title: Association between depression and vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression. Although depression may contribute to CVD risk in population-based studies, its influence on cardiovascular morbidity in SLE has not been evaluated. We evaluated the association between depression and vascular disease in SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2002-2005 in 161 women with SLE and without CVD. The primary outcome measure was a composite vascular disease marker consisting of the presence of coronary artery calcium and/or carotid artery plaque.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 101 women met criteria for vascular disease. In unadjusted analyses, several traditional cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory markers, adiposity, SLE disease-related factors, and depression were associated with vascular disease. In the final multivariable model, the psychological variable depression was associated with nearly 4-fold higher odds for vascular disease (OR 3.85, 95% CI 1.37, 10.87) when adjusted for other risk factors of age, lower education level, hypertensive status, waist-hip ratio, and C-reactive protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In SLE, depression is independently associated with vascular disease, along with physical factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA. grecocm@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Abdus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Natalya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danchenko
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*