title: The influence of five monoamine genes on trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood.
abstract: The influence of five monoamine candidate genes on depressive symptom trajectories in adolescence and young adulthood were examined in the Add Health genetic sample. Results indicated that, for all respondents, carriers of the dopamine receptor D4 5-repeat allele were characterized by distinct depressive symptom trajectories across adolescence and early adulthood. Similarly, for males, individuals with the monoamine oxidase A 3.5-repeat allele exhibited unique depressive symptom trajectories. Specifically, the trajectories of those with the dopamine receptor D4 5-repeat allele were characterized by rising levels in the transition to adulthood, while their peers were experiencing a normative drop in depressive symptom frequency. Conversely, males with the monoamine oxidase A 3.5-repeat allele were shown to experience increased distress in late adolescence. An empirical method for examining a wide array of allelic combinations was employed, and false discovery rate methods were used to control the risk of false positives due to multiple testing. Special attention was given to thoroughly interrogate the robustness of the putative genetic effects. These results demonstrate the value of combining dynamic developmental perspectives with statistical genetic methods to optimize the search for genetic influences on psychopathology across the life course.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, Room 216A, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. deadkins@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Adkins
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Daw
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McClay
authors.forename: Edwin J C G
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van den Oord
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase