title: Challenges in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to nephrolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of renal stones is rising along with the costs and morbidity associated with this condition. With careful evaluation and management, the great majority of recurrent stones are preventable. The cornerstone of this evaluation remains the 24-h urine collection. This review details the physiological rationale for commonly requested urine studies and details how these results should guide therapy with special emphasis on recent advances in the understanding of risk factors for stone disease. Challenges associated with the complicated patient will be addressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term follow-up and repeated evaluations are effective at preventing recurrent stones and increasing patient satisfaction. There is growing appreciation of the complexity of dietary risks for stone disease, and traditional risk-factors such as dietary oxalate must be reevaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The key to stone prevention is the individualization of therapy to specific patient risk factors with a recognition that these factors can change over time leading to a need for alterations in preventive therapies.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Gearoid M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Julian L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Seifter
mesh_terms: D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000150:complications; D006959:Hyperoxaluria / Q000150:complications; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D019343:Citric Acid