title: Is maternal opioid use hazardous to breast-fed infants?
abstract: Over the last few decades, the rate of breastfeeding has increased steadily in the developed countries of the world. During this time, opioid use in the general population has steadily increased as well. Despite this, clinicians remain unclear whether opioid use is safe during breastfeeding. While the vast majority of medications used during breastfeeding occur without incident, case reports and studies have reported possible opioid toxicity in breast-fed infants. Multiple enzymes are involved in the metabolism of opioids. CYP2D6 catabolizes O-demethylation of codeine, tramadol, oxycodone, and hydrocodone to more potent metabolites. CYP3A4 inactivates methadone, meperidine, and buprenorphine. Glucoronide conjugation by the UGT enzyme family inactivates morphine and hydromorphone. Genetic polymorphisms and interfering medications affect the maternal metabolism, which in turn determines the exposure and risk to the breast-fed neonate. We review the production of breast milk, the transfer of xenobiotics from blood to milk, the characteristics that alter xenobiotic breast-milk concentrations, and we review the evidence of specific common opioids and infant toxicity. The short-term maternal use of prescription opioids is usually safe and infrequently presents a hazard to the newborn.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: Nathanael J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: McKeown
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003061:Codeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006853:Hydrocodone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008614:Meperidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine; D006853:Hydrocodone; D009020:Morphine; D008614:Meperidine; D010098:Oxycodone; D008691:Methadone; D003061:Codeine