title: Intraprostatic targeting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability to accurately localize and target prostate cancer, whether for staging or future interventions, is an important concept in prostate cancer management. In this review, we describe the emerging technologies that allow for enhanced visualization and precise targeting of the prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uses of prostate-specific antigen and conventional prostate biopsy with image-blinded random systematic techniques have led to overdiagnosis of insignificant cancer and underdiagnosis of significant cancer. Active surveillance and focal therapy have become hot topics in prostate cancer management as the incidence of low-risk prostate cancer rises. For either management, it is essential to localize, characterize, and target the clinically important cancer in the prostate. Emerging techniques in ultrasound as well as MRI modalities allow for enhancement of tumor visualization, and characterization. Digital mapping technique of biopsy trajectory is an emerging technique that allows for three-dimensional mapping of biopsy-proven cancer lesions as well as potential future delivery of focal therapy. Molecular or cancer-specific targeting is promising for specific imaging and therapeutic approach at the cell level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emerging technologies improve clinically relevant prostate cancer identification using digitalized multiparametric anatomical and functional imaging and enhance the ability to precisely target the known-cancer.
authors.affiliation: USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. ukimura@usc.edu
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ukimura
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Inderbir S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen