Botulinum toxin: clinical techniques, applications, and complications.
This article outlines practice routines, clinical techniques, applications, and complications of botulinum toxin type A treatment of mimetic facial and neck muscles. Detailed descriptions are provided for each clinical indication that maximize the treatment of the intended muscle groups while minimizing potential complications.
Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Scott
S
Stephan
Tom D
TD
Wang
D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000473:pathology
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A