title: A method to simulate motor control strategies to recover from perturbations: application to a stumble recovery during gait.
abstract: Perturbations during human gait such as a trip or a slip can result in a fall, especially among frail populations such as the elderly. In order to recover from a trip or a stumble during gait, humans perform different types of recovery strategies. It is very useful to uncover the mechanisms of the recovery to improve training methods for populations at risk of falling. Moreover, human recovery strategies could be applied to implement controllers for bipedal robot walker, as an application of biomimetic design. A biomechanical model of the response to a trip during gait might uncover the control mechanisms underlying the different recovery strategies and the adaptation of the responses found during the execution of successive perturbation trials. This paper introduces a model of stumble in the multibody system framework. This model is used to assess different feedforward strategies to recover from a trip. First of all, normal gait patterns for the musculoskeletal system model are obtained by solving an optimal control problem. Secondly, the reference gait is perturbed by the application of forces on the swinging foot in different ways: as an instantaneous inelastic collision of the foot with an obstacle, as an impulsive horizontal force or using a force curve measured experimentally during gait perturbation experiments. The influence of the type of perturbation, the timing of the collision with respect to the gait cycle, as well as of the coefficient of restitution was investigated previously. Finally, in order to test the effects of different muscle excitation levels on the initial phases of the recovery response, several muscle excitations were added to selected muscles of the legs, thus providing a simulation of the recovery reactions. These results pave the way for future analysis and modeling of the control mechanisms of gait.
authors.affiliation: Biomechatronics Laboratory, Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Department, EscolaPolitécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forner-Cordero
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Mateus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Lima Freitas
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010827:Physiology / Q000379:methods*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*