title: [Water intake sources analysis of adults in four cities of China in summer].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the water intake sources of adults in the four cities of China in summer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 64 adults aged 18 - 60 yrs from the four cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou) were selected using convenient sampling method. The information on amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for three consecutive days using a quantitative measurement. The food samples were collected by using duplicate portion method and the water content of food samples were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median of daily total water intake of 63 subjects was 3045 ml, while daily total drinking water was 1600 ml, the median ratio of which accounting for 55.8% of total water intake. Water from food was 1157 ml, the median ratio of which accounting for 41.4% of total water intake. The median of daily total water intake (3566 ml) and the ratio of water from food (55.3%) of subjects in Chengdu was significantly higher than subjects in Guangzhou (2929 ml, 45.4%), Shanghai (2748 ml, 33.1%) and Beijing (2743 ml, 31.3%) (daily total water intake: χ² = 10.42, P = 0.015;the proportion of water: χ² = 28.48, P < 0.01). Daily total water intake in men (3302 ml) was significantly higher than that in women (2900 ml) (Z = 2.35, P = 0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily total water intake of subjects in summer was more than the current Chinese recommended total water intake (2200 ml), with the main part of drinking water and water from food.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-qi
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wan-fang
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shao-ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Jiao-lei
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Guan-sheng
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D004326:Drinking; D060766:Drinking Water; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012621:Seasons; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water