title: Effect of heparan sulfate and gold nanoparticles on muscle development during embryogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was hypothesized that heparan sulfate (HS) as an essential compound for myogenesis and nanoparticles of gold (nano-Au) as highly reactive compounds can affect muscle development as a consequence of molecular regulation of muscle cell formation, and that these effects may be enhanced by a complex of HS conjugated with nano-Au. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of administration of nano-Au, HS, and a nano-Au+HS complex on the morphological and molecular characteristics of breast muscle during embryogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chicken embryos were used as in vivo model. Fertilized chicken eggs (n = 350) were randomly divided into the control group and the groups treated with nano-Au, HS, and nano-Au+HS. The experimental solutions were given in ovo on the first day of incubation and the embryos were evaluated on day 20 of incubation. The methods included biochemical indices in blood, immunohistochemistry, microscopy (transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal), and gene expression at the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatments did not adversely affect mortality, organ weight, and homeostasis of the embryos. HS stimulated the development and maturation of breast muscle by increasing the number of nuclei, satellite cells, and muscle fibers and affected the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and paired-box transcription factor-7. Furthermore, the nano-Au+HS complex contributed to the increased number of myocytes and nuclei in chicken embryo muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the administration of HS and nano-Au affects muscle development and that this effect is enhanced by conjugating HS with nano-Au.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marlena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zielinska
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sawosz
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grodzik
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gromadka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hotowy
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sawosz
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lozicki
authors.forename: Andrè
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chwalibog
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051763:PAX7 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006046:Gold; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D051763:PAX7 Transcription Factor