Longitudinal stability in genetic effects on children's conversational language productivity.
OBJECTIVE
The authors examined the longitudinal stability of genetic and environmental influences on children's productive language sample measures during the early school-age years.


METHODS
Twin study methodology with structural equation modeling was used to derive univariate estimates of additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) effects on language measures at each of 2 time points, based on 487 twins at the 1st-grade time point and 387 twins at the 2nd-grade time point. To address questions of stability over time, the authors used longitudinal latent factor analysis.


RESULTS
Stability in the Conversational Language factor was accounted for almost entirely by shared genetic effects between 1st and 2nd grade, meaning no new genetic effects were observed at the 2nd time point. In contrast, nonshared environmental effects were entirely time point specific, meaning whatever nonshared environmental influences were operating at the first time point were not influencing individual variation in the language factor at the second time point.


CONCLUSIONS
The discussion in this article centers on possible candidates for both genetic and nonshared environmental effects as well as implications for clinical practice and future research.
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, USA. lauras@illinois.edu
Laura Segebart
LS
DeThorne
Nicole
N
Harlaar
Stephen A
SA
Petrill
Kirby
K
Deater-Deckard
D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007807:Language Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010700:Phonetics; D012660:Semantics; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data