title: Dyspnea in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the treatment and correlates of dyspnea in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the literature regarding the treatment and correlates of dyspnea in IPF.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and all Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews were searched for publications that evaluated treatment or correlates of dyspnea in IPF. Reference lists and recent review articles also were searched.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heterogeneity of included studies did not permit meta-analysis. Dyspnea improved in studies of sildenafil, pulmonary rehabilitation, and prednisone with colchicine. Additional studies of these three treatments, however, found discordant results. One study suggested that assisted ventilation delivered by facemask improved exertional dyspnea. Oxygen and opioids improve dyspnea in other chronic lung diseases, but data in IPF are limited. Correlates of dyspnea included functional and physiological measures and comorbid diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sildenafil and pulmonary rehabilitation should be considered as potential therapies for dyspnea in selected patients with IPF. Supplemental oxygen and opioids may be additional potential therapies; however, the evidence supporting their use is weak. Additional research should focus on the management of functional status and comorbidities as potential treatments for dyspnea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. chris.ryerson@hli.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ryerson
authors.forename: Doranne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donesky
authors.forename: Steven Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Pantilat
authors.forename: Harold R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Collard
mesh_terms: D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D016239:MEDLINE; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D014284:Triiodothyronine; C010642:3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid