title: Barriers to enrollment in inflammatory bowel disease randomized controlled trials: an investigation of patient perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a sizeable inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population in the United States, large trials in IBD have difficulty recruiting patients. Reasons for low enrollment are uncertain. Our objective was to investigate specific barriers to enrollment in clinical trials by determining aspects of study design, disease state, demographics, and previous experiences with research that influence a patient's willingness to participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) at the Massachusetts General Hospital Crohn's and Colitis Center were surveyed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most participants (61%) had participated in some clinical research previously, although 50% of those were not interested in participating in a future study. Frequent doctor visits (69%), requirement of colonoscopy (55%), or sigmoidoscopy (49%), and blinding (46%) were the biggest deterrent study requirements. With each addition of one of these components, potential enrollment fell from 43.2% (86) to 14.6% (29) interested patients. Respondents were likely to participate in studies that were open label (60%), initially randomized then open label (57.6%), or saw the same doctor (52.5%). Among those disinclined to participate, strategies to boost enrollment included monetary compensation, an open-label component, or providing the same doctor at each visit. Men and patients who were currently flaring were more likely to participate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elements of study design negatively and positively influence willingness to participate. Invasive procedures, randomization, and frequent visits negatively influenced willingness to participate and as each of these components are added, a significant additive percent of potential subjects are lost. Strategies to further identify barriers to enrollment within IBD study populations should be pursued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. jravikoff@partners.org
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ravikoff
authors.forename: Elisabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Korzenik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000639:trends*; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D055815:Young Adult