title: Cytokine profiles in peripheral blood of children and adults with Crohn disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence suggests that cytokine dysregulation in T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 (TH1/TH2) subsets contributes to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease (CD). The present pilot study examines the hypothesis that cytokine profiles differ between pediatric and adult patients with CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Production of TH1 cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and of TH2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-6 was analyzed in peripheral blood of patients with CD and healthy controls (n=20) using flow cytometry after in vitro stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both pediatric and adult subjects, frequencies of TNF-α CD4+ T cells were higher in patients with CD than in controls (P=0.009 and P=0.047, respectively). Percentages of cells expressing IL-4 were slightly increased (P=0.036), whereas those for IFN-γ were decreased (P=0.009) in pediatric patients with CD compared with controls. As expected, the overall production of TH1 cytokines was higher in adults compared with pediatric subjects. When memory CD4+CD45RO+ T cells were considered, lower IFN-γ expression was observed in pediatric subjects with CD compared with controls (P=0.009), matching the trend seen in the general CD4+ T cell population. The percentage of CD4+CD45RO+ T cells was increased in adult patients with CD compared with pediatric patients with CD (P=0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study describes a peripheral blood TH1/TH2 cytokine imbalance in CD and suggests different immunological mechanisms in children and adults for disease pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Seung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Garnett
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mileti
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beckert
authors.forename: Bittoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.forename: Melvin B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Heyman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood*; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens