title: Lung cancer risk among construction workers in California, 1988-2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although lung cancer risks can vary by race/ethnicity and by construction occupation, these risks have not been examined extensively.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study analyzed 110,937 lung cancer cases identified from the California Cancer Registry between 1988 and 2007. Mean age at diagnosis, proportion diagnosed at an advanced stage, and proportion with 3-year survival were calculated for lung cancer cases employed in the construction industry. Case-control methodology was also used to assess the risk of lung cancer. Morbidity odds ratios (MORs) were estimated by conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Construction workers were found to have a significantly elevated risk for all lung cancer combined (MOR = 1.57) and for each lung cancer histologic subtype examined. All construction occupations, except managers/engineers and supervisors, had a significantly elevated risk for all lung cancer combined. Roofers and welders had the highest risks for total lung cancer and for each of the histologic subtypes. Construction workers in each of the four race/ethnicity groups also had significantly increased lung cancer risks. Compared to non-construction workers, construction workers were diagnosed at an earlier age, at a more advanced stage, and had significantly lower 3-year survival, though differences were modest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings justify additional reductions in carcinogenic exposures in construction, and increased support for smoking cessation programs at construction sites.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. jac6@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luckhaupt
authors.forename: Soo-Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cress
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: SangWoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tak
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deapen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060389:Construction Industry / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors