title: Impaired face processing in early monocular deprivation from enucleation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of early monocular enucleation (ME) (surgical removal of one eye) on a high-level spatial visual ability, namely face perception. Early monocular deprivation of pattern vision from disorders such as strabismus, amblyopia, or cataract is associated with impairments in low-level spatial vision. This is inconsistent with studies of early ME that show either equivalent or enhanced low-level spatial vision compared with controls. Impairments on some aspects of face perception (i.e., feature-spacing and holistic face processing, both of which mature later in life) have been found with early pattern deprivation from congenital cataract. It is not clear whether the intact low-level spatial vision with ME will also persist with high-level face perception or whether deficits similar to those found with cataract will emerge.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested individuals who have experienced early ME and controls on a series of high-level spatial visual tasks that measure feature-spacing, feature, and holistic face processing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ME group were slower for feature spacing and feature tasks. Furthermore, the ME group did not exhibit the normal pattern of poorer performance on the aligned compared with misaligned composite face discrimination tasks, demonstrating a lack of the composite face effect. However, they did show the normal pattern of poorer performance on same vs. different trials on the aligned tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate an impairment in the feature spacing and feature aspects of face perception with ME. They also suggest a present yet, incomplete, development of holistic face processing in this group. Although the complete removal of inhibitory binocular interactions and/or the absence of binocular competition in early ME may result in cortical reorganization of the visual system and preserve low- to mid-level spatial vision, it may be insufficient for the maturation of high-level face perception.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Krista R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Gallie
authors.forename: Jennifer K E
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Steeves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D015349:Vision, Monocular / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult