title: Inverse correlation between stroke and urinary 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid, an acrolein-glutathione metabolite.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We found previously that increases in plasma levels of protein-conjugated acrolein and polyamine oxidases, enzymes that produce acrolein, are good biomarkers for stroke. The aim of this study was to test whether 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA), an acrolein-glutathione metabolite, was increased in the urine of stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The level of 3-HPMA in urine was measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Stroke (78 subjects) was divided into 52 cerebral infarction (CI) and 26 cerebral hemorrhage (CH) on the basis of clinical information including brain imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A major acrolein derivative in urine is 3-HPMA. Being different from the results of PC-Acro in plasma, 3-HPMA in urine decreased following stroke. The median value of μmol 3-HPMA/g creatinine (Cre) for 90 control subjects was 2.83, while that for 78 stroke patients was 1.56. The degree of the decrease in 3-HPMA was similar in both CI and CH patients. Furthermore, the median value of μmol 3-HPMA/g Cre in 56 patients with lesions ≥ 1cm in diameter (1.39) was significantly lower than that in 20 patients with lesion <1cm in diameter (2.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inverse correlation between stroke and urinary 3-HPMA was observed. The results suggest that stroke is aggravated when nervous system tissues have a reduced level of glutathione.
authors.affiliation: Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Kyohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: Ryotaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saiki
authors.forename: Mutsumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizoi
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Itsuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toida
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomitori
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Kazuei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Igarashi
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D000171:Acrolein / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000171:Acrolein; C001423:S-(3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine N-acetate; D005978:Glutathione; D000111:Acetylcysteine