title: Glutathione and adaptive immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthy and HIV infected individuals.
abstract: Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide antioxidant, is essential for cellular homeostasis and plays a vital role in diverse cellular functions. Individuals who are infected with Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) are known to be susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. We report that by enhancing GSH levels, T-cells are able to inhibit the growth of M. tb inside macrophages. In addition, those GSH-replenished T cell cultures produced increased levels of Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), cytokines, which are known to be crucial for the control of intracellular pathogens. Our study reveals that T lymphocytes that are derived from HIV infected individuals are deficient in GSH, and that this deficiency correlates with decreased levels of Th1 cytokines and enhanced growth of M. tb inside human macrophages.
authors.affiliation: College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sipin
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Mesharee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanzil
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guilford
authors.forename: Fadi T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Khasawneh
authors.forename: Vishwanath
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venketaraman
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002470:Cell Survival; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005609:Free Radicals; D007376:Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005978:Glutathione