title: Inhibition of p38 pathway leads to OA-like changes in a rat animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway is involved in a variety of inflammatory responses, including cytokine generation, cell differentiation proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we examined the effects of systemic p38 MAPK inhibition on cartilage cells and OA disease progression by both in vitro and in vivo approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  p38 kinase activity was evaluated in normal and OA cartilage cells by measuring the amount of phosphorylated protein. To examine the function of p38 signalling pathway in vitro, normal chondrocytes were isolated and differentiated in the presence or absence of p38 inhibitor SB203580 and analysed for chondrogenic phenotype. Effect of systemic p38 MAPK inhibition in normal and OA (induced by menisectomy) rats were analysed by treating animals with vehicle alone [dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)] or p38 inhibitor (SB203580). Damage to the femur and tibial plateau was evaluated by modified Mankin score, histology and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our in vitro studies have revealed that a down-regulation of chondrogenic and an increase of hypertrophic gene expression occurs in the normal chondrocytes when p38 is neutralized by a pharmacological inhibitor. We further observed that the basal levels of p38 phosphorylation were decreased in OA chondrocytes compared with normal chondrocytes. These findings together indicate the importance of this pathway in the regulation of cartilage physiology and its relevance to OA pathogenesis. At the in vivo level, systematic administration of a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, continuously for more than a month led to a significant loss of proteoglycan, aggrecan and cartilage thickness. On the other hand, SB203580-treated normal rats showed a significant increase in Terminal dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL)-positive cells, cartilage hypertrophy markers such as Type 10 collagen, Runt-related transcription factor and MMP-13 and substantially induced OA-like phenotypic changes in the normal rats. In addition, menisectomy-induced OA rat models that were treated with p38 inhibitor showed aggravation of cartilage damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, this study has provided evidence that the component of the p38 MAPK pathway is important to maintain cartilage health, and its inhibition can lead to severe cartilage degenerative changes. The observations in this study highlight the possibility of using activators of the p38 pathway as an alternative approach in the treatment of OA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia. i.prasadam@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Prasadam
authors.forename: Xinzhan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580