title: Enhancement of Antinociception by Co-administrations of Nefopam, Morphine, and Nimesulide in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in the peripheral or central nervous system with different pathophysiological mechanisms. Current treatments are not effective. Analgesic drugs combined can reduce pain intensity and side effects. Here, we studied the analgesic effect of nimesulide, nefopam, and morphine with different mechanisms of action alone and in combination with other drugs in chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (n = 8) weighing 150-200 g were divided into 3 different groups: 1- Saline-treated CCI group, 2- Saline-treated sham group, and 3- Drug-treated CCI groups. Nimesulide (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg), nefopam (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg), and morphine (1, 3, and 5 mg/kg) were injected 30 minutes before surgery and continued daily to day 14 post-ligation. In the combination strategy, a nonanalgesic dose of drugs was used in combination such as nefopam + morphine, nefopam + nimesulide, and nimesulide + morphine. Von Frey filaments for mechanical allodynia and acetone test for cold allodynia were, respectively, used as pain behavioral tests. Experiments were performed on day 0 (before surgery) and days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 post injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nefopam (30 mg/kg) and nimesulide (5 mg/kg) blocked mechanical and thermal allodynia; the analgesic effects of morphine (5 mg/kg) lasted for 7 days. Allodynia was completely inhibited in combination with nonanalgesic doses of nefopam (10 mg/kg), nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg), and morphine (3 mg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that analgesic drugs used in combination, could effectively reduce pain behavior with reduced adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saghaei
authors.forename: Taraneh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moini Zanjani
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabetkasaei
authors.forename: Kobra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naseri