title: Sequestration of zinc from zinc oxide nanoparticles and life cycle effects in the sediment dweller amphipod Corophium volutator.
abstract: We studied the effects of ZnO nanoparticles [ZnO NPs, primary particle size 35 ± 10 nm (circular diameter, TEM)], bulk [160 ± 81 nm (circular diameter, TEM)], and Zn ions (from ZnCl(2)) on mortality, growth, and reproductive endpoints in the sediment dwelling marine amphipod Corophium volutator over a complete lifecycle (100 days). ZnO NPs were characterized by size, aggregation, morphology, dissolution, and surface properties. ZnO NPs underwent aggregation and partial dissolution in the seawater exposure medium, resulting in a size distribution that ranged in size from discrete nanoparticles to the largest aggregate of several micrometers. Exposure via water to all forms of zinc in the range of 0.2-1.0 mg L(-1) delayed growth and affected the reproductive outcome of the exposed populations. STEM-EDX analysis was used to characterize insoluble zinc precipitates (sphaerites) of high sulfur content, which accumulated in the hepatopancreas following exposures. The elemental composition of the sphaerites did not differ for ZnO NP, Zn(2+), and bulk ZnO exposed organisms. These results provide an illustration of the comparable toxicity of Zn in bulk, soluble, and nanoscale forms on critical lifecycle parameters in a sediment dwelling organism.
authors.affiliation: Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom. Julia.fabregacliment@echa.europa.eu
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fabrega
authors.forename: Ratna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tantra
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stolpe
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tomkins
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lead
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Tamara S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015032:Zinc; D015034:Zinc Oxide