title: Beneficial effect of garlic on D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute hepatic failure in male albino rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine cascade, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-4, is considered to play an important role in severe liver injury. Kupffer cells, resident macrophages of the liver, activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release pro-inflammatory cytokine. D-Galactosamine (D-GalN), a hepatocyte-specific inhibitor of RNA synthesis, is known to sensitise animals to the lethal effects of LPS. In the present study we seek to reverse some altered parameters, immunological and histopathological, to normal values of rats pre-treated with garlic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute hepatic failure was induced in male albino rats by the intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg D-GalN and 50 μg LPS/kg body weight. Expression levels of TNF-α and IL-4 were detected by ELISA. Leukocytes proliferation was carried out by differential count. For histopathology, liver sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Data were analysed by SPSS program version 13.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data showed significant increase in the numbers of granulocytes, but with significant decreases in lymphocyte and monocytes proliferation and the TNF-alpha and IL-4 levels in D-GalN/LPS-induced group. Garlic pre-treatment of liver-injured rats induced significant amelioration in the numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes, with significant increase in granulocytes numbers, TNF-α level and IL-4 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study revealed that garlic could afford a significant protection in the alleviation of D-GalN/LPS-induced hepatocellular injury.
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt. Manar_Muhamad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Bahaa K A
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Abdel-Salam
authors.forename: Abd-Alla A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sayed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005688:Galactosamine; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D005688:Galactosamine