title: Extravasation of radiographic contrast media: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
abstract: Contrast media extravasation represents a not unusual problem in radiological practice. Incidence, patient-, and procedure-related risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of extravasation injuries are discussed with a review of recent literature, and a practical preventive approach is proposed. A diagnostic and therapeutic protocol, to be applied whenever contrast extravasation is detected, includes radiographic assessment of compartmentalization, antidote application, local care, and clinical follow-up; indications for surgical consultation and adverse event reporting are provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy. mtonolini@sirm.org
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonolini
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campari
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianco
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004487:Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media