title: Estrogen activity as a preventive and therapeutic target in thyroid cancer.
abstract: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine-related cancer with increasing incidences during the last five years. Interestingly, according to the American Thyroid Association, the incidences of thyroid proliferative diseases occur four to five times more in women than in men with the risk of developing thyroid disorders being one in every eight females. Several epidemiological studies have suggested a possible correlation between incidences of thyroid malignancies and hormones but the precise contribution of estrogen in thyroid proliferative disease initiation, and progression is not well understood. This review is an attempt to define the phenotypic and genotypic modulatory effects of estrogen on thyroid proliferative diseases. The significance and relevance of expression of estrogen receptors, α and β, in normal and malignant thyroid tissues and their effects on different molecular pathways involved in growth and function of the thyroid gland are discussed. These novel findings open up areas of developing alternative therapeutic treatments and preventive approaches which employ the use of antiestrogen to treat thyroid malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
authors.forename: Shilpi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajoria
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suriano
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Arulkumaran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jussim
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Augustine L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Moscatello
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geliebter
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carpi
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Tiwari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004967:Estrogens