title: Caregiver credits in France, Germany, and Sweden: lessons for the United States.
abstract: Recently, analysts in the United States (US) have proposed adopting caregiver credits, or pension credits, provided to individuals for time spent out of the workforce while caring for dependent children and sick or elderly relatives. The primary objective of these credits, used in almost all public pension systems in the European Union, is to improve the adequacy of old-age benefits for women whose gaps in workforce participation typically lead to fewer years of contributions, lower lifetime average earnings, and consequently lower pensions. This article examines caregiver credits in the context of future reforms to the US Social Security system, with attention given to the adequacy of current spouse and survivor benefits and how changing marital patterns and family structures have increased the risk of old-age poverty among certain groups of women. It then analyzes caregiver credit programs in selected countries, with particular focus on design, administration, and cost.
authors.affiliation: Division of Program Studies, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankowski
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017028:Caregivers / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D010415:Pensions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty; D012737:Sex Factors; D012943:Social Security / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden; D014481:United States; D014930:Women