title: Cognitive control and conflict adaptation in youth with high-functioning autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Youth diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often show deficits in cognitive control processes, potentially contributing to characteristic difficulties monitoring and regulating behavior. Modification of performance following conflict can be measured by examining conflict adaptation, the adjustment of cognitive resources based on previous-trial conflict. The electrophysiological correlates of these processes can be measured using the N2, a stimulus-locked component of the event-related potential (ERP).
  
  
  METHODS
  High-density ERPs and behavioral data [i.e. response times (RTs) and error rates] were acquired while 28 youth with ASD and 36 typically developing controls completed a modified Eriksen flanker task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviorally, groups showed similar conflict adaptation effects; youth with ASD showed larger RT slowing on switch trials. For electrophysiology, controls demonstrated larger N2 amplitudes for incongruent (high-conflict) trials following congruent (low-conflict) trials than for incongruent trials following incongruent trials. Importantly, youth with ASD showed no such differences in N2 amplitude based on previous-trial conflict.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of electrophysiological conflict adaptation effects in youth with ASD indicates irregular neural processing associated with conflict adaptation. Individuals with ASD show declines in level of conflict evaluation and adaptation. Future research is necessary to accurately characterize and understand the behavioral implications of these cognitive control deficits relative to diagnostic severity, anxiety, and personality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. michael_larson@byu.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Mikle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: South
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Clayson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clawson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time