title: Human motor plasticity induced by mirror visual feedback.
abstract: The clinical use of mirror visual feedback (MVF) was initially introduced to alleviate phantom pain, and has since been applied to the improvement of hemiparesis following stroke. However, it is not known whether MVF can restore motor function by producing plastic changes in the human primary motor cortex (M1). Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to test whether M1 plasticity is a physiological substrate of MVF-induced motor behavioral improvement. MVF intervention in normal volunteers using a mirror box improved motor behavior and enhanced excitatory functions of the M1. Moreover, behavioral and physiological measures of MVF-induced changes were positively correlated with each other. Improved motor performance occurred after observation of a simple action, but not after repetitive motor training of the nontarget hand without MVF, suggesting the crucial importance of visual feedback. The beneficial effects of MVF were disrupted by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over the M1, but not the control site in the occipital cortex. However, MVF following cTBS could further improve the motor functions. Our findings indicate that M1 plasticity, especially in its excitatory connections, is an essential component of MVF-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan.
authors.forename: Ippei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nojima
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mima
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koganemaru
authors.forename: Mohamed Nasreldin
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Thabit
authors.forename: Hidenao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059167:Mirror Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult