title: Is there an association between advanced stage of renal cell carcinoma and paraneoplastic syndrome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate any association between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The retrospective analysis included 1,028 patients of Chinese Han nationality with resectable RCC and PNS. The PNS included elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hypertension, cachexia, anemia, pyrexia, abnormal liver function, hypercalcemia, polycythemia, varicocele and neuromyopathy. Staging was categorized as local (T1-2N0M0) and locally advanced (T3-4NxM0).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients with at least one PNS, elevated ESR (p = 0.008), cachexia (p = 0.000), varicocele (p = 0.000) and pyrexia (p = 0.021) were related to advanced stage of RCC. Among patients with only one PNS, hypertension (p = 0.012) and hypercalcemia (p = 0.000) were related to advanced stage. The remaining PNS were not associated with tumor stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pyrexia, elevated ESR, cachexia and varicocele were related to advanced RCC. Hypertension and hypercalcemia occurring as single PNS, although also correlated with advanced stage, require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Guan-Xiong
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ning-Hong
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Chen-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Guo-Wei
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Hao-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010257:Paraneoplastic Syndromes / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies