Utilization of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among American patients: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Although surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is recommended in high-risk patients, several studies have suggested it is being underutilized in clinical practice. The aim of our study was to quantify utilization rates for HCC surveillance among patients with cirrhosis and summarize patterns of association between utilization rates and patient socio-demographic characteristics.


METHODS
We performed a systematic literature review using the Medline database from January 1990 through March 2011 and a manual search of national meeting abstracts from 2008-2010.


METHODS
Two investigators independently extracted data on patient populations, study methods, and results using standardized forms. A pooled surveillance rate with 95% confidence intervals was calculated. Pre-specified subgroup analysis was performed to find correlates of surveillance utilization.


RESULTS
We identified nine studies that met inclusion criteria. The pooled surveillance rate was 18.4% (95%CI 17.8%-19.0%). Surveillance rates were significantly higher among patients followed in subspecialty gastroenterology clinics compared to those followed in primary care clinics (51.7% vs. 16.9%, p < 0.001). Non-Caucasians and patients of low socioeconomic status had lower surveillance rates than their counterparts.


CONCLUSIONS
Utilization rates for HCC surveillance are low, although they are significantly higher among patients followed in subspecialty clinics. Current studies fail to determine why HCC surveillance is not being performed. Future efforts should focus on identifying appropriate intervention targets to increase surveillance rates and reduce socio-demographic disparities.
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. amit.singal@utsouthwestern.edu
Amit G
AG
Singal
Adam
A
Yopp
Celette
C
S Skinner
Milton
M
Packer
William M
WM
Lee
Jasmin A
JA
Tiro
D000367:Age Factors; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States