title: Plasma cytokine levels in children with autistic disorder and unrelated siblings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of autistic disorder (AD) is not clearly understood but genetic factors and the immune system have been implicated. Disturbed immunoglobulin levels and autoantibodies to neuronal elements have been reported in AD including cytokines encoded by genes involved with cell proliferation, migration and adhesion but there is a paucity of data comparing cytokine levels in children with AD and unrelated siblings without AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 39 plasma cytokines in 99 well-characterized children with AD between 5 and 10 years of age and 40 age and gender matched healthy unrelated siblings without AD under the same clinical assessments, specimen processing and laboratory conditions. Multiplex sandwich immunoassays were used with the Luminex fluorescent-bead based platform. Log-transformed values of the 29 cytokines meeting laboratory criteria for inclusion were analyzed by analysis of covariance with a general linear model adjusting for diagnosis, gender, diagnosis by gender interaction effects, age and days of specimen handling. The Tukey-Kramer post hoc test was used to control for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of 29 cytokine levels analyzed were significantly lower in children with AD compared with unrelated siblings without the diagnosis of AD. Three of the cytokines are known to be involved with hematopoiesis and five with attraction of T-cells, natural killer cells and monocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma cytokine levels representing chemokines involved in the T-helper cell immune system and hematopoiesis were lower in the children with AD compared with unrelated siblings without AD necessitating further studies to confirm immunological disturbances influencing hematopiesis and antibody production in the children with AD. Linking genes that encode immune related proteins and cytokines are important to study for their impact on critical periods of brain development and function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. amanzardo@kumc.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Manzardo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henkhaus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines