title: Does the distribution of health care benefits in Kenya meet the principles of universal coverage?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 58th World Health Assembly called for all health systems to move towards universal coverage where everyone has access to key promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health interventions at an affordable cost. Universal coverage involves ensuring that health care benefits are distributed on the basis of need for care and not on ability to pay. The distribution of health care benefits is therefore an important policy question, which health systems should address. The aim of this study is to assess the distribution of health care benefits in the Kenyan health system, compare changes over two time periods and demonstrate the extent to which the distribution meets the principles of universal coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two nationally representative cross-sectional households surveys conducted in 2003 and 2007 were the main sources of data. A comprehensive analysis of the entire health system is conducted including the public sector, private-not-for-profit and private-for-profit sectors. Standard benefit incidence analysis techniques were applied and adopted to allow application to private sector services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three sectors recorded similar levels of pro-rich distribution in 2003, but in 2007, the private-not-for-profit sector was pro-poor, public sector benefits showed an equal distribution, while the private-for-profit sector remained pro-rich. Larger pro-rich disparities were recorded for inpatient compared to outpatient benefits at the hospital level, but primary health care services were pro-poor. Benefits were distributed on the basis of ability to pay and not on need for care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The principles of universal coverage require that all should benefit from health care according to need. The Kenyan health sector is clearly inequitable and benefits are not distributed on the basis of need. Deliberate efforts should be directed to restructuring the Kenyan health system to address access barriers and ensure that all Kenyans benefit from health care when they need it.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya. Jchuma@kilifi.kemri-wellcome.org
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chuma
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ataguba
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006777:Hospitals, Proprietary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006788:Hospitals, Voluntary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*