title: Synthetic osteogenic extracellular matrix formed by coated silicon dioxide nanosprings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The design of biomimetic materials that parallel the morphology and biology of extracellular matrixes is key to the ability to grow functional tissues in vitro and to enhance the integration of biomaterial implants into existing tissues in vivo. Special attention has been put into mimicking the nanostructures of the extracellular matrix of bone, as there is a need to find biomaterials that can enhance the bonding between orthopedic devices and this tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have tested the ability of normal human osteoblasts to propagate and differentiate on silicon dioxide nanosprings, which can be easily grown on practically any surface. In addition, we tested different metals and metal alloys as coats for the nanosprings in tissue culture experiments with bone cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal human osteoblasts grown on coated nanosprings exhibited an enhanced rate of propagation, differentiation into bone forming cells and mineralization. While osteoblasts did not attach effectively to bare nanowires grown on glass, these cells propagated successfully on nanosprings coated with titanium oxide and gold. We observed a 270 fold increase in the division rate of osteoblasts when grow on titanium/gold coated nanosprings. This effect was shown to be dependent on the nanosprings, as the coating by themselves did not alter the growth rate of osteoblast. We also observed that titanium/zinc/gold coated nanosprings increased the levels of osteoblast production of alkaline phosphatase seven folds. This result indicates that osteoblasts grown on this metal alloy coated nanosprings are differentiating to mature bone making cells. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that osteoblasts grown on the same metal alloy coated nanosprings have an enhanced ability to deposit calcium salt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have established that metal/metal alloy coated silicon dioxide nanosprings can be used as a biomimetic material paralleling the morphology and biology of osteogenic extracellular matrix. The coated nanosprings enhance normal human osteoblasts cellular behaviors needed for improving osseointegration of orthopedic materials. Thus, metal-coated nanosprings represent a novel biomaterial that could be exploited for improving success rates of orthopedic implant procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA. hass0681@vandals.uidaho.edu
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hass
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Garrison
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wicher
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: Dn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McLlroy
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arrizabalaga
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000497:Alloys; D040761:Biomimetic Materials; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix; D005898:Glass; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D053770:Nanowires; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D006046:Gold; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium