title: Validation of the Turkish version of the problem areas in diabetes scale.
abstract: The Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale is a widely used self-report measure that can facilitate detection of diabetes-specific emotional distress in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the factor structure and validity of the Turkish version of the PAID. A validation study was conducted among 154 patients with insulin-naïve type 2 diabetes. Participants completed the PAID, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale (ITAS), and World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaires. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a 2-factor structure, identifying a 15-item "diabetes distress" factor and a 5-item "support-related issues" factor. The total PAID-score and the two dimensions were associated with higher levels of depression and poor emotional well-being. In the present study, the Turkish version of the PAID had satisfactory psychometric properties, however, the factorial structure was found to differ from factor solutions from other countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases [CoRPS], Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisabeth M J
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Huis In 't Veld
authors.forename: Ceylan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Makine
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouwen
authors.forename: Cağatay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karşıdağ
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kadıoğlu
authors.forename: Kubilay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karşıdağ
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer