title: Metastatic colorectal cancer: current treatment and future options for improved survival. Medical approach--present status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastatic colorectal cancer has a poor prognosis, and the majority of patients are left with palliative measures. The development seen using medical treatments are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic approach to the literature-based evidence of effects from palliative chemotherapy and targeted drugs was aimed at.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The continuous improvements during the past 20-25 years have been documented in several large conclusive trials. At the end of the 1980s, the evidence that chemotherapy should be used at all was very limited, whereas presently most patients can be offered three lines of chemotherapy with or without a targeted drug based upon good scientific evidence. Median survival in trials has gradually improved from about 6 months to above 24 months in the most recent trials. Survival in the populations has, however, not improved to the same extent. Several important issues remain to be solved, such as the best sequence of treatments, what regimens to use in various situations, when to start and when to stop if a response is seen, whether cure may be possible in a small subset of patients, and socioeconomic issues. Integration of surgery and other local methods have further improved outcome for some individuals, but must be fine-tuned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progress has been rapid in advanced colorectal cancer. This is likely a result of well-designed trials in collaboration between academy and industry, showing a great interest in the disease. A multi-professional approach and future collaborations may hopefully introduce new treatment concepts, further improving outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. bengt.glimelius@onkologi.uu.se
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glimelius
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cavalli-Björkman
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis