title: The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) has led a revolution in physiology and pharmacology research during the last two decades. This labile molecule plays an important role in many functions in the body regulating vasodilatation, blood flow, mitochondrial respiration and platelet function. Currently, it is known that NO synthesis occurs via at least two physiological pathways: NO synthase (NOS) dependent and NOS independent. In the former, L-arginine is the main precursor. It is widely recognized that this amino acid is oxidized to NO by the action of the NOS enzymes. Additionally, L-citrulline has been indicated to be a secondary NO donor in the NOS-dependent pathway, since it can be converted to L-arginine. Nitrate and nitrite are the main substrates to produce NO via the NOS-independent pathway. These anions can be reduced in vivo to NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. Other molecules, such as the dietary supplement glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC), have also been suggested to increase levels of NO, although the physiological mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The interest in all these molecules has increased in many fields of research. In relation with exercise physiology, it has been suggested that an increase in NO production may enhance oxygen and nutrient delivery to active muscles, thus improving tolerance to physical exercise and recovery mechanisms. Several studies using NO donors have assessed this hypothesis in a healthy, trained population. However, the conclusions from these studies showed several discrepancies. While some reported that dietary supplementation with NO donors induced benefits in exercise performance, others did not find any positive effect. In this regard, training status of the subjects seems to be an important factor linked to the ergogenic effect of NO supplementation. Studies involving untrained or moderately trained healthy subjects showed that NO donors could improve tolerance to aerobic and anaerobic exercise. However, when highly trained subjects were supplemented, no positive effect on performance was indicated. In addition, all this evidence is mainly based on a young male population. Further research in elderly and female subjects is needed to determine whether NO supplements can induce benefit in exercise capacity when the NO metabolism is impaired by age and/or estrogen status.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Physical Education INEFC-Barcelona, Physiology Laboratory, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. raul.bescos@inefc.net
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bescós
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sureda
authors.forename: Josep A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tur
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pons
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D045462:Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D012977:Sodium Nitrite / Q000378:metabolism; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D045462:Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors; D008293:Malates; D009566:Nitrates; D002956:Citrulline; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C030298:malic acid; C031618:sodium nitrate; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D012977:Sodium Nitrite