title: Continuous glucose monitoring in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia is a prominent feature among patients exposed to major stress such as in cardiac surgery. The implementation of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for glucose monitoring during cardiac surgery was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery were monitored by CGMS. Patients' fluid glucose content, drug requirements, and hemodynamic and physiologic parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 59 patients, 32 completed the monitoring with CGMS. Patients were divided into three groups: diabetes patients, patients without diabetes history who developed significant hyperglycemia perioperatively, and patients who did not develop hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was most frequently observed postoperatively. Hyperglycemic patients required significantly more insulin (81±40 vs. 34±37 units, P=0.005) and experienced an increased early complication rate, although this difference was not significant. CGMS erroneously detected late-phase operative and immediate postoperative hypoglycemia in approximately one-third of patients as reflected from venous blood sample measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CGMS enables close monitoring and optimal control of blood glucose among patients undergoing major cardiac surgery, although its reliability is limited during the cardiac surgery phase and in the early postoperative period, because of incorrect hypoglycemic readings.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Department, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
authors.forename: Boaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalmovich
authors.forename: Yosefa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bar-Dayan
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boaz
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wainstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin