title: Study of Women, Infant Feeding, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus after GDM pregnancy (SWIFT), a prospective cohort study: methodology and design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 years after delivery. Evidence that lactation duration influences incident type 2 diabetes after GDM pregnancy is based on one retrospective study reporting a null association. The Study of Women, Infant Feeding and Type 2 Diabetes after GDM pregnancy (SWIFT) is a prospective cohort study of postpartum women with recent GDM within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) integrated health care system. The primary goal of SWIFT is to assess whether prolonged, intensive lactation as compared to formula feeding reduces the 2-year incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women with GDM. The study also examines whether lactation intensity and duration have persistent favorable effects on blood glucose, insulin resistance, and adiposity during the 2-year postpartum period. This report describes the design and methods implemented for this study to obtain the clinical, biochemical, anthropometric, and behavioral measurements during the recruitment and follow-up phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  SWIFT is a prospective, observational cohort study enrolling and following over 1, 000 postpartum women diagnosed with GDM during pregnancy within KPNC. The study enrolled women at 6-9 weeks postpartum (baseline) who had been diagnosed by standard GDM criteria, aged 20-45 years, delivered a singleton, term (greater than or equal to 35 weeks gestation) live birth, were not using medications affecting glucose tolerance, and not planning another pregnancy or moving out of the area within the next 2 years. Participants who are free of type 2 diabetes and other serious medical conditions at baseline are screened for type 2 diabetes annually within the first 2 years after delivery. Recruitment began in September 2008 and ends in December 2011. Data are being collected through pregnancy and early postpartum telephone interviews, self-administered monthly mailed questionnaires (3-11 months postpartum), a telephone interview at 6 months, and annual in-person examinations at which a 75 g 2-hour OGTT is conducted, anthropometric measurements are obtained, and self- and interviewer-administered questionnaires are completed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first, large prospective, community-based study involving a racially and ethnically diverse cohort of women with recent GDM that rigorously assesses lactation intensity and duration and examines their relationship to incident type 2 diabetes while accounting for numerous potential confounders not assessed previously.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612-2304, USA. Erica.Gunderson@kp.org
authors.forename: Erica P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: Susana L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.forename: Shanta R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hurston
authors.forename: Kathryn G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: Assiamira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Quesenberry
authors.forename: Joan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sternfeld
authors.forename: Joseph V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult