title: Indirect versus direct bonding--a shear bond strength comparison: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The process of bonding orthodontic appliances to the enamel surface of the teeth has come to the forefront as a major improvement in bonding techniques. The purpose of this study is to compare the shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic brackets bonded using conventional direct bonding and indirect bonding as described by Thomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty sound human premolars were divided into two groups of 20 each. Group I samples were bonded directly on the tooth surface using concise two paste adhesive system after etching and drying. Group II samples were bonded indirectly on the tooth surface according to Thomas indirect bonding technique using concise two paste adhesive system. The stored specimen was tested for shear bond strength in an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the shear bond strength between direct and indirect bonding techniques. Chi-square test showed that there were significant differences among the adhesive remnant index scores between direct and indirect bonding groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro shear bond strength comparison between direct and indirect-bonded attachments showed no significant difference between the two groups. Bond strength obtained with Thomas indirect bonding technique was comparable with direct bonding technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thomas indirect bonding technique can be used for bonding of the posterior teeth, where the risk of moisture contamination is high during bonding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Postgraduate Research Center, 5/3 Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. swethaortho@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swetha
authors.forename: Vinaya S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sanjay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandini
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003722:Dental Alloys; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019279:Resin Cements; D033081:Shear Strength; D013193:Stainless Steel; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D019279:Resin Cements; D013193:Stainless Steel; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate