title: [Clonal variability in expression of geo- and photoorientation in cercariae of Himasthla elongata (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)].
abstract: The study was carried out on Himasthla elongata, a digenean common in the coastal ecosystems of the northern European seas. This species utilises intertidal prosobranchs Littorina spp. as the first intermediate host, bivalves (in the White Sea, Mytilus edulis) as the second intermediate host and gulls as the final host. The periwinkles Littorina littorea infected with H. elongata rediae (parthenogenetic generations) were sampled in the intertidal of the White Sea (66 degrees 20' N, 33 degrees 38' E) and used as the source of cercariae. Periwinkles were collected from the settlement with the low prevalence of H. elongata. As shown earlier with the use of AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) method, rediae groups in all the infected periwinkles of this settlement arise from the infection of a mollusc with a single miracidium. Therefore, the cercariae shed by an infected mollusc have the same genotype or, in other words, represent a clone. Photo- and geoorientation of cercariae originating from different clones and aged 1 h and 6 h were analysed separately. It was shown that in general the larvae of each clone followed the behavioural pattern characteristics of the species (positive geoorientation and negative photoorientation). However, the degree of expression of this typical behaviour was different in different clones. An especially high variability was observed in the manifestation of geoorientation (in several clones, most larvae demonstrated negative geoorientation). Differences in the distribution of cercariae in the illumination gradient were almost equally associated with the interclonal variability and the age of the larvae. On the whole, as the age of cercariae increased, the positive geoorientation became more prominent, whereas the ratio of cercariae with the typical (negative) photoorientation decreased. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the cercarial clones both in the initial manifestation of geo- and photoorientation and in the changes in the character of these reactions with the larval age. Taking into account that each cercarial clone investigated had the same genotype, it seems very likely that the interclonal differences noted in this study are hereditary. Maintenance of a rather high level of genetic polymorphism by the character "expression of orientation reaction" in trematode cercariae may enhance the chances for successful transmission of these larvae. Such variability increases the scale of cercarial dispersion in space and promotes the successful infection of the hosts, whose behaviour is also subject to intra- and inter-population variability. Besides, cercariae whose behaviour deviates from the basic behaviour of the species may play the role of the population's potential for colonisation of new species of animal hosts.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Prokof'ev
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Levakin
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Losev
authors.forename: Ia V
authors.initials: IaV
authors.lastname: Zavirinskiĭ
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Galaktionov
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000469:parasitology; D058487:Cercaria / Q000235:genetics*; D004450:Echinostomatidae / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic