title: An ontology for clinical questions about the contents of patient notes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many studies have been completed on question classification in the open domain, however only limited work focuses on the medical domain. As well, to the best of our knowledge, most of these medical question classifications were designed for literature based question and answering systems. This paper focuses on a new direction, which is to design a novel question processing and classification model for answering clinical questions applied to electronic patient notes.
  
  
  METHODS
  There are four main steps in the work. Firstly, a relatively large set of clinical questions was collected from staff in an Intensive Care Unit. Then, a clinical question taxonomy was designed for question and answering purposes. Subsequently an annotation guideline was created and used to annotate the question set. Finally, a multilayer classification model was built to classify the clinical questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through the initial classification experiments, we realized that the general features cannot contribute to high performance of a minimum classifier (a small data set with multiple classes). Thus, an automatic knowledge discovery and knowledge reuse process was designed to boost the performance by extracting and expanding the specific features of the questions. In the evaluation, the results show around 90% accuracy can be achieved in the answerable subclass classification and generic question templates classification. On the other hand, the machine learning method does not perform well at identifying the category of unanswerable questions, due to the asymmetric distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper, a comprehensive study on clinical questions has been completed. A major outcome of this work is the multilayer classification model. It serves as a major component of a patient records based clinical question and answering system as our studies continue. As well, the question collections can be reused by the research community to improve the efficiency of their own question and answering systems.
authors.affiliation: Health Information Technology Research Laboratory, School of IT, Faculty of Engineering and IT, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. jonpat@it.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008490:Medical Informatics / Q000379:methods*; D009323:Natural Language Processing