title: Clinical implications of machine-probe combinations on obstetric ultrasound measurements used in pregnancy dating.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of use of different machine-probe combinations on measurement variability and to assess how this variability impacts on accuracy of pregnancy dating.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen different ultrasound machine-probe combinations were used for lateral measurement of targets spaced 10 and 40 mm apart and axial measurement of targets spaced 10 and 50 mm apart in an ultrasound phantom, and differences between the measured and true values were determined. The mean of the 40-mm lateral measurements was used to estimate gestational age using standard obstetric dating tables for crown-rump length (CRL) and femur length (FL) and the mean of the 50-mm axial measurements was used to estimate gestational age using the obstetric dating tables for biparietal diameter (BPD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As absolute measurements became larger, differences observed using different machine-probe combinations exceeded those due to intraobserver variability. Maximum dating differences for first-trimester CRL of 2 days (based on a measured CRL range of 39-42 mm), second-trimester BPD of 4 days (based on a measured BPD range of 49-52 mm) and FL of 9 days (based on a measured FL range of 39-42 mm) were observed when measurements were transposed to the equivalent gestational age using standard charts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between measured and true values of biometric measurements reflect both machine-probe and intraobserver variability. Incremental first-trimester CRL growth with time is rapid, but second-trimester FL growth is much less so, leaving this lateral measurement more prone to both observer and machine-probe errors. The only axial growth measurement commonly performed is BPD where the measurement differences were intermediate between those of CRL and FL. The differences that can be ascribed to different equipment combinations are in many cases greater than those expected in clinical practice and are of potential importance in determining how fetal biometry is used for dating pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Axell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chudleigh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mangat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D018568:Crown-Rump Length; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*