title: Protons offer reduced normal-tissue exposure for patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy for resected pancreatic head cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the potential role for adjuvant proton-based radiotherapy (PT) for resected pancreatic head cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 2008 and November 2008, 8 consecutive patients with resected pancreatic head cancers underwent optimized intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment planning. IMRT plans used between 10 and 18 fields and delivered 45 Gy to the initial planning target volume (PTV) and a 5.4 Gy boost to a reduced PTV. PTVs were defined according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9704 radiotherapy guidelines. Ninety-five percent of PTVs received 100% of the target dose and 100% of the PTVs received 95% of the target dose. Normal tissue constraints were as follows: right kidney V18 Gy to <70%; left kidney V18 Gy to <30%; small bowel/stomach V20 Gy to <50%, V45 Gy to <15%, V50 Gy to <10%, and V54 Gy to <5%; liver V30 Gy to <60%; and spinal cord maximum to 46 Gy. Optimized two- to three-field three-dimensional conformal proton plans were retrospectively generated on the same patients. The team generating the proton plans was blinded to the dose distributions achieved by the IMRT plans. The IMRT and proton plans were then compared. A Wilcoxon paired t-test was performed to compare various dosimetric points between the two plans for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All proton plans met all normal tissue constraints and were isoeffective with the corresponding IMRT plans in terms of PTV coverage. The proton plans offered significantly reduced normal-tissue exposure over the IMRT plans with respect to the following: median small bowel V20 Gy, 15.4% with protons versus 47.0% with IMRT (p = 0.0156); median gastric V20 Gy, 2.3% with protons versus 20.0% with IMRT (p = 0.0313); and median right kidney V18 Gy, 27.3% with protons versus 50.5% with IMRT (p = 0.0156).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By reducing small bowel and stomach exposure, protons have the potential to reduce the acute and late toxicities of postoperative chemoradiation in this setting.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonsville, FL, USA. rnichols@floridaproton.org
authors.forename: Romaine C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Soon N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Karl L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Byong Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Navesh K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Meng W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Bradford S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Nancy P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Mendenhall
authors.forename: Zuofeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Regine
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000528:radiation effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008099:Liver / Q000528:radiation effects; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D013270:Stomach / Q000528:radiation effects; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons