title: Treatment patterns and health care resource utilization in a 1-year observational cohort study of outpatients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe (1) the clinical profiles and the patterns of use of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence with oral antipsychotics, and in those who started treatment with LAI antipsychotics, (2) health care resource utilization and associated costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 597 outpatients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence, according to the psychiatrist's clinical judgment, were recruited at 59 centers in a noninterventional prospective observational study of 1-year follow-up when their treatment was modified. In a post hoc analysis, the profiles of patients starting LAI or continuing with oral antipsychotics were described, and descriptive analyses of treatments, health resource utilization, and direct costs were performed in those who started an LAI antipsychotic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Therapy modifications involved the antipsychotic medications in 84.8% of patients, mostly because of insufficient efficacy of prior regimen. Ninety-two (15.4%) patients started an LAI antipsychotic at recruitment. Of these, only 13 (14.1%) were prescribed with first-generation antipsychotics. During 1 year, 16.3% of patients who started and 14.9% of patients who did not start an LAI antipsychotic at recruitment relapsed, contrasting with the 20.9% who had been hospitalized only within the prior 6 months. After 1 year, 74.3% of patients who started an LAI antipsychotic continued concomitant treatment with oral antipsychotics. The mean (median) total direct health care cost per patient per month during the study year among the patients starting any LAI antipsychotic at baseline was €1,407 (€897.7). Medication costs (including oral and LAI antipsychotics and concomitant medication) represented almost 44%, whereas nonmedication costs accounted for more than 55% of the mean total direct health care costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LAI antipsychotics were infrequently prescribed in spite of a psychiatrist-perceived risk of nonadherence to oral antipsychotics. Mean medication costs were lower than nonmedication costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona/ IDIBAPS/CIBERSAM, Barcelona.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: San
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dilla
authors.forename: Pepa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polavieja
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gilaberte
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciudad