title: Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  • Linagliptin is an oral, highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that was approved in the United States, Europe and elsewhere in 2011 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. • The elimination of linagliptin is primarily non-renal. Therefore, a potential effect of hepatic impairment on the elimination of linagliptin may have important implications for dosing recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • This study shows that mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment did not result in an increase in linagliptin exposure after single and multiple dosing as compared with normal hepatic function. • No linagliptin dose adjustment is required in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether hepatic impairment affects linagliptin pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability.
  
  
  METHODS
  This open label, parallel group, single centre study enrolled patients with mild (n= 8), moderate (n= 9) or severe (n= 8) hepatic impairment and healthy subjects (n= 8). Groups were matched with regard to age, weight and gender. Primary endpoints were linagliptin exposure following 5 mg linagliptin once daily for 7 days in patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment vs. healthy subjects or after a single 5 mg dose for patients with severe hepatic impairment vs. healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In mild hepatic impairment, steady-state linagliptin exposure was slightly lower than in healthy subjects [AUC(τ,ss) geometric mean ratio (GMR) 75.5%, 90% confidence interval (CI) 61.6%, 92.5%, and C(max,ss) GMR 64.4%, 90% CI 43.2%, 96.0%]. Exposure also tended to be lower in moderate hepatic impairment (AUC(τ,ss) GMR 85.5%, 90% CI 70.2%, 104.2% and C(max,ss) GMR 92.3%, 90% CI 62.8%, 135.6%). After a single dose, AUC(0,24 h) in patients with severe hepatic impairment was similar to that in healthy subjects (GMR 100.4%, 90% CI 75.0%, 134.3%) and C(max) was lower (GMR 77.0%, 90% CI 44.9%, 132.3%). Accumulation based on AUC or C(max) and renal excretion of unchanged linagliptin (≤ 7%) were comparable across groups. Median plasma DPP-4 inhibition was similar in healthy subjects (91%), and patients with mild (90%) and moderate (89%) hepatic impairment at steady-state trough concentrations, and in patients with severe hepatic impairment 24 h after a single dose (84%). Linagliptin was well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment did not result in an increase in linagliptin exposure after single and multiple dosing compared with normal hepatic function. Dose adjustment with linagliptin is not required in patients with hepatic impairment.
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany. Ulrike.Graefe-Mody@boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Graefe-Mody
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Retlich
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Waldhauser
authors.forename: Rodica
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cinca
authors.forename: Hans-Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Woerle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069476:Linagliptin; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011687:Purines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D011687:Purines; D011799:Quinazolines; D000069476:Linagliptin