title: Intake estimation of total and individual flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and theaflavins, their food sources and determinants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study.
abstract: Epidemiological studies suggest health-protective effects of flavan-3-ols and their derived compounds on chronic diseases. The present study aimed to estimate dietary flavan-3-ol, proanthocyanidin (PA) and theaflavin intakes, their food sources and potential determinants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration cohort. Dietary data were collected using a standardised 24 h dietary recall software administered to 36 037 subjects aged 35-74 years. Dietary data were linked with a flavanoid food composition database compiled from the latest US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases and expanded to include recipes, estimations and retention factors. Total flavan-3-ol intake was the highest in UK Health-conscious men (453·6 mg/d) and women of UK General population (377·6 mg/d), while the intake was the lowest in Greece (men: 160·5 mg/d; women: 124·8 mg/d). Monomer intake was the highest in UK General population (men: 213·5 mg/d; women: 178·6 mg/d) and the lowest in Greece (men: 26·6 mg/d in men; women: 20·7 mg/d). Theaflavin intake was the highest in UK General population (men: 29·3 mg/d; women: 25·3 mg/d) and close to zero in Greece and Spain. PA intake was the highest in Asturias (men: 455·2 mg/d) and San Sebastian (women: 253 mg/d), while being the lowest in Greece (men: 134·6 mg/d; women: 101·0 mg/d). Except for the UK, non-citrus fruits (apples/pears) were the highest contributors to the total flavan-3-ol intake. Tea was the main contributor of total flavan-3-ols in the UK. Flavan-3-ol, PA and theaflavin intakes were significantly different among all assessed groups. This study showed heterogeneity in flavan-3-ol, PA and theaflavin intake throughout the EPIC countries.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D002392:Catechin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D044948:Flavonols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D005504:Food Analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D005419:Flavonoids; D044948:Flavonols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013662:Tea; C056068:theaflavin; C404987:flavan-3-ol; D002392:Catechin