title: Identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewater from central India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), related to commonly used β-lactams and quinolones, in Escherichia coli present in hospital wastewater in central India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cefotaxime- and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates from hospital-associated wastewater samples were collected from two tertiary care hospitals in the Ujjain district of India during 2008-09. The presence of bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM,) bla(SHV), qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA genes was detected by PCR and sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five E. coli isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive. bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(TEM-1) genes were identified in 21 and 16 ESBL-positive isolates by PCR, respectively. Amongst 30 fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates, aac(6')-Ib-cr was detected in 27 isolates, qnrA in 1 isolate, qnrB in 2 isolates and qepA in 3 isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  bla(CTX-M-15,) bla(TEM-1), aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrA, qnrB and qepA genes are present in E. coli occurring in hospital wastewater in central India.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Environment, R. D. Gardi Medical College, Agar Road, Ujjain, India. vishaldiwan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.forename: Salesh P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tamhankar
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stålsby Lundborg
authors.forename: Ragini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macaden
mesh_terms: D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006761:Hospitals; D007194:India; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015363:Quinolones; D012722:Sewage; D047090:beta-Lactams; D001618:beta-Lactamases