title: Adiponectin is associated with increased mortality and heart failure in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum adiponectin protects against incident ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, in patients with existing IHD, higher adiponectin levels are paradoxically associated with worse outcomes. We investigated this paradox by evaluating the relationship between adiponectin and cardiovascular events in patients with existing IHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured total serum adiponectin and cardiac disease severity by stress echocardiography in 981 outpatients with stable IHD who were recruited for the Heart and Soul Study between September 2000 and December 2002. Subsequent heart failure hospitalizations, myocardial infarction, and death were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average of 7.1 years of follow-up, patients with adiponectin levels in the highest quartile were more likely than those in the lowest quartile to be hospitalized for heart failure (23% vs. 13%; demographics-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-2.56, p=0.03) or die (49% vs. 31%; HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.24-2.26, p<0.008), but not more likely to have a myocardial infarction (12% vs. 17%; HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.38-1.06, p=0.08). The combined outcome of myocardial infarction, heart failure, or death occurred in 56% (136/245) of participants in the highest quartile of adiponectin vs. 38% (94/246) of participants in the lowest quartile (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.31-2.21, p<0.002). Adjustment for left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, inducible ischemia, C-reactive protein, and NT-proBNP attenuated the association between higher adiponectin and increased risk of subsequent events (HR 1.43, 95% CI 0.98-2.09, p=0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher concentrations of adiponectin were associated with heart failure and mortality among patients with existing IHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. alexis.beatty@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Alexis L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Beatty
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ivy A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Beeya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Nelson B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whooley
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers