title: More variation in lifespan in lower educated  groups: evidence from 10 European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas it is well established that people with a lower socio-economic position have a shorter average lifespan, it is less clear what the variability surrounding these averages is. We set out to examine whether lower educated groups face greater variation in lifespans in addition to having a shorter life expectancy, in order to identify entry points for policies to reduce the impact of socio-economic position on mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used harmonized, census-based mortality data from 10 European countries to construct life tables by sex and educational level (low, medium, high). Variation in lifespan was measured by the standard deviation conditional upon survival to age 35 years. We also decomposed differences between educational groups in lifespan variation by age and cause of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifespan variation was higher among the lower educated in every country, but more so among men and in Eastern Europe. Although there was an inverse relationship between average life expectancy and its standard deviation, the first did not completely predict the latter. Greater lifespan variation in lower educated groups was largely driven by conditions causing death at younger ages, such as injuries and neoplasms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower educated individuals not only have shorter life expectancies, but also face greater uncertainty about the age at which they will die. More priority should be given to efforts to reduce the risk of an early death among the lower educated, e.g. by strengthening protective policies within and outside the health-care system.
authors.affiliation: Research group of Life Course Dynamics and Demographic Change, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany. vanraalte@demogr.mpg.de
authors.forename: Alyson A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Raalte
authors.forename: Anton E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deboosere
authors.forename: Mall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leinsalu
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martikainen
authors.forename: Bjørn Heine
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Artnik
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wojtyniak
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class