title: Characterization of bupivacaine-loaded formulations based on liquid crystalline phases and microemulsions: the effect of lipid composition.
abstract: This report details the structural characterization and the in vitro drug-release properties of different local anesthetic bupivacaine (BUP)-loaded inverted-type liquid crystalline phases and microemulsions. The effects of variations in the lipid composition and/or BUP concentration on the self-assembled nanostructures were investigated in the presence of the commercial distilled glycerol monooleate Myverol 18-99K (GMO) and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rotating dialysis cell model were used to characterize the BUP formulations and to investigate the in vitro BUP release profiles, respectively. The evaluation of SAXS data for the BUP-loaded GMO/MCT formulations indicates the structural transition of inverted-type bicontinuous cubic phase of the symmetry Pn3m → inverted-type hexagonal (H(2)) phase → inverted-type microemulsion (L(2)) with increasing MCT content (0-40 wt %). In the absence of MCT, the solubilization of BUP induces the transition of Pn3m → H(2) at pH 7.4; whereas a transition of Pn3m → (Pn3m + H(2)) is detected as the hydration is achieved at pH 6.0. To mimic the drug release and transport from in situ formed self-assembled systems after subcutaneous administration, the release experiments were performed by injecting low viscous stimulus-responsive precursors to a buffer in the dialysis cell leaving the surface area between the self-assembled system and the release medium variable. Our results suggest that the pH-dependent variations in the lipidic partition coefficient, K(l/w), between the liquid crystalline nanostructures and the surrounding buffer solution are significantly affecting BUP release rates. Thus, a first step toward understanding of the drug-release mechanism of this drug-delivery class has been undertaken tackling the influence of drug ionization as well as the type of the self-assembled nanostructure and its release kinetics under pharmaceutically relevant conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. aya@farma.ku.dk
authors.forename: Anan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaghmur
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rappolt
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Susan Weng
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000737:chemistry*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D050866:Liquid Crystals / Q000737:chemistry*; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle; D012995:Solubility; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004655:Emulsions; D008055:Lipids; D002045:Bupivacaine