title: Pain management in the elderly at the end of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of older adults with pain is complex and affected by age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Chronic pain encompasses a complex array of sensory-discriminatory, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative components. Because of this complexity, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches should be considered to treat pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Given the large number of older persons with pain at the end of life and the few data about this issue, the objective of this article is to review the treatment of pain in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and LILACS from 1990 to 2011 and the references in retrieved manuscripts. The search terms were pain AND elderly AND end of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are evidences of undertreatment among elderly people. The association of nonpharmacologic resources with the pharmacological treatment can help reduce the use of analgesics minimizing the side effects of long term medication. Pharmacological treatment is escalated in an orderly manner from non-opioid to weak opioid to strong opioid. Adjuvant drugs like anticonvulsants and antidepressants may be necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sequential use of analgesics drugs and opioids are considered effective and relatively inexpensive for relieving pain, but no well designed specific studies in the elderly patient are available. There are not specific recommendations about the long-term use of complementary and alternative therapies and although their effectiveness remains unproven they should not be discouraged. Palliative sedation may be a valid palliative care option to relieve suffering in the imminently dying patient.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta Rigo
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dalacorte
authors.forename: Julio Cesar
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rigo
authors.forename: Amauri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalacorte