title: The differential diagnosis and treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) arises in adulthood and is characterized by a typical combination of clinical and radiological findings. The mean basal intracranial pressure is normal or mildly elevated. The typical signs of the disease are gait impairment, urinary incontinence, and dementia. The difficulty of distinguishing NPH from other neurodegenerative disorders is the likely reason why some 80% of cases remain unrecognized and untreated. According to current evidence, the spontaneous course of NPH ends, for the vast majority of patients, in dependence on nursing care.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review article is based on relevant publications retrieved by a selective search in Medline and on national and international guidelines for the management of NPH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies with a high evidence level are lacking; thus, the current state of knowledge about NPH is derived from studies of low or intermediate evidence levels, e.g., observational studies. Modern forms of treatment lead to clinical improvement in 70% to 90% of treated patients. The treatment of choice is the implantation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The differential diagnosis is complicated by the fact that three-quarters of patients with NPH severe enough to require treatment also suffer from another neurodegenerative disorder. Therefore, the clinical findings and imaging studies often do not suffice to establish the indication for surgery. To do this, a further, semi-invasive diagnostic procedure is recommended. Current risk/benefit analyses indicate that shunt operations improve outcome compared to the spontaneous course of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal pressure hydrocephalus should always enter into the differential diagnosis of patients who present with its characteristic manifestations. If the diagnosis of NPH is confirmed, it should be treated at an early stage.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str., 66421 Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unterberg
mesh_terms: D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006850:Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*