title: Navigator channel adaptation to reconstruct three dimensional heart volumes from two dimensional radiotherapy planning data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biologically-based models that utilize 3D radiation dosimetry data to estimate the risk of late cardiac effects could have significant utility for planning radiotherapy in young patients. A major challenge arises from having only 2D treatment planning data for patients with long-term follow-up. In this study, we evaluate the accuracy of an advanced deformable image registration (DIR) and navigator channels (NC) adaptation technique to reconstruct 3D heart volumes from 2D radiotherapy planning images for Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Planning CT images were obtained for 50 HL patients who underwent mediastinal radiotherapy. Twelve image sets (6 male, 6 female) were used to construct a male and a female population heart model, which was registered to 23 HL "Reference" patients' CT images using a DIR algorithm, MORFEUS. This generated a series of population-to-Reference patient specific 3D deformation maps. The technique was independently tested on 15 additional "Test" patients by reconstructing their 3D heart volumes using 2D digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR). The technique involved: 1) identifying a matching Reference patient for each Test patient using thorax measurements, 2) placement of six NCs on matching Reference and Test patients' DRRs to capture differences in significant heart curvatures, 3) adapting the population-to-Reference patient-specific deformation maps to generate population-to-Test patient-specific deformation maps using linear and bilinear interpolation methods, 4) applying population-to-Test patient specific deformation to the population model to reconstruct Test-patient specific 3D heart models. The percentage volume overlap between the NC-adapted reconstruction and actual Test patient's true heart volume was calculated using the Dice coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average Dice coefficient expressed as a percentage between the NC-adapted and actual Test model was 89.4 ± 2.8%. The modified NC adaptation technique made significant improvements to the population deformation heart models (p = 0.01). As standard evaluation, the residual Dice error after adaptation was comparable to the volumetric differences observed in free-breathing heart volumes (p = 0.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reconstruction technique described generates accurate 3D heart models from limited 2D planning data. This development could potentially be used to retrospectively calculate delivered dose to the heart for historically treated patients and thereby provide a better understanding of late radiation-related cardiac effects.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Kristy.Brock@rmp.uhn.on.ca.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Thao-Nguyen
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Kristy K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Brock