title: Genetic etiology of the common liability to drug dependence: evidence of common and specific mechanisms for DSM-IV dependence symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the etiological nature of comorbid alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis DSM-IV dependence symptoms in late adolescence and young adulthood while accounting for gender differences in the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariate and multivariate twin modeling was used to determine the heritability of each substance and the etiology of multiple drug problems in a sample of 2484 registrants of the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence who provided data at the second wave of an ongoing longitudinal study. We report on mean and prevalence levels of whole-life DSM-IV dependence symptoms that were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module. Biometrical analyses were limited to age-adjusted DSM-IV dependence symptom counts from a subset of twins that reported using alcohol, tobacco, or cannabis in their lifetime.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male and female alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis DSM-IV symptoms are indicators of a heritable unidimensional latent continuous trait. Additive genetic factors explain more than 60% of the common liability to drug dependence. A larger proportion of the variation in each substance is attributable to substance-specific genetic and environmental factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that both common and substance-specific genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in the levels of DSM-IV alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis dependence symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, United States. Rohan Palmer@Brown.edu
authors.forename: Rohan H C
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Tanya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Button
authors.forename: Soo H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Corley
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hewitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000235:genetics*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D014427:Twins; D055815:Young Adult