title: One-year psychosocial functioning in patients in the early vs. late stage of bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this 1-year follow-up study was to compare functional outcome as well as clinical differences between patients with first- and multiple-episode bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bipolar disorder patients with first (n = 60) and multiple episodes (n = 59) were recruited from two hospitals in Spain. The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) was used to assess functioning. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were administered to assess mood symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, patients with first episode experienced a greater functioning compared to patients with multiple episodes (11.26 ± 10.94 vs. 26.91 ± 13.96; t = 6.436, P < 0.001). There were significant demographic and clinical differences between both groups. Baseline depressive symptoms (F = 9.553, df = 4, 102; P < 0.001) and age (F = 14.145, df = 4, 103; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with poor functional recovery at 6-month and 12-month assessment, respectively, in a group of patients with multiple episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data give support to the model of staging in bipolar disorder, showing that the enduring neurotoxicity of repeated episodes may contribute to sustained impairment in multiple areas of psychosocial functioning.
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: González-Ortega
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Pinto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Echeburúa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez-Àran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ugarte
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vieta
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D018450:Disease Progression; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function