title: A landmark-free framework for the detection and description of shape differences in embryos.
abstract: This paper introduces a new method to quantify and characterize shape changes during early facial development without the use of landmarks. Landmarks are traditionally used in morphometric analysis, but very few can be identified reliably across all stages of embryonic development. This method uses deformable registration to produce a dense vector field describing the point correspondences between two images. Low and mid-level features are extracted from the deformable vector field to find regions of organized differences that are biologically relevant. These methods are shown to detect regions of difference when evaluated on chick embryo images warped with small magnitude deformations in regions critical to midfacial development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Maga
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology*; D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002642:Chick Embryo; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000379:methods*