Distinguishing spirituality from other constructs: not a matter of well-being but of belief in supernatural spirits.
We developed a new Spirituality Scale and tested the argument that the defining attribute of spirituality is belief in supernatural spirits. Study 1 (N = 1931) showed that religiosity and beliefs pertinent to supernatural spirits predicted most of the variation in spirituality. Study 2 (N = 848) showed that the stronger belief in supernatural spirits, the more the person experienced subjective spirituality; that belief in supernatural spirits had higher predictive value of spirituality than religiosity, paranormal beliefs, or values; and that most of the relationship between religiosity and spirituality could be explained through belief in supernatural spirits. Study 3 (N = 972) showed that mental or physical health, social relationships, or satisfaction in marriage or work were not associated with spirituality. In turn, finding life purposeful and inner peace in dealing with spiritual experiences correlated with spirituality. The results highlight the importance of differentiating spirituality from other psychological constructs.
Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Marjaana.Lindema@helsinki.fi
Marjaana
M
Lindeman
Sandra
S
Blomqvist
Mikito
M
Takada
D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012067:Religion; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D029181:Spirituality; D055815:Young Adult