title: Diffusion of Gd-DTPA²⁻ into articular cartilage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) technique is a method proposed for non-invasive measurement of cartilage glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. In this method, gadopentetate (Gd-DTPA²⁻) is assumed to distribute in cartilage in inverse relation to the GAG distribution, thus allowing quantification of the GAG content. For accurate GAG quantification, the kinetics of Gd-DTPA²⁻ in articular cartilage is of critical importance. However, the diffusion of Gd-DTPA²⁻ has not been systematically studied over long time periods using MRI-feasible gadopentetate concentrations. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the diffusion of gadopentetate into cartilage in vitro in intact and enzymatically degraded cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diffusion of gadopentetate into bovine articular cartilage was investigated at 9.4 T over 18-h time period using repeated T(1) measurements in two models, (1) comparing intact and trypsin-treated tissue and (2) assessing the effect of penetration direction. The diffusion process was further assessed by determining the gadopentetate flux and diffusivity. The results were compared with histological and biochemical reference methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed that passive diffusion of Gd-DTPA²⁻ was significantly slower than previously assumed, leading to overestimation of the GAG content at equilibrating times of few hours. Moreover, Gd-DTPA²⁻ distribution was found to depend not only on GAG content, but also on collagen content and diffusion direction. Interestingly, the dGEMRIC technique was found to be most sensitive to cartilage degradation in the early stages of diffusion process, suggesting that full equilibrium between gadopentetate and cartilage may not be required in order to detect cartilage degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. elli-noora.salo@oulu.fi
authors.forename: E-N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nissi
authors.forename: K A M
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tiitu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Töyräs
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nieminen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D003094:Collagen; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA