title: A multi-center study on low-frequency rTMS combined with intensive occupational therapy for upper limb hemiparesis in post-stroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and intensive occupational therapy (OT) have been recently reported to be clinically beneficial for post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis. Based on these reports, we developed an inpatient combination protocol of these two modalities for the treatment of such patients. The aims of this pilot study were to confirm the safety and feasibility of the protocol in a large number of patients from different institutions, and identify predictors of the clinical response to the treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects were 204 post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis (mean age at admission 58.5 ± 13.4 years, mean time after stroke 5.0 ± 4.5 years, ± SD) from five institutions in Japan. During 15-day hospitalization, each patient received 22 treatment sessions of 20-min low-frequency rTMS and 120-min intensive OT daily. Low-frequency rTMS of 1 Hz was applied to the contralesional hemisphere over the primary motor area. The intensive OT, consisting of 60-min one-to-one training and 60-min self-exercise, was provided after the application of low-frequency rTMS. Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) were performed serially. The physiatrists and occupational therapists involved in this study received training prior to the study to standardize the therapeutic protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients completed the protocol without any adverse effects. The FMA score increased and WMFT log performance time decreased significantly at discharge, relative to the respective values at admission (change in FMA score: median at admission, 47 points; median at discharge, 51 points; p < 0.001. change in WMFT log performance time: median at admission, 3.23; median at discharge, 2.51; p < 0.001). These changes were persistently seen up to 4 weeks after discharge in 79 patients. Linear regression analysis found no significant relationship between baseline parameters and indexes of improvement in motor function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 15-day inpatient rTMS plus OT protocol is a safe, feasible, and clinically useful neurorehabilitative intervention for post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis. The response to the treatment was not influenced by age or time after stroke onset. The efficacy of the intervention should be confirmed in a randomized controlled study including a control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kakuda
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abo
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Jinichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sasanuma
authors.forename: Takatsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: Sugao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitani
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harashima
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Urushidani
authors.forename: Mitsuyoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urashima
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*