title: Assessment of automated disease detection in diabetic retinopathy screening using two-field photography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the performance of automated disease detection in diabetic retinopathy screening using two field mydriatic photography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Images from 8,271 sequential patient screening episodes from a South London diabetic retinopathy screening service were processed by the Medalytix iGrading™ automated grading system. For each screening episode macular-centred and disc-centred images of both eyes were acquired and independently graded according to the English national grading scheme. Where discrepancies were found between the automated result and original manual grade, internal and external arbitration was used to determine the final study grades. Two versions of the software were used: one that detected microaneurysms alone, and one that detected blot haemorrhages and exudates in addition to microaneurysms. Results for each version were calculated once using both fields and once using the macula-centred field alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 8,271 episodes, 346 (4.2%) were considered unassessable. Referable disease was detected in 587 episodes (7.1%). The sensitivity of the automated system for detecting unassessable images ranged from 97.4% to 99.1% depending on configuration. The sensitivity of the automated system for referable episodes ranged from 98.3% to 99.3%. All the episodes that included proliferative or pre-proliferative retinopathy were detected by the automated system regardless of configuration (192/192, 95% confidence interval 98.0% to 100%). If implemented as the first step in grading, the automated system would have reduced the manual grading effort by between 2,183 and 3,147 patient episodes (26.4% to 38.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automated grading can safely reduce the workload of manual grading using two field, mydriatic photography in a routine screening service.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goatman
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charnley
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nussey
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012606:Scotland; D012984:Software