title: Pink1-deficiency in mice impairs gait, olfaction and serotonergic innervation of the olfactory bulb.
abstract: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Autosomal-recessive mutations in the mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) account for 1-2% of the hereditary early-onset cases. To study the mechanisms underlying disease development, we generated Pink1-deficient mice. In analogy to other genetic loss-of-function mouse models, Pink1(-/-) mice did not show morphological alterations in the dopaminergic system. As a consequence, no gross motor dysfunctions were observed indicating that these mice do not develop the cardinal symptoms of PD. Nonetheless, symptoms which develop mainly before bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremor were clearly evident in Pink1-deficient mice. These symptoms were gait alterations and olfactory dysfunctions. Remarkably in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb the density of serotonergic fibers was significantly reduced. Concerning mitochondrial morphology, neurons in Pink1(-/-) mice had less fragmented mitochondria. In contrast, upon acute knock-down of Pink1 increased mitochondrial fragmentation was observed in neuronal cultures. This fragmentation was, however, evened out within days. Taken together, we demonstrate that Pink1-deficient mice exhibit behavioral symptoms of early phases of PD and present systematic experimental evidence for compensation of Pink1-deficiency at the cellular level. Thus, Pink1-deficient mice represent a model for the early phases of PD in which compensation may still impede the onset of neurodegeneration. Consequently, these mice are a valuable tool for studying Pink1-related PD development, as well as for searching for reliable PD biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glasl
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kloos
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giesert
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roethig
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Di Benedetto
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: Jingzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hafen
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zerle
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Martin Hrabé
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: de Angelis
authors.forename: Konstanze F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Winklhofer
authors.forename: Sabine M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hölter
authors.forename: Daniela M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Vogt Weisenhorn
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wurst
mesh_terms: D059331:Adrenergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D059326:Serotonergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase
chemical_list: D011494:Protein Kinases; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase