title: Sodium butyrate decreases the activation of NF-κB reducing inflammation and oxidative damage in the kidney of rats subjected to contrast-induced nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with a combination of hypoxic and toxic renal tubular damage, renal endothelial dysfunction and altered intra-renal microcirculation. Recently, sodium butyrate (SB) has been focused on since it possesses anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, based on the lack of information on the effects of SB in acute kidney injury (AKI), we investigated the possible effects of SB after CIN in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were divided into three groups: (1 sham) control, (2 MI) AKI treated with contrast medium and (3 MI + SB) AKI plus SB. Six days after contrast administration, blood and kidney were removed for the determination of creatinine, interleukin (IL)-6 levels, oxidative damage parameters and histologic analyses. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), pIκBα and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) protein content were determined by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 days, the levels of creatinine increased significantly in the MI group, and this was attenuated using SB. SB treatment was associated with a decrease on the levels of lipid peroxidation, but not the protein oxidation, and IL-6 levels, as well as tubular damage. These effects are probably mediated, in part, by a decrease on the activation of NF-κB in the kidney, but not alteration in pVASP content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current experiment suggests that NF-κB induced an inflammatory response after CIN and SB could inhibit NF-κB expression protecting against CIN in rats.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta Albino
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Larissa de Souza
authors.initials: Lde S
authors.lastname: Constantino
authors.forename: Cristiane Damiani
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tomasi
authors.forename: Hugo Alberto
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: Francieli Silva
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Vuolo
authors.forename: Marcelo Fontana
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Vitto
authors.forename: Patrícia Acordi
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cesconetto
authors.forename: Cláudio Teodoro
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dal-Pizzol
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000633:toxicity*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003287:Contrast Media; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein; D003404:Creatinine