title: Microglial neurotransmitter receptors trigger superoxide production in microglia; consequences for microglial-neuronal interactions.
abstract: Microglia express three isoforms of the NADPH oxidase, Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4, with the potential to produce superoxide (O(2) ˙(-) ). Microglia also express neurotransmitter receptors, which can modulate microglial responses. In this study, microglial activity of Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 in primary rat cultured microglia or the rodent BV2 cell line were altered by microglial neurotransmitter receptor modulation. Glutamate, GABA or ATP triggered microglial O(2) ˙(-) production via Nox activation. Nox activation was elicited by agonists of metabotropic mGlu3 receptors and by group III receptors, by GABA(A) but not GABA(B) receptors, and by purinergic P2X(7) or P2Y(2/4) receptors but not P2Y(1) receptors, and inhibited by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonists. The neurotransmitters also modulated Nox mRNA expression and NADPH activity. The activation of Nox by BzATP or GABA promoted a neuroprotective phenotype whilst the activation of Nox by glutamate promoted a neurotoxic phenotype. Taken together, these data indicate that microglial neurotransmitter receptors can signal via Nox to promote neuroprotection or neurotoxicity. This has implications for the subsequent neurotoxic profile of microglia when neurotransmitter levels may become skewed in neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Lucianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heales
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pocock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000187:drug effects; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000187:drug effects; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000187:drug effects; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018755:GABA Agonists; D007527:Isoenzymes; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D013481:Superoxides; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D012313:RNA; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019255:NADPH Oxidases