title: Nitrosamines and heme iron and risk of prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evidence about nitrosamines and heme iron intake and cancer risk is limited, despite the biologic plausibility of the hypothesis that these factors might increase cancer risk. We investigated the association between dietary nitrosamines and heme iron and the risk of prostate cancer among participants of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer occurrence was available for 139,005 men, recruited in 8 European countries. Estimates of HRs were obtained by proportional hazard models, stratified by age at recruitment, and study center, and adjusted for total energy intake, smoking status, marital status, dairy products, educational level, and body mass index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 10 years, 4,606 participants were diagnosed with first incident prostate cancer. There was no overall association between prostate cancer risk and nitrosamines exposure (preformed and endogenous) or heme iron intake (HR for a doubling of intake: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98-1.03 for N-Nitrosodimethlyamine, 0.95; 95% CI: 0.88-1.03 for endogenous Nitrosocompounds, and 1.00; 95 CI: 0.97-1.03 for heme iron).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings do not support an effect of nitrosamines (endogenous and exogenous) and heme iron intake on prostate cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. paujak@iconcologia.net
authors.forename: Paula G
authors.initials: PG
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authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Leila
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authors.lastname: Lujan-Barroso
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Timothy J
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authors.lastname: Key
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authors.lastname: Fonseca-Nunes
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authors.forename: Kuanrong
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authors.forename: Heiner
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authors.lastname: Boeing
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authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Eleni
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authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: Maria
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authors.lastname: Sarantopoulou
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authors.forename: Vittorio
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authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Rosario
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authors.forename: Fulvio
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authors.lastname: Ricceri
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Huerta
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authors.lastname: Ardanaz
authors.forename: Marcial V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arguelles
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molina-Montes
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Larrañaga
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
authors.forename: Peter
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authors.lastname: Wallström
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Pär
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authors.lastname: Stattin
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Mazda
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authors.lastname: Jenab
authors.forename: Veronika
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authors.lastname: Fedirko
authors.forename: Elio
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authors.lastname: Riboli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D009602:Nitrosamines; D006418:Heme