title: Prevalence of human papilloma virus in esophageal carcinomas: a polymerase chain reaction-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been repeatedly found in esophageal carcinoma tissues. However, detection rates of HPV DNA in these tumors have varied markedly. Differences in detection methods, sample types and geographic regions of the sample origin have been suggested as potential causes of this discrepancy. This study was undertaken to analyze the prevalence of HPV in esophageal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV L1 DNA was evaluated in a total of 49 esophageal carcinoma samples, including 44 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 5 cases of adenocarcinoma. Seventeen control samples of esophageal brushings were also analyzed. The HPV L1 fragment was detected using MY09/MY11 primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In test samples, 17/49 (34.7%) were positive for HPV L1 and, in comparison, none of the control samples were positive. HPV DNA was identified in 17/37 (46%) cases of non-keratinizing SCC and was not identified in any case of esophageal keratinizing SCC and adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study defines a significant association of HPV with esophageal non-keratinizing SCC. Our findings raise the possibility that HPV is involved in esophageal carcinogenesis, especially the non-keratinizing type of SCC. Further investigation with a larger sample size over broader geographic areas may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology and Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. nalini203@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Adarsh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barwad
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajwanshi
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kochhar
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; C114580:HPV L1 protein, Human papillomavirus; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral