title: Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on bacterial growth on human ossicles explanted from cholesteatoma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment can eliminate cholesteatoma cells from explanted human ossicles prior to re-insertion. We analyzed the effects of HHP treatment on the microbial flora on ossicles and on the planktonic and biofilm states of selected isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six ossicles were explanted from cholesteatoma patients. Five ossicles were directly analyzed for microbial growth without further treatment. Fifteen ossicles were cut into two pieces. One piece was exposed to HHP of 350 MPa for 10 minutes. Both the treated and untreated (control) pieces were then assessed semi-quantitatively. Three ossicles were cut into two pieces and exposed to identical pressure conditions with or without the addition of one of two different combinations of antibiotics to the medium. Differential effects of 10-minute in vitro exposure of planktonic and biofilm bacteria to pressures of 100 MPa, 250 MPa, 400 MPa and 540 MPa in isotonic and hypotonic media were analyzed using two patient isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Neisseria subflava. Bacterial cell inactivation and biofilm destruction were assessed by colony counting and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A variety of microorganisms were isolated from the ossicles. Irrespective of the medium, HHP treatment at 350 MPa for 10 minutes led to satisfying but incomplete inactivation especially of gram-negative bacteria. The addition of antibiotics increased the efficacy of elimination. A comparison of HHP treatment of planktonic and biofilm cells showed that the effects of HPP were reduced by about one decadic logarithmic unit when HPP was applied to biofilms. High hydrostatic pressure conditions that are suitable to inactivate cholesteatoma cells fail to completely sterilize ossicles even if antibiotics are added. As a result of the reduced microbial load and the viability loss of surviving bacteria, however, there is a lower risk of re-infection after re-insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rostock Hospital, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dommerich
authors.forename: Hagen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frickmann
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostwald
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Andreas Erich
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Zautner
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: Hans Wilhelm
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Pau
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Podbielski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004429:Ear Ossicles / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability; D008875:Middle Aged; D009343:Neisseria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D010035:Otitis Media, Suppurative / Q000382:microbiology; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult