title: Core module biomarker identification with network exploration for breast cancer metastasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a complex disease, the expression of many genes can be significantly altered, leading to the appearance of a differentially expressed "disease module". Some of these genes directly correspond to the disease phenotype, (i.e. "driver" genes), while others represent closely-related first-degree neighbours in gene interaction space. The remaining genes consist of further removed "passenger" genes, which are often not directly related to the original cause of the disease. For prognostic and diagnostic purposes, it is crucial to be able to separate the group of "driver" genes and their first-degree neighbours, (i.e. "core module") from the general "disease module".
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed COMBINER: COre Module Biomarker Identification with Network ExploRation. COMBINER is a novel pathway-based approach for selecting highly reproducible discriminative biomarkers. We applied COMBINER to three benchmark breast cancer datasets for identifying prognostic biomarkers. COMBINER-derived biomarkers exhibited 10-fold higher reproducibility than other methods, with up to 30-fold greater enrichment for known cancer-related genes, and 4-fold enrichment for known breast cancer susceptible genes. More than 50% and 40% of the resulting biomarkers were cancer and breast cancer specific, respectively. The identified modules were overlaid onto a map of intracellular pathways that comprehensively highlighted the hallmarks of cancer. Furthermore, we constructed a global regulatory network intertwining several functional clusters and uncovered 13 confident "driver" genes of breast cancer metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COMBINER can efficiently and robustly identify disease core module genes and construct their associated regulatory network. In the same way, it is potentially applicable in the characterization of any disease that can be probed with microarrays.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA.
authors.forename: Ruoting
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Bernie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Daigle
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers