In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of a veterinary dry heat fluid warmer.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of a veterinary dry heat fluid warmer on ambient and prewarmed crystalloid fluids and refrigerated packed red blood cells (pRBC).


METHODS
Prospective in vitro study.


METHODS
University teaching hospital.


METHODS
None.


METHODS
Ambient and prewarmed crystalloid fluids and refrigerated pRBC were delivered via a standard fluid administration set at various rates. A thermistor continuously monitored fluid outflow temperature with and without a dry heat veterinary fluid warmer (study device).


RESULTS
The outflow temperature was significantly higher with the study device as compared to control conditions for all fluids and rates tested. The maximum outflow temperature of approximately 35°C (95°F) occurred when the study device was applied to either ambient or prewarmed crystalloid fluids at 50 mL/h. In the study device trials, the outflow temperature of ambient crystalloid fluids ranged from 35.1° to 27.3°C (95.2° to 81.1°F) as the fluid rate increased from 50 to 999 mL/h. Control trials of prewarmed crystalloids produced outflow temperatures that rapidly approached ambient temperature. Addition of the study device to prewarmed crystalloids resulted in outflow temperatures that were similar to that of the corresponding ambient crystalloid trials. Control trials of refrigerated pRBC achieved ambient temperature at rates from 10 to 500 mL/h. With the study device, pRBC were maximally warmed to an outflow temperature of 35.8°C (96.4°F) at 100 mL/h.


CONCLUSIONS
Although the study device generated statistically significant increases in outflow temperature of crystalloid fluids and pRBC, the ability of the device to decrease the metabolic cost of fluid administration is limited to specific clinical scenarios. The use of prewarmed crystalloid fluids with or without the study device offers minimal benefit over ambient temperature crystalloids. Substantial warming of pRBC occurs during administration, even without use of the study device.
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Vivian
V
Chiang
Kate
K
Hopper
Matthew S
MS
Mellema
D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006361:Heating / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012582:Schools, Veterinary
D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions