title: Frailty and respiratory impairment in older persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among older persons, the association between frailty and spirometry-confirmed respiratory impairment has not been evaluated yet.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using data on white participants aged 65 to 80 years (Cardiovascular Health Study, N=3578), we evaluated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between frailty and respiratory impairment, including their combined effect on mortality. Baseline assessments included frailty status (Fried phenotype: non-frail, pre-frail, and frail) and spirometry. Outcomes included development of frailty features (pre-frail or frail) at year 3 and respiratory impairment (airflow limitation or restrictive pattern) at year 4, and death (median follow-up, 13.2 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 48.3% of participants were pre-frail, 5.8% of participants were frail, 13.8% of participants had airflow limitation, and 9.3% of participants had restrictive pattern; 46.1% of participants subsequently died. At baseline, pre-frail and frail were cross-sectionally associated with airflow limitation (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.04 and adjusted OR 1.88; 95% CI, 1.15-3.09) and restrictive pattern (adjusted OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.37-2.36 and adjusted OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.91-4.88), respectively. Longitudinally, participants with baseline frailty features had an increased likelihood of developing respiratory impairment (adjusted OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11-1.82). Conversely, participants with baseline respiratory impairment had an increased likelihood of developing frailty features (adjusted OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.17-2.13). Mortality was highest among participants who were frail and had respiratory impairment (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.91; 95% CI, 2.93-5.22), compared with those who were non-frail and had no respiratory impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frailty and respiratory impairment are strongly associated with one another and substantially increase the risk of death when both are present. Establishing these associations may inform interventions designed to reverse or prevent the progression of either condition and to reduce adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. carlos.fragoso@yale.edu
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vaz Fragoso
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Enright
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McAvay
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Van Ness
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013147:Spirometry; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology