title: Association of discoid lupus erythematosus with clinical manifestations and damage accrual in a multiethnic lupus cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical manifestations and disease damage associated with discoid rash in a large multiethnic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  SLE patients (per American College of Rheumatology [ACR] criteria) ages ≥16 years with a disease duration of ≤10 years at enrollment and defined ethnicity (African American, Hispanic, or white) from a longitudinal cohort were studied. Socioeconomic-demographic features, clinical manifestations, and disease damage (per the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index) were determined. The association of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) with clinical manifestations and disease damage was examined using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,228 SLE patients were studied. The mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 34.3 ± 12.8 years and the mean ± SD disease duration was 7.9 ± 6.0 years; 91.8% were women. DLE was observed in 393 patients with SLE (17.6%). In the multivariable analysis, patients with DLE were more likely to be smokers and of African American ethnicity and to have malar rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, leukopenia, and vasculitis. DLE patients were less likely to be of Hispanic (from Texas) ethnicity and to have arthritis, end-stage renal disease, and antinuclear, anti-double-stranded DNA, and antiphospholipid antibodies. Patients with DLE had more damage accrual, particularly chronic seizures, scarring alopecia, scarring of the skin, and skin ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of SLE patients, DLE was associated with several clinical features, including serious manifestations such as vasculitis and chronic seizures.
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936.
authors.forename: Yesenia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Santiago-Casas
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vilá
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reveille
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kimberly
authors.forename: Graciela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008179:Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult