title: Study on the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients with consideration of seasonal variation in vitamin D levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in hemodialysis (HD) patients and the relationship between seasonal variations in vitamin D levels and vascular calcification.
  
  
  METHODS
  As a prospective observational study, we analyzed 289 HD patients. We have assessed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) levels at the end of the summer (September) and winter (March) and analyzed the data to reveal the association of serum 25D level with vascular calcification scores (VCS) at the end of the summer, when vitamin D levels were found to peak. Plan X-ray images of lateral lumbar spine from all subjects were studied for calculation of semiquantitative VCS as described by Kauppila.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of 25D deficiency was 86.2% at the end of the summer and increased to 96.2% at the end of the winter. Female gender and diabetes were associated with vitamin D deficiency. According to univariate analysis, 25D levels were inversely related to vascular calcification. However, after correcting for confounding factors, this relationship lost statistical significance. Multivariate analysis showed that age, systolic blood pressure, and LDL-cholesterol levels were directly associated with a higher VCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in HD patients with marked seasonal variation. However, low 25D levels could not be identified as an independent predictor of vascular calcification in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.forename: Sejoong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun Hee
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wookyung
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ji Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D