title: Positive feedback and alternative stable states in inbreeding, cooperation, sex roles and other evolutionary processes.
abstract: A large proportion of studies in systems science focus on processes involving a mixture of positive and negative feedbacks, which are also common themes in evolutionary ecology. Examples of negative feedback are density dependence (population regulation) and frequency-dependent selection (polymorphisms). Positive feedback, in turn, plays a role in Fisherian 'runaway' sexual selection, the evolution of cooperation, selfing and inbreeding tolerance under purging of deleterious alleles, and the evolution of sex differences in parental care. All these examples feature self-reinforcing processes where the increase in the value of a trait selects for further increases, sometimes via a coevolutionary feedback loop with another trait. Positive feedback often leads to alternative stable states (evolutionary endpoints), making the interpretation of evolutionary predictions challenging. Here, we discuss conceptual issues such as the relationship between self-reinforcing selection and disruptive selection. We also present an extension of a previous model on parental care, focusing on the relationship between the operational sex ratio and sexual selection, and the influence of this relationship on the evolution of biparental or uniparental care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokko
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D007178:Inbreeding; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012737:Sex Factors