title: Comparative impact of artificial selection for fungicide resistance on Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum.
abstract: Hypocreales fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium brunneum Petch can be negatively affected by fungicides thereby reducing their biocontrol potential. In a previous study, we demonstrated enhanced fungicide resistance in B. bassiana through artificial selection. However, it is not clear if the enhanced resistance was because of improved germination, vegetative growth, or both. Additionally, the enhanced fungicide resistance has only been demonstrated in B. bassiana, and therefore it is of interest to investigate the potential to enhance resistance in other fungi. Thus, the objectives in this study were to determine the potential to enhance fungicide resistance in M. brunneum through artificial selection, and investigate if selection is based on germination, vegetative growth, or both in B. bassiana and M. brunneum. Selection for resistance to fenbuconazole, and triphenyltin hydroxide was assessed through inhibition evaluations on solid media, and germination and mycelial growth in liquid media. Increased resistance after selection was observed for all fungicide-fungus combinations on solid and or liquid media. Selection resulted in increased resistance to fenbuconazole in both fungi in solid and liquid media; in liquid culture fungicide resistance in B. bassiana was manifested by increased germination and mycelial growth, whereas in M. brunneum fungicide resistance concerned only mycelial growth. Selection for resistance to triphenyltin hydroxide varied in the different media. For B. bassiana, triphenyltin hydroxide resistance was enhanced on solid media but not in liquid, whereas enhanced resistance of M. brunneum was detected in both media. Fungicide sensitivity and selection potential differs based on the medium and fungal species. Selection for fungicide resistance, had negative effects on other beneficial traits when fungicide pressure was removed, for example, some selected populations showed decreased germination or growth, relative to their nonselected control populations. Additionally, reduced virulence to the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), was observed in all fungal populations that were exposed to fungicide resistance regimes. We conclude that it is possible to use genetic selection to enhance fungicide resistance in B. bassiana and M. brunneum, but before use the resulting populations should be screened for inadvertent negative impacts on beneficial traits.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008, USA. David.Shapiro@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Shapiro-Ilan
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hotchkiss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009036:Moths / Q000382:microbiology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014230:Triazoles; C007567:triphenyltin hydroxide; C504383:fenbuconazole