title: Direct venous spinal reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid: a new concept with serial magnetic resonance cisternography in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For nearly 100 years it has been believed that the main reabsorption of CSF occurs in arachnoid projections into the superior sagittal sinus, but a significant number of experiments and cases conflict with this hypothesis. According to recently published studies, CSF is permanently produced and absorbed in the whole CSF system. Clusters of arachnoidal villi, which are speculated to have a role in the reabsorption of CSF, have recently been revealed in the dorsal root of the spinal nerves. Huge absorptive surface areas of microvessels have been suggested to serve a putative role in reabsorption. The authors' aim was to observe direct venous connections between the subarachnoid space and the perispinal veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven adult (6 months old) New Zealand white male rabbits weighing approximately 3.0 kg each were used in this experiment. After obtaining precontrast MR cisternography images, subarachnoid access was gained percutaneously via a cisternal approach by using a 20-gauge intravenous indwelling cannula. One rabbit died as a result of brainstem trauma during percutaneous cannulation before contrast administration, but contrast agent was still injected to see the possible MR imaging results of spinal CSF reabsorption after death. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 15, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after the administration of contrast agent. After intramuscular injections of anesthetic, 2 rabbits died 120 and 150 minutes after contrast injection, but the MR imaging study at 180 minutes after contrast injection was still performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct connections between the subarachnoid space and the perispinal veins were observed in all rabbits during serial MR cisternography. The enhancement power was not affected by the amount of injected contrast agent or by cervical or lumbar penetration but was increased at higher contrast concentrations or upon seizure (physical activity).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracranial reabsorption of CSF has been finally proved with direct radiological confirmation of spinal venous reabsorption of CSF using serial MR cisternography. The authors believe that this study can help to develop a more accurate model of CSF dynamics, which will allow understanding of many CSF-related diseases, as well as the development of new strategies for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. huseyin.biceroglu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Biceroglu
authors.forename: Sait
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albayram
authors.forename: Sabri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogullar
authors.forename: Zehra Isik
authors.initials: ZI
authors.lastname: Hasiloglu
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Selcuk
authors.forename: Odhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yuksel
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karaaslan
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.forename: Adem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiris
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009192:Myelography / Q000379:methods*; D011817:Rabbits; D013131:Spine / Q000098:blood supply*; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000502:physiology*; D014680:Veins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA