title: Aquatic respiration as a potential survival mechanism of Brephidium pseudofea (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) larvae to intertidal environments.
abstract: The eastern pygmy blue, Brephidium pseudofea (Morrison) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae), inhabits intertidal environments that are periodically flooded. The immature stages are subject to salt or brackish water inundation during this time and therefore must endure many stressors,  including respiratory limitation and salt exposure. Our goal was to investigate possible mechanisms used by the larval stages of B. pseudofea to endure periodic tidal inundation by using physiological and morphological analyses in comparison with several species of terrestrial lepidopteran  larvae. A review of tidal charts showed that the immature stages of B. pseudofea would be prone to complete inundation two to five times per month during the summer months (May to August) and partial submersion for up to 20 d per month during the rest of the year. Larvae of several terrestrial  lepidopteran species studied consumed oxygen under water for a limited period, but B. pseudofea demonstrated substantially higher oxygen consumption. Light microscopy of B. pseudofea larvae revealed small air pockets in and around the spiracles when submerged in tap water; these air pockets  disappeared when exposed to detergent solution. The resulting air pockets may function as a diffusion layer for oxygen to be absorbed from the surrounding water or may act in conjunction with trans-cuticular gas exchange to meet the larva's respiratory needs. Morphological examination by scanning  electron microscopy showed that B. psudofea larvae have distinctively small, clavate setae that appear insufficient to effectively support a functional plastron.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012119:Respiration; D053833:Wetlands