title: Development of resistance to biologic therapies with reference to IFN-β.
abstract: All biotherapeutics have the potential to generate anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in patients. The main factors leading to an immune response are thought to be product, treatment and patient related. In this review, reasons for the formation of ADAs, and particularly neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), are considered, with a focus on IFN-β as a well-studied example. The time course for the production of NAbs, the measurement of NAbs, the defining of IFN-β responders and non-responders, the implications for disease progression in patients, and future methods for avoiding the production of ADAs and of tolerizing patients are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marta
authors.forename: Adriana J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gaeguta
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Souslova
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovannoni
authors.forename: Paul I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Creeke
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016899:Interferon-beta