title: HIV shedding in the oral cavity: an assessment of HIV type, immunovirologic, demographic and oral factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the prevalence and burden of HIV type 2 (HIV-2) and HIV-1 RNA in the oral cavity of antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected Senegalese individuals and to identify correlates of oral HIV viral loads.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 163 HIV-1 and 27 HIV-2-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive Senegalese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received clinical and oral exams and provided blood and oral wash samples for viral load and plasma CD4 count ascertainment. Logistic and interval regression models were used to identify univariate and multivariable associations between presence and level of oral HIV RNA and various immunovirologic, local and demographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of detectable oral HIV RNA was less common in HIV-2-infected compared with HIV-1-infected study participants (33% vs 67%, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.59). HIV type was no longer associated with oral shedding of HIV when plasma viral load was considered. Detection of oral HIV RNA was associated with increased plasma viral load in both HIV-1-infected and HIV-2-infected individuals (HIV-1, OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.61; HIV-2, OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.39). Oral HIV-1 detection was also associated with periodontal disease (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.16 to 7.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral shedding of HIV-2 RNA is less common than HIV-1 RNA, a likely consequence of lower overall viral burden. Both systemic and local factors may contribute to shedding of HIV in the oral cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Pavlinac
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: Geoffrey S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Awa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaye
authors.forename: Charlotte F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: N'Diaye
authors.forename: Cathy W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Critchlow
authors.forename: Papa Salif
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sow
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Nancy B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kiviat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012675:Senegal; D019562:Viral Load / Q000502:physiology; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral