title: In vitro activity of extract and fractions of natural cocoa powder on Plasmodium falciparum.
abstract: Several flavonoids isolated from certain plants have demonstrated antiplasmodial activity, after their initial indigenous use in malaria treatment. Cocoa has been found to be a rich food source of flavonoids in comparison with many common foods and beverages. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro activity of natural cocoa powder on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Prepared crude methanol extract was partitioned successively with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and butanol. Total flavonoid concentration in the crude methanol extract and fractions was measured by the AlCl(3) colorimetric assay. Direct inhibitory activity of the natural cocoa powder was assessed by culturing extract and fractions with P. falciparum in vitro. Greater antiplasmodial activity was observed in nonpolar solvent fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) compared with polar solvents. The chloroform fraction was most active, with mean±SEM 50% and 90% inhibition concentrations of 48.3±0.9 and 417±7.8 μg/mL, respectively. The study showed a weak association between total flavonoid concentration and antiplasmodial activity. Early trophozoite (ring-stage) synchronized cultures treated with the chloroform fraction of natural cocoa powder showed a decline in growth. Further reduction in parasitemia was also observed for other erythrocytic stages. These results suggest that natural cocoa powder has measurable direct in vitro inhibitory effect on P. falciparum and support the anecdotal reports of its ability to prevent malaria as a result of regular intake as a beverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Ghana.
authors.forename: Seth K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Amponsah
authors.forename: Kwasi A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bugyei
authors.forename: Dorcas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osei-Safo
authors.forename: F Kwaku
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Addai
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asare
authors.forename: Emmanuel Aheto
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tsegah
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baah
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ofori
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gyan
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D011208:Powders; D012639:Seeds; D053058:Trophozoites / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders