Role of histone deacetylases in transcription factor regulation and cell cycle modulation in endothelial cells in response to disturbed flow.
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to different flow patterns (i.e., disturbed vs. laminar), and the associated oscillatory shear stress (OSS) or pulsatile shear stress (PSS) lead to differential responses. We investigated the roles of class I and II histone deacetylases (HDAC-1/2/3 and HDAC-5/7, respectively) in regulating NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and Krüppel-like factor-2 (KLF2), two transcription factors governing many shear-responsive genes, and the cell cycle in ECs in response to OSS. Application of OSS (0.5 ± 4 dynes/cm(2)) to cultured ECs sustainably up-regulated class I and II HDACs and their nuclear accumulation, whereas PSS (12 ± 4 dynes/cm(2)) induced phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export of class II HDACs. En face immunohistochemical examination of rat aortic arch and experimentally stenosed abdominal aorta revealed high HDAC-2/3/5 levels in ECs in areas exposed to disturbed flow. OSS induced the association of HDAC-1/2/3 with Nrf2 and HDAC-3/5/7 with myocyte enhancer factor-2; deacetylation of these factors led to down-regulation of antioxidant gene NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and KLF2. HDAC-1/2/3- and HDAC-3/5/7-specific small interfering RNAs eliminated the OSS-induced down-regulation of NQO1 and KLF2, respectively. OSS up-regulated cyclin A and down-regulated p21(CIP1) in ECs and induced their proliferation; these effects were mediated by HDAC-1/2/3. Intraperitoneal administration of the class I-specific HDAC inhibitor valproic acid into bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-infused rats inhibited the increased EC uptake of BrdU at poststenotic sites. The OSS-induced HDAC signaling and EC responses are mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. Our findings demonstrate the important roles of different groups of HDACs in regulating the oxidative, inflammatory, and proliferative responses of ECs to disturbed flow with OSS.
Division of Medical Engineering Research,  National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350,  Taiwan.
Ding-Yu
DY
Lee
Chih-I
CI
Lee
Ting-Er
TE
Lin
Seh Hong
SH
Lim
Jing
J
Zhou
Ying-Chih
YC
Tseng
Shu
S
Chien
Jeng-Jiann
JJ
Chiu
D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); C507703:NQO1 protein, rat; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D006655:Histone Deacetylases