title: [Measurement of carbon dioxide in emergency medicine].
abstract: Expiratory carbon dioxide (CO(2)) monitoring is a valuable tool in the prehospital setting. Recent reports of misplaced endotracheal tubes in the prehospital setting make it important to ensure that tube placement is verified by CO(2) monitoring. The Euronorm 2007:1789 made provision of capnometry mandatory for all medical vehicles. However, the frequency of utilization of CO(2) monitoring after securing the airway and in patients with respiratory insufficiency is low. This article covers the terminology, physiology, technology and clinical applications of CO(2) monitoring. Monitoring of cardiac output and the efficiency of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are described and the article also highlights the importance of CO(2) monitoring in patients with severe head trauma as well as restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disorders.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Anästhesiologie und Schmerztherapie, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Deutschland. atimmer@web.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timmermann
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brokmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fitzka
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nickel
mesh_terms: D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide