title: Sorafenib  for the treatment of renal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sorafenib was the first oral antiangiogenic multikinase inhibitor (Raf kinases, VEGF receptors 1 - 3, PDGF-beta, Flt-3, c-kit) for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to be approved. Since 2005, a total of six drugs have been approved for the treatment of RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The preclinical and clinical development of sorafenib that led to its approval for advanced RCC is reviewed in this paper. Its safety, tolerability and efficacy are summarized and compared with other approved treatment options for RCC. Preliminary data on sequential treatment strategies and combination trials with other targeted drugs are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy and good tolerability of sorafenib in patients with RCC has already been confirmed by numerous studies. The drug proved to be suitable for patients of any age, with respect to efficacy and safety. Sequential use of sorafenib and other targeted drugs is characterized by only limited cross-resistance and many studies seem to indicate more clinical benefits and longer overall progression-free survival when sorafenib is administered as a first-line therapy. However, the optimal sequential therapy remains to be determined within prospective trials, such as the SWITCH study. In addition, we need predictive biomarkers to preselect the patients with the best chances of benefiting from sorafenib, in the context of personalized medicine.
authors.affiliation: University of Bochum - Hematology and Oncology, Marienhospital Herne , Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne , Germany. dirk.strumberg@marienhospital-herne.de
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strumberg
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D057285:Precision Medicine; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077157:Sorafenib; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases