title: Automatic classification of pathological gait patterns using ground reaction forces and machine learning algorithms.
abstract: An automated gait classification method is developed in this study, which can be applied to analysis and to classify pathological gait patterns using 3D ground reaction force (GRFs) data. The study involved the discrimination of gait patterns of healthy, cerebral palsy (CP) and multiple sclerosis subjects. The acquired 3D GRFs data were categorized into three groups. Two different algorithms were used to extract the gait features; the GRFs parameters and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), respectively. Nearest neighbor classifier (NNC) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were also investigated for the classification of gait features in this study. Furthermore, different feature sets were formed using a combination of the 3D GRFs components (mediolateral, anterioposterior, and vertical) and their various impacts on the acquired results were evaluated. The best leave-one-out (LOO) classification accuracy 85% was achieved. The results showed some improvement through the application of a features selection algorithm based on M-shaped value of vertical force and the statistical test ANOVA of mediolateral and anterioposterior forces. The optimal feature set of six features enhanced the accuracy to 95%. This work can provide an automated gait classification tool that may be useful to the clinician in the diagnosis and identification of pathological gait impairments.
authors.affiliation: Computer Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA. msalaqtash@miners.utep.edu
authors.forename: Murad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaqtash
authors.forename: Thompson
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sarkodie-Gyan
authors.forename: Huiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Olac
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brower
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdelgawad
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical