title: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) biomarkers in pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: The diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) are a group of clinicopathological entities which have recently undergone reclassification. The commonest type of idiopathic DPLD is interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which is histologically characterized by usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), with inflammatory changes in the alveoli and subsequent collagen deposition. A similar type of inflammatory change can also be seen with connective tissue disorders. Many mediators are involved, but it is difficult to study these in a non-invasive manner in patients. The aim of the study detailed in this paper was to investigate inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in PF and correlate these with lung function. 20 PF patients and 20 controls participated in the study. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was collected over 10 min using a refrigerated condenser, after fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and carbon monoxide (eCO) measurement. EBC total nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), 8-isoprostane (8-iso), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), pH and total protein were measured. EBC biomarkers were significantly raised in PF compared with controls: EBC 3-NT (2.5 (0.7-8.9) versus 0.3 (0.1-1.1) ng ml(-1), p = 0.02); pH (7.6 ± 0.3 versus 7.4 ± 0.2, p = 0.004); 8-isoprostane (0.2 (0.1-0.4) versus 0.08 (0.04-0.2) ng ml(-1), p = 0.04) and total protein (24.7 ± 21.1 versus 10.7 ± 7.0 µg ml(-1), p = 0.008). FeNO and eCO were also increased (8.6 (7.1-10.4) versus 6.6 (5.6-7.8) ppb, p = 0.04, and 4.5 ± 1.7 versus 2.7 ± 0.7 ppm, p = 0.001, respectively), but no significant differences were found for NOx or H(2)O(2). In conclusion, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers are raised in patients with PF compared with controls. EBC may be useful for detecting and monitoring lung inflammation in PF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharron
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malouf
authors.forename: Deborah H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013147:Spirometry; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide