Supplementation of poultry feeds with dietary zinc and other minerals and compounds to mitigate nitrogen emissions--a review.
One of the environmental challenges that the poultry industry has been faced with is ammonia emission from manure. One way to reduce nitrogen excretion and emissions is supplementing dietary trace minerals to inhibit the activity of microbial uricase, a key enzyme converting nitrogen compounds in the manure into ammonia. Several dietary minerals are commercially available as economic alternatives for reducing ammonia emissions in poultry. In this review, we discuss different mineral elements including zinc as feed amendment minerals that could be used to reduce ammonia emission. Issues discussed include potential for inhibiting microbial uricase, dietary supplementation levels, growth performance, toxicity, their influence on manure nitrogen emission, and potential mineral accumulation in soil. In addition, we discuss other minerals and compounds that have the potential to reduce ammonia volatilization by inhibiting microbial uricase and growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms.
Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Alemu
A
Hunde
Paul
P
Patterson
Steven
S
Ricke
Woo Kyun
WK
Kim
D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014503:Urate Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
D008372:Manure; D008903:Minerals; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D000641:Ammonia; D014503:Urate Oxidase; D015032:Zinc