title: The low level laser therapy in the management of neurological burning mouth syndrome. A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a common disease but still a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Despite many studies its nature remains obscure and controversial; nowadays there is no consensus about definition, diagnosis and classification. BMS is characterized clinically by burning sensations in the tongue or other oral sites, often without clinical and laboratory findings. According to the etiology, BMS cases should be subdivided into three subtypes: BMS by local factors (lfBMS), BMS by systemic factors (sfBMS) and neurological BMS (nBMS), the most frequent, in which the symptom is caused by central or peripheral neurological malfunctions affecting in particular the taste pathway. To establish the type of BMS, both anamnesis and clinical examination, including laboratory tests, are necessary; nBMS cases will be recognized by exclusion of any other type. In case of lfBMS or sfBMS, the treatment of the main pathology will be resolutive; in nBMS cases many Authors proposed different pharmacological trials without satisfactory results and the current opinion is that a multidisciplinary approach is required to keep the condition under control. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether the biostimulative effect of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) could enhance the symptoms of nBMS cases, improving patients' quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 160 patients affected by oral burning sensation attending to the Oral Pathology Complex Operative Unit of the Department of Stomatological Sciences of Sapienza University of Rome, 77 resulted affected by nBMS. Twenty-five of these patients, 16 females and 9 males, were randomly selected for low level laser applications. All the patients were irradiated with a double diode laser (Lumix 2 Prodent, Italy) emitting contemporarily at 650 nm and 910 nm, with a fluence of 0.53 J/cm(2) for 15 minutes twice a week for 4 weeks. The areas of irradiation were the sides of the tongue on the path of taste fibers. A NRS (numerical rating scale) evaluation of maximum and minimum pain was registered before and after the treatment. In each case to the total value of NRS rates registered before the treatment was deducted the total NRS rate registered after the treatment. The difference was estimated effective if over two points. The Kruskall-Wallis test revealed the significance of the study (p<0.0001) and the Dunn's Multiple Comparison test, applied to compare NRS rates before and after the treatment, showed that there is not a statistically relevant difference between min NRS ratings before and after treatment, while there are statistically significant differences between max NRS ratings (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the patients agreed the treatment confirming the general good compliance related to laser treatments. No side effects were registered and all the patients completed the therapy without interruption. Seventeen patients (68%) had relevant benefits from the treatment with valid reduction of NRS ratings. In 8 cases the differences of NRS rates were not relevant being under the limit of reliability established in study design. In no case there was a worsening of the symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results of this pilot study it is reasonable to suppose that LLLT may play an important role in the management of nBMS cases, more investigations are needed to clarify, by a greater number of cases and a placebo control group, the real effectiveness of this innovative LLLT application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences, (A. Polimeni) University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Capocci
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maggiore
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ripari