title: Influence of different types of mouthguards on strength and performance of collegiate athletes: a controlled-randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevention of traumatic dental injuries relies on the identification of etiologic factors and the use of protective devices during contact sports. Mouthguards are considered to be an effective and cost-efficient device aimed at buffering the impacts or blows that might otherwise cause moderate to severe dental and maxillofacial injuries. Interestingly, besides their role in preventing injury, some authors claim that mouthguards can enhance athletic performance. Thus, the purpose of this controlled randomized trial was to evaluate and compare the effect of two different types of mouthguards on the athletic performance and strength of collegiate athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen college athletes ranging from 19 to 23 years participated in this study. Devices tested in this study included an over-the-counter boil-and-bite mouthguard (O-Flow™ Max Under Armour®) (UA) and a custom-made mouthguard (CM). Physical tests were carefully selected by the head athletic trainer and aimed at evaluating the strength and performance. The following sequence was carried out on each test day: (i) 3-stroke maximum power ergometer test, (ii) 1-min ergometer test, and (iii) a 1600-m run. A random assignment was developed to test all three experimental groups on each test day. Following the tests, each athlete completed a brief anonymous survey aimed at evaluating the athletes' overall satisfaction with each type of mouthguard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Custom-made mouthguards had no detrimental effect on athletic strength and performance and were reported by the athletes as being comfortable and not causing difficulty in breathing. In contrast, boil-and-bite mouthguards did not perform as well and were reported as being uncomfortable and causing breathing difficulties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this study, the use of custom-made mouthguards should be encouraged in contact sports as a protective measure, without concern for any negative effect on the athletic performance of the athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA 98195-7448, USA.
authors.forename: Fergus A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Duddy
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: Rich A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Avina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paranjpe
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cohenca
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004867:Equipment Design; D016552:Ergometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009064:Mouth Protectors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019876:Sports Equipment; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult