title: Reduction in drop size of ophthalmic topical drop preparations and the impact of treatment.
abstract: In this work we devised a method to create smaller eye drops of the glaucoma medication timolol maleate by altering the dropper tip design and changing the physical properties of the formulation. Most ocular diseases are treated with topical application of eye drops. After instillation of an eye drop, typically, less than 5% of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches the intraocular tissues; the major fraction of the instilled drug is absorbed and enters the systemic circulation. Ophthalmic solutions are available in multidose or single-dose glass/plastic dropper bottles that deliver drops with a volume that ranges from 25 μL to 70 μL (average 40 μL). Because of the low capacity of the precorneal area, the optimal drop volume is about 20 μL; with larger volumes there is the risk of adverse systemic effects due to absorption of the drug via the nasal mucosa. Thus, both from the biopharmaceutical and economic point of view, drops of only 5-15 mL volume should be instilled into the eye. In this present work we devised a method to reduce the size of the drop by inserting a glass capillary tube into the dropper tip and by changing the physical properties of the formulation (by altering the concentration of Tween 80™, i.e., 0.05% and 0.1% of Tween 80™). We measured the drop sizes of the different timolol eye drop formulations available in the market and estimated the yearly cost of the medications. Our timolol maleate formulation with 0.1% concentration of Tween 80™ delivered through the dropper tip with the inserted glass capillary was shown to be better than the other formulations available in the market in terms of ability to deliver smaller drops, meaning that each bottle would last longer and that the yearly cost of treatment would be lower.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Acharya B.M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Soldevanahalli, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Roopa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karki
authors.forename: Marreddy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meena
authors.forename: Tigari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Tanniru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rajeswari
authors.forename: Divakar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goli