title: Atrial fibrillation: established and innovative methods of evaluation and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  5% to 8% of 70-year-olds and some 10% of persons over age 80 have atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New scoring schemes (CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score, HAS-BLED score) have been introduced to enable more accurate estimation of the risk of stroke and hemorrhage in patients with AF. These scores are calculated on the basis of clinical data (left ventricular dysfunction, hypertension, age, diabetes, prior stroke, vascular diseases, sex, renal or hepatic dysfunction, bleeding, labile INR values, consumption of medications and alcohol) and are used to determine the potential indication for, and appropriate type of, anticoagulation in the individual AF patient. Hemodynamically unstable patients with rapid AF should undergo DC cardioversion at once. Patients with permanent AF should be given beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, or digitalis for rate control, with a target rate below 110/minute. A recently introduced drug, dronedarone, is used for rhythm control and has relatively few side effects. Patients with AF and impaired left ventricular function should be given amiodarone. Rhythm control has not been found to prolong life any more than rate control. Patients with a CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score of 2 or above should be orally anticoagulated. Those with a score of 1 can be treated with aspirin (75 to 325 mg daily); those with a score of 0 do not need antithrombotic treatment. A HAS-BLED score of 3 or above is associated with a high risk of bleeding. Pulmonary vein isolation is an established method of treating symptomatic AF, with a success rate of 60% to 80%. Surgical procedures are possible in AF patients who need additional cardiac surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment strategy for AF must be individualized on the basis of the patient's clinical manifestations. The mainstay of treatment is anticoagulation; the indication for anticoagulation depends on the patient's age, underlying disease, and left ventricular function.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik II (Schwerpunkte Kardiologie und Angiologie), Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Hans-Joachim.Trappe@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Trappe
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants