title: PCR detection and identification of histamine-forming bacteria in filleted tuna fish samples.
abstract: Total of 14 filleted yellowfin tuna fish (Thunnus albacares) sold in wholesale fish market and supermarkets in Milan, Italy, were purchased and tested to determine microbial count, histamine level, histamine-forming bacteria, and their ability to produce histamine in culture broth. Although histamine level was less than 10 ppm, many samples showed high total viable bacterial and enterobacterial counts that reached dangerous levels after temperature abuse for short periods of time. A PCR assay targeting a 709-bp fragment of the histidine decarboxylase gene (hdc) revealed that 30.5% of the 141 enteric bacteria isolated from samples were positive and potentially able to produce histamine. The hdc positive strains were mainly isolated from fish bought at wholesale fish market, where we observed several possible risk factors, such as handling in poor and non-refrigerated conditions during fillet preparation. These positive strains were identified as Citrobacter koseri/Enterobacter spp. and Morganella morganii, by 16S/23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer amplification and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The strains showed a variable ability of histamine production, with Morganella morganii being the most active histamine-producing species. A direct DNA extraction from fish and a PCR targeting the hdc gene showed a high degree of concordance with the results obtained through microbiological and chemical analyses, and could aid in the prompt detection of potentially contaminated fish products, before histamine accumulates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of methods for the early and rapid detection of bacteria producing biogenic amines is important for preventing accumulation of these toxic substances in food products. In this study, we used a molecular approach for the detection of histamine-forming bacteria in fish. PCR-based methods require expensive equipment and a high degree of training for the user, but are fast (< 24 h) and reliable. They now represent the best predictive methods to identify a potential risk factor in fish products during processing, storage, and marketing and can be used in the investigation of risk reduction strategies.
authors.affiliation: Dipto di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Sezione di Microbiologia Industriale, Univ degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pegollo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borgo
authors.forename: M Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fortina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005396:Fish Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D006632:Histamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007558:Italy; D020613:Morganella morganii / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014413:Tuna / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006632:Histamine