title: Screening analysis of beer ageing using near infrared spectroscopy and the Successive Projections Algorithm for variable selection.
abstract: This work proposes a method for monitoring the ageing of beer using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics classification tools. For this purpose, the Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA) is used to select spectral variables for construction of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classification models. A total of 83 alcoholic and non-alcoholic beer samples packaged in bottles and cans were examined. To simulate a long storage period, some of the samples were stored in an oven at 40°C, in the dark, during intervals of 10 and 20 days. The NIR spectrum of these samples in the range 12,500-5405 cm(-1) was then compared against those of the fresh samples. The results of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that the alcoholic beer samples could be clearly discriminated with respect to ageing stage (fresh, 10-day or 20-day forced ageing). However, such discrimination was not apparent for the non-alcoholic samples. These findings were corroborated by a classification study using Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA). In contrast, the use of SPA-LDA provided good results for both types of beer (only one misclassified sample) by using a single wavenumber in each case, namely 5550 cm(-1) for non-alcoholic samples and 7228 cm(-1) for alcoholic samples.
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry Department, E.T.S Ingenieros Industriales, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain. ghasemymahdi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti
authors.forename: Seyed Saied
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mohtasebi
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Mendez
authors.forename: Adriano A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Mario Cesar Ugulino
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Roberto K H
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Galvão
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001515:Beer / Q000032:analysis*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D061353:Food Storage; D016014:Linear Models; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012984:Software; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared