title: Real-time prescription surveillance and its application to monitoring seasonal influenza activity in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time surveillance is fundamental for effective control of disease outbreaks, but the official sentinel surveillance in Japan collects information related to disease activity only weekly and updates it with a 1-week time lag.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on a prescription surveillance system using electronic records related to prescription drugs that was started in 2008 in Japan, and to evaluate the surveillance system for monitoring influenza activity during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 influenza seasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an automatic surveillance system using electronic records of prescription drug purchases collected from 5275 pharmacies through the application service provider's medical claims service. We then applied the system to monitoring influenza activity during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 influenza seasons. The surveillance system collected information related to drugs and patients directly and automatically from the electronic prescription record system, and estimated the number of influenza cases based on the number of prescriptions of anti-influenza virus medication. Then it shared the information related to influenza activity through the Internet with the public on a daily basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 2009-2010 influenza season, the number of influenza patients estimated by the prescription surveillance system between the 28th week of 2009 and the 12th week of 2010 was 9,234,289. In the 2010-2011 influenza season, the number of influenza patients between the 36th week of 2010 and the 12th week of 2011 was 7,153,437. The estimated number of influenza cases was highly correlated with that predicted by the official sentinel surveillance (r = .992, P < .001 for 2009-2010; r = .972, P < .001 for 2010-2011), indicating that the prescription surveillance system produced a good approximation of activity patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our prescription surveillance system presents great potential for monitoring influenza activity and for providing early detection of infectious disease outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, Tokyo, Japan. tammy@nih.go.jp
authors.forename: Tamie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohkusa
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ibuka
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawanohara
authors.forename: Kiyosu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Nobuhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okabe
mesh_terms: D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012621:Seasons