title: Assessment of DDT, DDE, and 1-hydroxypyrene levels in blood and urine samples in children from Chiapas Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was assess co-exposure to DDT, DDE (main DDT metabolite), and PAHs (1-hydroxypyrene) in areas where biomass is used to cook and to heat homes and where DDT was used to combat malaria transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2009, we analyzed a total of 190 blood and urine samples from children living in six communities in Mexico. Quantitative analyses of DDT and DDE were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Analyses of 1-hydroxypyrene were performed by HPLC using a fluorescence detector.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, we found high levels of DDT and its principal metabolite (DDE) in the blood of children living in four communities in Chiapas located in the southeastern region of Mexico (range, <LOD to 11,815 ng/g lipid and <LOD to 194436 ng/g lipid for DDT and DDE, respectively). Moreover, high levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (a PAH biomarker) were found in urine samples (range, 0.02 to 4.82 μmol/mol creatinine). An important finding was that around one third of the children studied in these areas were co-exposed to the three compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that children in these communities were exposed to DDT and its metabolites, and to other contaminants generated by the combustion of firewood. Therefore, the complex mixture studied in this study (PAHs and DDT/DDE) requires further research.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
authors.forename: Rebeca I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Martínez-salinas
authors.forename: Iván N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pérez-Maldonado
authors.forename: Lilia E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Batres-Esquivel
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flores-Ramírez
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz-Barriga
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003634:DDT / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D003906:Developing Countries; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene