title: Apoptosis, cytokine and chemokine induction by non-structural 1 (NS1) proteins encoded by different influenza subtypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza pandemic remains a serious threat to human health. Viruses of avian origin, H5N1, H7N7 and H9N2, have repeatedly crossed the species barrier to infect humans. Recently, a novel strain originated from swine has evolved to a pandemic. This study aims at improving our understanding on the pathogenic mechanism of influenza viruses, in particular the role of non-structural (NS1) protein in inducing pro-inflammatory and apoptotic responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lung epithelial cells (NCI-H292) was used as an in-vitro model to study cytokine/chemokine production and apoptosis induced by transfection of NS1 mRNA encoded by seven infleunza subtypes (seasonal and pandemic H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, and H9), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that CXCL-10/IP10 was most prominently induced (> 1000 folds) and IL-6 was slightly induced (< 10 folds) by all subtypes. A subtype-dependent pattern was observed for CCL-2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL-5/RANTES and CXCL-9/MIG; where induction by H5N1 was much higher than all other subtypes examined. All subtypes induced a similar temporal profile of apoptosis following transfection. The level of apoptosis induced by H5N1 was remarkably higher than all others. The cytokine/chemokine and apoptosis inducing ability of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 was similar to previous seasonal strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the NS1 protein encoded by H5N1 carries a remarkably different property as compared to other avian and human subtypes, and is one of the keys to its high pathogenicity. NCI-H292 cells system proves to be a good in-vitro model to delineate the property of NS1 proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Apple C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Paul K S
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001717:Birds; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014162:Transfection; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D016207:Cytokines; C085820:INS1 protein, influenza virus; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins