title: Intima-media thickness and other markers of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal disease is an inflammatory process which results in increased cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). It is not clear, however, whether periodontal inflammation may be associated with increased markers of atherosclerosis in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study aimed to answer the question of whether periodontal disease in DM2 is associated with increased markers and risk factors of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty one patients were included in the study. Sixteen were classified as periodontally healthy (BGI-H), 87 as having gingivitis (BGI-G), and 18 as having periodontitis with moderate bleeding (BGI-P2), according to the new Offenbacher classification. In all patients, intima-media thickness (IMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with periodontitis and gingivitis had a higher IMT value compared to the BGI-H group (0.804 ± 0.112 and 0.772 ± 0.127 vs 0.691 ± 0.151 mm, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively, odds ratio 5.25 for having IMT ≥ 0.8 mm, 95% CI 1.1; 25). Patients from the BGI-P2 group also had higher blood pressure (BP) compared to the BGI-G and BGI-H groups, and higher CRP compared to the BGI-G group (4.6 ± 2.3 vs 3.8 ± 4.8 mg/L, p < 0.01). Lipid parameters and PWV were comparable in all the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal inflammation in patients with DM2 seems to be associated with increased IMT and BP, but not with greater arterial stiffness. These results support the hypothesis that periodontal disease may be associated with a vascular pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, Warsaw, Poland. Edward.Franek@cskmswia.pl
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franek
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Januszkiewicz-Caulier
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Błach
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Napora
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jedynasty
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Budlewski
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozdowski
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Górska
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol