title: Provider management and support for breastfeeding pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe breastfeeding pain reported by breastfeeding women during the first-year postpartum and providers' management of the pain as recorded in medical records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mid-South metropolitan obstetric and gynecologic medical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 117 breastfeeding women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected using a retrospective review of medical records of breastfeeding mothers during their infants' first year of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants reported a breastfeeding rate of 56.4%, and of those 23% reported breastfeeding pain during the first year. Major reasons for pain were mastitis (67.5%), candida (32.4%), engorgement (18.0%), nipple tenderness (8.1%), and clogged milk ducts (4.5%). Medications were used most frequently to treat mastitis and candida. However, limited documentation of breastfeeding support beyond prescribing medications was found. Nonpharmacological measures were rarely recommended, and few referrals were documented to specialized providers such as lactation consultants or community support groups. Routine infant feeding choices, breastfeeding discussions, and breastfeeding counseling were rarely documented and multiple non-evidence-based strategies were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadequate breastfeeding support and management were evident, and non-evidence-based recommendations were routinely practiced. It is recommended that primary care providers adopt evidence-based practices for breastfeeding and breastfeeding pain that support women in successfully reaching their breastfeeding goals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. dr.gnay@gmail.com
authors.forename: Genae D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Strong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008413:Mastitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009558:Nipples / Q000503:physiopathology; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000451:nursing* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011181:Postnatal Care; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics