title: Evaluation of catmint oil and hydrogenated catmint oil as repellents for the flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum.
abstract: Catmint oil and hydrogenated catmint oil were evaluated as repellents for adult Tribolium casteneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the red flour beetle, and T. confusum (DuVal), the confused flour beetle, using both a traditional method of visual assessment of distribution and a video recording method to determine movement patterns of individual insects. Visual assessments of distribution using groups of adults showed that the hydrogenated catmint oil was more effective than the pure catmint oil, but there was no significant difference between species. However, when repellency was measured using single insects and the visual recording system, both oils were significantly more repellent to T. castaneum than T. confusum at the concentrations evaluated in the study. Avoidance movement and change in direction when T. castaneum encountered the repellent were observed. Results indicate that repellents may be more accurately assessed using single insects rather than groups of individuals, and simple visual observations of distribution may be less sensitive in measuring repellent efficacy. Procedures for utilizing a video system are described as models for future evaluations of repellents for stored-product beetles.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS-Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, USA. frank.arthur@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fontenot
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000032:analysis*; D027521:Nepeta / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis*; D014231:Tribolium; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D009822:Oils, Volatile