title: Systemic delivery of therapeutic small interfering RNA using a pH-triggered amphiphilic poly-L-lysine nanocarrier to suppress prostate cancer growth in mice.
abstract: Prostate cancer is associated with high mortality and new therapeutic strategies are necessary for improved patient outcome. The utilisation of potent, sequence-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to facilitate down-regulation of complementary mRNA sequences in vitro and in vivo has stimulated the development of siRNA-based cancer therapies. However, the lack of an effective siRNA delivery system significantly retards clinical application. Amphiphilic polycations with 'stealth' capacity have previously been synthesised by PEGylation of poly-l-lysine-cholic acid (PLL-CA). The benzoic imine linker between PEG and PLL-CA was designed to be stable at physiological pH but cleavable at lower pHs, consistent with the extracellular environment of tumours and the interior of endosomes/lysosomes. The selective hydrolysis of the PEG linker at these targeted sites should provide enhanced cellular uptake and endosomal escape while simultaneously ensuring prolonged blood circulation times. In this study, physicochemical profiling demonstrated nano-complex formation between the PLL derivatives and siRNA (200-280 nm in diameter). At physiological pH only a slight cationic surface charge (<20 mV) was detected, due to the masking effect of the PEG. In contrast, significantly higher positive charges (∼20 to 30 mV and >40 mV) were detected upon hydrolysis of the PEG linker at acidic pHs (pH=6.8 and 5.5, respectively). The PEGylated complexes were stable in serum without significant aggregation or decomplexation of siRNA for up to 48 h. At the cellular level, PEG-PLLs were comparable with the commercial carrier INTERFRin, in terms of cellular uptake, endosomal escape and in vitro reporter gene knockdown. In vivo, utilising a mouse model grafted with prostate carcinoma, significant tumour suppression was achieved using PEGylated complexes without marked toxicity or undesirable immunological response, this was accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in target mRNA levels. In summary, the advantages of these vectors include: the in vitro and in vivo silencing efficiency, and the low toxicity and immunogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Woei Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jingxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Caixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xiaozhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Zhenzhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Caitriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Driscoll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D015536:Down-Regulation; D011992:Endosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques / Q000379:methods; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008239:Lysine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D008239:Lysine; D011073:Polyamines; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse