title: Physical disintegration of toilet papers in wastewater systems: experimental analysis and mathematical modeling.
abstract: Physical disintegration of representative toilet papers was investigated in this study to assess their disintegration potential in sewer systems. Characterization of toilet papers from different parts of the world indicated two main categories as premium and average quality. Physical disintegration experiments were conducted with representative products from each category according to standard protocols with improvements. The experimental results were simulated by mathematical model to estimate best-fit values of disintegration rate coefficients and fractional distribution ratios. Our results from mathematical modeling and experimental work show that premium products release more amounts of small fibers and disintegrate more slowly than average ones. Comparison of the toilet papers with the tampon applicators studied previously indicates that premium quality toilet papers present significant potential to persist in sewer pipes. Comparison of turbulence level in our experimental setup with those of partial flow conditions in sewer pipes indicates that drains and small sewer pipes are critical sections where disintegration of toilet papers will be limited. For improvement, requirements for minimum pipe slopes may be increased to sustain transport and disintegration of flushable products in small pipes. In parallel, toilet papers can be improved to disintegrate rapidly in sewer systems, while they meet consumer expectations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya University, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Beytullah
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karadagli
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D006795:Household Products / Q000032:analysis*; D007700:Kinetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid