title: Social Anxiety/Taijin-Kyofu Scale (SATS): development and psychometric evaluation of a new instrument.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Taijin-kyofu (TK), especially the 'convinced' subtype of TK (c-TK; also known as the 'offensive' subtype of TK), is described as a Japanese culture-bound syndrome similar to social anxiety disorder (SAD). Recently, in Western countries, the symptoms of c-TK have been investigated in patients with SAD. We developed the Social Anxiety/Taijin-Kyofu Scale (SATS), a 12-item structured clinician-rated instrument designed to rate the severity of TK symptoms, and examined its reliability and validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SATS was administered to 15 patients with c-TK diagnosed using the traditional Japanese TK criteria. Interviews used to score patients' symptoms were recorded on videotape. Additionally, the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) was administered to assess convergent validity. Interrater reliability was assessed on 15 videotaped interviews; the interviews were independently rated by 10 other raters. Test-retest re-liability was assessed on 15 videotaped interviews by the same rater at an interval of more than 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SATS had high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.97) and good interrater reliability (ICC = 0.88-0.93) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.94-0.99). The SATS total score correlated with the CGI-S scores (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SATS appears to be a reliable and valid measure of the symptoms of TK.
authors.affiliation: Health Care Center, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. asakurap@academic.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Nobuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: Mifumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kako
authors.forename: Yasuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakato
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Teruaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kusumi
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results