title: Urinary retinoic acid receptor-β2 gene promoter methylation and hyaluronidase activity as noninvasive tests for diagnosis of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the significance of urinary retinoic acid receptor-β2 (RAR-β2) gene promoter methylation and hyaluronidase activity in comparison with voided urine cytology (VUC) in diagnosis of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 100 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer, 65 patients with benign urological disorders and 51 healthy volunteers. Urine supernatant was used for determining hyaluronidase activity by zymography while urine sediment was used for cytology and detection of methylated RAR-β2 gene promoter by methylation specific nested PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity and specificity were 53% and 90.5% for VUC, 65% and 89.7% for percent methylation fraction of RAR-β2 gene promoter, and 89% and 90.5% for hyaluronidase activity; combination of the three parameters increased sensitivity to 95%. A significant association was observed between investigated markers and advanced grade tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined use of RAR-β2 gene promoter methylation, hyaluronidase activity and VUC is promising non-invasive tool for bladder cancer detection.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. dr_sanaa_eissa@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sanaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: Samir F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Zohny
authors.forename: Hanan Hussien
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Shehata
authors.forename: Marwa G A
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hegazy
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esmat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000652:urine*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012372:ROC Curve; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C540966:retinoic acid receptor, beta2, human; D004247:DNA; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C115866:OGA protein, human; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase