title: Contrast sensitivity evaluation in a population-based study in Shahroud, Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the normal range of contrast sensitivity and its determinants through a population-based study in Shahroud, in northern Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using random cluster sampling in Shahroud, 6311 people between 40 and 64 years of age were sampled; 5190 (82.24%) responded, and 965 participants were selected randomly for contrast sensitivity testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants underwent thorough eye examinations, including visual acuity and refraction tests, funduscopy, and slit-lamp examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast sensitivity was tested with best correction using the CVS1000 grating charts (VectorVision, Inc., Greenville, OH), and results are reported here in log units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, mean ± standard deviation contrast sensitivity in spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles per degree was 1.62 ± 0.19, 1.87 ± 0.22, 1.53 ± 0.28, and 1.09 ± 0.30 log units, respectively. Contrast sensitivity worsened significantly with age and with lower levels of uncorrected visual acuity (P<0.001). Compared with men, contrast sensitivity was worse among women in spatial frequencies of 3 and 6. Contrast sensitivity was significantly worse with myopia of more than 5.0 diopters (P<0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the amount of astigmatism and contrast sensitivity in all spatial frequencies (P<0.001). Contrast sensitivity showed a significant variability among people with normal vision that increased at higher spatial frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings can be used as a reference guide for contrast sensitivity in a general population and for comparison in future studies. Contrast sensitivity declines with age, high myopia, and astigmatism. The wide range variability, even in the presence of normal visual acuity, should be considered when contrast sensitivity is tested.
authors.affiliation: Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khabazkhoob
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jafarzadehpur
authors.forename: Mohammad Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Emamian
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shariati
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fotouhi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D044382:Population Groups; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology