title: Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on murine norovirus in Manila clams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eating raw or insufficiently cooked bivalve molluscs contaminated with human noroviruses (NVs) can result in acute cases of gastroenteritis in humans. Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) are particularly prone to exposure to NVs due to the brackish environment in which they are farmed which is known to be susceptible to human faecal contamination. High hydrostatic pressure processing (HHP) is a food treatment technique that has been shown to inactivate NV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we investigated the ability of HHP to inactivate murine norovirus (MNV-1), a recognised surrogate for NV, in experimentally contaminated manila clams. Pools of contaminated live clams were subjected to hydrostatic pressure ranging from 300 to 500 MPa for different time intervals of between one and 10 min. The trial was repeated three times, at monthly intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virus vitality post-treatment was assessed and the data obtained indicates that the use of high hydrostatic pressures of at least 500 MPa for 1 min was effective in inactivating MNV-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HHP results to be an effective technique that could be applied to industrial process to obtain safe Manila clams ready to eat.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, V.le dell'Università, Legnaro, PD, Italy. garcangeli@izsvenezie.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terregino
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Benedictis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zecchin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manfrin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnabosco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brutti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D051379:Mice; D029322:Norovirus; D017747:Seafood / Q000821:virology*