title: Patterns of abnormality in cVEMP, oVEMP, and caloric tests may provide topological information about vestibular impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) and represents a stimulus-evoked attenuation of electromyographic (EMG) activity following activation of the saccule and inferior vestibular nerve. In addition to the cVEMP, it is possible to record a biphasic response from the infraorbital region following stimulation that is identical to that used to record the cVEMP. This response is known as the ocular VEMP (oVEMP). The peripheral vestibular origins of the oVEMP elicited with air conduction remain controversial as some investigators argue the response originates from the saccule and others argue that the response emanates from the utricle. We review several lines of evidence and present several case studies supporting the contention that the oVEMP to air conduction stimulation derives its peripheral origins predominantly from the utricle and superior vestibular nerve.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the current evidence regarding the peripheral origins of the oVEMP. Further, a purpose of this report is to present case studies illustrating that the cVEMP and oVEMP to air conduction stimulation may vary independently of one another in patients with peripheral vestibular system impairments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A collection of case studies illustrating three common patterns of abnormality observed in patients complaining of vertigo seen in a tertiary care referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of data from three patients complaining of dizziness and/or vertigo who have undergone vestibular function tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each case report illustrates a different pattern of abnormality of caloric, cVEMP, and oVEMP tests results from three patients with a vestibular nerve section, superior vestibular neuritis, and Ménière's disease, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that the cVEMP and oVEMP can vary independent of one another, and in that way, provide topological information about the sites of impairment. We feel that, with caloric, oVEMP, and cVEMP tests, it is possible to augment the diagnostic information we are able to provide regarding the location, or locations, of vestibular system impairment. These findings suggest that air conduction oVEMPs measure a part of the peripheral vestibular system different from that measured by cVEMPs, perhaps the utricle, and similar to that measured by caloric testing, the superior portion of the vestibular nerve.
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Devin L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McCaslin
authors.forename: Erin G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Piker
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruenwald
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Grantham
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tegel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002150:Caloric Tests; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D058585:Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials; D014725:Vestibular Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*