Feed forward and feedback control for over-ground locomotion in anaesthetized cats.
The biological central pattern generator (CPG) integrates open and closed loop control to produce over-ground walking. The goal of this study was to develop a physiologically based algorithm capable of mimicking the biological system to control multiple joints in the lower extremities for producing over-ground walking. The algorithm used state-based models of the step cycle each of which produced different stimulation patterns. Two configurations were implemented to restore over-ground walking in five adult anaesthetized cats using intramuscular stimulation (IMS) of the main hip, knee and ankle flexor and extensor muscles in the hind limbs. An open loop controller relied only on intrinsic timing while a hybrid-CPG controller added sensory feedback from force plates (representing limb loading), and accelerometers and gyroscopes (representing limb position). Stimulation applied to hind limb muscles caused extension or flexion in the hips, knees and ankles. A total of 113 walking trials were obtained across all experiments. Of these, 74 were successful in which the cats traversed 75% of the 3.5 m over-ground walkway. In these trials, the average peak step length decreased from 24.9 ± 8.4 to 21.8 ± 7.5 (normalized units) and the median number of steps per trial increased from 7 (Q1 = 6, Q3 = 9) to 9 (8, 11) with the hybrid-CPG controller. Moreover, within these trials, the hybrid-CPG controller produced more successful steps (step length ≤ 20 cm; ground reaction force ≥ 12.5% body weight) than the open loop controller: 372 of 544 steps (68%) versus 65 of 134 steps (49%), respectively. This supports our previous preliminary findings, and affirms that physiologically based hybrid-CPG approaches produce more successful stepping than open loop controllers. The algorithm provides the foundation for a neural prosthetic controller and a framework to implement more detailed control of locomotion in the future.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
K A
KA
Mazurek
B J
BJ
Holinski
D G
DG
Everaert
R B
RB
Stein
R
R
Etienne-Cummings
V K
VK
Mushahwar
D000054:Acceleration; D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002415:Cats; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D007323:Instinct; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology