title: Effect of Emex spinosa, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Haloxylon salicornicum and Ochradenus baccatus extracts on the reproductive organs of adult male rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. (Polygonaceae), Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forsk.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae), Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Bioss. (Chenopodiaceae) and Ochradenus baccatus Delile (Resedaceae) are used in folk medicine for treatment of male sexual disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of E. spinosa, L. pyrotechnica, H. salicornicum and O. baccatus extracts on the reproductive system of male rats after prolonged period of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight healthy adult male Wistar rats were divided into 13 groups (6 animals, each). The plant extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) were given daily by gavage to different groups of rats for 65 days. The thirteenth group (control) received the vehicle only. Test and control rats were mated with estrus female rats on days 30, 45 and 60 of treatment. Body and relative reproductive organ weights, and sperm parameters were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals treated with the ethanol extracts of E. spinosa and L. pyrotechnica showed significant improvement of the relative weight of reproductive organs, sperm count, sperm motility and total sperm abnormality. The mean sperm count for E. spinosa group (400 mg/kg) was 233.7 ± 4.50 × 10(6)/mL, for L. pyrotechnica (200 and 400 mg/kg) groups were 237.0 ± 5.22 × 10(6)/mL and 240.3 ± 4.64 × 10(6)/mL, respectively and that of the control group was 218.1 ± 4.28 × 10(6)/mL. The sperm motility of the control group was 77.5 ± 2.12, those of E. spinosa (400 mg/kg) group was 87.3 ± 3.50% and those of L. pyrotechnica (200 and 400 mg/kg) groups were 86.0 ± 3.11 and 89.7 ± 2.90%, respectively. Ethanol extracts of E. spinosa (400 mg/kg) and L. pyrotechnica (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly elevate the serum levels of testosterone (5.30 ± 0.15, 5.32 ± 0.20 and 5.66 ± 0.19 ng/mL, respectively vs 4.64 ± 0.16 ng/mL) and luteinizing hormone (0.69 ± 0.03, 0.70 ± 0.03 and 0.74 ± 0.03 mIU/mL, respectively vs 0.59 ± 0.02 mIU/mL). On the other hand, no alterations were observed in body and relative organ weights, sperm numbers as well as sperm morphology of the male rats after the exposure to the H. salicornicum and O. baccatus extracts for 65 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E. spinosa and L. pyrotechnica extracts appear to possess fertility improvement activity in male rats due to their testosterone increasing property. Moreover, the results suggest the absence of male reproductive toxicity of the H. salicornicum and O. baccatus extracts at tested doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kharj University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Gamal A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: Abd El Raheim M
authors.initials: Ael R
authors.lastname: Donia
authors.forename: Amani S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Awaad
authors.forename: Saleh I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Alqasoumi
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yusufoglu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone