title: [Sacral neuromodulation in urology - development and current status].
abstract: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in urology is employed to treat refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction as well as chronic pelvic pain. Electrical stimulation of the sacral afferents (S2 - S4) causes activation and conditioning of higher autonomic and somatic neural structures and thereby influences the efferents controlling the urinary bladder, the rectum and their related sphincter systems. It is therefore possible to treat overactivity as well as hypocontractility and functional bladder neck obstruction. SNM treatment is conducted biphasically. Initially, test electrodes are placed to evaluate changes in micturition and pain parameters. If, in this first phase - called peripheral nerve evaluation (PNE test) - sufficient improvements are observed, the patient progresses to phase two which involves implantation of the permanent electrodes and impulse generator system. In recent years, the "two stage approach" with initial implantation of the permanent electrodes has been favoured as it increases treatment success rates. Long-term success rates of SNM vary significantly in the literature (50 - 80 %) due to heterogeneous patient populations as well as improved surgical approaches. With the introduction of "tined lead electrodes" (2002), tissue damage is reduced to a minimum. Technical innovation, financial feasibility (reimbursed in Germany since 2004) and wider application, especially in otherwise therapy-refractory patients or complex dysfunctions of the pelvis, have established SNM as a potent treatment option in urology.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Germany. thilo.schwalenberg@uniklinikleipzig.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwalenberg
authors.forename: J-U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Stolzenburg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kriegel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonsior
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology; D012007:Rectum / Q000294:innervation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*