title: The relationship between weight, age, and average daily gain to show performance of Georgia 4-H and Future Farmers of America (FFA) commercial dairy heifers.
abstract: Three studies were conducted to determine the relationship between dairy heifer growth and placing in the show ring. In the first study, 1,744 commercial dairy heifers (all breeds and crossbred animals) were evaluated to determine effects of growth on placing within Georgia Commercial Dairy Heifer Shows from 2007 to 2010. Birth weights were determined using breed birth weight averages, with crossbreeds being the average of 2 parent breeds. Average daily gains (ADG) were calculated and heifers were given rankings based on placing in show and for age and weight. Data was analyzed using the Spearman correlation calculations in the SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Age and ADG were inversely correlated (r=-0.89). Mean ADG for all heifers was determined to be 0.65 kg, below National Research Council recommendations of 0.7 to 0.8 kg. No strong relationship (r=-0.07) was observed between ADG and placing. Heavier heifers within a class showed a small positive relationship (r=0.10) with placing. For study 2, 238 heifers shown at the 2010 Georgia Junior National Livestock Show (Perry, GA) were measured and evaluated for ADG, placing, body weight, age, withers height, hip height, hip width, and jaw width. Height at withers had a moderate relationship (r=0.42) with placing, followed by hip height (r=0.32). A positive relationship (r=0.65) was observed between withers height and hip height. The correlation between weight and placing was determined (r=0.11). Age and ADG had a strong inverse relationship (r=-0.87). Study 3 evaluated 1,489 Holstein heifers shown from 2007 to 2010. Data was analyzed using the Penn State Growth Monitor Spreadsheet Curves. In total, 63.75% did not meet Penn State recommendations for body weight gain. Performance and physical features associated with age indicates that commercial dairy heifers are underfed. The effects of heat stress and high feed costs also play a role. This has economic implications because these animals will likely require more time before they enter the milk herd. The Commercial Dairy Heifer Program is vital for youth development in Georgia. However, those involved need to be encouraged to improve nutritional management practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Froetschel
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D015430:Weight Gain