title: Affective symptoms and intra-individual variability in the short-term course of cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the short-term course of cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder (BD). Key questions are whether trajectories in symptoms covary with cognitive function and whether BD is associated with increased intra-individual variability in cognitive abilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two out-patients with BD and 49 normal comparison (NC) subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests at baseline, 6, 12 and 26 weeks, along with concurrent ratings of depressive and manic symptom severity. Mixed-effects regressions were used to model relationships between time, diagnosis and symptom severity on composite cognitive performance. Within-person variance in cognitive functioning across time was calculated for each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BD patients had significantly worse performance in cognitive ability across time points, but both groups showed significant improvement in cognitive performance over repeated assessments (consistent with expected practice effects). BD was associated with significantly greater intra-individual variability in cognitive ability than NCs; within-person variation was negatively related to baseline cognitive ability in BD but not NC subjects. Changes in affective symptoms over time did not predict changes in cognitive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate changes in affective symptoms did not covary with cognitive ability in BD. The finding of elevated intra-individual variability in BD may reduce capacity to estimate trajectories of cognitive ability in observational and treatment studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664, USA. cdepp@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Depp
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Savla
authors.forename: L A Vergel
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: de Dios
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Mausbach
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors