title: Understanding patients in multicultural settings: a personal reflection on ethnicity and culture in clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and discourse on the complexities of ethnicity and culture, their role in the social and psychological functioning of patients and their potential impact on clinical assessment and treatment of these patients in diverse cultural contexts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Description of aspects of the cultural competence required by clinicians in mental health service provisions in therapeutic interactions involving the therapist and patient and also in the encounter between practitioners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four-decade clinical experience of the author, an African Jamaican psychiatrist, encompasses clinical experience in the Caribbean, North America, Europe and New Zealand. From this wealth of multicultural clinical practice the author uses personal examples of four experiences with patients and professionals of African Caribbean, British and Maori ethnicities to discuss issues of ethnicity, ethnic identity and stereotyping, culture, cultural competency and alterity in the exchanges between the therapist and patient, and between therapists and the difficulties encountered in effective assessment and treatment of patients in multicultural settings. The author highlights the importance of historical experience in the psychological constitution of patients, which is the basis of a novel analytic model called psychohistoriography. This insight-oriented individual or group-focused intervention was created with the intention of attempting to heal the wounds of history; an aim that is absent from existing psychoanalytic treatment modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychohistoriography may be a viable therapeutic option in the negotiation of cross-cultural clinical interactions.
authors.affiliation: Caribbean Institute of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies. frederick.hickling@uwimona.edu.jm
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Hickling
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003469:Culture; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009520:New Zealand; D011287:Prejudice; D011594:Psychometrics; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012933:Social Identification; D006113:United Kingdom