title: Increased expression of HMGB1 is associated with poor prognosis in human bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a versatile protein with intranuclear and extracellular functions that is involved in numerous biological and pathological processes, such as transcription, DNA repair, and response to infection and inflammation. HMGB1 overexpression has been reported in a variety of human cancers. However, the clinical significance of HMGB1 expression in bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear. This study is aimed to investigate the correlations between HMGB1 expression and prognosis in patients with BC.
  
  
  METHODS
  HMGB1 protein expression in 164 primary BC tissue specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and its association with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HMGB1 protein had high expression in 87 of 164 cases of BC (53%). HMGB1 overexpression was significantly associated with tumor grade (P < 0.001), and stage (P = 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that HMGB1 expression was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival (both P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis further demonstrated that HMGB1 was an independent prognostic factor for patients with BC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HMGB1 might be a new molecular marker to predict the prognosis of patients with BC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Liang
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lian-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Juan-Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.forename: Xiao-Jiao
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Hai-Ge
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Dong-Ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi-Ran
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D024243:HMGB1 Protein