title: Sleep-disordered breathing and transcranial Dopplers in sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with sickle cell disease and whether there is an association of sleep-disordered breathing with high-risk transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) velocities. Study
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four children (aged 2-14 years) selected for eligible genotype (type SS or Sβ(0)-thalassemia) and no history of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. Overnight polysomnography was performed for children with snoring. The TCD was performed or existing results were obtained for all children; for children who underwent transfusion therapy, readings prior to the transfusion were analyzed. Children with abnormal or conditional TCD (flow velocity ≥170 cm/s in any vessel) were considered high risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing and TCD velocity and frequency of high-risk TCD in patients with and without sleep-disordered breathing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of snoring was 37.5% (95% CI, 26.7%-49.8%), the prevalence of positive polysomnography findings was 23.7% (14.6%-36.1%), and the prevalence of positive Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire scores was 21.9% (13.4%-33.6%). There was no significant difference in TCD velocity or number of patients with high-risk TCD between nonsnorers and children with snoring but negative polysomnography findings and children with snoring and positive polysomnography findings (P = .91 and P = .66, respectively) or between nonsnorers and snorers with a negative Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire score and snorers with a positive Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire score (P = .76 and P = .33, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing among children with sickle cell disease, but our results do not support an association with cerebrovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. ngoldstein@downstate.edu
authors.forename: Nira A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Roni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Sreedhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weedon
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dastgir
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mironov
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial