title: Bicortical fixation of medial malleolar fractures: a review of 23 cases at risk for complicated bone healing.
abstract: Several methods have been described for fixation of unstable medial malleolar fractures. Certain patient populations, including the elderly, those with osteoporosis and osteopenia, and patients with diabetes mellitus, are generally known to be susceptible to complications associated with ankle fracture healing. The goal of the present retrospective investigation was to review the outcomes of a series of patients who had undergone medial malleolar fracture repair using fully threaded bicortical interfragmental compression screw fixation. Patients were included in the present series if they had undergone bicortical fixation of an unstable ankle fracture with a medial malleolar fracture component, in addition to having at least 1 of the following comorbidities: age 55 years or older, osteoporosis or osteopenia, diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, end-stage renal disease, chronic kidney disease, previous kidney transplantation, peripheral neuropathy, or current tobacco use. A total of 23 ankle fractures in 22 consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients was 69.52 (range 45 to 89) years; 17 were female (77.27%) and 5 were male (22.73%). Of the 23 medial malleolar fractures, 21 (91.3%) achieved complete, uncomplicated healing. The mean interval to union was 62.6 (range 42 to 156) days. A total of 4 complications (17.39%) were noted, including 1 nonunion (4.35%), 1 malunion (4.35%), and 2 cases of painful retained hardware (8.7%). From our experience with this series of patients, bicortical screw fixation for medial malleolus fractures appears to be an acceptable alternative for fixation that provides a stable construct for patients at greater risk of bone healing complications.
authors.affiliation: Foot and Ankle Residency Program, Kaiser San Francisco Bay Area, Oakland, CA 94801, USA.
authors.forename: Christy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Collman
authors.forename: Pieter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lagaay
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001863:Bone Screws; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000150:complications; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies