Cost-effectiveness of triple drug administration (TDA) with praziquantel, ivermectin and albendazole for the prevention of neglected tropical diseases in Nigeria.
Onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF), schistosomiasis and soil transmitted, helminthiasis (STH) are all co-endemic in Nigeria. Annual mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin (for onchocerciasis), albendazole (for STH and with ivermectin for LF) and praziquantel (for schistosomiasis) is the WHO-recommended treatment strategy for preventive chemotherapy. Separate delivery rounds for distribution of these drugs have been the usual approach to MDA. All three drugs, however, have now been shown to be clinically and programmatically safe for co-administration with what has come to be known as triple drug administration (TDA). We examined the cost savings of converting from separate delivery rounds to TDA in two states in Nigeria. In 2008, eight local government areas received a single round of ivermectin with albendazole followed at least 1 week later by a single round of praziquantel to school-aged children. The following year, a single round was administered with TDA. The number of treated individuals was essentially unchanged during both years (1,301,864 in 2008 and 1,297,509 in 2009) and no change in adverse events was reported. The total programmatic costs for the MDA, not including drug and overhead costs, reduced by 41% from $123,624 to $72,870. Cost savings were limited in larger populations due to economies of scale. TDA is recommended for mature MDA.
The Carter Center, 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA. dsevans@emory.edu
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D
Evans
D
D
McFarland
W
W
Adamani
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Eigege
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Miri
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J
Schulz
E
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Pede
C
C
Umbugadu
P
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Ogbu-Pearse
F O
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Richards
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015766:Albendazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009549:Nigeria; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D011223:Praziquantel; D007559:Ivermectin; D015766:Albendazole