title: Applicability of the cross-culturally modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in a Japanese population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is a popular olfactory function test used throughout the world. In Japan, however, it is not widely used because it is written in English and some of the test odorants are unfamiliar to the Japanese  population. Recently, a cross-culturally modified UPSIT was developed. This study was designed to determine if the Japanese version of the UPSIT (UPSIT-J) is effective in Japanese populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the UPSIT-J to 50 normosmic Japanese subjects and 54  Japanese patients with known olfactory dysfunction. Subjects were also administered the Japanese standard olfactory threshold test (T&T olfactometry), the Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese (OSIT-J) and i.v. olfactometry (the Alinamin test). Test results from the UPSIT-J and subjects'  opinions were compared with the standard Japanese tests of olfactory function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most subjects reported that the UPSIT-J was easy and interesting compared with OSIT-J and easier and more interesting than the T&T olfactometry and Alinamin test. Identification  rates for nine of the UPSIT-J odorants were found to be <80% for normal subjects. UPSIT-J scores correlated with subjects' self-reported levels of olfactory function (r(s) = 0.85), OSIT-J score (r(s) = 0.86), recognition threshold of the T&T olfactometry (r(s)  = 0.80), and Alinamin test results (r(s) = 0.38 for latency; r(s) = 0.52 for duration time).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a cultural bias was detected for some test odorants, this study indicates that the UPSIT-J is effective for use in the clinic to assess olfactory  function in the Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012903:Smell; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult