title: Cytoprotective effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rat brain slices subjected to reoxygenation after oxygen-glucose deprivation.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the possible neuroprotective effect of the main nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in an experimental model of hypoxia-reoxygenation in rat brain slices. After reoxygenation the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux was inhibited by nimesulide, celecoxib and meloxicam with an IC(50) in the 10(-6)M range, by flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in the 10(-5)M range, and by salicylic acid, indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid and mefenamic acid the 10(-4)M range. The effect of other NSAIDs was seen with an IC(50) greater than 10(-3)M. A statistically significant linear correlation between the values of LDH efflux and prostaglandin E(2) was found for NSAIDs whose IC(50) of cytoprotection (LDH efflux) was below 10(-4)M. The concentration of interleukin 10 was increased with nimesulide, celecoxib, meloxicam, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and diclofenac. Flurbiprofen and diclofenac significantly inhibited the production of lipid peroxides. The increase in brain nitrite levels was significantly reduced with celecoxib, flurbiprofen, diclofenac and salicylic acid. Concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine were significantly reduced with celecoxib, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, salicylic acid and ketorolac. In conclusion, NSAIDs with the greatest cytoprotective effect (nimesulide, celecoxib and meloxicam) may exert their effect mainly through the blockade of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. Other compounds with neuroprotective activity may complement their lower anti-COX-2 effect with a slight increase in interleukin 10 and reduced oxidative and nitrosative stress in our model of hypoxia-reoxygenation in rat brain slices.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain. jantoniolv@uma.es
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López-Villodres
authors.forename: José Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: De La Cruz
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Marin
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: José Julio
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: González-Correa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D015538:Nitrosation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009573:Nitrites; D016753:Interleukin-10; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D005947:Glucose; D015232:Dinoprostone; D010100:Oxygen