title: Diet and environment shape fecal bacterial microbiota composition and enteric pathogen load of grizzly bears.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diet and environment impact the composition of mammalian intestinal microbiota; dietary or health disturbances trigger alterations in intestinal microbiota composition and render the host susceptible to enteric pathogens. To date no long term monitoring data exist on the fecal microbiota and pathogen load of carnivores either in natural environments or in captivity. This study investigates fecal microbiota composition and the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and toxigenic clostridia in wild and captive grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and relates these to food resources consumed by bears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feces were obtained from animals of two wild populations and from two captive animals during an active bear season. Wild animals consumed a diverse diet composed of plant material, animal prey and insects. Captive animals were fed a regular granulated diet with a supplement of fruits and vegetables. Bacterial populations were analyzed using quantitative PCR. Fecal microbiota composition fluctuated in wild and in captive animals. The abundance of Clostridium clusters I and XI, and of C. perfringens correlated to regular diet protein intake. Enteroaggregative E. coli were consistently present in all populations. The C. sordellii phospholipase C was identified in three samples of wild animals and for the first time in Ursids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first longitudinal study monitoring the fecal microbiota of wild carnivores and comparing it to that of captive individuals of the same species. Location and diet affected fecal bacterial populations as well as the presence of enteric pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. clarissa.schwab@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cristescu
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Northrup
authors.forename: Gordon B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stenhouse
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gänzle
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000502:physiology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006799:Housing, Animal; D054892:Metagenome; D001503:Ursidae / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins