title: Clinical spectrum of infantile spasm at presentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical and EEG findings in children with infantile spasms at their initial presentation to the Neurophysiology Department, Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Neurophysiology Department, Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2008 to December 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged < 24 months, referred for their first EEG test was assessed for the diagnosis of infantile spasms. Clinical manifestation, EEG finding and anti-epileptic drugs being administered on presentation were analyzed by the paediatric neurologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the total 2050, 410 children (20%) had infantile spasms. Mean age at presentation was 4.6 + 3.5 months. Three hundred and twenty eight presented due to infantile spasms / seizures (80%) and 82 due to psychomotor delay / regression (20%). Seventy-two percent patients presented at the age < 6 month and no patient presented after the age of 18 months. Spasm types were mixed (56%), flexors (24%), extensor (12%) and asymmetric (8%). Etiology classification was symptomatic in 58% and cryptogenic in 42%. Autonomic disturbance, impaired consciousness and abnormal eye movements were the dominant initial clinical presentations. EEG records showed hypsarrhythmic/modified hypsarrhythmic in 82% and other forms of epileptic discharges in 18%. Hormonal therapy was being administered in 12%, 40% were receiving Phenobarbitone and 34% were not being treated with any anti-epileptic agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with infantile spasms have abnormal EEG findings predominantly the hypsarrhythmic modified hypsarrhythmic discharge. To avoid improper treatment, such patients should be referred to the specialized centres.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology, Children's Hospital, Lahore. docmalikpk2000@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Muhammad Akbar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Muhammad Arif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tarrar
authors.forename: Ahmad Osaid
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zia-Ur-Rehman
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants