title: Satiety scores and satiety hormone response after sucrose-sweetened soft drink compared with isocaloric semi-skimmed milk and with non-caloric soft drink: a controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Observational studies indicate that sugar-sweetened soft drinks (SSSD) may promote obesity, among other factors, owing to low-satiating effects. The effect of energy in drinks on appetite is still unclear. We examined the effect of two isocaloric, but macronutrient, different beverages (SSSD versus semi-skimmed milk) and two non-energy-containing beverages (aspartame-sweetened soft drink (ASSD) and water) on appetite, appetite-regulating hormones and energy intake (EI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 24 obese individuals were included in a crossover trial. Each subject was served either 500 ml of SSSD (regular cola: 900 kJ), semi-skimmed milk (950 kJ), ASSD (diet cola: 7.5 kJ), or water. Subjective appetite scores, ghrelin, GLP-1, and GIP concentrations were measured at baseline and continuously 4-h post intake. Ad libitum EI was measured 4 h after intake of the test drinks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Milk induced greater subjective fullness and less hunger than regular cola (P<0.05). Also, milk led to 31% higher GLP-1 (95% CI: 20, 44; P<0.01) and 45% higher GIP (95% CI: 23, 72; P<0.01) concentrations compared with SSSD. Ghrelin was equally 20% lower after milk and SSSD compared with water. The total EI (ad libitum EI+EI from the drink) was higher after the energy-containing drinks compared with diet cola and water (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Milk increased appetite scores and GLP-1 and GIP responses compared with SSSD. The energy containing beverages were not compensated by decreased EI at the following meal, emphasizing the risk of generating a positive energy balance by consuming energy containing beverages. Furthermore, there were no indications of ASSD increased appetite or EI compared with water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maersk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belza
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fenger-Grøn
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richelsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D001218:Aspartame / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D006728:Hormones; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013395:Sucrose; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D001218:Aspartame