title: The relationship between county variation in macro contextual factors and the performance of public health practice in regional public health systems in Nebraska.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship between county variation in macro contextual variables and the performance of public health practice in regional local health departments (LHDs) in Nebraska. DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: County-level data from the US Census Bureau, the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, and the University of Nebraska Medical Center's Health Professions Tracking Services were used to create macro context variables (eg, demographic, geographic, social, economic, population health status). The public health performance data were collected through a mail survey of the directors of regional LHDs in Nebraska in 2008. Public health performance measures were created to indicate LHD's general performance as well as core function specific performance (ie, assessment, assurance, policy development). The coefficients of variation were estimated and used to categorize each regional LHD into either a larger county variation group or a smaller county variation group for each domain of macro context variables. Statistical comparisons of public health performance measures were then made between these 2 groups for each domain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results suggest that the county variation in macro contextual variables within a regional public health district, in general, is negatively associated with the performance of public health practice in regional LHDs. The regional LHD's performance in specific public health core function (eg, assurance) is negatively associated with the county variation in specific types of macro context factors (eg, geographic factors such as land size and population density).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional LHDs may design and implement their public health programs on the basis of the type and degree of heterogeneity among the member counties within their jurisdiction. The formation of regional LHDs, if possible, should follow geographic boundaries that minimize the heterogeneity of county composition in terms of macro contextual factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research and Administration, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. liwuchen@unmc.edu
authors.forename: Li-Wu
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palm
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009111:Local Government; D008297:Male; D009329:Nebraska; D011635:Public Health Administration; D015980:Public Health Practice / Q000592:standards*; D058996:Quality Improvement