Pharmaceutical care in hypertensive patients: a systematic literature review.
BACKGROUND
Since the conception of pharmaceutical care in 1990, many studies have been published purported to implement and/or evaluate interventions under this aegis; however, most have been criticized in methodological approach. As such, there is a need to assess the scientific rigor of the published studies and examine the biases that may compromise the hardiness of their findings.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review is to describe and appraise published research on the management of patients diagnosed with essential hypertension under the guise of pharmaceutical care.


METHODS
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and LILACS databases from January 1990 to July 2011 were searched using the keywords "pharmaceutical care," "hypertension," and "blood pressure." Included were clinical trials assessing the impact of pharmaceutical care on outcomes for hypertensive patients. Two independent reviewers abstracted data on descriptive characteristics, research design and outcomes, and study limitations.


RESULTS
The literature search identified 917 articles, of which 16 satisfied the inclusion criteria. The studies were conducted primarily in North America (8) and in ambulatory settings (9). Sample sizes ranged from 24 to 235 patients, with most studies reporting a 6-month patient follow-up period. Many studies (9) were randomized clinical trials but generally had a low-quality methods score according to the Jadad scale. Blood pressure (BP) (15), medication adherence (11), and quality of life (9) were the most common outcome measures. As expected, systolic BP was the outcome most positively impacted by the pharmaceutical intervention.


CONCLUSIONS
This database search revealed that most of the included studies evaluated the impact of pharmaceutical care on clinical and humanistic outcomes and few studies showed statistically significant improvement in BP. However, a lack of hardiness and many important limitations were common in the studies analyzed. As such, recommendations are made to improve in research design and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention.
Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, LEPFS-UFS, Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
Patricia M
PM
Aguiar
Blicie J
BJ
Balisa-Rocha
Giselle de C
Gde C
Brito
Wellington B
WB
da Silva
Márcio
M
Machado
Divaldo P
DP
Lyra
D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services