title: Biomarkers of protein oxidation in human disease.
abstract: Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen (RS) and the ability to either detoxify the reactive intermediates produced or repair the resulting damage. Ultimately, oxidative stress conveys the alteration in cellular function caused by the reaction of RS with cellular constituents. Oxidative stress has been extensively reported to participate in the progression of a variety of human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes. Oxidation of proteins is thought to be one of the major mechanisms by which oxidative stress is integrated into cellular signal transduction pathways. Thus, recent research efforts have been aimed to identify the role of specific oxidative protein modifications in the signal transduction events mediating the etiology of human diseases progression. The identification of these oxidative modifications has also raised the possibility of using this knowledge to develop new methods to diagnose diseases before they are clinically evident. In this work, we summarize the mechanisms by which RS generate distinct oxidative modifications. Furthermore, we also review the potential of these oxidative modifications to be used as early biomarkers of human disease.
authors.affiliation: Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, 114 VBS 0905. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-Garcia
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Rocha
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Madayiputhiya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Panayiotidis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species