High fat intake leads to acute postprandial exposure to circulating endotoxin in type 2 diabetic subjects.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the changes in circulating endotoxin after a high-saturated fat meal to determine whether these effects depend on metabolic disease state.


METHODS
Subjects (n = 54) were given a high-fat meal (75 g fat, 5 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein) after an overnight fast (nonobese control [NOC]: age 39.9 ± 11.8 years [mean ± SD], BMI 24.9 ± 3.2 kg/m(2), n = 9; obese: age 43.8 ± 9.5 years, BMI 33.3 ± 2.5 kg/m(2), n = 15; impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]: age 41.7 ± 11.3 years, BMI 32.0 ± 4.5 kg/m(2), n = 12; type 2 diabetic: age 45.4 ± 10.1 years, BMI 30.3 ± 4.5 kg/m(2), n = 18). Blood was collected before (0 h) and after the meal (1-4 h) for analysis.


RESULTS
Baseline endotoxin was significantly higher in the type 2 diabetic and IGT subjects than in NOC subjects, with baseline circulating endotoxin levels 60.6% higher in type 2 diabetic subjects than in NOC subjects (P < 0.05). Ingestion of a high-fat meal led to a significant rise in endotoxin levels in type 2 diabetic, IGT, and obese subjects over the 4-h time period (P < 0.05). These findings also showed that, at 4 h after a meal, type 2 diabetic subjects had higher circulating endotoxin levels (125.4%↑) than NOC subjects (P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
These studies have highlighted that exposure to a high-fat meal elevates circulating endotoxin irrespective of metabolic state, as early as 1 h after a meal. However, this increase is substantial in IGT and type 2 diabetic subjects, suggesting that metabolic endotoxinemia is exacerbated after high fat intake. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in a compromised metabolic state such as type 2 diabetes, a continual snacking routine will cumulatively promote their condition more rapidly than in other individuals because of the greater exposure to endotoxin.
Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Alison L
AL
Harte
Madhusudhan C
MC
Varma
Gyanendra
G
Tripathi
Kirsty C
KC
McGee
Nasser M
NM
Al-Daghri
Omar S
OS
Al-Attas
Shaun
S
Sabico
Joseph P
JP
O'Hare
Antonio
A
Ceriello
Ponnusamy
P
Saravanan
Sudhesh
S
Kumar
Philip G
PG
McTernan
D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period
D004731:Endotoxins