title: Effects of soil dilution and amendments (mussel shell, cow bone, and biochar) on Pb availability and phytotoxicity in military shooting range soil.
abstract: Bioavailability and bioaccessibility determine the level of metal toxicity in the soils. Inorganic soil amendments may decrease metal bioavailability and enhance soil quality. This study used mussel shell, cow bone, and biochar to reduce lead (Pb) toxicity in the highly contaminated military shooting range soil in Korea. Water-soluble and 1-M ammonium nitrate extractions, and a modified physiologically based extraction test (PBET) were performed to determine Pb bioavailability and bioaccessibility in the soil, respectively. Active C in the soil was also measured to evaluate the effects of the amendments on biological soil quality. The Pb contaminated soil was diluted in serial with uncontaminated soil for the bioassays. Seed germination and root elongation tests using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) showed increases in germination percentage and root length in soil treated with the amendments. Biochar was most effective and increased seed germination by 360% and root length by 189% compared to the unamended soil. Up to 20% soil dilution resulted in more than 50% seed germination. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility of Pb in the soils were decreased by 92.5% and 48.5% with mussel shell, by 84.8% and 34.5% with cow bone, and by 75.8% and 12.5% with biochar, respectively, compared to the unamended soil. We found that the Pb availability in the military shooting range soil can be reduced effectively by the tested amendments or soil dilution alternately, thereby decreasing the risk of ecotoxicity. Furthermore, the increasing active C from the amendments revitalized the soil contaminated with Pb.
authors.affiliation: Biochar Research Center, Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mahtab
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Biochar Research Center, Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soo Lee
authors.affiliation: Biochar Research Center, Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Myong
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Environmental Research, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Jinju 660-360, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: lyh2011@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han Lee
authors.affiliation: Biochar Research Center, Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: soilok@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sik Ok
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D007723:Korea; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; D007854:Lead