More than a meal… integrating non-feeding interactions into food webs.
Organisms eating each other are only one of many types of well documented and important interactions among species. Other such types include habitat modification, predator interference and facilitation. However, ecological network research has been typically limited to either pure food webs or to networks of only a few (<3) interaction types. The great diversity of non-trophic interactions observed in nature has been poorly addressed by ecologists and largely excluded from network theory. Herein, we propose a conceptual framework that organises this diversity into three main functional classes defined by how they modify specific parameters in a dynamic food web model. This approach provides a path forward for incorporating non-trophic interactions in traditional food web models and offers a new perspective on tackling ecological complexity that should stimulate both theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding the patterns and dynamics of diverse species interactions in nature.
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Sonia
S
Kéfi
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Eric L
EL
Berlow
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Evie A
EA
Wieters
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Sergio A
SA
Navarrete
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Owen L
OL
Petchey
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Spencer A
SA
Wood
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Alice
A
Boit
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Lucas N
LN
Joppa
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Kevin D
KD
Lafferty
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Richard J
RJ
Williams
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Neo D
ND
Martinez
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Bruce A
BA
Menge
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Carol A
CA
Blanchette
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Alison C
AC
Iles
J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Goettingen, GermanyInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceSierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station, Merced, CA 95389, USAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Laboratory, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USAWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Yosemite Field Station, 40298 Junction Dr, Suite A, Oakhurst, CA 93644, USAEstación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Depto. de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, ChileZoology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South AfricaDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UKInstitute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, SwitzerlandThe Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USAInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, GermanyMicrosoft Research, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UKWestern Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. c/o Marine Science Institute, UC, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USADepartment of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USAMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
Ulrich
U
Brose
D000818:Animals; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D004463:Ecology / Q000379:methods*; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D008954:Models, Biological; D010944:Plants; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013559:Symbiosis