title: Coaching efficacy and exploratory structural equation modeling: a substantive-methodological synergy.
abstract: The purpose of this article was to provide a substantive-methodological synergy of potential importance to future research in sport and exercise psychology. The substantive focus was to improve the measurement of coaching efficacy by developing a revised version of the coaching efficacy scale (CES) for head coaches (N = 557) of youth sport teams (CES II-YST). The methodological focus was exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), a methodology that integrates the advantages of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) within the general structural equation model (SEM). The synergy was a demonstration of how ESEM (as compared with CFA) may be used, guided by content knowledge, to develop (or confirm) a measurement model for the CES II-YST. A single-group ESEM provided evidence for close model-data fit, while a single-group CFA fit significantly worse than the single-group ESEM and provided evidence for only approximate model-data fit. A multiple-group ESEM provided evidence for partial factorial invariance by coach's gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008611:Mentors; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult