title: The effects of Diesel exhaust particles on neural tube development in the early stage chicken embryo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Particulate matter is an important air-pollutant and its toxicity has been     reported. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) constitute a large portion of     particulate matter. Therefore, we established our study to investigate the     effects of DEP on neural tissue in early stage chicken embryos. MATERIAL and
  
  
  METHODS
  Four study groups and one control group, each of which included 24     objects were designed. Eggs were incubated for 30 hours. Solutions of DEP     containing 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg/0.1 ml were prepared with serum saline.     At the end of thirty hours diesel exhaust particle solutions were administered     under the embryonic discs. After 72nd hour of the incubation, embryos were     excised and evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The     difference between the embryos that were defined as poorly and well developed,     was found statistically significant (p < 0.05). Neural tube defects were     detected in 16 of 104 embryos. Statistically significant association between the     administration of DEP and development of neural tube defect was identified     (p=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the direct neurotoxic effects of DEP, which the     whole population encounters inevitably, have been shown in the early stages of     embryonic development. Further studies are needed to identify the effects of     these particles in the later stages of embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Kasimpasa Military Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey. drhakansimsek@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colak
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kutlay
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cetinkal
authors.forename: Aptullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haholu
authors.forename: Mehmet N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Demircan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D054259:Neural Tube / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions