Helical EndoStaples enhance endograft fixation in an experimental model using human cadaveric aortas.
OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the contribution of Aptus EndoStaples (Aptus Endosystems, Sunnyvale, Calif) in the proximal fixation of eight endografts used in the endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR).


METHODS
Nine human cadaveric aortas were exposed, left in situ, and transected to serve as fixation zones. The Zenith (Cook, Bloomington, Ind), Anaconda (Vascutek, Inchinnan, Scotland, UK), Endurant (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn), Excluder (W. L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz), Aptus (Aptus Endosystems), Aorfix (Lombard Medical, Didcot, UK), Talent (Medtronic), and AneuRx (Medtronic) stent grafts were proximally deployed and caudal displacement force (DF) was applied via a force gauge, recording the DF required to dislocate each device ≥20 mm from the infrarenal neck. Measurements were repeated after four and six EndoStaples were applied at the proximal fixation zone, as well as after a Dacron graft was sutured at the proximal neck in standard fashion. Finally, a silicone tube was used as a control fixation zone to test the DF of grafts with EndoStaples in a material that exceeded the integrity of a typical human cadaveric aorta and provided a consistent substrate to examine the differential effect of variable degrees of EndoStaple implantation using zero, two, four, and six EndoStaples.


RESULTS
In the cadaveric model, the mean DF required to dislocate the endografts without the application of EndoStaples was 19.73 ± 12.52 N; this increased to 49.72 ± 12.53 N (P < .0001) when four EndoStaples where applied and to 79.77 ± 28.04 N when six EndoStaples were applied (P = .003). The DF necessary to separate the conventionally hand-sutured Dacron graft from the aorta was 56 N. In the silicone tube model, the Aptus endograft without EndoStaples withstood 3.2 N of DF. The DF increased to 39 ± 3 N when two EndoStaples were added, to 71 ± 6 N when four were added, and to 98 ± 5 N when six were added. In eight of the 13 cadaver experiments conducted with four and six EndoStaples, the displacement occurred as a result of complete aortic transection proximal to the fixation site, indicating that aortic tissue integrity was the limiting factor in these experiments.


CONCLUSIONS
The fixation of eight different endografts was increased by a mean of 30 N with four Aptus EndoStaples and by a mean of 57 N with six EndoStaples in this model. Endostaples can increase endograft fixation to levels equivalent or superior to that of a hand-sewn anastomosis. The application of six EndoStaples results in aortic tissue failure above the fixation zone, demonstrating fixation strength that exceeds inherent aortic integrity in these cadavers.
Department of Vascular Surgery, Hellenic Air Force Hospital, Athens, Greece. melasnikos2000@yahoo.gr
Nikolaos
N
Melas
Theodosios
T
Perdikides
Athanasios
A
Saratzis
Nikolaos
N
Saratzis
Dimitrios
D
Kiskinis
David H
DH
Deaton
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D015607:Stents; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013537:Sutures