title: Synthesis, radioiodination and in vitro and in vivo sigma receptor studies of N-1-allyl-N´-4-phenethylpiperazine analogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sigma-1 (σ(1)) receptor radioligands are useful for basic pharmacology studies and for imaging studies in neurology, psychiatry and oncology. We derived a hybrid structure, N-1-allyl-N´-4-phenethylpiperazine, from known ligands TPCNE and SA4503 for use as a scaffold for development of radioiodinated σ(1) receptor ligands.
  
  
  METHODS
  E-and Z-N-1-(3'-iodoallyl)-N´-4-(3″,4″-dimethoxyphenethyl)-piperazine (E-1 and Z-1), N-1-allyl-N´-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenethyl)-piperazine (2) and E-N-1-(3'-iodoallyl)-N´-4-(3″-methoxy-4'´-hydroxyphenethyl)-piperazine (3) were synthesized. Affinities for σ(1) and σ(2) receptors were determined. [(125)I]E-1 and [(125)I]Z-1 were prepared and evaluated in vivo in mice. [(125)I]E-1 was further evaluated in σ(1) receptor binding assays in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E-1 displayed moderately high apparent affinity (15 nM) for σ(1) sites and 84-fold selectivity against σ(2) sites. Z-1 showed similar σ(1) affinity, but only 23-fold selectivity. In contrast, 2 exhibited poor binding to both subtypes, while 3 had good affinities but poor selectivity. E-1 profiled as a probable antagonist in the phenytoin shift assay. [(125)I]E-1 and [(125)I]Z-1 were prepared in good yields and with high specific radioactivities. Log D(7.4) values (2.25 and 2.27) fall within the optimal range for in vivo studies. Both radioligands selectively labeled σ(1) receptors in mouse brain and peripheral organs in vivo. [(125)I]E-1 showed a higher level of specific binding than [(125)I]Z-1 and displayed good metabolic stability. Further, [(125)I]E-1 selectively labeled σ(1) receptors in mouse brain homogenates (K(d) 3.79 nM; B(max)=599 fmol/mg protein).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  [(125)I]E-1 is a selective σ(1) receptor radioligand that exhibits properties amenable to in vitro and in vivo studies, with possible extension to single photon emission computed tomography using iodine-123.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. levers@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Susan Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Lever
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kuo-Hsien
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fergason-Cantrell
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Carmack
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Watkinson
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lever
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010879:Piperazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D011869:Radioligand Assay / Q000379:methods; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D000097605:Sigma-1 Receptor
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008024:Ligands; D010879:Piperazines; D017480:Receptors, sigma; D000097605:Sigma-1 Receptor; C106107:sigma-2 receptor