title: Impact of tubewell access and tubewell depth on childhood diarrhea in Matlab, Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the past three decades in Bangladesh, millions of tubewells have been installed to reduce the prevalence of diarrheal disease. This study evaluates the impacts of tubewell access and tubewell depth on childhood diarrhea in rural Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 59,796 cases of diarrhea in children under 5 were recorded in 142 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh during monthly community health surveys between 2000 and 2006. The location and depth of 12,018 tubewells were surveyed in 2002-04 and integrated with diarrhea and other data in a geographic information system. A proxy for tubewell access was developed by calculating the local density of tubewells around households. Logistic regression models were built to examine the relationship between childhood diarrhea, tubewell density and tubewell depth. Wealth, adult female education, flood control, population density and the child's age were considered as potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baris (patrilineally-related clusters of households) with greater tubewell density were associated with significantly less diarrhea (OR (odds ratio) = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-0.89). Tubewell density had a greater influence on childhood diarrhea in areas that were not protected from flooding. Baris using intermediate depth tubewells (140-300 feet) were associated with more childhood diarrhea (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.19-1.29) than those using shallow wells (10-140 feet). Baris using deep wells (300-990 feet) had less diarrheal disease than those using shallow wells, however, the difference was significant only when population density was low (< 1000 person/km(2)) or children were at the age of 13-24 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased access to tubewells is associated with a lower risk of childhood diarrhea. Intermediate- depth wells are associated with more childhood diarrhea compared to shallower or deeper wells. These findings may have implications for on-going efforts to reduce exposure to elevated levels of arsenic contained in groundwater that is pumped in this study area primarily from shallow tubewells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.forename: Peter Kim
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Streatfield
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Geen
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Escamilla
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akita
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serre
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emch
mesh_terms: D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012621:Seasons; D060986:Water Wells / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water