title: Is (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT useful for the presurgical characterization of thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine needle aspiration cytology?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid nodules found incidentally on (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) have been shown to be malignant in 30%-50% of cases. The American Thyroid Association recommends performing fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for thyroid nodules showing FDG uptake. On the other hand, the role of FDG-PET in characterizing thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology before surgery is not clear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) in predicting malignancy of thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNAC and to correlate FDG uptake with pathological and ultrasonographic (US) features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2006 and October 2009, 55 patients (42 women, mean age: 50 years) planned for surgery for 56 thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNAC were prospectively included and considered for analysis. All patients underwent presurgical FDG-PET/CT (Siemens Biograph, mean FDG injected activity: 165 MBq) and neck US. Pathology of the corresponding surgical specimen was the gold standard for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At pathology 34 nodules were benign, 10 were malignant (7 papillary and 3 follicular carcinomas), and 12 were tumors of uncertain malignant potential (TUMP). The median size of the thyroid nodules was 21 mm (range: 10-57). Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), and negative predictive (NPV) values of FDG-PET in detecting cancer/TUMP were 77%, 62%, 57%, and 81%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, cellular atypia was the only factor predictive of FDG uptake (p<0.001). Hurthle cells and poorly differentiated components were independent predictive factors of high (≥5) SUV Max (p=0.02 and p=0.02). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of US in detecting cancer/TUMP were 82%, 47%, 50%, and 80%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, hypervascularization was correlated with malignancy/TUMP (p=0.007) and cystic features were correlated with benignity (p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding FDG-PET findings to neck US provided no diagnostic benefit. The sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET in the presurgical evaluation of indeterminate thyroid nodules are too low to recommend FDG-PET routinely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. desiree.deandreis@igr.fr
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deandreis
authors.forename: Abir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Ghuzlan
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auperin
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vielh
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caillou
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chami
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lumbroso
authors.forename: Jean Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Travagli
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hartl
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baudin
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlumberger
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leboulleux
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18