title: War, forced displacement and growth in Laotian adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence from several populations suggests that war negatively impacts civilian nutrition, physical growth and overall health. This effect is often enduring or permanent, particularly if experienced early in life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether the number of lifetime displacement experiences and being displaced in infancy were associated with adult height, sitting height, leg length and the sitting height ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective questionnaires on displacement and resettlement experiences and anthropometric data were collected from a sample of Laotian adult refugees (ethnic Hmong and Lao; n = 365). All were born in Laos or Thailand and had resettled in French Guiana or the US. Many had been displaced several times by military conflict in Laos.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In bivariate analyses, being displaced in infancy and the number of lifetime displacement experiences one had were negatively associated with final adult height and leg length in both sexes. The association was stronger in females, particularly Hmong females. There was no significant association between total displacement experiences and the sitting height ratio. In multiple regression analyses, linear growth in males was negatively associated with being displaced in infancy; in females, the number of lifetime displacement experiences was a significant predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forced displacement from war appears to have a lasting effect on final adult height, sitting height and leg length, although not necessarily on the sitting height ratio in this sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA. patrick.clarkin@umb.edu
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Clarkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007812:Laos; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014857:Warfare; D055815:Young Adult