title: Influence of knee flexion and femoral cross-pin insertion angle on posterolateral structures of the knee and lateral fixation lengths during ACL reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some studies have investigated knee flexion angle on the sagittal plane and insertion angle of the cross-pin on the coronal plane to evaluate proper femoral fixation. They evaluated the possibilities of injury to the posterolateral (PL) and neurovascular structures using several methods. The purposes of this study were to evaluate (1) the influence of knee flexion and femoral cross-pin insertion angles on knee PL structures and (2) the lateral fixation length of the cross-pin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten fresh cadaveric knees with no previous surgeries around the knee were used. Transtibial femoral tunnels (1:30 or 10:30 o'clock position) were made at three different knee flexion angles (70°, 90°, and 110°). Two cross-pin guidewires (superior and inferior pins) were drilled at three different insertion angles [downward 30°, 0° (parallel to floor line), and upward 30°] for each knee flexion position. The distances from the insertion point of the two cross-pins to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and popliteus tendon (PT), and the distance from the lateral wall of the femoral tunnel to the lateral cortex of the femoral condyle were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were observed in the superior and inferior pin depths (p = 0.56 and 0.39). The distances from the superior pin to the LCL and from the inferior pin to the LCL were significantly shorter in all knee flexions with 0° and an upward 30° insertion angle than with 70° and 90° knee flexion with a downward 30° insertion angle, respectively (superior pin: p = 0.02 and 0.03; inferior pin: p = 0.03 and 0.03). No significant difference was observed in the distance between the superior pin and inferior pins and the PT (p = 0.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-pin was inserted close to the LCL and PT, and a downward 30° angle was the safest insertion angle. Lateral fixation length was sufficient for the cross-pin fixation in the 10:30- or 1:30-positioned femoral tunnel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Goo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong Seuk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeong Ku
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Sung Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Young Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D001858:Bone Nails; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome