title: Microphone directionality, pre-emphasis filter, and wind noise in cochlear implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wind noise can be a nuisance or a debilitating masker for cochlear implant users in outdoor environments. Previous studies indicated that wind noise at the microphone/hearing aid output had high levels of low-frequency energy and the amount of noise generated is related to the microphone directionality. Currently, cochlear implants only offer either directional microphones or omnidirectional microphones for users at-large. As all cochlear implants utilize pre-emphasis filters to reduce low-frequency energy before the signal is encoded, effective wind noise reduction algorithms for hearing aids might not be applicable for cochlear implants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of microphone directionality on speech recognition and perceived sound quality of cochlear implant users in wind noise and to derive effective wind noise reduction strategies for cochlear implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated-measure design was used to examine the effects of spectral and temporal masking created by wind noise recorded through directional and omnidirectional microphones and the effects of pre-emphasis filters on cochlear implant performance. A digital hearing aid was programmed to have linear amplification and relatively flat in-situ frequency responses for the directional and omnidirectional modes. The hearing aid output was then recorded from 0 to 360° at flow velocities of 4.5 and 13.5 m/sec in a quiet wind tunnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant listeners who reported to be able to communicate on the phone with friends and family without text messages participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochlear implant users listened to speech in wind noise recorded at locations that the directional and omnidirectional microphones yielded the lowest noise levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochlear implant listeners repeated the sentences and rated the sound quality of the testing materials. Spectral and temporal characteristics of flow noise, as well as speech and/or noise characteristics before and after the pre-emphasis filter, were analyzed. Correlation coefficients between speech recognition scores and crest factors of wind noise before and after pre-emphasis filtering were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Listeners obtained higher scores using the omnidirectional than the directional microphone mode at 13.5 m/sec, but they obtained similar speech recognition scores for the two microphone modes at 4.5 m/sec. Higher correlation coefficients were obtained between speech recognition scores and crest factors of wind noise after pre-emphasis filtering rather than before filtering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cochlear implant users would benefit from both directional and omnidirectional microphones to reduce far-field background noise and near-field wind noise. Automatic microphone switching algorithms can be more effective if the incoming signal were analyzed after pre-emphasis filters for microphone switching decisions.
authors.forename: King
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McKibben
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D049250:Speech Recognition Software