title: Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder.
abstract: Clinical urine specimens are usually considered to be sterile when they do not yield uropathogens using standard clinical cultivation procedures. Our aim was to test if the adult female bladder might contain bacteria that are not identified by these routine procedures. An additional aim was to identify and recommend the appropriate urine collection method for the study of bacterial communities in the female bladder. Consenting participants who were free of known urinary tract infection provided urine samples by voided, transurethral, and/or suprapubic collection methods. The presence of bacteria in these samples was assessed by bacterial culture, light microscopy, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteria that are not or cannot be routinely cultivated (hereinafter called uncultivated bacteria) were common in voided urine, urine collected by transurethral catheter (TUC), and urine collected by suprapubic aspirate (SPA), regardless of whether the subjects had urinary symptoms. Voided urine samples contained mixtures of urinary and genital tract bacteria. Communities identified in parallel urine samples collected by TUC and SPA were similar. Uncultivated bacteria are clearly present in the bladders of some women. It remains unclear if these bacteria are viable and/or if their presence is relevant to idiopathic urinary tract conditions.
authors.affiliation: Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Ruichen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kenton
authors.forename: MaryPat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schreckenberger
authors.forename: Qunfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brubaker
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics; D058889:Molecular Typing; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000382:microbiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S