title: Composting of swine manure spiked with sulfadiazine, chlortetracycline and ciprofloxacin.
abstract: The fate of chlortetracycline (CTC), sulfadiazine (SDZ) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) during composting of swine manure and their effect on composting process were investigated. Swine manure was spiked with antibiotics, mixed with saw dust (1:1 on DW basis) and composted for 56 d. Antibiotics were spiked to a final concentration of 50 mg/kg CTC+10 mg/kg SDZ+10 mg/kg CIP (High-level) or 5 mg/kg CTC+1 mg/kg SDZ+1 mg/kg CIP (Low-level), and a control without antibiotics. Antibiotics at high concentrations delayed the initial decomposition that also affected the nitrogen mineralization. CTC and SDZ were completely removed from the composting mass within 21 and 3d, respectively; whereas, 17-31% of the spiked CIP remained in the composting mass. Therefore, composting could effectively remove the CTC and SDZ spiked even at high concentrations, but the removal of ciprofloxacin (belonging to fluoroquinolone) needs to be improved, indicating this antibiotic may get into the ecosystem through land application of livestock compost.
authors.affiliation: Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
authors.forename: Ammaiyappan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selvam
authors.forename: Zhenyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jonathan W C
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002751:Chlortetracycline / Q000032:analysis*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis*; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000032:analysis*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D013411:Sulfadiazine; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D002751:Chlortetracycline