title: Glycemic control, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction in coexisted diabetes, hypertension and nephropathy.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that can lead to serious cardiovascular, renal, neurologic and retinal complications. Diabetes clustered with hypertension and nephropathy has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease globally. This study describes diabetes, hypertension and nephropathy with reference to glycemic control, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction indicating the foremost basis of morbidity and mortality world wide and rapidly progressing in Pakistan. Study subjects selected and divided in four groups (60 each) followed by institutional ethical approval and informed consent. Group 1: non-diabetic, normotensive control subjects; Group 2:  diabetic, normotensive patients; Group 3: diabetic, hypertensive patients and Group 4: diabetic, hypertensive patients with nephropathy. Their fasting blood samples analyzed for the estimations of blood glucose, HbA1c, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, urea, creatinine, nitric oxide and sialic acid levels. Results showed that all the groups showed significant rise in fasting blood glucose. Similarly HbA1c levels were also significantly high in all the patients as compared to controls. Group 2 showed significantly high serum cholesterol and LDL levels and low HDL levels. Group 3 and 4 showed significantly high serum triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL levels where as low HDL levels as compared to controls. Group 3 showed significantly high serum creatinine. Group 4 showed a significantly high serum urea and creatinine as compared to controls. Persistent albuminuria was characteristic in Group 4 patients. Significantly low production of serum nitric oxide with high concentration of serum sialic acid was observed in Group 3 and 4 as compared to controls. Results indicate a clear relationship of declining renal function with poor glycemic control, abnormal lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction and initiation of acute phase response in tissues affected from the microvascular complications of diabetes like hypertension and nephropathy. It must be taken into account while screening diabetic patients to get them rid of progressive renal impairment leading to end stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. smshahid@uok.edu.pk
authors.forename: Syed Muhammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: Syeda Nuzhat
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Nawab
authors.forename: Rozeena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Tabassum
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mahboob
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000097:blood; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014280:Triglycerides; D014508:Urea