title: Prevalence and distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants in Thai and Burmese populations in malaria endemic areas of Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  G6PD deficiency is common in malaria endemic regions and is estimated to affect more than 400 million people worldwide. Treatment of malaria patients with the anti-malarial drug primaquine or other 8-aminoquinolines may be associated with potential haemolytic anaemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of G6PD variants in Thai population who resided in malaria endemic areas (western, northern, north-eastern, southern, eastern and central regions) of Thailand, as well as the Burmese population who resided in areas along the Thai-Myanmar border.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ten common G6PD variants were investigated in dried blood spot samples collected from 317 Thai (84 males, 233 females) and 183 Burmese (11 males, 172 females) populations residing in malaria endemic areas of Thailand using PCR-RFLP method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four and seven G6PD variants were observed in samples collected from Burmese and Thai population, with prevalence of 6.6% (21/317) and 14.2% (26/183), respectively. Almost all (96.2%) of G6PD mutation samples collected from Burmese population carried G6PD Mahidol variant; only one sample (3.8%) carried G6PD Kaiping variant. For the Thai population, G6PD Mahidol (8/21: 38.1%) was the most common variant detected, followed by G6PD Viangchan (4/21: 19.0%), G6PD Chinese 4 (3/21: 14.3%), G6PD Canton (2/21: 9.5%), G6PD Union (2/21: 9.5%), G6PD Kaiping (1/21: 4.8%), and G6PD Gaohe (1/21: 4.8%). No G6PD Chinese 3, Chinese 5 and Coimbra variants were found. With this limited sample size, there appeared to be variation in G6PD mutation variants in samples obtained from Thai population in different regions particularly in the western region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate difference in the prevalence and distribution of G6PD gene variants among the Thai and Burmese populations in different malaria endemic areas. Dosage regimen of primaquine for treatment of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria may need to be optimized, based on endemic areas with supporting data on G6PD variants. Larger sample size from different malaria endemic is required to obtain accurate genetic mapping of G6PD variants in Burmese and Thai population residing in malaria endemic areas of Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Thailand center of Excellence on Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University (Rangsit campus), Patumthani 12121, Thailand.
authors.forename: Papichaya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phompradit
authors.forename: Jiraporn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuesap
authors.forename: Wanna
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaijaroenkul
authors.forename: Ronnatrai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rueangweerayut
authors.forename: Yaowaluck
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hongkaew
authors.forename: Rujira
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamnuan
authors.forename: Kesara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Na-Bangchang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods*; D015894:Genome, Human; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D002052:Myanmar / Q000208:ethnology; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015995:Prevalence; D011319:Primaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D011319:Primaquine