title: Occurrence of secondary fracture around intramedullary nails used for trochanteric hip fractures: a systematic review of 13,568 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A sliding hip screw (SHS) is currently the treatment of choice for trochanteric hip fractures, largely due to the low incidence of complications. An alternative treatment is the use of intramedullary proximal femoral nails. Unfortunately these implants have been associated with a risk of later fracture around the implant. The aim of this study was to see if any improvements have been made to the current intramedullary nails, to reduce the incidence of secondary fracture around the distal tip of the nail.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed data related to 13,568 patients from 89 studies, focusing on the incidence of post operative secondary femoral shaft fracture following the use of intramedullary nails in the fixation of trochanteric hip fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall reported incidence of secondary fracture around the nail was 1.7%. The incidence of fracture has reduced in the 3rd generation Gamma nails when compared to the older Gamma nail (1.7% versus 2.6%, p value 0.03). However, the incidence of secondary fracture in the 3rd generation Gamma nails is still significantly higher than the other brands of short nail (1.7% versus 0.7%, p value 0.0005). Long nails had a slight tendency towards a lower risk of fracture although the difference was not statistically significant (1.1% versus 1.7%, p value 0.28). There was a significantly lower risk of fracture for those nails with a biaxial fixation as opposed to uniaxial fixation (0.6% versus 1.9%, p value <0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary fracture around a proximal femoral nail is one of the most significant of fracture healing complications, and this study suggests that continuing design changes to this method of fixation has reduced the risk of this complication occurring.
authors.affiliation: Peterborough District Hospital, Thorpe Road, Peterborough PE3 6DA, UK. rory_norris@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Dhritiman
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.forename: Martyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure