Application of an untargeted metabolomics approach for the identification of compounds that may be responsible for observed differential effects in chickens fed an organic and a conventional diet.
The aim of this study was to apply an untargeted NMR and LC-MS-based metabolomics approach to detect potential differences between an organically and a conventionally produced feed, which caused statistically significant differences in growth, in the response to an immunological challenge and in the gene expression profiles in the small intestine of laying hens. A fractionation procedure was set up to create multiple fractions of the feed, which were subsequently analysed by NMR and UPLC-TOF/MS operating in positive mode. Comparison of the profiles revealed that the most apparent differences came from the isoflavones in the soy as well as a compound with a molecular mass of 441.202 (M + 1)⁺, which was identified as N,N'-diferuloylputrescine (DFP) and came from the corn. Whether the observed differences in effects are due to the higher levels of isoflavones and DFP is unclear, as is the fact whether the observed differences are typical for organic or conventional produced corn and soy. However, this study shows that this metabolomics approach is suitable for detecting potential differences between products, even in levels of compounds that would have been overlooked with a more targeted approach. As such, the method is suitable for a more systematic study on differences between conventionally and organically produced food.
RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, AE Wageningen, the Netherlands. ainhoa.ruiz@wur.nl
A
A
Ruiz-Aracama
A
A
Lommen
M
M
Huber
L
L
van de Vijver
R
R
Hoogenboom
D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000032:analysis*; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D011700:Putrescine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000662:veterinary; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000662:veterinary; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D007529:Isoflavones; C449540:diferuloylputrescine; D011700:Putrescine