title: Isolation and characterization of the anthocyanidin genes PAL, F3H and DFR of Scutellaria viscidula (Lamiaceae).
abstract: Anthocyanidin  is a group of flavonoid compounds used as a vegetable pigment and plays an  important role in flower coloration and environmental adaptations of the  Chinese ornamental plant Scutellaria viscidula. We determined the cDNA  sequences of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (SvPAL), flavanone 3-hydroxylase  (SvF3H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (SvDFR) genes in S. viscidula.  Comparative analysis showed that the protein products of these three genes did  not have a transit peptide at their N-terminal portion, which indicated that  these enzymes were directly involved in the substrate conversion in the  cytoplasmic matrix. Bioinformatic analysis further revealed that Svpal, Svf3h and Svdfr were the members of flavonoid biosynthetic genes with  highly conserved motifs. Based on phylogenetic tree analysis, it appears that  PAL, F3H or DFR from different plants might have originated from the same  ancestor. This study can help to map and regulate the important stages involved  in anthocyanidin biosynthesis by genetic engineering to diversify flower color  and improve the ornamental value of S. viscidula.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: R X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D031363:Scutellaria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010940:Plant Proteins; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C056570:dihydroflavanol 4-reductase; C048797:flavanone 3-dioxygenase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase