title: Meta-analysis of p-wave dispersion values in healthy individuals: the influence of clinical characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  P-wave dispersion (Pd) is an appealing marker for predicting the risk of developing atrial fibrillation. At present, no definitive cutoff value has been determined as to the diagnosis of high-risk patients. Our aims were to evaluate P-wave parameters of healthy subjects published in the literature, determine normal range and weighted means of Pd and P-wave parameters, and investigate the influences of gender, age, and BMI on the weighted results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of studies published in PubMed was conducted. Only studies which included control groups of healthy individuals were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 657 studies initially identified, 80 were eligible for inclusion. The total number of participants was 6,827. The highest reported Pd values were 58.56 ± 16.24 ms; the lowest were 7 ± 2.7 ms. The weighted mean was 33.46 ± 9.65 ms; weighted median was 32.2 ms. Gender and age were not found to be associated with significant influences on P-wave parameter values. High-normal BMI was not found to be associated with increased P-wave parameter values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pd, Pmax, and Pmin span a wide range of values in healthy individuals. Seemingly, abnormal values were often reported in healthy adults. The high variability of P-wave parameters in healthy individuals, and overlapping of the results with those reported for patients with increased risk for atrial fibrillation, might suggest that this technique has limited sensitivity and specificity. The variability between studies may stem from methodological issues and, therefore, there is a definite need for methodological standardization of Pd measurements.
authors.affiliation: Israel Naval Medical Institute, IDF Medical Corps, Haifa, Israel. enussi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Udi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nussinovitch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values