title: Titanium surface topography after brushing with fluoride and fluoride-free toothpaste simulating 10 years of use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a controlled study contrasting titanium surface topography after procedures that simulated 10 years of brushing using toothpastes with or without fluoride.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V disks (6 mm Ø×4 mm) were mirror-polished and treated according to 6 groups (n=6) as a function of immersion (I) or brushing (B) using deionised water (W), fluoride-free toothpaste (T) and fluoride toothpaste (FT). Surface topography was evaluated at baseline (pretreatment) and post-treatment, using atomic force microscope in order to obtain three-dimensional images and mean roughness. Specimens submitted to immersion were submerged in the vehicles without brushing. For brushed specimens, procedures were conducted using a linear brushing machine with a soft-bristled toothbrush. Immersion and brushing were performed for 244 h. IFT and BFT samples were analysed under scanning electron microscope with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Pre and post-treatment values were compared using the paired Student T-test (α=.05). Intergroup comparisons were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  cp Ti mean roughness (in nanometers) comparing pre and post-treatment were: IW, 2.29±0.55/2.33±0.17; IT, 2.24±0.46/2.02±0.38; IFT, 2.22±0.53/1.95±0.36; BW, 2.22±0.42/3.76±0.45; BT, 2.27±0.55/16.05±3.25; BFT, 2.27±0.51/22.39±5.07. Mean roughness (in nanometers) measured in Ti-6Al-4V disks (pre/post-treatment) were: IW, 1.79±0.25/2.01±0.25; IT, 1.61±0.13/1.74±0.19; IFT, 1.92±0.39/2.29±0.51; BW, 2.00±0.71/2.05±0.43; BT, 2.37±0.86/11.17±2.29; BFT, 1.83±0.50/15.73±1.78. No significant differences were seen after immersions (p>.05). Brushing increased the roughness of cp Ti and of Ti-6Al-4V (p<.01); cp Ti had topographic changes after BW, BT and BFT treatments whilst Ti-6Al-4V was significantly different only after BT and BTF. EDS has not detected fluoride or sodium ions on metal surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to toothpastes (immersion) does not affect titanium per se; their use during brushing affects titanium topography and roughness. The associated effects of toothpaste abrasives and fluorides seem to increase roughness on titanium brushed surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Araraquara Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laiza M G
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fais
authors.forename: Romeu B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fernandes-Filho
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pereira-da-Silva
authors.forename: Luis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: Gelson L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Adabo
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008422:Materials Testing; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003764:Dental Materials; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D014100:Toothpastes; D014867:Water; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D018130:Diamond; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D005459:Fluorides; C022088:silicon carbide