title: Osseous genioplasty: A case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The chin (mentum) is vital to the human facial morphology as it contributes to the facial aesthetics and harmony both on frontal and lateral views. Osseous genioplasty, the alteration of the chin through skeletal modification, can lead to significant enhancement of the overall facial profile.  AIM AND STUDY DESIGN: A case series was designed to study the long-term results of osseous genioplasty in Indian patients with regard to patient satisfaction, complications, and long-term stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  All subjects who underwent osseous genioplasty either alone or as a component of orthognathic surgery between January 1992 and December 2010, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years, were included. The genioplasty was performed using standard protocols of assessment and execution. Post-operative evaluation included patient satisfaction, complications and radiological evidence of long-term stability. A comprehensive score was formulated for the purpose of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven subjects underwent osseous genioplasty with at least 2 years of follow-up in the study period. This included 17 male and 20 female subjects, with a mean age of 22.8 years (15-52 years) and a mean follow-up of 3 years 4 months (2 years to 4 years and 11 months). Nineteen subjects underwent isolated genioplasty while 18 underwent genioplasty as a part of orthognathic surgery. The procedures included advancement (22), pushback (9), side-to-side (4) and vertical reduction (2) genioplasty. Thirty-six subjects (97.3%) were extremely pleased with the results with only one subject expressing reservations, without, however, demanding any further procedure. There were no significant complications. The osteotomised segment was well maintained in its new position with good bony union and minimal resorption. Overall, 35 (94.6%) cases had excellent results and 2 (4.4%) cases had good results, according to the comprehensive score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osseous genioplasty is a safe and effective means of creating a beautiful and balanced facial profile by producing alterations in the chin morphology with minimal complications and excellent and stable long-term results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Amarnath V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Munoli