title: Diagnosis and management of cow's milk protein allergy in infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is frequently suspected in infants with a variety of symptoms. A thorough history and careful clinical examination are necessary to exclude other underlying diseases and to evaluate the severity of the suspected allergy. Care should be taken to diagnose CMPA adequately to avoid an unnecessary diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We make recommendations based on systematic literature searches using the best-available evidence from PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and bibliographies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin prick tests, patch tests and serum specific IgE are only indicative of CMPA. Breastfed infants have a decreased risk of developing CMPA; an elimination diet for the mother is indicated if CMPA is confirmed. If a food challenge is positive in formula fed infants, an extensively hydrolysed formula and cow's milk-free diet is recommended. If symptoms do not improve, an amino acid based formula should be considered. In severe CMPA with life-threatening symptoms, an amino-acid formula is recommended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elimination diet by a double-blind placebo controlled food challenge is the gold standard for diagnosis. Elimination of the offending allergen from the infants' diet is the main treatment principle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Greef
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Devreker
authors.forename: Gigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veereman-Wauters
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vandenplas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010328:Patch Tests; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012882:Skin Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007073:Immunoglobulin E