title: Detection of bacterial endotoxin in drinking tap and bottled water in Kuwait.
abstract: This study was carried out to measure and compare the concentration of bacterial endotoxin in a variety of samples from drinking tap and bottled water available in Kuwait by using the Limulus Amoebocyte lysate test. A total of 29 samples were tested. Samples were collected from a variety of locations throughout the six governorates of Kuwait and 23 brands of local and imported bottled water samples were collected from the local market. The concentration of bacterial endotoxin was measured by using the standard Limulus Amoebocyte lysate test, gel clot method. This study showed that measured endotoxin concentrations in tap drinking water varied from 2.4 to 33.8 EU/ml with the average endotoxin concentration of 14.2 EU/ml. While the results of endotoxin concentrations in the bottled water were <0.03 to 20.1 EU/ml with an average of 1.96 EU/ml. The average concentration of endotoxin in bottled water is 13.5 % of the average concentration of endotoxin in tap drinking water. This experimental investigation has proved that drinking bottled water has less endotoxin as compared to tap water in Kuwait. It is also demonstrated that the endotoxin concentration did not exceed the acceptable level in drinking tap water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 23167, Safat 13092, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Abdulkareem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdulraheem
authors.forename: Seham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: Nabeel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Saffar
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahjahan
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007730:Kuwait; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D004731:Endotoxins