Pediatric bipolar disorder in an era of "mindless psychiatry".
OBJECTIVE
Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) reflects shifts in conceptualizing bipolar disorder among children and adolescents since the mid-1990s. Since then, PBD diagnoses, predominantly in the United States, have increased dramatically, and the diagnosis has attracted significant controversy. During the same period, psychiatric theory and practice has become increasingly biological. The aim of this paper is to examine the rise of PBD in terms of wider systemic influences.


METHODS
In the context of literature referring to paradigm shifts in psychiatry, we reviewed the psychiatric literature, media cases, and information made available by investigative committees and journalists.


RESULTS
Social historians and prominent psychiatrists describe a paradigm shift in psychiatry over recent decades: from an era of "brainless psychiatry," when an emphasis on psychodynamic and family factors predominated to the exclusion of biological factors, to a current era of "mindless psychiatry" that emphasizes neurobiological explanations for emotional and behavioral problems with limited regard for contextual meaning. Associated with this has been a tendency within psychiatry and society to neglect trauma and attachment insecurity as etiological factors; the "atheoretical" (but by default biomedical) premise of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd and 4th eds.); the influence of the pharmaceutical industry in research, continuing medical education, and direct-to-consumer advertising; and inequality in the U.S. health system that favors "diagnostic upcoding." Harm from overmedicating children is now a cause of public concern.


CONCLUSIONS
It can be argued that PBD as a widespread diagnosis, particularly in the United States, reflects multiple factors associated with a paradigm shift within psychiatry rather than recognition of a previously overlooked common disorder.
Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. peter.parry@flinders.edu.au
Peter I
PI
Parry
Edmund C
EC
Levin
D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry; D017668:Age of Onset; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D019962:Reactive Attachment Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents