title: Radiation leakage study for the Valencia applicators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Valencia applicators which are accessories of the microSelectron-HDR afterloader (Nucletron, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) are designed to treat skin lesions. These cup-shaped applicators are an alternative to superficial/orthovoltage x-ray treatment units. They limit the irradiation to the required area using tungsten-alloy shielding, and are equipped with a tungsten-alloy flattering filter allowing the treatment of skin tumors, the oral cavity, vaginal cuff, etc. The tungsten-alloy thickness to shield radiation is not the same in all parts of the applicators. This fact led us to question whether the leakage radiation differs depending on where it is measured, and whether this may be relevant in some clinical cases. The purpose of this work is to study from the radiation protection point of view the radiation leakage of the Valencia applicators, and provide a solution for current users and for the manufacturer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulations based on the Monte Carlo (MC) method using the Geant4 code have been realized studying the dose rate distribution in air around the cup of the Valencia applicators. An experimental study with radiochromic film has also been done to measure the dose distribution in the back side of the applicators and to compare it with MC results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation leakage of up to 170% of the prescribed dose has been found at the back surface of these applicators. Although this side is not usually directed to the patient, in some applications such as the treatment of a lesion on the nose, special care must be taken to avoid unexpected and unnecessary irradiation of the eyes. A possible solution could be to add additional shielding to the applicator in order to reduce this leakage or to put some shielding to protect the eyes. Additionally, a new concept design of the Valencia applicators using more shielding material in the applicator backside is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, ERESA, Hospital General Universitario, E-46014 Valencia, Spain. dgranero@eresa.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Granero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perez-Calatayud
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ouhib
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000379:methods*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011835:Radiation Protection