High bone density and bone health.
The aim of this paper is to review the main aspects related to high bone density (HBD) as well as to discuss the physiologic mechanisms involved in bone health. There are still no well-defined criteria for identification of individuals with HBD and there are few studies on the topic. Most studies demonstrate that overweight, male gender, black ethnic background, physical activity, calcium and fluoride intake and use of medications such as statins and thiazide diuretics play a relevant and positive role on bone mineral density. Moreover, it is known that individuals with certain diseases such as obesity, diabetes, estrogen receptor-positive breast or endometrial cancer have greater bone density than healthy individuals, as well as athletes having higher bone density than non-athletes does not necessarily mean that they have healthy bones. A better understanding of risk and protective factors may help in the management of patients with bone frailty and have applicability in the treatment and in the prevention of osteoporosis, especially intervening on non-modifiable risk factors.
Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, Sao Paulo University, Brazil.
Karin Sedó
KS
Sarkis
Marcelo de Medeiros
Mde M
Pinheiro
Vera Lúcia
VL
Szejnfeld
Lígia Araújo
LA
Martini
D000818:Animals; D056352:Athletes; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015576:Hyperostosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000502:physiology
D004164:Diphosphonates; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; C555482:LRP5 protein, human; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium