title: HIV-related bronchiectasis in children: an emerging spectre in high tuberculosis burden areas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children have an eleven-fold risk of acute lower respiratory tract infection. This places HIV-infected children at risk of airway destruction and bronchiectasis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study predisposing factors for the development of  bronchiectasis in a developing world setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with HIV-related bronchiectasis aged 6-14 years were enrolled. Data were collected on demographics, induced sputum for tuberculosis, respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus), influenza A and B, parainfluenza  1-3, adenovirus and cytomegalovirus), bacteriology and cytokines. Spirometry was performed. Blood samples were obtained for HIV staging, immunoglobulins, immunoCAP®-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) for common foods and aeroallergens and cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 35 patients were  enrolled in the study. Of 161 sputum samples, the predominant organisms cultured were Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae (49%). The median forced expiratory volume in 1 second of all patients was 53%. Interleukin-8 was the predominant cytokine in sputum and serum. The  median IgE level was 770 kU/l; however, this did not seem to be related to atopy; 36% were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, with no correlation between exposure and CD4 count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with HIV-related bronchiectasis are diagnosed after the age of 6 years and suffer significant  morbidity. Immune stimulation mechanisms in these children are intact despite the level of immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. refiloe.masekela@up.ac.za
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masekela
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Kitchin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Risenga
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D060085:Coinfection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003906:Developing Countries; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007159:Immunologic Tests; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013147:Spirometry; D013183:Sputum / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators