title: Urban Living is Not Associated with Better Birth and Infant Outcomes among Inuit and First Nations in Quebec.
abstract: OBJECTIVE: There is limited and inconsistent evidence concerning rural versus urban differences in birth and infant outcomes for Indigenous peoples. We assessed birth and infant outcomes among Inuit, First Nations and French mother tongue groups by rural versus urban residence in Quebec, Canada.  STUDY DEIGN: A retrospective birth cohort study of 5,184 First Nations, 2,527 Inuit and 652,940 French mother tongue (the majority reference) births in Quebec, 1991-2000.  RESULTS: In general, rural living was associated with slightly less favorable birth outcomes for French mother tongue women, but somewhat better outcomes for Indigenous women. For both Inuit and First Nations, rural births were half as likely to be small-for-gestational-age compared to urban births. Among First Nations, the difference in infant mortality rates comparing urban to rural areas was not statistically significant. Compared to infants of French mother tongue women, Inuit and First Nations infants were much less likely to be small-for-gestational-age in rural areas, while such an "advantage" diminished for First Nations and reversed for Inuit in urban areas. The disparities in infant mortality among First Nations versus French mother tongue births were greater in urban than in rural areas. These patterns of results remained after adjusting for maternal characteristics.  CONCLUSION: Living in urban areas was not associated with better birth and infant outcomes for Inuit and First Nations in Quebec despite universal health insurance coverage, strongly indicating a need for improved socioeconomic conditions, perinatal and infant care for Indigenous people living in urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simonet
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heaman
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smylie
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Nancy G L
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Labranche
authors.forename: Spogmai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wassimi
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Zhong-Cheng
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Luo