title: Design of ultrasonically-activatable nanoparticles using low boiling point perfluorocarbons.
abstract: Recently, an interest has developed in designing biomaterials for medical ultrasonics that can provide the acoustic activity of microbubbles, but with improved stability in vivo and a smaller size distribution for extravascular interrogation. One proposed alternative is the phase-change contrast agent. Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) consist of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) that are initially in liquid form, but can then be vaporized with acoustic energy. Crucial parameters for PCCAs include their sensitivity to acoustic energy, their size distribution, and their stability, and this manuscript provides insight into the custom design of PCCAs for balancing these parameters. Specifically, the relationship between size, thermal stability and sensitivity to ultrasound as a function of PFC boiling point and ambient temperature is illustrated. Emulsion stability and sensitivity can be 'tuned' by mixing PFCs in the gaseous state prior to condensation. Novel observations illustrate that stable droplets can be generated from PFCs with extremely low boiling points, such as octafluoropropane (b.p. -36.7 °C), which can be vaporized with acoustic parameters lower than previously observed. Results demonstrate the potential for low boiling point PFCs as a useful new class of compounds for activatable agents, which can be tailored to the desired application.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, 304 Taylor Hall, CB 7575, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sheeran
authors.forename: Samantha H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Luois
authors.forename: Lee B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Mullin
authors.forename: Terry O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dayton
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005740:Gases / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D044367:Phase Transition / Q000528:radiation effects; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D005740:Gases