title: Oslo government district bombing and Utøya island shooting July 22, 2011: the immediate prehospital emergency medical service response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On July 22, 2011, a single perpetrator killed 77 people in a car bomb attack and a shooting spree incident in Norway. This article describes the emergency medical service (EMS) response elicited by the two incidents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective and observational study was conducted based on data from the EMS systems involved and the public domain. The study was approved by the Data Protection Official and was defined as a quality improvement project.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe the timeline and logistics of the EMS response, focusing on alarm, dispatch, initial response, triage and evacuation. The scenes in the Oslo government district and at Utøya island are described separately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many EMS units were activated and effectively used despite the occurrence of two geographically separate incidents within a short time frame. Important lessons were learned regarding triage and evacuation, patient flow and communication, the use of and need for emergency equipment and the coordination of helicopter EMS.
authors.affiliation: Air Ambulance Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. stephen.sollid@norskluftambulanse.no
authors.forename: Stephen Jm
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sollid
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rimstad
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rehn
authors.forename: Anders R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Nakstad
authors.forename: Ann-Elin
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: Hans Julius
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heimdal
authors.forename: Jan Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: Mårten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandberg
mesh_terms: D054042:Bombs; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005389:Firearms; D005843:Geography; D006076:Government; D006801:Humans; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D009664:Norway; D014187:Transportation of Patients; D014218:Triage; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000628:therapy