title: Interventional management of cancer pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interventional techniques were the mainstay for cancer pain management before the WHO ladder and opioids were freely available. The three-step WHO ladder has its limitations, and cancer pain is often under treated. Advances in treatment options mean that cancer patients are living longer and pain interventions may have a role to play even early in the cancer diagnosis for better quality of analgesia. The role of high doses of opioids in pain management is also currently under scrutiny.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent advances in intrathecal analgesia, radiofrequency techniques, both in tumour ablation and neurotomies, are being widely used for palliation. Vertebroplasty techniques have been used not only for pain relief, but also for stabilization. Improved imaging and thoracoscopic techniques have made coeliac plexus and splanchnic blockade safer and more efficacious. There has been recent interest in percutaneous cordotomy with newer techniques using computed tomography/MRI and endoscopy guidance. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and 8% capsaicin patches have been successfully used for managing neuropathic pain in cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions form an integral part in providing pain relief in complex cancer pains. Oncologists and palliative care physicians are to be educated on the usefulness and timing of interventions in the management of complex cancer pain.
authors.affiliation: The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, United Kingdom. arun.bhaskar@christie.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bhaskar
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D054854:Vertebroplasty / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D002211:Capsaicin