title: Prenatal diagnosis for haemophilia: a nationwide survey among female carriers in the Netherlands.
abstract: Carriers of haemophilia face difficult choices regarding prenatal diagnosis, but little is known about the determinants that influence their decisions. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of prenatal diagnosis and potential determinants affecting the choice for prenatal diagnosis. A nationwide survey was performed among all women who underwent carriership testing for haemophilia in the Netherlands between 1992 and 2004. Prenatal diagnosis was assessed in 207 carriers of haemophilia A or B who had been pregnant. Prenatal diagnosis was categorized into early first trimester (Y-PCR testing or chorionic villus sampling) often intended to prevent the birth of a child with haemophilia, and into late prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis or ultrasound assessment) aimed at obstetrical management. Of 207 carriers 112 (54%) underwent prenatal diagnosis. Forty-eight women underwent early prenatal diagnosis and 64 women underwent late prenatal diagnosis. In 26 pregnancies early prenatal diagnosis was positive for haemophilia, and in 18 of these pregnancies termination was opted for. The choice for early prenatal diagnosis was associated with a liberal view towards termination of pregnancy (relative risk (RR) 12.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-51.2), severe haemophilia in the family (RR 20.2; CI 2.7-153.6), absence of a religion (RR 1.9; CI 1.1-3.1) and older age (RR 2.0; CI 1.0-3.9). The choice for late prenatal diagnosis was associated with birth year after 1970 (RR 2.3; CI 1.5-3.5) and a previous child with haemophilia (RR 2.2; CI 1.4-3.4). More than half of all Dutch haemophilia carriers underwent prenatal diagnosis. Several determinants were strongly associated with prenatal diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D M W
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Balak
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gouw
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Plug
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Mauser-Bunschoten
authors.forename: A H J T
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Vriends
authors.forename: J E M
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Van Diemen-Homan
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Rosendaal
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van der Bom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires