title: Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on myocardial and renal injury: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of remote ischemic precondition (RIPC) on the incidence of myocardial and renal injury in patients undergoing cardiovascular interventions as measured by biomarkers. Clinical data were pooled to evaluate the usefulness of RIPC to benefit clinical outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Debate exists regarding the merit of using RIPC for patients undergoing cardiovascular interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomized clinical trials of patients undergoing cardiovascular interventions who received RIPC versus control were performed. Two independent reviewers selected articles from MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane, ISI Web of Science, and BIREME, and through hand search of relevant reviews and meeting abstracts upon agreement. Surrogate markers of myocardial (troponin T or I and CK-MB) and renal (serum creatinine) injury for primary outcomes were abstracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Final pooled analysis from 17 clinical trials showed significant heterogeneity of results and no relevant publication bias. Patients receiving RIPC had lower levels of markers of myocardial injury in the first few days after surgery (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.01 to -0.08; P=.01) with highly heterogeneous results (I2 = 93%). A lower incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (7.9% RIPC vs 13.9% placebo; RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37-0.84; P=.005; I2 = 0%) was also noted. In patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, RIPC when compared to control also decreased renal injury (SMD, 0.28; 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.08; P=.007; I2 = 51%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RIPC appears to be associated with a favorable effect on serological markers of myocardial and renal injury during cardiovascular interventions. Larger trials should be conducted to substantiate this initial impression.
authors.affiliation: Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01089, USA. galreja@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alreja
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bugano
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lotfi
mesh_terms: D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012079:Renal Circulation; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014336:Troponin; D003404:Creatinine