title: Simulating laparoscopic renal hilar vessel injuries: preliminary evaluation of a novel surgical training model for residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many surgical training programs utilize simulation-based strategies for instruction and assessment of laparoscopic skills. While the use of inanimate, animate, and virtual-reality simulation for basic or procedural skills training has been well described, the use of simulation for the purpose of training surgeons in managing intraoperative laparoscopic complications has been given less attention. We describe a novel, affordable inanimate surgical model for use in simulation-based training of laparoscopic renal hilar vessel injury management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a laparoscopic box trainer, a half-inch Penrose drain, standard silicone intravenous tubing, and a commercially available kidney part-task trainer, an inanimate surgical training model was developed to simulate various clinical scenarios involving renal hilar vessel injuries. To evaluate the construct validity of this training model, urology residents from the University of California, Irvine, completed a simulated scenario involving a renal vein injury (RVI) during laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This surgical model is able to simulate both renal arterial and venous injuries during laparoscopic radical and partial nephrectomy scenarios. Initial cost to construct the model was ~800 U.S. dollars (USD) and each subsequent use was an additional 7 USD. Resident training level correlated strongly with technical performance (p<0.01) and "blood loss" (p=0.02) during the "RVI during LRN" scenario. The checklist and global rating scale used to assess performance demonstrated adequate reliability (Cronbach's α=0.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While further validation, technical refinement, and improved fidelity are being considered, we present a novel, affordable surgical model for simulating laparoscopic renal hilar vessel injuries that is suitable for urology trainees.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 61 Queen Street E., Toronto, Ontario, Canada. leejaso@smh.ca
authors.forename: Jason Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mucksavage
authors.forename: Elspeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D017145:Models, Educational; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000193:education; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis