title: Applications of targeted gene capture and next-generation sequencing technologies in studies of human deafness and other genetic disabilities.
abstract: The goal of sequencing the entire human genome for $1000 is almost in sight. However, the total costs including DNA sequencing, data management, and analysis to yield a clear data interpretation are unlikely to be lowered significantly any time soon to make studies on a population scale and daily clinical uses feasible. Alternatively, the targeted enrichment of specific groups of disease and biological pathway-focused genes and the capture of up to an entire human exome (~1% of the genome) allowing an unbiased investigation of the complete protein-coding regions in the genome are now routine. Targeted gene capture followed by sequencing with massively parallel next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the advantages of 1) significant cost saving, 2) higher sequencing accuracy because of deeper achievable coverage, 3) a significantly shorter turnaround time, and 4) a more feasible data set for a bioinformatic analysis outcome that is functionally interpretable. Gene capture combined with NGS has allowed a much greater number of samples to be examined than is currently practical with whole-genome sequencing. Such an approach promises to bring a paradigm shift to biomedical research of Mendelian disorders and their clinical diagnoses, ultimately enabling personalized medicine based on one's genetic profile. In this review, we describe major methodologies currently used for gene capture and detection of genetic variations by NGS. We will highlight applications of this technology in studies of genetic disorders and discuss issues pertaining to applications of this powerful technology in genetic screening and the discovery of genes implicated in syndromic and non-syndromic hearing loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322-3030, USA. xlin2@emory.edu
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wenxue
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Shoeb
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Jingqiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Candice C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D003638:Deafness / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D015894:Genome, Human; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*