title: Sex and age differences in depression and baseline sport-related concussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine depression and baseline neurocognitive function and concussion symptoms in male and female high school and college athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Athletes completed testing at a designated computer laboratory at high schools and colleges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 1616 collegiate (n = 837) and high school (n = 779) athletes from 3 states participating in a variety of competitive sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed the baseline Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), symptom inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between-group comparisons for depression groups on ImPACT composite scores (verbal and visual memory, reaction time, motor processing speed), total symptoms, and symptom cluster (sleep, cognitive, emotional, somatic/migraine) scores. Between-group comparisons for age and sex on BDI-II, ImPACT, total symptoms, and symptom cluster scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severe depression group scored worse on visual memory and reported more total, somatic/migraine, cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptoms than less depressed groups. High school athletes reported more somatic/migraine symptoms than collegiate athletes, whereas collegiate athletes reported more emotional and sleep symptoms than high school athletes. Women had higher verbal memory and reported more cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptom clusters compared with men. Women outperformed men on verbal memory, whereas collegiate athletes outperformed high school athletes on processing speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Athletes with severe depression scored lower on visual memory than those with minimal depression. Athletes with severe depression report more concussion symptoms than athletes with minimal and moderate depression scores. Symptoms of depression should be included in baseline assessments to help disentangle depression from concussion symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. covassin@msu.edu
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Covassin
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Elbin
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kontos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult