title: The normal acid-base status of mice.
abstract: Rodent models are commonly used for various physiological studies including acid-base regulation. Despite the widespread use of especially genetic modified mice, little attention have been made to characterise the normal acid-base status in these animals in order to reveal proper control values. Furthermore, several studies report blood gas values obtained in anaesthetised animals. We, therefore, decided to characterise blood CO(2) binding characteristic of mouse blood in vitro and to characterise normal acid-base status in conscious BALBc mice. In vitro CO(2) dissociation curves, performed on whole blood equilibrated to various PCO₂ levels in rotating tonometers, revealed a typical mammalian pK' (pK'=7.816-0.234 × pH (r=0.34)) and a non-bicarbonate buffer capacity (16.1 ± 2.6 slyke). To measure arterial acid-base status, small blood samples were taken from undisturbed mice with indwelling catheters in the carotid artery. In these animals, pH was 7.391 ± 0.026, plasma [HCO(3)(-)] 18.4 ± 0.83 mM, PCO₂ 30.3 ± 2.1 mm Hg and lactate concentration 4.6 ± 0.7 mM. Our study, therefore, shows that mice have an arterial pH that resembles other mammals, although arterial PCO₂ tends to be lower than in larger mammals. However, pH from arterial blood sampled from mice anaesthetised with isoflurane was significantly lower (pH 7.239 ± 0.021), while plasma [HCO(3)(-)] was 18.5 ± 1.4 mM, PCO₂ 41.9 ± 2.9 mm Hg and lactate concentration 4.48 ± 0.67 mM. Furthermore, we measured metabolism and ventilation (V(E)) in order to determine the ventilation requirements (VE/VO₂) to answer whether small mammals tend to hyperventilate. We recommend, therefore, that studies on acid-base regulation in mice should be based on samples taken for indwelling catheters rather than cardiac puncture of terminally anaesthetised mice.
authors.affiliation: Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark. nina.iversen@biology.au.dk
authors.forename: Nina K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malte
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baatrup
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology*; D000138:Acidosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D000399:Air Pressure; D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D002021:Buffers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002021:Buffers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid