title: Measurement of impulse peak insertion loss for four hearing protection devices in field conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed an impulse noise reduction rating (NRR) for hearing protection devices based upon the impulse peak insertion loss (IPIL) methods in the ANSI S12.42-2010 standard. This study tests the ANSI S12.42 methods with a range of hearing protection devices measured in field conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method utilizes an acoustic test fixture and three ranges for impulse levels: 130-134, 148-152, and 166-170 dB peak SPL. For this study, four different models of hearing protectors were tested: Bilsom 707 Impact II electronic earmuff, E·A·R Pod Express, E·A·R Combat Arms version 4, and the Etymotic Research, Inc. Electronic BlastPLG™ EB1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five samples of each protector were fitted on the fixture or inserted in the fixture's ear canal five times for each impulse level. Impulses were generated by a 0.223 caliber rifle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average IPILs increased with peak pressure and ranged between 20 and 38 dB. For some protectors, significant differences were observed across protector examples of the same model, and across insertions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EPA's proposed methods provide consistent and reproducible results. The proposed impulse NRR rating should utilize the minimum and maximum protection percentiles as determined by the ANSI S12.42-2010 methods.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Hearing Loss Prevention Team, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA. wjm4@cdc.gov
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Flamme
authors.forename: Deanna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Meinke
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sondergaard
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lankford
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D004430:Ear Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D005389:Firearms; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency