title: Significant reduction of brain cysts caused by Toxoplasma gondii after treatment with spiramycin coadministered with metronidazole in a mouse model of chronic toxoplasmosis.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that generates latent cysts in the brain; reactivation of these cysts may lead to fatal toxoplasmic encephalitis, for which treatment remains unsuccessful. We assessed spiramycin pharmacokinetics coadministered with metronidazole, the eradication of brain cysts and the in vitro reactivation. Male BALB/c mice were fed 1,000 tachyzoites orally to develop chronic toxoplasmosis. Four weeks later, infected mice underwent different treatments: (i) infected untreated mice (n = 9), which received vehicle only; (ii) a spiramycin-only group (n = 9), 400 mg/kg daily for 7 days; (iii) a metronidazole-only group (n = 9), 500 mg/kg daily for 7 days; and (iv) a combination group (n = 9), which received both spiramycin (400 mg/kg) and metronidazole (500 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. An uninfected control group (n = 10) was administered vehicle only. After treatment, the brain cysts were counted, brain homogenates were cultured in confluent Vero cells, and cysts and tachyzoites were counted after 1 week. Separately, pharmacokinetic profiles (plasma and brain) were assessed after a single dose of spiramycin (400 mg/kg), metronidazole (500 mg/kg), or both. Metronidazole treatment increased the brain spiramycin area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to ∞ (AUC(0-∞)) by 67% without affecting its plasma disposition. Metronidazole plasma and brain AUC(0-∞) values were reduced 9 and 62%, respectively, after spiramycin coadministration. Enhanced spiramycin brain exposure after coadministration reduced brain cysts 15-fold (79 ± 23 for the combination treatment versus 1,198 ± 153 for the untreated control group [P < 0.05]) and 10-fold versus the spiramycin-only group (768 ± 125). Metronidazole alone showed no effect (1,028 ± 149). Tachyzoites were absent in the brain. Spiramycin reduced in vitro reactivation. Metronidazole increased spiramycin brain penetration, causing a significant reduction of T. gondii brain cysts, with potential clinical translatability for chronic toxoplasmosis treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wai Kit
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Segarra
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ambu
authors.forename: Joon Wah
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003560:Cysts / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000469:parasitology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015572:Spiramycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D015572:Spiramycin