title: Volunteering predicts happiness among older Māori and non-Māori in the New Zealand health, work, and retirement longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to understand the relationship between volunteer activity and happiness among a sample of older adult New Zealanders. It specifically sought to determine if ethnicity (Māori vs. non-Māori) and economic living standards (ELS) functioned as moderators of the relationship between volunteering and happiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were garnered from the 2008 administration of the New Zealand Health, Work, and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Correlational and multiple regression procedures were employed to examine study hypotheses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from multiple regression analyses showed that the amount of volunteering per week was a unique predictor of the overall level of happiness. Moderation analyses indicated that ethnicity did not function as a moderator of the relationship between volunteering and happiness, but ELS did. Those with low ELS evidenced a stronger relationship between volunteering and happiness than those with high ELS. Results also indicated that Maori and those with low ELS volunteered more frequently than non-Māori and those with high ELS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that volunteering is related to increased happiness, irrespective of ethnicity. It also provides further evidence that the relationship between volunteering and happiness is moderated by economic resources. Older individuals at the low end of the economic spectrum are likely to benefit more from volunteering than those at the high end.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, USA. afpld@uaa.alaska.edu
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Dulin
authors.forename: Jhanitra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gavala
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Marylynne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kostick
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D009790:Occupations; D011788:Quality of Life; D012179:Retirement; D012923:Social Class; D014838:Volunteers