title: In vivo and in vitro effects of RAD001 on bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of Everolimus (RAD001) on chemically induced urothelial lesions in mice and its influence on in vitro human bladder cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  ICR male mice were given N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine in drinking water for a period of 12 weeks. Subsequently, RAD001 was administered via oral gavage, for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all the animals were sacrificed and tumor development was determined by means of histopathologic evaluation; mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expressivity was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Three human bladder cancer cell lines (T24, HT1376, and 5637) were treated using a range of RAD001 concentrations. MTT assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation, apoptosis index, and cell cycle analysis, respectively. Immunoblotting analysis of 3 cell line extracts using mTOR and Akt antibodies was performed in order to study the expression of Akt and mTOR proteins and their phosphorylated forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of urothelial lesions in animals treated with RAD001 was similar to those animals not treated. RAD001 did not block T24 and HT1376 cell proliferation or induce apoptosis. A reduction in cell proliferation rate and therefore G0/G1 phase arrest, as well as a statistically significant induction of apoptosis (P = 0.001), was only observed in the 5637 cell line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAD001 seems not to have a significant effect on chemically induced murine bladder tumors. The effect of RAD001 on tumor proliferation and apoptosis was achieved only in superficial derived bladder cancer cell line, no effect was observed in invasive cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos-Nóbrega
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto-Leite
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arantes-Rodrigues
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brochado
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palmeira
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: Catarina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Guedes-Teixeira
authors.forename: Aura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colaço
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Palomino
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Lúcio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002085:Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000068338:Everolimus; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002085:Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine; D000068338:Everolimus; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus