title: Effect of gold marker seeds on magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance stereoscopic imaging (MRSI) of the prostate is an emerging technique that may enhance targeting and assessment in radiotherapy. Current practices in radiotherapy invariably involve image guidance. Gold seed fiducial markers are often used to perform daily prostate localization. If MRSI is to be used in targeting prostate cancer and therapy assessment, the impact of gold seeds on MRSI must be investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of gold seeds on the quality of MRSI data acquired in phantom experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cylindrical plastic phantom with a spherical cavity 10 centimeters in diameter wss filled with water solution containing choline, creatine, and citrate. A gold seed fiducial marker was put near the center of the phantom mounted on a plastic stem. Spectra were acquired at 1.5 Tesla by use of a clinical MRSI sequence. The ratios of choline + creatine to citrate (CC/Ci) were compared in the presence and absence of gold seeds. Spectra in the vicinity of the gold seed were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum coefficient of variation of CC/Ci induced by the gold seed was found to be 10% in phantom experiments at 1.5 T.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRSI can be used in prostate radiotherapy in the presence of gold seed markers. Gold seeds cause small effects (in the order of the standard deviation) on the ratio of the metabolite's CC/Ci in the phantom study done on a 1.5-T scanner. It is expected that gold seed markers will have similar negligible effect on spectra from prostate patients. The maximum of 10% of variation in CC/Ci found in the phantom study also sets a limit on the threshold accuracy of CC/Ci values for deciding whether the tissue characterized by a local spectrum is considered malignant and whether it is a candidate for local boost in radiotherapy dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Murshed.Hossain@fccc.edu
authors.forename: Murshed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Buyyounouski
authors.forename: Chang Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis; D002951:Citrates / Q000032:analysis; D003401:Creatine / Q000032:analysis; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011467:Prostate / Q000737:chemistry*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002951:Citrates; D006046:Gold; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline