Epidemiology of cheerleading injuries presenting to NEISS hospitals from 2002 to 2007.
BACKGROUND
Cheerleading has developed into a complex sport utilizing aspects of dance, gymnastics/tumbling, single- and multiple-partner stunts, and tosses in complex displays. Stunting and tosses elevates one or multiple participants into the air supported by teammates putting all at significant injury risk.


METHODS
We reviewed all cheerleading injuries captured by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 2002 to 2007 that presented to US Emergency Departments and used the new narrative feature added in 2002 to better differentiate injury context and severity.


RESULTS
There were 4,245 cases of cheerleaders presenting to National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Emergency Departments from 2002 to 2007 with an average age of 14.6 years, and 96.3% were female. Most of these injuries could be treated as outpatients (97.9%). The extremities were most likely affected, 2,610 (61.5%), with further distribution breakdown as follows: upper extremity 1,339 (31.5%), lower extremity 1,271 (29.9%), head and neck 1,085 (25.6%), trunk 491 (11.6%), and other 48.0 (1.1%). The type of injury sustained in descending order is as follows: sprains/strains 1,871 (44.1%), fractures 709 (16.7%), and contusions 684 (16.1%). The most common mechanism of injury was a collision between two or more cheerleaders (1,242; 29.3% overall), followed by stunting (841; 19.8% overall), tumbling (478, 11.3% overall), and tossing (105, 2.5% overall). Subset analysis was performed on fracture, admit, and severe injury groups.


CONCLUSIONS
The upper extremity was the most commonly injured part of the body and sustained a significantly greater number of fractures. However, head injuries were more likely to be severe. The value of a more detailed database specific to cheerleading could be invaluable in identifying risk factors and activity-specific injury patterns and facilitate implementing safety measures.


METHODS
III.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wayne State University, 818 W. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
Nathan A
NA
Jacobson
Lawrence G
LG
Morawa
Cynthia A
CA
Bir
D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003615:Dancing / Q000293:injuries*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006173:Gymnastics / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology