Reinforcement sensitivity theory and alcohol outcome expectancies in early adolescence.
BACKGROUND
Little research has examined the development of alcohol expectancies in childhood, a notable omission as expectancies are viable targets for prevention programs. Moreover, limited alcohol expectancies research has been conducted from the perspective of psychobiological models of motivation despite the strong conceptual links between such models and cognitive models of alcohol use.


OBJECTIVE
To examine if the associations between individual differences from the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray JA, McNaughton N. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000) and alcohol use is mediated by alcohol expectancies in a large community sample of early adolescents using a prospective design.


METHODS
378 families (1 caregiver; 1 child) were recruited via random digit phone call using a prospective design.


RESULTS
Our findings suggest that both a strong behavioral approach system and fight-flight or freeze system were associated with high levels of positive outcome expectancies, which subsequently predicted an increase in likelihood of alcohol use. There was also some evidence that drive (an aspect of behavioral approach system) was also positively associated with negative expectancies, which subsequently predicted a low probability of alcohol use.


CONCLUSIONS
Individual differences in reinforcement sensitivity may influence the acquisition of positive and negative outcome expectancies, thereby potentially influencing the likelihood of alcohol use in early adolescence. Thus, reinforcement sensitivity theory is a promising theory to account for the link between neural models of addiction and early acquisition of alcohol use in humans.
Department of Psychology, The State University of New York, Buffalo, 14260, USA. hilopez2@buffalo.edu
Hector I
HI
Lopez-Vergara
Craig R
CR
Colder
Larry W
LW
Hawk
William F
WF
Wieczorek
Rina D
RD
Eiden
Liliana J
LJ
Lengua
Jennifer P
JP
Read
D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires