title: Successful detection of embologenic ulceration in a symptomatic non-hemodynamic intracranial stenosis using C-arm cone beam CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gold standard for the diagnosis of intracranial atherosclerosis remains catheter based digital subtraction angiography (DSA). A symptomatic hemodynamically non-significant intracranial atherosclerotic lesion is described, whose underlying embologenic characteristics were not detectable by either DSA or three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) but fully realized by C-arm cone beam CT (CBCT) angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 73-year-old man presented with crescendo transient ischemic attacks consisting of right arm tingling and hand weakness despite long term dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for coronary artery stent. DSA and 3DRA demonstrated a smooth benign appearing left cavernous internal carotid stenosis of <50%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Given the incongruence of the lesion with the patient's symptoms and lack of response to aggressive medical treatment, a decision was made to obtain higher resolution imaging. CBCT angiography was obtained with injection at two contrast dilutions, which uncovered an underlying ruptured ulcerated calcific plaque with a small dissective component and overlying thrombus. The lesion was treated with anticoagulation followed by balloon mounted stent angioplasty, with symptom resolution and maintained patency at the 1 year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The superior spatial resolution and dynamic range characteristics of CBCT angiography provide added clinical utility in disambiguation of questionable intracranial atherosclerotic lesions which may be missed by conventional planar and rotational angiography. The additional information provided by CBCT angiography could be useful in lesion risk stratification and help refine indications for intracranial stent angioplasty given its recent documented shortcomings vis a vis medical management.
authors.affiliation: Tufts Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Malek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome