title: Variability of retention process of isoxaflutole and its diketonitrile metabolite in soil under conventional and conservation tillage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sorption largely controls pesticide fate in soils because it influences its availability for biodegradation or transport in the soil water. In this study, variability of sorption and desorption of isoxaflutole (IFT) and its active metabolite diketonitrile (DKN) was investigated under conventional and conservation tillage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to soil samples, IFT K(D) values ranged from 1.4 to 3.2 L kg(-1) and DKN K(D) values ranged from 0.02 to 0.17 L kg(-1) . Positive correlations were found between organic carbon content and IFT and DKN sorption. IFT and DKN sorption was higher under conservation than under conventional tillage owing to higher organic carbon content. Under conservation tillage, measurements on maize and oat residues collected from the soil surface showed a greater sorption of IFT on plant residues than on soil samples, with the highest sorbed quantities measured on maize residues (K(D) ≈ 45 L kg(-1) ). Desorption of IFT was hysteretic, and, after five consecutive desorptions, between 72 and 89% of the sorbed IFT was desorbed from soil samples. For maize residues, desorption was weak (<50% of the sorbed IFT), but, after two complementary desorptions allowing for IFT hydrolysis, DKN was released from maize residues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Owing to an increase in organic carbon in topsoil layers, sorption of IFT and DKN was enhanced under conservation tillage. Greater sorption capacities under conservation tillage could help in decreasing DKN leaching to groundwater.
authors.affiliation: Université de Toulouse-INPT-École d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Toulouse, France. lionel.alletto@purpan.fr
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alletto
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bergheaud
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Coquet
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D018554:Avena / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009570:Nitriles; D012987:Soil; D013450:Sulfones; C486641:diketonitrile; C415327:isoxaflutole