title: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of North American working hours restrictions on mortality and morbidity in surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short duty hours, imposed by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) regulations, have been claimed to be associated with loss of continuity of care among surgical patients, leading to a potentially increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the strength of associations between duty hour restrictions and morbidity and mortality of various surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS Previews(®), the Education Resources Information Center and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (January 2000 to September 2009) were searched, and reports screened to identify comparative studies of mortality and morbidity before and after the introduction of ACGME regulation periods. Random-effects (RE) and quality-effects (QE) meta-analyses were performed to determine the risk of morbidity or death associated with long duty hours compared with shorter duty hours. Results are presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95 per cent confidence interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19 data sets (10 articles), including 730,648 subjects in the mortality studies and 64,346 in the morbidity studies, were analysed. Long duty hours were associated with a non-significantly increased risk of death compared with shorter duty hours (OR 1·28, 0·94 to 1·73). There was no difference in morbidity between the two groups (OR 1·03, 0·67 to 1·57). Mortality associations were generally stronger for general surgery, more recent studies and higher-quality studies. Heterogeneity was evident among the studies included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction in working hours has not affected patient care negatively in terms of demonstrable differences in morbidity and mortality. However, it cannot be distinguished whether this effect is actually due to a non-detrimental effect of the reduction in working hours or whether any such detriment is offset by continually improving patient care and increased surgical supervision.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Center for Medical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. u22mj@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: S A R
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Barendregt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meterissian
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017594:Publication Bias; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000401:mortality* / Q000592:standards; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance