title: Brief motivational feedback and cognitive behavioral interventions for prevention of disordered gambling: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the current study was to evaluate feasibility and efficacy of two promising approaches to indicated prevention of disordered gambling in a college population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial with assignment to a personalized feedback intervention (PFI), cognitive-behavioral intervention (CBI) or assessment-only control (AOC). PFI was delivered individually in a single session and included feedback regarding gambling behavior, norms, consequences and risk-reduction tips, delivered in a motivational interviewing style. CBI was delivered in small groups over four to six sessions and included functional analysis and brief cognitive correction, as well as identification of and alternatives for responding to gambling triggers.
  
  
  METHODS
  College campus.
  
  
  METHODS
  At-risk or probable pathological gamblers (n = 147; 65.3% male; group assignment: PFI, n = 52; CBI, n = 44; AOC, n = 51).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported gambling quantity, frequency, consequences, psychopathology, normative perceptions and beliefs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to control, results at 6-month follow-up indicated reductions in both interventions for gambling consequences (PFI d = 0.48; CBI d = 0.39) and DSM-IV criteria (PFI d = 0.60; CBI d = 0.48), reductions in frequency for PFI (d = 0.48). CBI was associated with reduced illusions of control, whereas PFI was associated with reduced perceptions of gambling frequency norms. Reductions in perceived gambling frequency norms mediated effects of PFI on gambling frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single-session personalized feedback intervention and a multi-session cognitive-behavioral intervention may be helpful in reducing disordered gambling in US college students.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. larimer@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Larimer
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neighbors
authors.forename: Ty W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lostutter
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Whiteside
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cronce
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaysen
authors.forename: Denise D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult