Principles of cranial base ossification in humans and rats.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The principle of bilateral symmetry depends on the chordal cartilage that is the keystone in cranial base ossification in rats and humans, due to its anatomical situation and for the production of the chordin protein that regulates the bone morphogenetic protein BMP-7. 2. In humans and in rats, foramen lacerum closure follows a line of intramembranous ossification that depends on BMP-7, regulated by the first branchial pouch. 3. The cranial base ossification patterns and centres are similar in humans and in rats, except in the otic capsule, palate and the lateral pterygoid plate. 4. The neural crest may induce cranial ossification through the cranial nerves.


OBJECTIVE
To study the patterns of cranial base ossification in humans and in rats, considering the chordal cartilage, and the otic, nasal and orbit capsules, as well as the participation of the branchial arches and pouches.


METHODS
This was a light microscopy study of human fetal specimens obtained from spontaneous abortions with the following crown-rump-lengths (crl) 45, 74, 90, 134, 145 and 270 mm, and a 1-day-old neonate (360 mm crl), who had died of sudden death syndrome. We also examined Webster albino rat embryos of 16, 18 and 20 days of gestation and a postnatal series of rats 8 h and 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10 and 13 days old, as well as adult animals.


RESULTS
In the 45 mm human fetus, the chordal cartilage with the nasal, otic and orbit capsules initiates cranial base ossification. Foramen lacerum closure begins in the 16-day-old rat embryo, following a line of membranous ossification between the external pterygoid process and the lateral alisphenoidal wing at ovalis foramen level. This is not a timing symmetrical process, which may persist until the 10th postnatal day in the rat. In the human fetus of 74 mm, the foramen lacerum space is closed by a membranous fusion ossification between the chordal cartilage and otic capsule, finishing at the 270 mm specimen. Endochondral ossification of the human otic capsule first appeared in the 145 mm (18 weeks) fetal specimen with four ossifying centres. The rat otic cartilaginous capsule showed rapid endochondral ossification, in the third and fourth postnatal day specimens.
Otorhinolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Spain. Francisco.santaolalla@ehu.es
Francisco
F
Santaolalla-Montoya
Agustin
A
Martinez-Ibargüen
José María
JM
Sánchez-Fernández
Ana
A
Sánchez-del-Rey
D000818:Animals; D001934:Branchial Region / Q000196:embryology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009915:Orbit / Q000196:embryology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D019291:Skull Base / Q000196:embryology*