title: Modulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte, natural killer cell, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity by Vernonia cinerea L. and vernolide-A in BALB/c mice via enhanced production of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ.
abstract: Effect of Vernonia cinerea L. and vernolide-A on cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was studied in normal as well as tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Administration of V. cinerea and vernolide-A significantly enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity in both normal as well as tumor-bearing animals, and the activity was observed earlier than in tumor-bearing control animals. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity (ACC) were also enhanced significantly in both normal as well as tumor-bearing animals after V. cinerea and vernolide-A administration compared with untreated control tumor-bearing animals. Extract and vernolide-A showed a significant increase in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) production in both the in vivo and in vitro models. The level of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ were also enhanced by the treatment of V. cinerea and vernolide-A in both normal as well as tumor-bearing animals. This study demonstrated that V. cinerea extract and vernolide-A stimulate the CTL, NK cell, ADCC, and ADCC through enhanced secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ.
authors.affiliation: Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Poyil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pratheeshkumar
authors.forename: Girija
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuttan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology*; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology*; D020014:K562 Cells; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D035741:Vernonia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D003603:Cytotoxins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C558651:vernolide-A; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003165:Complement System Proteins