title: Development and validation of a virtual reality simulator: human factors input to interventional radiology training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study developed and validated a virtual reality (VR) simulator for use by interventional radiologists.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Research in the area of skill acquisition reports practice as essential to become a task expert. Studies on simulation show skills learned in VR can be successfully transferred to a real-world task. Recently, with improvements in technology, VR simulators have been developed to allow complex medical procedures to be practiced without risking the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three studies are reported. In Study I, 35 consultant interventional radiologists took part in a cognitive task analysis to empirically establish the key competencies of the Seldinger procedure. In Study 2, 62 participants performed one simulated procedure, and their performance was compared by expertise. In Study 3, the transferability of simulator training to a real-world procedure was assessed with 14 trainees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study I produced 23 key competencies that were implemented as performance measures in the simulator. Study 2 showed the simulator had both face and construct validity, although some issues were identified. Study 3 showed the group that had undergone simulator training received significantly higher mean performance ratings on a subsequent patient procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study support the centrality of validation in the successful design of simulators and show the utility of simulators as a training device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies show the key elements of a validation program for a simulator. In addition to task analysis and face and construct validities, the authors highlight the importance of transfer of training in validation studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Manchester Business School, Booth Street East, Manchester, UK MI5 6PB; sheena. johnson@mbs.ac.uk. sheena.johnson@mbs.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sheena Joanne
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Guediri
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kilkenny
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Clough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D006801:Humans; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000193:education*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface