title: Plasma sCD28, sCTLA-4 levels in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis during relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soluble forms of CD28 (sCD28) and CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) were associated with many autoimmune diseases like Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, asthma, and autoimmune myasthenia gravis. However, sCD28 and sCTLA-4 in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were less studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the plasma sCD28, sCTLA-4 in NMO and MS patients, and investigate whether sCD28 and sCTLA-4 possible use as sensitive biomarkers for diseases activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma concentrations of sCD28, sCTLA-4 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in NMO (n=22), MS (n=21) patients and controls (n=18).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of sCD28 levels were higher in the inflammatory demyelinating diseases cohort compared with the controls (NMO, p=0.034; MS, p=0.026) and the levels of sCD28 were slightly higher in NMO compared with MS. The sCTLA-4 levels were lower in the MS subgroup compared with the controls (p=0.032). Both sCD28 and sCTLA-4 did not show any correlation with EDSS score in NMO and MS patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study revealed for the first time that the levels of increased plasma sCD28 and decreased plasma sCTLA-4 in NMO and MS patients, but had little correlation with clinical presentations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Honghao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaonan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Yongqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Aimin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xueqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000097:blood*; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000097:blood*; D012008:Recurrence; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen