title: Auditory, visual, and auditory-visual perceptions of emotions by young children with hearing loss versus children with normal hearing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the effect of hearing loss (HL) on emotion-perception ability among young children with and without HL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 26 children 4.0-6.6 years of age with prelingual sensory-neural HL ranging from moderate to profound and 14 children with normal hearing (NH) participated. They were asked to identify happiness, anger, sadness, and fear expressed by an actress when uttering the same neutral nonsense sentence. Their auditory, visual, and auditory-visual perceptions of the emotional content were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of emotion perception among children with HL was lower than that of the NH children in all 3 conditions: auditory, visual, and auditory-visual. Perception through the combined auditory-visual mode significantly surpassed the auditory or visual modes alone in both groups, indicating that children with HL utilized the auditory information for emotion perception. No significant differences in perception emerged according to degree of HL. In addition, children with profound HL and cochlear implants did not perform differently from children with less severe HL who used hearing aids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively high accuracy of emotion perception by children with HL may be explained by their intensive rehabilitation, which emphasizes suprasegmental and paralinguistic aspects of verbal communication.
authors.affiliation: Tel-Aviv University, Israel. tovam@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Tova
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Most
authors.forename: Hilit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Michaelis
mesh_terms: D000786:Anger; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000523:psychology; D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006309:Hearing; D006310:Hearing Aids / Q000523:psychology; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014796:Visual Perception