title: Efficacy of a reverse cardioid directional microphone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Directional microphones have been shown to improve a listener's ability to communicate in noise by improving the signal to noise ratio. However, their efficacy may be questioned in situations where the listener needs to understand speech originating from the back.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the study was to examine the performance of a directional microphone mode that has an automatic reverse cardioid polar pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-blinded, factorial repeated-measures design was used to study the effect of microphone modes (reverse cardioid, omnidirectional, and front hypercardioid) and stimulus azimuths (front and back) on three outcome variables (aided thresholds, nonsense syllable identification in quiet, and sentence recognition in noise).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adults with a mild-to-severe bilaterally symmetrical (±5 dB) sensorineural hearing loss participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Audibility in quiet was evaluated by obtaining aided sound field thresholds and speech identification at an input level of 50 dB SPL presented at 0 and 180° azimuths. In addition, speech understanding in noise was also assessed with the Hearing In Noise Test (HINT) sentences presented at both azimuths (0 and 180°) with a diffuse noise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted to examine the effects of microphone mode (omnidirectional, front hypercardioid, reverse cardioid) and stimulus azimuth (0°, 180°) on aided thresholds, nonsense syllable identification, and HINT performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results with the reverse cardioid directional microphone in both quiet conditions were similar to the omnidirectional microphone. The results of the reverse cardioid microphone in noise were significantly better than the omnidirectional microphone and front hypercardioid microphone when speech was presented from the back (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the possible benefits of a reverse cardioid directional microphone when used in specific listening situations.
authors.affiliation: Widex USA, Lisle, IL 60532, USA. fkuk@aol.com
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kuk
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keenan
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D004867:Equipment Design; D006310:Hearing Aids / Q000592:standards*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006320:Hearing Tests / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013067:Speech Perception