title: Determinants of salivary evening α-amylase in a large sample free of psychopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been proposed as a suitable index for sympathetic activity and dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Although determinants of sAA have been described, they have not been studied within the same study with a large sample size without potential disturbances of psychopathology. In this paper, we report about correlates of evening sAA in saliva.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 487 participants (mean age=42.9years, 59.8% female) without lifetime psychiatric disorders from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), sociodemographic, health and sampling determinants of sAA levels were examined using multivariable linear regression analysis. sAA was measured in two saliva samples that participants collected in the late evening, at 22:00h and 23:00h, after which these were averaged.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis, age (β=0.20, p<0.001) and daily alcohol intake (β=-0.13, p=0.01) were independent determinants of evening sAA levels. Gender, allergy or lung disease, and the use of oral contraceptives were univariate correlates, but no longer associated with sAA in the multivariate model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age and alcohol use were identified as potential confounding factors that should be taken into account in epidemiologic studies that examine the ANS function using sAA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. G.Veen@ggzingeest.nl
authors.forename: Gerthe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veen
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giltay
authors.forename: Sophie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Vreeburg
authors.forename: Carmilla M M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Christa M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cobbaert
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000201:enzymology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018401:Sample Size; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases