title: Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled smoked cannabis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We measured Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) disposition in oral fluid (OF) following controlled cannabis smoking to evaluate whether monitoring multiple cannabinoids in OF improved OF test interpretation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cannabis smokers provided written informed consent for this institutional review board-approved study. OF was collected with the Quantisal™ device following ad libitum smoking of one 6.8% THC cigarette. Cannabinoids were quantified by 2-dimensional GC-MS. We evaluated 8 alternative cutoffs based on different drug testing program needs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 participants provided 86 OF samples -0.5 h before and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 22 h after initiation of smoking. Before smoking, OF samples of 4 and 9 participants were positive for THC and THCCOOH, respectively, but none were positive for CBD and CBN. Maximum THC, CBD, and CBN concentrations occurred within 0.5 h, with medians of 644, 30.4, and 49.0 μg/L, respectively. All samples were THC positive at 6 h (2.1-44.4 μg/L), and 4 of 6 were positive at 22 h. CBD and CBN were positive only up to 6 h in 3 (0.6-2.1 μg/L) and 4 (1.0-4.4 μg/L) participants, respectively. The median maximum THCCOOH OF concentration was 115 ng/L, with all samples positive to 6 h (14.8-263 ng/L) and 5 of 6 positive at 22 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By quantifying multiple cannabinoids and evaluating different analytical cutoffs after controlled cannabis smoking, we determined windows of drug detection, found suggested markers of recent smoking, and minimized the potential for passive contamination.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Dayong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schwope
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milman
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002185:Cannabidiol / Q000032:analysis; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002187:Cannabinol / Q000032:analysis; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002186:Cannabinoids; D002185:Cannabidiol; C016780:11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid; D013759:Dronabinol; D002187:Cannabinol