title: Preoperative ultrasound is not useful for identifying nodal metastasis in melanoma patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy: preoperative ultrasound in clinically node-negative melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is widely used in melanoma. Identifying nodal involvement preoperatively by high-resolution ultrasound may offer less invasive staging. This study assessed feasibility and staging results of clinically targeted ultrasound (before lymphoscintigraphy) compared to SLNB.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2005 to 2009, a total of 325 patients with melanoma underwent ultrasound before SLNB. We reviewed demographics and histopathologic characteristics, then compared ultrasound and SLNB results. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 325 patients were included, 58% men and 42% women with a median age of 58 (range 18-86) years. A total of 471 basins were examined with ultrasound. Only six patients (1.8%) avoided SLNB by undergoing ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of involved nodes, then therapeutic lymphadenectomy. Sixty-five patients (20.4%) had 69 SLNB positive nodal basins; 17 nodal basins from 15 patients with positive ultrasounds were considered truly positive. Forty-five SLNB positive basins had negative ultrasounds (falsely negative). Seven node-positive basins did not undergo ultrasound because of unpredicted drainage. A total of 253 patients with negative SLNBs had negative ultrasounds in 240 nodal basins (truly negative) but falsely positive ultrasounds occurred in 40 basins. Overall, sensitivity of ultrasound was 33.8%, specificity 85.7%, positive predictive value 36.5%, and negative predictive value 84.2%. Sensitivity and specificity improved somewhat with increasing Breslow depth. Sensitivity was highest for the neck, but specificity was highest for the groin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine preoperative ultrasound in clinically node-negative melanoma is impractical because of its low sensitivity. Selected patients with thick or ulcerated lesions may benefit. Because of variable lymphatic drainage patterns, preoperative ultrasound without lymphoscintigraphic localization will provide incomplete evaluation in many cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Christy Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zager
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Szabunio
authors.forename: Suroosh S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Marzban
authors.forename: Alec
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Vernon K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sondak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult