title: Assessment of a cohort of primarily pediatric patients with a presumptive diagnosis of type 1 von Willebrand disease with a novel high shear rate, non-citrated blood flow device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A precise approach to the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (vWD) remains elusive. One important reason is that vWD is a blood flow-related disorder: a vW Factor-platelet GPIb binding defect exists in this condition under the high shear-rate (> 1000 sec-1 in whole blood; > 3000 sec-1 in PRP) conditions of physiologic blood flow which exist in the arterioles of mucous membranes, from which most bleeding in vWD occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We therefore studied 28 patients (mean 18.9 yrs) with vWD, diagnosed according to the 2007 NHLBI clinical guidelines, and 26 healthy controls (mean 17.5 yrs). Blood was collected into a plastic tube containing 4 U/ml FC dalteparin, 1.75 μg/ml of the Tab (anti-CD41) monoclonal antibody directed against platelet GPIIb, and 1.0 μg/ml of an ALEXA 555-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse second antibody. Within 30-90 min, the blood was then withdrawn at 667 and 1330 sec(-1) through a special flow chamber allowing for real-time epifluorescence digital videomicroscopy of platelets interacting with a microfibrillar collagen substrate. With MetaMorph software (Universal Imaging) we quantified the percent area (PA) covered by and total volume (TV) of adherent platelet aggregates within a 435 μm × 580 μm field of view.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 667 sec(-1) after 1 min PA and TV were similar for patients and controls, but at 1330 sec(-1) PA was 9.32 ± 4.21 (mean ± SD) for patients, a value lower (p < 0.001) than the 12.8 ± 3.39 for controls. TV was (1.43 ± 0.91) x 10(4) for patients, a value also lower (p < 0.001) than the (2.22 ± 0.77) x 10(4) for controls. PA or TV was below the 2.5th percentile for controls in 10 patients (36%) and both PA and TV were below the 2.5th percentile in eight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel flow device found that PA and TV were significantly reduced under high shear stress in vWD patients compared to normal controls. However, there was some overlap between the vWD and the control group, suggesting that some vWD patients had normal platelet adhesion/aggregation under the conditions studied. Further study with a higher shear rate appears indicated.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Grabowski.Eric@MGH.Harvard.edu
authors.forename: Eric F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: Marjorie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Van Cott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002951:Citrates; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D033081:Shear Strength; D056725:von Willebrand Disease, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates