title: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes mediate chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa of patients with atypical allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of chronic rhinitis is increasing rapidly; its pathogenesis is to be further understood; immune inflammation is one of the possible causative factors. Antigen specific CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the induction of chronic inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the role of antigen specific CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of chronic atypical allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal mucosal epithelial surface scratching samples were obtained from patients with chronic obstruction atypical allergic rhinitis. Exosomes were purified from the scratching samples and examined by immune gold electron microscopy. The effect of exosomes on modulating dendritic cell's properties, the effect of exosome-pulsed dendritic cells on naïve T cell differentiation and the antigen specific CD8+ T cell activation were observed by cell culture models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exosomes purified from patients with chronic atypical allergic rhinitis carried microbial products, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and airborne antigen, Derp1. Dendritic cells pulsed by SEB/Derp1-carrying exosomes showed high levels of CD80, CD86 and the major histocompatibility class I (MHCI). Exosome-pulsed dendritic cells could induce the naïve CD3+ T cells to differentiate into CD8+ T cells. Upon the exposure to a specific antigen, the CD8+ T cells released granzyme B and perforin; more than 30% antigen specific CD8+ T cells proliferated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antigen specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstruction atypical allergic rhinitis.
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen ENT Institute, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Shuqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Xiaobei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Xiaorui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Jianxiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ping-Chang
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Yang