title: Health care needs of children with Down syndrome and impact of health system performance on children and their families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The functional, financial, and social impact on families of children with Down syndrome (DS) in the United States and the role of the US health care system in ameliorating these impacts have not been well characterized. We sought to describe the demographic characteristics and functional difficulties of these children and to determine whether children with DS, compared with children with "intellectual disability" (ID) generally, and compared with other "children and youth with special health care needs" (CYSHCN), are more or less likely to receive health care that meets quality standards related to care coordination and to have their health care service needs met.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study analyzed data from the 2005-2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (n = 40,723). Children and youth aged 0 to 17 years with special health care need (CYSHCN) who experience DS (n = 395) and/or IDs (n = 4252) were compared with each other and other CYSHCN on a range of functioning, family impact, and health care quality variables using bivariate and multivariate methods. Data were weighted to represent all CYSHCN in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with CYSHCN without DS, children with DS were significantly less likely to receive comprehensive care within a medical home (29.7% vs 47.3%; p < .001). Parents of children with DS were also significantly more likely to cut back or stop work due to their child's health needs (23.5% vs 55.1%; p < .001). Although overall system performance was poorer for children with DS compared with those with ID and no DS after adjustment for family income, prevalence on most aspects of quality of care and family impacts evaluated were similar for these 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the families of children with DS, and ID generally, are burdened disproportionately when compared with other CYSHCN, reflecting the combination of impairments intrinsic to DS and ID and impacts of suboptimal medical care coordination and social support.
authors.affiliation: Child Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97403, USA. phelpsr@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Randall A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pinter
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lollar
authors.forename: Joan Guthrie
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Medlen
authors.forename: Christina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bethell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D014481:United States