title: The fracture load and failure types of veneered anterior zirconia crowns: an analysis of normal and Weibull distribution of complete and censored data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the fracture load of veneered anterior zirconia crowns using normal and Weibull distribution of complete and censored data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized zirconia frameworks for maxillary canines were milled using a CAD/CAM system and randomly divided into 3 groups (N=90, n=30 per group). They were veneered with three veneering ceramics, namely GC Initial ZR, Vita VM9, IPS e.max Ceram using layering technique. The crowns were cemented with glass ionomer cement on metal abutments. The specimens were then loaded to fracture (1 mm/min) in a Universal Testing Machine. The data were analyzed using classical method (normal data distribution (μ, σ); Levene test and one-way ANOVA) and according to the Weibull statistics (s, m). In addition, fracture load results were analyzed depending on complete and censored failure types (only chipping vs. total fracture together with chipping).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When computed with complete data, significantly higher mean fracture loads (N) were observed for GC Initial ZR (μ=978, σ=157; s=1043, m=7.2) and VITA VM9 (μ=1074, σ=179; s=1139; m=7.8) than that of IPS e.max Ceram (μ=798, σ=174; s=859, m=5.8) (p<0.05) by classical and Weibull statistics, respectively. When the data were censored for only total fracture, IPS e.max Ceram presented the lowest fracture load for chipping with both classical distribution (μ=790, σ=160) and Weibull statistics (s=836, m=6.5). When total fracture with chipping (classical distribution) was considered as failure, IPS e.max Ceram did not show significant fracture load for total fracture (μ=1054, σ=110) compared to other groups (GC Initial ZR: μ=1039, σ=152, VITA VM9: μ=1170, σ=166). According to Weibull distributed data, VITA VM9 showed significantly higher fracture load (s=1228, m=9.4) than those of other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both classical distribution and Weibull statistics for complete data yielded similar outcomes. Censored data analysis of all ceramic systems based on failure types is essential and brings additional information regarding the susceptibility to chipping or total fracture.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland. bogna.stawarczyk@zzm.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Bogna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stawarczyk
authors.forename: Mutlu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: Christoph H F
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hämmerle
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roos
mesh_terms: D002484:Cementation / Q000379:methods; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D000044:Dental Abutments; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003801:Dental Veneers; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011336:Probability; D016008:Statistical Distributions; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide