title: Contraception in obese older women.
abstract: Obesity is increasing in most western countries and rises significantly with age. Obese women are as sexually active as women of normal weight, and new sexual relationships in the older reproductive years are becoming more commonplace and still require effective contraception. Continuation of pregnancy in a woman over 40 carries health risks which are exacerbated by the presence of obesity. A high proportion of pregnancies in women over 40 are unplanned and end in therapeutic abortion. The prevalence of obesity and the high rates of contraceptive use amongst older women mean that any increase in associated risk is likely to be of public health concern. There are very few data on the specific risks of contraceptive use in obese older women. As fertility declines with age, all methods become increasingly effective. No single method is contraindicated by age alone but particular caution is required where the use of estrogen containing preparations is considered as the risks associated with estrogen are all also independently associated with increasing age and body mass index. Non-estrogen containing methods are available, whether hormonal, barrier or surgical, which are effective, acceptable and safer in the obese older woman. Some methods of contraception may indeed have particular non-contraceptive benefits for this population.
authors.affiliation: NHS Lothian Sexual and Reproductive Health Service, Chalmers Centre for Sexual Health, Edinburgh, UK. rosemary.cochrane@luht.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: Ailsa E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Gebbie
authors.forename: Joanna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Loudon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D003267:Contraception / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female