title: Low dose aspirin prevents duodenoesophageal reflux induced mucosal changes in wistar rat esophagus by MAP kinase mediated pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Investigations of molecular mechanisms behind the progression of neoplastic changes in the esophagus have uncovered the role of the COX & 5-Lox pathways. Human squamous esophageal mucosa produces relatively large amounts of eicosanoids in the presence of inflammation. Laboratory and epidemiological data suggest that aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be chemo preventive through their inhibitory effect on COX25, 10. Cell culture studies have shown that the members of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase family plays an important role in the development of bile acid-induced carcinogenesis. Differences in MAPK pathways activated by bile exposure were also noted in esophageal squamous cell lines and biopsies from patients with GERD. The protective role of aspirin and its molecular mechanism is not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1. The effect of duodenal reflux on esophageal mucosa. 2. The role of aspirin in preventing duodenal reflux induced esophageal mucosa changes. 3. If it is proven to be preventive, the mechanism of its action. A duodenal reflux rat animal model was used by an end- to-side esophago duodenostomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total of 56 rats was included. 3 were "Naive control" animals which did not undergo the surgical procedure. The remaining animals were divided into two groups: Surgery alone (experimental) and Surgery + aspirin [therapy group], esophagoduodenostomy. At 40 weeks, the rats were euthanized and appropriate esophageal samples were analysed for histopathology and p38 & ERK MAP kinases, VEGF, protease activity and caspase 3 activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of gross mucosal nodularity was seen in 21 and 10 rats of the experimental and therapy group respectively (p = 0.03; Table 1). Reflux-associated changes such as basal cell hyperplasia were more common in the experimental group, however this association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.15; Table 1). Epithelial hyperplasia was seen more in the experimental group, which was prevented by aspirin [p < 0.01]. Papillomatosis, as shown in Fig. 4 was more common in the experimental group (p = 0.02). Activation of p38 & ERK MAP kinases was prevented in aspirin group (p < 0.05, CI -1.796--0.014). Examination of protease activity by zymographic analysis of the esophageal samples revealed a number of gelatinolytic bands in 50% rats of the experimental group, not observed in the therapy group. No significant changes were seen in Caspase 3 [Normal areas -99.74 & nodular areas - 100.34 percent of controls] or VEGF [mean 0.64, sd ± 0.76 Vs 0.69 ± 0.96] activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrated that low dose aspirin reduced the incidence of duodenoesophageal reflux induced histological changes in the esophagus by preventing activation of proliferative & anti-apoptotic MAP kinases such as p38 & ER as well as protease activity. Though Barretts' changes and adenocarcinoma have not developed, it could explain the role of duodenoesophageal reflux in the development of different histological but potential premalignant lesions and molecular level changes which are prevented by low dose aspirin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. drckben@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Selvan
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korula
authors.forename: G Jayakumar
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Amirtharaj
authors.forename: Kavithapriya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kettimuthu
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Aravindan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mathew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D001241:Aspirin