Brain-computer interface in stroke: a review of progress.
Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology has been used for rehabilitation after stroke and there are a number of reports involving stroke patients in BCI-feedback training. Most publications have demonstrated the efficacy of BCI technology in post-stroke rehabilitation using output devices such as Functional Electrical Stimulation, robot, and orthosis. The aim of this review is to focus on the progress of BCI-based rehabilitation strategies and to underline future challenges. A brief history of clinical BCI-approaches is presented focusing on stroke motor rehabilitation. A context for three approaches of a BCI-based motor rehabilitation program is outlined: the substitutive strategy, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Furthermore, we include an overview of a pilot study concerning a new neuro-forcefeedback strategy. This pilot study involved healthy participants. Finally we address some challenges for future BCI-based rehabilitation.
Department of Neurophysiology S.Camillo Hospital Foundation I.R.R.C.S., Venice, Italy. stefano.silvoni@ospedalesancamillo.net
Stefano
S
Silvoni
Ander
A
Ramos-Murguialday
Marianna
M
Cavinato
Chiara
C
Volpato
Giulia
G
Cisotto
Andrea
A
Turolla
Francesco
F
Piccione
Niels
N
Birbaumer
D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D014584:User-Computer Interface