title: Emergence and continuous evolution of genotype 1E rubella viruses in China.
abstract: In China, rubella vaccination was introduced into the national immunization program in 2008, and a rubella epidemic occurred in the same year. In order to know whether changes in the genotypic distribution of rubella viruses have occurred in the postvaccination era, we investigate in detail the epidemiological profile of rubella in China and estimate the evolutionary rate, molecular clock phylogeny, and demographic history of the predominant rubella virus genotypes circulating in China using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo phylodynamic analyses. 1E was found to be the predominant rubella virus genotype since its initial isolation in China in 2001, and no genotypic shift has occurred since then. The results suggest that the global 1E genotype may have diverged in 1995 and that it has evolved at a mutation rate of 1.65 × 10(-3) per site per year. The Chinese 1E rubella virus isolates were grouped into either cluster 1 or cluster 2, which likely originated in 1997 and 2006, respectively. Cluster 1 viruses were found in all provinces examined in this study and had a mutation rate of 1.90 × 10(-3) per site per year. The effective number of infections remained constant until 2007, and along with the introduction of rubella vaccine into the national immunization program, although the circulation of cluster 1 viruses has not been interrupted, some viral lineages have disappeared, and the epidemic started a decline that led to a decrease in the effective population size. Cluster 2 viruses were found only in Hainan Province, likely because of importation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Aili
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Huanhuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chunyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Changyin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shujie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhenying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Daxin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Haiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhengfan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Xiangjie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shunde
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Suyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Xiuhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Huanying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Leng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jilan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral