title: Cigarette smoke inhibits dynamic ciliary beat frequency in pediatric adenoid explants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children increases the incidence of upper respiratory infections, chronic sinusitis, and chronic otitis media. This study investigated the effects of ex vivo and in vitro smoke exposure on dynamic ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in pediatric adenoid explants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded and controlled prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five children undergoing adenoidectomy for obstructive sleep apnea and adenotonsillar hypertrophy were enrolled in this study. Adenoids were surgically removed using currettage. Hair was collected for nicotine analysis. Tissue was sectioned into 1-mm strips and allowed to equilibrate in DMEM/F12 with 2% fetal bovine serum for 24 hours. Cilia-bearing explant tissues were treated with either DMEM/F12 media, 5% cigarette smoke extract (CSE), or 10% CSE for 24 hours. Cilia were then stimulated using either isoproterenol (10(-9) M) or methacholine (10(-6)M), and CBF was serially recorded using the Sisson-Ammons Video Analysis (SAVA) software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with hair nicotine levels ≥ 1 ng/mg consistent with secondhand smoke exposure display blunted dynamic CBF response ex vivo. Explants incubated with CSE in vitro demonstrate significant impairment of isoproterenol and methacholine-induced CBF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBF of adenoid explants increases when stimulated with isoproterenol and methacholine. Ex vivo and in vitro smoke exposure blunted ciliostimulation of CBF in adenoid explants. Smoke exposure impairs ciliary function in the pediatric airway and could potentially contribute to disorders such as chronic rhinosinusitis and chronic otitis media.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Charleston, South Carolina 29403, USA.
authors.forename: Ling-Feng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Discolo
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schlosser
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000234:Adenoids / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000601:surgery; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000601:surgery; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D009538:Nicotine; D007545:Isoproterenol