title: Paracentral retinal holes occurring after macular surgery: incidence, clinical features, and evolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence, clinical features, and evolution of paracentral retinal holes occurring after macular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective non-randomized study of 909 patients operated on for either a macular hole (MH, n = 400 patients) or an epiretinal membrane (ERM, n = 509 patients) between 2004 and 2009. Six patients (0.6%) developed a paracentral macular hole after surgery. Their clinical, auto-fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics as well as their visual outcomes were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of patients was 70 years. Paracentral holes occurred approximately 5 weeks after surgery (with a range of 2-12 weeks). All patients were asymptomatic. Five patients underwent ILM peeling during initial surgery. Paracentral retinal holes were located superiorly to the fovea in three cases and temporally in the other three cases. Mean pre-operative BCVA was 20/200 and mean post-operative BCVA was 20/40. The eye where the eccentric MHs were closest to the fovea (inferior to 1 optic disc area) had the poorest final visual acuity. Autofluorescence imaging showed a bright fluorescence in paramacular holes. On OCT images, they were shown to be flat full-thickness holes. No treatment was attempted. No rhegmatogenous complications or choroidal neovascularization occurred in any of the patients. Mean follow-up was 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, paracentral MHs are uncommon complications which can occur at the site where ILM peeling has been initiated or completed. Except for the closest holes to fovea, they have good visual prognosis and do not require any treatment underlining the importance of initiating the ILM peeling as far as possible from the fovea.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, 28 rue de Charenton, 75571, Paris, France. sanotman1@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Otman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sandali
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Sanharawi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Basli
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lecuen
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonnel
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borderie
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laroche
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000601:surgery; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000601:surgery*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; C006796:brilliant blue; D007208:Indocyanine Green