title: Motor cortical functional geometry in cerebral palsy and its relationship to disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate motor cortical map patterns in children with diplegic and hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP), and the relationships between motor cortical geometry and motor function in CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to map motor cortical representations of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in 13 children with CP (age 9-16 years, 6 males.) The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and Melbourne upper extremity function were used to quantify motor ability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the hemiplegic participants (N = 7), the affected (right) FDI cortical representation was mapped on the ipsilateral (N = 4), contralateral (N = 2), or bilateral (N = 1) cortex. Participants with diplegia (N = 6) showed either bilateral (N = 2) or contralateral (N = 4) cortical hand maps. The FDI and TA motor map center-of-gravity mediolateral location ranged from 2-8 cm and 3-6 cm from the midline, respectively. Among diplegics, more lateral FDI representation locations were associated with lower Melbourne scores, i.e. worse hand motor function (Spearman's rho = -0.841, p = 0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormalities in TMS-derived motor maps cut across the clinical classifications of hemiplegic and diplegic CP. The lateralization of the upper and lower extremity motor representation demonstrates reorganization after insults to the affected hemispheres of both diplegic and hemiplegic children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study is a step towards defining the relationship between changes in motor maps and functional impairments in CP. These results suggest the need for further work to develop improved classification schemes that integrate clinical, radiologic, and neurophysiologic measures in CP.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kesar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sawaki
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Burdette
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolaski
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Koman
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wittenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000842:Ankle / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*