title: Effects of playing a wind instrument on the occlusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a popular belief among some musicians that playing a wind instrument regularly can affect the position of the teeth. The aim of this study was to investigate this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional observational study was carried out, comparing the occlusions of 170 professional musicians selected from 21 orchestras and organizations in the United Kingdom. The subjects were subdivided according to type of instrument mouthpiece and included 32 brass players with large cup-shaped mouthpieces, 42 brass players with small cup-shaped mouthpieces, and 37 woodwind players with single-reed mouthpieces. Fifty-nine string and percussion players formed the control group. Impressions were taken of the teeth of each subject, and occlusal parameters were assessed from the study casts. The results were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences were found in overjet (P = 0.75), overbite (P = 0.55), crowding (maxillary arch, P = 0.31; mandibular arch, P = 0.10), irregularity index (maxillary arch, P = 0.99; mandibular arch, P = 0.16), and the prevalence of incisor classification (P = 0.15) between the wind instrument players and the control group. However, the large-mouthpiece brass group had a significantly higher prevalence of lingual crossbites in comparison with all other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Playing a wind instrument does not significantly influence the position of the anterior teeth and is not a major etiologic factor in the development of a malocclusion. However, playing a brass instrument with a large cup-shaped mouthpiece might predispose a musician to develop lingual crossbites or lingual crossbite tendencies.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. ektor.grammatopoulos@nhs.net
authors.forename: Ektor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grammatopoulos
authors.forename: Allan Paul
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhopatkar
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009146:Music; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D057887:Overbite / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology