title: Effect of temperature and bleaching agent on bleaching of liquid Cheddar whey.
abstract: The use of whey protein as an ingredient in foods and beverages is increasing, and thus demand for colorless and mild-tasting whey protein is rising. Bleaching is commonly applied to fluid colored cheese whey to decrease color, and different temperatures and bleach concentrations are used. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of hot and cold bleaching, the point of bleaching (before or after fat separation), and bleaching agent on bleaching efficacy and volatile components of liquid colored and uncolored Cheddar whey. First, Cheddar whey was manufactured, pasteurized, fat-separated, and subjected to one of a number of hot (68°C) or cold (4°C) bleaching applications [hydrogen peroxide (HP) 50 to 500 mg/kg; benzoyl peroxide (BP) 25 to 100 mg/kg] followed by measurement of residual norbixin and color by reflectance. Bleaching agent concentrations were then selected for the second trial. Liquid colored Cheddar whey was manufactured in triplicate and pasteurized. Part of the whey was collected (no separation, NSE) and the rest was subjected to fat separation (FSE). The NSE and FSE wheys were then subdivided and bleaching treatments (BP 50 or 100 mg/kg and HP 250 or 500 mg/kg) at 68°C for 30 min or 4°C for 16 h were applied. Control NSE and FSE with no added bleach were also subjected to each time-temperature combination. Volatile compounds from wheys were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and norbixin (annatto) was extracted and quantified to compare bleaching efficacy. Proximate analysis, including total solids, protein, and fat contents, was also conducted. Liquid whey subjected to hot bleaching at both concentrations of HP or at 100mg/kg BP had greater lipid oxidation products (aldehydes) compared with unbleached wheys, 50mg/kg BP hot-bleached whey, or cold-bleached wheys. No effect was detected between NSE and FSE liquid Cheddar whey on the relative abundance of volatile lipid oxidation products. Wheys bleached with BP had lower norbixin content compared with wheys bleached with HP. Bleaching efficacy of HP was decreased at 4°C compared with 68°C, whereas that of BP was not affected by temperature. These results suggest that fat separation of liquid Cheddar whey has no effect on bleaching efficacy or lipid oxidation and that hot bleaching may result in increased lipid oxidation in fluid whey.
authors.affiliation: Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: M A D
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Listiyani
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Miracle
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barbano
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D057886:Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003116:Color; D006358:Hot Temperature; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D057886:Bleaching Agents; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002338:Carotenoids; C099823:norbixin