An overview of alcohol testing and interpretation in the 21st century.
Ethanol analysis is the most commonly carried out drug testing in a forensic toxicology laboratory. Determination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is needed in a multitude of situations, including in postmortem analysis, driving under the influence (DUI) and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases, workplace drug monitoring, and probation investigations. These analyses are carried out by direct measurement of ethanol concentrations as well as of metabolic by-products, such as ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS). This review article will discuss pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethanol, methods for the detection of ethanol, the effect of ethanol on human performance, the role of alcohol in injuries and fatalities, and information regarding the interactions that may occur between alcohol and other drugs. Finally, an explanation will be given on how to interpret alcohol levels as well as the extrapolation and calculation of blood alcohol levels at times prior to sample collection.
Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
Anna T
AT
Kelly
Ashraf
A
Mozayani
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000097:blood
D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D005965:Glucuronates; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C093924:ethyl glucuronide; D000431:Ethanol; C011612:diethyl sulfate