title: Psychostimulant and sensory stimulation interventions that target the reading and math deficits of students with ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was to summarize the following: (1) academic deficits in math and reading, (2) possible theoretical contributors to these deficits, and (3) psychostimulant interventions that target math and reading, as well as, parallel interventions involving sensory stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive examination of the literature was conducted on children with ADHD with and without co-occurring disabilities, summarizing their reading and math achievement and the effects of psychostimulant and sensory stimulant interventions on these academic areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students without co-occurring disabilities (ADHD-) had fewer deficits in reading than in math and than students with co-occurring disabilities (ADHD+). Furthermore, students with ADHD+ demonstrated greater responsiveness to psychostimulants through improved reading recognition and math calculations, with limited gains in literal reading comprehension. Added sensory stimulation produced differential gains for both groups in reading recognition and comprehension and in math calculations and problem solving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of psychostimulants was documented on specific areas of achievement for the ADHD+ group, but this review did not support the administration of psychostimulants for students with ADHD-. For both groups of students, differential gains, losses, and habituation were documented in response to sensory stimulation for both subareas within reading and math, which were interpreted as support for the optimal stimulation theory.
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. zentall@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Sydney S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zentall
authors.forename: Kinsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tom-Wright
authors.forename: Jiyeon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D032882:Comprehension; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D011932:Reading; D013334:Students; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants