title: Phytotoxins produced by fungi associated with grapevine trunk diseases.
abstract: Up to 60 species of fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, genera Cadophora, Cryptovalsa, Cylindrocarpon, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Eutypa, Eutypella, Fomitiporella, Fomitiporia, Inocutis, Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella have been isolated from decline-affected grapevines all around the World. The main grapevine trunk diseases of mature vines are Eutypa dieback, the esca complex and cankers caused by the Botryospheriaceae, while in young vines the main diseases are Petri and black foot diseases. To understand the mechanism of these decline-associated diseases and the symptoms associated with them, the toxins produced by the pathogens involved in these diseases were isolated and characterised chemically and biologically. So far the toxins of only a small number of these decline fungi have been studied. This paper presents an overview of the toxins produced by the most serious of these vine wood pathogens: Eutypa lata, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and some taxa in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, and examines how these toxins produce decline symptoms. The chemical structure of these metabolites and in some cases their vivotoxin nature are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici I-80055, Italy. andolfi@unina.it
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andolfi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mugnai
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Surico
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cimmino
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evidente
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D037521:Virulence Factors; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D037521:Virulence Factors