title: The effects of fish oil supplementation on markers of inflammation in chronic kidney disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One prevalent characteristic of all stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. Fish oil (FO) supplementation has been reported to lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The benefits of FO for an extensive range of populations and a variety of health concerns are apparent, yet the anti-inflammatory benefits for nondialysis CKD patients are not as well documented. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the daily consumption of FO (1,400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid + 1,000 mg docosahexaenoic acid) on interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) for 8 weeks in nondialysis CKD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention, the effect of 8 weeks of FO administration on IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in nondialysis CKD patients were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one nondialysis CKD patients (17 = FO; 14 = placebo) randomly received either FO dietary supplementation 2.4 g/day (1,400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid + 1,000 mg docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo (safflower oil) for 8 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were all measured as markers of inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in IL-6 (P = .06), IL-1β (P = .18), and TNF-α (P = .20) between groups in pretest values. Additionally, no pretest differences existed between groups for age (P = .549), weight (P = .324), waist circumference (P = .086), gender (P = .591), and ethnicity (P = .875). Covariance was calculated using compliance, age, gender, ethnicity, body weight, and waist circumference as covariates. No significant differences were discovered between groups after FO supplementation for IL-6 (P = .453) and TNF-α (P = .242). A significant difference was discovered for IL-1β (P = .050) with lower levels in the FO group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study are in agreement with some previous studies that suggest that FO supplementation has no effect on plasma proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α or IL-6, but does have an effect on IL-1β in nondialysis CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Wayland Baptist University, Plainview, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deike
authors.forename: Rodney G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Jen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Moreillon
authors.forename: Jackson O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Griggs
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Shelmadine
authors.forename: A Alexander
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Beaujean
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005395:Fish Oils; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid