title: Specific nuclear localizing sequence directs two myosin isoforms to the cell nucleus in calmodulin-sensitive manner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nuclear myosin I (NM1) was the first molecular motor identified in the cell nucleus. Together with nuclear actin, they participate in crucial nuclear events such as transcription, chromatin movements, and chromatin remodeling. NM1 is an isoform of myosin 1c (Myo1c) that was identified earlier and is known to act in the cytoplasm. NM1 differs from the "cytoplasmic" myosin 1c only by additional 16 amino acids at the N-terminus of the molecule. This amino acid stretch was therefore suggested to direct NM1 into the nucleus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the mechanism of nuclear import of NM1 in detail. Using over-expressed GFP chimeras encoding for truncated NM1 mutants, we identified a specific sequence that is necessary for its import to the nucleus. This novel nuclear localization sequence is placed within calmodulin-binding motif of NM1, thus it is present also in the Myo1c. We confirmed the presence of both isoforms in the nucleus by transfection of tagged NM1 and Myo1c constructs into cultured cells, and also by showing the presence of the endogenous Myo1c in purified nuclei of cells derived from knock-out mice lacking NM1. Using pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays we identified importin beta, importin 5 and importin 7 as nuclear transport receptors that bind NM1. Since the NLS sequence of NM1 lies within the region that also binds calmodulin we tested the influence of calmodulin on the localization of NM1. The presence of elevated levels of calmodulin interfered with nuclear localization of tagged NM1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that the novel specific NLS brings to the cell nucleus not only the "nuclear" isoform of myosin I (NM1 protein) but also its "cytoplasmic" isoform (Myo1c protein). This opens a new field for exploring functions of this molecular motor in nuclear processes, and for exploring the signals between cytoplasm and the nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Rastislav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dzijak
authors.forename: Sukriye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yildirim
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahle
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Novák
authors.forename: Jarmila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hnilicová
authors.forename: Tomáš
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Venit
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hozák
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D024461:Myosin Type I / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009218:Myosins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002147:Calmodulin; D028884:Karyopherins; C470422:Myo1c protein, mouse; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D024461:Myosin Type I; D009218:Myosins