Hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy detects early changes in tumor vasculature and metabolism after VEGF neutralization.
No clinically validated biomarkers exist to image tumor responses to antiangiogenic therapy. Here, we report the utility of hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to detect the early effects of anti-VEGF therapy. In two colorectal cancer xenograft models, displaying differential sensitivity to VEGF blockade, we compared hyperpolarized MRS with measurements of tumor perfusion using dynamic contrast agent-enhanced (DCE)-MRI and tumor cellularity using diffusion-weighted MRI of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water. In tumors sensitive to anti-VEGF therapy, (13)C flux between hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate and [1-(13)C]lactate decreased after anti-VEGF therapy and correlated with reduced perfusion. Production of [1,4-(13)C(2)]malate from hyperpolarized [1,4-(13)C(2)]fumarate increased in parallel with tumor cell necrosis, preceding any change in tumor ADC. In contrast, tumors that were less sensitive to anti-VEGF therapy showed an increase in (13)C flux from hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate and an increase in uptake of a gadolinium contrast agent, whereas tumor ADC decreased. Increased label flux could be explained by vascular normalization after VEGF blockade, increasing delivery of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate as observed. Despite the minimal response of these tumors to treatment, with only a minor increase in necrosis observed histologically, production of [1,4-(13)C(2)]malate from hyperpolarized [1,4-(13)C(2)]fumarate in therapy-resistant tumors also increased. Together, our findings show that hyperpolarized (13)C MRS detects early responses to anti-VEGF therapy, including vascular normalization or vascular destruction and cell death.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Sarah E
SE
Bohndiek
Mikko I
MI
Kettunen
De-en
DE
Hu
Kevin M
KM
Brindle
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005650:Fumarates / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005650:Fumarates; D011773:Pyruvates; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068258:Bevacizumab