title: HIV: inflammation and bone.
abstract: HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are now established independent risk factors for osteoporosis. With a spate of recent studies reporting significant elevations in fracture prevalence in HIV patients, and a rapidly aging demographic, defining the mechanisms underlying HIV/ART-induced skeletal decline has become imperative. The recent emergence of the field of "osteoimmunology" has provided a conceptual framework to explain how the immune and skeletal systems interact. Furthermore, it is becoming clear that inflammatory states leading to perturbations in the immuno-skeletal interface, a convergence of common cells and cytokine mediators that regulate both immune and skeletal systems, conspire to imbalance bone turnover and induce osteoporosis. In this review we examine the role of inflammation in the bone loss associated with diverse inflammatory conditions and new concepts into how the underlying mechanisms by which inflammation and immune dysregulation impact bone turnover may be pertinent to the mechanisms involved in HIV/ART-induced bone loss.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. iofotok@emory.edu
authors.forename: Ighovwerha
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ofotokun
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: M Neale
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Weitzmann
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents