title: Functional mitral regurgitation: from normal to pathological anatomy of mitral valve.
abstract: Mitral valve (MV) is composed of several structures working in synchrony to open during diastole and close in systole within the high-pressure systemic environment. Its morphological features ensure a normal leaflet closure that prevents regurgitation of blood back into the left atrium causing loss of ventricular pressure and forward flow. The complex interactions of the normal MV are reliant on each component playing a complete role for the efficient working of the valve. In this review we firstly discuss the overall MV structure in terms of a complex make up of the annulus, the leaflets, their tendinous cords, and the supporting papillary muscles, and then the anatomical changes of each MV components due to left ventricular geometry and function alterations, underlying functional mitral regurgitation.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Mauro
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Izzicupo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lanuti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bascelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Fonso
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartoloni
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Cardiac Surgery, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Antonio Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafiore
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Pescara, Italy. Electronic address: a.dibaldassarre@unich.it.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Baldassarre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology