title: Outcomes of physiological and active third stage labour care amongst women in New Zealand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  during the third stage of labour there are two approaches for care provision - active management or physiological (expectant) care. The aim of this research was to describe, analyse and compare the midwifery care pathway and outcomes provided to a selected cohort of New Zealand women during the third stage of labour between the years 2004 and 2008. These women received continuity of care from a midwife Lead Maternity Carer and gave birth in a variety of birth settings (home, primary, secondary and tertiary maternity units).
  
  
  METHODS
  retrospective aggregated clinical information was extracted from the New Zealand College of Midwives research database. Factors such as type of third stage labour care provided; estimated blood loss; rate of treatment (separate to prophylaxis) with a uterotonic; and placental condition were compared amongst women who had a spontaneous onset of labour and no further assistance during the labour and birth. The results were adjusted for age, ethnicity, parity, place of birth, length of labour and weight of the baby.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the rates of physiological third stage care (expectant) and active management within the cohort were similar (48.1% vs. 51.9%). Women who had active management had a higher risk of a blood loss of more than 500mL, the risk was 2.761 when a woman was actively managed (95% CI: 2.441-3.122) when compared to physiological management. Women giving birth at home and in a primary unit were more likely to have physiological management. A longer labour and higher parity increased the odds of having active management. Manual removal of the placenta was more likely with active management (0.7% active management - 0.2% physiological p<0.0001). For women who were given a uterotonic drug as a treatment rather than prophylaxis a postpartum haemorrhage of more than 500mL was twice as likely in the actively managed group compared to the physiological managed group (6.9% vs. 3.7%, RR 0.54, CI: 0.5, 0.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the use of physiological care during the third stage of labour should be considered and supported for women who are healthy and have had a spontaneous labour and birth regardless of birth place setting. Further research should determine whether the use of a uterotonic as a treatment in the first instance may be more effective than as a treatment following initial exposure prophylactically.
authors.affiliation: New Zealand College of Midwives, PO Box 21 106, Christchurch 8143, New Zealand. practice@nzcom.org.nz
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Sally K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guilliland
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hendry
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pairman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007749:Labor Stage, Third / Q000502:physiology*; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012944:Social Support