title: Event sequencing of forced intramuscular medication in England.
abstract: In most inpatient psychiatric care systems it is permissible in certain situations for staff to forcibly inject patients with psychotropic medication. The aim of this study is to describe what precedes and follows a coerced intramuscular injection within a nursing shift. Data were collected on the sequence of conflict (aggression, absconding, etc.) and containment (seclusion, restraint, etc.) for the first 2 weeks of 522 acute admissions on 84 wards in 31 UK hospitals. Injections were given to 9% of patients. Aggression, regular medication refusal and pro re nata (PRN) medication refusal preceded injections. The giving of coerced medication concluded most crises. Coerced medication effectively resolves crises in the short term. Staff should offer oral PRN as an alternative, unless this is unsafe. Where only verbal violence has occurred staff should try to resolve the crisis without enforcing medication. More research on the best way to respond to inpatients' medication refusal is required.
authors.affiliation: East London Foundation NHS Trust, Queen Mary University, London, UK. len.bowers@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owiti
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003068:Coercion; D004739:England; D017050:Episode of Care; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D014754:Violence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents