title: Nasal colonization by four potential respiratory bacteria in healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school in Seoul, Korea.
abstract: A longitudinal analysis was carried out of the colonization by four potential respiratory pathogens - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus - in 165 healthy children (aged 3-7 years) attending three kindergartens and 417 healthy children (aged 7-10 years) attending an elementary school in Seoul, Korea, by four consecutive examinations over 1 year. The prevalence of nasal carriers of one or more of four bacteria was found to be higher in younger children (≤7 years) (mean 68.6%) than that in older children (mean 46.8%). The mean rates of nasal carriage of Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and Staph. aureus were 16.8, 18.9, 20.2 and 18.2%, respectively. Colonization by Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis was higher in pre-school children (28.6, 32.4 and 35.0%, respectively) than in school children (12.2, 13.6 and 14.3%, respectively). Carriage trends differed with age, with Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis colonization decreasing with age but Staph. aureus colonization increasing. Positive associations of co-occurrence between Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were evident, with a significant negative association evident between Staph. aureus and the other three bacteria. A better understanding of the colonization and interaction of potential respiratory pathogens may be important for predicting changes in bacterial ecology and for designing control strategies that target bacterial colonization in upper respiratory tract infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Songmee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Yon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwangjun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Service Division Academic Team, NeoDin Medical Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sunhwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Service Division Academic Team, NeoDin Medical Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bohyun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeonho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012574:Schools