title: SATgenε dietary model to implement diets of differing fat composition in prospectively genotyped groups (apoE) using commercially available foods.
abstract: Response to dietary fat manipulation is highly heterogeneous, yet generic population-based recommendations aimed at reducing the burden of CVD are given. The APOE epsilon genotype has been proposed to be an important determinant of this response. The present study reports on the dietary strategy employed in the SATgenε (SATurated fat and gene APOE) study, to assess the impact of altered fat content and composition on the blood lipid profile according to the APOE genotype. A flexible dietary exchange model was developed to implement three isoenergetic diets: a low-fat (LF) diet (target composition: 24 % of energy (%E) as fat, 8 %E SFA and 59 %E carbohydrate), a high-saturated fat (HSF) diet (38 %E fat, 18 %E SFA and 45 %E carbohydrate) and a HSF-DHA diet (HSF diet with 3 g DHA/d). Free-living participants (n 88; n 44 E3/E3 and n 44 E3/E4) followed the diets in a sequential design for 8 weeks, each using commercially available spreads, oils and snacks with specific fatty acid profiles. Dietary compositional targets were broadly met with significantly higher total fat (42·8 %E and 41·0 %E v. 25·1 %E, P ≤ 0·0011) and SFA (19·3 %E and 18·6 %E v. 8·33 %E, P ≤ 0·0011) intakes during the HSF and HSF-DHA diets compared with the LF diet, in addition to significantly higher DHA intake during the HSF-DHA diet (P ≤ 0·0011). Plasma phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed a 2-fold increase in the proportion of DHA after consumption of the HSF-DHA diet for 8 weeks, which was independent of the APOE genotype. In summary, the dietary strategy was successfully implemented in a free-living population resulting in well-tolerated diets which broadly met the dietary targets set.
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lockyer
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tzanetou
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Wells
authors.forename: Kim G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Minihane
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054647:Nutrigenomics / Q000379:methods; D010349:Patient Compliance; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D002784:Cholesterol