title: The effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 on cardiovascular risk.
abstract: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone responsible for amplification of insulin secretion when nutrients are given orally, as opposed to intravenously, and it retains its insulinotropic activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1-based therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, an enzyme that degrades endogenous GLP-1, have established effectiveness in lowering glucose levels and are routinely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. These agents regulate glucose metabolism through multiple mechanisms and have several effects on cardiovascular parameters. These effects, possibly independent of the glucose-lowering activity, include changes in blood pressure, endothelial function, body weight, cardiac metabolism, lipid metabolism, left ventricular function, atherosclerosis, and the response to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, GLP-1-based therapies could potentially target both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This Review highlights the mechanisms targeted by GLP-1-based therapies, and emphasizes current developments in incretin research that are relevant to cardiovascular risk and disease, as well as treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Niels Andersensvej 65, Hellerup DK-2900, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sivertsen
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenmeier
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vilsbøll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1