title: Detection of nutrient elements and contamination by pesticides in spinach and rice samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).
abstract: The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was applied to quantify nutrients (Mg, Ca, Na, and K) in spinach and rice and to discriminate pesticide-contaminated products in a rapid manner. Standard reference materials (spinach leaves and unpolished rice flour) were used to establish a relationship between LIBS intensity and the concentration of each element (Mg, Ca, Na, and K) (i.e., calibration line). The limits of detection (LODs) for Mg, Ca, Na, and K were found to be 29.63, 102.65, 36.36, and 44.46 mg/kg in spinach and 7.54, 1.76, 4.19, and 6.70 mg/kg in unpolished rice, respectively. Concentrations of those nutrient elements present in spinach and unpolished rice from a local market were determined by using the calibration lines and compared with those measured with ICP-OES, showing good agreement. The data also suggested that the LIBS technique with the chemometric method (PLS-DA) could be a great tool to distinguish pesticide-contaminated samples from pesticide-free samples in a rapid manner even though they have similar elemental compositions. Misclassification rates were found to be 0 and 2% for clean spinach and pesticide-contaminated spinach, respectively, by applying the PLS-DA model established from the training set of data to predict the classes of test samples.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1-Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gibaek
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jihyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Jeunghwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kihong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D005502:Food; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014131:Trace Elements