Uremic solutes from colon microbes.
There is renewed interest in identifying organic waste solutes that are normally excreted by the kidneys and must be removed by renal replacement therapy when the kidneys fail. A large number of these waste solutes are produced by colon microbes. Mass spectrometry is expanding our knowledge of their chemical identity, and DNA sequencing technologies are providing new knowledge of the microbes and metabolic pathways by which they are made. There is evidence that the most extensively studied of the colon-derived solutes, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, are toxic. Much more study is required to establish the toxicity of other solutes in this class. Because they are made in an isolated compartment by microbes, their production may prove simpler to suppress than the production of other waste solutes. To the extent that they are toxic, suppressing their production could improve the health of renal failure patients without the need for more intensive or prolonged dialysis.
Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto HCS and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. Electronic address: twmeyer@stanford.edu.
Timothy W
TW
Meyer
Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Thomas H
TH
Hostetter
D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology*; D003408:Cresols / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D007200:Indican / Q000378:metabolism; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D054892:Metagenome; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000378:metabolism; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000378:metabolism*; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*
D003408:Cresols; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; D014118:Toxins, Biological; C408690:4-cresol sulfate; D007200:Indican