Osteocutaneous free flaps: a critical analysis of quantitative evaluation of bone microcirculation with contrast-enhanced high resolution ultrasound (hrCEUS) and TIC analysis.
OBJECTIVE
Osteocutaneous free flaps (OFF) are widely used to reconstruct large bone defects in trauma and cancer surgery. Currently no monitoring method is available to detect blood circulation around and inside the bone after transplantation. Therefore we used for the first time contrast-enhanced high-resolution ultrasound (hrCEUS) to gain evidence for the microcirculation of the transplanted bone.


METHODS
15 patients transplanted with OFF because of large bone defects at different sites were examined postoperatively with hrCEUS with a high resolution linear probe (6-9 MHz, LOGIQ E9/GE) and a bolus injection of 2.4 ml of contrast agent (SonoVue®, Bracco, Italy). Operation and examination were performed by either an experienced plastic surgeon or an experienced ultrasound examiner. Microcirculation of the periost and bone was analyzed in different regions of interest (ROIs) and quantitative microcirculation analysis was performed using time intension curve analysis (TIC). We further analyzed clinical outcome of the patients in respect to revision-surgery, necrosis of the OFF and flap survival as well as viability on standard x-rays 2 months after surgery.


RESULTS
The most representative parameter by TIC analysis of hrCEUS were the area under the curve (AUC) and the time to peak (Ttop). The AUC of the periost and central part of the bone showed a high correlation (Pearson's r = 0.831). Mean AUC for the periost was 163.92 dB ± 49.44 and for the central part of the bone 70.42 dB ± 25.33. The Ttop of the periosteal ROI was 33.04 sec. ± 6.71 and the bone ROI 41.01 sec. ± 9.24. There was a high correlation of the Ttop of the periost and bone (Pearson's r = 0.937). One revision had to be performed due to haematoma and microcirculation defect of the distal part of the transplanted bone graft which was detected early by hrCEUS and the distal part of the avital bone could be removed timely.


CONCLUSIONS
For the first time we could show that hrCEUS is a reliable method to evaluate the viability of OFF. The AUC and Ttop seem to be a valuable parameter to detect the microcirculation around and inside the bone transplant.
Center for Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
L
L
Prantl
C
C
Pfeifer
S
S
Geis
M
M
Gosau
E M
EM
Jung
D019540:Area Under Curve; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D006406:Hematoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D010521:Periosteum / Q000098:blood supply; D010743:Phospholipids; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride