title: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 morpholino decreases angiogenesis in a murine corneal suture model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine whether a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1)-specific morpholino could induce the alternative splicing of Flt-1 pre-mRNA to downregulate membrane-bound Flt-1 (mFlt-1) and increase the production of soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1), thereby limiting angiogenesis and inflammation in a mouse corneal suture injury model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A murine corneal suture model was used to investigate the effects of a VEGFR1-specific morpholino in vivo. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR were used to compare the impact of the Flt morpholino on mFlt-1 and sFlt-1 levels. For vascular regression modeling, two corneal sutures were placed and injected with Flt morpholino, standard morpholino, and PBS on days 8 and 10. Corneas were harvested on day 14. The grade of neovascularization (graded 0-5; 0, no neovascularization; 5, thick tortuous new vessel growth over the suture and toward the center of the cornea) was compared on days 8, 10, and 14. Immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and confocal microscopy were used to digitally quantify the area and volume of neovascularization and inflammatory infiltration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot analysis revealed that the Flt morpholino decreased mFlt-1 levels while increasing sFlt-1 levels. An increased sFlt-1/mFlt-1 ratio in the Flt morpholino group was seen with RT-PCR. Based on the neovascularization grading, there was a decrease in neovascularization area in the Flt morpholino group (3.29 ± 0.19 to 2.92 ± 0.13) from day 8 to 14 (P < 0.05) compared with that in both the standard morpholino (2.68 ± 0.19 to 3.14 ± 0.22) and in the PBS (2.96 ± 0.14 to 3.42 ± 0.19) groups, both of which showed an increase in neovascularization (P < 0.05). The Flt morpholino group also showed reduced neovascularization volume compared with that of the PBS (P = 0.001) and STD morpholino groups (P = 0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flt morpholinos decrease mFlt-1 and increase sFlt-1 levels, resulting in decreased neovascularization in a murine corneal suture model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Yang Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Balamurali K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Ambati
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016510:Corneal Neovascularization / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013537:Sutures; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D060172:Morpholinos; D012322:RNA Precursors; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1