title: In vivo analysis of laser preconditioning in incisional wound healing of wild-type and HSP70 knockout mice with Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser preconditioning augments incisional wound healing by reducing scar tissue and increasing maximum tensile load of the healed wound [Wilmink et al. (2009) J Invest Dermatol 129(1): 205-216]. Recent studies have optimized treatments or confirmed results using HSP70 as a biomarker. Under the hypothesis that HSP70 plays a role in reported results and to better understand the downstream effects of laser preconditioning, this study utilized a probe-based Raman spectroscopy (RS) system to achieve an in vivo, spatio-temporal biochemical profile of murine skin incisional wounds as a function of laser preconditioning and the presence of HSP70.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 19 wild-type (WT) and HSP70 knockout (HSP70-/-) C57BL/6 mice underwent normal and laser preconditioned incisional wounds. Laser thermal preconditioning was conducted via previously established protocol (λ = 1.85 µm, H(0 ) = 7.64 mJ/cm(2) per pulse, spot diameter = 5 mm, Rep. rate = 50 Hz, τ(p) = 2 milliseconds, exposure time = 10 minutes) with an Aculight Renoir diode laser, with tissue temperature confirmed by real-time infrared camera measurements. Wound-healing progression was quantified by daily collection of a spatial distribution of Raman spectra. The results of RS findings were then qualified using standard histology and polarization microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raman spectra yielded significant differences (t-test; α = 0.05) in several known biochemical peaks between WT and HSP70 (-/-) mice on wounds and in adjacent tissue early in the wound-healing process. Analysis of peak ratios implied (i) an increase in protein configuration in and surrounding the wound in WT mice, and (ii) an increased cellular trend in WT mice that was prolonged due to laser treatment. Polarization microscopy confirmed that laser treated WT mice showed increased heterogeneity in collagen orientation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data herein supports the theory that HSP70 is involved in normal skin protein configuration and the cellularity of early wound healing. Laser preconditioning extends cellular trends in the presence of HSP70. Despite study limitations, RS provided a non-invasive method for quantifying temporal trends in altered wound healing, narrowing candidates and design for future studies with clinically applicable instrumentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Makowski
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahadevan-Jansen
authors.forename: E Duco
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D022125:Lacerations / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011897:Random Allocation; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins