title: Preserving new anthelmintics: a simple method for estimating faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) confidence limits when efficacy and/or nematode aggregation is high.
abstract: As it has been 30 years since a new anthelmintic class was released, it is appropriate to review management practices aimed at slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance to all drug classes. Recommendations to delay anthelmintic resistance, provide refugia and the use of a simulation model were reviewed to find optimum treatment strategies that maintain nematode control. Simulated Australian conditions indicated that a common successful low-risk treatment program was a rapid rotation between a "triple-combination" product (benzimidazole+levamisole+abamectin) and a new high-efficacy drug (monepantel). Where Haemonchus contortus was a threat, moxidectin was required at critical times because of its persistent activity against this parasite. Leaving up to 4% of adult sheep untreated provided sufficient "refugia" for non-selected worms to reduce the risk of selecting for anthelmintic resistance without compromising nematode control. For a new anthelmintic, efficacy estimated by faecal egg count reduction (FECR) is likely to be at or close to 100%, however using current methods the 95% confidence limits (CL) for 100% are incorrectly determined as 100%. The fewer eggs counted pre-treatment, the more likely an estimate of 100% will occur, particularly if the true efficacy is >90%. A novel way to determine the lower-CL (LCL) for 100% efficacy is to reframe FECR as a binomial proportion, i.e. define: n and x as the total number of eggs counted (rather than eggs per gram of faeces) for all pre-treatment and post-treatment animals, respectively; p the proportion of resistant eggs is p = x/n and percent efficacy is 100 ×(1-p) (assuming equal treatment group sizes and detection levels, pre- and post-treatment). The LCL is approximated from the cumulative inverse beta distribution by: 95%LCL=100 ×(1-(BETAINV(0.975, x+1, n-x+1))). This method is simpler than the current method, independent of the number of animals tested, and demonstrates that for 100% efficacy at least 37 eggs (not eggs per gram) need to be counted pre-treatment before the LCL can exceed 90%. When nematode aggregation is high, this method can be usefully applied to efficacy estimates lower than 100%, and in this case the 95% upper-CL (UCL) can be estimated by: 95% UCL = 100 ×(1((BETAINV(0.025, x+1, n-x+1))), with the LCL approximated as described above. A simulation study to estimate the precision and accuracy of this method found that the more conservative 99%CL was optimum; in this case 0.975 and 0.025 are replaced by 0.995 and 0.005 to estimate the LCL and UCL, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. R.Dobson@murdoch.edu.au
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hosking
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Besier
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D006736:Horses; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics