title: Kinetics of thermal destruction of Salmonella in ground chicken containing trans-cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol.
abstract: We investigated the heat resistance of an eight-strain cocktail of Salmonella serovars in chicken supplemented with trans cinnamaldehyde (0 to 1.0%, wt/wt) and carvacrol (0 to 1.0%, wt/wt). Inoculated meat was packaged in bags that were completely immersed in a circulating  water bath and held at 55 to 71°C for predetermined lengths of time. The recovery medium was tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract and 1% sodium pyruvate. D-values in chicken, determined by linear regression, were 17.45, 2.89, 0.75, and 0.29 min at 55, 60, 65, and  71°C, respectively (z = 9.02°C). Using a survival model for nonlinear survival curves, D-values in chicken ranged from 13.52 min (D(1), major population) and 51.99 min (D(2), heat-resistant subpopulation) at 55°C to 0.15 min (D(1))  and 1.49 min (D(2)) at 71°C. When the Salmonella cocktail was in chicken supplemented with 0.1 to 1.0% trans-cinnamaldehyde or carvacrol, D-values calculated by both approaches were consistently less at all temperatures. This observation suggests that  the addition of natural antimicrobials to chicken renders Salmonella serovars more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat. Thermal death times from this study will be beneficial to the food industry in designing hazard analysis and critical control point plans to effectively eliminate  Salmonella contamination in chicken products used in this study.
authors.affiliation: Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA. vijay.juneja@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.forename: Ajit S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Cheng-An
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Shiowshuh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.forename: Sudarsan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: Mendel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D000081007:Cymenes; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011202:Poultry Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D000171:Acrolein; C073316:carvacrol; C012843:cinnamaldehyde