title: Integrated ocean management as a strategy to meet rapid climate change: the Norwegian case.
abstract: The prospects of rapid climate change and the potential existence of tipping points in marine ecosystems where nonlinear change may result from them being overstepped, raises the question of strategies for coping with ecosystem change. There is broad agreement that the combined forces of climate change, pollution and increasing economic activities necessitates more comprehensive approaches to oceans management, centering on the concept of ecosystem-based oceans management. This article addresses the Norwegian experience in introducing integrated, ecosystem-based oceans management, emphasizing how climate change, seen as a major long-term driver of change in ecosystems, is addressed in management plans. Understanding the direct effects of climate variability and change on ecosystems and indirect effects on human activities is essential for adaptive planning to be useful in the long-term management of the marine environment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, 9294 Tromsø, Norway. alf.haakon.hoel@imr.no
authors.forename: Alf Håkon
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hoel
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D057231:Climate Change; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008386:Marine Biology; D009664:Norway; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical