title: Mapping biological to clinical phenotypes during the development (21 days) and resolution (21 days) of experimental gingivitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize and map temporal changes in the biological and clinical phenotype during a 21-day experimental gingivitis study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental gingivitis was induced over 21 days in healthy human volunteers (n = 56), after which normal brushing was resumed (resolution phase). Gingival and plaque indices were assessed. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from four paired test and contra-lateral control sites in each volunteer during induction (Days 0, 7, 14 and 21) and resolution (Days 28 and 42) of experimental gingivitis. Fluid volumes were measured and a single analyte was quantified from each site-specific, 30s sample. Data were evaluated by analysis of repeated measurements and paired sample tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical indices and gingival crevicular fluid volumes at test sites increased from Day 0, peaking at Day 21 (test/control differences all p < 0.0001) and decreased back to control levels by Day 28. Levels of four inflammatory markers showed similar patterns, with significant differences between test and control apparent at Day 7 (substance P, cathepsin G, interleukin-1β, elastase: all p < 0.03) and peaking at Day 21 (all p < 0.002). Levels of α-1-antitrypsin showed no pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of substance P, cathepsin G, interleukin-1β and neutrophil elastase act as objective biomarkers of gingival inflammation induction and resolution that typically precede phenotypical changes.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, Bebington, UK.
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milward
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Monica J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carlile
authors.forename: Fionnuala T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Lundy
authors.forename: Mojgan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Naeeni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorraine Martin
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kinane
authors.forename: Gareth R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Iain L C
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Chapple
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D056649:Cathepsin G / Q000378:metabolism*; D003773:Dental Plaque; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D012016:Reference Values; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D013373:Substance P; D056649:Cathepsin G; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase