title: Coping, self-management, and adaptation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescents with type 1 diabetes experience stress related to treatment management, feeling different from peers, and deciding to tell others about their diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship of stress reactivity and coping with self-management, quality of life, and metabolic control in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (n = 327) completed measures of coping and stress reactivity, self-management, and quality of life. Glycosylated hemoglobin data were collected from medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-income and minority status were related to lower levels of primary control coping (e.g., problem solving) and secondary control coping (e.g., acceptance), and higher levels of disengagement coping (e.g., avoidance). Self-management mediated the relationship between coping and stress reactivity with quality of life and metabolic control. Race/ethnicity and income moderated the relationship between coping and self-management goals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate differences in coping related to income and race/ethnicity and demonstrate the impact of coping on self-management and health outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT 06532, USA. sarah.jaser@yale.edu
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jaser
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.forename: Sangchoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delamater
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grey
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin