title: Reported intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer: results from a large population-based case-control study in Newfoundland, Labrador and Ontario, Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of micronutrient intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of selected micronutrients with risk of incident CRC in study participants from Newfoundland, Labrador (NL) and Ontario (ON), Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based study among 1760 case participants and 2481 age- and sex-matched control participants. Information on diet and other lifestyle factors were measured using a food frequency questionnaire and a personal history questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression, controlling for covariables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highest compared to lowest quartile intakes of certain micronutrients were associated with lower risk of CRC, including: calcium (from food and supplements (FS), OR=0.59; 95% CI=0.45-0.77, and from food only (FO): OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.59-0.97), vitamin C (FS:OR=0.67; 95%CI:0.51-0.88), vitamin D (FS: OR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.57-0.94, FO: OR=0.79, 95% CI=0.62-1.00), riboflavin (FS: OR=0.61; 95% CI=0.47-0.78, and folate (FS: OR=0.72; 95% CI=0.56-0.92). Higher risk of CRC was observed for iron intake (highest versus lowest quintiles: OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.01-1.78).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents evidence that dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin C, riboflavin and folate are associated with a lower risk of incident CRC and that dietary intake of iron may be associated with a higher risk of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Ph.D. Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.  pwang@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Zhuoyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Peizhong Peter
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roebothan
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dicks
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotterchio
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buehler
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Parfrey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009523:Newfoundland and Labrador / Q000453:epidemiology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients