title: Pro- and antisaccades in children elicited by visual and acoustic targets - does modality matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children are able to inhibit a prepotent reaction to suddenly arising visual stimuli, although this skill is not yet as pronounced as it is in adulthood. However, up to now the inhibition mechanism to acoustic stimuli has been scarcely investigated
  
  
  METHODS
  Reflexive (prosaccade) and inhibitory (antisaccade) responses to visual and acoustic targets were examined with an eye tracker system in 31 children between seven and twelve years of age using a gap-overlap task and two target eccentricities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acoustically cued saccades had longer reaction times than visually cued saccades. A gap effect (i.e., shorter reaction time in the gap than the overlap condition) was only found for visually elicited saccades, whereas an eccentricity effect (i.e., faster saccades to more laterally presented targets - 12° vs. 6° or rather 90° vs. 45°) was only present in the acoustic condition. Longer reaction times of antisaccades compared to prosaccades were found only in the visual task. Across both tasks the typical pattern of elevated error rates in the antisaccade condition was found. Antisaccade errors declined with age, indicating an ongoing development of inhibitory functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results lay the ground for further studies of acoustically triggered saccades in typically as well as atypically developing children and it might thus be possible to upgrade physiological diagnostic tools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany. hanna@wolkenkind.de
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goepel
authors.forename: Stefanie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Biehl
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kissler
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paul-Jordanov
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D002648:Child; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*