title: Alcohol dosing and the heart: updating clinical evidence.
abstract: The consequences of heavy or irregular alcohol drinking have long been known. Recently, consistent information has been provided in support of an association between light/moderate alcohol consumption and protection from vascular and all-cause mortality, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, congestive heart failure, and recurrence of ischemic events. After reviewing the information with respect to major aspects of cardiovascular pathophysiology, to potential confounders and to underlying mechanisms, several concepts emerge. First, the recommended amounts of "safe alcohol drinking" in healthy individuals are up to two standard drinks (~20 g/d) for a man and up to one drink (10 g/d) for a nonpregnant woman. The overall balance for young premenopausal women, but not for older women, would be unfavorable for drinking. The risk of cancer would not outweigh potential benefits of alcohol on heart disease. Second, within the frame of a balanced pattern of dietary energy intake, patients with cardiovascular disease who drink alcohol should not exceed one or two standard drinks per day for women or up to two or three drinks per day for men. Third, the low rates of coronary heart disease among the Mediterranean people may be related to their pattern of drinking wine every day during meals. Regular drinking is associated with better outcomes than occasional (binge)/weekly drinking. Fourth, wine (ethanol with antioxidants) exhibits significantly higher anti-inflammatory effects than gin (ethanol without polyphenols), and thus in general wine should be preferred to liquor or beer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. dario.diminno@hotmail.it
authors.forename: Matteo Nicola Dario
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Di Minno
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franchini
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russolillo
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lupoli
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iervolino
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Minno
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate