title: Right atrial thrombi complicating haemodialysis catheters. A meta-analysis of reported cases and a proposal of a management algorithm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the potentially fatal complication of catheter-related right atrial thrombus (CRAT) in dialysis patients, and the optimal management is controversial. The aims of our study were to identify the prognostic factors of mortality in cases of CRAT in dialysis patients and to compare treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of all reported cases of CRAT in adult dialysis patients, in English-language literature (PubMed search), in which therapy and outcome data were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up to December 2010, we identified 71 cases of CRAT in dialysis patients (including our patient). Overall mortality was 18.3% (13/71) and significant predictors were advanced age, presence of complications and non-removal of the catheter. Nine patients received no treatment, except for catheter removal and antibiotics, four of them died. Systemic thrombolysis was administered in eight patients but was successful only in two with pulmonary embolism, the remaining required further treatment. Finally, 37 patients received anticoagulation and 23 underwent surgical thrombectomy (one percutaneous intravascular removal of the thrombus). Mortality was 16.2% (6/37) and 13% (3/23), respectively, P=1. Regarding presence of various complications, no treatment choice was superior over the other. Five of the six patients who had a thrombus≥60 mm underwent successful surgical thrombectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose a management algorithm emphasizing the removal of the catheter and recommending anticoagulation as first-line treatment. Surgical thrombectomy is valuable when other treatments fail or in special circumstances. Thrombolysis has a poor success rate but may be useful in pulmonary embolism.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department, IASIO Hospital-General Clinic of Kallithea, Athens, Greece. stavroulopoulos@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Aristeidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stavroulopoulos
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aresti
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zounis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology*