title: MRI findings for frozen shoulder evaluation: is the thickness of the coracohumeral ligament a valuable diagnostic tool?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated that the coracohumeral ligament (CHL) is shortened and thickened in a frozen shoulder. We analyzed the rate in CHL visualization between patients with frozen shoulder and normal volunteers using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to determine the CHL thickness in the patients with a frozen shoulder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 72 shoulder joints in 72 patients (50 femles and 22 males with a mean age of 53.5 years) with clinical evidence and MR imaging evidence of frozen shoulder. These were prospectively analyzed to identify and measure the maximum thickness of the CHL. The control group, which included 120 shoulder joints in 60 normal volunteer individuals (30 females and 30 males with a mean age of 50.5 years) was also referred for MR imaging. A chi-square test was used to analyze the data of the rate of CHL visualization between the patients with frozen shoulder and the control group. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the mean maximal thickness of CHL. The CHL was visualized in 110 out of 120 shoulders in the control group (91.7%), and in 57 out of 72 shoulders for the frozen shoulder group (79.2%), there was significant difference, using a chi-square test (P<0.05). The CHL was not visualized in 10 out of 120 shoulders in the control group (8.3%), and 15 out of 72 shoulders in the frozen shoulder group (20.8%), there was a significant difference (P<0.05). The CHL thickness (3.99±1.68 mm) in the patients with frozen shoulder was significantly greater than that thickness (3.08±1.32 mm) in the control group, using a two-way ANOVA (P<0.001). The CHL thickness (3.52±1.52 mm, n = 97) in the female shoulders was no significantly greater than that thickness (3.22±1.49 mm, n = 70) in the male shoulders, using a two-way ANOVA (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR Imaging is a satisfactory method for CHL depiction, and a thickened CHL is highly suggestive of frozen shoulder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin-qing
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kang-lai
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qi-yu
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hao-tong
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hui-feng
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li-wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Kai-jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shao-xiang
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002062:Bursitis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods; D012782:Shoulder / Q000473:pathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology