title: Protective factors for adults from low-childhood socioeconomic circumstances: the benefits of shift-and-persist for allostatic load.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low socioeconomic status (SES) early in life is one of the most well-established social predictors of poor health. However, little is understood about why some adults who grew up in low-SES environments do not have poor health outcomes. This study examined whether the psychological characteristic of "shift-and-persist" protects adults from the physiological risks of growing up in low-SES households. Shift-and-persist consists of reframing appraisals of current stressors more positively (shifting), while simultaneously persisting with a focus on the future. We hypothesized that this characteristic would be associated with reduced physiological risk in low-childhood SES individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national sample of 1207 adults (aged 25-74 years) from the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States completed psychological questionnaires and were queried about parent education. Biologic assessments consisted of 24 different measures across seven physiological systems, from which a composite measure representing cumulative physiological risk (allostatic load) was derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among adults who grew up in low-SES households, those who engaged in high-shift-and-high-persist strategies had the lowest allostatic load (b = -0.15, p = .04). No benefit of shift-and-persist was found for those from higher-childhood SES backgrounds (p = .36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying the health-related protective qualities that naturally occur in some low-SES individuals represents one important approach for developing future health improvement interventions for those who start out life low in SES. Moreover, the psychological qualities that are protective from future disease risk for those from low-SES backgrounds are different from those beneficial to high-SES individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 W Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. echen@psych.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Margie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lachman
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gruenewald
authors.forename: Teresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Seeman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D052636:Allostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012044:Regression Analysis; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology