title: 2011 recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout and hyperuricemia.
abstract: Gout is a major health problem in the United States; it affects 8.3 million people, which is approximately 4% of the adult population. Gout is most often diagnosed and managed in primary care practices; thus, primary care physicians have a significant opportunity to improve patient outcomes. Following publication of the 2006 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) gout guidelines, significant new evidence has accumulated, and new treatments for patients with gout have become available. It is the objective of these 2011 recommendations to update the 2006 EULAR guidelines, paying special attention to the needs of primary care physicians. The revised 2011 recommendations are based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach as an evidence-based strategy for rating quality of evidence and grading the strength of recommendation formulated for use in clinical practice. A total of 26 key recommendations, 10 for diagnosis and 16 for management, of patients with gout were evaluated, resulting in important updates for patient care. The presence of monosodium urate crystals and/or tophus and response to colchicine have the highest clinical diagnostic value. The key aspect of effective management of an acute gout attack is initiation of treatment within hours of symptom onset. Low-dose colchicine is better tolerated and is as effective as a high dose. When urate-lowering therapy (ULT) is indicated, the xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol and febuxostat are the options of choice. Febuxostat can be prescribed at unchanged doses for patients with mild-to-moderate renal or hepatic impairment. The target of ULT should be a serum uric acid level that is ≤ 6 mg/dL. For patients with refractory and tophaceous gout, intravenous pegloticase is a new treatment option. This article is a summary of the 2011 clinical guidelines published in Postgraduate Medicine. This article provides a streamlined, accessible overview intended for quick review by primary care physicians, with the full guidelines being a resource for those seeking additional background information and expanded discussion.
authors.affiliation: SUNY Stony Brook, NY, USA. mcapacious@aol.com
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: Herbert S B
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Baraf
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Doghramji
authors.forename: Germano A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Guadagnoli
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harford
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: Didier A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mandelbrot
authors.forename: Bonny P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: McClain
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Allan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mount
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Setoodeh
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Skosey
authors.forename: N Lawrence
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D019468:Disease Management; D006073:Gout / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic