Lower serum paraoxonase-1 activity is related to linoleic and docosahexanoic fatty acids in type 2 diabetic patients.
BACKGROUND
Serum paraoxonase-1(PON-1) activity is decreased in clinical conditions associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), increased lipid peroxidation and low-grade chronic inflammation, as in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Until now there are no data about the association of any fatty acid (FA) with PON-1 activity in T2DM.


METHODS
Twenty patients with T2DM and 16 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum PON-1 activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity as well as plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) were measured. The preparation of FA methyl esters and their gas chromatography (GC) analysis were also performed.


RESULTS
HbA1c, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR and triglycerides were higher in patients with T2DM, whereas HDL-C was lower in those subjects. Levels of pro-oxidative enzyme malondialdehyde (MDA) and hs-CRP were significantly higher, and anti-oxidative enzymes SOD and PON-1 activity were decreased in T2DM patients. N-6 PUFAs were higher in T2DM patients, particularly linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6), whereas n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) was lower in T2DM patients. Using regression analysis, we have shown that only LA and DHA independently predicted PON-1 activity of all participants, particularly in patients with T2DM.


CONCLUSIONS
Decreased serum PON-1 activity may, in part, be influenced by higher levels of LA and lower levels of DHA in patients with T2DM. Prospective, randomized studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.
Department of Endocrinology, University Clinical Center Zemun/Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia. zoricar@eunet.rs
Zorica
Z
Rasic-Milutinovic
Tamara
T
Popovic
Gordana
G
Perunicic-Pekovic
Aleksandra
A
Arsic
Suncica
S
Borozan
Marija
M
Glibetic
D000328:Adult; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D010743:Phospholipids; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014280:Triglycerides; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C468406:PON1 protein, human