title: Frequency response of synthetic vocal fold models with linear and nonlinear material properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to create synthetic vocal fold models with nonlinear stress-strain properties and to investigate the effect of linear versus nonlinear material properties on fundamental frequency (F0) during anterior-posterior stretching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three materially linear and 3 materially nonlinear models were created and stretched up to 10 mm in 1-mm increments. Phonation onset pressure (Pon) and F0 at Pon were recorded for each length. Measurements were repeated as the models were relaxed in 1-mm increments back to their resting lengths, and tensile tests were conducted to determine the stress-strain responses of linear versus nonlinear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonlinear models demonstrated a more substantial frequency response than did linear models and a more predictable pattern of F0 increase with respect to increasing length (although range was inconsistent across models). Pon generally increased with increasing vocal fold length for nonlinear models, whereas for linear models, Pon decreased with increasing length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonlinear synthetic models appear to more accurately represent the human vocal folds than do linear models, especially with respect to F0 response.
authors.affiliation: Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dromey
authors.forename: Simeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000535:Aluminum; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014732:Vibration; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000535:Aluminum