title: Parental intermittent claudication as risk factor for claudication in adults.
abstract: Little is known about the familial aggregation of intermittent claudication (IC). Our objective was to examine whether parental IC increased the risk of IC in adult offspring, independent of the established cardiovascular risk factors. We evaluated the Offspring Cohort Participants of the Framingham Heart Study who were ≥30 years old, cardiovascular disease free, and had both parents enrolled in the Framingham Heart Study (n = 2,970 unique participants, 53% women). Pooled proportional hazards regression analysis was used to examine whether the 12-year risk of incident IC in offspring participants was associated with parental IC, adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and antihypertensive and lipid treatment. Of the 909 person-examinations in the parental IC history group and 5,397 person-examinations in the no-parental IC history group, there were 101 incident IC events (29 with parental IC history and 72 without a parental IC history) during follow-up. The age- and gender-adjusted 12-year cumulative incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 5.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.74 to 7.33) and 2.34 (95% CI 1.46 to 3.19) in participants with and without a parental IC history. A parental history of IC significantly increased the risk of incident IC in the offspring (multivariable adjusted hazard ratio 1.81, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.88). The hazard ratio was unchanged, with an adjustment for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio 1.83, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.91). In conclusion, IC in parents increases the risk of IC in adult offspring, independent of the established risk factors. These data suggest a genetic component of peripheral artery disease and support future research into genetic causes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, USA.
authors.forename: Scott G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Prushik
authors.forename: Alik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: Philimon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gona
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrader
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pencina
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murabito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult