Measuring combined exposure to environmental pressures in urban areas: an air quality and noise pollution assessment approach.
This study presents a methodological scheme developed to provide a combined air and noise pollution exposure assessment based on measurements from personal portable monitors. Provided that air and noise pollution are considered in a co-exposure approach, they represent a significant environmental hazard to public health. The methodology is demonstrated for the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The results of an extensive field campaign are presented and the variations in personal exposure between modes of transport, routes, streets and transport microenvironments are evaluated. Air pollution and noise measurements were performed simultaneously along several commuting routes, during the morning and evening rush hours. Combined exposure to environmental pollutants is highlighted based on the Combined Exposure Factor (CEF) and Combined Dose and Exposure Factor (CDEF). The CDEF takes into account the potential relative uptake of each pollutant by considering the physical activities of each citizen. Rather than viewing environmental pollutants separately for planning and environmental sustainability considerations, the possibility of an easy-to-comprehend co-exposure approach based on these two indices is demonstrated. Furthermore, they provide for the first time a combined exposure assessment to these environmental pollutants for Thessaloniki and in this sense they could be of importance for local public authorities and decision makers. A considerable environmental burden for the citizens of Thessaloniki, especially for VOCs and noise pollution levels is observed. The material herein points out the importance of measuring public health stressors and the necessity of considering urban environmental pollution in a holistic way.
Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Box 483, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. vlahoco@aix.meng.auth.gr
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Vlachokostas
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Achillas
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Michailidou
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Moussiopoulos
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001642:Bicycling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006115:Greece; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise; D011634:Public Health; D014186:Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds