title: Modulation of LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia by Gastrodia elata: 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is the bioactive candidate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae, GE) a traditional plant in Oriental countries is known for its enormous benefits to treat headaches, dizziness, vertigo and convulsive illnesses. In the present study, the ethnopharmacological role of GE in neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia and the mechanisms underlying were reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  BV-2 microglia activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was employed and the effects of GE on corresponding neuroinflammatory parameters were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GE extract inhibited LPS-stimulated production of inflammatory cytokines and down regulated the c-Jun NH(2)-Terminal Kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which are known to be involved in neuroinflammation. Further, inhibition of NO and iNOS by 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA), one of the active constituent of GE in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells suggest that 4-HBA might be the bioactive candidate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GE extract and its active constituent 4-HBA could be further exploited to mitigate microglial activation and may be developed as a new therapeutic remedy in treating various neuroinflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Wook
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sushruta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koppula
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung-Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jin-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: In-Su
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Pyo-Jam
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dong-Kug
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D031668:Gastrodia / Q000737:chemistry; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C018966:4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases