title: Nanoleakage evaluation of resin luting systems to dental enamel and leucite-reinforced ceramic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the nanoleakage patterns between dental enamel and reinforced leucite ceramic, bonded with resin luting systems and a flowable composite resin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve crowns of bovine incisors were randomly divided into four groups (n = 3) according to the luting procedure: Excite/Variolink II, Clearfil SE Bond/Panavia F, Scotchbond Multi-PURPOSE Plus/RelyX ARC, and Single Bond 2/Filtek Z350 Flow. To evaluate the nanoleakage patterns, IPS Empress Esthetic disks (5 mm Ø and 1.2-mm thick) were bonded to enamel, and, after 24 h, the specimens were immersed in a 50% (w/v) solution of silver nitrate (24 h), fixed, dehydrated, and processed scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  None nanoleakage on interface of the groups that Single Bond 2 followed by the flowable composite were used. The highest percentage of nanoleakage was shown by the Excite/Variolink II protocol. Also, in all conditions tested, none silver nitrate uptake was observed between the leucite-reinforced ceramic and the resin luting cement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive with flowable composite was able to promote an adequate seal of the bond interface at the enamel. Moreover, the conventional dual-cured resin cements associated with simplified and dual-cured adhesives tested are also indicated to bond thin ceramics to enamel, since all presented low silver nitrate uptake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, SP-Brazil, Avenida Limeira, 901, Areião, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lúcia Trazzi
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.forename: Eduardo José
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Souza-Júnior
authors.forename: Cíntia Tereza Pimenta
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Adriano Fonseca
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Carlos Tadeu
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Luís Alexandre Maffei Sartini
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Paulillo
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002516:Ceramics / Q000032:analysis*; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D007180:Incisor / Q000737:chemistry*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D019279:Resin Cements; C078519:leucite