Combining functional imaging with brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.
Brain stimulation techniques such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) constitute promising clinical and research tools to investigate neural mechanisms underlying neurological and psychiatric diseases. They have enormous potential in modifying brain activity and subsequent function. However, it is still a matter of debate how either of these stimulation approaches operates to produce the clinical outcomes observed in patients. The combination of these techniques with functional neuroimaging is contributing significantly to disentangle the mechanisms through which brain stimulation affects neuronal activity and related networks. In the present review we outline the research done to date on the effects of DBS and TMS on motor, cognition and behaviour in Parkinson's disease (PD) with particular emphasis on neuroimaging.
Toronto Western Research Institute and Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Ignacio
I
Obeso
Nicola J
NJ
Ray
Francesca
F
Antonelli
Sang Soo
SS
Cho
Antonio P
AP
Strafella
D001519:Behavior / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000528:radiation effects; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000528:radiation effects; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents