Adaptive immunity to fungi.
Only a handful of the more than 100,000 fungal species on our planet cause disease in humans, yet the number of life-threatening fungal infections in patients has recently skyrocketed as a result of advances in medical care that often suppress immunity intensely. This emerging crisis has created pressing needs to clarify immune defense mechanisms against fungi, with the ultimate goal of therapeutic applications. Herein, we describe recent insights in understanding the mammalian immune defenses deployed against pathogenic fungi. The review focuses on adaptive immune responses to the major medically important fungi and emphasizes how dendritic cells and subsets in various anatomic compartments respond to fungi, recognize their molecular patterns, and signal responses that nurture and shape the differentiation of T cell subsets and B cells. Also emphasized is how the latter deploy effector and regulatory mechanisms that eliminate these nasty invaders while also constraining collateral damage to vital tissue.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA. mwuethri@wisc.edu
Marcel
M
Wüthrich
George S
GS
Deepe
Bruce
B
Klein
D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005658:Fungi / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000276:immunology; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology*; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition