Novel serum and urine markers for pediatric appendicitis.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to describe the association between two novel biomarkers, calprotectin and leucine-rich alpha glycoprotein-1 (LRG), and appendicitis in children.


METHODS
This was a prospective, cross-sectional study of children 3 to 18 years old presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED) with possible appendicitis. Blood and urine samples were assayed for calprotectin and LRG via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Final diagnosis was determined by histopathology or telephone follow-up. Biomarker levels were compared for subjects with and without appendicitis. Recursive partitioning was used to identify thresholds that predicted appendicitis.


RESULTS
Of 176 subjects, mean (±SD) age was 11.6 (±4.0) years and 52% were male. Fifty-eight patients (34%) were diagnosed with appendicitis. Median plasma calprotectin, serum LRG, and urine LRG levels were higher in appendicitis versus nonappendicitis (p < 0.008). When stratified by perforation status, median plasma calprotectin and serum LRG levels were higher in nonperforated appendicitis versus nonappendicitis (p < 0.01). Median serum LRG, urine LRG, and plasma calprotectin levels were higher in perforated appendicitis compared to nonperforated appendicitis (p < 0.05). Urine calprotectin did not differ among groups. A serum LRG < 40,150 ng/mL, a urine LRG < 42 ng/mL, and a plasma calprotectin < 159 ng/mL, each provided a sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100% to identify children at low risk for appendicitis, but with specificities ranging from 23% to 35%. The standard white blood cell (WBC) count achieved 100% sensitivity at a higher specificity than both novel biomarkers.


CONCLUSIONS
Plasma calprotectin and serum/urine LRG are elevated in pediatric appendicitis. No individual marker performed as well as the WBC count.
Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. abk@umn.edu
Anupam B
AB
Kharbanda
Alex J
AJ
Rai
Yohaimi
Y
Cosme
Khin
K
Liu
Peter S
PS
Dayan
D000293:Adolescent; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
D015415:Biomarkers; D006023:Glycoproteins; C015246:LRG1 protein, human; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex