title: Intraoral granular cell tumors: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a case series of intraoral granular cell tumors in terms of clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine cases of intraoral granular cell tumors were described in terms of clinical features (patient sex and age, anatomical location, size, type, time to clinical progression, and lesion treatment), histologic features (necrosis, spindling, vesicular nuclei with large nucleoli, increased mitotic activity, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and pleomorphism) and immunohistochemical features using S-100, CD68, neurofilament protein, desmin, and galectin-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studied patients were mostly women with a mean age of 32 years. Lesions arose as solitary nodules on the tongue, with size ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 cm. Mean time to evolution was 21.83 months. All cases were treated by surgical excision. Two cases were classified as atypical and seven as benign. All cases presented immunoreactivity for S-100, CD68, and galectin-1, and there was no reactivity for desmin and neurofilament protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General practitioners should consider granular cell tumors during the differential diagnosis of nodular lesions on the tongue. Results suggest that histologic criteria may be used to distinguish between benign and atypical intraoral granular cell tumors. Finally, analysis of the clinical profile and the use of immunohistochemical markers may facilitate diagnosis and clarify the histogenesis of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Oral Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valéria Souza
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Jean Nunes
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Márcio Campos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Pedro Paulo de Andrade
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Roseana de Almeida
authors.initials: Rde A
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Lélia Batista
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: de Souza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000032:analysis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002648:Child; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003893:Desmin / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000032:analysis; D016586:Granular Cell Tumor / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003893:Desmin; D037483:Galectin 1; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; D009418:S100 Proteins; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C445499:LGALS1 protein, human