title: Decrease of internal exposure to chlororganic compounds and heavy metals in children in Baden-Württemberg between 1996/1997 and 2008/2009.
abstract: From 1996/1997 to 2008/2009, blood and urine were sampled from 9- to 11-year-old pupils in the state of Baden-Württemberg, South-West Germany. In blood samples the chlororganics DDE, HCB, PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180 were analysed by gas chromatography and ECD detection. PCDD/PCDF were measured in pooled blood samples using GC/MS. Lead concentrations in blood were quantified by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), mercury in urine by using cold vapour AAS. For all chlororganics and heavy metals a distinct decrease of the internal concentration could be shown within the 12-year investigation period. For DDE, the median decreased from 0.32 μg/l to 0.11 μg/l. The median of HCB fell from 0.19 μg/l to 0.07 μg/l. The median of the sum of the three PCB-congeners PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180 decreased from 0.47 μg/l to 0.18 μg/l. The burden of PCDD/PCDF in pooled blood samples resulted in approximately half the concentration after the 12-year period. The internal concentrations of the chlororganics were distinctly higher in breastfed children than in non-breastfed children. In 2008/2009, these differences were strongest for PCB and DDE (2-fold), moderate for PCDD/PCDF (1.6-fold), and slight for HCB (1.2-fold). The median of lead concentrations in blood dropped from 23.6 μg/l to 15.9 μg/l. The median of mercury concentrations in urine decreased from 0.25 μg/l to a value below the limit of quantification of 0.2 μg/l; the 95th percentile was reduced from 3.1 μg/l to less than 0.2 μg/l. The decline of amalgam fillings in children during the investigation period had a strong influence on internal concentrations of mercury. The internal concentration of the persistent xenobiotics investigated here decreased to a low level not likely to be of concern for human health.
authors.affiliation: Baden-Württemberg State Health Office, Nordbahnhofstr. 135, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. bernhard.link@rps.bwl.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gabrio
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zöllner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaroni
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Piechotowski
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felder-Kennel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flicker-Klein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maisner
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood*; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000652:urine*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury