title: Healthy Eating Index scores associated with symptoms of depression in Cuban-Americans with and without type 2 diabetes: a cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low diet quality and depression symptoms are independently associated with poor glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the relationship between them is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the association between diet quality and symptoms of depression among Cuban-Americans with and without T2D living in South Florida.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 356) were recruited from randomly selected mailing list. Diet quality was determined using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-05) score. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Both linear and logistic regression analyses were run to determine whether or not these two variables were related. Symptoms of depression was the dependent variable and independent variables included HEI-05, gender, age, marital status, BMI, education level, A1C, employment status, depression medication, duration of diabetes, and diabetes status. Analysis of covariance was used to test for interactions among variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An interaction between diabetes status, gender and HEI-05 was found (P = 0.011). Among males with a HEI-05 score ≤ 55.6, those with T2D had a higher mean BDI score than those without T2D (11.6 vs. 6.6 respectively, P = 0.028). Among males and females with a HEI-05 score ≤ 55.6, females without T2D had a higher mean BDI score compared to males without T2D (11.0 vs. 6.6 respectively, P = 0.012)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in symptoms of depression according to diabetes status and gender are found in Cuban-Americans with low diet quality.
authors.affiliation: Florida International University, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
authors.forename: Joel C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Exebio
authors.forename: Gustavo G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Zarini
authors.forename: Cristóbal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Exebio
authors.forename: Fatma G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Huffman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003462:Cuba / Q000208:ethnology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D058870:Food, Organic; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires