title: Population growth and development of Liposcelis pearmani (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) at constant temperatures and relative humidities.
abstract: Psocids of genus Liposcelis are now considered serious pests of stored products. We investigated the effects of eight temperatures (22.5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0, 32.5, 35.0, 37.5, and 40.0°C) and four relative humidities (43, 55, 63, and 75%) on population growth and development of the  psocid Liposcelis pearmani Lienhard. L. pearmani did not survive at 37.5 and 40.0°C, at all relative humidities tested; at 43% RH, at all temperatures tested; and at 55% RH, at 32.5 and 35°C. The greatest population growth was recorded at 32.5°C and 75% RH (32-fold growth). L.  pearmani males have two to four nymphal instars, and the percentages of males with two, three, and four instars were 17, 63, and 20%, respectively. Female L. pearmani have two to five instars, and the percentages of females with two, three, four, and five instars were 5, 39, 55, and 1%, respectively.  We developed temperature-dependent development equations for male and female eggs, individual nymphal, combined nymphal, and combined immature stages. Based on 30-d population growth, L. pearmani cannot survive at temperatures >35.0°C; does not thrive at low relative humidities (55%),  at temperatures above 25°C; and has a high optimum relative humidity for population growth (75%). Therefore, we expect it to have a more limited distribution compared with other Liposcelis species. These data provide a better understanding of how temperature and RH may influence L. pearmani  population dynamics and can be used in population growth models to help develop effective management strategies for this psocid, and to predict its occurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3033, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Aminatou
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Opit
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Talley
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shakya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006813:Humidity; D007313:Insecta / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D009758:Nymph / Q000254:growth & development; D011158:Population Growth; D013696:Temperature