title: Dual wavelength tumor targeting for detection of hypopharyngeal cancer using near-infrared optical imaging in an animal model.
abstract: Optical imaging is a promising technique to visualize cancer tissue during surgery. In this study, we explored the use of combinations of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence agents that emit fluorescence signal at different wavelengths and each target specific tumor characteristics. Two combinations of agents (ProSense680 combined with 2DG CW800 and MMPSense680 combined with EGF CW800) were used to detect hypopharyngeal cancer in an animal model. ProSense680 and MMPSense680 detect increased activity of cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases, respectively. These enzymes are mainly found in the invasive tumor border due to degradation of the extracellular matrix. 2DG CW800 detects tumor cells with high glucose metabolism and EGF CW800 is internalized by the epidermal growth factor receptor of tumor cells. Whole-body imaging revealed clear demarcation of tumor tissue using all four agents. The tumor-to-background ratio (standard deviation, p-value) was 3.69 (0.72, p < 0.001) for ProSense680; 4.26 (1.33, p < 0.001) for MMPSense680; 5.81 (3.59, p = 0.02) for 2DG CW800 and 4.84 (1.56, p < 0.001) for EGF CW800. Fluorescence signal corresponded with histopathology and immunohistochemistry, demonstrating signal of ProSense680 and MMPSense680 in the invasive tumor border, and signal of 2DG CW800 and EGF CW800 in the tumor tissue. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of dual wavelength tumor detection using different targeting strategies simultaneously in an animal model. Combined targeting at different wavelengths allowed simultaneous imaging of different tumor characteristics. NIR fluorescence optical imaging has the potential to be translated into the clinic in order to improve the complete removal of tumors by real-time image-guided surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. s.keereweer@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keereweer
authors.forename: Isabel M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vahrmeijer
authors.forename: Pieter B A A
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Van Driel
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baatenburg de Jong
authors.forename: Jeroen D F
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kerrebijn
authors.forename: Clemens W G M
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Löwik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes