title: Performance evaluation of the Pima™ point-of-care CD4 analyser using capillary blood sampling in field tests in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Point-of-care CD4 testing can provide immediate CD4 reporting at HIV-testing sites. This study evaluated performance of capillary blood sampling using the point-of-care Pima™ CD4 device in representative primary health care clinics doing HIV testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to testing, prescribed capillary-sampling and instrument training was undertaken by suppliers across all sites. Matching venous EDTA samples were drawn throughout for comparison to laboratory predicate methodology (PLG/CD4). In Phase I, Pima™ cartridges were pipette-filled with EDTA venous blood in the laboratory (N = 100). In Phase II (N = 77), Pima™ CD4 with capillary sampling was performed by a single operator in a hospital-based antenatal clinic. During subsequent field testing, Pima™ CD4 with capillary sampling was performed in primary health care clinics on HIV-positive patients by multiple attending nursing personnel in a rural clinic (Phase-IIIA, N = 96) and an inner-city clinic (Phase-IIIB, N = 139).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pima™ CD4 compared favourably to predicate/CD4 when cartridges were pipette-filled with venous blood (bias -17.3 ± STDev = 36.7 cells/mm3; precision-to-predicate %CV < 6%). Decreased precision of Pima™ CD4 to predicate/CD4 (varying from 17.6 to 28.8%SIM CV; mean bias = 37.9 ± STDev = 179.5 cells/mm3) was noted during field testing in the hospital antenatal clinic. In the rural clinic field-studies, unacceptable precision-to-predicate and positive bias was noted (mean 28.4%SIM CV; mean bias = +105.7 ± STDev = 225.4 cells/mm3). With additional proactive manufacturer support, reliable performance was noted in the subsequent inner-city clinic field study where acceptable precision-to-predicate (11%SIM CV) and less bias of Pima™ to predicate was shown (BA bias ~11 ± STDev = 69 cells/mm3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variable precision of Pima™ to predicate CD4 across study sites was attributable to variable capillary sampling. Poor precision was noted in the outlying primary health care clinic where the system is most likely to be used. Stringent attention to capillary blood collection technique is therefore imperative if technologies like Pima™ are used with capillary sampling at the POC. Pima™ CD4 analysis with venous blood was shown to be reproducible, but testing at the point of care exposes operators to biohazard risk related to uncapping vacutainer samples and pipetting of blood, and is best placed in smaller laboratories using established principles of Good Clinical Laboratory Practice. The development of capillary sampling quality control methods that assure reliable CD4 counts at the point of care are awaited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2198, Johannesburg, South Africa. debbie.glencross@nhls.ac.za
authors.forename: Deborah K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Glencross
authors.forename: Lindi M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.forename: Mamsallah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faal
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masango
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Wd Francois
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osih
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D013019:South Africa