title: Validation study of a virtual reality robotic simulator--role as an assessment tool?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Virtual reality simulators are often used for surgical skill training since they facilitate deliberate practice in a controlled, low stakes environment. However, to be considered for assessment purposes rigorous construct and criterion validity must be demonstrated. We performed face, content, construct and concurrent validity testing of the dV-Trainer™ robotic surgical simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urology residents, fellows and attending surgeons were enrolled in this institutional review board approved study. After a brief introduction to the dV-Trainer each subject completed 3 repetitions each of 4 virtual reality tasks on it, including pegboard ring transfer, matchboard object transfer, needle threading of rings, and the ring and rail task. One week later subjects completed 4 similar tasks using the da Vinci® robot. Subjects were assessed on total task time and total errors using the built-in scoring algorithm and manual scoring for the dV-Trainer and the da Vinci robot, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven experienced and 13 novice robotic surgeons were included in the study. Experienced surgeons were defined by greater than 50 hours of clinical robotic console time. Of novice robotic surgeons 77% ranked the dV-Trainer as a realistic training platform and 71% of experienced robotic surgeons ranked it as useful for resident training. Experienced robotic surgeons outperformed novices in many dV-Trainer and da Vinci robot exercises, particularly in the number of errors. On pooled data analysis dV-Trainer total task time and total errors correlated with da Vinci robot total task time and total errors (p = 0.026 and 0.011, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the face, content, construct and concurrent validity of the dV-Trainer, which may have a potential role as an assessment tool.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto (JYL), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.leejaso@smh.ca
authors.forename: Jason Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mucksavage
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kerbl
authors.forename: Victor B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etafy
authors.forename: Elspeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D012371:Robotics; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface