title: SEMAC-VAT and MSVAT-SPACE sequence strategies for metal artifact reduction in 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of four magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to correct for metallic artifacts. These techniques consisted of 3 2D techniques and one 3D technique. In 2D imaging the techniques View Angle Tilting (VAT), Slice Encoding for Metal Artifact Correction (SEMAC) and a technique that employed a combination of the first two (SEMAC-VAT) were evaluated. In 3D imaging the technique Multiple Slab acquisition with VAT based on a SPACE sequence was evaluated (MSVAT-SPACE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Agarose phantoms and tissue phantoms with two commonly used metal implants (stainless steel and titanium) as well as two volunteers with metal implants were imaged at 1.5T. All phantoms and volunteers were imaged using VAT, SEMAC, SEMAC-VAT and MSVAT-SPACE techniques, as well as 2D and 3D conventional imaging techniques. Each technique was optimized for different image contrast mechanisms. Artifact reduction was quantitatively assessed in the agarose phantoms by volumetric measurement. Image quality was qualitatively assessed by blinded reads employing two readers. Each reader independently viewed the tissue phantom images and in vivo human images. Statistical analysis was performed using a Friedman test, Wilcoxon test and weighted Cohen's kappa test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T1-weighted, T2-weighted, PD-weighted and STIR image contrasts were successfully implemented with the evaluated artifact reduction sequences in both the phantom experiments and in vivo images. For all evaluated image contrasts and both metal implants, a reduction in the volume of metal artifacts was seen when compared with 2D conventional acquisitions. The 2D metal artifact volumes on average were reduced by 49% ± 16%, 56% ± 15% and 63% ± 15% for VAT, SEMAC and SEMAC-VAT acquisitions respectively. When Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were applied the difference in metal artifact volume was found to be statistically significant when VAT, SEMAC and SEMAC-VAT were compared with the 2D conventional techniques. In 3D imaging on average MSVAT-SPACE reduced metal artifact volume compared with the 3D conventional imaging technique by 72% ± 23% for all evaluated image contrasts and both metal implants. The metal artifact volume differences were statistically significant when MSVAT-SPACE was compared with the 3D conventional technique. The blinded reads demonstrated that SEMAC-VAT and MSVAT-SPACE had distinctly superior quality compared with conventional acquisitions. Quality was measured in terms of artifact size, distortions, image quality and visualization of bone marrow and soft tissues adjacent to metal implants. This was the case for both tissue phantom images and human images with good interobserver agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SEMAC-VAT (2D) and MSVAT-SPACE (3D) demonstrated a consistent, marked reduction of metal artifacts for different metal implants and offered flexible image contrasts (T1, T2, PD and STIR) with high image quality. These techniques likely will improve the evaluation of postoperative patients with metal implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padua
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goerner
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nittka
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gugala
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trelles
authors.forename: Raleigh F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Val M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Runge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D008670:Metals