title: Predictors of and reasons for pacifier use in first-time mothers: an observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of pacifiers is commonplace in Australia and has been shown to be negatively associated with breastfeeding duration. In order to influence behaviour related to the use of pacifiers it is important to understand the reasons for their use. The primary aim of this observational study was to investigate who (if anyone) advises first-time mothers to give a pacifier and the reasons for which they first give (or try to give) a pacifier to their infant. Additionally, this study investigated the predictors of pacifier use and the relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 670 Australian first-time mothers recruited as part of the NOURISH trial completed a questionnaire regarding infant feeding and pacifier use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pacifiers were introduced by 79% of mothers, of whom 28.7% were advised to use a pacifier by their mother/mother-in-law with a further 22.7% being advised by a midwife. The majority of mothers used a pacifier in order to soothe their infant (78.3%), to help put them to sleep (57.4%) and to keep them comforted and quiet (40.4%). Pacifiers given to infants before four weeks (adjHR 3.67; 95%CI 2.14-6.28) and used most days (adjHR 3.28; 95%CI 1.92-5.61) were significantly associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies an opportunity for educating new mothers and their support network, particularly their infant's grandmothers, with regards to potential risks associated with the early and frequent use of a pacifier, and alternative methods for soothing their infant, in order to reduce the use of pacifiers and their potentially negative effect on breastfeeding duration.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Chelsea E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mauch
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Anthea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Magarey
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Daniels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D041361:Pacifiers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010298:Parity; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires