title: Simultaneous right and left heart real-time, free-breathing CMR flow quantification identifies constrictive physiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a novel cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) real-time phase contrast (RT-PC) flow measurement technique to reveal the discordant respirophasic changes in mitral and tricuspid valve in flow indicative of the abnormal hemodynamics seen in constrictive pericarditis (CP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Definitive diagnosis of CP requires identification of constrictive hemodynamics with or without pericardial thickening. CMR to date has primarily provided morphological assessment of the pericardium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients (age 57 ± 13 years) undergoing CMR to assess known or suspected CP and 10 controls underwent RT-PC that acquired simultaneous mitral valve and tricuspid valve inflow velocities over 10 s of unrestricted breathing. The diagnosis of CP was confirmed via clinical history, diagnostic imaging, cardiac catheterization, intraoperative findings, and histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients had CP, all with increased pericardial thickness (6.2 ± 1.0 mm). RT-PC imaging demonstrated discordant respirophasic changes in atrioventricular valve inflow velocities in all CP patients, with mean ± SD mitral valve and tricuspid valve inflow velocity variation of 46 ± 20% and 60 ± 15%, respectively, compared with 16 ± 8% and 24 ± 11% in patients without CP (p < 0.004 vs. patients with CP for both) and 17 ± 5% and 31 ± 13% in controls (p < 0.001 vs. patients with CP for both). There was no difference in atrioventricular valve inflow velocity variation between patients without CP compared with controls (p > 0.3 for both). Respiratory variation exceeding 25% across the mitral valve yielded a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 100%, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 1.0 to detect CP physiology. Using a cutoff of 45%, variation of transtricuspid valve velocity had a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 88%, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.98.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accentuated and discordant respirophasic changes in mitral valve and tricuspid valve inflow velocities characteristic of CP can be identified noninvasively with RT-PC CMR. When incorporated into existing CMR protocols for imaging pericardial morphology, RT-PC CMR provides important hemodynamic evidence with which to make a definite diagnosis of CP.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Paaladinesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thavendiranathan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verhaert
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: Yiu-Cho
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Orlando P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Simonetti
authors.forename: Subha V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Raman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009820:Ohio; D010494:Pericarditis, Constrictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012119:Respiration; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000503:physiopathology*