title: On the geometry of fluoroscopy views for cervical interlaminar epidural injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe how the anatomy of the cervicothoracic vertebrae predicates the appropriate fluoroscopic views for confirming safe needle placement during the performance of interlaminar cervical epidural injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Illustrations, cadaver models, and radiographic images were correlated and used to illustrate and derive a mathematical model to demonstrate the utility of a contralateral oblique fluoroscopic view during the performance of cervical interlaminar injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When confirming needle placement during a cervical interlaminar epidural injection, in addition to the anterior-posterior fluoroscopic view, the oblique image, contralateral to the needle tip position, may provide superior information to that afforded by a lateral view.
authors.affiliation: Kansas Spine Institute; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas-Wichita, Wichita, KS 67214, USA. mlandersdophd@gmail.com
authors.forename: Milton H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Landers
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dreyfuss
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bogduk
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media