title: Development of the Respiratory Index of Severity in Children (RISC) score among young children with respiratory infections in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children worldwide. A simple clinical score predicting the probability of death in a young child with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) could aid clinicians in case management and provide a standardized severity measure during epidemiologic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 4,148 LRTI hospitalizations in children <24 months enrolled in a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine trial in South Africa from 1998-2001, to develop the Respiratory Index of Severity in Children (RISC). Using clinical data at admission, a multivariable logistic regression model for mortality was developed and statistically evaluated using bootstrap resampling techniques. Points were assigned to risk factors based on their coefficients in the multivariable model. A child's RISC score is the sum of points for each risk factor present. Separate models were developed for HIV-infected and non-infected children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant risk factors for HIV-infected and non-infected children included low oxygen saturation, chest indrawing, wheezing, and refusal to feed. The models also included age and HIV clinical classification (for HIV-infected children) or weight-for-age (for non-infected children). RISC scores ranged up to 7 points for HIV-infected or 6 points for non-infected children and correlated with probability of death (0-47%, HIV-infected; 0-14%, non-infected). Final models showed good discrimination (area under the ROC curve) and calibration (goodness-of-fit).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RISC score incorporates a simple set of risk factors that accurately discriminate between young children based on their risk of death from LRTI, and may provide an objective means to quantify severity based on the risk of mortality.
authors.affiliation: Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. creed1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Shabir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Madhi
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Klugman
authors.forename: Locadiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuwanda
authors.forename: Justin R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fry
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos