Comparison of the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of fulminant and acute myocarditis in children.
BACKGROUND
Myocarditis (MC) is an important cause of cardiac dysfunction in children. Fulminant MC is sometimes fatal, and sequelae may develop during follow-up. We conducted a nationwide survey to determine the clinico-epidemiological features of MC in Japanese children and adolescents.


RESULTS
Survey questionnaires were mailed to 627 hospitals, which were asked if they had treated MC patients aged between 1 month and 17 years during the period from January 1997 through December 2002. Responses were collected until December 2005, and data were collected and analyzed until January 2008. A total of 169 patients were reported: 64 fulminant cases, 89 acute cases, and 8 chronic cases. Incidence was 43.5 cases/year and 0.26 cases/100,000. Pathogens were identified in 37 patients; coxsackie virus accounted for 60%. Major cardiovascular manifestations at onset were congestive heart failure, refractory arrhythmia, and syncope in 70, 37, and 17 patients, respectively. Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered to 73 patients. Mechanical support seemed to be effective and life-saving. Among the 169 patients, 123 survived. Cardiovascular sequelae were reported in 49 patients.


CONCLUSIONS
The survival rate for children with fulminant MC was disappointing. Overall, two-thirds of survivors had no sequelae. Mechanical support may reduce the mortality and the risk of clinical worsening.
Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Medical Center, Omori Hospital, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan. saji34ben@med.toho-u.ac.jp
Tsutomu
T
Saji
Hiroyuki
H
Matsuura
Kei
K
Hasegawa
Toshio
T
Nishikawa
Eiichi
E
Yamamoto
Hirotaka
H
Ohki
Satoshi
S
Yasukochi
Yoshio
Y
Arakaki
Kunio
K
Joo
Makoto
M
Nakazawa
D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate; D013575:Syncope / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology