title: Lesbian mothers and their children: the third wave.
abstract: Research regarding lesbian mothers and their children has gone through a transformation in the last forty years. The first wave of research examined lesbians who had become parents while in heterosexual relationships. The second wave examined women who became parents within the context of lesbian relationships. Both of these waves focused on family functioning and child outcome, using heterosexual-headed families as comparison groups. The third wave of research, which is now underway, is focusing on the unique challenges faced by these families, and how lesbian mothers are creating and raising their families on their own terms. This article explores the research as it has evolved over the years and the direction in which it is headed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Dowling College, Oakdale, New York 11769, USA. johnsons@dowling.edu
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice; D012925:Social Conformity; D012933:Social Identification; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D016387:Women's Health