title: Xenon is not superior to isoflurane on cardiovascular function during experimental acute pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute right ventricular afterload increase is a known perioperative challenge for the anaesthetic regime especially for patients with a compromised right ventricle. The accused negative inotropic action of volatile anaesthetics, with the exception of xenon, might be crucial for the adaptation of the right ventricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reversible pulmonary hypertension (mean pressure 40 mmHg) was induced by an infusion of the stable thromboxane A(2) analog U46619 in a porcine model (n = 35). The effects of 70 vol% xenon and 0.9 vol% isoflurane on biventricular function were studied by conductance catheter technique. Inflammation and myocardial injury was quantified using serum probes [tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), troponin] and myocardial tissue [B natriuretic peptide (BNP), TNFα, activated caspase 3] by enzyme-linked immunosorbance assays and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After wash in of xenon global haemodynamic parameters remained stable whereas isoflurane caused a systemic vasodilation. This led to a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure in the isoflurane group whereas cardiac output remained stable. Both substances did not alter the biventricular contractility nor did they induce changes in preload for both ventricles. Xenon led to an additional increase in right ventricular afterload, whereas isoflurane reduced pulmonary vascular resistance. No effects on systemic inflammatory response and myocardial injury were found, whereas higher apoptosis rate and expression of BNP and IL-6 was determined in the right ventricle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not support the idea that xenon is more beneficial than isoflurane in right ventricular failure during pulmonary hypertension. Isoflurane did not compromise systolic ventricular function during acute PHT it only led to vasodilation in contrast to xenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Aken, Aachen, Germany. aroehl@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Roehl
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steendijk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossaint
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bleilevens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goetzenich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hein
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014978:Xenon; D007530:Isoflurane; D053148:Caspase 3