title: Evaluation of mandibular bone mineral density using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry technique in edentulous subjects living in an endemic fluorosis region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluoride is one of the biological trace elements with a strong affinity for osseous, cartilaginous and dental tissue. The dental and skeletal effects of high fluoride intake have already been studied in the literature, but little is known about the effects of high fluoride intake on edentulous mandibles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of high fluoride intake on mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique in edentulous individuals with systemic fluorosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 people who were living in an endemic fluorosis area since birth and 31 people who were living in a non-endemic fluorosis area since birth (control group) participated in this study. Systemic fluorosis was diagnosed in the patients using the sialic acid (NANA)/glycosaminoglycan (GAG) ratio. The BMDs of the mandibles were determined by the DXA technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum NANA/GAG ratios in the fluorosis group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.001). There was also a statistically significant difference in mandibular BMD measurements (p < 0.05) between the systemic fluorosis and control groups, as measured by the DXA technique. Mandibular body BMD measurements were higher in the fluorosis group (1.25 ± 0.24 g cm(-2)) than in the control group (1.01 ± 0.31 g cm(-2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study showed that fluoride intake higher than the optimum level causes increased mandibular BMD in edentulous individuals. Further dose-related studies are needed to determine the effects of high fluoride intake on bony structures of the stomatognathic system.
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University, Department of Prosthodontics, Antalya, Turkey. satac@med.sdu.edu.tr
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Buyukkaplan
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Guldag
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D005458:Fluoride Poisoning / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007575:Jaw, Edentulous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult