title: Candidate serum biomarkers for prostate adenocarcinoma identified by mRNA differences in prostate tissue and verified with protein measurements in tissue and blood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improved tests are needed for detection and management of prostate cancer. We hypothesized that differential gene expression in prostate tissue could help identify candidate blood biomarkers for prostate cancer and that blood from men with advanced prostate disease could be used to verify the biomarkers presence in circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified candidate markers using mRNA expression patterns from laser-capture microdissected prostate tissue and confirmed tissue expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the subset of candidates having commercial antisera. We analyzed tissue extracts with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and measured blood concentrations using immunoassays and MS/MS of trypsin-digested, immunoextracted peptides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We selected 35 novel candidate prostate adenocarcinoma biomarkers. For all 13 markers having commercial antisera for IHC, tissue expression was confirmed; 6 showed statistical discrimination between nondiseased and malignant tissue, and only 5 were detected in tissue extracts by MS/MS. Sixteen of the 35 candidate markers were successfully assayed in blood. Four of 8 biomarkers measured by ELISA and 3 of 10 measured by targeted MS showed statistically significant increases in blood concentrations of advanced prostate cancer cases, compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seven novel biomarkers identified by gene expression profiles in prostate tissue were shown to have statistically significant increased concentrations in blood from men with advanced prostate adenocarcinoma compared with controls: apolipoprotein C1, asporin, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11), CXCL9, coagulation factor V, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 6.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Klee
authors.forename: Olga P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Bondar
authors.forename: Marcia K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Goodmanson
authors.forename: Roy B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bergstralh
authors.forename: H Robert
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sebo
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Klee
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger