title: Self-rated health and physician-rated health as independent predictors of mortality in elderly men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When assessing health status, physicians may focus on objective symptoms and diagnoses, whereas individuals may focus more on subjective symptoms, functional limitations and quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Zutphen Elderly Study, 710 community-living men (aged 64-84 years) were followed until death for 15 years. Self-rated health was assessed through a single-item question. Physician-rated health was estimated on a Likert scale by physicians after medical history assessment and physical examination. Both health ratings were categorised into three groups. All-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality rates were analysed in Cox proportional-hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 352 (49.6%) men who felt healthy and 225 (31.7%) men with a good physician-rated health. During 15 years of follow-up 503 of 710 men (70.8%) died, of whom 229 (45.5%) from cardiovascular causes and 144 (28.6%) from cancer. Self-rated and physician-rated health both predicted independently all-cause mortality (hazard ratios [HR] for worst vs. best health category: 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26-2.33, and 1.77; 95% CI: 1.36-2.29; respectively; P-values of <0.005). When self-rated and physician-rated health were discordant, mortality risk was highest when physicians had a less favourable view on the health status than the participant. Self-rated health predicted independently cancer mortality (HR 2.41), whereas physician-rated health cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-rated and physician-rated health status predicted both all-cause mortality, and showed a differential pattern for cancer and cardiovascular diseases mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. giltay@dds.nl
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giltay
authors.forename: Albert M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vollaard
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kromhout
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors