title: Prosthetic joint infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a retrospective case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical features and outcome of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients have not been characterized. We performed a retrospective, matched case-control study to examine potential risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed cases of PJI among transplant recipients who were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic between 1989 and 2009. Cases were matched to non-infected controls based on transplant type, prosthetic joint type, and order of organ transplantation/joint implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 367 patients with both a joint prosthesis and an SOT, there were 12 cases of infection in those receiving immunosuppression. These occurred in 8 renal recipients, 3 liver recipients, and 1 heart transplant recipient. Six subjects had hip and 6 had knee arthroplasty infections. The observed time to prosthesis failure ranged from 0.5 to 148 months after implantation. Gram-positive bacteria (staphylococci and streptococci) caused the infection in 8 subjects. Two cases were caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria, whereas the remaining 2 cases were culture-negative in the setting of antimicrobial use. We did not find a statistically significant association between obesity, diabetes mellitus, or antimicrobial prophylaxis (given in the setting of immunosuppression) and development of PJI. A marginal association was seen between surgical site infection and the risk of PJI; however, this did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, infection was mainly caused by gram-positive bacterial pathogens, similar to the commonly encountered organisms in the immunocompetent host, although opportunistic pathogens were also isolated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vergidis
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lesnick
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Razonable
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007595:Joint Prosthesis / Q000382:microbiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors