title: Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Glasgow, Scotland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae harbouring bla(CTX-M) in Glasgow, Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 12 week period, Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from urine samples were collected and susceptibility testing performed. Isolates were screened for the presence of bla(CTX-M) by multiplex PCR and selected Escherichia coli genes were subsequently sequenced. PFGE analysis was performed on selected E. coli isolates in order to identify clonal relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 155 phenotypically confirmed non-duplicate Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from urine samples. bla(CTX-M) was identified in 131/155 (84.5%) of the ESBL-producing isolates, with CTX-M group 1 enzymes accounting for 103/131 (78.6%) of these. The remaining 24 isolates carried other bla(CTX-M) types, including CTX-M group 2, CTX-M group 9 and an unidentifiable combination designated CTX-M group G2/Gx. A sample of 46/97 (47.4%) CTX-M-positive E. coli isolates was chosen for PFGE and demographic information regarding the source of the isolates was collated. Eight E. coli clusters were identified by PFGE; however, they did not achieve the 85% cut-off to demonstrate clonality. Nitrofurantoin resistance was significantly greater in the E. coli isolates expressing a non-CTX-M group 1 ESBL when compared with the E. coli isolates expressing a CTX-M group 1 ESBL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As seen in other British studies, bla(CTX-M) has become the predominant ESBL type in Glasgow, Scotland. The PFGE results show that four different CTX-M groups appear to be circulating in the community and within all four hospitals in the locality. There is little correlation between strain genotype and CTX-M group, thus it is unlikely that cross-infection alone is the driver. It is possible that plasmid migration of CTX-M genes within the E. coli population is occurring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. nitish.khanna@nhs.net
authors.forename: Nitish
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyes
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lansdell
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamouda
authors.forename: Sebastian G B
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Amyes
mesh_terms: D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058889:Molecular Typing; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases