title: Expanded phylogenetic and dating analyses of the apples and their relatives (Pyreae, Rosaceae).
abstract: Despite previous efforts to elucidate relationships within the Pyreae (Rosaceae), relationships among the major sub-lineages, generic limits, and divergence times have remained uncertain. The present study greatly expands phylogenetic analyses of the Pyreae by using a combination of 11 chloroplast regions plus nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences from 486 individuals representing 331 species and 27 genera. Maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses generally support existing generic boundary, although Sorbus, as previously circumscribed, is clearly non-monophyletic. Two significant conflicts were detected between the chloroplast and ITS phylogenies, suggesting that hybridization played a role in the origins of Micromeles and Pseudocydonia. In addition, we provide estimates of the divergence times of the major lineages. Our findings support the view that the major Pyreae lineages were established during the Eocene-Oligocene period, but that most of the modern diversity did not originate until the Miocene. At least five major, early Old World-New World disjunctions were detected and these vicariance events are generally most consistent with movement through the Beringia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. eugenia.loyy@gmail.com
authors.forename: Eugenia Y Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donoghue
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D027845:Malus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer