title: Enhanced frontocentral EEG connectivity in photosensitive generalized epilepsies: a partial directed coherence study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photosensitive epilepsy (PSE) is the most common form of reflex epilepsy presenting with electroencephalography (EEG) paroxysms elicited by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS). To investigate whether the neuronal network undergoes dynamic changes before and during the transition to an EEG epileptic discharge, we estimated EEG connectivity patterns in photosensitive (PS) patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG signals were evaluated under resting conditions and during 14 Hz IPS, a frequency that consistently induces photoparoxysmal responses (PPRs) in PS patients. Partial directed coherence (PDC), a linear measure of effective connectivity based on multivariate autoregressive models, was used in 10 PS patients and 10 controls. Anterior versus posterior (F3, F4, C3, C4, and P3, P4, O1, O2) and interhemispheric connectivity patterns (F4, C4, P4, O2, and F3, C3, P3, O1) were estimated with focus on beta and gamma band activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDC analysis revealed an enhanced connectivity pattern in terms of both the number and strength of outflow connections in the PS patient group. Under resting condition, the greater connectivity in the PS patients occurred in the beta band, whereas it mainly involved the gamma band during IPS (i.e., the frequencies ranging from 40-60 Hz that include the higher harmonics of the stimulus frequency). Both at rest and during IPS, the differences between the PS patients and controls were due primarily to clearly increased connectivity involving the anterior cortical regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that PS patients are characterised by abnormal EEG hyperconnectivity, primarily involving the anterior cortical regions under resting conditions and during IPS. This suggests that, even if the occipital cortical regions are the recipient zone of the stimulus and probably hyperexcitable, the anterior cortical areas are prominently involved in generating the hypersynchronization underlying the spike-and wave discharges elicited by IPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Centre, C. Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy. giulia.varotto@istituto-besta.it
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varotto
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Visani
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canafoglia
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschetti
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avanzini
authors.forename: Ferruccio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panzica
mesh_terms: D004569:Electroencephalography; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D055815:Young Adult