title: More precise diagnosis of access stenosis: ultrasonography versus angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patency of mature vascular access for hemodialysis is mostly limited by the growing stenoses leading to acute access thrombosis. The therapy of choice is usually percutaneous balloon angioplasty (PTA). However, PTA injures the vessel wall and subsequent re-stenosis develops faster than de novo stenosis. Therefore, the key is in appropriate timing of PTA procedures--as late as possible but before access thrombosis develops. Ultrasonography combines the morphologic and functional access assessment, but the former is less precise than angiography. The aim of this study was to compare ultrasonographic and angiographic measuring of residual diameter as the additional criterion of significant stenoses used in our center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual diameter of significant stenoses was measured by B-mode ultrasonography three times in 20 patients. All the patients were indicated for angiography and the residual diameter of the stenoses was re-analyzed by this method. The repeatability of ultrasonographic residual diameter measurements and reproducibility in comparison to angiography were expressed by coefficients of variation (CV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The residual diameter was 1.69 ± 0.05 mm by ultrasound and 1.65 ± 0.59 mm measured by angiography. In the ultrasound repeatability study, CV was 3.17 ± 2.76% and in the reproducibility study CV was 18.0 ± 15.6%. All the stenoses found to be significant by ultrasound were above 65% by angiography and PTA was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonographic measurement of the residual diameter is stable in experienced hands and is well comparable to angiography results. These findings advocate residual diameter of 2.0 mm as the strong additional criterion of the significant stenoses, which can also be used in ultrasound surveillance of arteriovenous grafts.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic. jaroslav.kudlicka@vfn.cz
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudlicka
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kavan
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tuka
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex