title: Survivors of ventricular fibrillation have persistent cardiovascular risk factors late in follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) prevent arrhythmic death, but do not modify disease progression. The prevalence of persistent cardiovascular risk factors in patients receiving an ICD and their adherence to optimal pharmacological therapy at late follow-up is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular and specific sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) risk factors, and the pharmacological treatment in ICD recipients who survived SCA caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. A total of 100 consecutive ICD patients who survived SCA due to documented VF, not due to a transient or reversible cause or an arrhythmogenic disease, were interviewed and examined at the routine outpatient clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 60 ± 11 years, and they were analysed at a median interval of 1092 days after SCA. The majority of patients had coronary artery disease. The New York Heart Association class at the time of implantation was ≥ II in 62%. A single chamber device was used in 49% and a resynchronization device in 12%. At the routine control, the most prevalent risk factors were overweight or obesity (63%), hypertension (41%), and smoking (16%). Pharmacological therapy was suboptimal in 18-32% of the patients. Eight per cent of the patients had known diabetes and 29% had elevated HbA1c levels. While only 7% had pre-existing overt heart failure, 43% had N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels ≥ 100 pmol/l. High sensitivity C-reactive protein was ≥ 3 mg/l in 52% of the patients. Family history was positive for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in 46% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite regular medical consultation, a large proportion of the patients had persistent cardiovascular risk factors and were often suboptimally treated. Unexpectedly, latent heart failure and unrecognized diabetes are observed in a large proportion of the patients, as well as elevated inflammatory markers. Genetic analysis may be rewarding, as 46% of the patients had a family history of SCD. Full medical attention, optimizing drug therapy, and counselling of these patients is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dominic A M J
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Theuns
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muskens-Heemskerk
authors.forename: Jaap W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Deckers
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jordaens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D017741:Survivors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*