title: Prediction of environmental concentrations of glucocorticoids: the River Thames, UK, as an example.
abstract: Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are consumed in large amounts as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs worldwide. Based on what has been learnt from studies of other human pharmaceuticals, they are likely to be present in the aquatic environment. However, to date, information on the environmental concentrations of GCs is very limited. The situation is complicated by the fact that a considerable number of GCs are in everyday use in most developed countries. Hence, obtaining a full picture of GC concentrations in the aquatic environment using the traditional analytical chemistry approach would be time-consuming and expensive. Thus, we took a modelling approach to predict the total environmental concentration of all synthetic GCs (consisting of 28 individual GCs) in the River Thames, as a first step in risk assessment of these drugs. Using reliable data on consumption, the LF2000-WQX model predicts mean concentrations up to 30 ng/L of total GCs in surface water as a best case scenario when the lowest excretion and highest removal rates in sewage treatment works were used, whereas mean concentrations up to 850 ng/L were predicted when the highest excretion and lowest removal rates are considered. We also present the 10th and 90th percentile concentrations (which indicate the likely range of concentrations seen from high flow to low flow conditions in the river) of the highest and lowest consumed GCs, to show the spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of individual GCs. These data probably provide reliable estimates of the likely range of concentrations of GCs in a typical river impacted by effluent from many sewage treatment plants. Results also identify the hot spots where field studies on fish could be focused. To determine if aquatic organisms face any threat from GCs, laboratory toxicity studies should be conducted using concentrations similar to those reported here.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK. Electronic address: Kugathas.Subramaniam@brunel.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Subramaniam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kugathas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sumpter
mesh_terms: D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical