title: The effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in preventing amikacin-induced nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nephrotoxicity induced by aminoglycosides (AGs) limits their clinical use. As yet, no molecules have been approved to prevent AG nephropathy. We aim to investigate the effectiveness of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in the prevention of amikacin (AK)-induced nephrotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 rats were allocated into control, GSPE, AK, and AK + GSPE groups. While 1 mL saline was administered for 6 days in control and AK groups, 100 mg/kg GSPE was administered in GSPE and AK + GSPE groups. On day 7, intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline was administered in control and GSPE groups, while 1.2 g/kg i.p. AK was administered in AK and AK + GSPE groups. The experiment was terminated on day 9. Blood samples were taken for the measurement of renal functions. Renal tissues of the rats were removed for the analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant system (TOS), total antioxidant system, oxidative stress index (OSI), and for histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDA level was found to be lower in GSPE group compared with other study groups. There was significantly more renal histopathological damage and higher blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, TOS, OSI, and MDA levels in the AK group compared with the control and AK + GSPE groups. The same parameters showed significant improvement in AK + GSPE group compared with AK group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate for the first time that GSPE reduces oxidative damage in AK nephropathy and provides biochemical and renal histopathological improvements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. sulusoy2002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sukru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulusoy
authors.forename: Gulsum
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Safak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ersoz
authors.forename: Asım
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orem
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alkanat
authors.forename: Fulya Balaban
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Yucesan
authors.forename: Kubra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaynar
authors.forename: Sait
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al
mesh_terms: D000583:Amikacin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D000583:Amikacin