title: Differential effects of macronutrient content in 2 energy-restricted diets on cardiovascular risk factors and adipose tissue cell size in moderately obese individuals: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most effective and safe dietary approach for weight loss and its impact on the metabolic functions and morphology of adipose tissue remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated whether an energy-restricted high-protein diet with a low glycemic index and soluble fiber (LC-P-LGI) would be more effective than a low-calorie conventional diet (LC-CONV) on weight loss and related metabolic risk factors. We further determined factors that may influence adipocyte size during energy restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen obese participants were randomly assigned in a crossover design to 2 periods of a 4-wk hypocaloric diet as either LC-P-LGI or LC-CONV, separated by 8-wk washout intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with the LC-CONV diet, the main effect of the LC-P-LGI diet was a greater decrease in adipocyte diameter (P = 0.048), plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor protein-1 (P = 0.019), vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.032), and interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (P = 0.010). Whereas fasting plasma glucose and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein decreased only after the LC-P-LGI diet, with no differences between diets, fasting plasma insulin and insulin resistance were lower after the LC-CONV diet. The diet results did not differ for body composition and lipid variables. Kinetic modifications in adipocyte diameter were associated with metabolic variables and genes implicated in adipocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison with the LC-CONV diet, the LC-P-LGI diet was associated with improvement in some cardiometabolic risk factors and greater reduction in adipocyte size. Profiles of genes involved in inhibiting adipogenesis and angiogenesis, but increasing apoptosis, were correlated with decreased adipocyte size. This study provides insight into the adipose tissue-remodeling changes that induce regulation of adipocyte size during dietary weight loss. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01312740.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U, Nutriomique Team 7, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR S, Paris, France. salwa.rizkalla@psl.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Salwa W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Rizkalla
authors.forename: Edi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prifti
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cotillard
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pelloux
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouault
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allouche
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laromiguière
authors.forename: LingChun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Froogh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Darakhshan
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massiera
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clement
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D002097:C-Reactive Protein