A review of verbal order policies in acute care hospitals.
BACKGROUND
Although verbal and telephone orders (VOs) are commonly used in the patient care process, there has been little examination of the strategies and tactics used to ensure their appropriate use or how to ensure that they are accurately communicated, correctly understood, initially documented, and subsequently transcribed into the medical record and ultimately carried out as intended. A systematic review was conducted of hospital verbal and telephone order policies in acute care settings.


METHODS
A stratified random sample of hospital verbal and telephone order policy documents were abstracted from critical access, rural, rural referral, and urban hospitals located in Iowa and Missouri and from academic medical centers from across the United States.


RESULTS
Substantial differences were found across 40 acute care settings in terms of who is authorized to give (including nonlicensed personnel) and take VOs and in terms of time allowed for the prescriber to cosign the VO. When a nonphysician or other licensed prescriber was allowed to communicate VOs, there was no discussion of the process to review the VO before it was communicated in turn to the hospital personnel receiving the order. Policies within several of the same hospitals were inconsistent in terms of the periods specified for prescriber cosignature. Few hospitals required authentication of the identity of the person making telephone VOs, nor the use of practices to improve communication reliability.


CONCLUSIONS
Careful review and updating of hospital VO policies is necessary to ensure that they are internally consistent and optimize patient safety. The implementation of computerized medical records and ordering systems can reduce but not eliminate the need for VOs.
Center for Health Care Quality, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. wakefieldds@health.missouri.edu
Douglas S
DS
Wakefield
Bonnie J
BJ
Wakefield
Laurel
L
Despins
Julie
J
Brandt
Wade
W
Davis
Koby
K
Clements
William
W
Steinmann
D003142:Communication; D006282:Health Personnel; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems; D016134:Organizational Policy; D061214:Patient Safety; D013689:Telephone