title: Mirroring intentional forgetting in a shared-goal learning situation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intentional forgetting refers to the surprising phenomenon that we can forget previously successfully encoded memories if we are instructed to do so. Here, we show that participants cannot only intentionally forget episodic memories but they can also mirror the "forgetting performance" of an observed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four experiments a participant observed a model who took part in a memory experiment. In Experiment 1 and 2 observers saw a movie about the experiment, whereas in Experiment 3 and 4 the observers and the models took part together in a real laboratory experiment. The observed memory experiment was a directed forgetting experiment where the models learned two lists of items and were instructed either to forget or to remember the first list. In Experiment 1 and 3 observers were instructed to simply observe the experiment ("simple observation" instruction). In Experiment 2 and 4, observers received instructions aimed to induce the same learning goal for the observers and the models ("observation with goal-sharing" instruction). A directed forgetting effect (the reliably lower recall of to-be-forgotten items) emerged only when models received the "observation with goal-sharing" instruction (P<.001 in Experiment 2, and P<.05 in Experiment 4), and it was absent when observers received the "simple observation" instruction (P>.1 in Experiment 1 and 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If people observe another person with the same intention to learn, and see that this person is instructed to forget previously studied information, then they will produce the same intentional forgetting effect as the person they observed. This seems to be a an important aspect of human learning: if we can understand the goal of an observed person and this is in line with our behavioural goals then our learning performance will mirror the learning performance of the model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary. racsmany@cogsci.bme.hu
authors.forename: Mihály
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Racsmány
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keresztes
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pajkossy
authors.forename: Gyula
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Demeter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D055815:Young Adult