title: [Adverse ocular drug reactions of systemic antimicrobial agents].
abstract: Antimicrobial therapy can cause adverse ocular drug reactions. They are most                     often noticed by changes of the eyes' anterior segments or by pain and visual                     disturbances. It is important that physicians but also patients are watchful for                     the symptoms and know about their potential dangerous consequences because the                     chance for reversibility may depend on their early detection. During therapy                     with voriconazol about one third of patients complain of visual disturbances                     soon after the first doses but symptoms generally resolve after a short period                     of time without sequelae. Telithromycin may impair accommodation due to its                     anticholinergic activity. Neuropathies of the optic nerve may be caused by                     ethambutol, isoniazid, streptomycin, and linezolid. The first symptoms, such as                     disturbances in colour vision, typically occur with a latency of several weeks                     after start of therapy. This adverse effect may result in serious long term                     impairment of visual function. Toxic effects on the mitochondria in retinal                     ganglion cells are discussed as underlying mechanisms. Rifabutin and cidofovir                     may cause intraocular inflammatory reactions. In addition cidofovir may induce a                     pronounced reduction of the ocular pressure. Adverse drug reactions are often                     dose dependent and therefore influenced by impaired kidney or liver function,                     pharmacogenetics, or by drug-drug interactions. Potential serious drug induced                     ocular side effects require close cooperation with an ophthalmologist for                     evaluation of the individual risk benefit ratio, if possible, even before                     beginning of antimicrobial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. matthias.huber@charite.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stahlmann
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents