title: 13-cis-Retinoic acid specific down-regulation of angiotensin type 1 receptor in rat liver epithelial and aortic smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Transcriptional repression through cis- and trans-acting factors enabling an alternate approach to control angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1 or AGTR1 as listed in the MGI database) expression has not been studied. In previous investigations, treatment with retinoic acid was found to be associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. In our previous study, expression of AT1 was found to be inversely correlated with intracellular glucose concentrations. Therefore, we hypothesized that 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA), an antioxidant, enhances insulin-sensitive glucose-mediated down-regulation of the AT1. In this study, we used continuously passaged rat liver epithelial cells. Our study shows that cells exposed to 13cRA specifically down-regulated the AT1 protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner, independently of any change in receptor affinity. Down-regulation of the AT1 expression leads to reduced AngII-mediated intracellular calcium release, a hallmark of receptor-mediated intracellular signaling. Similarly with receptor down-regulation, we observed a significant reduction in AT1 mRNA; however, the AT1 down-regulation was independent of insulin-sensitive glucose uptake and retinoic acid receptor activation (RAR/RXR). Treatment with 13cRA resulted in phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAP kinases in these cells. Subsequent studies using MEK inhibitor PD98059 prevented 13cRA-mediated AT1 down-regulation and restored AngII-mediated intracellular calcium response. Furthermore, 13cRA-mediated inhibitory effects on AT1 were validated in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time that 13cRA has a glucose- and RAR/RXR-independent mechanism for transcriptional inhibition of AT1, suggesting its therapeutic potential in systems in which AT1 expression is deregulated in insulin-sensitive and -insensitive tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thekkumkara
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D000804:Angiotensin II; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D015474:Isotretinoin; D005947:Glucose; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one