title: Estimation of IMU and MARG orientation using a gradient descent algorithm.
abstract: This paper presents a novel orientation algorithm designed to support a computationally efficient, wearable inertial human motion tracking system for rehabilitation applications. It is applicable to inertial measurement units (IMUs) consisting of tri-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers, and magnetic angular rate and gravity (MARG) sensor arrays that also include tri-axis magnetometers. The MARG implementation incorporates magnetic distortion compensation. The algorithm uses a quaternion representation, allowing accelerometer and magnetometer data to be used in an analytically derived and optimised gradient descent algorithm to compute the direction of the gyroscope measurement error as a quaternion derivative. Performance has been evaluated empirically using a commercially available orientation sensor and reference measurements of orientation obtained using an optical measurement system. Performance was also benchmarked against the propriety Kalman-based algorithm of orientation sensor. Results indicate the algorithm achieves levels of accuracy matching that of the Kalman based algorithm; < 0.8° static RMS error, < 1.7° dynamic RMS error. The implications of the low computational load and ability to operate at small sampling rates significantly reduces the hardware and power necessary for wearable inertial movement tracking, enabling the creation of lightweight, inexpensive systems capable of functioning for extended periods of time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol. s.madgwick@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sebastian O H
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Madgwick
authors.forename: Andrew J L
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*