title: Preparation and characterization of realgar nanoparticles and their inhibitory effect on rat glioma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to prepare a new nano-sized realgar particle and characterize its anti-tumor effect on tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation and were detected by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and dynamic light scattering. An anti-proliferative effect of realgar nanoparticles on rat glioma (C6) cells was determined by the MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis rates were observed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related gene expression was detected by immunofluorescence staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Realgar nanoparticles were successfully prepared. The particles were spherical, with an average diameter of approximately 80 nm, and contained arsenic and sulfur elements. Realgar nanoparticles inhibited C6 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment of C6 cells with realgar nanoparticles significantly increased the proportions of cells in S and G2/M phases, decreased the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase, downregulated Bcl-2 expression, and substantially upregulated Bax expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Realgar nanoparticles significantly inhibited C6 glioma cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis by inducing the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Realgar nanoparticles are a promising in vitro anti-cancer strategy and may be applicable for human cancer therapy studies.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan-li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Zi-yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dong-sheng
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013440:Sulfides; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C058317:arsenic disulfide