experiment, growth performances, metabolic enzyme activity and histological examination were done to assess the effect of treatments. The growth performance (percentage weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio) and nutrient digestibility were significantly different (P<0.01) in lecithin, betaine and choline fed group when compared to endosulfan-exposed group fed with basal diet. The liver LDH and MDH activity were significantly (P<0.01) improved in the groups fed with methyl donor supplemented diet. The liver AST and ALT, brain AChE and muscle ALT did not change with supplementation in the diet, but muscle ALT and G6PDH significantly (P<0.01) changed with supplementation. The gill and liver ATPase and intestinal ALP were significantly (P<0.01) noticeably changed in supplemented group. After endosulfan exposure, histopathology alter like slight large vacuolation in hepatocyte and lipoid vacuole were observed and with supplementation normal appearance of liver were observed. The chromosome aberration (karyotype) was observed in endosulfan-exposed group. The result obtained in present study concluded that inclusion of methyl donors, particularly lecithin and betaine, in feed as nutritional supplements has a potential stress-mitigating effect in L. rohita fingerlings.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India. neera_journal@live.in.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jadhao
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Chandan
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India.
authors.forename: Kundan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhushan
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India.
authors.forename: Saurav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), 7-Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rana
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D001622:Betaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000502:physiology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000633:toxicity*; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007621:Karyotyping; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D054709:Lecithins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008082:Lipotropic Agents; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D054709:Lecithins; D008082:Lipotropic Agents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D001622:Betaine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D002794:Choline; D004726:Endosulfan