title: Small tympanic membrane perforations in the inferior quadrants do not impact the manubrium vibration in guinea pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been believed that location of the perforation has a significant impact on hearing loss. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the perforation sites had no impact on hearing loss. We measured the velocity and pattern of the manubrium vibration in guinea pigs with intact and perforated eardrum using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to determine the effects of different location perforations on the middle ear transfer functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two bullas from 2 guinea pigs were used to determine stability of the umbo velocities, and 12 bullas from six guinea pigs to determine the effects of different location perforations on sound transmission. The manubrium velocity was measured at three points on the manubrium in the frequencies of 0.5-8 kHz before and after a perforation was made. The sites of perforations were in anterior-inferior (AI) quadrants of left ears and posterior-inferior (PI) quadrants of right ears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The manubrium vibration velocity losses were noticed in the perforated ears only below 1.5 kHz. The maximum velocity loss was about 7 dB at 500 Hz with the PI perforation. No significant difference in the velocity loss was found between AI and PI perforations. The average ratio of short process velocity to the umbo velocity was approximately 0.5 at all frequencies. No significant differences were found before and after perforation at all frequencies (p>0.05) except 7 kHz (p = 0.004) for both AI and PI perforations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The manubrium vibration velocity losses from eardrum perforation were frequency-dependent and the largest losses occur at low frequencies. Manubrium velocity losses caused by small acute inferior perforations in guinea pigs have no significant impact on middle ear sound transmission at any frequency tested. The manubrium vibration axis may be perpendicular to the manubrium below 8 kHz in guinea pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xiuling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Shuyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wandong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: She
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Xiuji
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shui
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008371:Manubrium / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000473:pathology*; D014732:Vibration