title: Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of morinidazole in humans: identification of diastereoisomeric morpholine N+-glucuronides catalyzed by UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A9.
abstract: Morinidazole [R,S-1-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-morpholinopropan-2-ol] is a new 5-nitroimidazole class antimicrobial agent. The present study aimed to determine the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of morinidazole in humans and to identify the enzymes responsible for the formation of the major metabolites. Plasma and urine samples were collected before and after an intravenous drip infusion of 500 mg of racemic morinidazole. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed 10 metabolites. Morinidazole glucuronidation, followed by renal excretion, was the major elimination pathway, accounting for 35% of the dose. The metabolic pathway displayed regioselectivities and stereoselectivities. Unexpectedly, the nitrogen atom of the morpholine ring, rather than the aliphatic hydroxyl group at the side chain, was glucuronidated to form S-morinidazole glucuronide (M8-1) and R-enantiomer glucuronide (M8-2). The plasma exposure of M8-2 was 6-fold higher than that of M8-1, accounting for 22.9 and 3.96% of the parent drug exposure, respectively. Investigation of morinidazole glucuronidation using human liver microsomes (HLMs) and 12 recombinant UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) indicated that this biotransformation was mainly catalyzed by UGT1A9. A kinetic study showed that N(+)-glucuronidation of racemic morinidazole in both HLMs and in UGT1A9 obeyed a typical Michaelis-Menten plot. The K(m) values for M8-1 and M8-2 formation by HLMs were similar (11.3 and 15.1 mM), but the V(max) values were significantly different (111 and 1660 pmol · min(-1) · mg protein(-1)). Overall, after an intravenous administration, morinidazole and its metabolites were eliminated in humans primarily via renal excretion. The major metabolites were two diastereoisomeric N(+)-glucuronides, and UGT1A9 played an important role in N(+)-glucuronidation.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
authors.forename: Ruina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Cen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: Dafang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001711:Biotransformation; D002384:Catalysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000378:metabolism*; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D000090264:UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A9; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020719:Glucuronides; D009025:Morpholines; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; C000715591:UGT1A9 protein, human; C037574:morpholine; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D000090264:UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A9; C547405:morinidazole