title: Ecological, psychological, and cognitive components of reading difficulties: testing the component model of reading in fourth graders across 38 countries.
abstract: The authors tested the component model of reading (CMR) among 186,725 fourth grade students from 38 countries (45 regions) on five continents by analyzing the 2006 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study data using measures of ecological (country, family, school, teacher), psychological, and cognitive components. More than 91% of the differences in student difficulty occurred at the country (61%) and classroom (30%) levels (ecological), with less than 9% at the student level (cognitive and psychological). All three components were negatively associated with reading difficulties: cognitive (student's early literacy skills), ecological (family characteristics [socioeconomic status, number of books at home, and attitudes about reading], school characteristics [school climate and resources]), and psychological (students' attitudes about reading, reading self-concept, and being a girl). These results extend the CMR by demonstrating the importance of multiple levels of factors for reading deficits across diverse cultures.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. mingmingchiu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ming Ming
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McBride-Chang
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009520:New Zealand / Q000208:ethnology; D009656:North America / Q000208:ethnology; D011932:Reading; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires