title: The effects of asymmetric length trajectories on the initial mechanical efficiency of mouse soleus muscles.
abstract: Asymmetric cycles with more than half of the cycle spent shortening enhance the mechanical power output of muscle during flight and vocalisation. However, strategies that enhance muscle mechanical power output often compromise efficiency. In order to establish whether a trade-off necessarily exists between power and efficiency, we investigated the effects of asymmetric muscle length trajectories on the maximal mechanical cycle-average power output and initial mechanical efficiency (E(i)). Work and heat were measured in vitro in a mouse soleus muscle undergoing contraction cycles with 25% (Saw25%), 50% (Saw50%) and 75% (Saw75%) of the cycles spent shortening. Cycle-average power output tended to increase with the proportion of the cycle spent shortening at a given frequency. Maximum cycle-average power output was 102.9±7.6 W kg(-1) for Saw75% cycles at 5 Hz. E(i) was very similar for Saw50% and Saw75% cycles at all frequencies (approximately 0.27 at 5 Hz). Saw25% cycles had E(i) values similar to those of Saw50% and Saw75% cycles at 1 Hz (approximately 0.20), but were much less efficient at 5 Hz (0.08±0.03). The lower initial mechanical efficiency of Saw25% cycles at higher frequencies suggests that initial mechanical efficiency is reduced if the time available for force generation and relaxation during shortening is insufficient. The similar initial mechanical efficiency of Saw50% and Saw75% cycles at all frequencies shows that increasing the proportion of the contraction cycle spent shortening is a strategy that allows an animal to increase muscle mechanical power output without compromising initial mechanical efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT,  UK.
authors.forename: Natalie C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Graham N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Askew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical