title: Surgical management of U-shaped sacral fractures: a systematic review of current treatment strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  U-shaped sacral fractures usually result from axial loading of the spine with simultaneous sacral pivoting due to a horizontal fracture which leads to a highly unstable spino-pelvic dissociation. Due to the rarity of these fractures, there is lack of an agreed treatment strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thorough literature search was carried out to identify current treatment concepts. The studies were analysed for mechanism of injury, diagnostic imaging, associated injuries, type of surgery, follow-up times, complications, neurological, clinical and radiological outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three cases were found in 12 articles. No Class I, II or III evidence was found in the literature. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall or jump from height. Pre-operative neurological deficit was noted in 50 (94.3%) out of 53 cases (not available in 10 patients). The most used surgical options were spino-pelvic fixation with or without decompression and ilio-sacral screws. Post-operative complications occurred in 24 (38.1%) patients. Average follow-up time was 18.6 months (range 2-34 months). Full neurological recovery was noted in 20 cases, partial recovery in 14 and 9 patients had no neurological recovery (5 patients were lost in follow-up). Fracture healing was mentioned in 7 articles with only 1 case of fracture reduction loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the current available data, an evidence based treatment strategy regarding outcome, neurological recovery or fracture healing could not be identified. Limited access and minimal-invasive surgery focussing on sacral reduction and restoration seems to offer comparable results to large spino-pelvic constructs with fewer complications and should be considered as the method of choice. If the fracture is highly unstable and displaced, spino-pelvic fixation might offer better stability.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jehan
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boszczyk
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Boszczyk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012447:Sacrum / Q000293:injuries*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult