The cost-effectiveness of Welcome to Medicare visual acuity screening and a possible alternative welcome to medicare eye evaluation among persons without diagnosed diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the cost-effectiveness of visual acuity screening performed in primary care settings and of dilated eye evaluations performed by an eye care professional among new Medicare enrollees with no diagnosed eye disorders. Medicare currently reimburses visual acuity screening for new enrollees during their initial preventive primary care health check, but dilated eye evaluations may be a more cost-effective policy.


METHODS
Monte Carlo cost-effectiveness simulation model with a total of 50 000 simulated patients with demographic characteristics matched to persons 65 years of age in the US population.


RESULTS
Compared with no screening policy, dilated eye evaluations increased quality-adjusted life-years(QALYs) by 0.008 (95% credible interval [CrI], 0.005-0.011) and increased costs by $94 (95% CrI, −$35 to$222). A visual acuity screening increased QALYs in less than 95% of the simulations (0.001 [95% CrI, −0.002 to 0.004) and increased total costs by $32 (95% CrI, −$97 to $159) per person. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of a visual acuity screening and an eye examination compared with no screening were $29 000 and$12 000 per QALY gained, respectively. At a willingness-to-pay value of $15 000 or more per QALY gained, a dilated eye evaluation was the policy option most likely to be cost-effective.


CONCLUSIONS
The currently recommended visual acuity screening showed limited efficacy and cost-effectiveness compared with no screening. In contrast, anew policy of reimbursement for Welcome to Medicare dilated eye evaluations was highly cost-effective.
David B
DB
Rein
John S
JS
Wittenborn
Xinzhi
X
Zhang
Thomas J
TJ
Hoerger
Ping
P
Zhang
Barbara Eden Kobrin
BE
Klein
Kris E
KE
Lee
Ronald
R
Klein
Jinan B
JB
Saaddine
D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000191:economics; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000191:economics; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000191:economics*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*
D009184:Mydriatics