title: The arcade of Struthers: An anatomical study with potential neurosurgical significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant controversy exists regarding the existence of the so-called arcade of Struthers and whether this structure is involved in some cases of proximal ulnar nerve entrapment. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to further elucidate this anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen cadavers (30 sides) underwent dissection of the medial arm with special attention to the course of the ulnar nerve and its relationships to the soft tissues of this region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a thickening in the inferior medial arm that crosses the ulnar nerve and is consistent with the so-called arcade of Struthers in 86.7% of sides. On 57.7% of the sides, the arcade was found to be due to a thickening of the brachial fascia and was classified as a type I arcade. On 19.2% of the sides, the arcade was due to the internal brachial ligament and these were classified as type II arcades. On 23.1% of the sides, the arcade was due to a thickened medial intermuscular septum and these were classified as type III arcades. The mean length of the arcade was 4.3 cm and the distal end of the arcade was, on average, 6.8 cm above the medial epicondyle. Although the presence of an arcade of Struthers was slightly more common in female specimens, this did not reach statistical significance. However, arcades were found more often on right side (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our findings, the arcade of Struthers is an anatomical band of connective tissue in the medial distal arm that crosses the ulnar nerve. This structure was found in the majority of our specimens and may need to be evaluated in proximal ulnar neuropathies. We believe that past studies that have not observed the arcade and past studies with varied findings are due to the various definitions used for this anatomical structure. Using the classification system as demonstrated in the present study may make future communications regarding the arcade of Struthers more exact.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deep
authors.forename: Mohammadali M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shoja
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mortazavi
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cohen-Gadol