Echocardiographic study of structure and functional cardiac profile of football referees.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to analyze, through echocardiography, the structure and functional cardiac profile of national category Spanish soccer referees.


METHODS
The sample consisted of 54 licensed referees, who belonged to the Football Inter-Insular Federation of Las Palmas. The sample presented a mean age of 28.52 ± 6.39 years, a height of 1.76 ± 0.07 m, a body mass of 77.26 ± 10.74 kg and a Body Mass Index of 24.90 ± 2-73 kg/m2. The diastolic and systolic dimensions of the left ventricle were 50.03 ± 4.79 mm and 33.74 ± 5.23 mm, respectively. The thicknesses of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle were 9.77 ± 1.53 mm and 9.47 ± 1.54 mm, respectively. The left ventricular mass was 112.80 ± 26.53 g/m2, the diastolic volume of the left ventricle 135.09 ± 39.63 mL and the ejected volume 47.34 ± 12.44 mL/m2.


RESULTS
This study shows that the echocardiographic profile of football referees is characterized by presenting an increase in the left ventricular mass caused by an increase of the cardiac chambers and a normal systolic and diastolic function. The values obtained by football referees were higher than those found in sedentary people and lower than in professional football players.


CONCLUSIONS
These differences may be due to the different physical training workloads employed by football players and referees.
Physical Education Department, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain. javier.mallo@upm.es
J A
JA
Ruiz Caballero
E
E
Brito Ojeda
J M
JM
García-Aranda
J
J
Mallo
W
W
Helsen
S
S
Sarmiento
J M
JM
García-Manso
M E
ME
Navarro Valdivielso
D000328:Adult; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004452:Echocardiography; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult