title: PAX2 is activated by estradiol in breast cancer cells of the luminal subgroup selectively, to confer a low invasive phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastasis is the leading cause of death among breast cancer patients. Identifying key cellular factors controlling invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells should pave the way to new therapeutic strategies efficiently interfering with the metastatic process. PAX2 (paired box 2) transcription factor is expressed by breast cancer cells in vivo and recently, it was shown to negatively regulate the expression of ERBB2 (erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, HER-2/neu), a well-documented pro-invasive and pro-metastastic gene, in luminal/ERalpha-positive (ERα+) breast cancer cells. The objective of the present study was to investigate a putative role for PAX2 in the control of luminal breast cancer cells invasion, and to begin to characterize its regulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAX2 activity was higher in cell lines from luminal compared to non-luminal subtype, and activation of PAX2 by estradiol was selectively achieved in breast cancer cell lines of the luminal subtype. This process was blocked by ICI 182780 and could be antagonized by IGF-1. Knockdown of PAX2 in luminal MCF-7 cells completely abrogated estradiol-induced downregulation of ERBB2 and decrease of cell invasion, whereas overexpression of PAX2 in these cells enhanced estradiol effects on ERBB2 levels and cell invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that PAX2 activation by estradiol is selectively achieved in breast cancer cells of the luminal subtype, via ERα, and identifies IGF-1 as a negative regulator of PAX2 activity in these cells. Further, it reveals a new role for PAX2 in the maintenance of a low invasive behavior in luminal breast cancer cells upon exposure to estradiol, and shows that overexpression and activation of PAX2 in these cells is sufficient to reduce their invasive ability.
authors.affiliation: Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7 Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beauchemin
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lacombe
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Themsche
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor; C497318:PAX2 protein, human; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol