title: A comparative pharmacological and phytochemical analysis of in vivo & in vitro propagated Crotalaria species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy for phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of in vitro propagated plants and field grown plants of Crotalaria sps., for against five human pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The preliminary phytochemistry, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were evaluated using disc diffusion and DPPH radical scavenging methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethanolic extract of in vitro raised Crotalaria retusa (C. retusa) was effective on tested microorganisms and optimal ZOI values of 38 mm was obtained against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The optimal concentration (IC50) required for 50% inhibition of the DPPH radical scavenging was 57.6 μ g/mL obtained for ethanolic extract of in vitro propagated C. retusa. The in vitro propagated C. retusa has significant pharmacological activities while the Crotalaria prostrate (C. prostrate) and Crotalaria medicaginea (C. medicaginea) has low pharmacological activites. It was cleared that ethanolic extract of in vitro regenerated plants was most effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate compounds isolated from ethanolic extracts of Crotalaria sps., possesses pharmacological properties and potential to develop natural compounds based pharmaceutical products. The IC(50) values for ethanolic extracts of Crotalaria sps. was evaluated through the Linear regression analysis (R(2) ≤ 1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India. bndevendra@gmail.com
authors.forename: Bellary Nagaraju
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Devendra
authors.forename: Nakka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: Kusuma Sandeep
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Solmon
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002725:Chloroform; D029864:Crotalaria / Q000737:chemistry; D000431:Ethanol; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D002725:Chloroform; C004544:naphtha