title: Global phylogeography and evolution of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus.
abstract: A global phylogeny for chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV), the most likely aetiological agent of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles, was inferred, using dated sequences, through Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis and used to estimate the virus evolutionary rate independent of the evolution of the host, and to resolve the phylogenetic positions of new haplotypes from Puerto Rico and the Gulf of Guinea. Four phylogeographical groups were identified: eastern Pacific, western Atlantic/eastern Caribbean, mid-west Pacific and Atlantic. The latter comprises the Gulf of Guinea and Puerto Rico, suggesting recent virus gene flow between these two regions. One virus haplotype from Florida remained elusive, representing either an independent lineage sharing a common ancestor with all other identified virus variants or an Atlantic representative of the lineage giving rise to the eastern Pacific group. The virus evolutionary rate ranged from 1.62×10(-4) to 2.22×10(-4) substitutions per site per year, which is much faster than what is expected for a herpesvirus. The mean time for the most recent common ancestor of the modern virus variants was estimated at 192.90-429.71 years ago, which, although more recent than previous estimates, still supports an interpretation that the global FP pandemic is not the result of a recent acquisition of a virulence mutation(s). The phylogeographical pattern obtained seems partially to reflect sea turtle movements, whereas altered environments appear to be implicated in current FP outbreaks and in the modern evolutionary history of CFPHV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Patrício
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Technical University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: ecOceanica, Lima 41, Peru.|Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Vélez-Zuazo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sciences and Technology (DCTMA) of the University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santos Loureiro
authors.affiliation: Lisbon Oceanarium, 1999-005 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Technical University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Toranzos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010212:Papilloma / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014426:Turtles / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral