title: Can personal exposures to higher nighttime and early-morning temperatures increase blood pressure?
abstract: Environmental temperatures are inversely related to BP; however, the effects of short-term temperature changes within a 24-hour period and measured with high accuracy at the personal level have not been described. Fifty-one nonsmoking patients living in the Detroit area had up to 5 consecutive days of 24-hour personal-level environmental temperature (PET) monitoring along with daily cardiovascular measurements, including BP, performed mostly between 5 pm and 7 pm during summer and/or winter periods. The associations between hour-long mean PET levels during the previous 24 hours with the outcomes were assessed by linear mixed models. Accounting for demographics, environmental factors, and monitoring compliance, systolic and diastolic BP were positively associated with several hour-long PET measurements ending from 10 to 15 hours beforehand. During this time, corresponding mostly to a period starting from between 1 am and 3 am to ending between 7 am and 9 am, an increase of 1°C was associated with a 0.81 mm Hg to 1.44 mm Hg and 0.59 mm Hg to 0.83 mm Hg elevation in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Modestly warmer, commonly encountered PET levels posed a clinically meaningful effect (eg, a 6.95 mm Hg systolic pressure increase per interquartile range (4.8°C) elevation at lag hour 10). Community-level outdoor ambient temperatures were not related to BP. The authors provide the first evidence that personal exposure to warmer nighttime and early-morning environmental temperatures might lead to an increase in BP during the ensuing day.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA. robdbrok@umich.edu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: Hwashin H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bard
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vette
authors.forename: Carry
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Croghan
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D002980:Climate; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult