title: Efficacy of using a hydrodebrider and of citric acid/zwitterionic surfactant on a Staphylococcus aureus bacterial biofilm in the sheep model of rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients are associated with recalcitrant disease patterns. Citric acid/zwitterionic surfactant (CAZS) has been shown to have significant efficacy at in vitro biofilm eradication. Unique hydrodebrider systems have been shown to have effective antibiofilm efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the CAZS/hydrodebrider treatment on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in the sheep model of CRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two sheep frontal sinuses were inoculated with S. aureus, followed by 7 days of biofilm growth. Sinuses were randomized to one of nine treatment groups: control, hydrodebrider with saline or CAZS (killed on day 0 or day 7 posttreatment), CAZS, or saline flush (killed on day 0 or day 7 posttreatment). Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to confirm extent of biofilm reduction. Samples of each sinus were taken, assessing cilia morphology using electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mean of 37.22 ± 9.65% of control (no treatment) CSLM images taken showed biofilms. Both CAZS flush and CAZS/hydrodebrider treatments showed initial improvements in biofilms but biofilm regrowth followed treatment, 14.74 ± 9.58% to 18.91 ± 12.14% and 15.60 ± 13.92% to 24.70 ± 3.66%, respectively (p > 0.05). Saline/hydrodebrider treatments showed a nonsignificant improvement in biofilm treatment, which was maintained, 18.34 ± 11.85% to 12.04 ± 10.28% (p > 0.05). Cilial morphology grade was significantly worse in the CAZS treatment groups (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAZS solution (with and without a hydrodebrider system) can significantly adversely affect cilia morphology. The hydrodebrider system, when combined with saline, may be a useful treatment adjunct for mucosal biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Rowan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jervis-Bardy
authors.forename: Alkis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psaltis
authors.forename: Lor Wai
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Peter-John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wormald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002417:Cattle; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003646:Debridement / Q000295:instrumentation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012756:Sheep; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D019343:Citric Acid