title: Tetherless ergonomics workstation to assess nurses' physical workload in a clinical setting.
abstract: Nurses are at risk of physical injury when moving immobile patients. This paper describes the development and testing of a tetherless ergonomics workstation that is suitable for studying nurses' physical workload in a clinical setting. The workstation uses wearable sensors to record multiple channels of body orientation and muscle activity and wirelessly transmits them to a base station laptop computer for display, storage, and analysis. In preparation for use in a clinical setting, the workstation was tested in a laboratory equipped for multi-camera video motion analysis. The testing included a pilot study of the effect of bed height on student nurses' physical workload while they repositioned a volunteer posing as a bedridden patient toward the head of the bed. Each nurse subject chose a preferred bed height, and data were recorded, in randomized order, with the bed at this height, at 0.1 m below this height, and at 0.1 m above this height. The testing showed that the body orientation recordings made by the wearable sensors agreed closely with those obtained from the video motion analysis system. The pilot study showed the following trends: As the bed height was raised, the nurses' trunk flexion at both thoracic and lumbar sites and lumbar muscle effort decreased, whereas trapezius and deltoid muscle effort increased. These trends will be evaluated by further studies of practicing nurses in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA. smithwd@csus.edu
authors.forename: Warren D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nave
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hreljac
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D056044:Actigraphy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016526:Workload