title: Anatomic variations found on dissection of depressor septi nasi muscles in cadavers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define variations of the depressor septi muscle in Iranians; to provide guidance for modification of this muscle during rhinoplasty in patients with an active muscle and short upper lip; and to correlate our findings with our clinical experience to develop the applied algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted by dissecting 82 depressor septi nasi muscles in 41 Iranian cadavers. Origin and insertion points of each muscle were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three variations were found in muscle insertion points: periosteal, orbicularis oris, and floating. Forty-four percent of the muscles were inserted into the periosteum of the maxilla (n = 36); 39% of muscles were inserted into the orbicularis oris muscle (n = 32); and 17% were diminutive or floating (n = 14). Periosteal insertion was thicker and stronger than the other variations. In all cadavers, the origin of the muscle was medial crus of alar cartilage and caudal of the nasal septum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cadaveric dissection showed that the percentage of depressor septi muscle insertions is not similar to that found in other surveys. In this study, periosteal insertion of the depressor septi muscle was the most common variation.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Molasadra, Tehran, Iran. ae_49341@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nejadsarvari
authors.forename: Mohammad Hosein Kalantar
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Motamedi
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaee
authors.forename: Ehsan Shams
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Koushki
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012225:Rhinoplasty