title: Associations between demographic variables and multiple measles-specific innate and cell-mediated immune responses after measles vaccination.
abstract: Measles remains a public health concern due to a lack of vaccine use and vaccine failure. A better understanding of the factors that influence variations in immune responses, including innate/inflammatory and adaptive cellular immune responses, following measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination could increase our knowledge of measles vaccine-induced immunity and potentially lead to better vaccines. Measles-specific innate/inflammatory and adaptive cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses were characterized using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to quantify the levels of secreted IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, and TNF-α in PBMC cultures following in vitro stimulation with measles virus (MV) in a cohort of 764 school-aged children. IFN-γ ELISPOT assays were performed to ascertain the number of measles-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells. Cytokine responses were then tested for associations with self-declared demographic data, including gender, race, and ethnicity. Females secreted significantly more TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-α (p<0.001, p<0.002, p<0.04, respectively) compared to males. Caucasians secreted significantly more IFN-λ1, IL-10, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-α (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.003, p<0.01, and p<0.02, respectively) compared to the other racial groups combined. Additionally, Caucasians had a greater number of IFN-γ-secreting cells compared to other racial groups (p<0.001). Ethnicity was not significantly correlated with variations in measles-specific CMI measures. Our data suggest that innate/inflammatory and CMI cytokine responses to measles vaccine vary significantly by gender and race. These data further advance our understanding regarding inter-individual and subgroup variations in immune responses to measles vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Umlauf
authors.forename: Iana H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Haralambieva
authors.forename: Inna G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Ovsyannikova
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: V Shane
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pankratz
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Poland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D058501:Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D008459:Measles virus / Q000276:immunology*; D008910:Minnesota; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D007371:Interferon-gamma