title: How accurate are vital signs in predicting clinical outcomes in critically ill emergency department patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate the predictive value of pulse rate (PR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SaO2), and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for cardiac arrest and death in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 1025 patients had vital signs recorded at triage at our Emergency Department and were followed up for three clinical outcomes: cardiac arrest in 72 h, admission to ICU, and death within 30 days. Vital signs were used in univariate and multivariate analyses for outcomes. Age was added in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PR, SBP, RR, SaO2, and GCS were significantly associated with cardiac arrest within 72 h, whereas PR, SBP, RR, SaO2, and GCS were associated with death within 30 days. Only PR and GCS were associated with ICU admission. In the multivariate analysis, age, PR (>100) [odds ratio (OR) 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-2.71], SBP (>140; OR 0.41; 95% CI: 0.21-0.79), RR (>20; OR 2.90; 95% CI: 1.67-5.03), and GCS (<15; OR 5.71; 95% CI: 3.40-9.57) were significantly associated with death. Vital signs with age have low sensitivity (cardiac arrest 11.54%, death 22.73%, ICU 12.50%) and high specificity (cardiac arrest 99.28%, death 97.22%, ICU 93.80%). Age and GCS were found to be independent predictors of all three outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not all vital signs are useful in the prediction of clinical outcomes. Vital signs had high specificity but very low sensitivity as predictors of clinical outcomes. Clinicians should always remember to treat patients and not numbers.
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Arul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Earnest
authors.forename: Papia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.forename: Zhixiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shahidah
authors.forename: Marcus Eng Hock
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016638:Critical Illness; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055986:Vital Signs