title: Single blind randomized phase III trial to investigate the benefit of a focal lesion ablative microboost in prostate cancer (FLAME-trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment results of external beam radiotherapy for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer patients are insufficient with five-year biochemical relapse rates of approximately 35%. Several randomized trials have shown that dose escalation to the entire prostate improves biochemical disease free survival. However, further dose escalation to the whole gland is limited due to an unacceptable high risk of acute and late toxicity. Moreover, local recurrences often originate at the location of the macroscopic tumor, so boosting the radiation dose at the macroscopic tumor within the prostate might increase local control. A reduction of distant metastases and improved survival can be expected by reducing local failure. The aim of this study is to investigate the benefit of an ablative microboost to the macroscopic tumor within the prostate in patients treated with external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FLAME-trial (Focal Lesion Ablative Microboost in prostatE cancer) is a single blind randomized controlled phase III trial. We aim to include 566 patients (283 per treatment arm) with intermediate or high risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate who are scheduled for external beam radiotherapy using fiducial markers for position verification. With this number of patients, the expected increase in five-year freedom from biochemical failure rate of 10% can be detected with a power of 80%. Patients allocated to the standard arm receive a dose of 77 Gy in 35 fractions to the entire prostate and patients in the experimental arm receive 77 Gy to the entire prostate and an additional integrated microboost to the macroscopic tumor of 95 Gy in 35 fractions. The secondary outcome measures include treatment-related toxicity, quality of life and disease-specific survival. Furthermore, by localizing the recurrent tumors within the prostate during follow-up and correlating this with the delivered dose, we can obtain accurate dose-effect information for both the macroscopic tumor and subclinical disease in prostate cancer. The rationale, study design and the first 50 patients included are described.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01168479.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. i.m.lips@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lips
authors.forename: Uulke A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haustermans
authors.forename: Emile N J T
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: van Lin
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pos
authors.forename: Stefan P G
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Franken
authors.forename: Alexis N T J
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kotte
authors.forename: Carla H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Vulpen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016037:Single-Blind Method