title: Investigation of in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in water samples.
abstract: In this study, in-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used as an enrichment technique in combination with CE for the preconcentration and separation of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), codeine (COD) and 6-acetylmorphine (6AM). The separation buffer (BGE) used was 80 mM disodium phosphate anhydrous and 6 mM of HCl (final BGE pH of 3). The SPE extractor consists of a small segment of capillary filled with Oasis HLB sorbent and inserted into the inlet section of the electrophoretic capillary. Different parameters affecting preconcentration were evaluated, such as sample pH, the volume of the elution plug and sample injection time. The detection limits (LODs) reached for standard samples by in-line SPE-CE-UV ranged between 50 and 200 ng/L, with sensitivity enhancement factors ranging from 2300 to 5300. Reproducibility values (expressed in terms of relative standard deviation) were below 7.6% for standard samples. This is a simple and an effective method for the determination of the studied drugs of abuse and their metabolites. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated in tap and river water samples which were directly analyzed without any off-line pretreatment. Analytical parameters were evaluated and LODs were between 70 and 270 ng/L with relative recoveries between 85 and 97%.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Botello
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borrull
authors.forename: Carme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calull
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003061:Codeine / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003042:Cocaine; C026979:6-O-monoacetylmorphine; D003061:Codeine; C010724:2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine