title: A novel in situ preconcentration method with ionic liquid-based surfactants resulting in enhanced sensitivity for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from toasted cereals.
abstract: A preconcentration procedure utilizing IL-based surfactants it is described for the first time. The procedure is based on transforming a water-soluble IL-based surfactant, 1-hexadecyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (C₁₆C₄Im-Br), into a water-insoluble IL, 1-hexadecyl-3-butylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]imide (C₁₆C₄Im-NTf₂), via a simple metathesis reaction. The preconcentration procedure is used in combination with a micellar microwave-assisted extraction (MMAE) method for the analysis of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from toasted cereals. The obtained microdroplet of C₁₆C₄Im-NTf₂ containing the extracted PAHs is then diluted with acetonitrile and injected into a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) employing UV-vis and fluorescence detection. This in situ preconcentration step highly improves the sensitivity of the MMAE despite the complexity of the solid matrix. The developed in situ preconcentration method exhibited almost quantitative extraction efficiencies (80-95% in average) for the PAHs studied, and good precision values (lower than 14%). The overall MMAE+in situ preconcentration method presented limits of detection down to 0.03 μg kg⁻¹.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna (Tenerife) 38206, Spain.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Germán-Hernández
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pino
authors.forename: Jared L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Afonso
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013501:Surface-Active Agents