title: Prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in a multiethnic Asian cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a multiethnic Asian cohort of Chinese, Malay, and Indian persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this population-based study, 3172 persons of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicities 40 years and older were included. Participants underwent comprehensive systemic and ocular examination, retinal photography, and laboratory investigations. Early and late AMD signs were graded from retinal photographs. Age-standardized prevalence estimates were calculated using the 2010 Singapore adult population as the standard population. Association with a range of systemic risk factors was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3172 participants, AMD was present in 211 subjects. Age-standardized prevalence of AMD was 7.0% in persons 40 years and older. The age-standardized prevalence was similar in all 3 Asian ethnic groups: Chinese, 7.3%; Malay, 7.7%; and Indian, 5.7% (P value = .44). The prevalence increased with age and was higher in men. Of the range of risk factors evaluated, only myopic refractive error (<-0.5 D) was significantly associated with a lower risk for AMD (odds ratio, 0.44; P < .001, compared with emmetropia) in Chinese men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of AMD was similar in the 3 major ethnic groups in Asia and comparable with white populations. Myopic refractive error was associated with reduced risk of AMD in Chinese men.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chui Ming Gemmy
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: E Shyong
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Wan Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: Jeannette L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Haslina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamzah
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010781:Photography; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*