title: A method for distinctly marking honey bees, Apis mellifera, originating from multiple apiary locations.
abstract: Inexpensive and non-intrusive marking methods are essential to track natural behavior of insects for biological experiments. An inexpensive, easy to construct, and easy to install bee marking device is described in this paper. The device is mounted at the entrance of a standard honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hive and is fitted with a removable tube that dispenses a powdered marker. Marking devices were installed on 80 honey bee colonies distributed in nine separate apiaries. Each device held a tube containing one of five colored fluorescent powders, or a combination of a fluorescent powder (either green or magenta) plus one of two protein powders, resulting in nine unique marks. The powdered protein markers included egg albumin from dry chicken egg whites and casein from dry powdered milk. The efficacy of the marking procedure for each of the unique markers was assessed on honey bees exiting each apiary. Each bee was examined, first by visual inspection for the presence of colored fluorescent powder and then by egg albumin and milk casein specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Data indicated that all five of the colored fluorescent powders and both of the protein powders were effective honey bee markers. However, the fluorescent powders consistently yielded more reliable marks than the protein powders. In general, there was less than a 1% chance of obtaining a false positive colored or protein-marked bee, but the chance of obtaining a false negative marked bee was higher for "protein-marked" bees.
authors.affiliation: Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA. james.hagler@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagler
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Teuber
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Deynze
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D002364:Caseins; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004772:Entomology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D002364:Caseins; D004396:Coloring Agents