title: Inactivation of salmonella in biofilms and on chicken cages and preharvest poultry by levulinic Acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate.
abstract: Surface contamination (skin and feathers) of broilers with Salmonella occurs primarily during growth and transportation. Immediately after transporting chickens, chicken cage doors were sprayed with a foam containing 3% levulinic acid plus 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Samples  were collected for Salmonella assay after 45 min. Salmonella on cage doors was reduced from 19% (19 of 100 doors) before treatment to 1% (1 of 100 doors) after treatment, coliform counts were reduced from 6 to 8 to 2 to 4 log CFU/9 cm(2), and aerobic plate counts were  reduced from 7 to 9 to 4 to 6 log CFU/9 cm(2). Whole chicken carcasses with feathers were inoculated with 10(8) CFU of Salmonella Enteritidis, soaked for 5 min at 21°C in 72 liters of a treatment or control solution, and assayed for Salmonella. Salmonella  counts on chickens treated with water were 6.8 to 8.5 log CFU/9 cm(2), those treated with 50 ppm of calcium hypochlorite were 7.6 to 8.9 log CFU/9 cm(2), and those treated with 3% levulinic acid plus 2% SDS were <1.7 to 2.8 CFU/9 cm(2) (>4-log reduction). Results  of biofilm studies on surfaces of various materials revealed that a 3% levulinic acid plus 2% SDS treatment used as either a foam or liquid for 10 min effectively reduced Salmonella populations by 5 and >6 log CFU/cm(2), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007982:Levulinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007982:Levulinic Acids; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; C032246:levulinic acid