title: Identification of cytokines and signaling proteins differentially regulated by sumatriptan/naproxen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to use protein array analysis to investigate temporal regulation of stimulated cytokine expression in trigeminal ganglia and the spinal trigeminal nucleus in response to co-treatment of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium or individual drug.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Activation of neurons and glia in trigeminal ganglia and the spinal trigeminal nucleus leads to increased levels of cytokines that promote peripheral and central sensitization, which are key events in migraine pathology. While recent clinical studies have provided evidence that a combination of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium is more efficacious in treating migraine than either drug alone, it is not well understood why the combination therapy is superior to monotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were left untreated (control), injected with capsaicin, or pretreated with sumatriptan/naproxen, sumatriptan, or naproxen for 1 hour prior to capsaicin. Trigeminal ganglia and the spinal trigeminal nucleus were isolated 2 and 24 hours after capsaicin or drug treatment, and levels of 90 proteins were determined using a RayBio® Label-Based Rat Antibody Array (RayBiotech, Norcross, GA, USA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Capsaicin stimulated a >3-fold increase in expression of the majority of cytokines in trigeminal ganglia at 2 hours that was sustained at 24 hours. Significantly, treatment with sumatriptan/naproxen almost completely abolished the stimulatory effects of capsaicin at 2 and 24 hours. Capsaicin stimulated >3-fold expression of more proteins in the spinal trigeminal nucleus at 24 hours when compared to 2 hours. Similarly, sumatriptan/naproxen abolished capsaicin stimulation of proteins in the spinal trigeminal nucleus at 2 hours and greatly suppressed protein expression 24 hours post-capsaicin injection. Interestingly, treatment with sumatriptan alone suppressed expression of different cytokines in trigeminal ganglia and the spinal trigeminal nucleus than repressed by naproxen sodium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the combination of sumatriptan/naproxen was effective in blocking capsaicin stimulation of pro-inflammatory proteins implicated in the development of peripheral and central sensitization in response to capsaicin activation of trigeminal neurons. Based on our findings that sumatriptan and naproxen regulate expression of different proteins in trigeminal ganglia and the spinal trigeminal nucleus, we propose that these drugs function on therapeutically distinct cellular targets to suppress inflammation and pain associated with migraine.
authors.affiliation: Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65806, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Vause
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Durham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009288:Naproxen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018170:Sumatriptan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects; D014279:Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D004338:Drug Combinations; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists; D009288:Naproxen; D018170:Sumatriptan; D002211:Capsaicin