title: Inactivation of norovirus surrogates on surfaces and raspberries by steam-ultrasound treatment.
abstract: Human disease outbreaks caused by norovirus (NoV) following consumption of contaminated raspberries are an increasing problem. An efficient method to decontaminate the fragile raspberries and the equipment used for processing would be an important step in ensuring food safety. A potential  surface treatment that combines pressurized steam and high-power ultrasound (steam-ultrasound) was assessed for its efficacy to inactivate human NoV surrogates: coliphage (MS2), feline calicivirus (FCV), and murine norovirus (MNV) inoculated on plastic surfaces and MS2 inoculated on fresh  raspberries. The amounts of infectious virus and viral genomes were determined by plaque assay and reverse transcription-real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. On plastic surfaces, an inactivation of >99.99% was obtained for both MS2 and FCV, corresponding to a 9.1-log  and >4.8-log reduction after 1 or 3 s of treatment, respectively; while a 3.7-log (99.9%) reduction of MNV was reached after 3 s of treatment. However, on fresh raspberries only a 1-log reduction (∼89%) of MS2 could be achieved after 1 s of treatment, at which point damage to the texture  of the fresh raspberries was evident. Increasing treatment time (0 to 3 s) resulted in negligible reductions of viral genome titers of MS2, FCV, and MNV on plastic surfaces as well as of MS2 inoculated on raspberries. Steam-ultrasound treatment in its current format does not appear to be an  appropriate method to achieve sufficient decontamination of NoV-contaminated raspberries. However, steam-ultrasound may be used to decontaminate smooth surface areas and utensils in food production and processing environments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark. acsc@food.dtu.dk
authors.forename: Anna Charlotte
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Katrine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uhrbrand
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nørrung
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010969:Plastics; D013227:Steam; D014465:Ultrasonics; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D013227:Steam