The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
This article is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of dietary methods for treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) when pharmacotherapy has proven unsatisfactory or unacceptable. Results of recent research and controlled studies, based on a PubMed search, are emphasized and compared with earlier reports. The recent increase of interest in this form of therapy for ADHD, and especially in the use of omega supplements, significance of iron deficiency, and the avoidance of the "Western pattern" diet, make the discussion timely. Diets to reduce symptoms associated with ADHD include sugar-restricted, additive/preservative-free, oligoantigenic/elimination, and fatty acid supplements. Omega-3 supplement is the latest dietary treatment with positive reports of efficacy, and interest in the additive-free diet of the 1970s is occasionally revived. A provocative report draws attention to the ADHD-associated "Western-style" diet, high in fat and refined sugars, and the ADHD-free "healthy" diet, containing fiber, folate, and omega-3 fatty acids. The literature on diets and ADHD, listed by PubMed, is reviewed with emphasis on recent controlled studies. Recommendations for the use of diets are based on current opinion of published reports and our practice experience. Indications for dietary therapy include medication failure, parental or patient preference, iron deficiency, and, when appropriate, change from an ADHD-linked Western diet to an ADHD-free healthy diet. Foods associated with ADHD to be avoided and those not linked with ADHD and preferred are listed. In practice, additive-free and oligoantigenic/elimination diets are time-consuming and disruptive to the household; they are indicated only in selected patients. Iron and zinc are supplemented in patients with known deficiencies; they may also enhance the effectiveness of stimulant therapy. In patients failing to respond or with parents opposed to medication, omega-3 supplements may warrant a trial. A greater attention to the education of parents and children in a healthy dietary pattern, omitting items shown to predispose to ADHD, is perhaps the most promising and practical complementary or alternative treatment of ADHD.
Division of Neurology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. gmillichap@childrensmemorial.org
J Gordon
JG
Millichap
Michelle M
MM
Yee
D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012459:Salicylates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency
D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D012459:Salicylates; D005492:Folic Acid; D015032:Zinc