title: Craniectomy for malignant cerebral infarction: prevalence and outcomes in US hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy of craniectomy for the treatment of malignant cerebral edema following ischemic stroke. We sought to determine the prevalence and outcomes related to this by using a national database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient discharges with ischemic stroke as the primary diagnosis undergoing craniectomy were queried from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1999 to 2008. A subpopulation of patients was identified that underwent thrombolysis. Two primary end points were examined: in-hospital mortality and discharge to home/routine care. To facilitate interpretations, adjusted prevalence was calculated from the overall prevalence and two age-specific logistic regression models. The predictive margin was then generated using a multivariate logistic regression model to estimate the probability of in-hospital mortality after adjustment for admission type, admission source, length of stay, total hospital charges, chronic comorbidities, and medical complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After excluding 71,996 patients with the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and posterior intracranial circulation occlusion, we identified 4,248,955 adult hospitalizations with ischemic stroke as a primary diagnosis. The estimated rates of hospitalizations in craniectomy per 10,000 hospitalizations with ischemic stroke increased from 3.9 in 1999-2000 to 14.46 in 2007-2008 (p for linear trend<0.001). Patients 60+ years of age had in-hospital mortality of 44% while the 18-59 year old group was found to be 24% (p = 0.14). Outcomes were comparable if recombinant tissue plasminogen activator had been administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Craniectomy is being increasingly performed for malignant cerebral edema following large territory cerebral ischemia. We suspect that the increase in the annual incidence of DC for malignant cerebral edema is directly related to the expanding collection of evidence in randomized trials that the operation is efficacious when performed in the correct patient population. In hospital mortality is high for all patients undergoing this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. walcott.brian@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Walcott
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kuklina
authors.forename: Brian V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Nahed
authors.forename: Mary G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Kristopher T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kahle
authors.forename: J Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: Wael F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Asaad
authors.forename: Jean-Valery C E
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Coumans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy / Q000379:methods*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator