title: Initial validation and clinical experience with 3D optical-surface-guided whole breast irradiation of breast cancer.
abstract: We had introduced 3D optical surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT) of the breast cancer (BC). We then initiated the feasibility, accuracy, and precision studies of stereovision in detection of any breast displacement through the course of treatment for total thirty breasts undertaken whole breast irradiation (WBI). In the SGRT, CT-based plan data were parsed into an in-house computer program through which the reference surfaces were generated in 3D video format. When patients were positioned on treatment Tables, real-time stereovisions were rapidly acquired while the live surface tracking shown steady thorax motion. The real-time surface images were automatically aligned with the reference surface and detected shape and location changes of the breast were online corrected through the Table and beam adjustments. Accumulated dose to each patient was computed according to the frequency distribution of the measured breast locations during beam on time. Application of SGRT had diminished large skin-marking errors of > 5-mm and daily breast-setup errors of >10-mm that occurred on half of cases. Accuracy (mean) and precision (two standard deviations) of the breast displacements across the tangential field edges in the (U, V) directions were improved from (-0.5 ± 8.8,  2.2 ± 10.8) mm in conventional setup to (0.4 ± 4.6,  0.7 ± 4.4) mm in the final position while intra-fractional motion contributed only (0.1 ± 2.8, 0.0 ± 2.2) mm in free breathing. Dose uniformity and coverage to targets had both been increased by up to 10% and the lung or heart intersections have been decreased by half of those volumes if they were irradiated at the initial positions. SGRT of BC appears to be feasible regardless of skin tones, as fast as a snapshot for 3D imaging, and very accurate and precise for daily setup of flexible breast targets. Importantly, the technique allows us to verify the breast shape and position during beam-on time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Shidong.Li@tuhs.temple.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DeWeese
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Movsas
authors.forename: Dezhi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frassica
authors.forename: Jinkoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*