title: Factors influencing the costs of epilepsy in adults with an intellectual disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the common occurrence of intellectual disability (ID) in people with epilepsy, most studies of the cost of epilepsy have focussed primarily or exclusively on people without ID. This paper estimates the costs of supporting people with epilepsy and ID.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective resource use and outcome data were collected on 91 participants from the east of England for seven months. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate the relationship between costs and patient and healthcare provider characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean health care costs relating to epilepsy or ID were £2800 (3500 Euros, 5200 USD) p.a. Modelling suggests costs are lower for patients with more severe ID (p=0.014); and higher for patients managed by a consultant neurologist (p=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support limited evidence from the literature of increased epilepsy costs in people with ID. Patterns of expenditure suggest clinical variation in the treatment of epilepsy according to the severity of ID, particularly in the absence of management by a consultant neurologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Mark.Pennington@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Croudace
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redley
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004739:England; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male