Influence of food intake and eating habits on hypertension control among outpatients at a government health clinic in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.
BACKGROUND
In Malaysia, hypertension prevalence has increased from 13% in 1996 to 43% in 2006 based on the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey.


METHODS
Recognising the importance of hypertension control to prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, a cross-sectional study was carried out to assess factors influencing blood pressure among 74 hypertensive adults (22 men, 52 women, mean age 61.1 +/- 8.8 years old) attending an outpatient clinic of a government health clinic in Klang Valley. Subjects were interviewed to obtain information on social and health, physical activity level and food intake using Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, waist circumference and percentage of body fat were also conducted.


RESULTS
The majority of the subjects (71.6%) had poor hypertension control as determined using blood pressure. Women aged 30-59 years old had a higher mean diastolic blood pressure (87.3 +/- 11.6 mmHg) than women aged 60 years old (78.5 +/- 9.5 mmHg) (p < 0.05). Most of the men (36.4%) achieved three out of six Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) for Hypertension Recommendations as outlined by the Malaysian Dietitians' Association. About one-third (30.8%) of the women achieved two out of six of the guidelines. High sodium intake (adjusted OR 3.501, 95% CI 1.116-10.985, p < 0.05), daily consumption of coffee (adjusted OR 0.302, 95% CI 0.093-0.983, p < 0.05) and less intake of milk (adjusted OR 3.328, 95% CI 1.055-10.493, p < 0.05) were associated with uncontrolled hypertension.


CONCLUSIONS
Three quarters of the subjects had unsatisfactory hypertensive control and was related to food intake and eating habits including high salt diet, coffee consumption and inadequate milk intake were unsatisfactory. There is a need to implement a nutrition intervention programme based on MNT to achieve good hypertensive control among subjects.
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. suzanas@medic.ukm.my
S
S
Suzana
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A
Azlinda
S L
SL
Hin
W H
WH
Khor
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Zahara
Munira J
MJ
Sa'ida
M
M
Norliza
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires