title: Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet study: effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A Step I diet with lean beef compared with lean white meat both decrease LDL cholesterol. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated a low-saturated fatty acid (SFA) (<7% calories) diet that contains lean beef.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the effect on LDL cholesterol of cholesterol-lowering diets with varying amounts of lean beef [ie, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH): 28 g beef/d; Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet (BOLD): 113 g beef/d; and Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet plus additional protein (BOLD+): 153 g beef/d] compared with that of a healthy American diet (HAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six hypercholesterolemic participants (with LDL-cholesterol concentrations >2.8 mmol/L) were randomly assigned to consume each of the 4 diets (HAD: 33% total fat, 12% SFA, 17% protein, and 20 g beef/d), DASH (27% total fat, 6% SFA, 18% protein, and 28 g beef/d), BOLD (28% total fat, 6% SFA, 19% protein, and 113 g beef/d), and BOLD+ (28% total fat, 6% SFA, 27% protein, and 153 g beef/d) for 5 wk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.05) after consumption of the DASH (-0.49 ± 0.11 and -0.37 ± 0.09 mmol/L, respectively), BOLD (-0.48 ± 0.10 and -0.35 ± 0.9 mmol/L, respectively), and BOLD+ (-0.50 ± 0.10 and -0.345 ± 0.09 mmol/L, respectively) diets compared with after consumption of the HAD (-0.22 ± 0.10 and -0.14 ± 0.10 mmol/L, respectively). Apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, and C-III bound to apolipoprotein A1 particles decreased after BOLD and BOLD+ diets compared with after the HAD, and there was a greater decrease in apolipoprotein B after consumption of the BOLD+ diet than after consumption of the HAD (P < 0.05 for both). LDL cholesterol and TC decreased after consumption of the DASH, BOLD, and BOLD+ diets when the baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was <1 mg/L; LDL cholesterol and TC decreased when baseline CRP concentration was >1 mg/L with the BOLD and BOLD+ diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-SFA, heart-healthy dietary patterns that contain lean beef elicit favorable effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) lipid and lipoprotein risk factors that are comparable to those elicited by a DASH dietary pattern. These results, in conjunction with the beneficial effects on apolipoprotein CVD risk factors after consumption of the BOLD and BOLD+ diets, which were greater with the BOLD+ diet, provide support for including lean beef in a heart-healthy dietary pattern. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00937898.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roussell
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Trent L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gaugler
authors.forename: Sheila G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: John P Vanden
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Heuvel
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alaupovic
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gillies
authors.forename: Penny M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kris-Etherton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol