Effects of intravenous iron on mononuclear cells during the haemodialysis session.
BACKGROUND
This study analysed, in vivo and in vitro, the effects of four different intravenous iron preparations (iron gluconate, iron sucrose, iron dextran and ferric carboxymaltose) on activation and damage of mononuclear cells.


METHODS
A randomized prospective study was conducted in 10 haemodialysis (HD) patients. Blood samples were collected at baseline (T0); 1 h after starting HD, just before the iron or saline administration (T1); 30 min after the iron or saline infusion (T2) and at the end of HD (T3). In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy individuals and 9 chronic kidney disease Stage-5 (CKD-5) without HD treatment were cultured with the 4 iron preparations.


RESULTS
Iron infusion during the HD session increased the percentage of mononuclear cells with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and apoptosis. There were no significant differences between the four iron preparations. Culture of mononuclear cells from healthy individuals and CKD-5 patients with the different iron preparations resulted in a significant increase in ROS, ICAM-1 and apoptosis as compared with control. In an additional study, the effect of original iron sucrose formulation on mononuclear cells was compared with that of one generic formulation. The generic formulation produced a greater increase in ROS, ICAM-1 and apoptosis than the original iron sucrose.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that intravenous iron has deleterious effects on mononuclear cells. The four iron compounds evaluated produced similar effects on oxidative stress, cell activation and apoptosis. However, the effects of iron compounds with the same formulation were different, thus further investigation may be required to establish the safety of iron preparations that theoretically have the same composition.
Nephrology Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. amartinma@senefro.org
Alejandro
A
Martin-Malo
Ana
A
Merino
Julia
J
Carracedo
Maria Antonia
MA
Alvarez-Lara
Raquel
R
Ojeda
Sagrario
S
Soriano
Rodolfo
R
Crespo
Rafael
R
Ramirez
Pedro
P
Aljama
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D055815:Young Adult
D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006397:Hematinics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species