title: Blood cadmium and moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction in Korean adults: analysis of KNHANES 2005-2008 data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between blood cadmium (Cd) and moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction in a Korean population using a representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate the association between blood Cd and glomerular dysfunction. Based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2008), individual blood Cd was measured in 2,992 adults, aged between 20 and 65.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for survey years, age, sociodemographic factors, and health behaviors, the odds ratio for moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.28-3.07) when comparing the highest with the lowest blood Cd quartile in Korean women. However, in Korean men, there was no association between blood Cd and moderate-to-severe glomerular dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the consideration of Cd as a risk factor for glomerular dysfunction in the female population. Furthermore, environmental heavy metal monitoring and an institutional strategy should be implemented to reduce Cd exposure in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Pyo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Myong
authors.forename: Hyoung-Ryoul
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Bongkyoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D056910:Republic of Korea; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003404:Creatinine