title: The role of passive leg raising to predict fluid responsiveness in pediatric intensive care unit patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluid challenge is often used to predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients. Inappropriate fluid expansion can lead to some unwanted side effects; therefore, we need a noninvasive predictive parameter to assess fluid responsiveness. We want to assess the hemodynamic parameter changes after passive leg raising, which can mimic fluid expansion, to predict fluid responsiveness in pediatric intensive care unit patients and to get a cutoff value of cardiac index in predicting fluid responsiveness in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary academic pediatric intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children admitted to pediatric intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemodynamic parameters were assessed at baseline, after passive leg raising, at second baseline, and after volume expansion (10 mL/kg normal saline infusion over 15 mins).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured the heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and stroke volume and cardiac index using Doppler echocardiography. The hemodynamic parameter changes induced by passive leg raising were monitored. Among 40 patients included in the study, 20 patients had a cardiac index increase of ≥10% after volume expansion (responders). Changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and stroke volume after passive leg raising did not significantly relate to the response to volume expansion. There was significant relation between changes in cardiac index to predict fluid responsiveness (p = .012, r(2) = .22, 95% confidence interval 1.529 to 31.37). A cardiac index increase by ≥10% induced by passive leg raising predicted preload-dependent status with sensitivity of 55% and specificity of 85% (area under the curve 0.71 ± 0.084, 95% confidence interval 0.546-0.874).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concomitant measurements in cardiac index changes after the passive leg raising maneuver can be helpful in predicting who might have an increase in cardiac index with subsequent fluid resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. v.lukito@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Vimaladewi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lukito
authors.forename: Mulyadi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Djer
authors.forename: Antonius H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Pudjiadi
authors.forename: Zakiudin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Munasir
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007866:Leg; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011187:Posture; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome