title: Multi-level analysis of alcohol-related injury and drinking pattern: emergency department data from 19 countries.
abstract: Aim  While drinking in the event is an important factor in injury occurrence, the pattern of usual drinking may also be important in risk of injury. Explored here is the relationship of an alcohol-related injury with an individual usual drinking pattern. Design  Alcohol-related injury is examined using hierarchical linear models, taking into account individual usual volume of consumption over the past 12 months, as well as aggregate-level detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) and alcohol policy measures. Setting  Data analyzed are from emergency departments (EDs) in 19 countries, comprising three collaborative studies on alcohol and injury, all of which used a similar methodology. Participants  The sample comprised 14 132 injured drinkers across 46 emergency room (ER) studies. Measurements  Alcohol-related injury was measured, separately, by any self-reported drinking prior to injury, a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ≥ 0.08 and self-reported causal attribution of injury to drinking. Findings  While individual usual volume strongly predicted an alcohol-related injury for all three measures, usual drinking pattern also predicted an alcohol-related injury (controlling for volume), with episodic heavy and frequent heavy drinking both more predictive of alcohol-related injury than other drinking patterns. When individual usual volume and drinking pattern were controlled, DDP was no longer a significant predictor of alcohol-related injury. Alcohol policy measures were predictive of both BAC and causal attribution (the stronger the policy the lower the rates of alcohol-related injury). Conclusions  Volume of alcohol typically consumed and occurrence of heavy drinking episodes are associated independently with incidence of alcohol-related injury. The stronger the anti-alcohol policies in a country, the lower the rates of alcohol-related injury.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Research Group, 6475 Christie Avenue, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA. ccherpitel@arg.org
authors.forename: Cheryl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cherpitel
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol