title: Physician self-audit: a scoping review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-audit involves self-collection of personal performance data, reflection on gaps between performance and standards, and development and implementation of learning or quality improvement plans by individual care providers. It appears to stimulate learning and quality improvement, but few physicians engage in self-audit. The purpose of this study was to identify how self-audit has been operationalized; factors influencing self-audit conduct and outcomes, including program design; and issues warranting further research.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies was undertaken. Two individuals independently reviewed searches of indexed literature databases, tables of contents, and references of eligible studies. Data were extracted and tabulated to describe the nature and impact of self-audit programs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies evaluated the impact of self-audit programs. No program was based on a model or theory that informed its design. All studies showed improved compliance with care delivery guidelines and/or improved patient outcomes, although these findings were largely self-reported. Programs varied so features associated with benefit could not be identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall there is a need for guidance on all aspects of self-audit for both participants and leaders. This guidance would be useful to educators, professional associations, and medical certification bodies to plan, develop, implement, evaluate, and support self-audit programs. Further research should aim at developing training programs and tools that address and evaluate a variety of competencies across different disciplines using more rigorous research designs, including both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
authors.affiliation: CIHR New Investigator in Knowledge Translation, University of Toronto, Department of Surgery and Health Policy, Canada. anna.gagliardi@uhnresearch.ca
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.forename: Ivan L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking / Q000379:methods*; D054869:Clinical Audit; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D010820:Physicians / Q000592:standards*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012647:Self-Assessment