title: Flip-flop of phospholipids in proteoliposomes reconstituted from detergent extract of chloroplast membranes: kinetics and phospholipid specificity.
abstract: Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized into distinct sub-cellular organelles by lipid bilayers, which are known to be involved in numerous cellular processes. The wide repertoire of lipids, synthesized in the biogenic membranes like the endoplasmic reticulum and bacterial cytoplasmic membranes are initially localized in the cytosolic leaflet and some of these lipids have to be translocated to the exoplasmic leaflet for membrane biogenesis and uniform growth. It is known that phospholipid (PL) translocation in biogenic membranes is mediated by specific membrane proteins which occur in a rapid, bi-directional fashion without metabolic energy requirement and with no specificity to PL head group. A recent study reported the existence of biogenic membrane flippases in plants and that the mechanism of plant membrane biogenesis was similar to that found in animals. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time ATP independent and ATP dependent flippase activity in chloroplast membranes of plants. For this, we generated proteoliposomes from Triton X-100 extract of intact chloroplast, envelope membrane and thylakoid isolated from spinach leaves and assayed for flippase activity using fluorescent labeled phospholipids. Half-life time of flipping was found to be 6 ± 1 min. We also show that: (a) intact chloroplast and envelope membrane reconstituted proteoliposomes can flip fluorescent labeled analogs of phosphatidylcholine in ATP independent manner, (b) envelope membrane and thylakoid reconstituted proteoliposomes can flip phosphatidylglycerol in ATP dependent manner, (c) Biogenic membrane ATP independent PC flipping activity is protein mediated and (d) the kinetics of PC translocation gets affected differently upon treatment with protease and protein modifying reagents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Archita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajasekharan
authors.forename: Sathyanarayana N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Gummadi
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057075:Enzyme Assays; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D017830:Octoxynol / Q000494:pharmacology; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; D010743:Phospholipids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011510:Proteolipids; C020485:proteoliposomes; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D017830:Octoxynol; D014357:Trypsin