title: Immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer: a new hallmark to change old paradigms.
abstract: Impact of immune microenvironment in prognosis of solid tumors has been extensively studied in the last few years. Specifically in colorectal carcinoma, increased knowledge of the immune events around these tumors and their relation with clinical outcomes have led to consider immune microenvironment as one of the most important prognostic factors in this disease. In this review we will summarize and update the current knowledge with respect to this intriguing and complex new hallmark of cancer, paying special attention to infiltration by T-infiltrating lymphocytes and their subtypes in colorectal cancer, as well as its eventual clinical translation in terms of long-term prognosis. Finally, we suggest some possible investigational approaches based on combinatorial strategies to trigger and boost immune reaction against tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avenida Dr. Fedriani s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain. lucme12@yahoo.es
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de la Cruz-Merino
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Henao Carrasco
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vicente Baz
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nogales Fernández
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Reina Zoilo
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Codes Manuel de Villena
authors.forename: Enrique Grande
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Pulido
mesh_terms: D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000276:immunology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology*; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D011379:Prognosis; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen