Inflammation in hypertension: current therapeutic approaches.
The role of inflammation as crucial underlying process contributing to the initiation and the progression of atherosclerosis as well as its clinical manifestations is well established. Recent data have demonstrated also a strong association between essential hypertension and inflammatory process. In addition, several studies have shown that tissue expression and plasma concentrations of several inflammatory biomarkers/mediators are related to increased risk of hypertension. The determination of markers such as acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein), adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and chemokines is crucial in determining therapeutic responses and clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients. In addition, several therapeutic approaches targeting blood pressure may have also beneficial effects in terms of inflammation and thus further clinical benefits. Although the available data are encouraging, further large scale studies are required to evaluate the reported anti-inflammatory effects in management and treatment of arterial hypertension.
1st Cardiology Unit, Hippokration Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Greece.
Emmanuel
E
Androulakis
Dimitris
D
Tousoulis
Nikolaos
N
Papageorgiou
George
G
Latsios
Gerasimos
G
Siasos
Costas
C
Tsioufis
Anastasios
A
Giolis
Christodoulos
C
Stefanadis
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000450:Aldosterone