Key signaling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer: Smad signal integration in epithelial cell plasticity.
Smad proteins are the key intermediates of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling during development and in tissue homeostasis. Pertubations in TGF-β/Smad signaling have been implicated in cancer and other diseases. In the cell nucleus, Smad complexes trigger cell type- and context-specific transcriptional programs, thereby transmitting and integrating signals from a variety of ligands of the TGF-β superfamily and other stimuli in the cell microenvironment. The actual transcriptional and biological outcome of Smad activation critically depends on the genomic integrity and the modification state of genome and chromatin of the cell. The cytoplasmic and nuclear Smads can also modulate the activity of other signal transducers and enzymes such as microRNA-processing factors. In the case of breast cancer, the role of Smads in epithelial plasticity, tumor-stroma interactions, invasion, and metastasis seems of particular importance.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Box 595, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
Anders
A
Sundqvist
Peter
P
Ten Dijke
Hans
H
van Dam
D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
D051785:Smad Proteins