title: Clinical implications of internal carotid artery flow impairment caused by filter occlusion during carotid artery stenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Membrane filters are EPDs, which preserve ICA flow during CAS. However, ICA flow arrest may occur with filter use. This report describes the angiographic, clinical, and histopathologic features of the filter occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one consecutive patients with cervical carotid stenosis treated by CAS by using a single type of filter device were evaluated. All patients were on dual antiplatelet treatment and fully heparinized. Prestent dilation was performed in all patients. Poststent dilation was performed in 15 patients. Control angiograms were obtained and evaluated after each step of the CAS procedure. All filters were inspected for debris, and if present, histology was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAS was successfully performed in all cases with <20% residual stenosis. Filter occlusion occurred in 6 patients (9.8%). It developed immediately after stent deployment in 4, and after a second prestent dilation in 2. Five of the 6 had severe carotid stenosis. In all patients, filter withdrawal led to immediate and complete restoration of ICA flow. In 1 patient, acute embolic M1 occlusion occurred immediately after filter withdrawal but was successfully treated with thrombolysis. None of filter-occlusion group had permanent neurologic deficits. Gross and microscopic examinations demonstrated that the pores of the filters were occluded mainly by fibrin. Postoperative diffusion MR imaging revealed no difference between filter-occlusion and non-filter-occlusion groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICA flow arrest due to filter occlusion during CAS is relatively common and occurs more frequently in severe stenosis. It resolves rapidly after filter removal and does not appear to worsen outcome.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea.
authors.forename: O-K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome