title: Postgame analysis: using video-based coaching for continuous professional development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical learning curve persists for years after training, yet existing continuing medical education activities targeting this are limited. We describe a pilot study of a scalable video-based intervention, providing individualized feedback on intraoperative performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four complex operations performed by surgeons of varying experience--a chief resident accompanied by the operating senior surgeon, a surgeon with less than 10 years in practice, another with 20 to 30 years in practice, and a surgeon with more than 30 years of experience--were video recorded. Video playback formed the basis of 1-hour coaching sessions with a peer-judged surgical expert. These sessions were audio recorded, transcribed, and thematically coded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sessions focused on operative technique--both technical aspects and decision-making. With increasing seniority, more discussion was devoted to the optimization of teaching and facilitation of the resident's technical performance. Coaching sessions with senior surgeons were peer-to-peer interactions, with each discussing his preferred approach. The coach alternated between directing the session (asking probing questions) and responding to specific questions brought by the surgeons, depending on learning style. At all experience levels, video review proved valuable in identifying episodes of failure to progress and troubleshooting alternative approaches. All agreed this tool is a powerful one. Inclusion of trainees seems most appropriate when coaching senior surgeons; it may restrict the dialogue of more junior attendings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Video-based coaching is an educational modality that targets intraoperative judgment, technique, and teaching. Surgeons of all levels found it highly instructive. This may provide a practical, much needed approach for continuous professional development.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgery & Public Health, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yue-Yung
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Peyre
authors.forename: Alexander F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Arriaga
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Osteen
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Corso
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Weiser
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Stanley W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: Chandrajit P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Raut
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zinner
authors.forename: Atul A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gawande
authors.forename: Caprice C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D059032:Learning Curve; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014741:Video Recording