title: Use of Artemisia annua as a natural coccidiostat in free-range broilers and its effects on infection dynamics and performance.
abstract: This work investigated the preventive effect of Artemisia annua L. dried leaves supplied as a botanical coccidiostat to two broiler genotypes reared in a Danish free-range system in a factorial experiment (two genotypes and ± supplement of dried A. annua leaves). The genotypes White Bresse L40, a pure slow-growing line, and Kosmos 8 Ross, a hybrid genotype with medium growing characteristics, were used. Broilers were raised indoor until 29-days-old and kept free of parasites. Twelve groups of 30 randomly selected broilers were placed in the range forming three replicates for each treatment combination. The paddocks were cultivated with a mix of grass and clover. A separate group of broilers was naturally infected with Eimeria spp. oocysts and five animals nominated as "seeders" were introduced to the above mentioned 12 groups, 10 days after its formation, with each group consisting of 35 animals per plot. This infection strategy was meant to imitate the transmission pathway observed at farm level. Ten individual birds from each of the 12 groups, in total 120 animals of mixed sex, were monitored twice weekly for 30 days for oocysts excretion. PCR of pooled faecal samples, oocyst morphology and localization upon necropsy were used to identify the Eimeria species involved in the infection. In general, broilers from both genotypes in the range coped well with a coccidia infection caused by Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima as no clinical symptoms, or deaths, were reported during the experiment. In general, broilers supplemented with A. annua dried leaves showed a significantly (p<0.05) reduced number of excreted oocysts during the infection with no interaction to genotype. Females generally had a significantly higher shedding of oocysts than males (p<0.05). The overall body weight gain and the daily weight gain when infection was subdued showed a three-way interaction among genotype, sex and treatment - accounted mainly for the fact that Kosmos females responded positively to the Artemisia treatment while Kosmos males responded negatively, and only minor differences were found between sexes for the White Bresse genotype. In conclusion, supply of A. annua dried leaves as a botanical coccidiostat significantly reduced oocyst output in free ranged broilers and thus may form part of a strategy to prevent commercial losses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Aarhus University, Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé, 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. Gustavo.deAlmeida@agrsci.dk
authors.forename: Gustavo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horsted
authors.forename: Stig M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thamsborg
authors.forename: Niels C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kyvsgaard
authors.forename: Jorge F S
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000737:chemistry*; D001835:Body Weight; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology*; D003049:Coccidiostats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D033661:Oocysts; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D003049:Coccidiostats; D010936:Plant Extracts