title: Social determinants of health for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional Hawaiian thought places children in a position of prominence in the family. Yet in Hawai'i, Native Hawaiian children and adolescents face significant inequity in health outcomes. From prenatal alcohol and tobacco use, late or no prenatal care, macrosomia as well as low birth rates, to exclusive breastfeeding rates at 6 months, and high rates of infant mortality, Native Hawaiians face inequities in pre and early childhood indicators. During childhood and adolescence, Native Hawaiians experience high rates of obesity, and physical, mental and sexual abuse. This review examines the determinants behind the health inequities encountered by Native Hawaiian children and adolescents, and contextualizes those inequities s in a human rights-based approach to health.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted for relevant research on Native Hawaiian and other indigenous children and adolescents. Existing data sources were also reviewed for relevant Native Hawaiian data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a significant dearth of data on the determinants of health for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents. Some prenatal data is available from the Prenatal Risk Assessment Monitoring System, while selected youth data is available from the Youth Behavioral Risk Factor system. Available data show significant inequities for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents, compared to other groups in Hawai'i. Based on comparisons with other indigenous and marginalized peoples, the etiology of these disparities may be a lack of health equity, deriving from multigenerational trauma and discrimination as well as poverty and inequities of housing, education, environment, healthcare access, and social capital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant barriers facing Native Hawaiian children and adolescents achieving their full potential constitute a challenge to the fulfillment of the human right to health. Future research needs to more fully articulate the linkage between the health status of Native Hawaiian children and adolescents, the determinants of that status, and the requirements of the human right to health. Needed particularly are longitudinal studies which provide data that may link multigenerational trauma and discrimination to poverty and other factors, ultimately producing healthy inequity for Native Hawaiian children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Center of Excellence, Department of Native Hawaiian Health, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA. kliumd@gmail.com
authors.forename: David M K I
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Christian K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Alameda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D015981:Epidemiologic Factors; D006254:Hawaii; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; D009765:Obesity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D063508:Social Discrimination; D012935:Social Justice