Differential effects of polyphenols and alcohol of red wine on the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines related to atherosclerosis: a randomized clinical trial.
BACKGROUND
Few clinical studies have focused on the alcohol-independent cardiovascular effects of the phenolic compounds of red wine (RW).


OBJECTIVE
We aimed to evaluate the effects of ethanol and phenolic compounds of RW on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis in subjects at high risk of cardiovascular disease.


METHODS
Sixty-seven high-risk, male volunteers were included in a randomized, crossover consumption trial. After a washout period, all subjects received RW (30 g alcohol/d), the equivalent amount of dealcoholized red wine (DRW), or gin (30 g alcohol/d) for 4 wk. Before and after each intervention period, 7 cellular and 18 serum inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated.


RESULTS
Alcohol increased IL-10 and decreased macrophage-derived chemokine concentrations, whereas the phenolic compounds of RW decreased serum concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and IL-6 and inhibited the expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 in T lymphocytes and macrophage-1 receptor, Sialil-Lewis X, and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 expression in monocytes. Both ethanol and phenolic compounds of RW downregulated serum concentrations of CD40 antigen, CD40 ligand, IL-16, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the phenolic content of RW may modulate leukocyte adhesion molecules, whereas both ethanol and polyphenols of RW may modulate soluble inflammatory mediators in high-risk patients. The trial was registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register at http://www.isrctn.org/ as ISRCTN88720134.
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
Gemma
G
Chiva-Blanch
Mireia
M
Urpi-Sarda
Rafael
R
Llorach
Maria
M
Rotches-Ribalta
Marisa
M
Guillén
Rosa
R
Casas
Sara
S
Arranz
Palmira
P
Valderas-Martinez
Olga
O
Portoles
Dolores
D
Corella
Francisco
F
Tinahones
Rosa M
RM
Lamuela-Raventos
Cristina
C
Andres-Lacueva
Ramon
R
Estruch
D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000097:blood; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019410:Interleukin-16 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016256:Lewis X Antigen / Q000097:blood; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054390:Receptors, CCR2 / Q000097:blood; D000080506:Sialyl Lewis X Antigen; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D019410:Interleukin-16; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016256:Lewis X Antigen; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D000080506:Sialyl Lewis X Antigen; D000431:Ethanol