title: A novel application of cell-free seminal mRNA: non-invasive identification of the presence of germ cells or complete obstruction in men with azoospermia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell-free seminal mRNA (cfs-mRNA) exists in human ejaculate at high concentrations and with high stability, and contains many tissue-specific transcripts secreted from the male reproductive system. Owing to the sensitivity of RNA technology, cfs-mRNAs are ideal candidates for non-invasive biomarkers of physiopathological conditions. This study applied cfs-mRNA in identifying the presence of either germ cells or complete obstruction in men with azoospermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  RT-PCR was performed to amplify the germ cell-specific (DDX4), seminal vesicle-specific (SEMG1) and prostate-specific (TGM4) mRNAs from cfs-mRNAs, which were isolated from the seminal plasma of men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) or obstructive azoospermia (OA). The 39 patients with NOA, diagnosed by testicular biopsy, included 8 men with maturation arrest (MA), 3 men with incomplete sertoli cell only (iSCO) syndrome and 28 men with complete SCO (cSCO). The 29 patients with OA, confirmed by the presence of sperm in the testis or epididymis, included 8 men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) and 21 men with non-CBAVD. Healthy individuals and vasectomized men were enrolled as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGM4 was detected in all participants. Consistent with their diagnosis, DDX4 was detected in all patients with MA or iSCO but was absent in most cases of cSCO (n = 21, 75.0%) or non-CBAVD (n = 18, 85.7%), and in all men with vasectomy or CBAVD. The presence of DDX4 in the other seven men with cSCO and three patients with non-CBAVD suggests the presence of germ cells in the testis, and incomplete obstruction, respectively. SEMG1 was undetectable in three patients with CBAVD with bilateral absence of the seminal vesicles, and in two non-CBAVD cases with low ejaculate volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that, with high sensitivity and representativity, cfs-mRNA could be non-invasive biomarkers for identifying the presence of germ cells or complete obstruction in azoospermia.
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Honggang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chunlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiuli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Chengliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D029607:Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054331:Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029607:Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins; C424482:seminal vesicle-specific antigen; C418702:transglutaminase 4; D011503:Transglutaminases; C498288:DDX4 protein, human; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases