title: Pistoning assessment in lower limb prosthetic sockets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the main indicators of the suspension system efficiency in lower limb prostheses is vertical displacement or pistoning within the socket. Decreasing pistoning and introducing an effective system for evaluating pistoning could contribute to the amputees' rehabilitation process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this study was to review existing research studies that examine the occurrence of pistoning in lower limb prosthesis with different techniques in static (standing) and dynamic (walking and jumping) positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Keywords related to slippage, suspension, pistoning and vertical movement in lower limb prosthetics were used to search the literature available in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Sixteen articles were selected for further analysis according to the selection criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following methods have been used to measure the occurrence of pistoning in prosthetic limbs: radiological methods, photographic technique, motion analysis system, sensor and spiral computerized tomography (CT). Pistoning was measured both in standing and walking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this review reveal that further research is needed to develop and evaluate easy, accurate and safe methods of measuring pistoning. Future studies should provide a gold standard for the acceptable range of pistoning in a prosthetic socket.
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. arezoo@um.edu.my
authors.forename: Arezoo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eshraghi
authors.forename: Noor Azuan Abu
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gholizadeh
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.forename: Sadeeq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting / Q000379:methods*; D016138:Walking