Holmes heart--a simple antenatal diagnosis of a complex cardiac anomaly? Fetal echocardiographic findings and review.
Double inlet left ventricle as a rare cardiac malformation comprises a broad spectrum of anatomic variants making its correct antenatal diagnosis challenging. We report on echocardiographic findings of three fetuses found to have a less frequent morphologic subgroup of double inlet left ventricle, namely Holmes heart, characterized by a single (left) ventricle connected to both atrioventricular orifices and normally related arteries. We addressed the pre- and perinatal management as well as additional abnormalities and discussed our experiences together with what is known from current literature.
Division of Prenatal Medicine, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany Division of Prenatal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Jan
J
Weichert
Roland
R
Axt-Fliedner
Ulrich
U
Gembruch
David R
DR
Hartge
D000032:Abortion, Therapeutic; D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D050497:Stillbirth; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal