title: Detection of variants in SLC6A8 and functional analysis of unclassified missense variants.
abstract: Creatine transporter deficiency is an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the SLC6A8 gene. Currently, 38 pathogenic, including 15 missense variants, are reported. In this study, we report 33 novel, including 6 missense variants. To classify all known missense variants, we transfected creatine deficient fibroblasts with the SLC6A8 ORF containing one of the unique variants and tested their ability to restore creatine uptake. This resulted in the definitive classification of 2 non-disease associated and 19 pathogenic variants of which 3 have residual activity. Furthermore, we report the development and validation of a novel DHPLC method for the detection of heterozygous SLC6A8 variants. The method was validated by analysis of DNAs that in total contained 67 unique variants of which 66 could be detected. Therefore, this rapid screening method may prove valuable for the analysis of large cohorts of females with mild intellectual disability of unknown etiology, since in this group heterozygous SLC6A8 mutations may be detected. DHPLC proved also to be important for the detection of somatic mosaicism in mothers of patients who have a pathogenic mutation in SLC6A8. All variants reported in the present and previous studies are included in the Leiden Open Source Variant Database (LOVD) of SLC6A8 (www.LOVD.nl/SLC6A8).
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ofir T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Betsalel
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pop
authors.forename: Efraim H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Ojeda
authors.forename: Cornelis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jakobs
authors.forename: Gajja S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Salomons
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D038901:X-Linked Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050480:Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050480:Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins; C094770:SLC6A8 protein, human