title: High-sensitivity nanosensors for biomarker detection.
abstract: High sensitivity nanosensors utilize optical, mechanical, electrical, and magnetic relaxation properties to push detection limits of biomarkers below previously possible concentrations. The unique properties of nanomaterials and nanotechnology are exploited to design biomarker diagnostics. High-sensitivity recognition is achieved by signal and target amplification along with thorough pre-processing of samples. In this tutorial review, we introduce the type of detection signals read by nanosensors to detect extremely small concentrations of biomarkers and provide distinctive examples of high-sensitivity sensors. The use of such high-sensitivity nanosensors can offer earlier detection of disease than currently available to patients and create significant improvements in clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Dr 1C22, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swierczewska
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Seulki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D036103:Nanotechnology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes