title: Relationship of axis II pathology to sex- and drug-related risk behaviors among patients in HIV primary care.
abstract: Some HIV+ patients continue to engage in high-risk behaviors post-diagnosis. To tailor risk reduction interventions for "positives," it is necessary to understand contributing factors. We recently showed that HIV+ patients with co-morbid Axis I psychiatric and substance use disorders had the highest rates of ongoing risk behavior and those without diagnoses the lowest; substance dependence was more impactful than psychiatric disorders. In this companion paper, we provide complementary information about Axis II pathology based on data obtained from the same sample of 179 patients receiving HIV primary care. Patients were categorized as sub-threshold or as having personality traits/disorders (BR ≥ 75) on any of the 14 personality scales of the Millon Multiaxial Personality Inventory (MCMI-III). HIV risk behaviors assessed included (1) the number of sexual partners; (2) any sex without a condom; (3) lifetime and recent injection drug use (IDU); and (4) sharing of injection equipment. After controlling for a diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence, borderline patients were more likely to have multiple sexual partners and to use condoms irregularly. Trends for multiple sex partners also were observed among patients with antisocial and depressive personality traits/disorders. Antisocial patients also were more likely to be current IDUs. Positives with personalities characterized by risk-taking tendencies and/or decreased capacity to engage in good self-care may benefit from risk reduction interventions that take their feelings of power/invincibility or (conversely) powerlessness/helplessness into account. For patients with antisocial and/or borderline traits/disorders, a "one size fits all" intervention focusing primarily on skills training is likely to fail because the underlying factors driving behavior are not being adequately addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Newville
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Haller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015897:Comorbidity; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology