title: Quantifying clinical relevance in the treatment of schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To optimize the management of patients with schizophrenia, quantification of treatment effects is crucial. While in research studies, the use of quantitative assessments is ubiquitous, this is not the case in routine clinical practice, creating an important translational practice gap.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the relevance, methodology, reporting, and application of measurement-based approaches in the management of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We summarized methodological aspects in the assessment of therapeutic and adverse antipsychotic effects in schizophrenia, including definitions and methods of measurement-based assessments and factors that can interfere with the valid quantification of treatment effects. Finally, we proposed pragmatic and clinically meaningful ways to measure and report treatment outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although rating scales are ubiquitous in schizophrenia research and provide the evidence base for treatment guidelines, time constraints and lack of familiarity with and/or training in validated assessment tools limit their routine clinical use. Simple but valid assessment instruments need to be developed and implemented to bridge this research-practice gap. In addition, results from research trials need to be communicated in clinically meaningful ways, including the reporting of effect sizes, numbers-needed-to-treat and -harm, confidence intervals, and absolute risk differences. Some important outcomes, such as treatment response, should be reported in escalating intervals using incrementally more stringent psychopathology improvements. Even with quantification, it remains challenging to weigh individual efficacy and adverse effect outcomes against one another and decide on the targeted or desired improvement or outcomes while also incorporating these in patient-centered and shared decision methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantification of treatment effects in schizophrenia is relevant for patient management, research, and the evaluation of health care systems. Beyond consensus about meaningful outcomes definitions, reporting strategies, pragmatic tool development and implementation, the discovery of novel treatment mechanisms and related biomarkers is hoped to advance measurement-based approaches in schizophrenia and thereby improve patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA. ccorrell@nshs.edu
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.forename: Taishiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Jimmi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004351:Drug Resistance; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents