title: Gestation length and occurrence of daytime foaling of Standardbred mares on two stud farms in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the gestation lengths and occurrence of daytime foaling of Standardbred mares foaling outdoors at stud farms in Southland, New Zealand (latitude 45˚S).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively at two commercial Standardbred stud farms (Farms A and B), during the 2008/9 and 2009/10 breeding seasons (October to February). For each foaling, the identity of the mare, date and time of foaling, gender of foal, time the mare passed the fetal membranes, time the foal stood, and foaling problems including dystocias, were recorded. The effect of farm, season, gender of foal, month of artificial insemination (AI) or foaling, age and parity of mare on gestation length, percentage of mares foaling during daylight hours, and percentage of foalings recorded as dystocia, were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 614 foaling records were obtained from 507 mares. For 594 foalings with complete records, mean gestation length was 349 (SE 0.5) days. Mean gestation length was shorter for fillies (347.8 (SE 0.6) days) than colts (350.3 (SE 0.6) days) p = 0.021) and decreased with month of AI, from October to February (p = 0.001). The time of foaling was bimodally distributed with the primary peak around 0200 hours and a secondary smaller peak around 1300 hours. The percentage of mares foaling in daylight was lower on Farm A (69/285 (24%)) than Farm B (128/313 (41%)) (p = 0.001). Colt foals were less likely to be born during the day than fillies (OR = 0.63; (95% CI = 0.44-0.88); p = 0.008), but there was no effect of age or parity of mare or month of foaling (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean gestation length of mares in this study was longer than that previously reported from other countries. Longer gestation length decreases the time available for these mares to get back into foal in the same season. It is important that managers take this into account and ensure optimum conditions for conception; breeding at the first postpartum oestrus may be essential. There were more mares foaling in daylight hours on one stud than has previously been reported. Under these conditions mares should be monitored for foaling during daytime as well as at night.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dicken
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Mayhew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004420:Dystocia / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D009520:New Zealand; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal