title: Prospective associations of dietary insulin demand, glycemic index, and glycemic load during puberty with body composition in young adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Puberty is a so-called critical period for overweight development and is characterized by physiological insulin resistance during mid-puberty. This study addressed the hypothesis that habitual consumption of a diet inducing higher levels of postprandial glycemia or insulinemia during puberty may have an unfavorable effect on the body composition in young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate regression analysis was performed on 262 participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study with at least two 3-day weighed dietary records during puberty (baseline: girls 9-14 years; boys 10-15 years) and anthropometric measurements in young adulthood (18-25 years). A published dietary glycemic index was assigned to each carbohydrate-containing food. Similarly, each food was assigned a food insulin index (insulinemic response to a 1 MJ portion of food relative to 1 MJ of glucose) using 121 values measured at Sydney University.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary glycemic index or glycemic load during puberty was not related to body composition in young adulthood. In contrast, a higher dietary insulin index and a higher dietary insulin load during puberty were associated with higher levels of percentage of body fat (%BF) in young adulthood, even after adjustment for early life, socioeconomic and nutritional factors; %BF in energy-adjusted tertiles of dietary insulin index were 22.9 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 21.6, 24.1), 24.5 (23.2, 25.7), 24.7 (23.5, 25.9) %, P (for trend)=0.01; %BF in energy-adjusted tertiles of dietary insulin load were 22.8 (95% CI: 21.5, 24.0), 24.5 (23.2, 25.7), 24.8 (23.6, 26.0) %, P (for trend)=0.01. Adjustment for baseline %BF attenuated these relationships (P (for trend)=0.1 and=0.08, respectively). Dietary insulin demand was not related to body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests a prospective adverse influence of dietary insulin demand during puberty on %BF in young adulthood. Postprandial increases in insulinemia rather than increases in glycemia appear to be implicated in an unfavorable development of body composition.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany. joslowski@fke-do.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joslowski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goletzke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: A L B
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brand-Miller
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Buyken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin