title: Assessment of copper and zinc levels in fish from freshwater ecosystems of Moldova.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to assess the levels of copper and zinc in fish from the main freshwater ecosystems of Moldova, in relation with species, habitat, age, sex, season, and development stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fish from Cyprinidae and Percidae families (Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus gibelio, Rutilus rutilus heckeli, Abramis brama, Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophtalmichthys molitrix, Sander lucioperca) were collected from Prut and Dniester rivers, Cuciurgan, Dubasari, and Costesti-Stanca reservoirs, and ponds of farms in the Dniester delta. The Cu and Zn content of fish tissues (skeletal muscles, liver, gonads, gills, skin, and scales) was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer AAS-3, of water by graphite furnace HGA 900 of AAnalist 400.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of heavy metals accumulation in muscles of immature fish follows their dynamics in water. The highest concentration of zinc was registered in the gonads of mature fish, and of copper-in the liver. The lowest Cu and Zn contents were recorded in the muscles and are in the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization safety-permissible levels for human consumption. Cu and Zn contents in muscles of fish depend on specimen age. Their level in fish gonads was sharply increasing during pre-spawning period. During the early developmental stages, the metal concentration in fish eggs and larvae varies within wide limits, but the accumulation pattern is similar in the investigated species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fish represent one of the most indicative factors for the estimation of trace metals pollution in freshwater systems and this is important not only for monitoring purposes, but also for the fish culture ones.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, 1 Academiei St., Chisinau 2028, Republic of Moldova. ecotoxmd@mail.ru
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zubcov
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zubcov
authors.forename: Antoaneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ene
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Biletchi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D005880:Gills / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008966:Moldova; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry; D010471:Perches / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc