title: Increases in the use and cost of opioids to treat acute and chronic pain in injured workers, 1999 to 2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantify temporal changes in opioid use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Claim and prescription data for Louisiana Workers' Compensation Corporation claims open from 1999 and 2009 were analyzed by claim age and type of opioid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant cumulative yearly increase in morphine milligram equivalents prescribed for claimants with acute pain (55-mg increase per year), as well as chronic pain (461-mg increase per year). The cost per morphine milligram equivalent was approximately the same ($0.06 to $0.07) for long- and short-acting medications, but the medication cost was 8 times higher in claims where long-acting opioids were prescribed (with or without short-acting opioids) versus only short-acting medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The annual cumulative dose and cost of opioids per claim increased over the study period related to an increase in prescriptions for long-acting opioids.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Bernacki@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bernacki
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuspeh
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lavin
authors.forename: Xuguang Grant
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid