title: Physical activity and disability among adolescents and young adults with non-specific musculoskeletal pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare physical activity levels of adolescents and young adults with chronic pain with that of healthy participants. To investigate the impact of pain intensity, pain catastrophizing and depressive symptoms on the level of physical activity and disability of adolescents and young adults with chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study. Levels of physical activity and disability of adolescents and young adults with chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain (n = 42) were compared with that of healthy participants (n = 42). For participants with chronic pain, measures of pain catastrophizing, pain intensity and depression were examined for their ability to explain levels of physical activity and disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  multivariate regression analysis, Mann-Whitney testing, Pearson correlation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with chronic pain were as active as healthy participants (p = 0.22) (confidence interval [CI] 95%), although they seemed to be less active in sports and heavy-loaded activities. Pain intensity (ß = 0.32) and depressive symptoms (ß = 0.36) contributed significantly to disability (CI 95%). There was no significant association between physical activity and disability (CI 95%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain is a disabling condition for adolescents and young adults. The level of physical activity in the daily life of adolescents and young adults with chronic pain is comparable to that of healthy counterparts, although the performance of sports and heavy-loaded activities seems diminished. Both pain intensity and depressive symptoms are disabling. [
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain is a disabling condition for adolescents and young adults.• Pain intensity and depressive symptoms predict disability.• The effect of pain on the physical-activity level of adolescents and young adults with chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain seems to be small.• Assessment and improvement of emotional well-being may improve treatment programs for adolescents and young adults with chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain.]
authors.affiliation: Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands. nstommen@sgl-zorg.nl
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Stommen
authors.forename: Jeanine A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Verbunt
authors.forename: Simone L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gorter
authors.forename: Mariëlle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Goossens
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D058443:Catastrophization; D059350:Chronic Pain; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult