title: The precision and repeatability of a custom-made pointer device for determination of virtual landmarks in canine three-dimensional kinematics.
abstract: Placement of markers on anatomical landmarks represents a large source of error in three-dimensional kinematics. Our objectives were to test the accuracy and precision of a custom-made pointer and compare it to conventional skin markers in dogs. The pointer was first assessed by pointing at the surface of a spherical marker of known dimensions and position in space. Secondly, a point located cranio-distally to the lateral epicondyle was marked in 12 canine elbows with a Steinmann pin and reflective markers. Ability to locate a landmark was compared between the pointer and skin-mounted marker. The distance between experimental and true locations was compared between the two methods.  A sphere was mathematically fitted through 29 collected points on the spherical marker. Centre, diameter and volume overlap of the fitted sphere were compared to that of the marker. A 0.729 mm bias was found indicating good accuracy. Residual values were small indicating good precision.  The average distance between the true and experimental position of the anatomical landmarks were 9.55 ± 4.20 mm and 9.32 ± 3.28 mm for the pointer and the marker respectively. No significant differences were observed between the two methods. The pointer proved to be accurate and reliable for localizing virtual points and was at least equivalent to skin mounted markers for the detection of anatomical landmarks in the dog. It should prove useful in the localization of anatomical landmarks for kinematic analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: N M M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Moens
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Monteith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results