title: Relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to age-related comorbidity in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are the 2 most frequent psychiatric disorders co-occurring with Tourette syndrome (TS). Both usually cause greater impairment in psychosocial functioning than the tics themselves. In a previous study, we examined the relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to other comorbid conditions in TS. The relationship of OCD to other comorbidities in TS still remains unclear and is the focus of the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pearson's χ tests and logistic regressions (year-wise) were used to examine a cross-sectional sample of children and adolescents (n = 5060) diagnosed with TS, taken from the Tourette Syndrome International Database Consortium. We explored the relationship of OCD to other comorbid conditions in TS across different age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children (ages 5-10 y) with TS, higher rates of comorbidities were found in the presence compared with the absence of OCD. Adolescents (ages 11-17 y) with TS + OCD showed higher rates of internalizing (i.e., anxiety and mood) disorders when compared with those with TS - OCD. A year-wise increase of coexisting mood disorders was found for subjects with TS with and without OCD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, children and adolescents with TS + OCD showed higher rates of comorbid disorders compared with those with TS - OCD. This underlines the necessity for a comprehensive assessment of additional comorbidities even if the 2 disorders (TS + OCD) have already been diagnosed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Sina.Wanderer@uniklinikum-dresden.de
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanderer
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Roessner
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*