title: Food consumption and advanced β cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: a nested case-control design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence for the role of food consumption during childhood in the development of β cell autoimmunity is scarce and fragmentary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We set out to study the associations of longitudinal food consumption in children with the development of advanced β cell autoimmunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with advanced β cell autoimmunity (n = 232) (ie, with repeated positivity for antibodies against islet cells) together with positivity for at least one of the other 3 antibodies analyzed or clinical type 1 diabetes were identified from a prospective birth cohort of 6069 infants with HLA-DQB1-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes who were born in 1996-2004, with the longest follow-up to the age of 11 y. Repeated 3-d food records were completed by the families and daycare personnel. Diabetes-associated autoantibodies and diets were measured at 3-12-mo intervals. Four control subjects, who were matched for birth date, sex, area, and genetic risk, were randomly selected for each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the main food groups, only intakes of cow-milk products (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10) and fruit and berry juices (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.12) were significantly, although marginally, associated with advanced β cell autoimmunity. The consumption of fresh milk products and cow milk-based infant formulas was related to the endpoint, whereas no evidence was shown for consumption of sour milk products and cheese. The intake of fat from all milk products and protein from fresh milk products was associated with risk of advanced β cell autoimmunity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intakes of cow milk and fruit and berry juices could be related to the development of advanced β cell autoimmunity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as number NCT00223613.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. suvi.virtanen@thl.fi
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kronberg-Kippilä
authors.forename: Suvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tapanainen
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: Hanna-Mari
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Takkinen
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niinistö
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ovaskainen
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015551:Autoimmunity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015930:Diet Records; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen