title: Pharmacists' counseling protocols for minor ailments: a structure-based analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-medication is an important component of health care. To optimize pharmacists' over-the-counter counseling, there are several guidelines and protocols used in practice. In a self-care environment, protocols should comprise items related to patients' autonomy. The structure of self-medication protocols, among other elements, should present steps to facilitate patients' participation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze structural differences between existing community pharmacy minor ailment protocols, including those related to patient autonomy and empowerment in self-medication conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design followed a cross-sectional descriptive approach. Self-medication protocols were systematically collected from 3 different professional sources (Pharmaceutical Society [OF], National Pharmacies Association [ANF], and Grupo Holon [GH]). A structural-based analysis, by comparison with the general self-medication OF standard protocol, produced outcome measures such as frequencies of flowchart critical steps, active pharmaceutical substances, dosage forms, and posologies. Simple scores were computed to assess protocols' structural quality, as well as differences between protocols, produced by each professional organization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four protocols presented on average 8 counseling steps toward 10 different active substances, 7 dosages forms, and 14 posologic schemes. From a maximum of 30 critical items, 1 protocol scored 24, 7 scored 23, and 5 scored less than 15 items. Significant differences were found between protocols' structural components from different sources, particularly between GHs' protocols compared with those produced by OF and ANF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, all protocols matched the OF standard for ailment characterization but fell short on steps related to medicine information and selection. Steps for patient participation and agreement were absent, as was pharmacists' expected role of outcomes monitoring. It might be appropriate to redesign self-medication protocols, preferably through a consensus process that includes not only professionals' but also patients' preferences, starting from the prevalent conditions in Portuguese pharmacy practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal. acavaco@ff.ul.pt
authors.forename: Afonso M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cavaco
authors.forename: Pedro F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D006801:Humans; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010358:Patient Participation; D010595:Pharmacists; D011174:Portugal; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012651:Self Medication
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs