Toxicology of isoproturon to the food crop wheat as affected by salicylic acid.
OBJECTIVE
Isoproturon, a herbicide belonging to the phenylurea family, is widely used to kill weeds in soils. Recent study indicated that isoproturon has become a contaminant in ecosystems due to its intensive use, thus bringing environmental risks to crop production safety. Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the components in plant defense signaling pathways and regulates diverse physiological responses to biotic and environmental stresses. The purpose of the study is to help to understand how SA mediates the biological process in wheat under isoproturon stress.


METHODS
Wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum, cv. Yangmai 13) were surface-sterilized and placed on moist filter paper for germination. After 24 h, the germinating seeds were placed on a plastic pot (1 L) containing 1,120 g soil mixed with isoproturon at 4 mg kg(-1) soil. After 4 days, wheat leaves were sprayed with 5 mg L(-1) SA. The SA treatment was undertaken once a day and lasted for 6 days, when the third true leaf was well developed. For control seedlings, only water was sprayed. Seedlings were grown under a light intensity of 300 µmol m(-2) s(-1) with a light/dark cycle of 12/12 h at 25°C, and watered to keep 70% relative water content in soils.


CONCLUSIONS
We investigated the role of SA in alleviating isoproturon-induced toxicity in the food crop wheat (T. aestivum). Plants exposed to 4 mg kg(-1) isoproturon showed growth stunt and oxidative damage, but concomitant treatment with 5 mg L(-1) SA was able to attenuate the toxic effect. Isoproturon in soils was readily accumulated by wheat, but such accumulation can be blocked significantly by SA application. Treatment with SA decreased the abundance of O(2)                                      (.-) and H(2)O(2), as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes, and increased activities of catalase in isoproturon-exposed plants. The enzyme activities were confirmed by the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further, an RT-PCR-based assay was performed to show that several transcripts coding antioxidant enzymes were increased with isoproturon but decreased by SA.


CONCLUSIONS
The present results indicate that exogenous SA is able to improve the wheat tolerance to isoproturon toxicity.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
Lu
L
Liang
Yan Li
YL
Lu
Hong
H
Yang
D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
D006540:Herbicides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D002734:Chlorophyll; C028904:isoproturon; D020156:Salicylic Acid