title: Human milk and formulae: neurotrophic and new biological factors.
abstract: Mother milk is widely accepted to be a unique product believed to contain biological factors involved in the regulation of newborn optimal growth including brain when compared to milk-formula milks. In this setting, there is growing evidence that in milk-formula neuro-oxidative stress biomarkers, neurotrophic proteins and calcium binding proteins, known to be involved in a cascade of events leading to brain, cardiac and vascular development/damage, are to date lacking or at a lower concentration than breast milk. Therefore, this review is aimed at offering additional insights to the role in human milk of some selected biomarkers such as: i) neurotrophic factors such as Activin A; ii) Calcium binding protein such as S100B and, iii) heat shock protein known to be involved in oxidative stress response (namely hemeoxygenase-1, HO-1 or Heat shock Protein 32, HSP32).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology and Genetics, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Serpero
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frigiola
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gazzolo
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D015415:Biomarkers; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579160:S100B protein, human; C422405:activin A; D028341:Activins; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1