What is the role of chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation?.
BACKGROUND
The 2010 international guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation recently recommended an increase in the minimum compression depth from 38 to 50 mm, although there are limited human data to support this. We sought to study patterns of cardiopulmonary resuscitation compression depth and their associations with patient outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases treated by the 2005 guideline standards.


METHODS
Prospective cohort.


METHODS
Seven U.S. and Canadian urban regions.


METHODS
We studied emergency medical services treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Epistry-Cardiac Arrest for whom electronic cardiopulmonary resuscitation compression depth data were available, from May 2006 to June 2009.


METHODS
We calculated anterior chest wall depression in millimeters and the period of active cardiopulmonary resuscitation (chest compression fraction) for each minute of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We controlled for covariates including compression rate and calculated adjusted odds ratios for any return of spontaneous circulation, 1-day survival, and hospital discharge.


RESULTS
We included 1029 adult patients from seven U.S. and Canadian cities with the following characteristics: Mean age 68 yrs; male 62%; bystander witnessed 40%; bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation 37%; initial rhythms: Ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia 24%, pulseless electrical activity 16%, asystole 48%, other nonshockable 12%; outcomes: Return of spontaneous circulation 26%, 1-day survival 18%, discharge 5%. For all patients, median compression rate was 106 per minute, median compression fraction 0.65, and median compression depth 37.3 mm with 52.8% of cases having depth <38 mm and 91.6% having depth <50 mm. We found an inverse association between depth and compression rate ( p < .001). Adjusted odds ratios for all depth measures (mean values, categories, and range) showed strong trends toward better outcomes with increased depth for all three survival measures.


CONCLUSIONS
We found suboptimal compression depth in half of patients by 2005 guideline standards and almost all by 2010 standards as well as an inverse association between compression depth and rate. We found a strong association between survival outcomes and increased compression depth but no clear evidence to support or refute the 2010 recommendations of >50 mm. Although compression depth is an important component of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and should be measured routinely, the most effective depth is currently unknown.
Department of Emergency Medicine and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. istiell@ohri.ca
Ian G
IG
Stiell
Siobhan P
SP
Brown
James
J
Christenson
Sheldon
S
Cheskes
Graham
G
Nichol
Judy
J
Powell
Blair
B
Bigham
Laurie J
LJ
Morrison
Jonathan
J
Larsen
Erik
E
Hess
Christian
C
Vaillancourt
Daniel P
DP
Davis
Clifton W
CW
Callaway
D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006336:Heart Massage / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome