title: The association of physical activity with novel adipokines in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose-tissue derivatives, known as adipokines, have been involved in the inflammatory-mediated metabolic and cardiovascular disorders of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study examined the association between novel adipokines and self-reported physical activity, a potential anti-inflammatory mediator.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 247 men and women with T2DM, free from overt cardiovascular disease. Based on a physical activity questionnaire, patients were classified into groups: A) sedentary, who did not report any physical activity or reported light activities<2 h/week and B) active, referring to low or moderate-intensity physical activities>2 h/week. Among them, 88 patients were randomly selected to perform a cardiorespiratory ergocycle testing. Clinical parameters, glycemic and lipid profiles, HOMA-IR, and serum levels of visfatin, apelin, vaspin, ghrelin and adiponectin were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of fat-mass, our groups did not differ in anthropometric parameters and pharmaceutical regimen. Active patients showed ameliorated glucose regulation, HOMA-IR, hsCRP and exercise capacity compared to sedentary counterparts (p<0.01). Active rather than sedentary patients showed lower visfatin (10.16±5.53 ng/ml vs 14.77±8.48 ng/ml, p=0.013), higher apelin (1.39±0.65 ng/ml vs 1.04±0.35 ng/ml, p=0.018) and adiponectin (11.82±3.06 μg/ml vs 7.81±2.11 μg/ml, p=0.033) levels. There were non-significant differences in the rest of parameters between groups. After adjusting for age, sex and BMI, physical activity along with hsCRP and ghrelin remained independent determinants of visfatin levels (R(2)=0.328, p=0.032), while physical activity was independently associated with apelin (R(2)=0.221, p=0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-controlled physical activity of, even, moderate intensity ameliorates adipokines, such as visfatin, apelin and adiponectin, in patients with T2DM. Prospective interventional studies will confirm our results. The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is: NCT00306176.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. nikoskad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nikolaos P E
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Kadoglou
authors.forename: Ioannis S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Vrabas
authors.forename: Alkistis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapelouzou
authors.forename: Nikoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Angelopoulou
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose