title: Prevalence and risk factors of meibomian gland dysfunction: the Singapore Malay eye study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence and associations of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in an urban Malay population in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study of 3280 (78.7% response rate) Malay persons aged 40 to 80 years, living in Singapore. MGD was defined by a slit-lamp clinical examination as either lid margin telangiectasia or meibomian gland orifice plugging in at least one eye. Participants underwent a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination, including laboratory investigations. Data were analyzed for 3271 persons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-standardized prevalence of MGD was 56.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 53.3-59.4]. A higher MGD prevalence was found in male participants across all age groups [odds ratio (OR), 1.30; 95% CI, 1.35-1.79], postmenopausal women (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.19-2.33), and all participants with pinguecula (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.08-2.85), high diastolic blood pressure (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.62), and use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (OR, 4.02; 95% CI, 1.74-9.27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MGD was highly prevalent in this Asian population and associated with various systemic and ocular conditions.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jay J K
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Siak
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Wan Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cajucom-Uy
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosman
authors.forename: Seang Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Tien Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data