title: A mouse model of lamellar intrastromal femtosecond laser keratotomy: ultra-structural, inflammatory, and wound healing responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The availability of knockout mouse species provide a highly versatile platform for critically examining the corneal wound healing response. We aimed to develop and characterize the wound healing response in a mouse model of intrastromal femtosecond laser (FSL) keratotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An intrastromal lamellar dissection using a Visumax FSL was performed on 16 wild type mice (C57BL6) . The energy level was optimized at 150nJ. The FSL was programmed to perform a lamellar dissection at 50 µM depth without sidecut. The flap was not lifted. Fellow eyes were used as controls. Slit lamp photography and confocal microscopy were performed immediately before the mice were sacrificed 4 h, 1, 3, and 7 days post surgery. Corneas were harvested for immunocytochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confocal microscopy showed an absence of keratocytes in the area immediately surrounding the dissection plane. The dissection plane and individual FSL plasma cavitation bubbles were clearly evident on TEM. There was evidence of Keratocyte cell death along the laser resection plane on TEM. LM revealed the dissection plane at a 20 µM depth, although not all epithelial cell layers were intact. Staining for monocytes using antibodies for CD11b (cluster of differentiation 11b) showed early migration at the peripheries at 4 h that increased at 24 h and became more central in treated corneas (p<0.001). Apoptotic cells were evident on TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay in the immediate ablation zone and were significantly raised at 4 and 24 h (p<0.001). Ki67 (Kiel 67 protein) positive proliferating keratocytes are evident at 3 days and increased significantly by 7 days (p<0.001). Minimal fibroblast (cluster of differentiation 90, CD90) transformation was seen at 1 week. No myofibroblasts were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that FSL lamellar cuts can be effectively performed on mice and that this model exhibits typical signs of the corneal wound healing response. This model could provide a ubiquitous platform in which to study corneal wound healing responses in both wild type and knockout mice species. The ability to create such a lamellar pocket may be utilizzd for intrastromal drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Angunawela
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poh
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chaurasia
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D048988:Corneal Surgery, Laser / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D058628:Myofibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen