title: Survey of mycotoxins in U.S. distiller's dried grains with solubles from 2009 to 2011.
abstract: Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a major coproduct of the fuel-ethanol industry and is becoming a popular low-cost ingredient for animal feed. Uncertainties regarding the risk factors in DDGS, such as level of mycotoxins, could limit its application in the animal feed industry. To provide a scientifically sound assessment of the prevalence and levels of mycotoxins in U.S. DDGS, we measured aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone in 67 DDGS samples collected from 8 ethanol plants in the midwestern United States from 2009 to 2011. Among the five mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol was the main focus of the study because the crop year of 2009 was favorable for deoxynivalenol occurrence in corn. We learned that no more than 12% of the samples contained deoxynivalenol levels higher than the minimum advisory level for use in animal feed provided by the U.S. FDA, and the deoxynivalenol levels in all DDGS collected in 2011 were <2 mg/kg. Besides, intensive study showed that the enrichment of deoxynivalenol from contaminated corn to DDGS was about 3.5 times. With regard to the other mycotoxins in DDGS, the study suggested that (1) almost none of the DDGS samples produced in 2010 contained detectable aflatoxins and the highest level of aflatoxins in DDGS was 5.7 μg/kg; (2) no more than 6% of the samples contained fumonisin levels higher than the guidance level for feeding equids and rabbits provided by the U.S. FDA; (3) none of the samples contained T-2 higher than the detection limit; (4) most samples contained zearalenone levels between 100 and 300 μg/kg. This study was based on representative DDGS samples from the U.S. ethanol industry, and the data were collected using state-of-the-art analytical methodology. This study provided a comprehensive and scientifically sound assessment of the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in DDGS produced from 2009 to early 2011 by the U.S. ethanol industry.
authors.affiliation: National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center, Edwardsville, Illinois 62025, United States. yzhang@ethanolresearch.com
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caupert
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000592:standards; D003625:Data Collection; D002523:Edible Grain; D000431:Ethanol; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019649:Food Industry; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000032:analysis; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000032:analysis; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D037341:Fumonisins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; D000431:Ethanol; D015025:Zearalenone; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C007262:deoxynivalenol