title: Maternal microchimerism in muscle biopsies from children with juvenile dermatomyositis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent advances in molecular techniques have revealed that there is bi-directional transfer of cells between mother and child during pregnancy, and the presence of a mother's cells in her child has been termed maternal microchimerism (MMc). There is the potential for maternal cells to provoke inappropriate immune responses in the child, which could be a factor in autoimmunity including JDM. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal (female) cells could be detected in frozen muscle sections from seven males (age range 3-13 years) with JDM participating in the Juvenile Dermatomyositis National (U.K. and Ireland) Cohort Biomarker Study and Repository for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and sections of muscle controls (age range 2-12 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  At least 1000 cells from each section underwent FISH and confocal imaging through each nucleus. Concomitant IF for CD45 was used to determine whether MMc in muscle were lymphocytes. A non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to detect statistical differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of MMc was higher in JDM muscle (0.42-1.14%) than in controls (0.08-0.42%) P = 0.01. No CD45+ MMc were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm an increased frequency of MMc in JDM. More detailed characterization of MMc is required, particularly using phenotypic markers, to explain the role of these cells in JDM.
authors.affiliation: Learning and Research, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Berendine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Zyl
authors.forename: Hemlata
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Varsani
authors.forename: Lucy R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wedderburn
authors.forename: Athimalaipet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramanan
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D046528:Chimerism; D003882:Dermatomyositis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; C516769:PTPRC protein, human