title: Migrant farmworker housing regulation violations in North Carolina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality of housing provided to migrant farmworkers is often criticized, but few studies have investigated these housing conditions. This analysis examines housing regulation violations experienced by migrant farmworkers in North Carolina, and the associations of camp characteristics with the presence of housing violations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in183 eastern North Carolina migrant farmworker camps in 2010. Housing regulation violations for the domains of camp, sleeping room, bathroom, kitchen, laundry room, and general housing, as well as total violations were assessed using North Carolina Department of Labor standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Violations of housing regulations were common, ranging from 4 to 22 per camp. Housing regulation violations were common in all domains; the mean number of camp violations was 1.6, of sleeping room violations was 3.8, of bathroom violations was 4.5, of kitchen violations was 2.3, of laundry room violations was 1.2, and of general housing violations was 3.1. The mean number of total housing violations was 11.4. Several camp characteristics were consistently associated with the number of violations; camps with workers having H-2A visas, with North Carolina Department of Labor Certificates of Inspection posted, and assessed early in the season had fewer violations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results argue for regulatory changes to improve the quality of housing provided to migrant farmworkers, including stronger regulations and the more vigorous enforcement of existing regulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1084, USA. tarcury@wakehealth.edu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Arcury
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Lori E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galván
authors.forename: Werner E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mirabelli
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Quandt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D033161:Government Regulation; D006798:Housing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009657:North Carolina; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*