title: On the Acquisition of Periodontopathic Bacteria by Children from Mothers: A Randomized Double-Masked Placebo-Controlled Trial in Bauru, Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to determine the effects of mechanical and chemical modalities treatments on periodontal clinical and microbiological parameters of mothers; and 2) to determine the subsequent colonization of periodontal pathogens in tongue samples from their infants.  DESIGN: A total of 168 mothers met inclusion criteria to participate in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial. Of those, 121 mothers (and their infants) of 158 seen at baseline provided complete data during study protocols from when their infants were 3 months old until the infants were about 2 years old. Treatments consisted of a combination of xylitol chewing gum, fluoride and chlorhexidine varnishes. The control/placebo group received sorbitol chewing gum and placebo varnishes. The effect of these treatments on periodontal clinical and microbiological parameters of mothers and on microbiological parameters of their infants was assessed by generalized estimating equation models.  RESULTS: Microbiological outcomes using the BANA Test were lower for the majority of the visits in the test group when compared to the control/placebo group. These differences, however, were not statistically significant. Similarly, mean PBS results were lower for all follow-up visits for test-group mothers when compared to the control/placebo group's mothers, but of no statistical significance. Colonization of the tongue in infants by periodontal pathogens as measured by the BANA Test showed no distinct patterns concerning the stability of colonization of periodontal pathogens throughout the study period, albeit slightly superior for the test group.  CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that a combined chemical modalities treatment consisting of xylitol chewing gum, fluoride varnish and chlorhexidine varnish was moderately superior to control/placebo treatments on periodontal clinical and microbiological parameters of mothers throughout the study period, but of no statistical significance. Similar results were found for the infants in the test group when compared to infants of the control/placebo groups.
authors.affiliation: New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bretz
authors.forename: Odila P S
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Salete M B
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Patricia M A
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Corby
authors.forename: Otilia C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milanda
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hujoel
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Loesche