title: Autophagy and apoptosis have a role in the survival or death of stallion spermatozoa during conservation in refrigeration.
abstract: Apoptosis has been recognized as a cause of sperm death during cryopreservation and a cause of infertility in humans, however there is no data on its role in sperm death during conservation in refrigeration; autophagy has not been described to date in mature sperm. We investigated the role of apoptosis and autophagy during cooled storage of stallion spermatozoa. Samples from seven stallions were split; half of the ejaculate was processed by single layer centrifugation, while the other half was extended unprocessed, and stored at 5°C for five days. During the time of storage, sperm motility (CASA, daily) and membrane integrity (flow cytometry, daily) were evaluated. Apoptosis was evaluated on days 1, 3 and 5 (active caspase 3, increase in membrane permeability, phosphatidylserine translocation and mitochondrial membrane potential) using flow cytometry. Furthermore, LC3B processing was investigated by western blotting at the beginning and at the end of the period of storage. The decrease in sperm quality over the period of storage was to a large extent due to apoptosis; single layer centrifugation selected non-apoptotic spermatozoa, but there were no differences in sperm motility between selected and unselected sperm. A high percentage of spermatozoa showed active caspase 3 upon ejaculation, and during the period of storage there was an increase of apoptotic spermatozoa but no changes in the percentage of live sperm, revealed by the SYBR-14/PI assay, were observed. LC3B was differentially processed in sperm after single layer centrifugation compared with native sperm. In processed sperm more LC3B-II was present than in non-processed samples; furthermore, in non-processed sperm there was an increase in LC3B-II after five days of cooled storage. These results indicate that apoptosis plays a major role in the sperm death during storage in refrigeration and that autophagy plays a role in the survival of spermatozoa representing a new pro-survival mechanism in spermatozoa not previously described.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gallardo Bolaños
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Miró Morán
authors.forename: Carolina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Balao da Silva
authors.forename: Antolín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morillo Rodríguez
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plaza Dávila
authors.forename: Inés M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortega Ferrusola
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Peña
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D016923:Cell Death; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D012034:Refrigeration / Q000662:veterinary; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010718:Phosphatidylserines