title: Race/ethnicity as a predictor of change in working alliance during cognitive behavioral therapy for intimate partner violence perpetrators.
abstract: Despite evidence that the working alliance (WA) is an important factor in psychotherapy outcome and that race/ethnicity plays an important role in the processes of therapy, few studies have directly examined associations between WA and race/ethnicity. These relationships may be particularly salient for difficult-to-engage populations, such as men participating in treatment for intimate partner violence. The current study examined WA ratings in a sample of 107 male intimate partner violence perpetrators attending a 16-week cognitive-behavioral group program. Approximately 50% of these participants were Caucasian and 50% were members of a racial/ethnic minority group (African American, Asian American, Hispanic, and American Indian). Growth curve modeling was used to assess changes in both therapist and client WA ratings across four time points during therapy. Findings indicated that there was no mean level of change in therapist WA ratings over time. However, clients' WA ratings demonstrated a reliable, steady increase across sessions. A significant interaction between WA and race/ethnicity emerged such that Caucasian participants reported a significant increase in WA over time, whereas members of racial/ethnic minority group did not report a consistent pattern of change. The interaction between client race/ethnicity and WA was also a significant predictor of treatment outcome at 6-month follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fresno Pacific University, Fresno, CA 93702-4709, USA. sherry.walling@fresno.edu
authors.forename: Sherry Muterspaugh
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Walling
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Suvak
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Casey T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Taft
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data