Articularis genus: an anatomic and MRI study in cadavers.
BACKGROUND
The articularis genus muscle is closely associated with the anterior aspect of the knee joint and may act to elevate or retract the suprapatellar bursa. Its form and function are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to define the morphology of the articularis genus and its relationship to the suprapatellar bursa.


METHODS
The articularis genus muscle was investigated in twenty-two human lower limbs obtained from eleven donors (six men and five women; mean age at death, eighty-three years). Eighteen of these limbs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by dissection. The number, length, physiological cross-sectional area, attachment sites, and orientation of individual fascicles, muscle bundles, and whole muscles were recorded. The remaining four limbs underwent immunohistochemical analysis to determine muscle fiber types.


RESULTS
The articularis genus comprised multiple layered muscle bundles originating from the anterior, anterolateral, and/or anteromedial surfaces of the distal third of the femur. Distal attachment sites included the proximal and/or posterior wall of the suprapatellar bursa, the deep surface of the distal tendon of the vastus intermedius, and the medial and lateral aspects of the knee joint capsule. On dissection, the muscle was observed to consist of a mean of seven muscle bundles (range, four to ten), but only a mean of four bundles were observed on MRI scans (p &lt; 0.0001). The mean cross-sectional area of the articularis genus (and standard deviation) was 1.5 ± 0.7 cm2, and its mean fascicular length and bundle physiological cross-sectional area were 5.9 ± 1.0 cm and 0.2 ± 0.1 cm2, respectively. The articularis genus displayed a mixed fiber type, with the proportion of type-I fibers varying among specimens (range, 39.9% to 76.4%).


CONCLUSIONS
These findings highlight the complex and variable anatomy of the articularis genus, particularly with respect to the number of bundles and the distal attachment sites. Distinguishing the superficial bundles of the articularis genus from the vastus intermedius on MRI can be difficult.


CONCLUSIONS
Given its relationship to the anterior aspect of the knee joint and its association with the suprapatellar bursa, the articularis genus may be a neglected cause of undifferentiated anterior knee pain.
Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. stephanie.woodley@anatomy.otago.ac.nz
Stephanie J
SJ
Woodley
Christopher P
CP
Latimer
Grant R
GR
Meikle
Mark D
MD
Stringer
D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*