title: Staging activity limitation and participation restriction in elderly community-dwelling persons according to difficulties in self-care and domestic life functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to describe the conceptual foundation and development of an activity limitation and participation restriction staging system for community-dwelling people 70 yrs or older according to the severity and types of self-care (activities of daily living [ADLs]) and domestic life (instrumental ADLs (IADLs)) limitations experienced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the second Longitudinal Study of Aging (N = 9447) were used to develop IADL stages through the analyses of self- and proxy-reported difficulties in performing IADLs. An analysis of activity limitation profiles identified hierarchical thresholds of difficulty that defined each stage. IADL stages are combined with ADL stages to profile status for independent living.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IADL stages define five ordered thresholds of increasing activity limitations and a ``not relevant'' stage for those who normally have someone else do those activities. Approximately 42% of the population experience IADL limitations. To achieve a stage, a person must meet or exceed stage-specific thresholds of retained functioning defined for each activity. Combined ADL and IADL stages define 29 patterns of activity limitations expressing the individual's potential for participating in life situations pertinent to self-care and independent community life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADL and IADL stages can serve to distinguish between groups of people according to both severity and the types of limitations experienced during home or outpatient assessments, in population surveillance, and in research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6021, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Stineman
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Henry-Sánchez
authors.forename: Jibby E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kurichi
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saliba
authors.forename: Zi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Streim
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D012648:Self Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index