title: Effect of prolonged standardized bed rest on cystatin C and other markers of cardiovascular risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedentary lifestyle is associated with coronary artery disease but even shorter periods of physical inactivity may increase cardiovascular risk. Cystatin C is independently associated with cardiovascular disease and our objective was to investigate the relation between this novel biomarker and standardized bed rest. Research of immobilization physiology in humans is challenging because good biological models are in short supply. From the Women International Space simulation for Exploration study (WISE) we studied markers of atherosclerosis and kidney function, including cystatin C, in a standardized bed rest study on healthy volunteers. Fifteen healthy female volunteers participated in a 20-day ambulatory control period followed by 60 days of bed rest in head-down tilt position (-6°) 24 h a day, finalized by 20 days of recovery. The subjects were randomized into two groups during bed rest: a control group (n = 8) that remained physically inactive and an exercise group (n = 7) that participated in both supine resistance and aerobic exercise training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to baseline values there was a statistically significant increase in cystatin C in both groups after bed rest (P < 0.001). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), calculated by both cystatin C and Cockcroft-Gault equation, decreased after bed rest while there were no differences in creatinine or creatine kinase levels. CRP did not change during bed rest in the exercise group, but there was an increase of CRP in the control group during recovery compared to both the baseline and the bed rest periods. The apo-B/apo-Ai ratio increased during bed rest and decreased again in the recovery period. Subjects experienced a small but statistically significant reduction in weight during bed rest and compared to baseline weights remained lower at day 8 of recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During and following prolonged standardized bed rest the concentrations of several clinically relevant cardiovascular risk markers change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden. karin.arinell@orebroll.se
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arinell
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fröbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood*; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood*; D001510:Bed Rest / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C