title: Assessing the quality of force feedback in soft tissue simulation.
abstract: Many types of deformable models have been proposed for simulation of soft tissue in surgical simulators, but their realism in comparison to actual tissue is rarely assessed. In this paper, a nonlinear mass-spring model is used for realtime simulation of deformable soft tissues and providing force feedback to a human operator. Force-deformation curves of real soft tissue samples were obtained experimentally, and the model was tuned accordingly. To test the realism of the model, we conducted two human-user experiments involving palpation with a rigid probe. First, in a discrimination test, users identified the correct category of real and virtual tissue better than chance, and tended to identify the tissues as real more often than virtual. Second, users identified real and virtual tissues by name, after training on only real tissues. The sorting accuracy was the same for both real and virtual tissues. These results indicate that, despite model limitations, the simulation could convey the feel of touching real tissues. This evaluation approach could be used to compare and validate various soft-tissue simulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. basafa@jhu.edu
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Basafa
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sefati
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Okamura
mesh_terms: D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological