title: Childhood-Adolescent Obesity in the Cardiorenal Syndrome: Lessons from Animal Models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childhood-adolescent overweight and obesity have grown to pandemic proportions during the past decade. The onset of obesity in younger adults will likely be manifested as earlier onset of myocardial and renal end-organ disease in younger adults. For the first time, it is estimated that the current generation may not live to be as old as their parents. Thus, it is important to develop animal models of childhood obesity to understand fundamental pathological organ changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this regard, we utilize transmission electron microscopy evaluation to evaluate early remodeling changes of two adolescent rodent obesity models: the Zucker obese (fa/fa) rat and the db/db mouse models of obesity. We have concentrated on the initial ultrastructural remodeling (obese adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and islet remodeling) and the associated changes in target end organs (including the myocardium and kidney) in young rodent models of obesity and insulin resistance, collectively manifesting as the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Briefly, tissues revealed the following ultrastructural remodeling abnormalities: inflammation, hypertrophy, and early fibrosis in adipose tissue; loss of mitochondria in skeletal muscles, hyperplasia, fibrosis, and depletion of insulin-secretory granules in pancreatic islets; increased intramyocardial lipid accumulation, fibrosis, and mitochondrial deposition in the myocardium, and obesity-related glomerulopathy and tubulopathy in the kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the current knowledge and ultrastructural observations of organ pathology, we propose mechanisms whereby obesity appears to be the driving force behind the development of the CRS.
authors.forename: Melvin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sowers