title: Impact of exposure to combat during deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on mental health by gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interest in the mental health of women deployed to modern military campaigns is increasing, although research examining gender differences is limited. Little is known about experiences women have had on these deployments, or whether men and women respond differently to combat exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study used data from a representative sample of UK Armed Forces personnel to examine gender differences among those deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (n=432 women, n=4554 men) in three measures of experience: 'risk to self', 'trauma to others' and 'appraisal of deployment'. We examined the impact of such experiences on post-deployment symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), symptoms of common mental disorder (CMD) and hazardous alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment, men reported more exposure to 'risk to self' and 'trauma to others' events and more negative appraisals of their deployment. Among both genders, all measures of combat experience were associated with symptoms of PTSD and CMD (except 'risk to self' events on symptoms of CMD among women) but not with alcohol misuse. Women reported higher scores on the PTSD Checklist--Civilian Version (PCL-C) among those exposed to lower levels of each experience type but this did not hold in the higher levels. Women reported greater symptoms of CMD and men reported greater hazardous alcohol use across both levels of each experience type. Examining men and women separately suggested similar responses to exposure to adverse combat experiences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings suggest that, although gender differences in mental health exist, the impact of deployment on mental health is similar among men and women.
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. charlotte.c.woodhead@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woodhead
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wessely
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Fear
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hatch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology