title: Seed bank persistence of genetically modified canola in California.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Canola, which is genetically modified (GM) for tolerance to glyphosate, has the potential to become established as a new glyphosate resistant weed, thus reducing the effectiveness of glyphosate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteer from dormant canola seeds produced thousands of plants per hectare in the fourth year (2011) following a 2007 crop harvest. This occurred with no additional canola seed production since the 2007 harvest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Volunteer plants following harvests of annual crops are typically only a problem for the first year after harvest. In California, glyphosate is the core herbicide on over a million hectares of high value row, tree, and vine crops and new glyphosate resistant weeds reduce the effectiveness of glyphosate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of dormant seed and herbicide resistance makes GM glyphosate-resistant canola a new and difficult California weed which was first observed in the winter of 2009.
authors.affiliation: University of California Cooperative Extension, P.O. Box 697, Orland, CA 95963, USA. djmunier@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Munier
authors.forename: Kent L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Brittan
authors.forename: W Thomas
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lanini
mesh_terms: D029688:Brassica napus / Q000502:physiology*; D002140:California; D018525:Germination; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D053209:Herbicide Resistance; D006540:Herbicides; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate