title: Ureteral stent retrieval using the crochet hook technique in females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We developed a method for ureteral stent removal in female patients that requires no cystoscopy or fluoroscopic guidance using a crochet hook. In addition, we also investigated the success rate, complications and pain associated with this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 female patients (56 stents) underwent the removal of ureteral stents. All procedures were carried out with the patients either under anesthesia, conscious sedation, or analgesic suppositories as deemed appropriate for each procedure including Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL), Ureteroscopy (URS), Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and ureteral stent removal. At the time of these procedures, fluoroscopy and/or cystoscopy were prepared, but they were not used unless we failed to successfully remove the ureteral stent using the crochet hook. In addition, matched controls (comprising 50 stents) which were removed by standard ureteral stent removal using cystoscopy were used for comparison purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 47 of the 56 stents (83.9%) were successfully removed. In addition, 47 of 52 (90.4%) were successfully removed except for two migrated stents and two heavily encrusted stents which could not be removed using cystoscopy. Ureteral stent removal using the crochet hook technique was unsuccessful in nine patients, including two encrustations and two migrations. Concerning pain, ureteral stent removal using the crochet hook technique showed a lower visual analogue pain scale (VAPS) score than for the standard technique using cystoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteral stent removal using a crochet hook is considered to be easy, safe, and cost effective. This technique is also easy to learn and is therefore considered to be suitable for use on an outpatient basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ohguchi Higashi General Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. takashi_tk2001@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terao
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Hiroji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
mesh_terms: D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*