title: Depletion of primary cilia in articular chondrocytes results in reduced Gli3 repressor to activator ratio, increased Hedgehog signaling, and symptoms of early osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary cilia are present in almost every cell type including chondrocytes. Studies have shown that defects in primary cilia result in skeletal dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to understand how loss of primary cilia affects articular cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ift88 encodes a protein that is required for intraflagellar transport and formation of primary cilia. In this study, we used Col2aCre;Ift88(fl/fl) transgenic mice in which primary cilia were deleted in chondrocytes. Col2aCre;Ift88(fl/fl) articular cartilage was characterized by histological staining, real time RT-PCR, and microindentation. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling was measured by expression of Ptch1 and Gli1 mRNA. The levels of Gli3 proteins were determined by western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Col2aCre;Ift88(fl/fl) articular cartilage was thicker and had increased cell density, likely due to decreased apoptosis during cartilage remodeling. Mutant articular cartilage also showed increased expression of osteoarthritis (OA) markers including Mmp13, Adamts5, ColX, and Runx2. OA was also evident by reduced stiffness in mutant cartilage as measured by microindentation. Up-regulation of Hh signaling, which has been associated with OA, was present in mutant articular cartilage as measured by expression of Ptch1 and Gli1. Col2aCre;Ift88(fl/fl) cartilage also demonstrated reduced Gli3 repressor to activator ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that primary cilia are required for normal development and maintenance of articular cartilage. It was shown that primary cilia are required for processing full length Gli3 to the truncated repressor form. We propose that OA symptoms in Col2aCre;Ift88(fl/fl) cartilage are due to reduced Hh signal repression by Gli3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA.
authors.forename: C-F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002923:Cilia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D000074290:Zinc Finger Protein Gli3
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C498520:Gli1 protein, mouse; C465571:Gli3 protein, mouse; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; C000606240:Ptch1 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; D000074290:Zinc Finger Protein Gli3