title: Activation of NK₁ receptors in the locus coeruleus induces analgesia through noradrenergic-mediated descending inhibition in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major source of noradrenergic projections to the dorsal spinal cord, and thereby plays an important role in the modulation of nociceptive information. The LC receives inputs from substance P (SP)-containing fibres from other regions, and expresses the NK(1)  tachykinin receptor, a functional receptor for SP. In the present study, we investigated the roles of SP in the LC in neuropathic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the left sciatic nerve was performed in rats to induce neuropathic pain. After development of neuropathic pain, SP was injected into the LC and the nocifensive behaviours were assessed. The involvement of noradrenergic descending inhibition in SP-induced analgesia was examined by i.t. administration of yohimbine, an α(2) -adrenoceptor antagonist. NK(1)  receptor expression in the LC was examined by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CCI rats, mechanical allodynia was alleviated by SP injection into the LC. These effects were abolished by prior injection of WIN 51708, an NK(1)  receptor antagonist, into the LC or i.t. treatment with yohimbine. NK(1)  receptor-like immunoreactivity was observed in noradrenergic neurons throughout the LC in intact rats, and remained unchanged after CCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SP in the LC exerted analgesic effects on neuropathic pain through NK(1)  receptor activation and resulted in facilitation of spinal noradrenergic transmission. Accordingly, manipulation of the SP/NK(1)  receptor signalling pathway in the LC may be a promising strategy for effective treatment of neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D059331:Adrenergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000731:Androstanes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000819:agonists*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013373:Substance P / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000731:Androstanes; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; C086111:WIN 51708; D013373:Substance P