title: Kappa-casein based electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance biosensors for the assessment of the clotting activity of rennet.
abstract: We report for the first time the development of kappa-casein (κ-CN)-based electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors for the assessment of the clotting activity of rennet. Electrochemical biosensors were developed over gold electrodes modified with a self-assembled monolayer of dithiobis-N-succinimidyl propionate, while SPR measurements were performed on regenerated carboxymethylated dextran gold surfaces. In both types of biosensor, κ-CN molecules were immobilized onto modified gold surfaces through covalent bonding. In electrochemical biosensors, interactions between the immobilized κ-CN molecules and chymosin (the active component of rennet) were studied by performing cyclic voltammetry, differential pulsed voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, using hexacyanoferrate(II)/(III) couple as a redox probe. κ-CN is cleaved by rennet at the Phe105-Met106 bond, producing a soluble glycomacropeptide, which is released to the electrolyte, and the positively charged insoluble para-κ-casein molecule, which remains attached to the surface of the electrode. This induced reduction of the net negative charge of the sensing surface, along with the partial degradation of the sensing layer, results in an increase of the flux of the redox probe, which exists in the solution, and consequently, to signal variations, which are associated with the increased electrocatalysis of the hexacyanoferrate(II)/(III) couple on the gold surface. SPR experiments were performed in the absence of the redox probe and the observed SPR angle alterations were solely attributed to the cleavage of the immobilized κ-CN molecules. Various experimental variables were investigated and under the selected conditions the proposed biosensors were successfully tried to real samples. The ratios of the clotting power units in various commercial solid or liquid samples, as they are calculated by the EIS-based data, were almost identical to those obtained with a reference method. In addition, EIS measurements showed an excellent reproducibility, lower than 5%.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Panagopoulou
authors.forename: Dimitrios V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Stergiou
authors.forename: Ioannis G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Roussis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panayotou
authors.forename: Mamas I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Prodromidis
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012085:Chymosin / Q000378:metabolism*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000737:chemistry; D005295:Ferrocyanides / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D005292:Ferricyanides; D005295:Ferrocyanides; C007931:hexacyanoferrate III; D006046:Gold; C025350:rennet; D012085:Chymosin; C020354:hexacyanoferrate II