title: Antihyperalgesic effects of clomipramine and tramadol in a model of posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a behavioral model in mice that is capable of mimicking some distinctive symptoms of human posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain such as spontaneous pain, cold allodynia, and chemical÷inflammatory hyperalgesia, and to use this model to investigate the antinociceptive effects of clomipramine and tramadol, two drugs used for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A partial tight ligature of the right infraorbital nerve by an intraoral access or a sham procedure was performed. Fourteen days later, mice were subcutaneously injected with saline or drugs and the spontaneous nociceptive behavior, as well as the responses to topical acetone and to formalin or capsaicin injected into the ipsilateral vibrissal pad, were assessed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuropathic mice exhibited an increased spontaneous rubbing÷scratching of the ipsilateral vibrissal pad, together with enhanced responses to cooling (acetone) and the chemical irritants (formalin, capsaicin). Clomipramine and tramadol produced an antihyperalgesic effect on most of these nociceptive responses, but tramadol was ineffective on capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nociceptive responses in this neuropathic pain model in mice exhibited a pattern consistent with the pain described by posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathic patients. The selective antihyperalgesic effect obtained with two commonly used drugs for treating neuropathic pain confirms the validity of this preclinical model.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Anaïs
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labertrandie
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Constandil
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pelissier
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000009:adverse effects; D002997:Clomipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D009915:Orbit / Q000294:innervation; D011537:Pruritus / Q000209:etiology; D018689:Sensory System Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D061221:Trigeminal Nerve Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D014738:Vibrissae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D000096:Acetone; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002211:Capsaicin; D002997:Clomipramine; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007509:Irritants; D018689:Sensory System Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D014147:Tramadol; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; C475685:Trpa1 protein, mouse