title: Ethnopharmacological evaluation of some Scorzonera species: in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scorzonera species are mainly used against inflammation and to relieve pain in Turkish traditional medicine. Therefore, we aimed to assess in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the aerial part and root extracts of Scorzonera acuminata, Scorzonera cana var. alpina, Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cana var. radicosa, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa, Scorzonera laciniata ssp. laciniata, Scorzonera parviflora and Scorzonera sublanata.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the anti-inflammatory activity evaluation carrageenan, PGE(2) and serotonin-induced hind paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema models were used. p-Benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test was employed in mice for the assessment of antinociceptive activity. Furthermore chemical composition of the tested extracts was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by using RP-HPLC method. Some phenolic acids and flavonoids were used as standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa and Scorzonera parviflora showed significant inhibitory effect on carrageenan and PGE(2)-induced hind paw edema model as well as on p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test. The extracts did not show any remarkable activity on serotonin-induced hind paw edema and TPA-induced mouse ear edema models. Chlorogenic acid was detected as major compounds in all the species investigated. Additionally, among the tested flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperoside and rutin were found to be in different amounts in Scorzonera species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental data revealed that Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa and Scorzonera parviflora possess significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. It has been suggested that flavonoids and chlorogenic acid are partly responsible for mentioned activities of Scorzonera species.
authors.affiliation: Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Etiler 06330 Ankara, Turkey. esrak@gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Küpeli Akkol
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bahadır Acıkara
authors.forename: Ipek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Süntar
authors.forename: Burçin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ergene
authors.forename: Gülçin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saltan Çitoğlu
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016227:Benzoquinones; D002351:Carrageenan; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015232:Dinoprostone; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018517:Plant Roots; D031186:Scorzonera / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D012701:Serotonin; D013045:Species Specificity; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016227:Benzoquinones; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D012701:Serotonin; C004532:quinone; D002351:Carrageenan; D015232:Dinoprostone