title: Spectrum of thoracic outlet syndrome presentation in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the outcomes of children with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) treated surgically with transaxillary first-rib resection and scalenectomy (FRRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective database review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients 18 years or younger who had undergone FRRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent FRRS. Patients with venous TOS underwent venography 2 weeks postoperatively. Main Outcomes Measures For patients with venous TOS, good outcomes included patent subclavian veins. For patients with neurogenic and arterial TOS, good outcomes included relief of pain and discomfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five adolescents, including 14 male and 21 female patients, presented with TOS. Of these, 18 had venous symptoms, 9 had neurogenic symptoms, and 8 had arterial symptoms. Seventeen of the 18 patients with venous TOS had thrombosis. At postoperative venography, 13 patients required dilation of a stenotic vein, 2 had patent veins, and 2 had chronically occluded veins. All 18 patients had patent veins, but 1 had persistent ipsilateral neurogenic symptoms. Physical therapy before FRRS had failed in all 9 patients with neurogenic TOS. Five of the 8 patients with arterial TOS presented with abnormal ribs. Two had episodes of embolization, and 1 had an occluded radial artery. None had an axillosubclavian aneurysm. All 8 patients underwent FRRS; 3 also required removal of the fused cervical rib. All 35 patients had a favorable follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents present more frequently with venous and arterial TOS than do adults. However, in nearly all adolescent patients, treatment with FRRS leads to a rapid return to full activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 759, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. kchang29@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demos
authors.forename: Taylor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roethle
authors.forename: Julie Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Freischlag
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001365:Axilla / Q000601:surgery; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D010690:Phlebography; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery*; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000601:surgery; D013901:Thoracic Outlet Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017131:Thrombectomy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy