title: Reversine suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma via cell cycle arrest and concomitantly apoptosis and autophagy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effective therapies for oral cancer patients of stage III and IV are generally surgical excision and radiation combined with adjuvant chemotherapy using 5-Fu and Cisplatin. However, the five-year survival rate is still less than 30% in Taiwan. Therefore, evaluation of effective drugs for oral cancer treatment is an important issue. Many studies indicated that aurora kinases (A, B and C) were potential targets for cancer therapies. Reversine was proved to be a novel aurora kinases inhibitor with lower toxicity recently. In this study, the potentiality for reversine as an anticancer agent in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of reversine on cell growth, cell cycle progress, apoptosis, and autophagy were evaluated mainly by cell counting, flow cytometry, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that reversine significantly suppressed the proliferation of two OSCC cell lines (OC2 and OCSL) and markedly rendered cell cycle arrest at G2/M stage. Reversine also induced cell death via both caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis. In addition, reversine could inhibit Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway, accounting for its ability to induce autophagy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, reversine suppresses growth of OSCC via multiple mechanisms, which may be a unique advantage for developing novel therapeutic regimens for treatment of oral cancer in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-Ray
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wei-Ching
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wen-Tsai
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Jeff Yi-Fu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ming-Ko
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Hau-Ren
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009025:Morpholines; D011687:Purines; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C484369:2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine