title: Descriptive attributes used in the characterization of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) in rural populations of the Atlantic forest (Misiones-Argentina).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human beings employ a combination of morphological, sensorial, utilitarian, cultural and ecological characters when they identify and classify organisms. Ethnotaxonomy has provided a store of information about the characters cultures employ when they identify and classify a vast diversity of taxonomic groups. Nevertheless, some more research is needed to provide a comparison of the characters employed in the description of taxons, and an analysis of the extent to which those descriptors are represented. Stingless bees constitute a diverse group of social insects that have been widely studied from an ethnobiological perspective due to their utilitarian and cultural importance. The objective of this study is to identify the elements local people consider when characterizing stingless bees, and how important these elements are in the study of local classifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methodology used involves semi-structured interviews and trips with the informants to rural areas. Locally known ethnospecies are characterized, descriptive traits and salient criteria used in those characterizations are identified, and the frequency of reference of descriptive traits and salient criteria are estimated. Besides, the descriptive traits used for each ethnospecies are compared, and the contribution of the characterizations as a heuristic strategy in the study of folk classification systems is analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of 19 biological descriptors (grouped according to 4 salient criteria) and of comparisons among ethnospecies was found. Results suggest the existence of group and specific descriptors. Researchers identified which ethnospecies are considered similar, how less important traits contribute to descriptions, the relation between specific descriptors and ethnospecies, the presence of cognitive prototypes, and the most relevant salient properties from the emic perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimated importance of attributes descriptors allowed us to identify the spectrum of salient properties relevant from the emic perspective to characterize the stingless bees. In this sense, the analysis proposed here is useful to study folk taxonomy in culturally heterogeneous groups or multicultural regions, where the linguistic elements usually employed cannot be applied.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, CONICET, Andresito 21, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zamudio
authors.forename: Norma I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Hilgert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D001516:Bees / Q000145:classification*; D002965:Classification; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D055815:Young Adult