title: The lesser known story of X chromosome reactivation: a closer look into the reprogramming of the inactive X chromosome.
abstract: X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an important mechanism employed by mammalian XX female cells to level X-linked gene expression with that of male XY cells. XCI occurs early in development as the pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) in blastocysts successively differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. X-chromosome reactivation (XCR), the reversal of XCI, is critical for germ cell formation as a mechanism to diversify the X-chromosome gene pool. Here we review the characterization of XCR, and further explore its natural occurrence during development and the in vitro models of cellular reprogramming. We also review the key regulators involved in XCI for their role in suppressing the active histone marks and the genes in the active chromosome for their inhibition of X inactivation signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Eriona
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hysolli
authors.forename: Yong Wook
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kun-Yong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In-Hyun
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; C492370:RLIM protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases