title: Efficacy of low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a cross-over randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy and manual lymphatic drainage in the treatment of chronic upper limb breast cancer-related lymphoedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-over single-blind random clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation service.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six women with chronic upper limb breast cancer-related lymphoedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to undergo 10 sessions of manual lymphatic drainage followed by 10 sessions of low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy or to undergo first low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy followed by manual lymphatic drainage. There was a month of washout time between treatments. Each patient was examined just before and after each treatment. Researchers and outcome assessors were blinded for assigned treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes were lymphoedema volume, pain, heaviness and tightness, and health-related quality of life measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Questionnaire for Breast Cancer version 4 (FACT-B+4). Carry-over, period and treatment effects were analysed. Treatment effect was assessed using paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients finalized treatment. Comparing the changes in low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy with manual lymphatic drainage changes, there were no significant differences. Low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy did not reduce lymphoedema volume (mean of change = 19.77 mL, P = 0.36), but significant reductions were observed in pain, heaviness and tightness (mean of change = 13.1, 16.2 and 6.4 mm, respectively), and FACT-B+4 summaries improved significantly (Trial Outcome Index mean of change = 5.4, P = 0.015). Manual lymphatic drainage showed no significant changes in any of the outcomes
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there are no significant differences between treatment changes, the observed trend towards a better health-related quality of life is remarkable in low-frequency low-intensity electrotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Medicina Física i Rehabilitació, Hospital Mar-Esperança, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belmonte
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tejero
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Muniesa
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Oriol
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cunillera
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Escalada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004322:Drainage; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome