title: A content validated questionnaire for assessment of self reported venous blood sampling practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous blood sampling is a common procedure in health care. It is strictly regulated by national and international guidelines. Deviations from guidelines due to human mistakes can cause patient harm. Validated questionnaires for health care personnel can be used to assess preventable "near misses"--i.e. potential errors and nonconformities during venous blood sampling practices that could transform into adverse events. However, no validated questionnaire that assesses nonconformities in venous blood sampling has previously been presented. The aim was to test a recently developed questionnaire in self reported venous blood sampling practices for validity and reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a questionnaire to assess deviations from best practices during venous blood sampling. The questionnaire contained questions about patient identification, test request management, test tube labeling, test tube handling, information search procedures and frequencies of error reporting. For content validity, the questionnaire was confirmed by experts on questionnaires and venous blood sampling. For reliability, test-retest statistics were used on the questionnaire answered twice. The final venous blood sampling questionnaire included 19 questions out of which 9 had in total 34 underlying items. It was found to have content validity. The test-retest analysis demonstrated that the items were generally stable. In total, 82% of the items fulfilled the reliability acceptance criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The questionnaire could be used for assessment of "near miss" practices that could jeopardize patient safety and gives several benefits instead of assessing rare adverse events only. The higher frequencies of "near miss" practices allows for quantitative analysis of the effect of corrective interventions and to benchmark preanalytical quality not only at the laboratory/hospital level but also at the health care unit/hospital ward.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. karin.bolenius@nurs.umu.se
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bölenius
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brulin
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grankvist
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindkvist
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Söderberg
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017056:Medical Laboratory Personnel / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*