title: Bone bruise, lipohemarthrosis, and joint effusion in CT of non-displaced hip fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A suspected occult hip fracture after normal radiography is not uncommon in an elderly person after a fall. Despite a lack of robust validation in the literature, computed tomography (CT) is often used as secondary imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency and clinical utility of non-cortical skeletal and soft tissue lesions as ancillary fracture signs in CT diagnosis of occult hip fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  All fracture signs (cortical and trabecular fractures, bone bruise, joint effusion, and lipohemarthrosis) were recorded in 231 hip low-energy trauma cases with CT performed after normal or equivocal radiography in two trauma centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no fracture signs in 110 patients. Twelve of these had a joint effusion. In 121 patients with 46 cervical hip fractures and 75 trochanteric fractures one or more fracture signs were present. Cortical fractures were found in 115 patients. Bone bruise was found in 119 patients, joint effusion in 35, and lipohemarthrosis in 20 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ancillary signs such as bone bruise and lipohemarthrosis can strengthen and sometimes indicate the diagnosis in CT of occult hip fractures. Joint effusion is a non-specific sign.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden. mats@geijer.info
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geijer
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunker
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Göthlin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003288:Contusions / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005596:Fractures, Closed / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006615:Hip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*