title: Pisa syndrome and laryngeal dystonia induced by novel antipsychotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychopharmacotherapy with antipsychotics frequently leads to different undesirable extrapyramidal side effects. Tardive dystonia is one of them and some of its forms can be dangerous. Usually tardive dystonia occurs during treatment with typical antipsychotics. The new novel drugs raised great expectations, but this adverse event also has been found among patients treated with different kinds of atypical antipsychotics. Publications about tardive movement disturbances induced by these medications become more and more frequent. Our report does not address the management of the patients tardive dystonia but only illustrates the phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe here three patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia treated with second generation antipsychotics, who developed dystonic symptoms: one with laryngeal dystonia and two others Pisa syndrome. In the patient with laryngeal dystonia these symptoms appeared after restarting risperidone treatment, in the other patient after diminishing the dosage of risperidone and adding sertindole, and in the third patient the syndrome appeared after beginning ziprasidone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case series suggests that atypical antipsychotics may have a causal relationship in the development of different forms of tardive dystonia. Physicians should be aware of this problem and always obtain information about the medication used prior to the appearance of movement disturbance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Chanoch
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miodownik
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Eliezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Witztum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004421:Dystonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D013577:Syndrome; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D010879:Piperazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C092292:ziprasidone; C066304:sertindole; D018967:Risperidone