Longitudinal mental health impact among police responders to the 9/11 terrorist attack.
BACKGROUND
Among police responders enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was almost twice as prevalent among women as men 2-3 years after the 9/11 attacks.


METHODS
Police participants in the WTCHR Wave 1 survey 2-3 years after 9/11/01, were reassessed for probable PTSD at Wave 2, 5-6 years after 9/11/01, using PCL DSM-IV criteria.


RESULTS
Police participants in the Wave 2 survey included 2,527 men, 413 women. The prevalence of "Probable PTSD" was 7.8% at Wave 1 and 16.5% at Wave 2. Mean PCL scores increased from 25.1 to 29.9 for men and 28.6 to 32.2 for women. Prevalence of PTSD was higher for women than for men at Wave 1 (χ(2)  = 10.882, P = 0.002), but not Wave 2 (χ(2)  = 2.416, P = 0.133). Other risk factors included losing one's job after 9/11 and being disabled.


CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of probable PTSD among police doubled between 2003-2004 and 2006-2007. After the 2-year time span, the gender difference was no longer significant; prevalence of PTSD symptoms increased and there was a substantial amount of co-morbidity with other mental health problems. Further development of prevention and intervention strategies for police responders with symptoms of PTSD is needed. The observed upward trend in PCL scores over time in police officers with PCL scores less than 44, suggests that PTSD prevention and intervention strategies should be applied to all police affected by the 9/11 attacks, not limited just to those with PTSD symptoms.
Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California, USA. rbowl@sfsu.edu
Rosemarie M
RM
Bowler
Matthew
M
Harris
Jiehui
J
Li
Vihra
V
Gocheva
Steven D
SD
Stellman
Katherine
K
Wilson
Howard
H
Alper
Ralf
R
Schwarzer
James E
JE
Cone
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D004630:Emergencies / Q000523:psychology; D060731:Emergency Responders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016495:Police; D012307:Risk Factors; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological