title: Apathy in first episode psychosis patients: a ten year longitudinal follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apathy is a common symptom in first episode psychosis (FEP), and is associated with poor functioning. Prevalence and correlates of apathy 10 years after the first psychotic episode remain unexplored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the study were twofold: 1) to examine prevalence and predictors of apathy at 10 years, and 2) to examine the relationship between apathy at 10 years and concurrent symptoms, functioning and outcome, including subjective quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-hundred-and-one patients with FEP were included at baseline, 186 participated in the 10 year follow-up. Of these, 178 patients completed the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-S-Apathy). Patients were classified as having apathy (AES-S-Apathy≥27) or not. The relationship between apathy and baseline variables (Demographics, Diagnosis, Duration of Untreated Psychosis), measures of symptomatology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia), functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, Strauss Carpenter Level of Functioning Scale) and subjective quality of life (Lehman's Quality of Life Interview) were estimated through correlation analyses and blockwise multiple hierarchical regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 30% of patients met the threshold for being apathetic at follow-up. No baseline variables predicted apathy significantly at 10 years. Apathy was found to contribute independently to functioning and subjective quality of life, even when controlling for other significant correlates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apathy is a common symptom in a FEP cohort 10 years after illness debut, and its presence relates to impaired functioning and poorer subjective quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407, Oslo, Norway. j.h.evensen@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evensen
authors.forename: Jan Ivar
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Røssberg
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barder
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haahr
authors.forename: Wenche ten Velden
authors.initials: Wt
authors.lastname: Hegelstad
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Joa
authors.forename: Jan Olav
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melle
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Opjordsmoen
authors.forename: Bjørn Rishovd
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rund
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundet
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaglum
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McGlashan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057565:Apathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult