title: Automated sputum cytometry for detection of intraepithelial neoplasias in the lung.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the benefits of early lung cancer detection, no effective strategy for early screening and treatment exists, partly due to a lack of effective surrogate biomarkers. Our novel sputum biomarker, the Combined Score (CS), uses automated image cytometric analysis of ploidy and nuclear morphology to detect subtle intraepithelial changes that often precede lung tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  2249 sputum samples from 1795 high-risk patients enrolled in ongoing chemoprevention trials were subjected to automated quantitative image cytometry after Feulgen-thionin staining. Samples from normal histopathology patients were compared against samples from carcinoma in situ (CIS) and cancer patients to train the CS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CS correlates with several lung cancer risk factors, including histopathological grade, age, smoking status, and p53 and Ki67 immunostaining. At 50% specificity, CS detected 78% of all highest-risk subjects-those with CIS or worse plus those with moderate or severe dysplasia and abnormal nuclear morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CS is a powerful yet minimally invasive tool for rapid and inexpensive risk assessment for the presence of precancerous lung lesions, enabling enrichment of chemoprevention trials with highest-risk dysplasias. CS correlates with other biomarkers, so CS may find use as a surrogate biomarker for patient assessment and as an endpoint in chemoprevention clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada. gli@bccrc.ca
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Martial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillaud
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LeRiche
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McWilliams
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gazdar
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Calum
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacAulay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001331:Automation / Q000379:methods; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019044:Image Cytometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*