title: High-frequency gamblers show increased resistance to extinction following partial reinforcement.
abstract: Behaviours that have been rewarded intermittently persist for longer during periods of non-reward than behaviours that have been rewarded continuously. This classic phenomenon is known as the partial reinforcement extinction effect. For decades it has been generally understood that this phenomenon is fundamental to the persistence of gambling in the absence of winning. One obvious, yet untested hypothesis arising from this is that persistent (here, high-frequency) gamblers might be more sensitive to partial reinforcement contingencies. Therefore, our aim was to test the hypothesis that compared to low-frequency gamblers, high-frequency gamblers would show greater resistance to extinction following partial reinforcement in a computer based experiment. Participants were 19 high-frequency gamblers and 21 low-frequency gamblers, all healthy non-smokers aged between 18 and 52. Following partial or continuous reinforcement, persistence of responding in extinction was measured as the number of times a target response was made. After partial reinforcement, high-frequency gamblers made the target response a greater number of times in extinction (compared to low-frequency gamblers). Moreover, the partial reinforcement extinction effect was larger in high-frequency gamblers than in low-frequency gamblers. It remains to be seen whether increased sensitivity to partial reinforcement is a cause or effect of persistent gambling. Nevertheless, the present study represents an important first step in investigating the role of simple partial reinforcement contingencies in determining resistance to extinction in gamblers, the importance of which, whilst hitherto recognised, has never been demonstrated experimentally.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK. rachel.horsley@ntu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Horsley
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology