The histological evaluation of osseointegration of surface enhanced microimplants immediately loaded in conjunction with sinuslifting in humans.
OBJECTIVE
The aim was to investigate histomorphometrically whether or not implant surface nanotopography improves the bone response under immediate loading simultaneous to sinus grafting.


METHODS
Dual acid-etched titanium microimplants with/without crystalline surface deposition of calcium phosphate particles were placed in bilateral sinuslift areas grafted with a mixture of iliac crest bone and BioOss. Surface topography of microimplants was characterized using interferometry. Loaded microimplants (MsL) were immobilized in a provisional bridge supported by four normal size implants. Some patients had unloaded microimplants as controls (MsU). Biopsies were trephined after 2 or 4 months and histomorphometric analysis of bone area (BA) and bone-to-implant contact (BC) was performed. Nonparametric methods for dependent data were used to compare effect of surface modification, and healing time (2 vs. 4 months).


RESULTS
A total of 53 biopsies were available from 13 patients. A total of 4/28 and 1/11 MsL failed after resp. 2 and 4 months vs. 0/6 and 1/5 MsU. Many loaded biopsies were damaged at the apical portion and showed no bone adhesion. MsL decreased in BA from coronal to apical from 2 to 4 months; Coronal > Middle (P = 0.047), Coronal > Apical (P < 0.001) and Middle > Apical (P < 0.001). This gradual decrease was not observed for BC; Coronal < Middle and Middle > Apical (P < 0.001). Only the middle part showed significant bone contact after 2 months. For MsL there was no statistically significant difference between surface or time indicating that improvement of osseointegration over time due to maturation of the graft was poor. The MsU did not show any difference between Osseotite and Nanotite for BIC and BA (P > 0.05) but doubled both their BA and BIC (P < 0.05) between 2 and 4 months.


CONCLUSIONS
Osseointegration in sinus-grafted bone mixed with BioOss was poor irrespective of healing time or nanotopographical surface modification. The apex of MsL showed minimal bone contact suggesting that the graft does not add to the loading capacity. Surface enhancement was not beneficial despite the enlarged surface area. Overloading, most critical coronally of an implant, increases risks for implant failure and jeopardizes bone healing especially under immediate loading conditions with high load.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
Hilde
H
Browaeys
Stefan
S
Vandeweghe
Carina B
CB
Johansson
Ryo
R
Jimbo
Ellen
E
Deschepper
Hugo
H
De Bruyn
D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000637:transplantation; D057893:Immediate Dental Implant Loading; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016348:Osseointegration; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D059546:Sinus Floor Augmentation / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D016896:Treatment Outcome
C077540:Bio-Oss; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D015921:Dental Implants; D008903:Minerals; C020243:calcium phosphate