Secondhand smoke in cars: assessing children's potential exposure during typical journey conditions.
OBJECTIVE
To measure levels of fine particulate matter in the rear passenger area of cars where smoking does and does not take place during typical real-life car journeys.


METHODS
Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) was used as a marker of secondhand smoke and was measured and logged every minute of each car journey undertaken by smoking and non-smoking study participants. The monitoring instrument was located at breathing zone height in the rear seating area of each car. Participants were asked to carry out their normal driving and smoking behaviours over a 3-day period.


RESULTS
17 subjects (14 smokers) completed a total of 104 journeys (63 smoking journeys). Journeys averaged 27 min (range 5-70 min). PM(2.5) levels averaged 85 and 7.4 μg/m(3) during smoking and non-smoking car journeys, respectively. During smoking journeys, peak PM(2.5) concentrations averaged 385 μg/m(3), with one journey measuring over 880 μg/m(3). PM(2.5) concentrations were strongly linked to rate of smoking (cigarettes per minute). Use of forced ventilation and opening of car windows were very common during smoking journeys, but PM(2.5) concentrations were still found to exceed WHO indoor air quality guidance (25 μg/m(3)) at some point in the measurement period during all smoking journeys.


CONCLUSIONS
PM(2.5) concentrations in cars where smoking takes place are high and greatly exceed international indoor air quality guidance values. Children exposed to these levels of fine particulate are likely to suffer ill-health effects. There are increasing numbers of countries legislating against smoking in cars and such measures may be appropriate to prevent the exposure of children to these high levels of secondhand smoke.
Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Westburn Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. sean.semple@abdn.ac.uk
Sean
S
Semple
Andrew
A
Apsley
Karen S
KS
Galea
Laura
L
MacCalman
Brenda
B
Friel
Vicki
V
Snelgrove
D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001336:Automobiles; D002648:Child; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014944:World Health Organization; D055815:Young Adult
D052638:Particulate Matter; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution