title: Bayesian spatial methods for small-area injury analysis: a study of geographical variation of falls in older people in the Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph health region of Ontario, Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine falls in older people in the Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph (WDG) health region of Ontario, Canada, and to identify areas with excess RR and associated risk factors, particularly those related to private dwellings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of hospitalisation following falls among older people in the WDG health region between 2002 and 2006 were geocoded to the dissemination area level and used in the spatial analysis. The falls data and covariates from the 2006 Canadian census were analysed using Poisson log-linear models with (spatial and non-spatial) random effects at the dissemination area level. A Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation allowed the spatial random effects models to be fitted. Map decomposition was used to visualise the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of occupied private dwellings requiring repairs and median income were significantly associated with falls in older people in the WDG health region. Twenty-six dissemination areas with high RR of falls in older people in the WDG health region were identified. Map decomposition revealed that RR were also driven by unknown factors that have spatial patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research identified an association between falls in older people and housing conditions; the higher the percentage of dwellings requiring repairs in an area, the higher its risk of falls in older people. Bayesian spatial modelling accounts for measurement errors and unobserved or unknown risk factors that have spatial patterns. The findings have the potential to contribute to future research in reducing falls in older people and generate more interest in using Bayesian spatial modelling approaches in injury and public health research.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. wing.chan@uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Wing C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seliske
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000061:Accidents, Home / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data