title: Phenylephrine protects cardiomyocytes from starvation-induced apoptosis by increasing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity.
abstract: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is known to be a "housekeeping" protein; studies in non-cardiomyocytic cells have shown that GAPDH plays pro-apoptotic role by translocating from cytoplasm to the nucleus or to the mitochondria. However, the cardiovascular roles of GAPDH are unknown. We observed that phenylephrine (PE) (100 µM) protected against serum and glucose starvation -induced apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. GAPDH glycolysis activity was positively correlated with the antiapoptotic action of PE. GAPDH activity inhibition blunted PE-induced protection of the mitochondrial membrane potential and cardiomyocytes. PE-induced Bcl-2 protein increase, Bax mitochondrial decrease and inhibition of cytochrome C release and Caspase 3 activation, as well as ROS production were blunted by GAPDH activity inhibition. Moreover, GAPDH overexpression provided protection against starvation-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro and ischemia-induced cardiac infarction in vivo. Inhibition of Akt prevented PE-induced GAPDH activity increase and cardiomyocytes protection. In conclusion, the present study provides the first direct evidence of an antiapoptotic role of GAPDH in PE-induced cardiomyocytes protection; GAPDH activity elevation mainly affects the mitochondria-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China. yaolingling@fudan.edu.cn
authors.forename: Ling-Ling
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Yong-Gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiu-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000379:methods; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013217:Starvation / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D010656:Phenylephrine; D045304:Cytochromes c; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; D053148:Caspase 3