The course of chronic pain with and without psychiatric disorders: a 6-year follow-up study from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood.
OBJECTIVE
Psychiatric disorders are common in children with chronic pain, but their course and impact when children grow up are unknown. This study examines the 6-year clinical outcome of children referred for chronic pain with and without comorbid psychiatric disorders.


METHODS
In 91 children and adolescents (aged 8 to 17 years) referred to a university outpatient clinic for chronic pain, child psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-parent version (DISC-P) between 2000 and 2002. Participants (aged 13 to 24 years) were reassessed on average 6-years later. Outcome measures were chronic pain and psychiatric disorders assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-children version (DISC-C) or the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule IV (DIS).


RESULTS
After 6 years, 75% of the participants still experienced chronic pain and 15% were in complete remission of both chronic pain and psychiatric disorder. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders (both persistent and new onset disorders) at follow-up was 32%. Baseline psychiatric disorder was a predictor of psychiatric disorder at follow-up (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.1-6.5, P = .04; adjusted OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1-7.1, P = .03) but did not predict persistence of chronic pain.


CONCLUSIONS
Children referred for chronic pain frequently continue to suffer from chronic pain and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and young adulthood. In this population, comorbid psychiatric disorder at study entry was a predictor of psychiatric disorder, but not of persistent chronic pain, in adolescence and young adulthood.
Dept Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands. L.M.E.Knook@umcutrecht.nl
Lidewij M E
LM
Knook
Jeroen G
JG
Lijmer
Antoinette Y
AY
Konijnenberg
Beatrijs
B
Taminiau
Herman
H
van Engeland
D000293:Adolescent; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult