title: Tiny medicine: nanomaterial-based biosensors.
abstract: Tiny medicine refers to the development of small easy to use devices that can help in the early diagnosis and treatment of disease. Early diagnosis is the key to successfully treating many diseases. Nanomaterial-based biosensors utilize the unique properties of biological and physical nanomaterials to recognize a target molecule and effect transduction of an electronic signal. In general, the advantages of nanomaterial-based biosensors are fast response, small size, high sensitivity, and portability compared to existing large electrodes and sensors. Systems integration is the core technology that enables tiny medicine. Integration of nanomaterials, microfluidics, automatic samplers, and transduction devices on a single chip provides many advantages for point of care devices such as biosensors. Biosensors are also being used as new analytical tools to study medicine. Thus this paper reviews how nanomaterials can be used to build biosensors and how these biosensors can help now and in the future to detect disease and monitor therapies.
authors.affiliation: Nanoworld and Smart Materials and Devices Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA; E-Mail:  force9488@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yeo-Heung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eteshola
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Zhongyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Joon-Sub
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: Dogyoon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Chong H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watts