title: Relationship between minority nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations, adherence, and the risk of virologic failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk of virologic failure conferred by suboptimal adherence to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and minority NNRTI resistance mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled analysis of the risk of virologic failure conferred by minority NNRTI resistance mutations and NNRTI adherence from three studies of treatment-naïve individuals initiating an NNRTI-based regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from each study were categorized into both adherence quartiles (Q1-Q4) and four strata: at least 95%, 80-94%, 60-79%, and below 60%. Weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the risk of virologic failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of participants (N = 768) had high measured adherence, but those in the lowest adherence quartile had the highest proportion of participants with virologic failure and the risk of virologic failure increased step-wise with adherence below 95%. Detection of minority NNRTI drug resistance mutations increased the proportion of participants with virologic failure across adherence quartiles (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel P < 0.001) and adherence strata [Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel P < 0.001; <60% adherence, hazard ratio 1.7 (1.1-2.7), P = 0.02; 60-79% adherence, hazard ratio 1.2 (0.5-3.2), P = 0.67; 80-94% adherence, hazard ratio 2.5 (0.98-6.3), P = 0.06; ≥95% adherence, hazard ratio 3.6 (2.3-5.6), P < 0.001]. On multivariate analysis, the effect of minority variants was also most prominent at higher levels of medication adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of minority NNRTI resistance mutations and NNRTI adherence were found to be independent predictors of virologic failure, but also modify each other's effects on virologic failure. In addition to the focus on medication adherence counseling, ultrasensitive HIV-1 drug resistance assays could play a role in optimizing the success rates of first-line antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. jli22@partners.org
authors.forename: Jonathan Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ribaudo
authors.forename: Evguenia S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Svarovskaia
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kozal
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hullsiek
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bangsberg
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kuritzkes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003376:Counseling; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors