title: Slow calcium waves and redox changes precede mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in the intact heart during hypoxia and reoxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is an important step on the pathway towards cardiomyocyte death, defining the extent of injury following cardiac ischaemia and reperfusion. In isolated mitochondria, mPTP opening is triggered by calcium overload facilitated by oxidative stress. In isolated cells, however, it has been suggested that mPTP opening occurs before calcium overload and is stimulated by oxidative stress. Our objective was to establish the events that cause mPTP opening in the intact heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed multiphoton imaging of Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts expressing an inducible, Ca(2+)-sensitive reporter (circularly Permuted GFP and calmodulin (CaM), version 2), to examine the spatiotemporal relationship between [Ca(2+)](c), redox state, and mPTP opening in the intact heart during hypoxia and reoxygenation at sub-myocyte resolution. We found that during reperfusion, calcium waves propagated across multiple cells at 3.3 µm/s. mPTP opening caused an abrupt loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, measured using a potentiometric dye, which was invariably preceded by a rise in [Ca(2+)](c). The probability that localized [Ca(2+)](c) waves led to mPTP opening was greater early during reoxygenation. During reoxygenation, coordinated redox changes also occurred across large regions and preceded mPTP opening on average by 122 ± 38 s. Fewer [Ca(2+)] waves led to mPTP opening in the presence of mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A or mitochondrial-targeted scavenger of reactive oxygen species, MitoQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experiments define the spatiotemporal relationship between changes in [Ca(2+)](c), redox state and mPTP opening during reoxygenation in the intact heart. Tissue oxidation coincident with localized calcium waves together conspire to cause mPTP opening and subsequent cell death.
authors.affiliation: The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK. s.davidson@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yellon
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Duchen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010477:Perfusion; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore