title: Age- and sex-specific reference intervals for blood copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, lead, and cadmium in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reference intervals for clinically important elements in infants and children are rarely reported, despite their importance for accurate clinical decision-making. The exploration of such reference intervals is essential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven elements, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), were analyzed on BOHUI 5100 and 2100 analyzers using blood samples from 4044 healthy infants and children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age- and sex-specific reference intervals were established for Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, and Cd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Established reference intervals for Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe can provide important guidance for the reasonable supplementation of trace elements and other essential elements in infants and children. Reference intervals for Pb and Cd can play a role in the surveillance and diagnosis of environmental overexposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou University Third Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Enwu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Liting
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Xiangying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead