Immunotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: present status and new options.
Although no immunotherapeutic treatment is approved for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, promising results from clinical trials suggest that several immunotherapeutic strategies may prove efficacious and applicable to this group of patients. This review describes the immunogenicity of CRC and presents the most interesting strategies investigated so far: cancer vaccination including antigen-defined vaccination and dendritic cell vaccination, chemo-immunotherapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Future treatment options as well as the possibility of combining existing therapies will be discussed along with the challenges presented by tumor escape mechanisms.
Department of Haematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark. evaell02@heh.regionh.dk
Eva
E
Ellebaek
Mads Hald
MH
Andersen
Inge Marie
IM
Svane
Per Thor
PT
Straten
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines