title: Effect of surface treatment with sandblasting and Er,Cr:YSGG laser on  bonding of stainless steel orthodontic brackets to silver amalgam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Satisfactory bonding of orthodontic attachments to amalgam is a challenge for orthodontists. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic brackets to silver amalgam treated with sandblasting and Er,Cr:YSGG laser.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four amalgam discs were prepared, polished and divided into three groups: In group 1 (the control group) the premolar brackets were bonded using Panavia F resin cement without any surface treatment; in groups 2 and 3, the specimens were subjected to sandblasting and Er,Cr:YSGG laser respectively, before bracket bonding. After immersing in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours, all the specimens were tested for shear bond strength. Bond failure sites were evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest and lowest shear bond strength values were recorded in the laser and control groups, respectively. There were significant differences in mean shear bond strength values between the laser and the other two groups (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the sandblast and control groups (p=0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amalgam surface treatment with Er,Cr:YSGG laser increased shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic brackets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St., Azadi St., Tabriz, Iran. parnianoskuee@yahoo.com
authors.forename: P-A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Oskoee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kachoei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rikhtegaran
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fathalizadeh
authors.forename: E-J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Navimipour
mesh_terms: D003723:Dental Amalgam; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D012834:Silver; D013193:Stainless Steel
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D012834:Silver; D003723:Dental Amalgam