title: Exergaming and older adult cognition: a cluster randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dementia cases may reach 100 million by 2050. Interventions are sought to curb or prevent cognitive decline. Exercise yields cognitive benefits, but few older adults exercise. Virtual reality-enhanced exercise or "exergames" may elicit greater participation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the following hypotheses: (1) stationary cycling with virtual reality tours ("cybercycle") will enhance executive function and clinical status more than traditional exercise; (2) exercise effort will explain improvement; and (3) brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF) will increase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-site cluster randomized clinical trial (RCT) of the impact of 3 months of cybercycling versus traditional exercise, on cognitive function in older adults. Data were collected in 2008-2010; analyses were conducted in 2010-2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  102 older adults from eight retirement communities enrolled; 79 were randomized and 63 completed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recumbent stationary ergometer was utilized; virtual reality tours and competitors were enabled on the cybercycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Executive function (Color Trails Difference, Stroop C, Digits Backward); clinical status (mild cognitive impairment; MCI); exercise effort/fitness; and plasma BDNF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intent-to-treat analyses, controlling for age, education, and cluster randomization, revealed a significant group X time interaction for composite executive function (p=0.002). Cybercycling yielded a medium effect over traditional exercise (d=0.50). Cybercyclists had a 23% relative risk reduction in clinical progression to MCI. Exercise effort and fitness were comparable, suggesting another underlying mechanism. A significant group X time interaction for BDNF (p=0.05) indicated enhanced neuroplasticity among cybercyclists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cybercycling older adults achieved better cognitive function than traditional exercisers, for the same effort, suggesting that simultaneous cognitive and physical exercise has greater potential for preventing cognitive decline.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01167400.
authors.affiliation: Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA. andersoc@union.edu
authors.forename: Cay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson-Hanley
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arciero
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brickman
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nimon
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuma
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Westen
authors.forename: Molly E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: Brandt D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Pence
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Arthur F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Earl A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001642:Bicycling; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor