title: Fate of steroid hormones and endocrine activities in swine manure disposal and treatment facilities.
abstract: Manure may contain high concern endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as steroid hormones, naturally produced by pigs, which are present at μgL(-1) levels. Manure may also contain other EDCs such as nonylphenols (NP), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins. Thus, once manure is applied to the land as soil fertilizer these compounds may reach aquifers and consequently living organisms, inducing abnormal endocrine responses. In France, manure is generally stored in anaerobic tanks prior spreading on land; when nitrogen removal is requested, manure is treated by aerobic processes before spreading. However, little is known about the fate of hormones and multiple endocrine-disrupting activities in such manure disposal and treatment systems. Here, we determined the fate of hormones and diverse endocrine activities during manure storage and treatment by combining chemical analysis and in vitro quantification of estrogen (ER), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), androgen (AR), pregnane-X (PXR) and peroxysome proliferator-activated γ (PPARγ) receptor-mediated activities. Our results show that manure contains large quantities of hormones and activates ER and AhR, two of the nuclear receptors studied. Most of these endocrine activities were found in the solid fraction of manure and appeared to be induced mainly by hormones and other unidentified pollutants. Hormones, ER and AhR activities found in manure were poorly removed during manure storage but were efficiently removed by aerobic treatment of manure.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Combalbert
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bellet
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dabert
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bernet
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balaguer
authors.forename: Guillermina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Raquet
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D005602:France; D006728:Hormones / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D013256:Steroids / Q000032:analysis*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D006728:Hormones; D008372:Manure; D013256:Steroids