title: Microbubbles of air may occur in the organs of hemodialysis patients.
abstract: During hemodialysis (HD), blood that passes the dialysis device gets loaded with microbubbles (MB) of air that are returned to the patient without inducing an alarm. The aim with this study was to clarify if these signals are due to microembolies of air, clots, or artifacts, by histopathology of autopsy material of HD patients. These first results are from a patient on chronic HD. Due to pulmonary edema he was ultrafiltered. Within 30 minutes after the start, he suffered from a cardiac arrest and died. Autopsy verified the clinical findings. Microscopic investigation verified microembolies of air that were surrounded by fibrin in the lungs, brain, and heart. The study verified that MBs can enter the blood during HD and are trapped in the lungs. In addition, MBs pass the pulmonary capillaries and enter the arterial part of the body and are dispersed throughout the body. This can contribute to organ damage and be part of the poor prognoses seen in HD patients. Data support the importance to reduce MBs in the dialysis circuit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umea University, Sweden. bernd.stegmayr@medicin.umu.se
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brännström
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jonson
authors.forename: Christofer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hultdin
mesh_terms: D001344:Autopsy; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000628:therapy; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*