Longitudinal links between spanking and children's externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families.
This study examined whether the longitudinal links between mothers' use of spanking and children's externalizing behaviors are moderated by family race/ethnicity, as would be predicted by cultural normativeness theory, once mean differences in frequency of use are controlled. A nationally representative sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families (n = 11,044) was used to test a cross-lagged path model from 5 to 8 years old. While race/ethnic differences were observed in the frequency of spanking, no differences were found in the associations of spanking and externalizing over time: Early spanking predicted increases in children's externalizing while early child externalizing elicited more spanking over time across all race/ethnic groups.
Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. liz.gershoff@austin.utexas.edu
Elizabeth T
ET
Gershoff
Jennifer E
JE
Lansford
Holly R
HR
Sexton
Pamela
P
Davis-Kean
Arnold J
AJ
Sameroff
D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D010290:Parents; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D044469:Racial Groups; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology