title: Aphid alarm pheromone: an overview of current knowledge on biosynthesis and functions.
abstract: Aphids are important agricultural and forest pests that exhibit complex behaviors elicited by pheromonal signals. The aphid alarm pheromone--of which (E)-β-farnesene is the key (or only) component in most species--plays important roles in mediating interactions among individuals as well as multitrophic interactions among plants, aphids, and aphid natural enemies. Though many important questions remain to be answered, a large body of research has addressed various aspects of the biology, physiology, and ecology of aphid alarm pheromones. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of (a) the identity and composition of aphid alarm signals; (b) their biosynthesis and production; (c) their effects on conspecifics; (d) their role as cues for other insect species; and (e) their potential application for the management of pest organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Sophie.Vandermoten@ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandermoten
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mescher
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haubruge
authors.forename: François J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Verheggen
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000378:metabolism*; D020387:Food Chain; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010675:Pheromones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones