Eight years of Legionnaires' disease transmission in travellers to a condominium complex in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Travel is a risk factor for Legionnaires' disease. In 2008, two cases were reported in condominium guests where we investigated a 2001 outbreak. We reinvestigated to identify additional cases and determine whether ongoing transmission resulted from persistent colonization of potable water. Exposures were assessed by matched case-control analyses (2001) and case-series interviews (2008). We sampled potable water and other water sources. Isolates were compared using sequence-based typing. From 2001 to 2008, 35 cases were identified. Confirmed cases reported after the cluster in 2001-2002 were initially considered sporadic, but retrospective case-finding identified five additional cases. Cases were more likely than controls to stay in tower 2 of the condominium [matched odds ratio (mOR) 6·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·6-22·9]; transmission was associated with showering duration (mOR 23·0, 95% CI 1·4-384). We characterized a clinical isolate as sequence type 35 (ST35) and detected ST35 in samples of tower 2's potable water in 2001, 2002, and 2008. This prolonged outbreak illustrates the importance of striving for permanent Legionella eradication from potable water.
Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE,Atlanta, GA, USA. bsilk@cdc.gov
B J
BJ
Silk
M R
MR
Moore
M
M
Bergtholdt
R J
RJ
Gorwitz
N A
NA
Kozak
M M
MM
Tha
E W
EW
Brown
J L
JL
Winchester
B J
BJ
Labus
P
P
Rowley
J P
JP
Middaugh
B S
BS
Fields
L A
LA
Hicks
D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016358:Contact Tracing; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009505:Nevada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping; D014195:Travel; D014871:Water Microbiology
D060766:Drinking Water