Referral pattern of patients with end-stage renal disease at a public sector hospital and its impact on outcome.
BACKGROUND
Late referral of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to a nephrologist has been shown to be associated with greater morbidity and adverse clinical outcomes.


METHODS
We did a prospective cross-sectional study of 2490 consecutive, newly diagnosed patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) referred to the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh over 2 years. The referral pattern was classified on the basis of the interval between first visit to a nephrologist and initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT). If the patient reported later to a nephrologist, the disease would have progressed more, and the time interval to initiation of RRT would thus be shorter. A time interval of < 3 months was classified as late referral (LR), 3-12 months as intermediate referral (IR) and > 12 months as early referral (ER). The demographic and clinical characteristics and co-morbid conditions were compared, and factors associated with LR and outcomes were evaluated.


RESULTS
About 75% of patients were referred late. Poor socioeconomic status, low level of education and reduced access to reimbursement of treatment costs contributed to LR. The aetiology of ESRD could not be established in a larger number of LR patients as compared to the other groups. LR patients had a higher prevalence of uraemic complications and required emergency dialysis more frequently. A higher proportion of LR patients were lost to follow up because they could not afford to continue dialysis. Early mortality was higher in the ER group than in the other groups. ER patients were older, more likely to have diabetic nephropathy and a higher burden of co-morbid conditions. They were also more likely to choose continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or undergo transplantation. Only 28% of all patients continued RRT beyond 3 months.


CONCLUSIONS
A large majority of patients with ESRD in India seek medical attention late, usually in advanced stages of CKD with uraemic complications. LR is more frequent in younger patients and those with non-diabetic kidney disease, and is associated with poor socioeconomic status, lack of education and poor outcomes.
Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
Sreejith
S
Parameswaran
Sarath Babu
SB
Geda
Manish
M
Rathi
Harbir Singh
HS
Kohli
Krishan Lal
KL
Gupta
Vinay
V
Sakhuja
Vivekanand
V
Jha
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015897:Comorbidity; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome