title: What rhinologists and allergists should know about the medico-legal implications of corticosteroid use: a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corticosteroids are a mainstay of treatment in the management of sinonasal inflammatory disease. Despite their common use, many practitioners are not well versed in their potential complications or the medico-legal ramifications of their use. The objectives of this review were to outline the existing data of the medico-legal implications of oral steroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  An OVID database search of the terms "corticosteroids OR adrenal cortex hormones" AND "medico-legal OR malpractice OR jurisprudence OR expert testimony OR informed consent" was performed. This search was then narrowed to English language articles and the titles and abstracts were searched for relevance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OVID search identified 178 articles. This search was then narrowed, resulting in 9 articles that were relevant and included in the current review. Five articles involved database reviews of litigation associated with medications. Steroids were found to be a common medication associated with litigation and the cost of the litigation involving steroid use can be very high. Common themes associated with the litigation include poor communication and lack of informed consent regarding steroid use. Several additional articles addressed single cases and many addressed lawsuit prevention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lawsuits associated with steroids are disproportionately costly and most of the allegations stem from a lack of informed consent over the use of steroids. Open dialogue with patients is the key to informed consent. Ideally, clinicians should discuss the rationale for steroid use, and the risks, expected benefits, and alternatives of the steroid therapy. Document this discussion and consider providing educational material for the patient to read and review.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA. dpoetker@mcw.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Poetker
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012306:Risk; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones