title: Acute and long-term estradiol kinetics in smoking postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to study 2-h estrogen kinetics in smoking versus non-smoking postmenopausal women receiving estrogen therapy. Moreover, we wished to study estrogen concentrations over 2 years in smokers using ten or fewer cigarettes daily versus non-smokers in postmenopausal women on estrogen treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used post-hoc analyses from two randomized trials. In study I, we included 150 women from three groups receiving therapies containing 1 or 2 mg 17β-estradiol, where trough and 2-h blood samples was collected in cycles 1, 7 and 13. In study II, we included 94 completing women who had received either placebo or a regimen containing 1 mg 17β-estradiol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In study I, 35% were smokers. At 2 h post tablet intake, serum estrone and estradiol concentrations were significantly lower in smokers as compared to non-smokers, i.e. mean serum estrone was 212 pg/ml (95% confidence interval (CI) 177-247 pg/ml) in smokers as opposed to 318 pg/ml (95% CI 278-359 pg/ml) in non-smokers on 1 mg estradiol (p = 0.0002). In study II, 19% were smokers. In the estrogen group, smoking lead to significantly lower levels of both serum estrone and serum estradiol at all post-randomization time points. No differences between smokers and non-smokers were seen on placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that smoking reduces serum estrogens at both trough and after 2 h in postmenopausal women on estrogen treatment. The effect of smoking on estrogen concentrations is fully expressed in women smoking ten or less cigarettes daily. These findings indicate that the influence of smoking upon the metabolism of estrogen therapy is constant and without dose-response for standard smoking intensities.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Ballerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bjarnason
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004970:Estrone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010919:Placebos; D017698:Postmenopause; D011372:Progestins; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009652:Norpregnenes; D010919:Placebos; D011372:Progestins; C033273:Gestodene; D004970:Estrone; D004958:Estradiol