title: Proficiency assessment of gesture analysis in laparoscopy by means of the surgeon's musculo-skeleton model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article presents the implementation of surgeon's musculo-skeletal model for gesture analysis in laparoscopy, thereby providing a complete account of the objective metrics needed to evaluate surgical performance and to improve the design of new surgical instruments including robotic instrumentation for surgical procedures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous published work has been based exclusively on the kinematics involved whereas, this study is focused on the dynamics and muscle contraction analysis to assess loads on bones and muscle fatigue during simulation of surgical interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine medical students and 2 fully trained surgeons participated in the experimental sessions using a virtual laparoscopic simulator. Movement was acquired by means of an Optical Localization System and processed by means of the biomechanical software platform ADAMS-LifeMOD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The musculo-skeletal analysis allows calculation of how the muscles are used and their respective mean work during the exercises. Results, relative to biceps and trapezius for left and right arm, clearly demonstrate different proficiencies between surgeons and medical students and highlight differences in using different surgical instruments and assumption of different postures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model provides data on the evaluation of biomechanical parameters of surgical gesture not only in kinematic terms but also includes analysis of the dynamics of muscle contraction analysis during surgical manipulations.
authors.affiliation: The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. f.cavallo@sssup.it
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrabissa
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Megali
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Troia
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinigaglia
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dario
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009068:Movement; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012371:Robotics; D014584:User-Computer Interface