title: Advances in lead-free piezoelectric materials for sensors and actuators.
abstract: Piezoelectrics have widespread use in today's sensor and actuator technologies. However, most commercially available piezoelectric materials, e.g., Pb [Zr(x)Ti(1-x)] O(3) (PZT), are comprised of more than 60 weight percent lead (Pb). Due to its harmful effects, there is a strong impetus to identify new lead-free replacement materials with comparable properties to those of PZT. This review highlights recent developments in several lead-free piezoelectric materials including BaTiO(3), Na(0.5)Bi(0.5)TiO(3), K(0.5)Bi(0.5)TiO(3), Na(0.5)K(0.5)NbO(3), and their solid solutions. The factors that contribute to strong piezoelectric behavior are described and a summary of the properties for the various systems is provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. eaksel@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aksel
authors.forename: Jacob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D017609:Barium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D009556:Niobium / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017609:Barium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C550183:bismuth titanate; C559961:sodium niobate; D009556:Niobium; C477466:potassium niobate; C009934:potassium titanate; C471701:sodium titanate; C024547:barium titanate(IV); D012964:Sodium; D014025:Titanium; D011188:Potassium; D001729:Bismuth