title: Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.: gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer, antimicrobial and antidiarrheal effects in experimental rodent models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An ethnopharmacological survey indicated that the leaves of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae), a medicinal species commonly found in the Brazilian Cerrado, can be used against gastroduodenal disorders, such as gastric ulcers and diarrhea.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a methanolic extract of Byrsonima intermedia (MBI) leaves on gastric and duodenal ulcers and to assess the antimicrobial and antidiarrheal effects of this extract.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-ulcerogenic effect of MBI was investigated with different ulcerogenic agents in rodents (mice and rats), including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), HCl/ethanol, pyloric ligature, absolute ethanol, cysteamine and ischemia-reperfusion. The gastroprotective effect of MBI was assessed by analysing the volume of gastric juice, pH, total acidity, mucus, NO, sulfhydryl compound, vanilloid receptor, glutathione (GSH) levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the gastric and duodenal mucosa. The gastric and duodenal healing effects of MBI were also evaluated during 7 or 14 days of treatment. The antidiarrheal action (measured by intestinal motility and diarrhea induced by castor oil) and anti-bacterial action of MBI against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori were also evaluated by microdilution methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phytochemical profile from MBI indicated the presence of phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids. MBI (500mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited totally gastric and duodenal lesions (69%) and healed gastric (49% on 14 days) and duodenal lesions (45% on 7 and 14 days). The MBI exert gastroprotective action by participation of endogenous sulfhydryl compounds, vanilloid receptors and increase in GSH level to effective gastric and duodenal protection. MBI also displayed curative (42%) and preventive (49%) antidiarrheal effects by involvement of opiate receptors and also antimicrobial effects in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Byrsonima intermedia leaves present gastroprotective, healing and antidiarrheal activities, supporting previous claims that its traditional use can treat gastrointestinal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP - Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, cp 510, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel Cássia
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Hélio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kushima
authors.forename: Clenilson Martins
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sannomiya
authors.forename: Lúcia Regina Machado
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Taís Maria
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bauab
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tamashiro
authors.forename: Wagner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vilegas
authors.forename: Clélia Akiko
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hiruma-Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001938:Brazil; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D029581:Malpighiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000930:Antidiarrheals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D005978:Glutathione