Associations between sleep characteristics, seasonal depressive symptoms, lifestyle, and ADHD symptoms in adults.
OBJECTIVE
The authors explored associations between ADHD symptoms, seasonal depressive symptoms, lifestyle, and health.


METHODS
Adult ADHD patients (n = 202) and controls (n = 189) completed the ASESA questionnaire involving lifestyle, eating pattern, and physical and psychological health, and validated measures on ADHD and sleep. ASESA is the Dutch acronym for inattention, sleep, eating pattern, mood, and general health questionnaire.


RESULTS
Indication for delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) was 26% in patients and 2% in controls (p < .001). Patients reported shorter sleep, longer sleep-onset latency, and later midsleep. Shorter (R (2) = .21) and later (R (2) = .27) sleep were associated with hyperactivity, male gender, younger age, and seasonal depressive symptoms. Seasonal depressive symptoms were related to hyperactivity, female gender, unemployment, and late sleep (pseudo R (2) = .28). Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with shorter sleep in patients (ρ = -.16; p = .04) and controls (ρ = -.17; p = .02). Longer sleep showed lower odds for indication of metabolic syndrome (OR = -0.17; p = .053).


CONCLUSIONS
DSPS is more prevalent in ADHD and needs further investigation to establish treatment to prevent chronic health issues.
PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands. d.bijlenga@psyq.nl
Denise
D
Bijlenga
Kristiaan B
KB
van der Heijden
Minda
M
Breuk
Eus J W
EJ
van Someren
Maria E H
ME
Lie
A Marije
AM
Boonstra
Hanna J T
HJ
Swaab
J J Sandra
JJ
Kooij
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D012016:Reference Values; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult