title: Hearing effects from intermittent and continuous noise exposure in a study of Korean factory workers and firefighters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South Korea and surrounding countries in East Asia are believed to have the highest proportion in the world of high frequency hearing loss due to occupational noise exposure, yet there has been limited information published in international journals, and limited information for control of noise in local workplaces beyond strategies from western countries. We exploit medical surveillance information from two worker groups to enhance local knowledge about noise-induced hearing loss and explore the possible importance of shift work to risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-years of hearing data were evaluated for 81 male farm machine factory workers and 371 male firefighters who had successfully completed a health examination and questionnaires for the duration of the study period. The averages of hearing thresholds at 2, 3, and 4 kHz were used as the primary end-point for comparison. Repeat measure analysis adjusted for age, exposure duration and smoking status was used to measure the difference in hearing threshold between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Noise levels were measured in the factory at a mean of 82 dBA, with a range of 66-97. No concurrent measurements were taken for the firefighters, but historic comparison values showed a wider range but a similar mean of 76-79 dBA. Although losses during follow-up were negligible, the factory workers had significantly (P < 0.0001) more hearing loss at the baseline of the study than the firefighters in both ears at 2, 3, and 4 kHz, adjusted for age, duration of employment and smoking status. Among those with 10 years of employment, mean losses at these frequencies among the factory workers fell into the impairment range (> 25 dB loss). Firefighters also showed increased losses associated with longer exposure duration, but these were significantly less marked. Losses at lower frequencies (< or = 1 kHz) were negligible in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Korean work environments with continuous noise exposure in the measured range should consider implementation of a hearing conservation program. Further evaluation of hearing loss in workers exposed to irregular or intermittent high noise levels, such as firefighters, is also warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental medicine, Department of Preventive medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 216 Dalseong-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea, 700-712.
authors.forename: In-Sung
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Isabella M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001299:Audiometry; D061388:Firefighters; D006316:Hearing Loss, High-Frequency / Q000209:etiology*; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009623:Noise, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D056910:Republic of Korea; D018570:Risk Assessment