title: Imaging modalities for the staging of patients with colorectal cancer.
abstract: Dutch guidelines made the following recommendations for staging colorectal cancer (CRC). For liver metastases, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be used. For lung metastases, imaging could be limited to chest X-ray. The primary aim of this survey was to summarise the use of imaging modalities and the variation in techniques. Three surveys were created and sent to three groups of medical specialists, namely surgeons, radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians. The management survey included questions on the role of different modalities for evaluation of synchronous liver, lung and extrahepatic metastases. The radiological survey included questions concerning the technical aspects of ultrasound (US), CT and MRI. The nuclear medicine survey included questions concerning the technical aspects of FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT. The management and radiological surveys were sent to abdominal surgeons and abdominal radiologists within 88 hospitals and the nuclear medicine survey to specialists within 34 hospitals. Response rates were 75.0% (n=66/88), 77.3% (n=68/88) and 64.7% (n=22/34) for the management, radiological and nuclear medicine surveys, respectively. For liver metastases, the first modality of choice was CT in 52 (78.8%) and US in 12 hospitals (18.2%). Lung metastases were evaluated by either chest X-ray or chest CT and extrahepatic metastases mainly by CT (n=55). In the radiological and nuclear medicine surveys, some variations in techniques of US, CT, MRI , FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT were seen. CT is primarily used for liver and extrahepatic metastases and both chest CT and chest X-ray for lung metastases. There are discrepancies between the survey of daily practice and the present guidelines. Comparative studies on different staging strategies for colon and rectal cancer, including comparing a strategy of CT liver/abdomen versus MRI liver/abdomen for the evaluation of liver and extrahepatic disease and chest X-ray or chest CT for lung metastases would be important for well-founded adjustments of the present guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. s.bipat@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bipat
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Niekel
authors.forename: E F I
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Comans
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Nio
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bemelman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stoker
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003625:Data Collection; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009426:Netherlands; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States