title: Learning about the energy density of liquid and semi-solid foods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People learn about a food's satiating capacity by exposure and consequently adjust their energy intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of energy density and texture on subsequent energy intake adjustments during repeated consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized crossover design, participants (n=27, age: 21±2.4 years, body mass index: 22.2±1.6 kg m(-2)) repeatedly consumed highly novel foods that were either low-energy-dense (LE: 30 kcal per 100 g) or high-energy-dense (HE: 130 kcal per 100 g), and either liquid or semi-solid, resulting in four product conditions. In each condition, a fixed portion of test food was consumed nine times as an obligatory part of breakfast, lunch and dinner on 3 consecutive days. All meals continued with an ad libitum buffet; food items for evening consumption were provided and the intake (kcal per day) was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Buffet intake depended on energy density and day of consumption of the test foods (day*energy interaction: P=0.02); daily buffet intake increased from day 1 (1745±577 kcal) to day 3 (1979±567 kcal) in the LE conditions; intake did not change in the HE conditions (day 1: 1523±429 kcal, day 3: 1589±424 kcal). Food texture did not affect the intake (P=0.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake did depend on energy density of the test foods; participants increased their buffet intake over days in response to learning about the satiating capacity of the LE foods, but did not change buffet intake over days when repeatedly consuming a HE food as part of their meal. The adjustments in intake were made irrespective of the food texture.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hogenkamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stafleu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mars
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D009426:Netherlands; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult