title: amoA-based consensus phylogeny of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and deep sequencing of amoA genes from soils of four different geographic regions.
abstract: Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) play an important role in nitrification and many studies exploit their amoA genes as marker for their diversity and abundance. We present an archaeal amoA consensus phylogeny based on all publicly available sequences (status June 2010) and provide evidence for the diversification of AOA into four previously recognized clusters and one newly identified major cluster. These clusters, for which we suggest a new nomenclature, harboured 83 AOA species-level OTU (using an inferred species threshold of 85% amoA identity). 454 pyrosequencing of amoA amplicons from 16 soils sampled in Austria, Costa Rica, Greenland and Namibia revealed that only 2% of retrieved sequences had no database representative on the species-level and represented 30-37 additional species-level OTUs. With the exception of an acidic soil from which mostly amoA amplicons of the Nitrosotalea cluster were retrieved, all soils were dominated by amoA amplicons from the Nitrososphaera cluster (also called group I.1b), indicating that the previously reported AOA from the Nitrosopumilus cluster (also called group I.1a) are absent or represent minor populations in soils. AOA richness estimates on the species level ranged from 8-83 co-existing AOAs per soil. Presence/absence of amoA OTUs (97% identity level) correlated with geographic location, indicating that besides contemporary environmental conditions also dispersal limitation across different continents and/or historical environmental conditions might influence AOA biogeography in soils.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Microbial Ecology, Computational Systems Biology Chemical Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pester
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rattei
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flechl
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gröngröft
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overmann
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reinhold-Hurek
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loy
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001317:Austria; D044822:Biodiversity; D003364:Costa Rica; D019766:Genes, Archaeal; D006116:Greenland; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D009276:Namibia; D058465:Nitrification; D010802:Phylogeny; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D000641:Ammonia