title: Construct validity of clinical tests for alar ligament integrity: an evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The alar ligaments are integral to limiting occipito-atlanto-axial rotation and lateral flexion and enhancing craniocervical stability. Clinical testing of these ligaments is advocated prior to the application of some cervical spine manual therapy procedures. Given the absence of validation of these tests and the potential consequences if manipulation is applied to an unstable upper cervical spine segment, exploration of these tests is necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the direct effect of the side-bending and rotation stress tests on alar ligaments using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a within-participant experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen participants underwent MRI in neutral and end-range stress test positions using proton density-weighted sequences in a 3-Tesla system. Measurements followed a standardized protocol relative to the position of the axis. Distances were measured from dens tip to the inferior margin of the foramen magnum and from midsubstance of the dental attachment of the ligament to its occipital insertion. Between-side differences were calculated for each measurement to account for inherent asymmetries in morphology. Differences were compared between the test and neutral positions using a Wilcoxon signed rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Side-bending stress tests produced a median between-side difference in ligament length of +1.15 mm. Rotation stress tests produced a median between-side difference in ligament length of +2.08 mm. Both results indicate increased measurement of the contralateral alar ligament. Limitations Assessment could be made only in the neutral position due to imaging limitations. Clinical texts state that tests should be performed in 3 positions: neutral, flexion, and extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both side-bending and rotation stress testing result in a measurable increase in length of the contralateral alar ligament. This finding is consistent with mechanisms that have been described to support their use in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308 Australia. peter.osmotherly@newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Osmotherly
authors.forename: Darren A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rivett
authors.forename: Lindsay J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D001269:Atlanto-Occipital Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D055815:Young Adult