Changes in massive transfusion over time: an early shift in the right direction?
BACKGROUND
Increasing evidence suggests that high fresh frozen plasma:packed red blood cell (FFP:PRBC) and platelet:PRBC (PLT:PRBC) transfusion ratios may prevent or reduce the morbidity associated with early coagulopathy which complicates massive transfusion (MT). We sought to characterize changes in resuscitation which have occurred over time in a cohort severely injured patients requiring MT.


METHODS
Data were obtained from a multicenter prospective cohort study evaluating outcomes in blunt injured adults with hemorrhagic shock. MT was defined as requiring ≥10 units PRBCs within 24 hours postinjury. Mean PRBC, FFP, and PLT requirements (per unit; 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours) were determined over time (2004-2009). Sub-MT, those patients just below the threshold for MT, were defined as requiring ≥7 and <10 units PRBCs in the initial 24 hours. The percent of resuscitation given at 6 hours relative to 24 hours total (6 of 24%) was determined and compared across "early" (admission until December 2007) and "recent" (after December 2007) periods for each component.


RESULTS
Over the study time period (2004-2009) for the MT group (n = 526), initial base deficit and presenting international normalized ratio were unchanged, while Injury Severity Score was significantly higher. The percent of patients who required MT overall significantly decreased over time. No significant differences were found over time for six-hour, 12-hour, or 24-hour FFP:PRBC and PLT:PRBC transfusion ratios in MT patients. Sub-MT patients (n = 344) had significantly higher six-hour FFP:PRBC ratios and significantly higher six-hour,12-hour, and 24-hour PLT:PRBC ratios in the recent time period. The six h/24 h% total for FFP and PLT transfusion was significantly greater in the recent time period. (FFP: 54% vs.70%; p = 0.004 and PLT 46% vs. 61%; p = 0.048).


CONCLUSIONS
In a severely injured cohort requiring MT, FFP:PRBC and PLT:PRBC ratios have not changed over time, whereas the rate of MT overall has significantly decreased. During the recent time period (after December 2007), significantly higher transfusion ratios and a greater percent of 6-hour/24-hour FFP and PLT were found in the sub-MT group, those patients just below the PRBC transfusion threshold definition of MT. These data suggest early, more aggressive attainment of high transfusions ratios may reduce the requirement for MT and may shift overall blood requirements below those which currently define MT. Further prospective evidence is required to verify these findings.
Division of General Surgery and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Benjamin C
BC
Kautza
Mitchell J
MJ
Cohen
Joseph
J
Cuschieri
Joseph P
JP
Minei
Scott C
SC
Brackenridge
Ronald V
RV
Maier
Brian G
BG
Harbrecht
Ernest E
EE
Moore
Timothy R
TR
Billiar
Andrew B
AB
Peitzman
Jason L
JL
Sperry
D000328:Adult; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000628:therapy