title: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with HRT.
abstract: Prevention of cardiovascular disease has increasingly important health implications as our population ages. Menopause is associated with the development of cardiovascular risk factors and there are many plausible biological mechanisms through which estrogen may confer cardiovascular protection. Despite a wealth of observational data to support the use of estrogen, large randomized controlled trials failed to demonstrate a benefit. It is now becoming clearer that the beneficial cardiovascular effects of estrogen are greatest in younger women and those closest to menopause. This has led to the development of the timing hypothesis. Use of age-appropriate estrogen doses is crucial to maximize cardiovascular benefits while minimizing risk of adverse effects such as venous thromboembolism and stroke.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, London, UK. k.maclaran@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maclaran
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health