title: Monitoring the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines into West Africa: design and implementation of a population-based surveillance system.
abstract: Routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in developing countries is expected to lead to a significant reduction in childhood deaths. However, PCVs have been associated with replacement disease with non-vaccine serotypes. We established a population-based surveillance system to document the direct and indirect impact of PCVs on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and radiological pneumonia in those aged 2 months and older in The Gambia, and to monitor changes in serotype-specific IPD. Here we describe how this surveillance system was set up and is being operated as a partnership between the Medical Research Council Unit and the Gambian Government. This surveillance system is expected to provide crucial information for immunisation policy and serves as a potential model for those introducing routine PCV vaccination in diverse settings.
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit, Fajara and Basse stations, The Gambia, West Africa. gmackenzie@mrc.gm
authors.forename: Grant A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Plumb
authors.forename: Sana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sambou
authors.forename: Debasish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Uchendu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Uchendu
authors.forename: Bolanle
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akinsola
authors.forename: Usman N
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Ikumapayi
authors.forename: Ignatius
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baldeh
authors.forename: Effua
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Usuf
authors.forename: Kebba
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Touray
authors.forename: Momodou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jasseh
authors.forename: Stephen R C
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Howie
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wattiaux
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Maria Deloria
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: Orin S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Adegbola
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005843:Geography; D006284:Health Plan Implementation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D009726:Nurses; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D018401:Sample Size; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate