title: Effects of cranberry extracts on growth and biofilm production of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species.
abstract: Biofilm producing bacteria such as Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli are the most common cause of catheter related urinary tract infections (UTIs). The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is utilized widely as a prophylaxis for UTIs due to its prevention of microbial adhesion. Cranberry contains proanthocyanidins (PACs), which have been implicated as active constituents responsible for its bacterial antiadhesive properties. Despite overwhelming data supporting cranberry's beneficial effects against human pathogenic bacteria, there is limited information regarding its effects on biofilm formation. This study evaluated the effects of three proprietary PAC-standardized cranberry extracts on the inhibition of bacterial growth and biofilm production against a panel of clinically relevant pathogens: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Escherichia coli. The extracts inhibited the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus spp.) but not the Gram-negative species (E. coli) with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range 0.02-5 mg/mL. The extracts also inhibited biofilm production by the Gram-positive bacteria but did not eradicate their established biofilm. These results suggest that cranberry may have beneficial effects against the growth and biofilm producing capability of Gram-positive bacteria pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Kerry L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: LaPlante
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sarkisian
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woodmansee
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rowley
authors.forename: Navindra P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Seeram
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins