title: Trefoil factors in saliva and gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trefoil factors (TFFs) are secreted molecules that are involved in cytoprotection against tissue damage and the immune response. TFFs have been detected in saliva and oral tissues, but their clinical significance has never been investigated in patients with chronic periodontitis. The objective of this study is to determine whether TFF expression in saliva and gingival tissues is associated with periodontal pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva and gingival tissue samples were collected from 25 non-periodontitis individuals and 25 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the expression of TFFs (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) in saliva and gingival tissues, respectively. Periodontopathic bacteria were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced salivary TFF1 and TFF3 concentrations were observed in patients with CP (P = 0.003 and P <0.001, respectively). Decreased TFF3 expression in gingival tissues of patients with CP was demonstrated (P = 0.041). Levels of salivary TFF3 concentrations were negatively correlated with periodontal pathology and number of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia (formerly known as Bacteroides forsythus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered expression of TFFs in saliva and gingival tissues was detected in patients with CP. The results suggest that TFF3 may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnosis and Research Group of Chronic Inflammatory Oral Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. cponla@kku.ac.th
authors.forename: Ponlatham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaiyarit
authors.forename: Anek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chayasadom
authors.forename: Nawarat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wara-Aswapati
authors.forename: Doodsadee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hormdee
authors.forename: Sapatporn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sittisomwong
authors.forename: Sirinun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakaresisoon
authors.forename: Mie Hessellund
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: Waranuch
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pitiphat
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Giraud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000378:metabolism; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010455:Peptides; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; C000604007:TFF2 protein, human; C082495:TFF3 protein, human; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins