title: Fetal exposure to propoxur and abnormal child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine the effects of fetal exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids, on child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers were prospectively recruited during mid-pregnancy in Bulacan, Philippines where multiple pesticides including propoxur, cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, pretilachlor, bioallethrin, malathion, diazinon and transfluthrin are used. To detect prenatal exposure to these pesticides, maternal hair and blood, infant's hair, cord blood, and meconium were analyzed for the pesticides by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Infants were examined at 2 years of age with 95.1% follow up rate and their neurodevelopment outcome was assessed by the Griffiths mental developmental scale (N=754).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meconium analysis was the most sensitive method to detect fetal exposure to pesticides and exposure was highest for propoxur (21.3%) and the grouped pyrethroids (2.5% - bioallethrin, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin). Path analysis modeling was performed to determine the effects of fetal exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids on the child's neurodevelopment at 24 months of age while controlling for confounders. Only singletons and those with complete data for the path analysis were included (N=696). Using a path analysis model, there was a significant negative (β=-0.14, p<0.001) relationship between prenatal pesticide exposure to propoxur and motor development at 2 years of age after controlling for confounders, e.g., infant gender, socioeconomic status, maternal intelligence, home stimulation (HOME), postnatal exposure to propoxur and blood lead level at 2 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 2 years of age, prenatal exposure to propoxur was associated with poorer motor development in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hutzel Women's Hospital, the Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States. eostrea@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Enrique M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ostrea
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Esterlita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villanueva-Uy
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pacifico
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Benitez
authors.forename: Essie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Rommel C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bielawski
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delaney-Black
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiodo
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Janisse
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ager
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010679:Philippines; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D001074:Propoxur / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D001074:Propoxur