title: Endoscopic esophagitis is more severe in gastroesophageal reflux patients with a positive family history.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of genetic factors in the etiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is still uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define whether the presence of reflux symptoms in first-degree relatives can affect the severity of the endoscopic picture of patients with GERD and disease evolution during follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1930 consecutive patients with GERD were referred for endoscopy from Trikala prefecture, had an entry endoscopy and a follow-up if needed. Before endoscopic evaluation, all patients and their first-degree relatives completed Reflux Symptom Questionnaire. Patients were followed up for 4 years with Reflux Symptom Questionnaire every 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 258 (62.9%) patients with positive and 724 (47.6%) with negative family history of GERD had esophagitis (P<0.0001). Seventy-six (74.5%) patients with more than 1 family member with GERD had esophagitis (P<0.0001). During follow-up endoscopic picture was aggravated in 101 (25%) patients with positive and 46 (3%) with negative family history. A total of 359 (24%) of GERD patients with negative and 24 (10%) with positive family history managed to stop proton pump inhibitors during follow-up (P<0.0001). In logistic regression analysis: age, male sex, presence of hiatal hernia, family history of GERD, tranquilizer use, frequency, and duration of reflux symptoms were independently associated with presence of esophagitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we cannot overlook the importance of confounding factors such as body weight and/or psychological factors, we found that endoscopic picture is more severe among GERD patients with at least 1 first-degree relative with GERD. During follow-up, patients with negative family history had more chances to wean off proton pump inhibitors after life-style modifications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, NIMTS General Hospital, Athens, Greece. tsibofam@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsibouris
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moussia
authors.forename: Chrissostomos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalantzis
authors.forename: Periklis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostolopoulos
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alexandrakis
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lapas
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalantzis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires