Scientific rigour in psycho-oncology trials: why and how to avoid common statistical errors.
OBJECTIVE
It is well documented that statistical and methodological flaws are common in much of the health research literature, including psycho-oncology. These can have far-reaching effects, including the publishing of misleading results; the wasting of time, effort, and financial resources; exposure of patients to the potential harms of research and decreased confidence in science and researchers by the public.


METHODS
Several of the most common statistical errors and methodological pitfalls that occur in the field of psycho-oncology are discussed, including those that occur at the design, analysis, reporting and conclusion stages.


RESULTS
Fourteen topics are briefly discussed, explaining why there is a problem and how to avoid it. These include proper approaches to power, clustering, missing data, categorization of continuous variables, subgroup analyses, multiple comparisons, statistical interactions, confidence intervals and correct interpretation of p-values. Extensive referencing points the reader to more in-depth explanations.


CONCLUSIONS
To increase the scientific rigour in psycho-oncology, researchers should involve a biostatistician from the beginning of the study and should commit to continuing education on best practices in the fields of statistics and reporting.
Psycho-Oncology Cooperative Research Group, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. melanie.bell@sydney.edu.au
Melanie L
ML
Bell
Jake
J
Olivier
Madeleine T
MT
King
D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods*