title: Altered cortico-striatal-thalamic connectivity in relation to spatial working memory capacity in children with ADHD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) captures a heterogeneous group of children, who are characterized by a range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Previous resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) studies have sought to understand the neural correlates of ADHD by comparing connectivity measurements between those with and without the disorder, focusing primarily on cortical-striatal circuits mediated by the thalamus. To integrate the multiple phenotypic features associated with ADHD and help resolve its heterogeneity, it is helpful to determine how specific circuits relate to unique cognitive domains of the ADHD syndrome. Spatial working memory has been proposed as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We correlated the rs-fcMRI of five thalamic regions of interest (ROIs) with spatial span working memory scores in a sample of 67 children aged 7-11 years [ADHD and typically developing children (TDC)]. In an independent dataset, we then examined group differences in thalamo-striatal functional connectivity between 70 ADHD and 89 TDC (7-11 years) from the ADHD-200 dataset. Thalamic ROIs were created based on previous methods that utilize known thalamo-cortical loops and rs-fcMRI to identify functional boundaries in the thalamus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using these thalamic regions, we found atypical rs-fcMRI between specific thalamic groupings with the basal ganglia. To identify the thalamic connections that relate to spatial working memory in ADHD, only connections identified in both the correlational and comparative analyses were considered. Multiple connections between the thalamus and basal ganglia, particularly between medial and anterior dorsal thalamus and the putamen, were related to spatial working memory and also altered in ADHD. These thalamo-striatal disruptions may be one of multiple atypical neural and cognitive mechanisms that relate to the ADHD clinical phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bathula
authors.forename: Taciana G Costa
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Swathi P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fenesy
authors.forename: Erica D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Musser
authors.forename: Corinne A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Bria L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Thurlow
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Joel T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nigg
authors.forename: Damien A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fair