title: A comparison of triage methods for Kenyan women who screen positive for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only about one in seven visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)-positive women has high-grade disease; further confirmatory testing could rule out false positives.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI) or visual inspection with acetic acid and magnification (VIAM) can accurately confirm the presence of disease among rural Kenyan women referred to a district hospital because of a VIA-positive result at a primary health facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Referred women received cervical cytology and either VILI and/or VIAM as triage methods. All women were assessed by colposcopy and biopsied, if necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 490 VIA-positive subjects referred, 332 (68%) attended the district hospital and received at least one of two triage tests and cervical cytology. The sensitivity and specificity for histologically-confirmed CIN 2 and 3 were 93% (14/15) and 32% (52/161) for VIAM; 100% (3/3) and 77% (49/64) for VILI; and 80% (16/20) and 48% (110/228) for cervical cytology. VILI reduced the number of false-positive screening results by 73%, without missing any true positives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VILI had comparable sensitivity and significantly higher specificity compared to VIAM and cervical cytology. VILI may be a promising triage test for screen-positive women in low-resource settings; additional research is required.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Health Program, PATH, Seattle, USA. klewis@path.org
authors.forename: K C L
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Tsu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawa
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kidula
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Chami
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sellors
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides; D007630:Kenya; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D019342:Acetic Acid; C010389:Lugol's solution