title: Myocardial injury and bacterial pneumonia contribute to the pathogenesis of fatal influenza B virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza B virus infection causes rates of hospitalization and influenza-associated pneumonia similar to seasonal influenza A virus infection and accounts for a substantial percentage of all influenza-related hospitalizations and deaths among those aged <18 years; however, the pathogenesis of fatal influenza B virus infection is poorly described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue samples obtained at autopsy from 45 case patients with fatal influenza B virus infection were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemical assays for influenza B virus, various bacterial pathogens, and complement components C4d and C9, to identify the cellular tropism of influenza B virus, characterize concomitant bacterial pneumonia, and describe the spectrum of cardiopulmonary injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viral antigens were localized to ciliated respiratory epithelium and cells of submucosal glands and ducts. Concomitant bacterial pneumonia, caused predominantly by Staphylococcus aureus, was identified in 38% of case patients and occurred with significantly greater frequency in those aged >18 years. Pathologic evidence of myocardial injury was identified in 69% of case patients for whom cardiac tissue samples were available for examination, predominantly in case patients aged <18 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that bacterial pneumonia and cardiac injury contribute to fatal outcomes after infection with influenza B virus and that the frequency of these manifestations may be age related.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. cdp9@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Paddock
authors.forename: Lindy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Denison
authors.forename: Jeanine H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deleon-Carnes
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Clifton P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: Wun-Ju
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Uyeki
authors.forename: Sherif R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D001344:Autopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D056189:Viral Tropism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral