CYP2C19 genotype, clopidogrel metabolism, platelet function, and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
The US Food and Drug Administration recently recommended that CYP2C19 genotyping be considered prior to prescribing clopidogrel, but the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiologists have argued evidence is insufficient to support CYP2C19 genotype testing.


OBJECTIVE
To appraise evidence on the association of CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel response through systematic review and meta-analysis.


METHODS
PubMed and EMBASE from their inception to October 2011.


METHODS
Studies that reported clopidogrel metabolism, platelet reactivity or clinically relevant outcomes (cardiovascular disease [CVD] events and bleeding), and information on CYP2C19 genotype were included.


METHODS
We extracted information on study design, genotyping, and disease outcomes and investigated sources of bias.


RESULTS
We retrieved 32 studies of 42,016 patients reporting 3545 CVD events, 579 stent thromboses, and 1413 bleeding events. Six studies were randomized trials ("effect-modification" design) and the remaining 26 reported individuals exposed to clopidogrel ("treatment-only" design). In treatment-only analysis, individuals with 1 or more CYP2C19 alleles associated with lower enzyme activity had lower levels of active clopidogrel metabolites, less platelet inhibition, lower risk of bleeding (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.94; absolute risk reduction of 5-8 events per 1000 individuals), and higher risk of CVD events (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.28; absolute risk increase of 8-12 events per 1000 individuals). However, there was evidence of small-study bias (Harbord test P = .001). When analyses were restricted to studies with 200 or more events, the point estimate was attenuated (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.86-1.09). In effect-modification studies, CYP2C19 genotype was not associated with modification of the effect of clopidogrel on CVD end points or bleeding (P > .05 for interaction for both). Other limitations included selective outcome reporting and potential for genotype misclassification due to problems with the * allele nomenclature for cytochrome enzymes.


CONCLUSIONS
Although there was an association between the CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel responsiveness, overall there was no significant association of genotype with cardiovascular events.
Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. mvholmes@gmail.com
Michael V
MV
Holmes
Pablo
P
Perel
Tina
T
Shah
Aroon D
AD
Hingorani
Juan P
JP
Casas
D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D005838:Genotype; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D013988:Ticlopidine