title: Analysis of stress in bone and microimplants during en-masse retraction of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth with different insertion angulations: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proper angle of microimplant insertion is important for cortical anchorage, patient safety, and biomechanical control. However, the actual impact of different insertion angulations on stability is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  To perform 3-dimensional finite element analysis, finite element models of a maxilla and a mandible with types D3 and D2 bone quality, and of microimplants with a diameter of 1.3 mm and lengths of 8 and 7 mm were generated. The microimplants were inserted at 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° to the bone surface. A simulated horizontal orthodontic force of 200 g was applied to the center of the microimplant head, and stress distribution and its magnitude were analyzed with a 3-dimensional finite element analysis program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum von Mises stresses in the microimplant and the cortical bone decreased as the insertion angle increased. Analysis of the stress distribution in the cortical and cancellous bones showed that the stress was absorbed mostly in the cortical bone, and little was transmitted to the cancellous bone. The maximum von Mises stress was higher in type D3 bone quality than type D2 bone quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of microimplants at a 90° angulation in the bone reduces the stress concentration, thereby increasing the likelihood of implant stabilization. Perpendicular insertion offers more stability to orthodontic loading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, India. issafathima@ymail.com
authors.forename: M Issa Fathima
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Jasmine
authors.forename: A Arif
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yezdani
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tajir
authors.forename: R Murali
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Venu
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology; D015519:Bone Density; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003481:Cuspid; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007180:Incisor; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D003765:Models, Dental; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D057887:Overbite / Q000628:therapy; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants