title: Disturbances in dental development and craniofacial growth in children treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the correlation between age, degree of disturbances in dental development, and vertical growth of the face in children treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  39 long-term survivors of HSCT performed in childhood and transplanted before the age of 12, at a mean age of 6.8±3.3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panoramic and cephalometric radiographs were taken at a mean age of 16.2 years. For each patient two age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. The area of three mandibular teeth was measured and a cephalometric analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean area of the mandibular central incisor, first and second molar was significantly smaller in the HSCT group, and the vertical growth of the face was significantly reduced, especially in the lower third, compared to healthy controls. A statistically significant correlation between age at HSCT, degree of disturbances in dental development, and vertical growth of the face was found. Children subjected to pre-HSCT chemotherapy protocols had significantly more growth reduction in vertical craniofacial variables compared to children without pre-HSCT chemotherapy. Conditioning regimens including busulfan or total body irradiation had similar deleterious effects on tooth area reduction and craniofacial parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The younger the child is at HSCT, the greater the impairment in dental and vertical facial development. This supports the suggestion that the reduction in lower facial height found in SCT children mainly is a result of impaired dental development and that young age is a risk factor for more severe disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vesterbacka
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ringdén
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Remberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huggare
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahllöf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002066:Busulfan / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012307:Risk Factors; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D002066:Busulfan