title: Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased abdominal visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies suggest that calcium and vitamin D (CaD) may play a role in the regulation of abdominal fat mass.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of CaD-supplemented orange juice (OJ) on weight loss and reduction of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in overweight and obese adults (mean ± SD age: 40.0 ± 12.9 y).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted with either regular or reduced-energy (lite) orange juice. For each 16-wk trial, 171 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. The treatment groups consumed three 240-mL glasses of OJ (regular or lite) fortified with 350 mg Ca and 100 IU vitamin D per serving, and the control groups consumed either unfortified regular or lite OJ. Computed tomography scans of VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue were performed by imaging a single cut at the lumbar 4 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 16 wk, the average weight loss (∼2.45 kg) did not differ significantly between groups. In the regular OJ trial, the reduction of VAT was significantly greater (P = 0.024) in the CaD group (-12.7 ± 25.0 cm(2)) than in the control group (-1.3 ± 13.6 cm(2)). In the lite OJ trial, the reduction of VAT was significantly greater (P = 0.039) in the CaD group (-13.1 ± 18.4 cm(2)) than in the control group (-6.4 ± 17.5 cm(2)) after control for baseline VAT. The effect of calcium and vitamin D on VAT remained highly significant when the results of the 2 trials were combined (P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation contributes to a beneficial reduction of VAT. This trial is registered at clinicaltrial.gov as NCT00386672, NCT01363115.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Weight Center and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002957:Citrus; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium