title: Influence of the intergonial distance on image distortion in panoramic radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the intergonial distance during the formation of panoramic radiographic images by means of horizontal and vertical measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 macerated mandibles were categorized into 3 different groups (n = 10) according to their intergonial distances as follows: G1, mean distance 8.2 cm, G2, mean distance 9.0 cm and G3, mean distance 9.6 cm. Three metal spheres 0.198 cm in diameter and placed at an incline using an isosceles triangle were separately placed over the internal and external surfaces of the mandibles before radiographic exposure for the purpose of taking the horizontal and vertical measurements. The occlusal planes of the mandibles were horizontally placed on the chin rest of the panoramic machine Orthopantomograph® OP 100 (Instrumentarium Imaging, Tuusula, Finland) and were then radiographed. In the panoramic radiographs, an expert radiologist measured the distances between the metal spheres in the horizontal and vertical directions using a digital caliper. The data were tabled and statistically analysed by Student's t-test and analysis of variance with Tukey post-test (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all three groups magnification of the distances between spheres was observed when compared with the real distance in both horizontal and vertical measurements (p < 0.05). Differences in both horizontal and vertical measurements were observed between the different regions (p < 0.05), however there were no differences between groups in the same region (p > 0.05). Differences between horizontal and vertical measurements were observed in different regions in all evaluated groups (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intergonial distance is a factor that had no influence on image formation in the panoramic radiograph.
authors.affiliation: Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil. danibrait@fop.unicamp.br
authors.forename: D B S
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ladeira
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Bóscolo
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012016:Reference Values