title: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in blood of children in Baden-Württemberg between 2002/03 and 2008/09.
abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used in high amounts as flame retardants in plastic materials and textiles. Due to their persistence, their accumulation in the food chain and their toxic properties they have been integrated in the human biomonitoring program of the Baden-Württemberg State Health Office since 2002. In repeated cross-sectional studies in winter 2002/03 (n=162), 2004/05 (n=194), 2005/06 (n=411) and 2008/09 (n=770) blood samples of 9-11-year-old pupils were taken, pooled and analysed for PBDE after extraction and purification by silica gel using HRGC/HRMS. Samples were pooled according to region, gender, and breast feeding. PBDE in the pooled samples ranged from 1.9 to 12.5 ng/g blood fat (sum of all PBDE). Mean concentrations of PBDE, calculated for the four investigation periods, were 6.2 ng/g (2002/03), 5.4 ng/g (2004/05), 7.8 ng/g (2005/06) and 6.7 ng/g (2008/09). While the concentration of the decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) increased, the concentration of other congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) decreased slightly or remained at the same level. Consistent differences with respect to gender and breast-feeding were not recognizable. Concentrations of PBDE in children range on the same level as in adults and do not seem to be critical from the toxicological point of view. Because of the slight increase of BDE 209, the internal concentrations of BDE should be monitored in the future. The strong variations in PBDE concentration between the different pooled samples indicate that, apart from ingestion, other routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation) and additional sources (textiles, building materials) must be taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Baden-Württemberg State Health Office, Nordbahnhofstr. 135, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. bernhard.link@rps.bwl.de
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gabrio
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maisner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flicker-Klein
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zöllner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005858:Germany; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers