title: What makes labour and birth traumatic? A survey of intrapartum 'hotspots'.
abstract: Evidence suggests between 1% and 6% of women develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. 'Hotspots' are moments of extreme distress during traumatising events that are implicated in symptoms of PTSD. This cross-sectional internet survey of hotspots examined (1) the content of intrapartum hotspots and (2) whether particular events, cognitions or emotions during hotspots are related to PTSD. Women (N = 675) who experienced a difficult or traumatic birth completed a questionnaire composed of a validated measure of PTSD, questions concerning the existence of hotspots, and a newly developed measure of emotions and cognitions during hotspots. The majority of women (67.4%) reported at least one hotspot during birth and 52.9% had re-experiencing symptoms of these hotspots. Women were more likely to have PTSD if hotspots involved fear and lack of control (odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% CI 1.17-1.43) or intrapartum dissociation (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.19). Risk of PTSD was higher if hotspots concerned interpersonal difficulties (OR 4.34, 95% CI 2.15-8.77) or obstetric complications (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.64-6.87) compared to complications with the baby.
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, SE1 8WA, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ayers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult