title: Chlorophyllin e4 is a novel photosensitizer against human bladder cancer             cells.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the photodynamic effect of the novel             photosensitizer chlorophyllin e4 against human bladder cancer cells. T24 and 5637             bladder cancer cell lines were incubated with chlorophyllin e4 and irradiated             with a 650-nm laser light. The controls included cells treated with chlorophyllin             e4 but without light as well as cells exposed to laser light without chlorophyllin             e4. Photocytotoxicity was monitored with MTT assay and apoptosis was measured             by flow cytometry. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to             assess the subcellular localization of chlorophyllin e4. Chlorophyllin e4 exhibited             signiﬁcant photocytotoxicity in both T24 and 5637 cells, which resulted in a maximum             of 82.43 and 85.06% cell death, respectively. Treatment with chlorophyllin e4             or laser light alone did not induce cytotoxicity. In addition, chlorophyllin e4-mediated             PDT induced a significantly higher percentage of apoptosis in T24 and 5637 cells             compared to the control groups (p<0.01). Moreover, confocal laser scanning             microscopy revealed that chlorophyllin e4 co-localized with mitochondria in both             cell lines. In conclusion, the remarkable photocytotoxicity, natural abundance             and inexpensive composition of chlorophyllin e4 suggest that this compound may             be a novel, effective photosensitizer for the treatment of human superﬁcial bladder             cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jin Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wenzhi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guojin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Jiancheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002735:Chlorophyllides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D002735:Chlorophyllides; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C007020:chlorophyllin