title: Non-contrast enhanced MR angiography: established techniques.
abstract: Until recently, time-of-flight (TOF) and phase contrast (PC) were the only non-contrast MR angiography (NC-MRA) techniques practically used in clinical. In the decade, NC-MRA have been gained a revival of an interest among the MR researchers and scientists, in part because of safety concerns related to the possible link between gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). This article introduces other established NC-MRA techniques, such as ECG-gated partial Fourier fast spin echo (FSE) and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP), both with and without arterial spin labeling. Then, the article focuses on two main applications: peripheral run-off and renal MRA. Recently, both applications have achieved remarkable advancements and have become a viable clinical option as an alternative to contrast-enhanced (CE)-MRA. In addition, developments on the horizon including whole body MRA applications and further advancement at 3 Tesla are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061, USA. mmiyazaki@tmriusa.com
authors.forename: Mitsue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akahane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D013113:Spin Labels