title: Modelling the benefits of a new class of anthelmintic in combination.
abstract: Since 2009 two new classes of anthelmintics have been registered for use in sheep in New Zealand. This raises challenging questions about how such new actives should be used, not only to minimise the development of resistance to them, thereby ensuring their availability as effective treatments for as long as possible, but also to minimise the further development of resistance to the other anthelmintic classes. One strategy which appears to offer considerable potential for slowing the development of resistance is the use of combinations of different anthelmintic classes, although this approach remains contentious in some countries. The potential benefit of using anthelmintics in combination is particularly relevant to two recently released anthelmintic compounds because one, monepantel, is presently only available as a single active product while the other, derquantel, is only available in combination with abamectin. A simulation modelling approach was used to investigate the potential benefits of using anthelmintics in combination. The rate at which resistance develops to a new 'active' when used alone was compared to an equivalent compound used in combination with a second compound from an alternative class (in this case, abamectin), when various levels of resistance occur to the second active. In addition, the potential of a new active to reduce further development of resistance to the second compound in the combination was evaluated. Finally, the use of combinations as compared to sequential or rotational use patterns, in the presence of side resistance between two actives was investigated. The modelling simulations suggest a significant advantage to both compounds when they are used in combination, especially if both initially have high efficacy. The development of resistance to the new active was delayed, although to a lesser extent, even when the efficacy of the second active in the combination was only 50%. Under a 'low-refugia' management environment resistance to all actives developed more rapidly, and the advantage of using actives in combination was reduced. When used in conjunction with other resistance management strategies, a combination containing a new active prevented further development of resistance to the older class. Using actives in combination was superior to using them individually either sequentially or in rotation, even in the presence of side-resistance between the two anthelmintic classes.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. dave.leathwick@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Leathwick
mesh_terms: D000607:Aminoacetonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009520:New Zealand; D010082:Oxepins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007211:Indoles; D010082:Oxepins; C575297:derquantel; D000607:Aminoacetonitrile; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin; C533978:monepantel