title: User fee exemption does not affect lower rates of hospital admission of girls in Vietnam.
abstract: In many countries, girls have been reported to be less often admitted to hospital than boys. We studied the influence of socio-economic factors, education and access to health care on girls' and boys' admission rates for pneumonia, diarrhoea and dengue fever in south-central Vietnam. We explored whether the user fee exemption for children under 6 years introduced in 2005 had an impact on girls' admission rates. In a cohort analysis, we used data from a large census in Khanh Hoa Province conducted in 2006, linked to hospital admission records at individual level. We further analysed a cross-sectional health care utilization survey in a sample of children reported ill at the census. There were 38 731 children under 6 years among a total census population of 353 891. Overall, girls under the age of 6 years were 29% less likely to be admitted to hospital than boys. The gender differences in admission rates in children under 6 years were similar for diarrhoea, pneumonia and dengue. None of the socio-economic and educational factors appeared to affect the gender difference. The user fee exemption starting from October 2005 had no impact on the girls/boys rate ratio of admission. In conclusion, the higher hospital admission rates of boys compared with girls in Vietnam are independent of socio-economic factors and user fees. Higher susceptibility of boys to severe disease could explain part of the gender gap, but profound cultural norms and beliefs may also have contributed to the findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan 852-8523.
authors.forename: Wolf-Peter
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Motoi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Vu Dinh
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Thiem
authors.forename: Lay-Myint
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsubayashi
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yanai
authors.forename: Le Huu
authors.initials: le H
authors.lastname: Tho
authors.forename: Dang Duc
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.forename: Koya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ariyoshi
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D017722:Hospital Charges; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology