title: Airborne particulate matter (PM) filter analysis and modeling by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and X-ray standing wave (XSW).
abstract: This work is presented as an improvement of a recently introduced method for airborne particulate matter (PM) filter analysis [1]. X-ray standing wave (XSW) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) were performed with a new dedicated laboratory instrumentation. The main advantage of performing both XSW and TXRF, is the possibility to distinguish the nature of the sample: if it is a small droplet dry residue, a thin film like or a bulk sample. Another advantage is related to the possibility to select the angle of total reflection to make TXRF measurements. Finally, the possibility to switch the X-ray source allows to measure with more accuracy lighter and heavier elements (with a change in X-ray anode, for example from Mo to Cu). The aim of the present study is to lay the theoretical foundation of the new proposed method for airborne PM filters quantitative analysis improving the accuracy and efficiency of quantification by means of an external standard. The theoretical model presented and discussed demonstrated that airborne PM filters can be considered as thin layers. A set of reference samples is prepared in laboratory and used to obtain a calibration curve. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method for quantitative analysis of air PM filters is affordable and reliable without the necessity to digest filters to obtain quantitative chemical analysis, and that the use of XSW improve the accuracy of TXRF analysis.
authors.affiliation: INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borgese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmistraro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianoncelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zacco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucchini
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siviero
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Depero
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bontempi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005374:Filtration; D005453:Fluorescence; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012015:Reference Standards; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter