title: Improved classification of Orthosiphon stamineus by data fusion of electronic nose and tongue sensors.
abstract: An improved classification of Orthosiphon stamineus using a data fusion technique is presented. Five different commercial sources along with freshly prepared samples were discriminated using an electronic nose (e-nose) and an electronic tongue (e-tongue). Samples from the different commercial brands were evaluated by the e-tongue and then followed by the e-nose. Applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) separately on the respective e-tongue and e-nose data, only five distinct groups were projected. However, by employing a low level data fusion technique, six distinct groupings were achieved. Hence, this technique can enhance the ability of PCA to analyze the complex samples of Orthosiphon stamineus. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was then used to further validate and classify the samples. It was found that the LDA performance was also improved when the responses from the e-nose and e-tongue were fused together.
authors.affiliation: Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. sag.unimap@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ammar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Ali Yeon Md
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Shakaff
authors.forename: Abdul Hamid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Adom
authors.forename: Mohd Noor
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Maz Jamilah
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Masnan
authors.forename: Abdul Hallis Abdul
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Nazifah Ahmad
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Fikri
authors.forename: Abu Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: Latifah Munirah
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kamarudin
mesh_terms: D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004581:Electronics / Q000379:methods*; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D009666:Nose; D031342:Orthosiphon / Q000145:classification*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013649:Taste; D014059:Tongue