title: Caffeine acts via A1 adenosine receptors to disrupt embryonic cardiac function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that adenosine acts via cardiac A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) to protect embryos against hypoxia. During embryogenesis, A1ARs are the dominant regulator of heart rate, and A1AR activation reduces heart rate. Adenosine action is inhibited by caffeine, which is widely consumed during pregnancy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that caffeine influences developing embryos by altering cardiac function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effects of caffeine and adenosine receptor-selective antagonists on heart rate were studied in vitro using whole murine embryos at E9.5 and isolated hearts at E12.5. Embryos were examined in room air (21% O(2)) or hypoxic (2% O(2)) conditions. Hypoxia decreased heart rates of E9.5 embryos by 15.8% and in E12.5 isolated hearts by 27.1%. In room air, caffeine (200 µM) had no effect on E9.5 heart rates; however, caffeine increased heart rates at E12.5 by 37.7%. Caffeine abolished hypoxia-mediated bradycardia at E9.5 and blunted hypoxia-mediated bradycardia at E12.5. Real-time PCR analysis of RNA from isolated E9.5 and E12.5 hearts showed that A1AR and A2aAR genes were expressed at both ages. Treatment with adenosine receptor-selective antagonists revealed that SCH-58261 (A2aAR-specific antagonist) had no affects on heart function, whereas DPCPX (A1AR-specific antagonist) had effects similar to caffeine treatment at E9.5 and E12.5. At E12.5, embryonic hearts lacking A1AR expression (A1AR-/-) had elevated heart rates compared to A1AR+/- littermates, A1AR-/- heart rates failed to decrease to levels comparable to those of controls. Caffeine did not significantly affect heart rates of A1AR-/- embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that caffeine alters embryonic cardiac function and disrupts the normal cardiac response to hypoxia through blockade of A1AR action. Our results raise concern for caffeine exposure during embryogenesis, particularly in pregnancies with increased risk of embryonic hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Section of Developmental Endocrinology and Biology, Yale Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniela L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Buscariollo
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wendler
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rivkees
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D000860:Hypoxia; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D002110:Caffeine; D010100:Oxygen