title: Distinct associations between energy balance and the sleep characteristics slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologically, an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and sleep duration is observed. Intra-individual variance in the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been related to variance of metabolic and endocrine parameters, which are risk factors for the disturbance of energy balance (EB).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate inter-individual relationships between EB (EB= energy intake-energy expenditure∣, MJ/24 h), SWS or REM sleep, and relevant parameters in normal-weight men during two 48 h stays in the controlled environment of a respiration chamber.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16 men (age 23±3.7 years, BMI 23.9±1.9 kg m(-2)) stayed in the respiration chamber twice for 48 h to assure EB. Electroencephalography was used to monitor sleep (2330-0730 hrs). Hunger and fullness were scored by visual analog scales; mood was determined by State Trait Anxiety Index-state and food reward by liking and wanting. Baseline blood and salivary samples were collected before breakfast. Subjects were fed in EB, except for the last dinner, when energy intake was ad libitum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects slept on average 441.8±49 min per night, and showed high within-subject reliability for the amount of SWS and REM sleep. Linear regression analyses showed that EB was inversely related to the amount of SWS (r=-0.43, P<0.03), and positively related to the amount of REM sleep (r=0.40, P<0.05). Relevant parameters such as hunger, reward, stress and orexigenic hormone concentrations were related to overeating, as well as to the amount of SWS and REM sleep, however, after inclusion of these parameters in a multiple regression, the amount of SWS and REM sleep did not add to the explained variance of EB, which suggests that due to their individual associations, these EB parameters are mediator variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive EB due to overeating, was explained by a smaller amount of SWS and higher amount of REM sleep, mediated by hunger, fullness, State Trait Anxiety Index-state scores, glucose/insulin ratio, and ghrelin and cortisol concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. F.rutters@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rutters
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Gonnissen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hursel
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004569:Electroencephalography; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012527:Satiation; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012895:Sleep, REM; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone