title: Cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61) is up-regulated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the role of CYR61 as a retinal angiogenic factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of CYR61 on RF/6A cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis were observed by MTT assay, Transwell assay, and tube formation assay. The expression and distribution of CYR61 on retina layers of diabetic mouse were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The expression of Cyr61 mRNA in diabetic mouse retina was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Vitreous CYR61 levels of PDR and non-diabetic patients were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression and distribution of CYR61 on epiretinal membrane of PDR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and idiopathic epiretinal membrane were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RF/6A cell proliferation, migration and tube formation capacity increased with increased concentration of CYR61 (p = 0.000). Anti-CYR61 antibody could inhibit cell migration and tube formation promoted by CYR61. In diabetic mouse, CYR61 was expressed in retina layers just as normal mouse, but the staining was stronger than normal in ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer. The Cyr61 mRNA expression in retina of diabetic mouse was more than that in normal mouse (p = 0.009). Vitreous CYR61 level was higher in patients with PDR than non-diabetic patients (p = 0.000). PDR patients with plenty of neovasculature on retina and epiretinal membranes had higher level of vitreous CYR61 than patients with little neovasculature (p = 0.001). CYR61 expressed in the cytoplasm of epiretinal membranes in PDR, especially in the wall cells of the tube-like structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CYR61 are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, and may play a role in the course of neovasculation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Fangtian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000166:cytology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; C501848:CCN1 protein, human; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A