title: Estimating underreported N2 disease in rectal cancer patients with low lymph node counts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The variability in the number of lymph nodes examined needs to be taken into account for adequate staging. The definition of nodal staging was refined by quantifying the likelihood of N2 disease when the patient had fewer than four positive LN.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study a total of 548 patients with node positive rectal cancer and curative surgery between 1990 and 2006 were identified. The misclassification of pN staging was estimated with a Bayesian computation. The prognostic value of the calculated probability, lymph node ratio (LNR), and nodal stage was assessed with Cox proportional hazard regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A probability of understaging of 40% or more indicated worse prognosis of cancer-specific survival (CSS) with hazard ratio 2.6 (95%CI: 1.8-3.9, P < 0.001). The concordance index of a multivariate model with probability of N2 disease as a prognostic factor for survival was 0.68 for all patients and 0.75 for patients with less than 10 lymph nodes examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Utilizing estimated probabilities of N2 disease improves our ability to predict survival, in particular in patients with low LN count. These probabilities allow for a simple rule in patient counseling and clinical decision making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. marianne.huebner@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Therneau
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies