title: Asthma heterogeneity and therapeutic options from the clinic to the bench.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Asthma is a chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease affecting all races, children and adults. The causative or intrinsic development of asthma is diverse, ranging from episodic exposure to environmental insults to physical induction in exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asthma uniquely manifests in affected individuals as episodes of airway hyper-reactivity, chronic airway obstruction, and inflammation. The diversity in asthmatic phenotypes and the mechanisms that lead to initiation and perpetuation of the lung disease continue to make asthma a challenge to treat, classify, and manage therapeutically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review will focus on the newest of mechanistic insights into asthma development, therapeutic innovations, and clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Departments of Pulmonary and Allergy, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4948, USA. Tracey.Bonfield@case.edu
authors.forename: Tracey L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bonfield
authors.forename: Kristie R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents