title: Adipose tissue IL-8 is increased in normal weight women after menopause and reduced after gastric bypass surgery in obese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The menopausal transition is characterized by increased body fat accumulation, including redistribution from peripheral to central fat depots. This distribution is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease that are linked to low-grade inflammation. We determined whether postmenopausal women have higher levels of inflammatory markers, compared with premenopausal women. We also wanted to determine whether these markers are reduced by stable weight loss in obese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric data, blood samples and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected from normal weight premenopausal and postmenopausal women and obese women before and 2 years after gastric bypass (GBP) surgery. Serum protein levels and adipose tissue gene expression of inflammatory markers were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-8 expression in adipose tissue and circulating levels were higher in postmenopausal vs premenopausal women. IL-8 expression was associated with waist circumference, independent of menopausal status. IL-6 expression and serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were higher in postmenopausal vs premenopausal women. Two years after GBP surgery, adipose expression of IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-α and MCP-1 decreased significantly. Serum insulin levels were associated with inflammation-related gene expression before GBP surgery, but these associations disappeared after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postmenopausal women have an increased inflammatory response in the subcutaneous fat and circulation. Inflammatory markers in adipose tissue decreased significantly after surgery-induced weight loss. This effect may be beneficial for metabolic control and reduced cardiovascular risk after weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. malin.alvehus@medicin.umu.se
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvehus
authors.forename: Kotryna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simonyte
authors.forename: Therése
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Söderström
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burén
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rask
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism; D017697:Premenopause / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D002097:C-Reactive Protein