title: Compartmental analysis of renal BOLD MRI data: introduction and validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful tool to assess renal function, but BOLD analysis using T2* image differentiation of cortex and medulla is laborious and prone to errors. We developed and validated an alternative compartmental analysis method to differentiate renal cortical and medullary BOLD relaxivity index, R2*. This method uses whole-kidney regions of interest (ROI), thus eliminating the need for anatomic cortical and medullary definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hypertensive patients and 11 domestic pigs, some with renal artery stenosis, were studied using BOLD MRI before and after injection of furosemide, which reduces medullary oxygen consumption. R2* in cortex and medulla estimated before and after furosemide with the compartmental method were compared with those obtained using conventional T2* image selection for ROI (manual ROI method), and a reference method with ROIs obtained using contrast-enhanced computerized tomography images were coregistered for the same kidneys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 methods provided similar cortical R2* values, but the Bland-Altman methods' agreement confidence intervals of the reference and compartmental-derived medullary R2* response in humans and pigs were smaller than those in the manual ROI method. Operator dependency in swine was lower in the compartmental method, and its estimates of variation were almost 1/3 compared with the manual ROI method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new compartmental method, which is less labor intensive than the conventional method, provides comparable and less variable kidney R2* estimations, especially in renal medulla. This method could be useful for analysis of kidney BOLD data.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gloviczki
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Woollard
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Textor
authors.forename: Lilach O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004232:Diuretics; D005665:Furosemide; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D005665:Furosemide