title: Osteoinductivity of demineralized bone matrix is independent of donor bisphosphonate use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Demineralized bone matrix is commonly used as a bone graft substitute, either alone or to supplement an osteoconductive material, because of its osteoinductive properties. The aging of the population has led to an increase in the number of prospective donors of demineralized bone matrix who have taken bisphosphonates to prevent osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The aim of this study was to determine whether oral bisphosphonate usage affects the osteoinductivity of demineralized bone matrix from donors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sex-matched and age-matched pairs of samples were provided by four tissue banks (three or four pairs per bank). Demineralized bone matrix donors without bisphosphonate treatment had a mean age (and standard deviation) of 69.1 ± 2.5 years, and donors with bisphosphonate treatment had a mean age of 68.9 ± 2.0 years. Each pair included one donor known to have taken bisphosphonates and one who had not taken bisphosphonates. Demineralized bone matrix previously confirmed as osteoinductive was the positive control, and heat-inactivated demineralized bone matrix was the negative control. Demineralized bone matrix incubated with 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 0, 0.002, 2.0, or 2000 ng/mL of alendronate was also tested. Gelatin capsules containing 15 mg of demineralized bone matrix were implanted bilaterally in the gastrocnemius muscle of male nude mice (eight implants per group). The mice were killed thirty-five days after implantation, and hind limbs were recovered and processed for histological analysis. Osteoinductivity was measured with use of a qualitative score and by histomorphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of fifteen samples from donors who had had bisphosphonate treatment and ten of fifteen samples from patients who had not had bisphosphonate treatment were osteoinductive. Qualitative mean scores were comparable (1.7 ± 0.4 for those without bisphosphonates and 1.9 ± 0.7 for those with bisphosphonates). Osteoinductive demineralized bone matrix samples produced ossicles of comparable size, regardless of bisphosphonate usage. Histomorphometric measurements of the area of new bone formation and residual demineralized bone matrix were also comparable. The addition of alendronate to control demineralized bone matrix did not affect its osteoinductivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demineralized bone matrix samples from donors treated with bisphosphonates and donors not treated with bisphosphonates have the same ability to induce bone formation. However, it is not known if the quality of the new bone is affected, with subsequent consequences affecting bone remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA.
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hyzy
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Shawn A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Chad J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ronholdt
authors.forename: MoonHae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunwoo
authors.forename: Barbara D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D001862:Bone Resorption; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014019:Tissue Donors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates