title: The investigation of HIV and HCV infection and risk factors among opiate drug users in Beijing, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the risk factors among opiate drug users in Beijing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The opiate drug users enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment clinics of Beijing from 30 November 2004 to 31 March 2008 were investigated. The blood samples were collected and tested for HIV and HCV infection and questionnaires were used for all subjects admitted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1211 eligible subjects, 12 HIV and 713 HCV-positive subjects were observed; the HIV and HCV prevalences were .99% and 58.88%, respectively. Young age, unemployment, injection drug use, and more frequent and longer drug use were the independent risk factors for HCV infection using the multiple logistic regression analysis. The younger drug users are more likely to be infected than the older ones, and the adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 18-30 and 30-40 versus 40-54 years were 1.81 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.13-1.92) and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.08-2.10). The drug users who were unemployed (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.23-2.37), with injection drug use (OR = 10.99, 95% CI: 7.26-16.65), with more frequent drug use (OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.31-2.46), and with longer heroin abuse history (OR = 8.06, 95% CI: 1.19-57.54) were more likely to be infected with HCV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HCV infection was popular among opiate drug users in Beijing. The findings indicated the need for educating the users taking into account their low literacy levels and the necessity for job training and decreasing the injection drug use and the frequency of drug use administrated as the prevention and intervention methods for controlling the HIV/HCV infection in this population.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan-ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Cun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Hong-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Shi-yan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Zhi-min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016174:Hepacivirus; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology