title: Residual activity and integrity of PermaNet® 2.0 after 24 months of household use in a community randomised trial of long lasting insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal.
abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends several brands of long lasting insecticidal net (LN) for protection against insect vectors but also advises national programmes to monitor and evaluate performance under local conditions to help them select the most suitable LN for their setting. During the course of a community randomised trial of LNs against visceral leishmaniasis in northern India and Nepal, opportunity arose to assess the efficacy of PermaNet 2.0 (Vestergaard-Frandsen, Denmark) after two years of use against sandfly vectors. Between 63% (India) and 78% (Nepal) of LNs became holed over the course of two years, deltamethrin residues fell from 55 mg/m(2) to an average of 11.6 mg/m(2) (India) and 27.9 mg/m(2) (Nepal), but on the basis of bioassay criteria all LNs tested still met the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme standard for LN effectiveness. Nets had on average only been washed 2.5 times (India) and 0.6 times (Nepal) by householders over the course of two years. The loss of insecticide was attributed to factors which had little or nothing to do with washing, such as handling, friction and torsion during daily use. Under conditions pertaining in this region of south Asia, and for two years at least, this brand of net continues to meet the criteria established by WHO for LNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Heath, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. albert.picado@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picado
authors.forename: Shri Prakash
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vanlerberghe
authors.forename: Surendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uranw
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ostyn
authors.forename: Harparkash
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Murari Lal
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rijal
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tungu
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boelaert
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007300:Insect Control; D007303:Insect Vectors; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007846:Laundering / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin