Radiation risks: critical analysis and commentary.
OBJECTIVE
1) To review and summarize what is known about the health risks of radiation. 2) To compare risks from medical imaging to background radiation and to exposure from nuclear accidents.


METHODS
Literature review and summative critical analysis.


RESULTS
Over the past several years, physicians and patients have become increasingly aware of the potential risks of radiation exposure from medical imaging. The Fukushima disaster further heightened public awareness of hazards associated with radiation and radioactivity. In the case of medical imaging, small but real risks of cancer and other radiation-induced disease must be balanced against potential benefits of improved diagnostic accuracy. The ethical principle of autonomy tells us that patients should be informed of potential benefits and harms of radiation imaging, and should participate in shared decision making. In the case of nuclear power, benefits and especially harms are exceptionally difficult to estimate accurately. Nevertheless, we know that hazards from today's nuclear power plants will persist for many years, affecting future generations not benefiting from electrical power generated today.


CONCLUSIONS
A deeper and more widespread understanding of potential benefits and harms of personal and societal choices relating to radiation exposure may lead to improved medical and societal decision-making.
Department of Family Medicine at University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA. bruce.barrett@fammed.wisc.edu
Bruce
B
Barrett
Melissa
M
Stiles
Jeff
J
Patterson
D001417:Background Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D055848:Nuclear Power Plants; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011859:Radiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment