title: Depression and marital dissatisfaction among Indian hemodialysis patients and their spouses: a cross-sectional Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interaction of patient in marital dyad may have bearing on long-term patient outcome. Depression, subjective stress, and marital discord have been reported in healthy spouses of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Depressed patients on dialysis along with their spouses can function as depressed dyad. We looked at the incidence and factors associated with depression and marital stress among Indian hemodialysis patients and their spouses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 49 (32 males, 17 females) patients on maintenance hemodialysis and their spouses were independently administered Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and self-rated subjective quality-of-life scale. Their demographic parameters, socioeconomic status, and type of family (nuclear or joint) were also noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 57.1% of patients were depressed compared with 42.8% of spouses (p = 0.133). In both patients and spouses, BDI correlated with quality of life and perceived marital stress. About 36.7% of patients and 24.4% of spouses reported marital stress (p = 0.69). Male spouses had more marital stress compared with female spouses (p < 0.0001). Depression and marital stress in patients and spouses was not associated with socioeconomic status, literacy levels, and employment. Depression in patients had direct correlation with depression in spouse (r = 0.572, p < 0.0001) and degree of marital dissatisfaction in spouse (r = 0.623, p < 0.0001). Patients living in nuclear family were more depressed and had more marital stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Married ESRD patients and their spouses function as a complex psychosocial dyad with significant two-way interactions. Social support, as is seen in joint families, leads to significantly lesser depression and better marital understanding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Moolchand Medcity Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ambar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khaira
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhowmik
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology*; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*