title: Anti-fungal activity of cold and hot water extracts of spices against fungal pathogens of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in vitro.
abstract: Crude extracts of seven spices, viz. cardamom, chilli, coriander, onion, garlic, ginger, and galangale were made using cold water and hot water extraction and they were tested for their anti-fungal effects against the three Roselle pathogens i.e. Phoma exigua, Fusarium nygamai and Rhizoctonia solani using the 'poisoned food technique'. All seven spices studied showed significant anti-fungal activity at three concentrations (10, 20 and 30% of the crude extract) in-vitro. The cold water extract of garlic exhibited good anti-fungal activity against all three tested fungi. In the case of the hot water extracts, garlic and ginger showed the best anti-fungal activity. Of the two extraction methods, cold water extraction was generally more effective than hot water extraction in controlling the pathogens. Against P. exigua, the 10% cold water extracts of galangale, ginger, coriander and cardamom achieved total (100%) inhibition of pathogen mycelial growth. Total inhibition of F. nygamai mycelial growth was similarly achieved with the 10% cold water extracts garlic. Against R. solani, the 10% cold water extract of galangale was effective in imposing 100% inhibition. Accordingly, the 10% galangale extract effectively controlled both P. exigua and R. solani in vitro. None of the hot water extracts of the spices succeeded in achieving 100% inhibition of the pathogen mycelial growth.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Research Centre, University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. tslaminejad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Eslaminejad Parizi
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Touba
authors.forename: Maziah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Eslaminejad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tahereh
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000382:microbiology*; D025301:Hyphae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017365:Spices
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts