title: Morphometic analysis of TCGA glioblastoma multiforme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our goals are to develop a computational histopathology pipeline for characterizing tumor types that are being generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for genomic association. TCGA is a national collaborative program where different tumor types are being collected, and each tumor is being characterized using a variety of genome-wide platforms. Here, we have developed a tumor-centric analytical pipeline to process tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for visualization and cell-by-cell quantitative analysis. Thus far, analysis is limited to Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma tissue sections. The final results are being distributed for subtyping and linking the histology sections to the genomic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A computational pipeline has been designed to continuously update a local image database, with limited clinical information, from an NIH repository. Each image is partitioned into blocks, where each cell in the block is characterized through a multidimensional representation (e.g., nuclear size, cellularity). A subset of morphometric indices, representing potential underlying biological processes, can then be selected for subtyping and genomic association. Simultaneously, these subtypes can also be predictive of the outcome as a result of clinical treatments. Using the cellularity index and nuclear size, the computational pipeline has revealed five subtypes, and one subtype, corresponding to the extreme high cellularity, has shown to be a predictor of survival as a result of a more aggressive therapeutic regime. Further association of this subtype with the corresponding gene expression data has identified enrichment of (i) the immune response and AP-1 signaling pathways, and (ii) IFNG, TGFB1, PKC, Cytokine, and MAPK14 hubs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While subtyping is often performed with genome-wide molecular data, we have shown that it can also be applied to categorizing histology sections. Accordingly, we have identified a subtype that is a predictor of the outcome as a result of a therapeutic regime. Computed representation has become publicly available through our Web site.
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Gerald V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Fontenay
authors.forename: Ju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Baehner
authors.forename: Joe W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Spellman
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parvin
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction