Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: pathophysiology imaging.
BACKGROUND
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely abused for enhancing muscle mass, strength, growth and improving athletic performance.


METHODS
In recent years, many observational and interventional studies have shown important adverse cardiovascular effects of AAS abuse.


CONCLUSIONS
This review discusses established and future perspectives of novel molecular imaging techniques that may serve as potential tools for early detection of AAS-associated cardiovascular disorders.
Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Endocrinology, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands. r.golestani@umcg.nl
Reza
R
Golestani
Riemer H J A
RH
Slart
Robin P F
RP
Dullaart
Andor W J M
AW
Glaudemans
Clark J
CJ
Zeebregts
Hendrikus H
HH
Boersma
René A
RA
Tio
Rudi A J O
RA
Dierckx
D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D013256:Steroids / Q000009:adverse effects*
D045930:Anabolic Agents; D013256:Steroids