title: The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a retrospective single-center evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) can be complicated by post-ERCP cholangitis even when performed by experienced endoscopists. Therefore, antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for certain patients, but controversy exists as to which patient groups really benefit from this strategy. We retrospectively evaluated the use of antibiotics in a primary teaching hospital in the Netherlands with regard to the incidence of post-ERCP cholangitis and cholecystitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective single-center evaluation in a primary teaching hospital. All consecutive ERCPs between 2000 and 2006 were studied. Primary end point was the incidence of post-ERCP cholangitis and cholecystitis, divided into four categories: definite, likely, possible and unlikely. Additionally, occurrence of complications such as pneumonia, post-ERCP pancreatitis, perforation of the duodenum, substantial bleeding and the need for re-ERCP within 5 days was scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred forty ERCPs in 327 patients were screened. Of these, 292 ERCPs performed in 193 patients were included. Eight ERCPs (2.7%) of all ERCPs were followed by definite cholangitis and two ERCPs (0.7%) by likely cholangitis. The occurrence rate of ERCP-related complications remained low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that with our current policy of restricted use of antibiotic prophylaxis the overall incidence of biliary tract infections is low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.m.kager@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Liesbeth M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kager
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sjouke
authors.forename: Marre
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Brand
authors.forename: Ton H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Naber
authors.forename: Cyriel Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ponsioen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004378:Duodenal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D058834:Gemella; D006801:Humans; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000209:etiology; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents