Pain at age eight as a predictor of antidepressant medication use by age 24: findings from the Finnish nationwide 1981 birth cohort study.
BACKGROUND
The existing knowledge about long-term psychosocial consequences of childhood pain is scarce. The current study investigated childhood pain symptoms as potential risk factors for antidepressant use in adolescence and early adulthood.


METHODS
A representative sample of eight-year-old children (n=6017) and their parents were asked about the prevalence of the child's headache, abdominal pain, and unspecified pain symptoms. The associations with antidepressant purchases by age 24, based on the nationwide prescription register, were analyzed separately for each symptom and each reporter. Sex, parental educational level, and child-, parent- and teacher-reported child's psychiatric symptoms at baseline were included as confounding variables.


RESULTS
In the sex-adjusted model, the child's own report of headache and other pains, and the parents' report of their child's abdominal pain, predicted antidepressant purchases. When confounding variables were included in the final model, only the child's own report of headache predicted antidepressant use with a dose-response relationship. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for frequent and for almost daily headache were 1.6 (1.3-2.0) and 2.1 (1.5-2.9), respectively, in the sex-adjusted model, and 1.5 (1.2-1.8) and 1.7 (1.2-2.5) in the final model.


CONCLUSIONS
The assessment of each pain symptom was based on one question for each reporter. The specific indications for the described medication could not be defined.


CONCLUSIONS
Health care professionals should also ask children themselves about the pain symptoms. They should be aware that children with pain are at increased risk of suffering later from conditions that require antidepressant treatment.
Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland. tetulu@utu.fi
Terhi
T
Luntamo
Andre
A
Sourander
Lauri
L
Sillanmäki
David
D
Gyllenberg
Minna
M
Aromaa
Kirsti
K
Kumpulainen
Irma
I
Moilanen
Fredrik
F
Almqvist
Tuula
T
Tamminen
Jorma
J
Piha
D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
D000928:Antidepressive Agents