Neuromodulators: available agents, physiology, and anatomy.
Neuromodulators have risen to the forefront of aesthetic medicine. By reversibly relaxing target muscles, neuromodulators exhibit their effect by softening hyperfunctional lines. An understanding of their physiology, relevant facial anatomy, and current agents is imperative for a successful aesthetic practice.
Aesthetic and Facial Plastic Surgery Unit, The Maas Clinic, San Francisco, California, USA. Drnettar@maasclinic.com
Kartik
K
Nettar
Corey
C
Maas
D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000473:pathology
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; C542869:abobotulinumtoxinA; C545476:incobotulinumtoxinA