title: Spleen rates and infant parasite rates as surveillance tool for malaria control in remote hard to reach areas of central India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria due to both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax is a major public health problem in India. The quantification of malaria transmission for the classification of malaria risk has long been a concern for epidemiologists. Results are presented from 30 cross-sectional surveys which measured spleen rates (SR) and infant parasite rates (IPR) in the forested districts of Madhya Pradesh during malaria outbreaks to assess whether both IPR and SR can still be used as indicators of malaria endemicity as spleen examination has lost much of its value as an epidemiological indicator in areas where anti-malarials drugs are widely used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rapid fever surveys were carried out from door to door and all suspected malaria cases in the entire population of a village were screened for malaria parasites on the basis of clinical symptoms such as fever, chill, rigor, headache and body ache etc. Children between 2 and 9 years were examined for enlarged spleen according to Hacketts method. Finger prick blood smears were collected from all children with enlarged spleen with or without fever after obtaining written informed consent following institutional ethical guidelines. Infants less than 1 year were also screened for malaria with or without fever.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since malaria is local and focal, in some areas the outbreak waned quickly in few months and in some areas continued for 3 to 4 years. The analysis of trend revealed that when IPR decline over the years as a result of malaria intervention measures, SR also decline. In case splenomegaly continues without diminution in size, it is probably due to recrudescence or relapse, although it is not possible to separate malaria parasite species on the basis of SR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the tools are of immense value in evaluating and assessing the malaria situation especially in remote areas where sophisticated molecular and serological techniques are difficult to establish. Therefore, in forested areas malaria surveillance system will require adoption of multiple approaches that have proven effective now or in the past.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Jabalpur 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Manmohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Neeru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Mrigendra P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult