title: Novel vein closure procedure using a proprietary cyanoacrylate adhesive: 30-day swine model results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a pilot study to demonstrate a novel method of using a proprietary cyanoacrylate (CA) for closure of superficial veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Right and left superficial epigastric veins from two swine models were utilized due to the vein's similarities with the human great saphenous vein. Under ultrasound guidance, access was gained and a 5-F delivery catheter was advanced to the junction of the superficial epigastric and abdominus rectus veins. A dispenser gun was then utilized to inject 0.16 mL of CA while compression was applied cephalad to the end of the catheter. Immediately after delivery, the catheter was pulled back 3 cm and manual compression was employed for 30 seconds. After this first injection, the ultrasound probe was repositioned caudad to the injection and cephalad to the catheter tip and another 0.16 mL injection was delivered with immediate 3 cm pullback of the delivery system. Manual compression was applied at the caudad end of the treated vein for 30 seconds. This process was repeated until the entire target segment was treated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 30 days postimplantation, the treated veins were occluded with no evidence of recanalization or migration. Histological findings revealed that the lumen was dilated by coalescing, arborizing clear spaces with entrapped lytic erythrocytes, demarcated by a thin band of granular eosinophilic material. Spindle cells with dense eosinophilic matrix replaced the tunica intima and disrupted the tunica media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this initial study demonstrated that intravascular injection of CA is feasible for closure of superficial veins in animal models. These findings warrant further animal studies of this proprietary CA to assess efficacy, safety and its effects on perivenous structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 8a-37 New York, NY 10065, USA. rjm2002@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Jose I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Monte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D057785:Catheters; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates