title: Allele-specific disparity in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a cancer cell the number of copies of a locus may vary due to amplification and deletion and these variations are denoted as copy number alterations (CNAs). We focus on the disparity of CNAs in tumour samples, which were compared to those in blood in order to identify the directional loss of heterozygosity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose a numerical algorithm and apply it to data from the Illumina 109K-SNP array on 112 samples from breast cancer patients. B-allele frequency (BAF) and log R ratio (LRR) of Illumina were used to estimate Euclidian distances. For each locus, we compared genotypes in blood and tumour for subset of samples being heterozygous in blood. We identified loci showing preferential disparity from heterozygous toward either the A/B-allele homozygous (allelic disparity). The chi-squared and Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to examine whether there is an association between high levels of disparity in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and molecular, clinical and tumour-related parameters. To identify pathways and network functions over-represented within the resulting gene sets, we used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify loci with a high level of disparity, we selected SNPs 1) with a substantial degree of disparity and 2) with substantial frequency (at least 50% of the samples heterozygous for the respective locus). We report the overall difference in disparity in high-grade tumours compared to low-grade tumours (p-value < 0.001) and significant associations between disparity in multiple single loci and clinical parameters. The most significantly associated network functions within the genes represented in the loci of disparity were identified, including lipid metabolism, small-molecule biochemistry, and nervous system development and function. No evidence for over-representation of directional disparity in a list of stem cell genes was obtained, however genes appeared to be more often altered by deletion than by amplification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that directional loss and amplification exist in breast cancer. These are highly associated with grade, which may indicate that they are enforced with increasing number of cell divisions. Whether there is selective pressure for some loci to be preferentially amplified or deleted remains to be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. v.n.kristensen@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaveh
authors.forename: Hege
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edvardsen
authors.forename: Anne-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Børresen-Dale
authors.forename: Vessela
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: N Kristensen
authors.forename: Hiroko K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Solvang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000483:Alleles; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D019295:Computational Biology; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity / Q000235:genetics; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics