title: Validation of a set of reference genes to study response to herbicide stress in grasses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-target-site based resistance to herbicides is a major threat to the chemical control of agronomically noxious weeds. This adaptive trait is endowed by differences in the expression of a number of genes in plants that are resistant or sensitive to herbicides. Quantification of the expression of such genes requires normalising qPCR data using reference genes with stable expression in the system studied as internal standards. The aim of this study was to validate reference genes in Alopecurus myosuroides, a grass (Poaceae) weed of economic and agronomic importance with no genomic resources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stability of 11 candidate reference genes was assessed in plants resistant or sensitive to herbicides subjected or not to herbicide stress using the complementary statistical methods implemented by NormFinder, BestKeeper and geNorm. Ubiquitin, beta-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified as the best reference genes. The reference gene set accuracy was confirmed by analysing the expression of the gene encoding acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a major herbicide target enzyme, and of an herbicide-induced gene encoding a glutathione-S-transferase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study describing a set of reference genes (ubiquitin, beta-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) with a stable expression under herbicide stress in grasses. These genes are also candidate reference genes of choice for studies seeking to identify stress-responsive genes in grasses.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France. delye@dijon.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pernin
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Heydel
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Délye