title: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child emotional problems: the relevance of maternal and child 5-HTTLPR genotype.
abstract: Serotonin is involved in the development of neural circuits modulating emotional behavior. The short allele (s) of a polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) of the serotonin transporter gene is a risk factor for psychopathology in the presence of environmental stressors. Maternal smoking is associated with growth restriction of the human fetal brain and adverse effects of nicotine on the developing serotonin system have been documented. We hypothesized that maternal smoking interacts with both child and mother 5-HTTLPR genotype as a risk factor for later child emotional problems. In a sample of n = 1,529 mother-child dyads, smoking habits were assessed by questionnaires during pregnancy. Child emotional problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist at the child's age of 3 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly increased the risk for emotional problems in children carrying the s-allele; β = 0.24, P = 0.03 (mother-report), and β = 0.46, P = 0.001 (father-report). In children heterozygous at 5-HTTLPR and exposed to maternal prenatal smoking (n = 79) risk of emotional problems increased with each additional s-allele the mother carried. The associations between 5-HTTLPR and child emotional problems were not moderated by paternal prenatal smoking. These findings imply that the vulnerability for emotional problems in s-allele carriers may already originate in fetal life.
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rolieke A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cents
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.forename: Fleur P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Velders
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Mijke P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lambregtse-van den Berg
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000235:genetics*; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins