title: Recovery from chronic spinal cord contusion after Nogo receptor intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several interventions promote axonal growth and functional recovery when initiated shortly after central nervous system injury, including blockade of myelin-derived inhibitors with soluble Nogo receptor (NgR1, RTN4R) decoy protein. We examined the efficacy of this intervention in the much more prevalent and refractory condition of chronic spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We eliminated the NgR1 pathway genetically in mice by conditional gene targeting starting 8 weeks after spinal hemisection injury and monitored locomotion in the open field and by video kinematics over the ensuing 4 months. In a separate pharmacological experiment, intrathecal NgR1 decoy protein administration was initiated 3 months after spinal cord contusion injury. Locomotion and raphespinal axon growth were assessed during 3 months of treatment between 4 and 6 months after contusion injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conditional deletion of NgR1 in the chronic state results in gradual improvement of motor function accompanied by increased density of raphespinal axons in the caudal spinal cord. In chronic rat spinal contusion, NgR1 decoy treatment from 4 to 6 months after injury results in 29% (10 of 35) of rats recovering weight-bearing status compared to 0% (0 of 29) of control rats (p < 0.05). Open field Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scores showed a significant improvement in the NgR-treated group relative to the control group (p < 0.005, repeated measures analysis of variance). An increase in raphespinal axon density caudal to the injury is detected in NgR1 decoy-treated animals by immunohistology and by positron emission tomography using a serotonin reuptake ligand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antagonizing myelin-derived inhibitors signaling with NgR1 decoy augments recovery from chronic spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Program, and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA.
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Aaron W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Grahame
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Noam Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.forename: Yiyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weinzimmer
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ropchan
authors.forename: Larry I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: William B J
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Cafferty
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Strittmatter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000070798:Nogo Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009185:Myelin Proteins; C495858:NgR(310) Ecto-Fc protein; D000070798:Nogo Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C000603201:Rtn4 protein, mouse; C000603197:Rtn4 protein, rat