title: Early maladaptive schema factors, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability: an analysis of biopsychosocial models of pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test different biopsychosocial models of pain within two different samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early maladaptive schemas, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability were assessed using questionnaire data from 271 first visit pain patients and 276 municipal employees as controls. Exploratory factor analysis was used as the early maladaptive schema factor extraction method and path analysis as the model specification and estimation method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectionally, early maladaptive schema factors were predictors of depressiveness in both groups. The effect size of depressiveness on pain disability was 11 times that of the pain intensity in the pain patient group. The situation was opposite in the control group, where effect size of pain intensity was 5.6 times that of depressiveness. In subgroups of pain duration, the effect size of pain intensity on pain disability became insignificant when pain duration was more than 2 years in pain patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study supported the importance of early emotional adversities in predicting depressiveness especially among pain patients. Depressiveness was the main predictor of pain disability in the pain patient group and as the pain duration increased, the significance of pain intensity on disability vanished. Pain intensity was the main predictor of pain disability in the control group.\
authors.affiliation: Pain Clinic, Raahe Hospital, Raahe, Finland. tom.saariaho@ppshp.fi
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saariaho
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saariaho
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karila
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joukamaa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult