title: Dual-task motor performance with a tongue-operated assistive technology compared with hand operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To provide an alternative motor modality for control, navigation, and communication in individuals suffering from impairment or disability in hand functions, a Tongue Drive System (TDS) has been developed that allows for real time tracking of tongue motion in an unobtrusive, wireless, and wearable device that utilizes the magnetic field generated by a miniature disk shaped magnetic tracer attached to the tip of the tongue. The purpose of the study was to compare the influence of a concurrent motor or cognitive task on various aspects of simple movement control between hand and tongue using the TDS technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen young able-bodied adults performed rapid and slow goal-directed movements of hand and tongue (with TDS) with and without a concurrent motor (hand or tongue) or cognitive (arithmetic and memory) task. Changes in reaction time, completion time, speed, correctness, accuracy, variability of displacement, and variability of time due to the addition of a concurrent task were compared between hand and tongue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influence of an additional concurrent task on motor performance was similar between the hand and tongue for slow movement in controlling their displacement. In rapid movement with a concurrent motor task, most aspects of motor performance were degraded in hand, while tongue speed during rapid continuous task was maintained. With a concurrent cognitive task, most aspects of motor performance were degraded in tongue, while hand accuracy during the rapid discrete task and hand speed during the rapid continuous task were maintained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid goal-directed hand and tongue movements were more consistently susceptible to interference from concurrent motor and cognitive tasks, respectively, compared with the other movement.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Xueliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Maysam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghovanloo
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult