title: Anabolic androgenic steroids in the general population: user characteristics and associations with substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse correlates of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use in the general male population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national household survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 15-64 years in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  AAS use and potential correlates of AAS use, including demographic data, financial situation, physical training, and substance use. In hierarchical logistic regression analyses, lifetime users of AAS (n = 240) were compared to all nonusers (n = 13,920) and to nonusers who reported that they had been offered AAS (n = 487).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AAS use was most strongly associated with a lifetime history of illicit drug use and the misuse of prescription drugs. When controlling for substance use, AAS was associated with physical training and lower education. Illicit drug use and misuse of prescription drugs separated AAS users from nonusers who had been offered AAS. No associations were seen with AUDIT scores for risk alcohol drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this general population survey in men, lifetime use of AAS appears to share common characteristics with illicit substance use. Both substance use variables and physical training remained associated with AAS use when controlling for one another.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. anders_c.hakansson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakansson
authors.forename: Kajsa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mickelsson
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berglund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000728:Androgens; D003625:Data Collection; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D055070:Resistance Training; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000728:Androgens; D055553:Prescription Drugs