title: Contemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses.
abstract: Contemplative practices are believed to alleviate psychological problems, cultivate prosocial behavior and promote self-awareness. In addition, psychological science has developed tools and models for understanding the mind and promoting well-being. Additional effort is needed to combine frameworks and techniques from these traditions to improve emotional experience and socioemotional behavior. An 8-week intensive (42 hr) meditation/emotion regulation training intervention was designed by experts in contemplative traditions and emotion science to reduce "destructive enactment of emotions" and enhance prosocial responses. Participants were 82 healthy female schoolteachers who were randomly assigned to a training group or a wait-list control group, and assessed preassessment, postassessment, and 5 months after training completion. Assessments included self-reports and experimental tasks to capture changes in emotional behavior. The training group reported reduced trait negative affect, rumination, depression, and anxiety, and increased trait positive affect and mindfulness compared to the control group. On a series of behavioral tasks, the training increased recognition of emotions in others (Micro-Expression Training Tool), protected trainees from some of the psychophysiological effects of an experimental threat to self (Trier Social Stress Test; TSST), appeared to activate cognitive networks associated with compassion (lexical decision procedure), and affected hostile behavior in the Marital Interaction Task. Most effects at postassessment that were examined at follow-up were maintained (excluding positive affect, TSST rumination, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia recovery). Findings suggest that increased awareness of mental processes can influence emotional behavior, and they support the benefit of integrating contemplative theories/practices with psychological models and methods of emotion regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. kemenym@healthpsych.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kemeny
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foltz
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giese-Davis
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Erika L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Omri
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gillath
authors.forename: Phillip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Shaver
authors.forename: B Alan
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ekman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D001364:Awareness; D003657:Decision Making; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004645:Empathy; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011930:Reaction Time; D012649:Self Concept; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires