title: Size-resolved emission rates of airborne bacteria and fungi in an occupied classroom.
abstract: The role of human occupancy as a source of indoor biological aerosols is poorly understood. Size-resolved concentrations of total and biological particles in indoor air were quantified in a classroom under occupied and vacant conditions. Per-occupant emission rates were estimated through a mass-balance modeling approach, and the microbial diversity of indoor and outdoor air during occupancy was determined via rDNA gene sequence analysis. Significant increases of total particle mass and bacterial genome concentrations were observed during the occupied period compared to the vacant case. These increases varied in magnitude with the particle size and ranged from 3 to 68 times for total mass, 12-2700 times for bacterial genomes, and 1.5-5.2 times for fungal genomes. Emission rates per person-hour because of occupancy were 31 mg, 37 × 10(6) genome copies, and 7.3 × 10(6) genome copies for total particle mass, bacteria, and fungi, respectively. Of the bacterial emissions, ∼18% are from taxa that are closely associated with the human skin microbiome. This analysis provides size-resolved, per person-hour emission rates for these biological particles and illustrates the extent to which being in an occupied room results in exposure to bacteria that are associated with previous or current human occupants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presented here are the first size-resolved, per person emission rate estimates of bacterial and fungal genomes for a common occupied indoor space. The marked differences observed between total particle and bacterial size distributions suggest that size-dependent aerosol models that use total particles as a surrogate for microbial particles incorrectly assess the fate of and human exposure to airborne bacteria. The strong signal of human microbiota in airborne particulate matter in an occupied setting demonstrates that the aerosol route can be a source of exposure to microorganisms emitted from the skin, hair, nostrils, and mouths of other occupants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hospodsky
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Nazaroff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peccia
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis*; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D011156:Population Density; D018877:Sick Building Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D052638:Particulate Matter