title: Evidence of inter-component recombination, intra-component recombination and reassortment in banana bunchy top virus.
abstract: Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV; family Nanoviridae, genus Babuvirus) is a multi-component, ssDNA virus, which causes widespread banana crop losses throughout tropical Africa and Australasia. We determined the full genome sequences of 12 BBTV isolates from the Kingdom of Tonga and analysed these together with previously determined BBTV sequences to show that reassortment and both inter- and intra-component recombination have all been relatively frequent occurrences during BBTV evolution. We found that whereas DNA-U3 components display evidence of complex inter- and intra-component recombination, all of the South Pacific DNA-R components have a common intra-component recombinant origin spanning the replication-associated protein gene. Altogether, the DNA-U3 and DNA-M components display a greater degree of inter-component recombination than the DNA-R, -S, -C and -M components. The breakpoint distribution of the inter-component recombination events reveals a primary recombination hotspot around the 5' side of the common region major and, in accordance with recombination hotspots detectable in related ssDNA viruses, a secondary recombination hotspot near the origin of virion-strand replication.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stainton
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kraberger
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wiltshire
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
authors.forename: Karyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries, Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors.forename: Mana'ia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halafihi
authors.affiliation: Tonga College, Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors.forename: Samiuela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lolohea
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries, Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors.forename: Ika
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katoa
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors.forename: Tu'amelie H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Faitua
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries, Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors.forename: Waikato
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Aholelei
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries, Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors.forename: Luseane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taufa
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, PO Box 46, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.|School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Collings
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.|Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.|School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varsani
mesh_terms: D052658:Babuvirus / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D028521:Musa / Q000821:virology; D058974:Phylogeography; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014058:Tonga
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral