title: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its associated risk factors: the first report from Iran using both microalbuminuria and urine sediment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of major risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the world is on the rise, and it is expected that this incidence and prevalence, particularly in developing countries, will continue to increase. Using data on urinary sediment and microalbuminuria, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD in northeast Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, the prevalence of CKD in a sample of 1557 regionally representative people, aged ≥ 18 years, was analyzed. CKD was determined based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and microalbuminuria. Life style data, urine and blood samples were collected. Urine samples without any proteinuria in the initial dipstick test were checked for qualitative microalbuminuria. If the latter was positive, quantitative microalbuminuria was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1557 subjects with a mean age of 56.76 ± 12.04 years were enrolled in this study. Based on the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation, 137 subjects (8.89%) were categorized as CKD stages III-V. Based on urine abnormalities, the prevalence of combined CKD stages I and II was 10.63%, and based on macro- and microalbuminuria it was 14.53%. The prevalence of CKD was significantly associated with sex, age, marital status, education, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), ischemic heart disease (IHD), waist to hip ratio, myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD and its main risk factors are common and represent a definite health threat in this region of Iran. Using and standardizing less expensive screening tests in low resource countries could be a good alternative that may improve the outcome through early detection of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shakeri
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Islami
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
authors.forename: Rasool
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salahi
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yapan-Gharavi
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: Monirossadat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakemi
authors.forename: Sudabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alatab
authors.forename: Atieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahmati
authors.forename: Behrooz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broumand
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nobakht-Haghighi
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007492:Iran; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D016482:Urinalysis; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio