title: The MDRD equation underestimates the prevalence of CKD among blacks and overestimates the prevalence of CKD among whites compared to the CKD-EPI equation: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Black individuals are far more likely than white individuals to develop end stage renal disease (ESRD). However, earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported to be less prevalent among blacks. This disparity remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the lower prevalence of CKD among blacks in early stages of CKD might be due in part to an inability of the MDRD equation to accurately determine early stages of CKD in both the black and white population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 97, 451 patients seen in primary care clinic in Veterans Integrated Service Network 2 (VISN 2) over a 7 year period to determine the prevalence of CKD using both the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation and the more recently developed CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Demographic data, comorbid conditions, prescription of medications, and laboratory data were recorded. Logistic regression and quantile regression models were used to compare the prevalence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories between black and white individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of CKD was lower when the CKD-EPI equation was used. Prevalence of CKD in whites was 53.2% by MDRD and 48.4% by CKD-EPI, versus 34.1% by MDRD and 34.5% by CKD-EPI in blacks. The cumulative logistic regression and quantile regression showed that when eGFR was calculated by the EPI method, blacks were as likely to present with an eGFR value less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 as whites. Using the CKD-EPI equation, blacks were more likely than white individuals to have stage 3b, 4 and 5 CKD. Using the MDRD method, the prevalence in blacks was only higher than in whites for stage 4 and 5 CKD. Similar results were obtained when the analysis was confined to patients over 65 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MDRD equation overestimates the prevalence of CKD among whites and underestimates the prevalence of CKD in blacks compared to the CKD-EPI equation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, V.A. Medical Center 3495 Bailey Ave., Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Srini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: Nilang
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nainani
authors.forename: Rocco C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Venuto
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lohr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult