title: Fruit and vegetable consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home, and Obesity study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fruit and vegetable consumption might prevent weight gain through their low energy density and high dietary fiber content.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the association between the baseline consumption of fruit and vegetables and weight change in participants from 10 European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet was assessed at baseline in 373,803 participants by using country-specific validated questionnaires. Weight was measured at baseline and self-reported at follow-up in most centers. Associations between baseline fruit and vegetable intakes (per 100 g/d) and weight change (g/y) after a mean follow-up of 5 y were assessed by using linear mixed-models, with age, sex, total energy intake, and other potential confounders controlled for.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exclusion of subjects with chronic diseases at baseline and subjects who were likely to misreport energy intakes, baseline fruit and vegetable intakes were not associated with weight change overall. However, baseline fruit and vegetable intakes were inversely associated with weight change in men and women who quit smoking during follow-up. We observed weak positive associations between vegetable intake and weight change in women who were overweight, were former smokers, or had high prudent dietary pattern scores and weak inverse associations between fruit intake and weight change in women who were >50 y of age, were of normal weight, were never smokers, or had low prudent dietary pattern scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large study, higher baseline fruit and vegetable intakes, while maintaining total energy intakes constant, did not substantially influence midterm weight change overall but could help to reduce risk of weight gain in persons who stop smoking. The interactions observed in women deserve additional attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom. a.vergnaud@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anne-Claire
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vergnaud
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Norat
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romaguera
authors.forename: Traci
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mouw
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Freisling
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morois
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaks
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teucher
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buijsse
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjaer
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Marianne Uhre
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Laudina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agudo
authors.forename: Maria-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amiano
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.forename: Aurelio Barricarte
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gurrea
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: Philippos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orfanos
authors.forename: Androniki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naska
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sacerdote
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattiello
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Fränzel J B
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Duijnhoven
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Dagrun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Engeset
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braaten
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.forename: Andreani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odysseos
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002149:Energy Intake; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050177:Overweight; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss