title: Insulin- and growth factor-resistance impairs vascular regeneration in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Diabetes and pre-diabetes are major contributors to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Insulin resistance is a key pathophysiological determinant of the metabolic and vascular abnormalities noted in these disorders. Ineffective vascular repair is likely to be an important contributor to the development of endothelial dysfunction, and subsequently atherosclerosis, in patients with diabetes. Beyond the systemic effects of the insulin resistant phenotype, including factors such as dysglycaemia and inflammation, cellular insulin resistance is emerging as an important factor in diabetic vascular disease. Disordered signal transduction via the PI3-kinase/Akt and MAP-kinase cascades is a hallmark of cellular insulin resistance, and such changes have been linked with both endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis. In this review we highlight the importance of insulin resistance to vascular repair and regeneration, discuss important cross-talk between the intracellular signalling of insulin and key pro-angiogenic molecules, and link these concepts to common patterns of vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, LIGHT Laboratories, The University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK. r.cubbon@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cubbon
authors.forename: Noman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Anshu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kearney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases