title: Low-frequency ultrasound (20-40 kHz) as an adjunctive therapy for chronic wound healing: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials.
abstract: Ultrasound as a therapeutic agent in chronic wound healing has been studied extensively. This systematic review and meta-analysis specifically examines low-frequency (20-30 kHz) ultrasound delivered at either low or high intensity. The objective of this review was to determine whether low-frequency ultrasound used as an adjunctive therapy improves the outcomes of complete healing and reduction of size of chronic lower limb wounds. PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, technical assessment, relevant wound-related journals, and clinical guidelines were searched along with contacting manufacturers and authors of relevant randomized controlled trials were completed. Searches focused on the use of low-frequency ultrasound in randomized controlled trials. Data were collected via a data collection form and was adjudicated independently via coauthors. Meta-analyses and heterogeneity checks were performed using Mantel-Haenszel and inverse variance (fixed and random effects) statistical methods on studies with similar outcomes (complete healing and percent wound area reduction) over similar time periods. Single study results were reported via the statistical methods used in the study. Eight randomized controlled trials were identified. Results demonstrated that early healing (at ≤5 months) in patients with venous stasis and diabetic foot ulcers was favorably influenced by both high- and low-intensity ultrasound delivered at a low frequency-either via contact or noncontact techniques. However, the quality of the data may be suspect, especially for low-frequency low-intensity noncontact ultrasound because of significant biases. In patients presenting with either venous stasis or diabetic foot ulcers (Wagner classification 1-3), early healing appears to be facilitated by either low-frequency low-intensity noncontact ultrasound or low-frequency high-intensity contact ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Medical Device Consultants of Ridgewood LLC, 99 Glenwood Road, Ridgewood, NJ 07450, USA. meddevconsultant@aol.com
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wendelken
authors.forename: Vickie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: Oscar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003646:Debridement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014945:Wound Healing; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery