title: Effect of onabotulinumtoxinA on intramural parasympathetic ganglia: an experimental study in the guinea pig bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether onabotulinumtoxinA injected in the bladder would affect preganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings in intramural ganglia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guinea pig bladders were injected with 5 U of botulinum toxin. At 24 hours bladders were collected and processed for immunohistochemistry using tyrosine hydroxylase, and intact and cleaved SNAP-25. To identify the different populations of affected fibers coursing the ganglia we performed double immunoreactions for cleaved SNAP-25 and VAChT, TH or CGRP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAChT immunoreactive fibers were identified in axons and varicosities of presynaptic to postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Those fibers were also immunoreactive to SV2 and SNAP-25. The rare CGRP and TH immunoreactive fibers coursing in the ganglia did not express SV2 or SNAP-25. After onabotulinumtoxinA injection the cleaved form of SNAP-25 was abundantly expressed in parasympathetic fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin injection in the bladder wall affects preganglionic parasympathetic nerve terminals. This could contribute to the strong effect of botulinum toxin on bladder smooth muscle activity.
authors.affiliation: University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Célia D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avelino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide