Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activity of whole wheat flour.
Whole wheat flour from five wheat cultivars was evaluated for phenolic, carotenoid, and tocopherol compositions as well as anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities against HT-29 cells. The total ferulic acid content ranged from 452 to 731 μg/g among the five cultivars and was primarily present in the insoluble-bound form. Lutein was the only carotenoid detected and ranged from 1.5 to 4.0 μg/g, and α-tocopherol levels ranged from 12 to 61 μg/g. Extracts of four cultivars demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity, measured as inhibition of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression; however, none of the extracts inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression, a second indicator of anti-inflammatory activity. Proliferation of HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells was inhibited by extracts from all cultivars at the dose of 100 mg botanical equivalent/mL. The cultivar WestBred 936 had the greatest antiproliferative activity at lower concentrations (20 and 50 mg botanical equivalent/mL), had the greatest anti-inflammatory effect against IL-1β, and also had the highest levels of ferulic acid and α-tocopherol. This research shows that whole wheat flours of these five cultivars varied significantly in their contents of phenolics, carotenoids, and α-tocopherol as well as in their anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative potentials, suggesting the possibility that wheat varieties can be selected based on potential health benefits.
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
Monica
M
Whent
Haiqiu
H
Huang
Zhuohong
Z
Xie
Herman
H
Lutterodt
Lu
L
Yu
E Patrick
EP
Fuerst
Craig F
CF
Morris
Liangli Lucy
LL
Yu
Devanand
D
Luthria
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010636:Phenols; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002338:Carotenoids; C004999:ferulic acid; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D014975:Lutein