title: Lens growth and protein changes in the eastern grey kangaroo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Development in marsupials takes place predominantly ex utero while the young is attached to a nipple in the mother's pouch, very different from that in other species. This study was undertaken to examine whether this affects lens growth and the production of lens proteins in kangaroos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh lenses were obtained at official culls from eastern gray kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Wet weights were recorded for all and protein contents were determined for one lens from each animal. Dry weights, after fixation were obtained for 20 lenses. Ages were determined using both molar progression and total lens protein content. Lenses were divided into concentric layers by controlled dissolution using phosphate buffered saline. Samples were taken for determination of protein contents and dry weights, which were then used to determine the age of the layer removed. Soluble crystallin distributions were determined by fractionation of the centrifuged extracts using HPLC-GPC and the polypeptide contents of both soluble and insoluble proteins were assessed by SDS-PAGE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lens growth is continuous from birth throughout adulthood and the increases in wet weight and fixed dry weight can be described with a single logistic growth functions for the whole life span. Three major crystallin classes, α-, β-, and γ-crystallins, were identified in the immature pouch-young animals aged around 60 days after birth. Adult lenses contain, in addition, the taxon-specific μ-crystallin. The proportions of these vary with the age of the lens tissue due to age related insolubilization as well as changes in the synthesis patterns. During early lactation (birth to 190 days), the α-, β-, and γ-crystallins represent 25, 53, and 20% of the total protein, respectively. After the pouch-young first releases the nipple (190 days), there is a rapid decrease in the production of γ-crystallins to around 5% of the total and a corresponding increase in μ-crystallin, from 0.5% to 15%. These changes were complete by the time the animal was fully weaned, around 1.5 years, and the final proportions of the 4 protein classes were maintained for the rest of life. The solubilities of α- and β-crystallins in the center of the lens decreased after age 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kangaroo lens growth is asymptotic, similar to that in most other species, even though most development of the young animal takes place ex utero. Changes in the patterns of lens protein synthesis in the kangaroo are similar to those observed in other species except for the large decrease in γ-crystallin and the matching increase in the marsupial-specific μ-crystallin, during late lactation.
authors.affiliation: Vision CRC, 30 Melcombe Road, Ivanhoe, VIC 3079, Sydney, Australia. raugustn@bigpond.net.au
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Augusteyn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003459:Crystallins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000378:metabolism*; D007614:Macropodidae; D008297:Male; D012995:Solubility; D014894:Weights and Measures; D038201:alpha-Crystallins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D038204:beta-Crystallins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D038222:gamma-Crystallins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090803:mu-Crystallins
chemical_list: D003459:Crystallins; D038201:alpha-Crystallins; D038204:beta-Crystallins; D038222:gamma-Crystallins; D000090803:mu-Crystallins