title: Scrotal infrared digital thermography in assessment of varicocele--pilot study to assess diagnostic criteria.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess scrotal thermography in diagnostics of varicocele and suggest potential diagnostic criteria. Twelve patients with clinically diagnosed varicocele were examined with scrotal infrared digital thermography, physical examination and ultrasound/doppler. The main outcome measure was evaluation of thermography diagnostic criteria for varicocele. Mean temperature at left pampiniform plexus was ≥ 34 °C in 83%, and at right pampiniform plexus in all cases was ≤ 34 °C. In 92% of patients, temperature at the left testicle was ≥ 32 °C, whereas at the right testicle it was >32 °C in 50% patients. Temperatures between left and right pampiniform plexus and between left and right testicle were significantly different with P < 0.0001 and P < 0.006 respectively. In all patients, temperature difference between pampiniform plexuses was ≥ 0.6 °C. In 92% of patients, temperature at left pampiniform plexus was equal or higher to thigh temperature with the mean temperature difference of 1.1 ± 1.1 °C. Temperature at right pampiniform plexus was colder than the thigh in 92% of patients. This study suggests diagnostic criteria of five thermographic signs to easily diagnose varicocele. Scrotal thermography presents feasible, short and low cost diagnostic method for varicocele. Further study on a larger number of patients and healthy participants is needed to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of this method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. tkulis@gmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kulis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kolaric
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karlovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knezevic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kastelan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014646:Varicocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult