title: Orthogonal CSPAMM (OCSPAMM) MR tagging for imaging ventricular wall motion.
abstract: Tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to directly and non-invasively alter tissue magnetization and produce tags on the deforming tissue [1], [2]. Since its development, the Spatial Modulation of Magnetization (SPAMM) [2] tagging pulse sequence has been widely available and is the most commonly used technique for producing sinusoidal tag patterns. However, SPAMM suffers from tag fading which occurs in the later phases of the cardiac cycle. Complementary SPAMM (CSPAMM) was introduced to solve this problem by acquiring and subtracting two SPAMM images [3]. The drawback of CSPAMM is that it results in doubling of the acquisition time. In this paper, we propose a novel pulse sequence, termed Orthogonal CSPAMM (OCSAPMM), which results in the same acquisition time as SPAMM for 2D deformation estimation while keeping the advantages of CSPAMM. Different from CSPAMM, in OCSPAMM the second tagging pulse orientation is rotated 90 degrees relative to the first one so that motion information can be obtained simultaneously in two directions. A cardiac motion phantom, which independently models cardiac wall thickening and rotation in the human heart was used to show the effectiveness of the proposed pulse sequence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. hui.wang@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadbi
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotys
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chatzimavroudis
authors.forename: Randolph M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Setser
authors.forename: Motaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alshaher
authors.forename: Stefan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amini
mesh_terms: D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*