title: Flow control by means of a traveling curvature wave in fishlike escape responses.
abstract: Fish usually bend their bodies into a ''C'' shape and then beat their tails one or more times to escape from predators (in nature) or stimuli (in experiments). The maneuvering behavior, i.e., the C-shape bending and the return flapping, is called C-start. In this paper, the escaping performance of fishlike C-start motions has been numerically investigated for a flow physics study by the use of a two-dimensional deformable foil bending and stretching quickly. The C-start motions, performed in the quiescent water and based on prescribed deforming modes, are predicted by a numerical method coupling the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the deforming body dynamic equations. It has been found earlier that a typical C-start motion consists of (1) a main C-shape bending and (2) a rearward travelling curvature wave which was seldom mentioned in previous studies. In order to reveal the flow control mechanism of the traveling curvature wave in a fish's C-start motion, two kinds of C-start flows with different deforming modes, namely the integrated mode (IM, a C-shape bending plus a travelling curvature wave) and the basic mode (BM, a C-shape bending only) are analyzed and compared in detail. According to the numerical results, it shows that if proper values of the travelling curvature wave parameters are chosen, the foil's escaping maneuverability presented in the IM is much better than that in the BM, i.e. the turn angle and the speed of the center of mass at the end of a C-start in the IM is almost twice as large as those in the BM. Further study shows that the travelling curvature wave not only can enhance the thrust and the centripetal force but also increase the propulsive efficiency. These results suggest that an efficient travelling curvature wave is of great significance in the flow control of a C-start motion. Finally, a parametric study finds that the phase difference between the C-shape bending and the travelling curvature wave (i.e., the initial phase angle in the travelling curvature wave of the deforming model) is a key parameter in the flow control. To achieve the desirable turn angle, escaping speed, and propulsive efficiency in the C-start motions, the initial phase angles must be ranged within specific magnitudes. It is found that for optimum values of the initial phase angle, the foil's flexible deforming process is qualitatively consistent with that of a fish body in nature. The results obtained in this study provide a new physical insight into the understanding of swimming mechanisms of fish's C-start maneuvers.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory for Biomechanics of Animal Locomotion, the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yong-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Bing-Gang
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005399:Fishes; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009038:Motion; D009068:Movement; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D010825:Physics / Q000379:methods*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D019415:Torque