title: Nicotine-induced chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nicotine has been reported that it has a dose-dependent effect on matrix mineralization by human bone marrow cells. However, there is no relevant research concerning on chondrogenic differentiation potential of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) treated with nicotine in vitro. The aims of the study were to examine the effects of nicotine (0, 10(-7), 10(-6) and 10(-5) M) on the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs from three healthy donors in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMSCs proliferation was analyzed by CCK8 assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assay the expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, type I collagen and type X collagen. The proteoglycan content was stained by Alcian blue, and the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content of BMSCs was quantified spectrofluorometrically using dimethylmethylene blue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell viability was not significantly impaired until up to a concentration of 10(-5) M nicotine. Nicotine promoted the proliferation and enhanced the expression of type II collagen at the level up to 10(-6) M (P < 0.05). The expression of aggrecan was reduced at the concentration of 10(-5) M nicotine at day 14 (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in aggrecan gene expression at 10(-7) and 10(-6) M nicotine levels compared to control group (n.s.). Also the fibroblastic and hypertrophic gene expressions were down-regulated in the chondrogenic medium with 10(-7)-10(-5) M nicotine (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was implied that local application of nicotine at an appropriate concentration may be a promising approach for enhancing chondrogenic differentiation capacity of BMSCs in cell-based cartilage tissue engineering. Also these results indicate that nicotine maybe a potentially useful drug for the treatment of Osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, 109 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaozhou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shaowen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Enxing
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Qingyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dongquan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chuanzhu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D024043:Collagen Type II; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D009538:Nicotine