title: Small molecule signaling agents: the integrated chemistry and biochemistry of nitrogen oxides, oxides of carbon, dioxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and their derived species.
abstract: Several small molecule species formally known primarily as toxic gases have, over the past 20 years, been shown to be endogenously generated signaling molecules. The biological signaling associated with the small molecules NO, CO, H₂S (and the nonendogenously generated O₂), and their derived species have become a topic of extreme interest. It has become increasingly clear that these small molecule signaling agents form an integrated signaling web that affects/regulates numerous physiological processes. The chemical interactions between these species and each other or biological targets is an important factor in their roles as signaling agents. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the chemistry of these molecules is essential to understanding their biological/physiological utility. This review focuses on this chemistry and attempts to establish the chemical basis for their signaling functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA. jon.fukuto@sonoma.edu
authors.forename: Jon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fukuto
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Carrington
authors.forename: Dean J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tantillo
authors.forename: Jason G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ignarro
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wink
mesh_terms: D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000737:chemistry; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009211:Myoglobin; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D010100:Oxygen; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide