title: Nucleotide excision repair factor XPC enhances DNA damage-induced apoptosis by downregulating the antiapoptotic short isoform of caspase-2.
abstract: XPC protein is a critical DNA damage recognition factor in nucleotide excision repair for which genetic deficiency confers a predisposition to cancer. In this study, we show that XPC has a function that is independent of its canonical function in DNA repair, potentially altering the interpretation of how XPC deficiency leads to heightened cancer susceptibility. XPC enhances apoptosis induced by DNA damage in a p53 nullizygous background, acting downstream of mitochondrial permeabilization and upstream of caspase-9 activation in the DNA damage-induced apoptosis cascade. We found that deficiency in XPC upregulated production of the short isoform of caspase-2 (casp-2S). This upregulation occurred at both protein and mRNA levels through repression of the caspase-2 promoter by XPC protein. Targeted RNAi-mediated downregulation of casp-2S-enhanced UV-induced apoptosis as well as activation of caspase-9 and caspase-6 in XPC-deficient cells, but not in XPC-proficient cells. In addition, XPC overexpression in various p53-deficient cancer cells resistant to cisplatin improved their sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Given that casp-2S functions as an antiapoptotic protein, our findings suggest that XPC enhances DNA damage-induced apoptosis through inhibition of casp-2S transcription. Together, these findings offer a mechanistic foundation to overcome the resistance of highly prevalent p53-deficient tumors to cell death induced by DNA-damaging therapeutic agents, by targeting strategies that inhibit the expression or function of casp-2S.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. Qi-En.Wang@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Qi-En
authors.initials: QE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kanaga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sabapathy
authors.forename: Altaf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wani
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053143:Caspase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053178:Caspase 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C086984:XPC protein, human; D053143:Caspase 2; D053178:Caspase 6; D053453:Caspase 9; D002945:Cisplatin