title: "The necessity for better bodies to perpetuate our institutions, insure a higher development of the individual, and advance the conditions of the race." Physical culture and the formation of the self in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century USA.
abstract: This article explores the significance of sports and physical exercise in the turn-of-the-century culture and society of the U.S. It depicts how physical fitness became a decisive feature of collective and individual self-perception and was understood as being at the core of a successful shaping of both the self and of the American body politic. I concentrate in particular on paradigms and strategies of human resources management to exemplify the overarching significance of physical fitness as it established itself at the heart of the USA's enterprise culture that began to emerge in the later nineteenth century. American peculiarities will be considered, alongside ties and allusions to European, and particularly British, developments.
authors.affiliation: Erfurt University, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martschukat
mesh_terms: D003466:Cultural Characteristics / Q000266:history; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D013177:Sports / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology