title: Comparison of heart and coronary artery doses associated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for distal esophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare heart and coronary artery radiation exposure using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) vs. four-field three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) treatment plans for patients with distal esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with distal esophageal cancers treated with IMRT from March 2007 to May 2008 were identified. All patients were treated to 50.4 Gy with five-field IMRT plans. Theoretical 3D-CRT plans with four-field beam arrangements were generated. Dose-volume histograms of the planning target volume, heart, right coronary artery, left coronary artery, and other critical normal tissues were compared between the IMRT and 3D-CRT plans, and selected parameters were statistically evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment planning showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) in heart dose over 3D-CRT as assessed by average mean dose (22.9 vs. 28.2 Gy) and V30 (24.8% vs. 61.0%). There was also significant sparing of the right coronary artery (average mean dose, 23.8 Gy vs. 35.5 Gy), whereas the left coronary artery showed no significant improvement (mean dose, 11.2 Gy vs. 9.2 Gy), p = 0.11. There was no significant difference in percentage of total lung volume receiving at least 10, 15, or 20 Gy or in the mean lung dose between the planning methods. There were also no significant differences observed for the kidneys, liver, stomach, or spinal cord. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy achieved a significant improvement in target conformity as measured by the conformality index (ratio of total volume receiving 95% of prescription dose to planning target volume receiving 95% of prescription dose), with the mean conformality index reduced from 1.56 to 1.30 using IMRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of patients with distal esophageal cancer using IMRT significantly decreases the exposure of the heart and right coronary artery when compared with 3D-CRT. Long-term studies are necessary to determine how this will impact on development of coronary artery disease and other cardiac complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Kole
authors.forename: Osarhieme
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aghayere
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwah
authors.forename: Ellen D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.forename: Karyn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000528:radiation effects; D008099:Liver / Q000528:radiation effects; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D013270:Stomach / Q000528:radiation effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods