title: Clusterin is a potential molecular predictor for ovarian cancer patient's survival: targeting clusterin improves response to paclitaxel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clusterin is a cytoprotective chaperone protein involved in numerous physiological processes, carcinogenesis, tumor growth and tissue remodelling. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether clusterin (CLU), an antiapoptotic molecule, could be a potential predictor molecule for ovarian cancer and whether or not targeting this molecule can improve survival of ovarian cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clusterin expression was compared between ten primary and their recurrent tumors from same patients immunohistochemically. We analyzed prognostic significance of CLU expression in another 47 ovarian cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. We used small interference RNA to knock down CLU in the chemo-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. KF-TX and SKOV-3-TX, paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells, were established from parental KF and SKOV-3 chemo-sensitive cell lines, respectively. Either siRNA or second generation antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against CLU (OGX-011), which is currently evaluated in clinical phase II trials in other cancer s, was used to modulate sensitivity to paclitaxel (TX) in ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Cellular viability assay, FACS analysis and annexin V staining were used to evaluate the comparative effect of CLU knocking down in ovarian cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis of CLU expression in primary ovarian cancer tissue specimens and their recurrent counterparts from same patients demonstrated higher expression of CLU in the recurrent resistant tumors compared with their primary tumors. High expression of CLU by immunohistochemistry among 47 surgical tissue specimens of early-stage (stage I/II) ovarian cancer, who underwent complete cytoreduction as a primary surgery, significantly related to poor survival, while none of other clinicopathological factors analyzed were related to survival in this patient cohort. Secretory CLU (s-CLU; 60 KDa) expression was upregulated in TX-resistant ovarian cancer cells compared to parental cells. Transfection of siRNA or OGX-011 clearly reduced CLU expression. Cell viability assay, FACS analysis and annexin V staining demonstrated that targeting CLU expression by siRNA or OGX-011 sensitized ovarian cancer cells to TX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that CLU could be a potential molecular target to predict survival while targeting this s-CLU may improve survival of patients with ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mohamed K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Hidemichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watari
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitamura
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakuragi
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051152:Clusterin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051152:Clusterin; D017239:Paclitaxel