title: The social production of substance abuse and HIV/HCV risk: an exploratory study of opioid-using immigrants from the former Soviet Union living in New York City.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several former Soviet countries have witnessed the rapid emergence of major epidemics of injection drug use (IDU) and associated HIV/HCV, suggesting that immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) may be at heightened risk for similar problems. This exploratory study examines substance use patterns among the understudied population of opioid-using FSU immigrants in the U.S., as well as social contextual factors that may increase these immigrants' susceptibility to opioid abuse and HIV/HCV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 FSU immigrants living in New York City who initiated opioid use in adolescence or young adulthood, and with 6 drug treatment providers working with this population. Informed by a grounded theory approach, interview transcripts were inductively coded and analyzed to identify key themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The "trauma" of the immigration/acculturation experience was emphasized by participants as playing a critical role in motivating opioid use. Interview data suggest that substance use patterns formed in the high-risk environment of the FSU may persist as behavioral norms within New York City FSU immigrant communities - including a predilection for heroin use among youth, a high prevalence of injection, and a tolerance for syringe sharing within substance-using peer networks. Multiple levels of social context may reproduce FSU immigrants' vulnerability to substance abuse and disease such as: peer-based interactional contexts in which participants typically used opioids; community workplace settings in which some participants were introduced to and obtained opioids; and cultural norms, with roots in Soviet-era social policies, stigmatizing substance abuse which may contribute to immigrants' reluctance to seek disease prevention and drug treatment services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several behavioral and contextual factors appear to increase FSU immigrants' risk for opioid abuse, IDU and infectious disease. Further research on opioid-using FSU immigrants is warranted and may help prevent increases in HIV/HCV prevalence from occurring within these communities.
authors.affiliation: Center for Technology and Health, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc, New York, NY 10010, USA. guarino@ndri.org
authors.forename: Honoria
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guarino
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marsch
authors.forename: Sal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Florio
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D010379:Peer Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012945:Social Values; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology; D014586:USSR / Q000208:ethnology