title: Burden of type 2 diabetes attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes is associated with low socioeconomic position (SEP) in high-income countries. Despite the important role of SEP in the development of many diseases, no socioeconomic indicator was included in the Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) module of the Global Burden of Disease study. We therefore aimed to illustrate an example by estimating the burden of type 2 diabetes in Sweden attributed to lower educational levels as a measure of SEP using the methods applied in the CRA.
  
  
  METHODS
  To include lower educational levels as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, we pooled relevant international data from a recent systematic review to measure the association between type 2 diabetes incidence and lower educational levels. We also collected data on the distribution of educational levels in the Swedish population using comparable criteria for educational levels as identified in the international literature. Population attributable fractions (PAF) were estimated and applied to the burden of diabetes estimates from the Swedish burden of disease database for men and women in the separate age groups (30-44, 45-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PAF estimates showed that 17.2% of the diabetes burden in men and 20.1% of the burden in women were attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden when combining all age groups. The burden was, however, most pronounced in the older age groups (70-79 and 80+), where lower educational levels contributed to 22.5% to 24.5% of the diabetes burden in men and 27.8% to 32.6% in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a considerable burden of type 2 diabetes attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden, and socioeconomic indicators should be considered to be incorporated in the CRA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Social Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. emilie.agardh@ki.se.
authors.forename: Emilie E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidorchuk
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallqvist
authors.forename: Rickard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ljung
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moradi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allebeck