title: Developing tools to predict outcomes following cardiovascular surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical decision-making tools may help surgeons achieve better outcomes by providing more personally relevant information to patients. This paper describes approaches to developing statistical tools capable of estimating the probability of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular surgery. Our aim is to inform surgeons about the important stages that contribute to the development of decision tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  The key elements described include study design (data quality, cohort size, etc.) and statistical methodology for developing and testing decision tools. Mention is made of the delivery of decision tools, simplicity of use, ease of interpretation of results and accessibility. Information specific to cardiac and vascular surgery is included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Development of useful and effective decision tools is dependent on robust and reliable data, unambiguous outcome requirements and considerable statistical expertise. Decision tools must also be extensively tested for validity and reliability, both internally and with external data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the development and assumptions that underlie surgical decision tool development will help cardiovascular surgeons appreciate the value of applying such techniques at a clinical level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
authors.forename: Maggi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boult
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maddern
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fitridge
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017749:Total Quality Management; D016896:Treatment Outcome