title: HIV-1 superinfection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review describes the nature and frequency of HIV-1 superinfection and provides advice regarding counselling of patients in accordance with national guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies have demonstrated conflicting results, from no superinfection to an incidence of over 18%. We discuss the difficulties comparing studies due to population and methodological differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected individuals should be counselled that there is risk of superinfection at all stages of HIV, but this is unlikely to be clinically significant unless transmission of resistance occurs. The risk may be as high as the risk of new incident infection in the presence of on-going exposure.
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex University NHS Trust, Lawson Unit, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK. laura.waters@bsuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Erasmus
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smit
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013045:Species Specificity; D015163:Superinfection / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology