title: Low-gradient single-sided NMR sensor for one-shot profiling of human skin.
abstract: This paper describes a shimming approach useful to reduce the gradient strength of the magnetic field generated by single-sided sensors simultaneously maximizing its uniformity along the lateral directions of the magnet. In this way, the thickness of the excited sensitive volume can be increased without compromising the depth resolution of the sensor. By implementing this method on a standard U-shaped magnet, the gradient strength was reduced one order of magnitude. In the presence of a gradient of about 2 T/m, slices of 2mm could be profiled with a resolution that ranges from 25 μm at the center of the slice to 50 μm at the borders. This sensor is of particular advantage for applications, where the scanning range is of the order of the excited slice. In those cases, the full profile is measured in a single excitation experiment, eliminating the need for repositioning the excited slice across the depth range to complete the profile as occurs with standard high gradient sensors. Besides simplifying the experimental setup, the possibility to move from a point-by-point measurement to the simultaneous acquisition of the full profile led to the shortening of the experimental time. A further advantage of performing the experiment under a smaller static gradient is a reduction of the diffusion attenuation affecting the signal decay measured with a CPMG sequence, making it possible to measure the T(2) of samples with high diffusivity (comparable to the water diffusivity). The performance of the sensor in terms of resolution and sensitivity is first evaluated and compared with conventional singled-sided sensors of higher gradient strength using phantoms of known geometry and relaxation times. Then, the device is used to profile the structure of human skin in vivo. To understand the contrast between the different skin layers, the distribution of relaxation times T(2) and diffusion coefficients is spatially resolved along the depth direction.
authors.affiliation: ITMC - RWTH-Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, D52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Landeghem
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Danieli
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perlo
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blümich
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casanova
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry; D000465:Algorithms; D020405:Dermis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004817:Epidermis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D059346:Magnets; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared