title: Neurovascular proximity in the diaphragm muscle of adult mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regional blood flow to the diaphragm muscle varies with the workload of inspiration. To provide anatomical insight into coupling between muscle fiber recruitment and oxygen supply, we tested whether arterioles are physically associated with motor nerve branches of the diaphragm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following vascular casting, intact diaphragm muscles of C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice were stained for motor innervation. Arteriolar networks and nerve networks were mapped (~2 μm resolution) to evaluate their physical proximity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurovascular proximity was similar between muscle regions and mouse strains. Of total mapped nerve lengths (C57BL/6, 70 ± 15 mm; CD-1, 87 ± 13 mm), 80 ± 14% and 67 ± 10% were ≤250 μm from the nearest arteriole and associated predominantly with arterioles ≤45 μm in diameter. Distances to the nearest arteriole encompassing 50% of total nerve length (D(50)) were consistently within 200 μm. With nerve networks repositioned randomly within muscle borders, D(50) values nearly doubled (p < 0.05). Reference lines within anatomical boundaries reduced proximity to arterioles (p < 0.05) as they deviated from the original location of motor nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across two strains of mice, motor nerves and arterioles of the diaphragm muscle are more closely associated than can be explained by chance. We hypothesize that neurovascular proximity facilitates local perfusion upon muscle fiber recruitment.
authors.affiliation: The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. diego.correa@case.edu
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000294:innervation; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*