A case control study of gene environmental interaction in fetal growth restriction with special reference to organochlorine pesticides.
OBJECTIVE
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and oxidative stress are reported to be associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a polymorphic supergene family involved in the detoxification of numerous toxins including OCPs. OCPs are endocrine disrupter and prenatal exposure to them may be associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). The objectives of the present study were (i) to determine the frequencies of polymorphic alleles of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in women with idiopathic FGR, (ii) to analyze the maternal and cord blood levels of the OCPs, and (iii) to identify the gene environment interaction that increases the risk of FGR.


METHODS
Maternal and cord blood samples of 50 FGR cases (birth weight <10 percentile for gestational age as per Lubchenco's growth chart) and equal number of normal pregnancies who were occupationally non exposed to OCPs and excluding all the known high risk factors such as anemia, hypertension, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, medical disease, dietary habit, living style, parity, and BMI. The collected samples at the time of delivery/after delivery were analyzed for OCPs levels by gas chromatography and polymorphic analysis for GSTM1/GSTT1 gene using multiplex PCR.


RESULTS
Significantly higher levels of α,β,γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT were found in maternal blood and significantly higher levels of β and γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT were found in cord blood of FGR cases as compared to controls. The genotypic distribution of GSTM1/GSTT1 was almost similar in both the groups, but the frequency of GSTM1-/GSTT1- (null) genotype was significantly higher in FGR cases as compared to controls (p<0.05, OR=6.42). When interaction between GSTM1/GSTT1 genes polymorphism-OCPs levels and birth weight (gene-environment interaction) was ascertained, a significant association was seen between β-HCH and GSTM1- genotype with reduction in birth weight of 213g.


CONCLUSIONS
Higher levels of OCPs in pregnant women may be considered as an important aetiological factor in 'idiopathic' FGR. GST polymorphism can influence the relationship between prenatal exposure to pesticides and FGR. The present study provides evidence that polymorphism in xenobiotic metabolising genes may modify the effect of environmental health hazards and increase the risk of FGR.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India.
Esha
E
Sharma
Md
M
Mustafa
Rahul
R
Pathak
Kiran
K
Guleria
Rafat S
RS
Ahmed
N B
NB
Vaid
B D
BD
Banerjee
D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003634:DDT / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
D003634:DDT; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D004726:Endosulfan; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D007306:Insecticides; C040534:alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; C023888:beta-hexachlorocyclohexane