title: Attachment insecurity, responses to critical incident distress, and current emotional symptoms in ambulance workers.
abstract: Ambulance workers are exposed to critical incidents that may evoke intense distress and can result in long-term impairment. Individuals who can regulate distress may experience briefer post-incident distress and fewer long-term emotional difficulties. Attachment research has contributed to our understanding of individual differences in stress regulation, suggesting that secure attachment is associated with effective support-seeking and coping strategies, and fewer long-term difficulties. We tested the effect of attachment insecurity on emotional distress in ambulance workers, hypothesizing that (1) insecure attachment is associated with symptoms of current distress and (2) prolonged recovery from acute post-critical incident distress, coping strategies and supportive contact mediate this relationship. We measured (1) attachment insecurity, (2) acute distress, coping and social contact following an index critical incident and (3) current symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression, somatization and burnout and tested the hypothesized associations. Fearful-avoidant insecure attachment was associated with all current symptoms, most strongly with depression (R=0.38, p<0.001). Fearful-avoidant attachment insecurity was also associated with maladaptive coping, reduced social support and slower recovery from social withdrawal and physical arousal following the critical incident, but these processes did not mediate the relationship between attachment insecurity and current symptoms. These findings are relevant for optimizing post-incident support for ambulance workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Janice.halpern@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Maunder
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurevich
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D000552:Ambulances; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009769:Object Attachment; D012944:Social Support; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires