Fish intake, cooking practices, and risk of prostate cancer: results from a multi-ethnic case-control study.
OBJECTIVE
Studies conducted to assess the association between fish consumption and prostate cancer (PCA) risk are inconclusive. However, few studies have distinguished between fatty and lean fish, and no studies have considered the role of different cooking practices, which may lead to differential accumulation of chemical carcinogens. In this study, we investigated the association between fish intake and localized and advanced PCA taking into account fish types (lean vs. fatty) and cooking practices.


METHODS
We analyzed data for 1,096 controls, 717 localized and 1,140 advanced cases from the California Collaborative Prostate Cancer Study, a multiethnic, population-based case-control study. We used multivariate conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios using nutrient density converted variables of fried fish, tuna, dark fish and white fish consumption. We tested for effect modification by cooking methods (high- vs. low-temperature methods) and levels of doneness.


RESULTS
We observed that high white fish intake was associated with increased risk of advanced PCA among men who cooked with high-temperature methods (pan-frying, oven-broiling and grilling) until fish was well done (p                            (trend) = 0.001). No associations were found among men who cooked fish at low temperature and/or just until done (white fish x cooking method p                            (interaction) = 0.040).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that consideration of fish type (oily vs. lean), specific fish cooking practices and levels of doneness of cooked fish helps elucidate the association between fish intake and PCA risk and suggest that avoiding high-temperature cooking methods for white fish may lower PCA risk.
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Amit D
AD
Joshi
Esther M
EM
John
Jocelyn
J
Koo
Sue A
SA
Ingles
Mariana C
MC
Stern
D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003296:Cooking; D005006:Ethnicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005396:Fish Products; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D044465:White People