title: Identification and analysis of the active phytochemicals from the anti-cancer botanical extract Bezielle.
abstract: Bezielle is a botanical extract that has selective anti-tumor activity, and has shown a promising efficacy in the early phases of clinical testing. Bezielle inhibits mitochondrial respiration and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria of tumor cells but not in non-transformed cells. The generation of high ROS in tumor cells leads to heavy DNA damage and hyper-activation of PARP, followed by the inhibition of glycolysis. Bezielle therefore belongs to a group of drugs that target tumor cell mitochondria, but its cytotoxicity involves inhibition of both cellular energy producing pathways. We found that the cytotoxic activity of the Bezielle extract in vitro co-purified with a defined fraction containing multiple flavonoids. We have isolated several of these Bezielle flavonoids, and examined their possible roles in the selective anti-tumor cytotoxicity of Bezielle. Our results support the hypothesis that a major Scutellaria flavonoid, scutellarein, possesses many if not all of the biologically relevant properties of the total extract. Like Bezielle, scutellarein induced increasing levels of ROS of mitochondrial origin, progressive DNA damage, protein oxidation, depletion of reduced glutathione and ATP, and suppression of both OXPHOS and glycolysis. Like Bezielle, scutellarein was selectively cytotoxic towards cancer cells. Carthamidin, a flavonone found in Bezielle, also induced DNA damage and oxidative cell death. Two well known plant flavonoids, apigenin and luteolin, had limited and not selective cytotoxicity that did not depend on their pro-oxidant activities. We also provide evidence that the cytotoxicity of scutellarein was increased when other Bezielle flavonoids, not necessarily highly cytotoxic or selective on their own, were present. This indicates that the activity of total Bezielle extract might depend on a combination of several different compounds present within it.
authors.affiliation: BioNovo, Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Staub
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baggett
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chimmani
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tagliaferri
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shtivelman
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047310:Apigenin / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D031363:Scutellaria; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C524947:Scutellaria barbata extract; D047310:Apigenin; D005978:Glutathione; C458179:scutellarein