title: Heterotrophic organisms dominate nitrogen fixation in the South Pacific Gyre.
abstract: Oceanic subtropical gyres are considered biological deserts because of the extremely low availability of nutrients and thus minimum productivities. The major source of nutrient nitrogen in these ecosystems is N(2)-fixation. The South Pacific Gyre (SPG) is the largest ocean gyre in the world, but measurements of N(2)-fixation therein, or identification of microorganisms involved, are scarce. In the 2006/2007 austral summer, we investigated nitrogen and carbon assimilation at 11 stations throughout the SPG. In the ultra-oligotrophic waters of the SPG, the chlorophyll maxima reached as deep as 200 m. Surface primary production seemed limited by nitrogen, as dissolved inorganic carbon uptake was stimulated upon additions of (15)N-labeled ammonium and leucine in our incubation experiments. N(2)-fixation was detectable throughout the upper 200 m at most stations, with rates ranging from 0.001 to 0.19 nM N h(-1). N(2)-fixation in the SPG may account for the production of 8-20% of global oceanic new nitrogen. Interestingly, comparable (15)N(2)-fixation rates were measured under light and dark conditions. Meanwhile, phylogenetic analyses for the functional gene biomarker nifH and its transcripts could not detect any common photoautotrophic diazotrophs, such as, Trichodesmium, but a prevalence of γ-proteobacteria and the unicellular photoheterotrophic Group A cyanobacteria. The dominance of these likely heterotrophic diazotrophs was further verified by quantitative PCR. Hence, our combined results show that the ultra-oligotrophic SPG harbors a hitherto unknown heterotrophic diazotrophic community, clearly distinct from other oceanic gyres previously visited.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany. hhalm@ifm-geomar.de
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Halm
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ferdelman
authors.forename: Gaute
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lavik
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dittmar
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LaRoche
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Hondt
authors.forename: Marcel M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kuypers
mesh_terms: D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D052836:Heterotrophic Processes; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D009584:Nitrogen