title: Electron irradiation of conjunctival lymphoma--Monte Carlo simulation of the minute dose distribution and technique optimization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  External beam radiotherapy is the only conservative curative approach for Stage I non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the conjunctiva. The target volume is geometrically complex because it includes the eyeball and lid conjunctiva. Furthermore, the target volume is adjacent to radiosensitive structures, including the lens, lacrimal glands, cornea, retina, and papilla. The radiotherapy planning and optimization requires accurate calculation of the dose in these anatomical structures that are much smaller than the structures traditionally considered in radiotherapy. Neither conventional treatment planning systems nor dosimetric measurements can reliably determine the dose distribution in these small irradiated volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Monte Carlo simulations of a Varian Clinac 2100 C/D and human eye were performed using the penelope and penEasyLinac codes. Dose distributions and dose volume histograms were calculated for the bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina, papilla, lacrimal gland, and anterior and posterior hemispheres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulated results allow choosing the most adequate treatment setup configuration, which is an electron beam energy of 6 MeV with additional bolus and collimation by a cerrobend block with a central cylindrical hole of 3.0 cm diameter and central cylindrical rod of 1.0 cm diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monte Carlo simulation is a useful method to calculate the minute dose distribution in ocular tissue and to optimize the electron irradiation technique in highly critical structures. Using a voxelized eye phantom based on patient computed tomography images, the dose distribution can be estimated with a standard statistical uncertainty of less than 2.4% in 3 min using a computing cluster with 30 cores, which makes this planning technique clinically relevant.
authors.affiliation: NCTeam, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany. lorenzo.brualla@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brualla
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zaragoza
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sempau
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wittig
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
mesh_terms: D003230:Conjunctival Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D058958:Organs at Risk; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards