title: Development of the maternal anal canal during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a longitudinal and functional ultrasound study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Normal anatomical and physiological development of the maternal anal canal during and after pregnancy has been documented scarcely. We aimed to study the position and volume of the anal canal, during and after pregnancy, in women without previous delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a longitudinal study in which transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound was used to measure anatomical structures in the anal canal during rest and squeeze in 23 nulliparous women. The total anal canal volume (ACV), anorectal curvature (ARC), anovaginal angle (AVA) and anal canal length were determined at 18, 28 and 36 weeks of pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total ACV at rest increased from a mean of 10.17 cm(3) at 18 weeks to 12.37 cm(3) and 12.21 cm(3) at 28 and 36 weeks, respectively (P = 0.001 and P = 0.010 vs. first measurement). For anal canal length, the corresponding mean measurements were 3.91 cm, 4.07 cm (P = 0.13) and 4.21 cm (P = 0.017). Postpartum, the mean total ACV was 10.86 cm(3) and length was 3.90 cm (P = 0.10 and P = 0.70 vs. first measurement). No significant changes were observed in ARC and AVA during or after pregnancy. Compared to at-rest status, the anal length significantly increased on voluntary squeeze (P = 0.007, 0.007, 0.022 and 0.004 at the four time points), while no differences in total ACV were observed. In mid-pregnancy AVA significantly increased during squeeze (P = 0.006 and 0.002 at weeks 18 and 28, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anal canal length and total ACV increase during pregnancy in women without previous delivery. Voluntary squeezing elongates the anal canal and increases the angle formed with respect to the direction of the vagina. During postpartum involution, the characteristics of the anal canal revert to those observed at 18 weeks of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hammerfest Hospital, Hammerfest, Norway. ingrid.petrikke.olsen@helse-finnmark.no
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilsgaard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiserud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D010298:Parity; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014621:Vagina; D055815:Young Adult