title: Evaluation of levetiracetam as adjunctive treatment for refractory canine epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little evidence-based information available to guide treatment of refractory epilepsy in dogs. The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) is administered to dogs, although its safety and efficacy are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of LEV as adjunctive therapy for refractory epilepsy in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four client-owned dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, blinded trial involving dogs resistant to phenobarbital and bromide. Dogs received LEV (20 mg/kg PO q8h) or placebo for 16 weeks, and after a 4-week washout were crossed over to the alternate treatment for 16 weeks. Owners kept records on seizure frequency and adverse events. Hemogram, chemistry profile, urinalysis, and serum antiepileptic drug concentrations were evaluated at established intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two (65%) dogs completed the study. Weekly seizure frequency during the 1st treatment period decreased significantly during LEV administration relative to baseline (1.9 ± 1.9 to 1.1 ± 1.3, P = .015). The reduction in seizures with LEV was not significant when compared to placebo (1.1 ± 1.3 versus 1.5 ± 1.7, P = .310). The most common adverse event was ataxia, with no difference in incidence between LEV and placebo (45 versus 18%, P = .090). No changes in laboratory parameters were identified and owners reported an improved quality of life (QOL) with LEV compared to placebo (QOL score 32.7 ± 4.3 versus 29.4 ± 4.5, P = .028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjunctive treatment with LEV appears safe in epileptic dogs. Efficacy of LEV over placebo was not demonstrated, although the power of the study was limited. Further evaluation of LEV as treatment for epilepsy in dogs is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. karen_munana@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Muñana
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Inzana
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nettifee-Osborne
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McLucas
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Olby
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Early
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D011788:Quality of Life; D012640:Seizures / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam