title: Interactive influences of demographics on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the demographics-adjusted norms for MMSE in elderly Koreans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influences of demographics, culture, language, and environmental changes on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores are considerable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a sample of 7452 healthy, community-dwelling elderly Koreans, aged 55 to 94 years, who participated in the four ongoing geriatric cohorts in Korea, we investigated demographic influences on MMSE scores and derived normative data for this population. Geropsychiatrists strictly excluded subjects with cognitive disorders according to the protocol of the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet (CERAD-K) Clinical Assessment Battery (CERAD-K-C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Education (standardized β = 0.463), age (standardized β = -0.303), and gender (standardized β = -0.057) had significant effects on MMSE scores (p < 0.001). The score of MMSE increase 0.379 point per 1-year education, decrease 0.188 per 1-year older, and decrease 0.491 in women compared to men. Education explained 30.4% of the scores' total variance, which was much larger than the variances explained by age (8.4%) or gender (0.3%). Accordingly, we present normative data for the MMSE stratified by education (0, 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, and ≥ 13 years), age (60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 years), and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide contemporary education-, age-, and gender-stratified norms for the MMSE, derived from a large, community-dwelling elderly Korean population sample, which could be useful in evaluating individual MMSE scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Lan
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joon Hyuk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bong Jo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Moon Doo
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shin-Kyum
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yeon Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Tae Hui
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seok Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Moon Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jae Nam
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Jong Inn
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Jong Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Nam-Jin
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seok Bum
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung Jae
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chang-Uk
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ji Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jin Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jhoo
authors.forename: Changsu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Maeng Je
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Ki Woong
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors