title: Ultrasound array transmitter architecture with high timing resolution using embedded phase-locked loops.
abstract: Coarse time quantization of delay profiles within ultrasound array systems can produce undesirable side lobes in the radiated beam profile. The severity of these side lobes is dependent upon the magnitude of phase quantization error--the deviation from ideal delay profiles to the achievable quantized case. This paper describes a method to improve interchannel delay accuracy without increasing system clock frequency by utilizing embedded phase-locked loop (PLL) components within commercial field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Precise delays are achieved by shifting the relative phases of embedded PLL output clocks in 208-ps steps. The described architecture can achieve the necessary interelement timing resolution required for driving ultrasound arrays up to 50 MHz. The applicability of the proposed method at higher frequencies is demonstrated by extrapolating experimental results obtained using a 5-MHz array transducer. Results indicate an increase in transmit dynamic range (TDR) when using accurate delay profiles generated by the embedded-PLL method described, as opposed to using delay profiles quantized to the system clock.
authors.affiliation: School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. efy3prs@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David M J
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raiton
authors.forename: Chau Vo
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ky
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freear
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation*