title: Non-verbal communication between primary care physicians and older patients: how does race matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-verbal communication is an important aspect of the diagnostic and therapeutic process, especially with older patients. It is unknown how non-verbal communication varies with physician and patient race.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the joint influence of physician race and patient race on non-verbal communication displayed by primary care physicians during medical interviews with patients 65 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Video-recordings of visits of 209 patients 65 years old or older to 30 primary care physicians at three clinics located in the Midwest and Southwest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Duration of physicians' open body position, eye contact, smile, and non-task touch, coded using an adaption of the Nonverbal Communication in Doctor-Elderly Patient Transactions form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African American physicians with African American patients used more open body position, smile, and touch, compared to the average across other dyads (adjusted mean difference for open body position = 16.55, p < 0.001; smile = 2.35, p = 0.048; touch = 1.33, p < 0.001). African American physicians with white patients spent less time in open body position compared to the average across other dyads, but they also used more smile and eye gaze (adjusted mean difference for open body position = 27.25, p < 0.001; smile = 3.16, p = 0.005; eye gaze = 17.05, p < 0.001). There were no differences between white physicians' behavior toward African American vs. white patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Race plays a role in physicians' non-verbal communication with older patients. Its influence is best understood when physician race and patient race are considered jointly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, USC, Columbia, SC 20208, USA. irena@sc.edu
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stepanikova
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: G Paul
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Eleazer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000208:ethnology*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044469:Racial Groups; D014743:Videotape Recording