title: What you may not see might slow you down anyway: masked images and driving.
abstract: Many theories of driver behaviour suggest that unconscious or implicit emotions play a functional role in the shaping and control of behaviour. This has not been experimentally tested however. Therefore, in this study the effects of emotive masked images on driver behaviour were examined. While driving a simulator, participants were repeatedly exposed to negative or neutral emotionally laden target images that were sandwich masked by emotionally neutral images. These images were encountered across two different trials each of which consisted of 3-4 minutes of driving on a rural road. The results indicate an effect of the negative target images primarily in reducing the extent of familiarisation occurring between the first and second experimental drives. This is evident in a reduced decrease in heart rate and a reduced increase in high band heart rate variability and actual travelling speed from the first to second drives if the negative target image was presented in the second drive. In addition to these findings there was no clear effect of the target image on subjective ratings of effort or feelings of risk. There was however an effect of gender, with the majority of the effects found in the study being limited to the larger female dataset. These findings suggest that unconscious or implicit emotional stimuli may well influence driver behaviour without explicit awareness.
authors.affiliation: Traffic and Environmental Psychology Group, Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. b.lewis.evans@rug.nl
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lewis-Evans
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Waard
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolij
authors.forename: Karel A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brookhuis
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011603:Psychophysiology / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*