title: The use of cone-beam computed tomography and virtual reality simulation for pre-surgical practice in endodontic microsurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design and evaluate the impact of virtual reality (VR) pre-surgical practice on the performance of actual endodontic microsurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The VR system operates on a laptop with a 1.6-GHz Intel processor and 2 GB of main memory. Volumetric cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data were acquired from a fresh cadaveric porcine mandible prior to endodontic microsurgery. Ten inexperienced endodontic trainees were randomized as to whether they performed endodontic microsurgery with or without virtual pre-surgical practice. The VR simulator has microinstruments to perform surgical procedures under magnification. After the initial endodontic microsurgery, all participants served as their own controls by performing another procedure with or without virtual pre-surgical practice. All procedures were videotaped and assessed by two independent observers using an endodontic competency rating scale (from 6 to 30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference was observed between the scores for endodontic microsurgery on molar teeth completed with virtual pre-surgical practice and those completed without virtual presurgical practice, median 24.5 (range = 17-28) versus median 18.75 (range = 14-26.5), P = 0.041. A significant difference was observed between the scores for osteotomy on a molar tooth completed with virtual pre-surgical practice and those completed without virtual pre-surgical practice, median 4.5 (range = 3.5-4.5) versus median 3 (range = 2-4), P = 0.042.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-surgical practice in a virtual environment using the 3D computerized model generated from the original CBCT image data improved endodontic microsurgery performance.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand. siriwan.suebnukarn@gmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suebnukarn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhienmora
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haddawy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004708:Endodontics / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000193:education*; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012184:Retrograde Obturation; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014584:User-Computer Interface