title: [Awake craniotomy and intraoperative language cortical mapping for eloquent cerebral glioma resection: preliminary clinical practice in 3.0 T intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging integrated surgical suite].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate preliminary clinical experience for combining awake craniotomy and intraoperative language brain mapping within the integrated 3.0 T intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) suite.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 2010 to April 2011, 11 right hand-dominant patients with left glioma were involved in, or adjacent to, eloquent cortex was carried out awake craniotomies with cortical stimulation within an integrated 3.0 T iMRI suite. Aphasia battery of Chinese was used to test the language function before the operation. During the procedure, after the occipital, temporal, and supraorbital nerves were blocked by the anesthesiologists, the head was fixed with a custom high-field MRI-compatible head holder. The skull and dura was opened as usual and language brain mapping was then performed. Language testing followed a set protocol: counting numbers from 1 to 50, naming objects, reading single words. Resection of the tumor was guided by neuronavigation system and continued until eloquent areas were encountered or the margin of assessment was reached. An interdissection MRI was acquired to evaluate the glioma removal in a movable MRI scanner after minimal draping. Meanwhile, adverse effects caused by electrical stimulation and iMRI were recorded. The follow-up speech tests were assessed on 7th day and 1 month at least after the operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined use of 3.0 T iMRI and awake craniotomy was performed safely in all patients. No adverse effects were reported. The duration of surgery was prolonged by 2 to 4 h. The patients' perception of iMRI during surgery was favorable. First-look MRI studies led to further resection attempts in 6/11 cases as well as a 3/11 increase in the number of gross-total resections. One week after surgery, baseline language function worsened in 4 cases. However, no patients had a persistent language deficit one month after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awake craniotomy and direct cortical electrical stimulation can be performed safely and effectively within a 3.0 T iMRI suite. The combination of high-field iMRI and awake craniotomy may facilitate safe removal of eloquent glioma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun-feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jin-song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Cheng-jun
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Dong-xiao
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Tian-ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Xiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Liang-fu
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D014851:Wakefulness