title: Assessing potential nanoparticle release during nanocomposite shredding using direct-reading instruments.
abstract: This study was conducted to determine if engineered nanoparticles are released into the air when nanocomposite parts are shredded for recycling. Test plaques made from polypropylene resin reinforced with either montmorillonite nanoclay or talc and from the same resin with no reinforcing material were shredded by a granulator inside a test apparatus. As the plaques were shredded, an ultrafine condensation particle counter; a diffusion charger; a photometer; an electrical mobility analyzer; and an optical particle counter measured number, lung-deposited surface area, and mass concentrations and size distributions by number in real-time. Overall, the particle levels produced were both stable and lower than found in some occupational environments. Although the lowest particle concentrations were observed when the talc-filled plaques were shredded, fewer nanoparticles were generated from the nanocomposite plaques than when the plain resin plaques were shredded. For example, the average particle number concentrations measured using the ultrafine condensation particle counter were 1300 particles/cm(3) for the talc-reinforced resin, 4280 particles/cm(3) for the nanoclay-reinforced resin, and 12,600 particles/cm(3) for the plain resin. Similarly, the average alveolar-deposited particle surface area concentrations measured using the diffusion charger were 4.0 μm(2)/cm(3) for the talc-reinforced resin, 8.5 μm(2)/cm(3) for the nanoclay-reinforced resin, and 26 μm(2)/cm(3) for the plain resin. For all three materials, count median diameters were near 10 nm during tests, which is smaller than should be found from the reinforcing materials. These findings suggest that recycling of nanoclay-reinforced plastics does not have a strong potential to generate more airborne nanoparticles than recycling of conventional plastics.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. praynor@umn.edu
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Raynor
authors.forename: Jessica Ingraham
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Cebula
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Spangenberger
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dasch
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: D'Arcy
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D001546:Bentonite / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053761:Nanocomposites; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000032:analysis; D059027:Recycling; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000032:analysis; D013627:Talc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D011126:Polypropylenes; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D001546:Bentonite; D013627:Talc