title: Magnitude of impact of executive functioning and IQ on episodic memory in Schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has implicated IQ and executive function (EF) as contributors to episodic memory impairments in schizophrenia. However, it has been difficult to quantitatively apportion the respective contributions of these factors. We conducted a series of analyses to objectively parse the associated variance and to determine to what extent episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia is independent of IQ and EF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 323 schizophrenia patients and 327 healthy controls from the National Insitute of Mental Health Sibling Study. Neurocognitive tests assessing IQ, EF, and episodic memory were administered. We examined group differences while controlling for IQ or EF in analyses of covariance, we used linear regression to quantify the amount of variance not explained by IQ or EF, and we matched control and patient subgroups on IQ or EF to determine if memory measures remained different.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses of covariance revealed significant group differences between schizophrenia individuals and healthy control subjects across multiple episodic memory measures after controlling for IQ or EF. Furthermore, regressions with IQ and/or EF factors entered left more than 50% of variance in memory unaccounted. Follow-up true score variance analyses indicated that the majority of this variance was directly related to memory function. Matched subgroups also yielded subgroup differences on all memory measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings across the multiple statistical strategies suggested that the mechanisms underlying the memory impairment in schizophrenia are fully attributable neither to IQ nor EF. Rather, they most likely reflect compromises in episodic memory processing itself and, by inference, the medial temporal system.
authors.affiliation: Feinstein Institute for Medical Research/Psychiatry Research, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Kopald
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mirra
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: Terry E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult