title: Spatial anxiety relates to spatial abilities as a function of working memory in children.
abstract: Spatial ability is a strong predictor of students' pursuit of higher education in science and mathematics. However, very little is known about the affective factors that influence individual differences in spatial ability, particularly at a young age. We examine the role of spatial anxiety in young children's performance on a mental rotation task. We show that even at a young age, children report experiencing feelings of nervousness at the prospect of engaging in spatial activities. Moreover, we show that these feelings are associated with reduced mental rotation ability among students with high but not low working memory (WM). Interestingly, this WM × spatial anxiety interaction was only found among girls. We discuss these patterns of results in terms of the problem-solving strategies that boys versus girls use in solving mental rotation problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Committee on Education, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Sian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Beilock
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014825:Vocabulary