Elusive extranuclear estrogen receptors in breast cancer.
Estrogen receptors at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm have been difficult to detect in breast cancer specimens. New imaging approaches are needed to determine the percentage of cancers expressing extranuclear estrogen receptors and their impact on cancer biology and treatment.
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. ellis.levin@va.gov
Ellis R
ER
Levin
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans
C506487:ESR1 protein, human; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha