title: High glucose-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in cultured astrocytes.
abstract: Astrocyte activation plays important roles both in physiological and pathological process in the CNS. In the latter, the process is further aggravated by hyperglycemia, leading to diabetes complications of CNS. We report here that high glucose (HG) treatment stimulated astrocytic morphological alteration coupled with changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin expression. Additionally, HG upregulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); however, its effects on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression were not evident. HG treatment induced increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator transcription 3 (STAT 3). HG-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, and VEGF was blocked by ROS scavenger and inhibitors specific for NF-κB and STAT 3, respectively. The results suggest that the aforementioned multiple inflammatory cytokines and mediators that may be linked to the pathogenesis of the diabetes complications of CNS are induced by HG via the key signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: E-A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000633:toxicity*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014315:Triterpenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C066229:prolinedithiocarbamate; D015847:Interleukin-4; D012313:RNA; D011392:Proline; D005947:Glucose; D008550:Melatonin; C038106:cucurbitacin I