title: Vesicoureteral reflux: current trends in diagnosis, screening, and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is present in approximately 1% of children in North America and Europe and is associated with an increased risk of pyelonephritis and renal scarring. Despite its prevalence and potential morbidity, however, many aspects of VUR management are controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Review the evidence surrounding current controversies in VUR diagnosis, screening, and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed of Medline, Embase, Prospero, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, clinicaltrials.gov, and the most recent guidelines of relevant medical specialty organizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We objectively assessed and summarized the published data, focusing on recent areas of controversy relating to VUR screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence base for many current management patterns in VUR is limited. Areas that could significantly benefit from additional future research include improved identification of children who are at risk for VUR-related renal morbidity, improved stratification tools for determining which children would benefit most from which VUR treatment option, and improved reporting of long-term outcomes of VUR treatments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urologic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. jonathan.routh@duke.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Routh
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bogaert
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaefer
authors.forename: Gianantonio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: H Gil
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Rushton
authors.forename: Warren T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Snodgrass
authors.forename: Duncan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000639:trends*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000639:trends*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*