title: Metachronous bladder metastases from renal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  adrenal gland, parotid gland, pharynx, eye and bladder are rare localizations of metastases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We report a case of metachronous RCC metastases to the bladder in a patient with a medical history of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  a case study and review of the relevant literature are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  during a follow-up cystoscopy examination following treatment of TCC, a single 5-mm lesion was detected and endoscopically resected. The histology of the resected sample was confirmed to be RCC, comparable to a primary kidney cancer and not recurrent TCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the patient had a probability of metastases three years after nephrectomy of 62.9%. Survival rates following single metastasectomy are 60% and 38% at three and five years, respectively; metachronous diagnosis has a better prognosis than synchronous. During RCC follow-up, each lesion should be considered as a possible metastasis of RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Melegari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbinante
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: de Cobelli