title: Integrated active tracking detector for MRI-guided interventions.
abstract: We present a fully integrated detector suitable for active tracking of interventional devices in MR-guided interventions. The single-chip microsystem consists of a detection coil, a tuning capacitor, an intermediate frequency downconversion receiver, and a phase-locked-loop-based frequency synthesizer. Thanks to the integrated mixer, the chip output stage delivers an analog frequency-downconverted NMR signal in the frequency range from 0 to 200 kHz. The microchip, realized in a standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology, has a size of 1 × 2 × 0.74 mm(3) and operates at a frequency of 63 MHz (i.e., in 1.5 T clinical scanners). Tests in a standard clinical scanner demonstrate the compatibility of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor microchip with clinical MRI systems. Using a solid sample of cis-polyisoprene having a size of 1 × 1.9 × 0.8 mm(3) as internal signal source, the detector achieves a three-dimensional isotropic spatial resolution of 0.15 mm in a measuring time of 100 ms.
authors.affiliation: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anders
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sangiorgio
authors.forename: Xeni
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deligianni
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheffler
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boero
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008904:Miniaturization; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018511:Systems Integration; D014159:Transducers