title: In vitro measurements of precision of fit of implant-supported frameworks. A comparison between "virtual" and "physical" assessments of fit using two different techniques of measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Comparisons between different techniques measuring fit of implant-supported frameworks are few.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare data on precision of fit from two highly accurate measuring techniques and, also, to compare results using software programs for fit assessments considering both a "virtual" as well as a "physical" (i.e., more clinical) situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five computer numerical control-milled titanium frameworks (Procera Implant Bridge, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) were fabricated from individual model/pattern measurements, simulating a clinical situation. Measurements of fit between frameworks and models were performed by means of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM; Zeiss Prismo Vast, Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany) linked to a computer and an optical, high-resolution, three-dimensional scanner (Atos 4M SO, GOM International AG, Widen, Switzerland). Collected data on distortions between frameworks and models were analyzed and compared between the two measurement techniques. A comparison between "virtual" and "physical" fit assessments was also performed, based on data from the three-dimensional scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When using "virtual" fit assessment programs, overall mean three-dimensional distortion between implant and framework center points in absolute figures was 37 (SD 22) and 14 µm (SD 8) for the CMM and three-dimensional scanning measurements, respectively. Corresponding mean three-dimensional distortion when using a "physical" fit assessment program in the scanner was 43 µm (SD 24) (p < 0.001). Mean horizontal (x-axis) measurements of the distance between the two terminal implants of the models and the frameworks were 33.772 and 33.834 mm for the CMM technique. Corresponding measurements for the three-dimensional scanner was 33.798 and 33.806 mm, respectively. Horizontal distances from the three-dimensional scanner were, for most measurements, greater than for the CMM measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements of fit between frameworks and models may vary depending on what technique is used and how fit assessments regarding "virtual" or "physical" fit is approached.
authors.affiliation: The Brånemark Clinic, Public Dental Health Service, Göteborg, Sweden. torsten.jemt@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jemt
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hjalmarsson
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003779:Denture Design; D003829:Denture, Partial; D006696:Holography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D012984:Software; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D014025:Titanium