title: Assessments of salivary antioxidant activity using electron spin resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years, the function of saliva has been focused on evaluation of general status. The relationship between salivary antioxidant activity and periodontal disease progression is unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between periodontal disease and salivary antioxidant activity towards various reactive oxygen species (ROS) using electron spin resonance (ESR) technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  We demonstrated that whole saliva derived rats or human subjects scavenged ROS such as superoxide (O(2)(·-)) and hydroxyl radical (HO(·)) using ESR spectroscopy with spin trapping agent. In addition, we assessed the relationship between antioxidants activity towards ROS and periodontal index with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in human subject saliva.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antioxidant activity towards O(2)(·-) was increased by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection in rat, although antioxidant activity towards HO(·) was not changed. In human, a strong correlation (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) recognized between salivary antioxidant activity towards O(2)(·-) and probing pocket depth (PPD). In addition, the intensity of salivary antioxidant activity depended on SOD activity level. SOD activity was also correlated with PPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rat salivary antioxidant activity towards O(2)(·-) was up-regulated by the inflammatory response caused by P. gingivalis infection. Similar response was recognized in human saliva with periodontal index. Additionally, a linear correlation between antioxidant activity towards O(2)(·-) and SOD activity was verified by ESR technique. Therefore, evaluation of the salivary antioxidant activity towards O(2)(·-) might be an effective parameter for the objective assessment of periodontal disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology & ESR Laboratories, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wada-Takahashi
authors.forename: Shuta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tokutomi
authors.forename: Yojiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maehata
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Shun-Suke
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Kyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Masaichi-Chang-il
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase