title: Health care costs in end-of-life and palliative care: the quest for ethical reform.
abstract: Health reform in the United States must address both access to medical services and universal insurance coverage, as well as health care cost containment. Uncontrolled health care costs will undermine improvements in access and coverage in the long-run, and will also be detrimental to other important social programs and goals. Accordingly, the authors offer an ethical perspective on health care cost control in the context of end-of-life and palliative care, an area considered by many to be a principal candidate for cost containment. However, the policy and ethical challenges may be more difficult in end-of-life care than in other areas of medicine. Here we discuss barriers to developing high quality, cost effective, and beneficial end-of-life care, and barriers to maintaining a system of decision making that respects the wishes and values of dying patients, their families, and caregivers. The authors also consider improvements in present policy and practice-such as increased timely access and referral to hospice and palliative care; improved organizational incentives and cultural attitudes to reduce the use of ineffective treatments; and improved communication among health professionals, patients, and families in the end-of-life care planning and decision-making process.
authors.affiliation: Center for Humans and Nature, Dobbs Ferry, New York 10522, USA. brucejennings@humansandnature.org
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Morrissey
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003363:Cost Control; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D054521:Cultural Competency; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000458:organization & administration; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration; D057766:Policy; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States