title: The peroneus quartus muscle: clinical correlation with evolutionary importance.
abstract: The peroneus quartus (PQ) is an accessory muscle of the peroneal/lateral compartment of the leg. The muscle has often been implicated as a cause of pain in the lateral ankle region, and subluxation or attrition of the peroneal tendons. The present study was aimed at observing the prevalence and morphology of this muscle in human cadavers. Ninety-two embalmed lower limbs were dissected for this study. The PQ muscle was found in 21% of the limbs. In all these limbs it originated from the lower part of the lateral surface of the fibula, the undersurface of peroneus brevis and the posterior intermuscular septum. In the majority of limbs, insertion was on the retrotrochlear eminence of the calcaneus. Taking into account the possibility of this muscle being a cause of lateral ankle pathology, the present study attempts to correlate the findings with the anatomy of the surrounding region. The frequent occurrence of this muscle in humans is suggestive of a progressive evolutionary change to evert the foot in order to assume a bipedal gait.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Peoples College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. arvindat@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Sunita Arvind
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Athavale
authors.forename: Vanita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sheetal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotgirwar
authors.forename: Vikrant
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology