title: [Endoscopic calcaneoplasty (ECP) in Haglund's syndrome. Indication, surgical technique, surgical findings and results].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posterior calcaneal exostosis treatment modalities have given rise to many controversial opinions. After failure of the conservative treatment, surgical bursectomy and resection of the calcaneal exostosis are indicated by many authors. But clinical studies also show a high rate of unsatisfactory results with a relative high incidence of complications. The minimally invasive surgical technique by an endoscopic calcaneoplasty (ECP) could be an option to overcome some of these problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1999 und 2010 we operated 164 patients with an age range between 16 and 67 years, 81 males and 83 females. The radiological examination prior to surgery documented in all cases a posterior superior calcaneal exostosis that showed friction to the Achilles tendon. All patients included in the study had no clinical varus of the hind foot, nor cavus deformities. All patients had undergone a trial of conservative treatment for at least 6 months and did not show a positive response. The average follow-up was 46.3 (range: 8-120) months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the Ogilvie-Harris score 71 patients presented good and 84 patients excellent results, while 5 patients showed fair results, and 4 patients only poor results. All the post-operative radiographs showed sufficient resection of the calcaneal spur. In 61 patients the preoperative MRI showed a partial rupture of the Achilles tendon close to the insertion side. In no case could we observe a complete tear at the time of follow-up. Only minor postoperative complications were observed. In many patients we could observe a chondral layer at the posterior aspect of the calcaneus. Close to the intersion the Achilles tendon showed also in many patients a chondroide metaplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECP is an effective and minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of patients with calcaneal exostosis. After a short learning curve the endoscopic exposure is superior to the open technique, has less morbidity, less operating time, and nearly no complications. Moreover, the pathology can be better differentiated.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Sportmedizin, Johanna-Etienne-Krankenhaus, Neuss. j.jerosch@ak-neuss.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jerosch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sokkar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dücker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005096:Exostoses; D005260:Female; D036982:Heel Spur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult