Epidemiologic risk factors for esophageal cancer development.
In retrospective studies of esophageal cancer (EC), cigarettes and hookah smoking, nass use (a chewing tobacco product), opium consumption, hot tea drinking, poor oral health, low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables, and low socioeconomic status have been associated with a higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Barrett's esophagus is clearly recognized as a risk factor for EC, and dysplasia remains the only factor useful for identifying patients at increased risk, for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in clinical practice. Here, we review the epidemiologic studies that have investigated the epidemiologic patterns and causes of EC.
Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China.
Wei-Min
WM
Mao
Wei-Hui
WH
Zheng
Zhi-Qiang
ZQ
Ling
D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000150:complications; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D009748:Nutrition Disorders; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder
D009602:Nitrosamines