title: Adrenergic modulation of immune cells: an update.
abstract: Sympathoadrenergic pathways are crucial to the communication between the nervous system and the immune system. The present review addresses emerging issues in the adrenergic modulation of immune cells, including: the specific pattern of adrenoceptor expression on immune cells and their role and changes upon cell differentiation and activation; the production and utilization of noradrenaline and adrenaline by immune cells themselves; the dysregulation of adrenergic immune mechanisms in disease and their potential as novel therapeutic targets. A wide array of sympathoadrenergic therapeutics is currently used for non-immune indications, and could represent an attractive source of non-conventional immunomodulating agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy.
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cosentino
mesh_terms: D059331:Adrenergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009420:Nervous System / Q000276:immunology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine