title: The radioprotective agent WR1065 protects cells from radiation damage by regulating the activity of the Tip60 acetyltransferase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aminothiol WR1065 is a highly effective free radical scavenger which can protect cells from the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. Currently, WR1065 is used clinically to protect patients from radiation injury occurring during radiation therapy protocols. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that WR1065 can alter radiosensitivity through a mechanism which is independent of its ability to function as a free radical scavenger. Here, we examined the ability of WR1065 to directly regulate signaling pathways involved in the DNA damage response.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of WR1065 to enhance the survival of irradiated bone marrow cells and primary cultures was established. DNA damage signaling was monitored by measuring activation of the ATM kinase by western blot analysis and activation of Tip60 using an in vitro acetylation assay. Tip60 function was abrogated by expression of a catalytically inactive Tip60, and the effect on radiosensitivity evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of cells with WR1065 led to a small but significant increase in the kinase activity of ATM. Further, WR1065 robustly activated the Tip60 acetyltransferase, which is a key upstream regulator of the ATM kinase. In addition, WR1065 directly activated the acetyltransferase activity of purified Tip60 in vitro, indicating a direct interaction between WR1065 and Tip60. Finally, cells with reduced levels of Tip60 activity exhibited a significant reduction in radioprotection by WR1065.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct regulation of Tip60's acetyltransferase activity by WR1065 makes a significant contribution to the radioprotective effects of WR1065. Activators of Tip60 may therefore make effective clinical radioprotectors.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kalindi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.forename: Fengxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Brendan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun