title: Effect of exercise training modality on C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Aerobic exercise training has been shown to improve CRP; however, there are limited data evaluating the effect of other exercise training modalities (aerobic, resistance, or combination training) in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 204) were randomized to an aerobic exercise (aerobic), resistance exercise (resistance), or a combination of both (combination) for 9 months. CRP was evaluated at baseline and at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline CRP was correlated with fat mass, waist circumference, body mass index, and VO(2peak) ̇(P < 0.05). CRP was not reduced after aerobic (0.16 mg·L(-1), 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.0 to 1.3 mg·L(-1)), resistance (-0.03 mg·L(-1), 95% CI = -1.1 to 1.0 mg·L(-1)), or combination (-0.49 mg·L(-1), 95% CI = -1.5 to 0.6 mg·L(-1)) training compared to control (0.35 mg·L(-1), 95% CI = -1.0 to 1.7 mg·L(-1)). Changes in fasting glucose (r = 0.20, P = 0.009), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (r = 0.21, P = 0.005), and fat mass (r = 0.19, P = 0.016) were associated with reductions in CRP but not with change in fitness or weight (P > 0.05). There were significant trends observed for CRP among tertiles of change in HbA1c (P = 0.009) and body fat (P = 0.040).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aerobic, resistance, or a combination of both did not reduce CRP levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, exercise-related improvements in HbA1c, fasting glucose, and fat mass were associated with reductions in CRP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. Damon.Swift@pbrc.edu
authors.forename: Damon L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Johannsen
authors.forename: Conrad P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Earnest
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Church
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin