title: E-selectin is elevated in cord blood of South Asian neonates compared with Caucasian neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease in South Asian subjects could be caused by the presence of endothelial dysfunction in early life. We studied markers of endothelial dysfunction in umbilical cord blood of South Asian neonates and compared these with that of Caucasian control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  From South Asian (n = 57) and Caucasian (n = 21) neonates, cord blood was collected and levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, and markers of endothelial dysfunction (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma E-selectin levels were significantly higher in South Asian neonates (46.7 versus 33.5 ng/mL, P < .001), and levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 did not differ. Furthermore, South Asian neonates had hyperinsulinemia (P = .043), dyslipidemia (with significantly higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels), and higher C-reactive protein levels (75.7 versus 43.8 ng/mL, P = .009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  South Asian newborns are characterized by elevated E-selectin levels in line with the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction is present early in life. In addition, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation are present. Because many pathogenic variables for coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes are already present at birth in South Asian patients, the question arises whether rigorous childhood lifestyle intervention could be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.r.boon@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Mariëtte R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: Nasra S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Karamali
authors.forename: Christianne J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Steijn
authors.forename: Humphrey H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kanhai
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Bent
authors.forename: Jimmy F P
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Berbée
authors.forename: Barend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Middelkoop
authors.forename: Patrick C N
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rensen
authors.forename: Jouke T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Tamsma
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019040:E-Selectin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein