title: Clogging in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands: measurement, modeling and management.
abstract: This paper reviews the state of the art in measuring, modeling, and managing clogging in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands. Methods for measuring in situ hydraulic conductivity in treatment wetlands are now available, which provide valuable insight into assessing and evaluating the extent of clogging. These results, paired with the information from more traditional approaches (e.g., tracer testing and composition of the clog matter) are being incorporated into the latest treatment wetland models. Recent finite element analysis models can now simulate clogging development in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands with reasonable accuracy. Various management strategies have been developed to extend the life of clogged treatment wetlands, including gravel excavation and/or washing, chemical treatment, and application of earthworms. These strategies are compared and available cost information is reported.
authors.affiliation: Århus University, Department of Bioscience, Ole Worms Allé, Building 1135, 8000 Århus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nivala
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dotro
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005427:Flocculation; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D053833:Wetlands