title: Influence of secondary neutrons induced by proton radiotherapy for cancer patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although proton radiotherapy is a promising new approach for cancer patients, functional interference is a concern for patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of secondary neutrons induced by proton radiotherapy on ICDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental set-up simulated proton radiotherapy for a patient with an ICD. Four new ICDs were placed 0.3 cm laterally and 3 cm distally outside the radiation field in order to evaluate the influence of secondary neutrons. The cumulative in-field radiation dose was 107 Gy over 10 sessions of irradiation with a dose rate of 2 Gy/min and a field size of 10 × 10 cm². After each radiation fraction, interference with the ICD by the therapy was analyzed by an ICD programmer. The dose distributions of secondary neutrons were estimated by Monte-Carlo simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of the power-on reset, the most serious soft error where the programmed pacing mode changes temporarily to a safety back-up mode, was 1 per approximately 50 Gy. The total number of soft errors logged in all devices was 29, which was a rate of 1 soft error per approximately 15 Gy. No permanent device malfunctions were detected. The calculated dose of secondary neutrons per 1 Gy proton dose in the phantom was approximately 1.3-8.9 mSv/Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the present experimental settings, the probability was approximately 1 power-on reset per 50 Gy, which was below the dose level (60-80 Gy) generally used in proton radiotherapy. Further quantitative analysis in various settings is needed to establish guidelines regarding proton radiotherapy for cancer patients with ICDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. hashimoto@pmrc.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Haruko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashii
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumada
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.forename: Takeji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aonuma
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakurai
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009502:Neutrons; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011522:Protons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D011522:Protons