Malaria control in Bhutan: case study of a country embarking on elimination.
BACKGROUND
Bhutan has achieved a major reduction in malaria incidence amid multiple challenges. This case study seeks to characterize the Bhutan malaria control programme over the last 10 years.


METHODS
A review of the malaria epidemiology, control strategies, and elimination strategies employed in Bhutan was carried out through a literature review of peer-reviewed and grey national and international literature with the addition of reviewing the surveillance and vector control records of the Bhutan Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme (VDCP). Data triangulation was used to identify trends in epidemiology and key strategies and interventions through analysis of the VDCP surveillance and programme records and the literature review. Enabling and challenging factors were identified through analysis of socio-economic and health indicators, corroborated through a review of national and international reports and peer-review articles.


RESULTS
Confirmed malaria cases in Bhutan declined by 98.7% from 1994 to 2010. The majority of indigenous cases were due to Plasmodium vivax (59.9%) and adult males are most at-risk of malaria. Imported cases, or those in foreign nationals, varied over the years, reaching 21.8% of all confirmed cases in 2006. Strategies implemented by the VDCP are likely to be related to the decline in cases over the last 10 years. Access to malaria diagnosis in treatment was expanded throughout the country and evidence-based case management, including the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for P. falciparum, increasing coverage of high risk areas with Indoor Residual Spraying, insecticide-treated bed nets, and long-lasting insecticidal nets are likely to have contributed to the decline alongside enabling factors such as economic development and increasing access to health services.


CONCLUSIONS
Bhutan has made significant strides towards elimination and has adopted a goal of national elimination. A major challenge in the future will be prevention and management of imported malaria infections from neighbouring Indian states. Bhutan plans to implement screening at border points to prevent importation of malaria and to targeted prevention and surveillance efforts towards at-risk Bhutanese and migrant workers in construction sites.
Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Gelephu, Bhutan.
Thinley
T
Yangzom
Cara Smith
CS
Gueye
Rinzin
R
Namgay
Gawrie N L
GN
Galappaththy
Krongthong
K
Thimasarn
Roly
R
Gosling
Shiva
S
Murugasampillay
Vas
V
Dev
D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001631:Bhutan / Q000453:epidemiology; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods*; D060740:Disease Eradication / Q000379:methods*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007783:Lactones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification
D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D007783:Lactones; C075875:artemisin