title: Simulation of NO and O2 transport facilitated by polymerized hemoglobin solutions in an arteriole that takes into account wall shear stress-induced NO production.
abstract: A mathematical model was developed to study nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen (O(2)) transport in an arteriole and surrounding tissues exposed to a mixture of red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin (Hb)-based O(2) carriers (HBOCs). A unique feature of this model is the inclusion of blood vessel wall shear stress-induced production of endothelial-derived NO, which is very sensitive to the viscosity of the RBC and HBOC mixture traversing the blood vessel lumen. Therefore in this study, a series of polymerized bovine Hb (PolyHb) solutions with high viscosity, varying O(2) affinities, NO dioxygenation rate constants and O(2) dissociation rate constants that were previously synthesized and characterized by our group was evaluated via mathematical modeling, in order to investigate the effect of these biophysical properties on the transport of NO and O(2) in an arteriole and its surrounding tissues subjected to anemia with the commercial HBOC Oxyglobin® and cell-free bovine Hb (bHb) serving as appropriate controls. The computer simulation results indicated that transfusion of high viscosity PolyHb solutions promoted blood vessel wall shear stress dependent generation of the vasodilator NO, especially in the blood vessel wall and should transport enough NO inside the smooth muscle layer to activate vasodilation compared to the commercial HBOC Oxyglobin® and cell-free bHb. However, NO scavenging in the arteriole lumen was unavoidable due to the intrinsic high NO dioxygenation rate constant of the HBOCs being studied. This study also observed that all PolyHbs could potentially improve tissue oxygenation under hypoxic conditions, while low O(2) affinity PolyHbs were more effective in oxygenating tissues under normoxic conditions compared with high O(2) affinity PolyHbs. In addition, all ultrahigh molecular weight PolyHbs displayed higher O(2) transfer rates than the commercial HBOC Oxyglobin® and cell-free bHb. Therefore, these results suggest that ultrahigh molecular weight PolyHb solutions could be used as safe and efficacious O(2) carriers for use in transfusion medicine. It also suggests that future generations of PolyHb solutions should possess lower NO dioxygenation reaction rate constants in order to reduce NO scavenging, while maintaining high solution viscosity to take advantage of wall shear stress-induced NO production. Taken together, we suggest that this mathematical model can be used to predict the vasoactivity of HBOCs and help guide the design and optimization of the next generation of HBOCs for use in transfusion medicine.
authors.affiliation: William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA. stephen1760@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yipin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabrales
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011108:Polymers; C080663:polymerized bovine hemoglobin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen