title: Reflectance spectrometry of normal and bruised human skins: experiments and modeling.
abstract: A stochastic photon transport model in multilayer skin tissue combined with reflectance spectroscopy measurements is used to study normal and bruised skins. The model is shown to provide a very good approximation to both normal and bruised real skin tissues by comparing experimental and simulated reflectance spectra. The sensitivity analysis of the skin reflectance spectrum to variations of skin layer thicknesses, blood oxygenation parameter and concentrations of main chromophores is performed to optimize model parameters. The reflectance spectrum of a developed bruise in a healthy adult is simulated, and the concentrations of bilirubin, blood volume fraction and blood oxygenation parameter are determined for different times as the bruise progresses. It is shown that bilirubin and blood volume fraction reach their peak values at 80 and 55 h after contusion, respectively, and the oxygenation parameter is lower than its normal value during 80 h after contusion occurred. The obtained time correlations of chromophore concentrations in developing contusions are shown to be consistent with previous studies. The developed model uses a detailed seven-layer skin approximation for contusion and allows one to obtain more biologically relevant results than those obtained with previous models using one- to three-layer skin approximations. A combination of modeling with spectroscopy measurements provides a new tool for detailed biomedical studies of human skin tissue and for age determination of contusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMurdy
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lines
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000378:metabolism; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003288:Contusions / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017785:Photons; D012867:Skin / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D001663:Bilirubin; D010100:Oxygen