title: [Application of intraoperative ultrasound combined with neuronavigation for resection of intracranial cavernous malformations in minimally invasive neurosurgery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the reliability and clinical value of intraoperative ultrasound combined with neuronavigation for resection of intracranial cavernous malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2007 to December 2009, 40 cases of intracranial cavernous malformations were operated under the application of intraoperative ultrasound combined with neuronavigation. There were 18 male and 22 female, aged 18 to 58 years, with a mean age of 34.5 years. Neuronavigation was used for all patients before operation to display the three-dimensional model of nervous system and lesions, so to design the operative approach and determine the scope of the incision. Lesions were allocated by real-time neuronavigation in order to continuously verify the accuracy of operative approach during the operation, supplemented by real-time monitoring of intraoperative ultrasound to guide the process of surgery and determine the extent of resection of lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The registration error of neuronavigation was 1.3 - 3.2 mm, with an average of 2.0 mm. All the patients' three-dimensional model of nervous system and lesions were satisfactorily displayed, and the area of lesions were all accurately located. Structural brain-shifts occurred in 4 cases in the remove process of the lesion, with shift degree 5.0 - 10.0 mm, and were corrected by intraoperative ultrasound. All lesions were well displayed by intraoperative ultrasound. Gross total resection was achieved in all patients, with no patient infected or dead. Neurological deterioration was seen in 2 patients, the morbidity was 5.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of neuronavigation and intraoperative ultrasound for resection of intracranial cavernous malformations can provide valuable intraoperative informations of the location and resection level of the lesion, thereby maximize the accuracy of lesion localization and the extent of resection, with less complications and enhanced efficacy of the surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ji-zong
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yuan-li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhong-li
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Mao-zhi
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ke-da
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult