title: Benefit of exercise therapy for systolic heart failure in relation to disease severity and etiology-findings from the Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This post hoc analysis of the HF-ACTION cohort explores the primary and secondary results of the HF-ACTION study by etiology and severity of illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  HF-ACTION randomized stable outpatients with reduced left ventricular (LV) function and heart failure (HF) symptoms to either supervised exercise training plus usual care or to usual care alone. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization; secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization, and cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization. The interaction between treatment and risk variable, etiology or severity as determined by risk score, New York Heart Association class, and duration of cardiopulmonary exercise test was examined in a Cox proportional hazards model for all clinical end points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no interaction between etiology and treatment for the primary outcome (P = .73), cardiovascular (CV) mortality or CV hospitalization (P = .59), or CV mortality or HF hospitalization (P = .07). There was a significant interaction between etiology and treatment for the outcome of mortality (P = .03), but the interaction was no longer significant when adjusted for HF-ACTION adjustment model predictors (P = .08). There was no significant interaction between treatment effect and severity, except a significant interaction between cardiopulmonary exercise duration and training was identified for the primary outcome of all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consideration of symptomatic (New York Heart Association classes II to IV) patients with HF with reduced LV function for participation in an exercise training program should be made independent of the cause of HF or the severity of the symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Jefferson University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. david.whellan@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Whellan
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nigam
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Aijing Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Lawton
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Anekwe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onwuanyi
authors.forename: Bleakley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Keteyian
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ewald
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gheorghiade
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left