title: The impact of direct aperture optimization on plan quality and efficiency in complex head and neck IMRT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional step&shoot intensity modulated radio therapy (IMRT) approaches potentially lead to treatment plans with high numbers of segments and monitor units (MU) and, therefore, could be time consuming at the linear accelerator. Direct optimization methods are able to reduce the complexity without degrading the quality of the plan. The aim of this study is the evaluation of different IMRT approaches at standardized conditions for head and neck tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 27 patients with carcinomas in the head and neck region a planning study with a 2-step-IMRT system (KonRad), a direct optimization system (Panther DAO) and a mixture of both approaches (MasterPlan DSS) was created. In order to avoid different prescription doses for boost volumes a simple standardization was realized. The dose was downscaled to 50 Gy to the planning target volume (PTV) which included the primary tumor as well as the bilateral lymphatic drainage (cervical and supraclavicular). Dose restrictions for the organs at risk (OAR) were downscaled to this prescription from high dose concepts up to 72 Gy. Those limits were defined as planning objectives while reaching definable PTV coverage with a standardized field setup. The parameters were evaluated from the corresponding dose volume histogram (DVH). Special attention was paid to the efficiency of the method, measured by means of calculated MU and required segments. Statistical tests of significance were applied to quantify the differences between the evaluated systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTV coverage for all systems in terms of V90% and V95% fell short of the requested 100% and 95%, respectively, but were still acceptable (range: 98.7% to 99.1% and 94.2% to 94.7%). Overall for OAR sparing and the burden of healthy tissue with low doses no technique was superior for all evaluated parameters. Differences were found for the number of segments where the direct optimization systems generated less segments. Lowest average numbers of MU were 308 by Panther DAO calculated for 2 Gy fractions. Based on these findings the treatment time at the linear accelerator is the lowest for Panther DAO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All IMRT approaches implemented in the different treatment planning systems (TPS) generated clinically acceptable and comparable plans. No superior system in terms of PTV coverage and OAR sparing was found. Major differences in efficiency of the method in terms of calculated MU and treatment times were found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiooncology, Radiologische Allianz Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. Marcello.Sabatino@radiologische-allianz.de
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Würschmidt
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011379:Prognosis; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed