title: Stress-induced visceral analgesia assessed non-invasively in rats is enhanced by prebiotic diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of repeated water avoidance stress (rWAS) on the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD) and the modulation of the response by a prebiotic diet in rats using a novel surgery-free method of solid-state manometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats fed a standard diet with or without 4% enzyme-treated rice fiber (ERF) for 5 wk were subjected to rWAS (1 h daily x 10 d) or no stress. The VMR to graded phasic CRD was assessed by intraluminal colonic pressure recording on days 0 (baseline), 1 and 10 (45 min) and 11 (24 h) after rWAS and expressed as percentage change from baseline. Cecal content of short chain fatty acids and distal colonic histology were assessed on day 11.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WAS on day 1 reduced the VMR to CRD at 40 and 60 mmHg similarly by 28.9% ± 6.6% in both diet groups. On day 10, rWAS-induced reduction of VMR occurred only at 40 mmHg in the standard diet group (36.2% ± 17.8%) while in the ERF group VMR was lowered at 20, 40 and 60 mmHg by 64.9% ± 20.9%, 49.3% ± 11.6% and 38.9% ± 7.3% respectively. The visceral analgesia was still observed on day 11 in ERF- but not in standard diet-fed rats. By contrast the non-stressed groups (standard or ERF diet) exhibited no changes in VMR to CRD. In standard diet-fed rats, rWAS induced mild colonic histological changes that were absent in ERF-fed rats exposed to stress compared to non-stressed rats. The reduction of cecal content of isobutyrate and total butyrate, but not butyrate alone, was correlated with lower visceral pain response. Additionally, ERF diet increased rWAS-induced defecation by 26% and 75% during the first 0-15 min and last 15-60 min, respectively, compared to standard diet, and reduced rats' body weight gain by 1.3 fold independently of their stress status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide the first evidence of psychological stress-related visceral analgesia in rats that was enhanced by chronic intake of ERF prebiotic.
authors.affiliation: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. mlarauche@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larauche
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulak
authors.forename: Pu-Qing
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kanauchi
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taché
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003672:Defecation; D004032:Diet; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods; D056692:Prebiotics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012007:Rectum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D059265:Visceral Pain / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D056692:Prebiotics