title: Human microbiome and HIV/AIDS.
abstract: Understanding of the human microbiome continues to grow rapidly; however, reports on changes in the microbiome after HIV infection are still limited. This review surveys the progress made in methodology associated with microbiome studies and highlights the remaining challenges to this field. Studies have shown that commensal oral, gut, vaginal, and penile bacteria are vital to the health of the human immune system. Our studies on crosstalk among oral and gastrointestinal soluble innate factors, HIV, and microbes indicated that the oral and gut microbiome was altered in the HIV-positive samples compared to the negative controls. The importance of understanding the bacterial component of HIV/AIDS, and likelihood of "crosstalk" between viral and bacterial pathogens, will help in understanding the role of the microbiome in HIV-infected individuals and facilitate identification of novel antiretroviral factors for use as novel diagnostics, microbicides, or therapeutics against HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA. ds100@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poles
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malamud
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome / Q000502:physiology*; D056265:Microbial Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D010413:Penis / Q000382:microbiology; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology