title: Association of industry funding with the outcome and quality of randomized controlled trials of drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of industry funding with the characteristics, outcome, and reported quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched to identify original RA drug therapy RCTs published in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007. Two reviewers independently assessed each RCT for the funding source, characteristics, outcome (positive [statistically significant result favoring experimental drug for the primary outcome] or not positive), and reporting of methodologic measures whose inadequate performance may have biased the assessment of treatment effect. RCTs that were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and completed during the study years were assessed for publication bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 103 eligible RCTs identified, 58 (56.3%) were funded by industry, 19 (18.4%) were funded by nonprofit sources, 6 (5.8%) had mixed funding, and funding for 20 (19.4%) was not specified. Industry-funded RCTs had significantly more study centers and subjects, while nonprofit agency-funded RCTs had longer duration and were more likely to study different treatment strategies. Outcome could be assessed for 86 (83.5%) of the 103 RCTs studied. The funding source was not associated with a higher likelihood of positive outcomes favoring the sponsored experimental drug (75.5% of industry-funded RCTs had a positive outcome, compared with 68.8% of non-industry-funded RCTs, 40% of RCTs with mixed funding, and 81.2% of RCTs for which funding was not specified). Industry-funded RCTs showed a trend toward a higher likelihood of nonpublication (P=0.093). Industry-funded RCTs were more frequently associated with double-blinding, an adequate description of participant flow, and performance of an intent-to-treat analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Industry funding was not associated with a higher likelihood of positive outcomes of published RCTs of drug therapy for RA, and industry-funded RCTs performed significantly better than non-industry-funded RCTs in terms of reporting the use of some key methodologic quality measures.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. nakhan@uams.edu
authors.forename: Nasim A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Juan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lombeida
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Horace J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Karina D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Torralba
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D009939:Organizations, Nonprofit / Q000191:economics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents