title: Which amphetamine-type stimulants can be detected by oral fluid immunoassays?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of oral fluid for monitoring drug consumption on roads has many advantages over conventional biological fluids; therefore, several immunoassays have been developed for this purpose. In this work, the ability of 3 commercial immunoassays to detect amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) in oral fluid was assessed. In addition, it was reviewed the main controlled ATSs available worldwide, as well as the oral fluid immunological screening tests that have been used for identifying ATSs in drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analytical specificity of amphetamine direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), methamphetamine direct ELISA (Immunalysis Corporation), and Oral-View saliva multidrug of abuse test (Alfa Scientific Designs) was evaluated using ATS-spiked oral fluid. Legislation and published articles that report the use of immunological screening tests to detect ATS consumption in conductors were reviewed, including the kit's technical information, project reports, police and drug databases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even at high concentrations, the tested assays were not able to detect methylphenidate, fenproporex, or diethylpropion, controlled ATSs legally marketed in many countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This evidences the need to develop new kits that enable one to control the misuse of prescription ATSs on roads through oral fluid immunoassays.
authors.affiliation: Rio Grande do Sul Technical and Scientific Division, Brazilian Federal Police, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniele Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Paula O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Boehl
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Comiran
authors.forename: Débora S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Prusch
authors.forename: Ivomar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zancanaro
authors.forename: Alexandre M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fuentefria
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pechansky
authors.forename: Paulina C A V
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Raquel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: De Boni
authors.forename: Pedro E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Fröehlich
authors.forename: Renata P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Limberger
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants