title: Cell-free protein expression under macromolecular crowding conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell-free protein expression (CFPE) comprised of in vitro transcription and translation is currently manipulated in relatively dilute solutions, in which the macromolecular crowding effects present in living cells are largely ignored. This may not only affect the efficiency of protein synthesis in vitro, but also limit our understanding of the functions and interactions of biomolecules involved in this fundamental biological process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using cell-free synthesis of Renilla luciferase in wheat germ extract as a model system, we investigated the CFPE under macromolecular crowding environments emulated with three different crowding agents: PEG-8000, Ficoll-70 and Ficoll-400, which vary in chemical properties and molecular size. We found that transcription was substantially enhanced in the macromolecular crowding solutions; up to 4-fold increase in the mRNA production was detected in the presence of 20% (w/v) of Ficoll-70. In contrast, translation was generally inhibited by the addition of each of the three crowding agents. This might be due to PEG-induced protein precipitation and non-specific binding of translation factors to Ficoll molecules. We further explored a two-stage CFPE in which transcription and translation was carried out under high then low macromolecular crowding conditions, respectively. It produced 2.2-fold higher protein yield than the coupled CFPE control. The macromolecular crowding effects on CFPE were subsequently confirmed by cell-free synthesis of an approximately two-fold larger protein, Firefly luciferase, under macromolecular crowding environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three macromolecular crowding agents used in this research had opposite effects on transcription and translation. The results of this study should aid researchers in their choice of macromolecular crowding agents and shows that two-stage CFPE is more efficient than coupled CFPE.
authors.affiliation: Arkansas Biosciences Institute and College of Agriculture and Technology, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xumeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002474:Cell-Free System; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D013698:Templates, Genetic; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases