title: Immunogenicity of a virosomally-formulated Plasmodium falciparum GLURP-MSP3 chimeric protein-based malaria vaccine candidate in comparison to adjuvanted formulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In clinical trials, immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIVs) have shown great potential as a versatile antigen delivery platform for synthetic peptides derived from Plasmodium falciparum antigens. This study describes the immunogenicity of a virosomally-formulated recombinant fusion protein comprising domains of the two malaria vaccine candidate antigens MSP3 and GLURP.
  
  
  METHODS
  The highly purified recombinant protein GMZ2 was coupled to phosphatidylethanolamine and the conjugates incorporated into the membrane of IRIVs. The immunogenicity of this adjuvant-free virosomal formulation was compared to GMZ2 formulated with the adjuvants Montanide ISA 720 and Alum in three mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intramuscular injections of all three candidate vaccine formulations induced GMZ2-specific antibody responses in all mice tested. In general, the humoral immune response in outbred NMRI mice was stronger than that in inbred BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. ELISA with the recombinant antigens demonstrated immunodominance of the GLURP component over the MSP3 component. However, compared to the Al(OH)(3)-adjuvanted formulation the two other formulations elicited in NMRI mice a larger proportion of anti-MSP3 antibodies. Analyses of the induced GMZ2-specific IgG subclass profiles showed for all three formulations a predominance of the IgG1 isotype. Immune sera against all three formulations exhibited cross-reactivity with in vitro cultivated blood-stage parasites. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot competition experiments showed that both components of the hybrid protein induced IgG cross-reactive with the corresponding native proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A virosomal formulation of the chimeric protein GMZ2 induced P. falciparum blood stage parasite cross-reactive IgG responses specific for both MSP3 and GLURP. GMZ2 thus represents a candidate component suitable for inclusion into a multi-valent virosomal malaria vaccine and influenza virosomes represent a versatile antigen delivery system suitable for adjuvant-free immunization with recombinant proteins.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamborrini
authors.forename: Sabine A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stoffel
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Westerfeld
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amacker
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: Rinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zurbriggen
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pluschke
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003429:Cross Reactions; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D051379:Mice; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D022721:Vaccines, Virosome / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D009829:Oleic Acids; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D022721:Vaccines, Virosome; C089133:merozoite surface protein 3, Plasmodium; C072492:glutamate-rich protein, Plasmodium; C001681:mannide monooleate; D008353:Mannitol