Effect modification by sex and baseline CD4+ cell count among adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in Botswana: results from a clinical trial.
The Tshepo study was the first clinical trial to evaluate outcomes of adults receiving nevirapine (NVP)-based versus efavirenz (EFV)-based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Botswana. This was a 3 year study (n=650) comparing the efficacy and tolerability of various first-line cART regimens, stratified by baseline CD4(+): <200 (low) vs. 201-350 (high). Using targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE), we retrospectively evaluated the causal effect of assigned NNRTI on time to virologic failure or death [intent-to-treat (ITT)] and time to minimum of virologic failure, death, or treatment modifying toxicity [time to loss of virological response (TLOVR)] by sex and baseline CD4(+). Sex did significantly modify the effect of EFV versus NVP for both the ITT and TLOVR outcomes with risk differences in the probability of survival of males versus the females of approximately 6% (p=0.015) and 12% (p=0.001), respectively. Baseline CD4(+) also modified the effect of EFV versus NVP for the TLOVR outcome, with a mean difference in survival probability of approximately 12% (p=0.023) in the high versus low CD4(+) cell count group. TMLE appears to be an efficient technique that allows for the clinically meaningful delineation and interpretation of the causal effect of NNRTI treatment and effect modification by sex and baseline CD4(+) cell count strata in this study. EFV-treated women and NVP-treated men had more favorable cART outcomes. In addition, adults initiating EFV-based cART at higher baseline CD4(+) cell count values had more favorable outcomes compared to those initiating NVP-based cART.
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. william.wester@vanderbilt.edu
C William
CW
Wester
Ori M
OM
Stitelman
Victor
V
deGruttola
Hermann
H
Bussmann
Richard G
RG
Marlink
Mark J
MJ
van der Laan
D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001902:Botswana / Q000453:epidemiology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D019829:Nevirapine; C098320:efavirenz