title: Fertilization outcome could be regulated by binding of oviductal plasminogen to oocytes and by releasing of plasminogen activators during interplay between gametes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect plasminogen and plasminogen activators (PA) in oviduct and oocytes and to clarify the role of the plasminogen/plasmin system on mammalian fertilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mammalian reproduction research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oviducts and ovaries from porcine and bovine females were collected at slaughterhouse. A total of 52 oviducts and 2,292 oocytes were used. Boar and bull ejaculated spermatozoa were also used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasminogen concentration in oviductal fluid (OF) through the cycle was measured. Immunolocalization of plasminogen and PAs in oocytes was carried out before and after fertilization. Porcine and bovine oocytes were in vitro fertilized, with plasminogen and plasmin added to the culture medium at different concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasminogen concentration in OF. Plasminogen and PAs immunolocalization in oocytes. Penetration and monospermy rates, number of spermatozoa in the ooplasma and on the zona pellucida (ZP) after IVF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oviductal fluid contains about 92 μg/mL of plasminogen. The mature oocyte shows immunoreactivity toward plasminogen and toward PAs on its oolemma and ZP. After fertilization, plasminogen and PAs immunolabeling decreases in the oocyte, suggesting its conversion into plasmin. When exogenous plasminogen is added to the IVF medium, sperm entry into the oocyte is hampered, suggesting that the role of plasminogen activation during fertilization is to reduce the number of (or to select) penetrating spermatozoa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plasminogen/plasmin system is activated during gamete interaction and regulates the sperm entry into the oocyte.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mondéjar
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Grullón
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: García-Vázquez
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romar
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010958:Plasminogen; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator