title: Persistent pain and frailty: a case for homeostenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the association between self-reported moderate to severe pain and frailty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Wave 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representative sample of persons aged 65 and older in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain (exposure) was categorized as no or very mild pain versus moderate or greater pain. Frailty (outcome) was operationalized as the accumulation of 33 possible self-reported health attitudes, illnesses, and functional abilities, subsequently divided into tertiles (not frail, prefrail, and frail). Multivariable logistic regression assessed for the association between pain and frailty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of participants who reported moderate or greater pain (35.5%, 1,765/4,968), 16.2% were not frail, 34.1% were prefrail, and 49.8% were frail. For persons with moderate or greater pain, the odds of being prefrail rather than not frail were higher by a factor of 2.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.13-2.99; P < .001). For persons with moderate or greater pain, the odds of being frail rather than not frail were higher by a factor of 5.52 (95% CI = 4.49-6.64 P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate or higher pain was independently associated with frailty. Although causality cannot be ascertained in a cross-sectional analysis, interventions to improve pain management may help prevent or ameliorate frailty.
authors.affiliation: Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine (MC 6098), 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jshega@gmail.com
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shega
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paice
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rockwood
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index