Utilization and costs of cardiovascular disease medications in dialysis patients in Medicare Part D.
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major source of mortality and morbidity in dialysis patients. Population-level descriptions of CVD medication use are lacking in this population.


METHODS
Retrospective cohort study.


METHODS
Adult dialysis patients in the United States, alive on December 31, 2006, with Medicare Parts A and B and enrollment in Medicare Part D continuously in 2007.


METHODS
CVDs and demographic characteristics.


RESULTS
≥1 prescription fill during follow-up (2007).


METHODS
Average out-of-pocket costs per user per month and average total drug costs per member per month were calculated.


RESULTS
Of 225,635 dialysis patients who met inclusion criteria during the entry period, 70% (n = 158,702) had continuous Part D coverage during follow-up. Of these, 76% received the low-income subsidy. β-Blockers were the most commonly used CVD medication (64%), followed by renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (52%), calcium channel blockers (51%), lipid-lowering agents (44%), and α-agonists (23%). Use varied by demographics, geographic region, and low-income subsidy status. For CVD medications, mean out-of-pocket costs per user per month were $3.44 and $49.59 and mean total costs per member per month were $124.02 and $110.32 for patients with and without the low-income subsidy, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Information was available for only filled prescriptions under the Part D benefit; information for clinical contraindications was lacking, information for over-the-counter medications was unavailable, and medication adherence and persistence were not examined.


CONCLUSIONS
Most Medicare dialysis patients in 2007 were enrolled in Part D, and most enrollees received the low-income subsidy. β-Blockers were the most used CVD medication. Total costs of CVD medications were modestly higher for low-income subsidy patients, but out-of-pocket costs were much higher for patients not receiving the subsidy. Further study is warranted to delineate sources of variation in the use and costs of CVD medications across subgroups.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, Baltimore, MD 21244, USA. diane.frankenfield@cms.hhs.gov
Diane L
DL
Frankenfield
Eric D
ED
Weinhandl
Christopher A
CA
Powers
Benjamin L
BL
Howell
Charles A
CA
Herzog
Wendy L
WL
St Peter
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents