title: A ciliopathy complex at the transition zone protects the cilia as a privileged membrane domain.
abstract: Using RNAi screening, proteomics, cell biological and mouse genetics approaches, we have identified a complex of nine proteins, seven of which are disrupted in human ciliopathies. A transmembrane component, TMEM231, localizes to the basal body before and independently of intraflagellar transport in a Septin 2 (Sept2)-regulated fashion. The localizations of TMEM231, B9D1 (B9 domain-containing protein 1) and CC2D2A (coiled-coil and C2 domain-containing protein 2A) at the transition zone are dependent on one another and on Sept2. Disruption of the complex in vitro causes a reduction in cilia formation and a loss of signalling receptors from the remaining cilia. Mouse knockouts of B9D1 and TMEM231 have identical defects in Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling and ciliogenesis. Strikingly, disruption of the complex increases the rate of diffusion into the ciliary membrane and the amount of plasma-membrane protein in the cilia. The complex that we have described is essential for normal cilia function and acts as a diffusion barrier to maintain the cilia membrane as a compartmentalized signalling organelle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chih
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chinn
authors.forename: Cecile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chalouni
authors.forename: Laszlo G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Komuves
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hass
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058112:Septins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C528701:CC2D2A protein, human; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C509239:SHH protein, human; C465570:Shh protein, mouse; C000602252:SEPTIN2 protein, human; D058112:Septins