title: Temporal trends and spatial differences of perfluoroalkylated substances in livers of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) populations from Northern Europe, 1991-2008.
abstract: Long-term temporal trends (1991-2008) and spatial differences of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were investigated in harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) liver samples of juvenile females from the Baltic and North Sea. Additionally, spatial differences between the populations in the Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean (i.e. Iceland and Norway) and the influence of the body mass, age and sex on the PFAS concentrations were examined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound with a concentration range of 160-2425 ng/g wet weight (ww), followed by perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA, 1-237 ng/g ww) and perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA, 3-124 ng/g ww). In terms of temporal trends, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and PFOSA concentrations decreased over time, while, conversely, the C(9)-C(13) perfluoroalkyl carboxylate (PFCA) concentrations increased. Spatial distribution of the contaminant concentrations showed consistently higher concentrations in the Baltic Sea and lowest concentrations in the Icelandic population of the Atlantic Ocean.
authors.affiliation: NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research), Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway. sandra.huber@nilu.no
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: Bård-Jørgen
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bårdsen
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Jan Ove
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Bustnes
authors.forename: Gísli A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Víkingsson
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebinghaus
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herzke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009659:North Sea; D050741:Phocoena / Q000378:metabolism*; D012621:Seasons; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis*; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C063900:perfluorooctanesulfonamide