title: Continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comprehensive review of insulin lispro administered by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed PubMed literature searches to identify clinical studies of insulin lispro administered via CSII within pediatric and adolescent populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six studies involving 2521 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus met inclusion criteria. Of these, 10 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 6 of which compared insulin lispro CSII with multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy. We identified 7 additional prospective, nonrandomized studies and 9 retrospective studies. Within the RCTs, endpoint hemoglobin A1c levels ranged from 6.3% to 8.5% for insulin lispro CSII therapy and from 6.2% to 8.7% for those trials with MDI comparator arms. In those trials that compared insulin lispro CSII with MDI, the endpoint hemoglobin A1c achieved with insulin lispro was similar or improved compared with observations in the MDI treatment arm. In the RCTs, severe hypoglycemia rates of 0.1 to 0.3 episodes/patient per year were reported for insulin lispro CSII therapy; those trials with MDI comparator arms reported relatively similar severe hypoglycemia rates (0.1 to 0.5 episodes/patient per year). Events of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) were rare. Where reported, insulin lispro CSII and MDI therapy demonstrated a similar occurrence of DKA and incidence of severe hypoglycemia. Prospective and retrospective studies demonstrated results similar to the RCT findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 26 studies of more than 2500 pediatric and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes, with more than 1000 patients specifically receiving insulin lispro CSII, insulin lispro CSII therapy consistently demonstrated similar or improved efficacy and safety vs studied comparators.
authors.affiliation: SoCal Diabetes, Torrance, California, USA. kaiserman@socaldiabetes.com
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaiserman
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolka
authors.forename: Jessie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fahrbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D061268:Insulin Lispro / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D061268:Insulin Lispro; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human