title: Quantifying the effect of metformin treatment and dose on glycemic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metformin is the first-line oral medication recommended for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. We reviewed the literature to quantify the effect of metformin treatment on glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels in all types of diabetes and examine the impact of differing doses on glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 1950 to June 2010 for trials of at least 12 weeks' duration in which diabetic patients were treated with either metformin monotherapy or as an add-on therapy. Data on change in HbA(1c) were pooled in a meta-analysis. Data from dose-comparison trials were separately pooled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35 trials were identified for the main analysis and 7 for the dose-comparison analysis. Metformin monotherapy lowered HbA(1c) by 1.12% (95% CI 0.92-1.32; I(2) = 80%) versus placebo, metformin added to oral therapy lowered HbA(1c) by 0.95% (0.77-1.13; I(2) = 77%) versus placebo added to oral therapy, and metformin added to insulin therapy lowered HbA(1c) by 0.60% (0.30-0.91; I(2) = 79.8%) versus insulin only. There was a significantly greater reduction in HbA(1c) using higher doses of metformin compared with lower doses of metformin with no significant increase in side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence supports the effectiveness of metformin therapy in a clinically important lowering of HbA(1c) used as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutic agents. There is potential for using higher doses of metformin to maximize glycemic control in diabetic patients without increasing gastrointestinal effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. jennifer.hirst@phc.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Raghib
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Nia W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin