title: Manganese exposure from drinking water and children's academic achievement.
abstract: Drinking water manganese (WMn) is a potential threat to children's health due to its associations with a wide range of outcomes including cognitive, behavioral and neuropsychological effects. Although adverse effects of Mn on cognitive function of the children indicate possible impact on their academic achievement little evidence on this issue is available. Moreover, little is known regarding potential interactions between exposure to Mn and other metals, especially water arsenic (WAs). In Araihazar, a rural area of Bangladesh, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 840 children to investigate associations between WMn and WAs and academic achievement in mathematics and languages among elementary school-children, aged 8-11 years. Data on As and Mn exposure were collected from the participants at the baseline of an ongoing longitudinal study of school-based educational intervention. Annual scores of the study children in languages (Bangla and English) and mathematics were obtained from the academic achievement records of the elementary schools. WMn above the WHO standard of 400μg/L was associated with 6.4% score loss (95% CI=-12.3 to -0.5) in mathematics achievement test scores, adjusted for WAs and other sociodemographic variables. We did not find any statistically significant associations between WMn and academic achievement in either language. Neither WAs nor urinary As was significantly related to any of the three academic achievement scores. Our finding suggests that a large number of children in rural Bangladesh may experience deficits in mathematics due to high concentrations of Mn exposure in drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, United States.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ershad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Faruque
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parvez
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slavkovich
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mey
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Geen
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Factor-Litvak
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000367:Age Factors; D001244:Association; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D008433:Mathematics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014873:Water Pollutants; D008345:Manganese