title: Blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening associated with anti-Hu paraneoplastic antibodies: a case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of blepharospasm associated with anti-Hu paraneoplastic antibodies that was treated successfully with botulinum toxin A.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 57-year-old man had altered mental status and a 20-pound weight loss at presentation. Evaluation revealed an occult small-cell lung cancer. Despite initiating appropriate chemotherapy, his mental status worsened and over the course of several weeks, he was unable to open his eyes because of forceful orbicularis contractions. Neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid studies found no evidence of intracranial metastases. However, his paraneoplastic panel was positive for anti-Hu antibodies. He was diagnosed with paraneoplastic encephalitis and blepharospasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravenous Solu-Medrol (Pharmacia & Upjohn Co, Bridgewater, NJ) and periocular injections of botulinum toxin A.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular disease control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous Solu-Medrol improved his mental status, but did not change his ocular symptoms. Subsequent botulinum toxin A injections allowed spontaneous eyelid opening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although paraneoplastic blepharospasm is rare, it is an important diagnosis to be aware of because paraneoplastic disorders often herald an occult tumor. This is the only case of paraneoplastic blepharospasm that the authors know of that was the result of anti-Hu antibodies as well as the only case that was treated with botulinum toxin A.
authors.affiliation: Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Christina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Roberta E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gausas
mesh_terms: D001072:Apraxias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001706:Biopsy; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D051959:ELAV Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059545:Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D051959:ELAV Proteins; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A