title: Psychopathological dimensions of tinnitus and psychopharmacologic approaches in its treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this review to investigate presence of psychopathological states and efficacy of psychopharmacological drugs in the treatment of tinnitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive Internet search has been performed for this aim through PubMed by using related key words in English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher anxiety and depression levels and somatoform disorder clusters are defined in patients with tinnitus. Additionally, impulsivity, hostility, demanding, physical discomfort, anxiety for health, emotionality and suicidal tendency are also defined in these people. Personality characteristics in these patients are depression, hysteria and hypochondriac features. Besides these symptom clusters, more severe psychopathologies like personality disorders may be encountered in these patients. Sertraline, paroxetine and nortriptyline can be considered as the first-line antidepressants in the psychopharmacological treatment of tinnitus. There are studies which have reported the efficacy of sulpiride. Carbamazepine, valproate and gabapentin can be effective as mood stabilizers. Short-acting benzodiazepines like alprazolam and midazolam are effective in signs of anxiety. Clonazepam and diazepam can be evaluated as other options. However, some glutamate receptor antagonists also can be used in the treatment of tinnitus. Disturbed sleep is frequently associated with tinnitus. Sleep disturbance can disrupt the quality of life in the patients with tinnitus. These patients might benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy, which offers the promise of relief from tinnitus-related distress and insomnia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When pathophysiologic reasons are excluded, it should be at least considered that tinnitus is exaggerated by psychopathological symptoms. Life quality of patients can be increased by treating these symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Bagcilar Education And Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 34400 Istanbul, Turkey. hasan.belli@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: Seyda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: Mehmet Faruk
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Oktay
authors.forename: Cenk
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ural
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011599:Psychopathology; D011600:Psychopharmacology / Q000379:methods*; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*