title: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy under warm ischemia reduces the glomerular density in a pig model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the number of nephrons, using unbiased stereological method, after warm ischemia for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in a pig model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen pigs underwent left laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, and four animals were used as controls (not operated). Renal vessels were clamped, and 25% of kidney length was resected. The animals were euthanized after 2 weeks, and the kidneys were collected. Thus, we analyzed 14 left kidneys submitted to warm ischemia, 14 right kidneys from the same animals but not submitted to ischemia and eight kidneys from control animals. Renal fragments were processed using routine histological methods. The total operative time and the time of warm ischemia were recorded. Glomerular mean volume and glomerular density were quantified by stereological methods. Creatinine serum levels were assessed preoperatively and before euthanasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical time was 71 ± 17 minutes, and ischemia time was 16 ± 5 minutes. The mean glomerular volume in the left kidneys was higher when compared with controls and to right kidneys (p<0.05). In addition, the glomerular density was reduced in the left kidneys (p<0.05) when compared with controls and right kidneys. Nevertheless, creatinine serum levels after 2 weeks of surgery were not different from the preoperative levels. No difference was found for stereological measurements between controls and right kidneys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stereological determination of glomerular density can be used as an accurate and objective method for studies regarding renal damage from ischemia. Warm ischemia during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in pigs determined a significant reduction of glomerular density in the ipsilateral remaining parenchyma.
authors.affiliation: Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. diogobenchimol@gmail.com
authors.forename: Diogo B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Letícia L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Márcia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.forename: Edmundo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Abílio
authors.forename: Waldemar S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pereira-Sampaio
authors.forename: Francisco J B
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sampaio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000601:surgery*; D052096:Warm Ischemia / Q000379:methods*