title: Isolation, stability and bioactivity of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters.
abstract: Jatropha curcas seed oil, which can be utilized for biodiesel production upon transesterification, is also rich in phorbol esters (PEs). In this study, PEs from J. curcas oil (Jatropha factors C₁ and C₂ (purified to homogeneity), Jatropha factors C₃ and (C₄+C₅) (obtained as mixtures) and PE-rich extract (containing all the above stated Jatropha factors) were investigated. The concentrations of Jatropha PEs were expressed equivalent to Jatropha factor C₁. In the snail (Physa fontinalis) bioassay, the order of potency (EC₅₀, μg/L) was: PE-rich extract<factor C₃ mixture<factor C₂<factor C₁<factor (C₄+C₅). In the Artemia salina bioassay, the order of potency (EC₅₀, mg/L) was: factor C₂<factor C₃ mixture<factor C₁<factor (C₄+C₅) mixture. In addition, Jatropha PEs exhibited platelet aggregation (ED₅₀, μM, factor C₂<factor C₃ mixture<factor C₁<factor (C₄+C₅) mixture. The stability of a PE-rich extract was evaluated and found to be low at room temperature but favourable in ethanol over a range of temperatures. By integrating the isolation methodology developed in this study in the Jatropha biodiesel industry, PEs could be obtained as value-added co-products.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, 480b, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart-70599, Germany.
authors.forename: Joy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: Rakshit K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Devappa
authors.forename: Harinder P S
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Makkar
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels; D004355:Drug Stability; D004951:Esterification; D006801:Humans; D031286:Jatropha / Q000737:chemistry*; D008975:Molluscacides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012908:Snails / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D008975:Molluscacides; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D010938:Plant Oils