title: Is there any role for urodynamic study in children with high-grade vesicoureteral reflux?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical symptoms and urodynamic characteristics among children with primary high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied clinical symptoms and urodynamic parameters in 147 consecutive patients ≤ 12 years old with idiopathic high-grade VUR referred to our hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 147 patients with high-grade VUR, 139 cases with mean age of 5.3 years met our inclusion criteria (88.5% females, 11.5% males). The most common symptom was recurrent urinary tract infection (57%) and urgency (59%) followed by enuresis (31.6%) and frequency (26.6%). Normal urodynamic findings were observed in 23% of patients. Overactive bladder (74%), high-end filling pressure (72.7%), low-compliance bladder (56%), and low bladder capacity (51%) were the most common urodynamic reports in this study. Other urodynamic findings were underactive bladder (1.5%), hypersensitive bladder (1.5%), hyposensitive bladder (3%), and high capacity bladder (2.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proper management of VUR is very important because of its harmful potential effects on kidney function in children. With regard to the issue that most children with grade III and higher VUR had overactive bladder, high-end filling pressure, and other urodynamic disorders in their urodynamic study, it seems that these urodynamic disorders could be the basic cause of reflux.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shohada Medical Center, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. info@drhosseinkarami.com
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karami
authors.forename: Abdollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Razi
authors.forename: Mohammad Mohsen
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mazloomfard
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Javanmard
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*