title: Is cryopreservation of embryos a legitimate surrogate marker of embryo quality in studies of assisted reproductive technology conducted using national databases?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether cryopreservation of supernumerary embryos is a good surrogate for embryo quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of 6,859 assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles from women aged <35 years with two fresh day 3 embryos transferred.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System data from 2006-2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women undergoing ART.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryo quality (good, fair, or poor), cell number, and live births were compared for cycles with and without cryopreservation, using χ(2) to evaluate statistical significance. The association of freezing with embryo quality was examined using multiple logistic regression after adjusting for confounders (patient age, oocyte yield, intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI], assisted hatching, male factor infertility).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cycles with cryopreservation were more likely to have two embryos of good quality transferred (81.3% vs. 48.5%) and had more 8-cell embryos transferred (76.0% vs. 50.1%). Relative to cycles with two good embryos (good-good), the adjusted odds ratios (OR) for cryopreservation were: good-fair (OR = 0.301, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.257-0.354), fair-fair (OR = 0.308, 95% CI = 0.258-0.367), and any poor (OR = 0.058, 95% CI = 0.040-0.083). The live birth rate was 52.4% for cycles with freezing and 40.6% for cycles without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embryo quality and cell number were both associated with embryo cryopreservation. However, although cryopreservation was a strong marker for good quality, not having cryopreservation did not reliably indicate poor quality, as almost half of those cycles had two good quality embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA. judy.stern@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Judy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Ellice S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macaluso
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Racowsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000473:pathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015925:Cryopreservation; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050498:Live Birth; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States