title: Financial satisfaction and its relationship to depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults: results from the FIN-D2D survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies using traditional measures of socio-economic position, such as education, income and occupation, have found inequalities in depressive symptoms, but less is known about the association between financial satisfaction and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of depressive symptoms with financial satisfaction in Finnish adults in a population-based cross-sectional FIN-D2D survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand, five hundred randomly selected individuals aged 45-74 years were invited to the study. Participation rate for health examinations was 64%. Complete information on depressive symptoms and financial satisfaction was available for 2,819 individuals. Financial satisfaction was asked using a questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were measured by Beck Depression Inventory (≥ 10) and/or use of antidepressants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether 11.6% of individuals who were satisfied with their financial situation had depressive symptoms. Corresponding figures for individuals who were somewhat satisfied or dissatisfied were 20.6% and 42.6%, respectively. Individuals who were less satisfied with their financial situation were more likely to suffer from depressive symptoms even after adjusting for gender, age, marital status, number of chronic diseases, smoking, binge drinking, physical activity, education and household income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instead of more traditional measures of socio-economic position, financial dissatisfaction seems to be associated with depressive symptoms in Finnish adults.
authors.affiliation: Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland. nina.rautio@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rautio
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mäntyselkä
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timonen
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saaristo
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oksa
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Puolijoki
authors.forename: Mauno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanhala
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires