Dysmorphometrics: the modelling of morphological abnormalities.
BACKGROUND
The study of typical morphological variations using quantitative, morphometric descriptors has always interested biologists in general. However, unusual examples of form, such as abnormalities are often encountered in biomedical sciences. Despite the long history of morphometrics, the means to identify and quantify such unusual form differences remains limited.


METHODS
A theoretical concept, called dysmorphometrics, is introduced augmenting current geometric morphometrics with a focus on identifying and modelling form abnormalities. Dysmorphometrics applies the paradigm of detecting form differences as outliers compared to an appropriate norm. To achieve this, the likelihood formulation of landmark superimpositions is extended with outlier processes explicitly introducing a latent variable coding for abnormalities. A tractable solution to this augmented superimposition problem is obtained using Expectation-Maximization. The topography of detected abnormalities is encoded in a dysmorphogram.


RESULTS
We demonstrate the use of dysmorphometrics to measure abrupt changes in time, asymmetry and discordancy in a set of human faces presenting with facial abnormalities.


CONCLUSIONS
The results clearly illustrate the unique power to reveal unusual form differences given only normative data with clear applications in both biomedical practice & research.
Department of Electrical Engineering - processing of speech and images - medical image computing, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Bus 7003, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Peter.Claes@esat.kuleuven.be
Peter
P
Claes
Katleen
K
Daniels
Mark
M
Walters
John
J
Clement
Dirk
D
Vandermeulen
Paul
P
Suetens
D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009024:Morphogenesis