title: Complications and long-term results of salvage cystectomy after failed bladder sparing therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radical cystectomy has been the standard treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Combined modality therapy involving transurethral bladder tumor resection, external beam radiation and chemotherapy is an effective alternative to cystectomy in selected patients. Salvage cystectomy is reserved for those in whom combined modality therapy fails. We characterized complications associated with salvage cystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1986 to 2007 of 348 patients undergoing bladder sparing therapy 102 (29%) underwent salvage cystectomy, 91 of whom were treated at Massachusetts General Hospital after receiving combined modality therapy for T2-T4aNxM0 bladder cancer. Patients underwent transurethral bladder tumor resection followed by chemoradiation (40 Gy). Early assessment was performed by cystoscopy/re-biopsy. Patients with complete response continued with consolidation chemoradiation (total dose 64 Gy). Immediate salvage cystectomy (50 of 91) was performed for persistent disease, while delayed salvage cystectomy (41 of 91) was performed for an invasive recurrence. Complications were classified using the Clavien system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median patient age was 69.4 years (range 27.5 to 88.9) and median living patient followup was 12 years (range 0 to 23). Of the patients 99% (90 of 91) underwent ileal diversion. Complications of any grade within 90 days occurred in 69% (63 of 91) of patients and 16% (15 of 91) experienced major complications within 90 days. Of the patients 21% (19 of 91) required hospital readmission within 90 days. The 90-day mortality rate was 2.2% (2 of 91). Significant cardiovascular/hematological complications (pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, transfusion) within 90 days were more common in the immediate than in the delayed cystectomy group (37% vs 15%, p = 0.02). Tissue healing complications (fascial dehiscence, wound infection, ureteral stricture, anastomotic stricture, stoma/loop revisions) were more common in the delayed than in the immediate cystectomy group (35% vs 12%, p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salvage cystectomy is associated with acceptable morbidity, although complication rates are slightly higher than for other cystectomy series. Immediate cystectomies have more cardiovascular/hematological complications while delayed cystectomies have more tissue healing complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. jeswara@partners.org
authors.forename: Jairam R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eswara
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Efstathiou
authors.forename: Niall M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Heney
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paly
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: W Scott
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: McDougal
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: William U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Shipley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*