title: Identification, Isolation and characterization of a novel azoreductase from Clostridium perfringens.
abstract: Azo dyes are used widely in the textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries as colorants and are often sources of environmental pollution. There are many microorganisms that are able to reduce azo dyes by use of an azoreductase enzyme. It is through the reduction of the azo bonds of the dyes that carcinogenic metabolites are produced thereby a concern for human health. The field of research on azoreductases is growing, but there is very little information available on azoreductases from strict anaerobic bacteria. In this study, the azoreductase gene was identified in Clostridium perfringens, a pathogen that is commonly found in the human intestinal tract. C. perfringens shows high azoreductase activity, especially in the presence of the common dye Direct Blue 15. A gene that encodes for a flavoprotein was isolated and expressed in Escherichia coli, and further purified and tested for azoreductase activity. The azoreductase (known as AzoC) was characterized by enzymatic reaction assays using different dyes. AzoC activity was highest in the presence of two cofactors, NADH and FAD. A strong cofactor effect was shown with some dyes, as dye reduction occurred without the presence of the AzoC (cofactors alone). AzoC was shown to perform best at a pH of 9, at room temperature, and in an anaerobic environment. Enzyme kinetics studies suggested that the association between enzyme and substrate is strong. Our results show that AzoC from C. perfringens has azoreductase activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Cristee M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Gilbert H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D009601:Nitroreductases; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D003067:Coenzymes; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009243:NAD; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009601:Nitroreductases; C021106:azoreductase