title: The impact of a history of psychotic symptoms on cognitive function in euthymic bipolar patients: a comparison with schizophrenic patients and healthy controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About two-thirds of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have a lifetime history of at least one psychotic symptom.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the neurocognitive performance of four groups: BD patients with and without a history of psychotic symptoms (BD HPS+ and BD HPS-, respectively); patients with schizophrenia (SZ); and healthy control (HC) subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 35 stabilized patients with SZ, 79 euthymic (44 HPS+ and 35 HPS-) patients with BD, and 50 HC were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was worse neurocognitive functioning in both BD and SZ patients compared to HC. Overall, data from both groups of BD patients did not differ on sociodemographic, clinical, or neurocognitive variables. However, BD HPS+ patients had significantly more negative symptoms, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and showed a trend toward worse performance on executive functions compared to BD HPS- patients. Moreover, both BD groups had better performance on all neurocognitive tests compared to SZ group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurocognitive dysfunction may be more marked in SZ than in BD, yet qualitatively similar. A history of past psychotic symptoms in BD was not associated with more severe cognitive impairment during euthymia. Therefore, BD with psychotic symptoms does not appear to be a distinct neurocognitive phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. sofiabrissos@netcabo.pt
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brissos
authors.forename: Vasco Videira
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Márcio Gerhardt
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Soeiro-de-Souza
authors.forename: Vicent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balanzá-Martínez
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapczinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult