title: Race differences in the physical and psychological impact of hypertension labeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood pressure screening is an important component of cardiovascular disease prevention, but a hypertension diagnosis (i.e., label) can have unintended negative effects on patients' well-being. Despite persistent disparities in hypertension prevalence and outcomes, whether the impact of labeling differs by race is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible race differences in the relationship between hypertension labeling and health-related quality of life and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 308 normotensive and unmedicated hypertensive subjects from the Neighborhood Study of Blood Pressure and Sleep, a cross-sectional study conducted between 1999 and 2003. Labeled hypertension was defined (by self-report) as having been diagnosed with high blood pressure or prescribed antihypertensive medications. Effects of labeling and race on self-reported physical and mental health and depressive symptoms were tested using multivariate analysis of covariance, controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), previous medication use, and "true" hypertension status, defined by average daytime ambulatory blood pressure (ABP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both black and white subjects who had been labeled as hypertensive reported similarly poorer physical health than unlabeled subjects (P = 0.001). However, labeling was associated with poorer mental health and greater depressive symptoms only among blacks (Ps < 0.05 for the interactions). These findings were not explained by differences in socioeconomic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with previous studies showing negative effects of hypertension labeling, and demonstrate important race differences in these effects. Clinical approaches to communicating diagnostic information that avoid negative effects on well-being are needed, and may require tailoring to patient characteristics such as race.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. tanya.spruill@nyumc.org
authors.forename: Tanya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Spruill
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Gbenga
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ogedegbe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012923:Social Class; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*; D001741:Black or African American