title: CIP2A signature reveals the MYC dependency of CIP2A-regulated phenotypes and its clinical association with breast cancer subtypes.
abstract: Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a critical human tumor-suppressor complex. A recently characterized PP2A inhibitor protein, namely cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), has been found to be overexpressed at a high frequency in most of the human cancer types. However, our understanding of gene expression programs regulated by CIP2A is almost absent. Moreover, clinical relevance of the CIP2A-regulated transcriptome has not been addressed thus far. Here, we report a high-confidence transcriptional signature regulated by CIP2A. Bioinformatic pathway analysis of the CIP2A signature revealed that CIP2A regulates several MYC-dependent and MYC-independent gene programs. With regard to MYC-independent signaling, JNK2 expression and transwell migration were inhibited by CIP2A depletion, whereas MYC depletion did not affect either of these phenotypes. Instead, depletion of either CIP2A or MYC inhibited cancer cell colony growth with statistically indistinguishable efficiency. Moreover, CIP2A depletion was shown to regulate the expression of several established MYC target genes, out of which most were MYC-repressed genes. CIP2A small-interfering RNA-elicited inhibition of colony growth or activation of MYC-repressed genes was reversed at large by concomitant PP2A inhibition. Finally, the CIP2A signature was shown to cluster with basal-type and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer signatures. Accordingly, CIP2A protein expression was significantly associated with basal-like (P=0.0014) and HER2+ (P<0.0001) breast cancers. CIP2A expression also associated with MYC gene amplification (P<0.001). Taken together, identification of CIP2A-driven transcriptional signature, and especially novel MYC-independent signaling programs regulated by CIP2A, provides important resource for understanding CIP2A's role as a clinically relevant human oncoprotein. With regard to MYC, these results both validate CIP2A's role in regulating MYC-mediated gene expression and provide a plausible novel explanation for the high MYC activity in basal-like and HER2+ breast cancers.
authors.affiliation: Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemelä
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kauko
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sihto
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mpindi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nicorici
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pernilä
authors.forename: O-P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joensuu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hautaniemi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westermarck
mesh_terms: D001324:Autoantigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C500266:CIP2A protein, human; C489427:MYC protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human