title: Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases.
abstract: Asthma is a common disorder that in 2009 afflicted 8.2% of adults and children, 24.6 million persons, in the United States. In patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma, there is significantly increased morbidity, use of health care support, and health care costs. Epidemiologic studies in the United States and Europe have associated mold sensitivity, particularly to Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum, with the development, persistence, and severity of asthma. In addition, sensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus has been associated with severe persistent asthma in adults. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is caused by A fumigatus and is characterized by exacerbations of asthma, recurrent transient chest radiographic infiltrates, coughing up thick mucus plugs, peripheral and pulmonary eosinophilia, and increased total serum IgE and fungus-specific IgE levels, especially during exacerbation. The airways appear to be chronically or intermittently colonized by A fumigatus in patients with ABPA. ABPA is the most common form of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM); other fungi, including Candida, Penicillium, and Curvularia species, are implicated. The characteristics of ABPM include severe asthma, eosinophilia, markedly increased total IgE and specific IgE levels, bronchiectasis, and mold colonization of the airways. The term severe asthma associated with fungal sensitization (SAFS) has been coined to illustrate the high rate of fungal sensitivity in patients with persistent severe asthma and improvement with antifungal treatment. The immunopathology of ABPA, ABPM, and SAFS is incompletely understood. Genetic risks identified in patients with ABPA include HLA association and certain T(H)2-prominent and cystic fibrosis variants, but these have not been studied in patients with ABPM and SAFS. Oral corticosteroid and antifungal therapies appear to be partially successful in patients with ABPA. However, the role of antifungal and immunomodulating therapies in patients with ABPA, ABPM, and SAFS requires additional larger studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104-1095, USA. knutsenm@slu.edu
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Demain
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Denning
authors.forename: Anupma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: Abbie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fairs
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Greenberger
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kariuki
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Viswanath P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Kurup
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Niven
authors.forename: Catherine H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Slavin
authors.forename: Hari M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Vijay
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wardlaw
mesh_terms: D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000276:immunology; D057231:Climate Change; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000946:Antigens, Fungal