title: Continuous vagus nerve stimulation effects on the gut-brain axis in Swine.
abstract: Objectives.  This study was designed to assess vagus nerve stimulation effects on the food intake pattern in swine and determine the electrical stimulus direction. Material and Methods.  Fifteen Large White pigs were randomly divided into three groups, groups A-C. All animals underwent implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator at the gastro-esophogeal junction. In group A, the stimulation was switched off, whereas stimulation was switched on in groups B and C. Food intake and body weight were registered in groups A and B, but not in group C, which was used to measure direction of stimulation in the vagus and effect on heart rate and blood pressure. Variables measured in group C included the bispectral index, blood pressure, and heart rate. A Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to detect differences between groups. All animals were sacrificed to identify effects of implantation and stimulation on the vagus nerve. Results.  With respect to food intake, there was no difference between groups A and B; however, body weight did register a continuous increase. During stimulation, in group C arterial pressures decreased significantly, whereas the heart rate and bispectral index increased. Conclusion.  The stimulation protocol applied in this study was insufficient to cause changes in the feeding behavior of swine; however, it did increase central nervous system activity.
authors.affiliation: Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Cáceres, Spain; and              Santa Maria Del Puerto Hospital, Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Idoia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Díaz-Güemes
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luis
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usón