title: Microbiological analysis of gingivitis in pediatric patients under orthodontic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gingival inflammation and changes in bacteria of the gingival sulcus in children in orthodontic treatment with brackets.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  this prospective study assessed gingival and plaque index of two groups: children with brackets (Group 1) and without brackets (Group 2). The sample was selected from patients treated at the Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Microbiological assessment was performed in every child and all data were statistically analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 showed significantly higher microbiological values and the difference was greater in lower teeth. Comparing the total plaque percentage, it was significantly higher in Group 1.
  
  
  METHODS
  there was no significant correlation between gingival and plaque indexes in any group. No significant correlation was found between plaque index and bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children using brackets showed significantly higher gingival and plaque indices than children without brackets. No direct relationship was found between the increase in gingival and plaque indices and the presence and quantity of bacteria; therefore it was not possible to identify specific bacteria as responsible for the high gingival index in patients with brackets.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal. cristinalsilva@mail.telepac.pt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardoso-Silva
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barbería
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramos Atance
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maroto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Godoy
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D016124:Eikenella corrodens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D005888:Gingival Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*