title: Brief report: genotype, phenotype, and clinical course in five patients with PAPA syndrome (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the genotypes, phenotypes, immunophenotypes, and treatments of PAPA syndrome (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne), a rare autoinflammatory disease, in 5 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical information was gathered from medical records and through interviews with 5 patients from 4 kindreds. PSTPIP1 (CD2BP1) exon 10 and exon 11 sequencing was performed in each patient. Neutrophil granule content and cytokine levels were determined in plasma and stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 2 previously described PAPA syndrome-associated PSTPIP1 mutations, A230T and E250Q, and a novel change, E250K. Disease penetrance was incomplete, with variable expressivity. The cutaneous manifestations included pathergy, cystic acne, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and circulating neutrophil granule enzyme levels were markedly elevated in patients compared to those in controls. PBMC stimulation studies demonstrated impaired production of IL-10 and enhanced production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Good resolution of pyoderma gangrenosum was achieved in 3 patients with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockade treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis of 5 patients demonstrates that mutations in PSTPIP1 are incompletely penetrant and variably expressed in the PAPA syndrome. Neutrophil granule proteins are markedly elevated ex vivo and in the plasma, and elevated levels might be compatible with a diagnosis of PAPA syndrome. TNFα blockade appears to be effective in treating the cutaneous manifestations of PAPA syndrome.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Demidowich
authors.forename: Alexandra F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kuhns
authors.forename: Ivona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aksentijevich
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gallin
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kastner
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D017511:Pyoderma Gangrenosum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; C486382:PSTPIP1 protein, human