title: Rapid and specific detection of urea nitrate and ammonium nitrate by electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using infusion with crown ethers.
abstract: Urea nitrate (UN) and ammonium nitrate (AN) are fertilizer-based explosives that are commonly used in improvised munitions and can have highly destructive effects. Because they are in the form of salts, their relatively low volatility makes them difficult to detect at trace levels. In addition, these salts readily undergo metathetic reactions in water to form urea, ammonium and nitrate, which are ubiquitous in the environment. Thus, selective methods are needed for their detection. In this study, a procedure was developed to detect UN and AN in non-aqueous environments by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry through the addition of 18-crown-6. The method is sensitive, with detection limits under 2 μM, and selective. The procedure is capable of differentiating urea from uronium ions (protonated urea) and a mixture of urea and AN did not interfere with the UN signal. The procedure is quite versatile and the addition of crown ethers to the sample matrix does not interfere with the detection of high explosives in the negative ionization mode. Experimental results are presented on the utilization of the method in the detection of UN and AN on various surfaces. Semi-quantitative studies showed that AN and UN can be detected at trace levels following finger transfer and a series of studies were performed to demonstrate the effect of various interferences. The results show the method to be a quick and robust procedure for trace detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Perre
authors.forename: Adelheid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: McCord