title: Gout and type 2 diabetes have a mutual inter-dependent effect on genetic risk factors and higher incidences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the causal relationship between gout and Type 2 diabetes based on genetic evidence and national outpatient database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty male gout patients with early-onset, gout family history, without a habit of alcohol consumption or obesity before the first attack of gout were selected from hospital in 2010; and 42 unrelated male Chinese subjects were selected from HapMap as controls for genome-wide analysis study (GWAS). The comorbid diseases with gout were revealed by applying the significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to MetaCore platform, and the comorbid relationship was analysed by standardized incidence ratio (SIR) from outpatient database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 334 SNPs were significantly related to gout in GWAS (P < 10(-7)), and Type 2 diabetes was the most significantly associated disease with gout as recognized by 36 gene symbols correspondent to the above significant SNPs. The analysis of national outpatient database showed that the overall incident Type 2 diabetes was 1.50 cases per 1000 person-months among gout patients, which was higher than the overall incident gout (1.06 cases) among Type 2 diabetes. The age-adjusted SIR of incident Type 2 diabetes among gout was 2.59 (95% CI 2.42, 2.78), whereas the age-adjusted SIR for incident gout among Type 2 diabetes was 1.61 (95% CI 1.48, 1.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After excluding obesity and alcohol consumption behaviour, this study showed that patients with gout and Type 2 diabetes shared the common genetic factors most, and that there existed a mutual inter-dependent effect on higher incidences.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Han-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Chung-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ben Yu-Jih
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ying-Chou
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shan-Fu
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jeng-Hsien
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Ming-Chia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Tien-Tsai
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Shun-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006073:Gout / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology