title: Teaching musculoskeletal clinical skills to medical trainees and physicians: a Best Evidence in Medical Education systematic review of strategies and their effectiveness: BEME Guide No. 18.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints make up 12-20% of primary health visits and are a source of significant expenditures and morbidity. Despite this, MSK examination is an area of weakness among practising physicians. Several studies have highlighted the need for increased MSK physical exam teaching. However, increased teaching time alone does not guarantee improvement in these skills. Thus, we aimed to identify interventions that are effective in promoting transfer of MSK clinical skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review protocol was approved by the Best Evidence in Medical Education (BEME) organization. A comprehensive search was conducted and systematic review methods were applied. Data were not pooled statistically due to heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 5089 titles were screened; 24 studies were included. Eighteen of 24 studies focused on undergraduate medical education. Five of nine studies favoured patient educator. Five of six studies favoured interactive small groups, two of four studies favoured computer-assisted learning, and two of two studies favoured peer learning. Individual studies demonstrated effectiveness of reminder sheets and Gait Arms Legs Spine teaching, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the use of different instructional methods that engage learners and provide meaningful learning contexts. The majority of the studies support patient educators and interactive small group teaching.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Dunn-Orto
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hartling
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Oswald
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods