title: Use of a Sonogel-Carbon electrode modified with bentonite for the determination of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride in tablets and their metabolite oxazepam in urine.
abstract: Sonogel-Carbon electrode (SngCE) modified with bentonite (BENT) shows an interesting alternative electrode to be used in the determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines by square wave adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (SWAdCSV). Diazepam (DZ) and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (CPZ), were determined using SngCE modified by 5% BENT. An electrochemical study of different parameters (such as pH, buffer type, ionic strength, accumulation potential, scan rate, and accumulation time) which affect the determination of DZ and CPZ is reported. Linear concentration ranges of 0.028-0.256 μg mL(-1) DZ (r=0.9997) and 0.034-0.302 μg mL(-1) CPZ (r=0.9997) are successfully obtained after an accumulation time of 60s. The quantification and detection limits were calculated to be 14.0 and 4.0 ng mL(-1) for DZ, and 16.0 and 5.0 ng mL(-1) for CPZ, respectively. The surface of the proposed electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The developed method was applied to the analysis of commercially available tablets and human urine real samples. Analysis was performed with better precision, very low detection limits, and faster than previously reported voltammetric techniques.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Ahmed Hosny
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Naggar
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elkaoutit
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Naranjo-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Abd El-Aziz Yossef
authors.initials: Ael-A
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.forename: José Luis Hidalgo-Hidalgo
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: de Cisneros
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001546:Bentonite; D002021:Buffers; D002244:Carbon; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010076:Oxazepam / Q000652:urine*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D013607:Tablets; D001546:Bentonite; D010076:Oxazepam; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; D002244:Carbon