title: Enhancements in specimen preparation of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 thin films.
abstract: When producing slices from Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2) thin films for solar cells by use of a focused ion beam (FIB), agglomerates form on the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2) surfaces, which deteriorate substantially the imaging and analysis in scanning electron microscopy. Similar problems are also experienced when depth-profiling Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2) thin films by means of glow-discharge or secondary ion mass spectrometry. The present work shows that the agglomerates are composed of (mainly) Cu, and that their formation may be impeded considerably by either cooling of the sample or by use of reactive gases during the ion-beam sputtering. The introduction of XeF(2) during FIB slicing resulted in excellent images, in which the microstructures of most layers in the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2) thin film stack are visible, including the microstructure of the 20 nm thin MoSe(2) layer. Acquisition of high-quality two-dimensional and also three-dimensional electron backscatter diffraction data was possible. The present work gives a basis for enhanced SEM imaging and analysis not only in the case of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2) thin films but also when dealing with further material systems exhibiting similar formations of agglomerates.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany. daniel.abou-ras@helmholtz-berlin.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abou-Ras
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rissom
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Efimova
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eicke