title: Factors affecting yield and composition of camel milk kept under desert conditions of central Punjab, Pakistan.
abstract: This study was planned to study the herd composition, farming system, and reproductive traits and to evaluate the effect of season, stage of lactation and parity on milk production, and composition of camels kept under pastoral environment of central Punjab, Pakistan. Based on purposive sampling method, 50 herds belonging to small, medium, and large-sized herds were selected. From these herds, 1,137 she-camels were entered in this study and their composite milk samples were collected and analyzed through standard procedures to determine the milk yield and percentages of milk contents. The results showed that the male camels constituted a lesser percentage (p < 0.05: 43.08; 380/882) in the total herd composition compared to that of she-camels (56.92; 502/882). The mean daily milk yield was 8.17 ± 0.09 L and mean percentage of fat was 3.79 ± 0.13%, protein was 3.66 ± 0.07%, lactose was 5.15 ± 0.09%, ash was 0.81 ± 0.02%, acidity was 0.20 ± 0.01%, solids not fat (SNF) was 9.63 ± 0.15%, total solids was 13.42 ± 0.21, and moisture was 86.58 ± 0.43. Mean daily milk yield was significantly higher (p < 0.01) during rainy season followed by winter season, warm dry summer, and hot summer season. Milk fat and protein contents were the highest in hot dry summer, while lactose contents were higher during rainy season. The stage of lactation and parity confirmed to impinge significantly (p < 0.01) on protein, lactose, and SNF. The present study will be helpful to design measures for the eradication of reproductive constraints and for the improvement of milk yield and composition in order to make camel rearing an economical proposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Livestock Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sibtain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
authors.forename: Muhammad Qamar
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.forename: Muhammad Kasib
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Li-Guo
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tariq
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus / Q000502:physiology*; D003889:Desert Climate; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010154:Pakistan; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires