title: Coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coffee has been hypothesized to have pro- and anticarcinogenic properties, whereas tea may contain anticarcinogenic compounds. Studies assessing coffee intake and pancreatic cancer risk have yielded mixed results, whereas findings for tea intake have mostly been null. Sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink (SSB) intake has been associated with higher circulating levels of insulin, which may promote carcinogenesis. Few prospective studies have examined SSB intake and pancreatic cancer risk; results have been heterogeneous.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pooled analysis from 14 prospective cohort studies, 2,185 incident pancreatic cancer cases were identified among 853,894 individuals during follow-up. Multivariate (MV) study-specific relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant associations were observed between pancreatic cancer risk and intake of coffee (MVRR = 1.10; 95% CI, 0.81-1.48 comparing ≥900 to <0 g/d; 237g ≈ 8oz), tea (MVRR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.78-1.16 comparing ≥400 to 0 g/d; 237g ≈ 8oz), or SSB (MVRR = 1.19; 95% CI, 0.98-1.46 comparing ≥250 to 0 g/d; 355g ≈ 12oz; P value, test for between-studies heterogeneity > 0.05). These associations were consistent across levels of sex, smoking status, and body mass index. When modeled as a continuous variable, a positive association was evident for SSB (MVRR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, no associations were observed for intakes of coffee or tea during adulthood and pancreatic cancer risk. Although we were only able to examine modest intake of SSB, there was a suggestive, modest positive association for risk of pancreatic cancer for intakes of SSB.
authors.affiliation: Mailman School of Public Health, 722 w 168th St, Rm 803, New York, NY 10032, USA. jg3081@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Jeanine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Genkinger
authors.forename: Ruifeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bergkvist
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: Dallas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Jo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: R Alexandra
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldbohm
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koushik
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Alpa V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robien
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schairer
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Regina G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith-Warner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013662:Tea; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea