title: Magnetic stents retain nanoparticle-bound antirestenotic drugs transported by lipid microbubbles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coating coronary stents with antirestenotic drugs revolutionized interventional cardiology. We developed a system for post-hoc drug delivery to uncoated stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We coupled rapamycin or a chemically similar fluorescent dye to superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The antiproliferative activity of rapamycin coupled to nanoparticles was confirmed in vitro in primary porcine vascular cells. The particles were then incorporated into lipid based microbubbles. Commercially available stents were made magnetizable by nickel plating and used to induce strong field gradients in order to capture magnetic microbubbles from flowing liquids when placed in an external magnetic field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nanoparticle bound Rapamycin dose dependently inhibited cell proliferation in vitro. Magnetic microcbubbles carrying coated nanoparticles were caught by magnets placed external to a flow-through tube. Plating commercial stents with nickel resulted in increased deposition at stent struts and allowed for widely increased distance of external magnets. Deposition depended on circulation time and velocity and distance of magnets. Deposited microbubbles were destroyed by ultrasound and delivered their cargo to targeted sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drugs can be incorporated into nanoparticle loaded microbubbles and thus be delivered to magnetizable stents from circulating fluids by applying external magnetic fields. This technology could allow for post-hoc drug coating of already implanted vascular stents.
authors.affiliation: Medical Policlinic, University Hospital Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Räthel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mannell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pircher
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gleich
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krötz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D042783:Endothelial Cells; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000188:drug therapy; D008280:Magnetics; D045423:Microbubbles; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D015607:Stents; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C000499:ferric oxide; D020123:Sirolimus