title: Depression in children and adolescents in the first 6 months after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: The objective was to assess the nature, rate, predictive factors, and neuroimaging correlates of novel (new-onset) depressive disorders, both definite and subclinical, after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Children with TBI from consecutive admissions were enrolled and studied with psychiatric interviews soon after injury (baseline), and again 6 months post-injury. Novel definite/subclinical depressive disorders at 6-month follow up occurred in 11% (n=15) of the children and subsets of children with non-anxious depression (n=9) and anxious depression (n=6) were identified. Novel definite/subclinical depressive disorder was significantly associated with older age at the time of injury, family history of anxiety disorder, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) lesions, and right frontal white matter lesions. Non-anxious depressions were associated with older age at injury, left IFG and left temporal pole lesions. Anxious depressions were associated with family history of anxiety disorder, Personality Change due to TBI, right frontal white matter lesions, and left parietal lesions. These findings, which are similar to those reported after adult TBI, identify both similarities and differences in non-anxious and anxious depression following childhood TBI with respect to lesion laterality, genetic factors (in the form of family psychiatric history of anxiety disorder), age at injury, and more generalized affective dysregulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, United States. jmax@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Max
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keatley
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bigler
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schachar
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ewing-Cobbs
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Tony T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Harvey S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology