title: Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: methodological review.
abstract: Recent demand and interest in wireless, mobile-based healthcare has driven significant interest towards developing alternative biopotential electrodes for patient physiological monitoring. The conventional wet adhesive Ag/AgCl electrodes used almost universally in clinical applications today provide an excellent signal but are cumbersome and irritating for mobile use. While electrodes that operate without gels, adhesives and even skin contact have been known for many decades, they have yet to achieve any acceptance for medical use. In addition, detailed knowledge and comparisons between different electrodes are not well known in the literature. In this paper, we explore the use of dry/noncontact electrodes for clinical use by first explaining the electrical models for dry, insulated and noncontact electrodes and show the performance limits, along with measured data. The theory and data show that the common practice of minimizing electrode resistance may not always be necessary and actually lead to increased noise depending on coupling capacitance. Theoretical analysis is followed by an extensive review of the latest dry electrode developments in the literature. The paper concludes with highlighting some of the novel systems that dry electrode technology has enabled for cardiac and neural monitoring followed by a discussion of the current challenges and a roadmap going forward.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA. mlchi@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Yu Mike
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Tzyy-Ping
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cauwenberghs
mesh_terms: D025802:Electric Capacitance; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012867:Skin