title: Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of type 1 diabetes on growth and adult height.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 22 651 children (10 494 females) with type 1 diabetes documented at onset of the disease from specialized centers in Germany and Austria were analyzed. Patients of non-German and non-Austrian origin and patients with celiac disease were excluded from the analysis. Near-adult height data were available in 1685 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, the mean age of the 22 651 children was 8.8 ± 4.2 years, with a mean height SDS of 0.22 ± 1.0. The 1685 patients with diabetes onset before age 11 years reached a mean adult height of -0.16 ± 1.0 SDS. Mean adult height was was 167.1 ± 6.2 cm (-0.16 ± 0.97 SDS) in females (n = 846) and 179.6 ± 7.1 cm (-0.17 ± 1.0 SDS) in males (n = 839). Mean duration of diabetes was 9.1 ± 2.6 years, and mean Hemoglobin A1c concentration was 7.9% ± 1.2% (63 ± 10 mmol/mol). In a multivariate regression model, adult height was positively correlated with height at onset of diabetes (P < .0001) and negatively with mean Hemoglobin A1c (P < .0001) and duration of diabetes (P = .0015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Height at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is above average. Even with intensive insulin therapy, growth and adult height remain indicators of metabolic diabetes control in the 21st century.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. Walter.Bonfig@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bonfig
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kapellen
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dost
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rohrer
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies