title: A new three-dimensional model for emotions and monoamine neurotransmitters.
abstract: The monoamines serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline have a great impact on mood, emotion and behavior. This article presents a new three-dimensional model for monoamine neurotransmitters and emotions. In the model, the monoamine systems are represented as orthogonal axes and the eight basic emotions, labeled according to Tomkins, are placed at each of the eight possible extreme values, represented as corners of a cube. The model may help in understanding human emotions, psychiatric illness and the effects of psychotropic drugs. However, further empirical studies are needed to establish its validity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden. hugo.lovheim@germed.umu.se
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lövheim
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D000786:Anger; D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions; D005239:Fear; D006252:Hate; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D057181:Pleasure; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000737:chemistry; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology; D012752:Shame; D013315:Stress, Psychological
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D012701:Serotonin; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine