title: Nonlinear laser scanning microscopy of human vocal folds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to apply nonlinear laser scanning microscopy (NLSM) for visualizing the morphology of extracellular matrix proteins within human vocal folds. This technique may potentially assist clinicians in making rapid diagnoses of vocal fold tissue disease or damage. Microstructural characterization based on NLSM provides valuable information for better understanding molecular mechanisms and tissue structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental, ex vivo human vocal fold.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom-built multimodal nonlinear laser scanning microscope was used to scan fibrillar proteins in three 4% formaldehyde-fixed cadaveric samples. Collagen and elastin, key extracellular matrix proteins in the vocal fold lamina propria, were imaged by two nonlinear microscopy modalities: second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF), respectively. An experimental protocol was introduced to characterize the geometrical properties of the imaged fibrous proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NLSM revealed the biomorphology of the human vocal fold fibrous proteins. No photobleaching was observed for the incident laser power of ∼60 mW before the excitation objective. Types I and III fibrillar collagen were imaged without label in the tissue by intrinsic SHG. Imaging while rotating the incident laser light-polarization direction confirmed a helical shape for the collagen fibers. The amplitude, periodicity, and overall orientation were then computed for the helically distributed collagen network. The elastin network was simultaneously imaged via TPF and found to have a basket-like structure. In some regions, particularly close to the epithelium, colocalization of both extracellular matrix components were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A benchmark study is presented for quantitative real-time, ex vivo, NLSM imaging of the extracellular macromolecules in human vocal fold lamina propria. The results are promising for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. amir.miriramsheh@mail.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Amir K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Miri
authors.forename: Umakanta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mongeau
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wiseman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis*; D004549:Elastin / Q000032:analysis*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen; D004549:Elastin