title: Nasal deposition and clearance in man: comparison of a bidirectional powder device and a traditional liquid spray pump.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delivery of powder formulations to the nose is an attractive alternative for many drugs and vaccines. This study compared the regional nasal deposition and clearance patterns of lactose powder delivered by the OptiNose powder device (Opt-Powder; OptiNose US Inc., Yardley, PA, USA) to that of liquid aerosol administered via a traditional hand-actuated liquid spray pump (Rexam SP270, Rexam Pharma, France).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was an open-label, crossover design in seven healthy subjects (five females, two males). The regional nasal deposition and clearance patterns of the Opt-Powder device were compared to a traditional liquid spray pump by dynamic gamma camera imaging after administration of either (99m)Tc-labeled lactose powder or liquid (99m)Tc- diethelyne triamine pentaacetic acid-aerosol. The gamma camera images were scaled and aligned with sagittal magnetic resonance images to identify nasal regions. Possible deposition of radiolabeled material in the lungs following both methods of delivery was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both powder and spray were distributed to all of the nasal regions. The Opt-Powder device, however, achieved significantly larger initial deposition in the upper and middle posterior regions of the nose than spray (upper posterior region; Opt-Powder 18.3% ± 11.5 vs. Spray 2.4% ± 1.8, p<0.02; sum of upper and middle posterior regions; Opt-Powder 53.5% ± 18.5 vs. Spray 15.7% ± 13.8, p<0.02). The summed initial deposition to the lower anterior and posterior regions for spray was three times higher compared to Opt-Powder (Opt-Powder 17.4% ± 24.5 vs. Spray 59.4% ± 18.2, p<0.04). OptiNose powder delivery resulted in more rapid overall nasal clearance. No lung deposition was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial deposition following powder delivery was significantly larger in the ciliated mucosa of the upper and posterior nasal regions, whereas less was deposited in the lower regions. Overall nasal clearance of powder was slower initially, but due to retention in anterior nonciliated regions the overall nasal clearance after spray was slower.
authors.affiliation: 1  CSO , OptiNose AS, Oslo,  Norway .
authors.forename: Per Gisle
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Djupesland
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skretting
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000378:metabolism; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D011208:Powders; D013667:Technetium / Q000737:chemistry; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D011208:Powders; D013667:Technetium; D007785:Lactose; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate