title: Novel microtubule-targeted agent 6-chloro-4-(methoxyphenyl) coumarin induces G2-M arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify a novel coumarin analogue with the highest anticancer activity and to further investigate its anticancer mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The viability of cancer cells was investigated using the MTT assay. The cell cycle progression was evaluated using both flow cytometric and Western blotting analysis. Microtubule depolymerization was observed with immunocytochemistry in vivo and a tubulin depolymerization assay in vitro. Apoptosis was demonstrated using Annexin V/Propidium Iodide (PI) double-staining and sub-G(1) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 36 analogues of coumarin, 6-chloro-4-(methoxyphenyl) coumarin showed the best anticancer activity (IC(50) value about 200 nmol/L) in HCT116 cells. The compound had a broad spectrum of anticancer activity against 9 cancer cell lines derived from colon cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, epidermoid cancer with IC(50) value of 75 nmol/L-1.57 μmol/L but with low cytotocitity against WI-38 human lung fibroblasts (IC(50) value of 12.128 μmol/L). The compound (0.04-10 μmol/L) induced G(2)-M phase arrest in HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was reversible after the compound was removed. The compound (10-300 μmol/L) induced the depolymerization of purified porcine tubulin in vitro. Finally, the compound (0.04-2.5 μmol/L) induced apoptosis of HeLa cells in dose- and time-dependent manners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  6-Chloro-4-(methoxyphenyl) coumarin is a novel microtubule-targeting agent that induces G(2)-M arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
authors.forename: Yi-ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yu-bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Chuan-ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Dong-mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003374:Coumarins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D059566:M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003374:Coumarins