title: Correlation between carboxylesterase alleles and insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens complex from China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In China, large amounts of chemical insecticides are applied in fields or indoors every year, directly or indirectly bringing selection pressure on vector mosquitoes. Culex pipiens complex has evolved to be resistant to all types of chemical insecticides, especially organophosphates, through carboxylesterases. Six resistant carboxylesterase alleles (Ester) were recorded previously and sometimes co-existed in one field population, representing a complex situation for the evolution of Ester genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In order to explore the evolutionary scenario, we analyzed the data from an historical record in 2003 and a recent investigation on five Culex pipiens pallens populations sampled from north China in 2010. Insecticide bioassays showed that these five populations had high resistance to pyrethroids, medium resistance to organophosphates, and low resistance to carbamates. Six types of Ester alleles, EsterB1, Ester2, Ester8, Ester9, EsterB10, and Ester11 were identified, and the overall pattern of their frequencies in geographic distribution was consistent with the report seven years prior to this study. Statistical correlation analysis indicated that Ester8 and Ester9 positively correlated with resistance to four insecticides, and EsterB10 to one insecticide. The occurrences of these three alleles were positively correlated, while the occurrence of EsterB1 was negatively correlated with Ester8, indicating an allelic competition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis suggests that one insecticide can select multiple Ester alleles and one Ester allele can work on multiple insecticides. The evolutionary scenario of carboxylesterases under insecticide selection is possibly "one to many".
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018 China.
authors.forename: Yangyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hanying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chuanling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Xiping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D043182:Carboxylesterase