title: Revision of occipital nerve stimulator leads: technical note of two techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Occipital nerve stimulation can be effective therapy for recalcitrant headache disorders. Lead migration remains the primary technical adverse event associated with this therapy. Revision surgery for occipital nerve stimulator leads sometimes requires exposure of all components including internal pulse generator, extension cables, connectors, and leads with multiple incisions. However, minimizing the invasiveness of revision surgery reduces the time, infection risk, and discomfort associated with the procedure. We describe two techniques that attempt to minimize the extent of revision surgery necessary for lead migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe two minimally invasive revision techniques. One uses a 14-gauge Tuohy needle converted to a slotted needle. The other uses a standard Tuohy needle inserted subcutaneously into the anchor site along the desired course of the lead.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both techniques allow replacement of a migrated occipital nerve stimulator lead while eliminating the need to access connector or battery sites with multiple incisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When migration occurs, the techniques described can simplify lead revision while minimizing the invasiveness of the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Alanna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rebecca
authors.forename: Terrence L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Trentman
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009339:Needles; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome