title: Contemporary management of ureteral stones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ureteral calculi represent a common condition that urologists encounter in everyday practice. Several treatment options are available for calculi that do not pass spontaneously or are unlikely to do so.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this nonsystematic review, we summarize the existing data on contemporary management of ureteral stones focusing on medical expulsive therapy (MET) and different treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search was performed. We reviewed the recent literature on the management of ureteral calculi. Articles were considered between 1997 and 2011. Older studies were included selectively if historically relevant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For stones that do not pass spontaneously or with MET, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureteroscopy (URS) are the most common and efficient treatment modalities. Both techniques have obvious advantages and disadvantages as well as different patterns of complications. For select cases or patients, other modalities may be useful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteral stones of up to 10mm and eligible for observation may be offered MET. For most ureteral calculi that require treatment, advances in SWL and URS allow urologists to take a minimally invasive approach. Other more invasive treatments are reserved for select "nonstandard" cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany. markus.bader@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eisner
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porpiglia
authors.forename: Glen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Preminger
authors.forename: Hans-Goran
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Tiselius
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053039:Ureterolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects