title: Effects of CO(2) pneumoperitoneum on peritoneal macrophage function and peritoneal metastasis in mice with gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether laparoscopy with CO(2) pneumoperitoneum affects the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer is a pressing question. In light of the important impact change in peritoneal macrophage function has on the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer, this study investigated the change in peritoneal macrophage function in gastric cancer in the CO(2) pneumoperitoneum environment, as well as its effect on the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  An orthotopic transplantation model of murine forestomach carcinoma was established using the 615 mouse line. The mice bearing tumors were randomly divided into four groups (30 mice each group): anesthesia alone, laparotomy, mini-laparotomy, and CO(2) insufflation. After the operation, peritoneal macrophages were collected from 6 mice in each group and cultured. The phagocytosis of neutral red by macrophages and the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-10, and VEGF produced by macrophages were measured after 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of culture. The remaining mice were observed after 2 weeks for the rate of peritoneal metastasis of forestomach carcinoma cells and the total weight of implanted nodules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the laparotomy group, 4 mice died intraoperatively and 2 died in the CO(2) insufflation group. The uptake of neutral red by peritoneal macrophages and the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-10, and VEGF secreted by peritoneal macrophages in the laparotomy group and mini-laparotomy group after 12 h of culture were all significantly higher than those in the anesthesia-alone group (p < 0.05). The corresponding levels in the CO(2) insufflation group after 12 h were all significantly lower than those in the anesthesia-alone group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the four groups at 24, 48, and 72 h after culture. Comparing with those in the laparotomy group, the uptake of neutral red by peritoneal macrophages and the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-10, and VEGF secreted by peritoneal macrophages in the CO(2) insufflation group were all significantly lower after 12 h of culture (p < 0.05), but did not differ significantly at 24, 48, and 72 h of culture (p > 0.05), and did not differ significantly in the mini-laparotomy group at all the time (p > 0.05). The rate of peritoneal metastasis of mouse forestomach carcinoma was 50% in the laparotomy group, 45.83% in the mini-laparotomy group, and 45.45% in the CO(2) insufflation group; this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The total weight of implanted nodules of mouse forestomach carcinoma was 1.02 ± 0.38 g in the laparotomy group, 0.97 ± 0.41 g in the mini-laparotomy group, and 0.93 ± 0.45 g in the CO(2) insufflation group, which was not a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CO(2) pneumoperitoneum neither significantly changes the phagocytosis and cytokine secretion functions of peritoneal macrophages in gastric cancer-bearing mice nor significantly promotes peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: H-X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: P-W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Y-X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005740:Gases / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007327:Insufflation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental; D010534:Peritoneal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide