title: Discernible but limited introgression has occurred where Trichinella nativa and the T6 genotype occur in sympatry.
abstract: The genetic diversity within and among parasite populations provides clues to their evolutionary history. Here, we sought to determine whether mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA variation could be used to evaluate the extent of differentiation, gene flow and historical reproductive isolation among the freeze resistant parasites Trichinella nativa and the Trichinella T6 genotype infecting wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Nunavut, Canada. To this end, we genotyped Trichinella isolates derived from the diaphragms of 39 wolverines from this locale to reference strains of T. nativa and the Trichinella T6 genotype. Results showed that among a subset of 13 isolates examined, individuals resembled T. nativa in their mitochondrial DNA, but resembled the Trichinella T6 genotype when assayed at expansion segment V and the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear rDNA. To adjudicate among these conflicting diagnoses, we further characterized each isolate at several nuclear microsatellite loci and again compared these to data from reference strains. Statistical assignment established that the nuclear genomes of most Nunavut isolates corresponded to those of the Trichinella T6 genotype; however, two isolates corresponded to T. nativa, and one isolate exhibited equal similarity to both reference strains. Taken as a whole, the evidence suggests that these isolates derive from the T. nativa matrilineage, but that their nuclear genomes resemble individuals previously designated as Trichinella T6. Assuming distinct lineages, this argues for cross-hybridization among these genotypes. Although introgression has occurred, recognizable genetic distinctions persist. One possibility is that selection disfavors the survival of hybrid offspring in most instances. Alternatively, the recent disappearance of glacial barriers might have increased contact, and therefore introgression. Broader geographic sampling will be required to determine the extent to which hybridization occurs beyond this particular geographic focus.
authors.affiliation: Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Detiger B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dunams-Morel
authors.forename: Mason V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Reichard
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torretti
authors.forename: Dante S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zarlenga
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005819:Genetic Markers; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D040582:Inheritance Patterns; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D045969:Mustelidae / Q000469:parasitology; D010802:Phylogeny; D061350:Sympatry; D014234:Trichinella / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D005819:Genetic Markers