title: Reliability of simulator driving tool for evaluation of sleepiness, fatigue and driving performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the impact of extended wakefulness (i.e., sleepiness) and prolonged driving (i.e., fatigue) at the wheel in simulated versus real-life driving conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants drove on an INRETS-MSIS SIM2 simulator in a research laboratory or an open French highway during 3 nocturnal driving sessions. A dose-response design of duration of nocturnal driving was used: a 2 h short driving session (3-5 AM), a 4 h intermediate driving session (1-5 AM) and an 8 h long driving session (9 PM-5 AM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of healthy male drivers (20 for simulated driving and 14 drivers for real driving; mean age±SD=22.3±1.6 years), free of sleep disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of inappropriate line crossings, self-rated fatigue and sleepiness were recorded in the last hour of driving sessions to control the effects of prior waking time and time of day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the daytime reference session, both simulated and real driving performance were affected by a short nocturnal driving session (P<.05 and P<.001, respectively). Extension of nocturnal driving duration affected simulated performance nonlinearly and more severely than that of real driving (P<.001). Compared to the daytime reference session, short nocturnal simulated and real driving sessions increased self-perceived fatigue and sleepiness. Real and simulated driving conditions had an identical impact on fatigue and sleepiness during extended periods of nocturnal driving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy subjects, the INRETS-MSIS SIM2 simulator appropriately measures driving impairment in terms of inappropriate line crossings related to extended wakefulness but has limitations to measure the impact of extended driving on drivers' performance.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, ER I27, F-14000 Caen, France. damien.davenne@unicaen.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davenne
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lericollais
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sagaspe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taillard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Espié
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philip
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012894:Sleep Stages; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness; D055815:Young Adult