title: Index of the transmissible common liability to addiction: heritability and prospective associations with substance abuse and related outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly comorbid and exhibit a relatively late onset. As such, many behaviors and personality traits present prior to the initiation of substance use can be used to predict later SUDs. The transmissible liability index (TLI) is a quantitative measure of such behaviors that indexes the common liability to SUDs. We examined the predictive utility and heritability of the TLI in a large community twin sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Minnesota Twin Family Study (N=2510), we estimated TLI scores from mother, child, and teacher reports of symptom and personality measures assessed at age 11. We then estimated the genetic and environmental contributions to the association between TLI scores at age 11 and composite measures of substance abuse and behavioral disinhibition (antisocial behavior) at age 17.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both male and female twins, TLI scores were highly heritable (.76) and exhibited moderate associations with adolescent substance abuse (r=.29) and behavioral disinhibition (r=.40). Genetic factors accounted for the association between TLI scores and the adolescent outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the utility of the TLI as a measure of the inherited, common liability to SUDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. brianhic@umich.edu
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGue
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data