title: Epidemiology of out-of hospital pediatric cardiac arrest due to trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the epidemiology and survival of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) secondary to trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CanAm Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Study Group is a collaboration of researchers in the United States and Canada sharing a common goal to improve survival outcomes for pediatric cardiac arrest. This was a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Twelve months of consecutive data were collected from emergency medical services (EMS), fire, and inpatient records from 2000 to 2003 for all OHCAs secondary to trauma in patients aged ≤18 years in 36 urban and suburban communities supporting advanced life support (ALS) programs. Eligible patients were apneic and pulseless and received chest compressions in the field. The primary outcome was survival to discharge. Secondary measures included return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to hospital admission, and 24-hour survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 123 patients. The median patient age was 7.3 years (interquartile range [IQR] 6.0-17.0). The patient population was 78.1% male and 59.0% African American, 20.5% Hispanic, and 15.7% white. Most cardiac arrests occurred in residential (47.1%) or street/highway (37.2%) locations. Initial recorded rhythms were asystole (59.3%), pulseless electrical activity (29.1%), and ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (3.5%). The majority of cardiac arrests were unwitnessed (49.5%), and less than 20% of patients received chest compressions by bystanders. The median (IQR) call-to-arrival interval was 4.9 (3.1-6.5) minutes and the on-scene interval was 12.3 (8.4-18.3) minutes. Blunt and penetrating traumas were the most common mechanisms (34.2% and 25.2%, respectively) and were associated with poor survival to discharge (2.4% and 6.5%, respectively). For all OHCA patients, 19.5% experienced ROSC in the field, 9.8% survived the first 24 hours, and 5.7% survived to discharge. Survivors had triple the rate of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) than nonsurvivors (42.9% vs. 15.2%). Unlike patients sustaining blunt trauma or strangulation/hanging, most post-cardiac arrest patients who survived the first 24 hours after penetrating trauma or drowning were discharged alive. Drowning (17.1% of cardiac arrests) had the highest survival-to-discharge rate (19.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall survival rate for OHCA in children after trauma was low, but some trauma mechanisms are associated with better survival rates than others. Most OHCA in children is preventable, and education and prevention strategies should focus on those overrepresented populations and high-risk mechanisms to improve mortality.
authors.affiliation: WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Clinical Research Unit, Emergency Services Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina 27610, USA. demaio@weppa.org
authors.forename: Valerie J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: De Maio
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Stiell
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Jose G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cabanas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D015984:Causality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*