title: Double-masked, placebo-controlled study of intravenous levetiracetam for the treatment of status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Status epilepticus (SE) and acute repetitive seizures (ARS) are common canine neurologic emergencies. No evidence-based studies are available to guide treatment in veterinary patients. Parenteral levetiracetam (LEV) has many favorable properties for the emergency treatment of seizures, but its safety and efficacy in dogs for SE and ARS are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Intravenous LEV is superior to placebo in controlling seizures in dogs with SE or ARS after treatment with IV diazepam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen client-owned dogs admitted for SE or ARS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked study. Dogs with SE or ARS were randomized to receive IV LEV (30 or 60 mg/kg using an adaptive dose-escalation approach) or placebo, in addition to standard of care treatment. They were monitored for at least 24 hours after admission for additional seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The responder rate (defined as dogs with no additional seizures after administration of the study medication) after LEV was 56% compared with 10% for placebo (P = .06). Dogs in the placebo group required significantly more boluses of diazepam compared with the LEV group (P < .03). Seizure etiologies identified were idiopathic epilepsy (n = 10), inflammatory central nervous system disease (n = 4), intracranial neoplasia (n = 2), hepatic encephalopathy (n = 1), and 2 dogs had no cause determined. No serious adverse effects were attributable to LEV administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LEV was safe and potentially effective for the treatment of SE and ARS in these client-owned dogs. Larger, controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm this preliminary observation.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA. hard0190@umn.edu
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cloyd
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Leppik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D012640:Seizures / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D003975:Diazepam; D010889:Piracetam