title: Osteopenia and osteoporosis in people living with HIV: multiprofessional approach.
abstract: Increasing bone mineralization abnormalities observed among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) result from various factors relating to the host, the virus, and the antiretrovirals used. Today, HIV infection is considered to be a risk factor for bone mineralization disorders. The test most recommended for diagnosing osteoporosis is measurement of bone mineral density by means of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at two sites. Osteoporosis treatment has the aims of bone mass improvement and fracture control. A combination of calcium and vitamin D supplementation may reduce the risk of fractures. Antiresorptive drugs act by blocking osteoclastic activity and reducing bone remodeling. On the other hand, bone-forming drugs stimulate osteoblastogenesis, thereby stimulating the formation of bone matrix. Mixed-action medications are those that are capable of both stimulating bone formation and inhibiting reabsorption. Antiresorptive drugs form the group of medications with the greatest quantity of scientific evidence confirming their efficacy in osteoporosis treatment. Physical activity is a health promotion strategy for the general population, but only preliminary data on its real value and benefit among PLWHIV are available, especially in relation to osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Lucia Lei Munhoz
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Priscila Rosalba D
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Perola Grimberg
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Plapler
authors.forename: Flora Maria D Andrea
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Marcolino
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Souza Meirelles
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Riccardo Gomes
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.forename: Alexandre Leme Godoy
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Gilberto Luis
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Camanho