title: Individualized nonadaptive and online-adaptive intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment strategies for cervical cancer patients based on pretreatment acquired variable bladder filling computed tomography scans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design and evaluate individualized nonadaptive and online-adaptive strategies based on a pretreatment established motion model for the highly deformable target volume in cervical cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 14 patients, nine to ten variable bladder filling computed tomography (CT) scans were acquired at pretreatment and after 40 Gy. Individualized model-based internal target volumes (mbITVs) accounting for the cervix and uterus motion due to bladder volume changes were generated by using a motion-model constructed from two pretreatment CT scans (full and empty bladder). Two individualized strategies were designed: a nonadaptive strategy, using an mbITV accounting for the full-range of bladder volume changes throughout the treatment; and an online-adaptive strategy, using mbITVs of bladder volume subranges to construct a library of plans. The latter adapts the treatment online by selecting the plan-of-the-day from the library based on the measured bladder volume. The individualized strategies were evaluated by the seven to eight CT scans not used for mbITVs construction, and compared with a population-based approach. Geometric uniform margins around planning cervix-uterus and mbITVs were determined to ensure adequate coverage. For each strategy, the percentage of the cervix-uterus, bladder, and rectum volumes inside the planning target volume (PTV), and the clinical target volume (CTV)-to-PTV volume (volume difference between PTV and CTV) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The margin for the population-based approach was 38 mm and for the individualized strategies was 7 to 10 mm. Compared with the population-based approach, the individualized nonadaptive strategy decreased the CTV-to-PTV volume by 48% ± 6% and the percentage of bladder and rectum inside the PTV by 5% to 45% and 26% to 74% (p < 0.001), respectively. Replacing the individualized nonadaptive strategy by an online-adaptive, two-plan library further decreased the percentage of bladder and rectum inside the PTV (0% to 10% and -1% to 9%; p < 0.004) and the CTV-to-PTV volume (4-96 ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with population-based margins, an individualized PTV results in better organ-at-risk sparing. Online-adaptive radiotherapy further improves organ-at-risk sparing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus-MC Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. m.bondar@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bondar
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hoogeman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dhawtal
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Heijmen
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D009068:Movement; D009929:Organ Size; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*