title: Diclofenac salts, part 7: are the pharmaceutical salts with aliphatic amines stable?
abstract: Eight cyclic aliphatic amines, pyrrolidine (Py), piperidine (Pp), morpholine (M), piperazine (Pz), and the N-hydroxyethyl (HE) analogues, were employed to prepare a salt with acidic diclofenac (D). These salts were examined by thermal [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and hot-stage microscopy (HSM)] and spectroscopic [Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, (1) H NMR, and ultraviolet] analysis. The results show the thermal instability of these salts: the thermal dissociation leaves the starting acidic D, evidenced by the FTIR and Raman spectra inside the molten mass of the salts with M and HEM. The nature of the salt with Pz (1:1 or 1:2) and HEPy (anhydrous or hydrate polymorph), but not for the salt with HEPz and Py, depends on the polarity of the solvent used for the preparation of the salt. Incomplete dehydration of the hydrate Py and Pz salts progressively modifies the thermogram profiles and originates false information. Melting of the salts with Pp, M, and HEM could be demonstrated by HSM, but not with DSC. The difficulty of providing a description of these salts in a simple way originates doubts on the utility of a wide application of aliphatic amines to prepare pharmaceutical salts with D, whose solubility in water does not significantly differ from that of the common sodium D.
authors.affiliation: Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy. adamo.fini@unibo.it
authors.forename: Adamo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fini
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: Glenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bassini
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ospitali
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morigi
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D004355:Drug Stability; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008853:Microscopy; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D044366:Transition Temperature
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D012997:Solvents; D004008:Diclofenac