title: 68Ga-labeling and in vivo evaluation of a uPAR binding DOTA- and NODAGA-conjugated peptide for PET imaging of invasive cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a well-established biomarker for tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential. DOTA-AE105 and DOTA-AE105-NH(2) labeled with (64)Cu have previously been demonstrated to be able to noninvasively monitor uPAR expression using positron emission tomography (PET) in human cancer xenograft mice models. Here we introduce (68)Ga-DOTA-AE105-NH(2) and (68)Ga-NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) and evaluate their imaging properties using small-animal PET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synthesis of DOTA-AE105-NH(2) and NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) was based on solid-phase peptide synthesis protocols using the Fmoc strategy. (68)GaCl(3) was eluted from a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator. The eluate was either concentrated on a cation-exchange column or fractionated and used directly for labeling. For in vitro characterization of both tracers, partition coefficient, buffer and plasma stability, uPAR binding affinity and cell uptake were determined. To characterize the in vivo properties, dynamic microPET imaging was carried out in nude mice bearing human glioma U87MG tumor xenograft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro experiments revealed uPAR binding affinities in the lower nM range for both conjugated peptides and identical to AE105. Labeling of DOTA-AE105-NH(2) and NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) with (68)Ga was done at 95°C and room temperature, respectively. The highest radiochemical yield and purity were obtained using fractionated elution, whereas a negative effect of acetone on labeling efficiency for NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) was observed. Good stability in phosphate-buffered saline and mouse plasma was observed. High cell uptake was found for both tracers in U87MG tumor cells. Dynamic microPET imaging demonstrated good tumor-to-background ratio for both tracers. Tumor uptake was 2.1% ID/g and 1.3% ID/g 30 min postinjection and 2.0% ID/g and 1.1% ID/g 60 min postinjection for (68)Ga-NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) and (68)Ga-DOTA-AE105-NH(2), respectively. A significantly higher tumor-to-muscle ratio (P<.05) was found for (68)Ga-NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) 60 min postinjection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of (68)Ga-DOTA-AE105-NH(2) and (68)Ga-NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) as the first gallium-68 labeled uPAR radiotracers for noninvasive PET imaging is reported, which combine versatility with good imaging properties. These new tracers thus constitute an interesting alternative to the (64)Cu-labeled version ((64)Cu-DOTA-AE105 and 64Cu-DOTA-AE105-NH(2)) for detecting uPAR expression in tumor tissue. In our hands, the fractionated elution approach was superior for labeling of peptides, and (68)Ga-NODAGA-AE105-NH(2) is the favored tracer as it provides the highest tumor-to-background ratio.
authors.affiliation: The Danish-Chinese Center for Proteases and Cancer, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ploug
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kjaer
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011485:Protein Binding; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C572723:1-(1,3-carboxypropyl)-4,7-carboxymethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane; D000085:Acetates; D000577:Amides; D002614:Chelating Agents; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D010455:Peptides; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; C071349:1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; C034163:gallium chloride; D005708:Gallium