title: Hypogonadism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:  incidence and effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes the literature on hypogonadism in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  COPD is a systemic disease with effects beyond the lungs. Many prior studies have shown that middle-aged and elderly COPD patients may develop hypogonadism. Prevalence of hypogonadism in men with COPD can range from 22 to 69% and has been associated with several other systemic manifestations including osteoporosis, depression, and muscle weakness. Recent studies have revealed conflicting results with regards to these previous perceptions. The discrepancies in the findings can be mainly attributed to small sample size, differences in patient selection, and inconsistent findings. Testosterone replacement therapy may result in modest improvements in fat-free mass and limb muscle strength but its therapeutic efficacy in COPD patients still remains controversial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between hypogonadism and COPD still remains poorly understood. The current literature is at best circumstantial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, UCSF Fresno, Fresno, California, USA. vbalasubramanian@fresno.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Soe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naing
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000728:Androgens / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000453:epidemiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D013739:Testosterone