title: Monocrotophos induced oxidative damage associates with severe acetylcholinesterase inhibition in rat brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticide poisoning, a lead cause of death in South Asia, has not been clearly elucidated. Organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxicity is primarily a result of acetylcholine induced hyperactivation in different regions of the brain. Neurotoxicity also results from oxidative stress induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the brain. Determining the severity of acetylcholinesterase inhibition that induces oxidative damage may help in developing strategies that protect the brain from organophosphate induced toxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the level of acetylcholinesterase inhibition that induces oxidative stress in the brain following organophosphate pesticide poisoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brains of rats subject to acute monocrotophos poisoning (0.8 LD(50) by gavage) were assessed for acetylcholinesterase activity, antioxidant response and oxidative damage 2.5 and 8h after poisoning and on recovery from poisoning 24h later after poisoning. Assessments were made in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus, cholinergic rich regions and cerebellum, targets of organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Analysis was in comparison to non poisoned controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High acetylcholinesterase activities were noted in striatum followed by hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex. Acute severe monocrotophos poisoning inhibited acetylcholinesterase 87% in striatum, 67% in hippocampus, 58% in cerebellum, 53% in cortex and increased glutathione levels significantly in all brain regions 2.5h after poisoning. Significant lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were induced 8h after poisoning, directly correlated to high acetylcholinesterase inhibition (>67%). Recovery from monocrotophos poisoning was associated with absence of lipid peroxidation in the brain although acetylcholinesterase inhibition persisted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurotoxicity of monocrotophos poisoning is characterized by oxidative damage in regions of the brain that exhibit high acetylcholinesterase activity and severe acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Recovery from poisoning is associated with prolonged induction of antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage.
authors.affiliation: Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. amjadkazi@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Amajad Iqbal
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oommen
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008999:Monocrotophos / Q000633:toxicity*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D008999:Monocrotophos; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005978:Glutathione