title: Measurement of self, experienced, and perceived HIV/AIDS stigma using parallel scales in Chennai, India.
abstract: HIV/AIDS stigma can severely compromise the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) by reducing access and quality of care, adherence to therapy, and disclosure of HIV status, thereby potentially increasing transmission. The objective of this study was to develop and psychometrically test three parallel scales measuring self, experienced, and perceived stigma among PLHA (n=188) in Chennai, India. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), which was used to facilitate item reduction and assess construct validity, confirmed the presence of three underlying theoretical domains. The final number of items and Cronbach's Alpha for each scale were: 8 items, Alpha of 0.84, for self stigma; 7 items, Alpha of 0.86, for experienced stigma; and 7 items, Alpha of 0.83, for perceived stigma. External validity was ascertained by confirming a significant positive association between the measure of each type of stigma and depression (measured using CES-D), using structural equation modeling (SEM). Therefore, scales were parsimonious, reliable, and were found to be valid measures of HIV/AIDS stigma. Using these validated scales, researchers can accurately collect data to inform the design of stigma reduction programs and interventions and enable subsequent evaluation of their effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. czelaya@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Carla E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Zelaya
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivaram
authors.forename: Sethulakshmi C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srikrishnan
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suniti
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Celentano
mesh_terms: D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012938:Social Perception; D057545:Social Stigma; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires