title: Novel strategies in newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: a prospective controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) is included in many routine programmes but current strategies have considerable drawbacks, such as false-positive tests, equivocal diagnosis and detection of carriers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the test performance of two newborn screening strategies for CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2008 and 2009, CF screening was added to the routine screening programme as a prospective study in part of The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two strategies were performed in all newborns. In the first strategy, concentrations of immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) were measured. In the second method, samples with IRT ≥60 μg/litre were analysed for 36 CFTR mutations, followed by sequencing when a single mutation was detected. Tests were positive only with two identified CFTR mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of both screening strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  145,499 infants were screened. The IRT/PAP approach showed a sensitivity of 95.0%, a specificity of 99.897% and a PPV of 12.3%. Test properties for the IRT/DNA/sequencing strategy were respectively 100%, 100% and 64.9%. Combining both strategies (IRT/PAP/DNA/sequencing) led to a sensitivity of 95.0%, a specificity of 100% and a PPV of 87.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, all strategies performed well. Although there was no statistically significant difference in test performance, the IRT/DNA/sequencing strategy detected one infant that was missed by IRT/PAP (/DNA/sequencing). IRT/PAP may be the optimal choice if the use of DNA technology must be avoided. If identification of carriers and equivocal diagnosis is considered an important disadvantage, IRT/PAP/DNA/sequencing may be the best choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Innovation, Atrium Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands. amm.vernooij+chopin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Annette M M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vernooij-van Langen
authors.forename: J Gerard
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Loeber
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elvers
authors.forename: Ralf H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Triepels
authors.forename: Johan J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gille
authors.forename: Catharina P B
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Van der Ploeg
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reijntjens
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dompeling
authors.forename: Jeannette E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dankert-Roelse
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014362:Trypsinogen
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; C000612141:REG3A protein, human; D014362:Trypsinogen