title: Alu Sx repeat-induced homozygous deletion of the StAR gene causes lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
abstract: Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Lipoid CAH) is the most severe form of the autosomal recessive disorder CAH. A general loss of the steroid biosynthetic activity caused by defects in the StAR gene manifests as life-threatening primary adrenal insufficiency. We report a case of Lipoid CAH caused by a so far not described homozygous deletion of the complete StAR gene and provide diagnostic results based on a GC-MS steroid metabolomics and molecular genetic analysis. The patient presented with postnatal hypoglycemia, vomiting, adynamia, increasing pigmentation and hyponatremia. The constellation of urinary steroid metabolites suggested Lipoid CAH and ruled out all other forms of CAH or defects of aldosterone biosynthesis. After treatment with sodium supplementation, hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone the child fully recovered. Molecular genetic analysis demonstrated a homozygous 12.1 kb deletion in the StAR gene locus. The breakpoints of the deletion are embedded into two typical genomic repetitive Alu Sx elements upstream and downstream of the gene leading to the loss of all exons and regulatory elements. We established deletion-specific and intact allele-specific PCR methods and determined the StAR gene status of all available family members over three generations. This analysis revealed that one of the siblings, who died a few weeks after birth, carried the same genetic defect. Since several Alu repeats at the StAR gene locus increase the probability of deletions, patients with typical symptoms of lipoid CAH lacking evidence for the presence of both StAR alleles should be analyzed carefully for this kind of disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eiden-Plach
authors.forename: Huy-Hoang
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Michaela F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hannemann
authors.forename: Stefan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wudy
mesh_terms: D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D020087:Alu Elements; D001483:Base Sequence; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058490:Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D055432:Metabolomics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010375:Pedigree; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D010750:Phosphoproteins; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme