title: Phylogeny of the tribe Fumarieae (Papaveraceae s.l.) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences: evolutionary and biogeographic implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little research has been done at the molecular level on the tribe Fumarieae (Papaveraceae). Papaveraceae is a model plant group for studying evolutionary patterns despite the lack of a reference phylogeny for this tribe. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe to complete the molecular data for this family in order to help understand its character evolution and biogeographic pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used maximum-parsimony and Bayesian approaches to analyze five DNA regions for 25 species representing 10 of the 11 Fumarieae genera and five outgroups. Evolutionary pathways of four characters (habit, life span, type of fruit, and number of seeds per fruit) were inferred on the phylogeny using parsimony. The ancestral distribution areas were reconstructed using dispersal-vicariance analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fumarieae is monophyletic and includes three groups that agree with the morphology-based subtribes: Discocapninae, Fumariinae, and Sarcocapninae. Within subtribes, the relationships among genera were different from those obtained with morphological data. Annual life span, nonchasmophytic habit, and a several-seeded capsule were the basal character states for the tribe. The ancestor occupied a continuous area between West Eurasia and Africa. Vicariances explain the divergence between lineages Discocapninae (South Africa) and Fumariinae-Sarcocapninae (Mediterranean), and the disjunction of Fumariinae (Mediterranean-Central Asia).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular phylogeny confirms the subtribal classification of Fumarieae based on morphology. However it provides different results regarding the relationships among genera within each subtribe, which affects the inference of the evolutionary pathway followed by the four selected characters. The disjunct distribution of the tribe is explained by different vicariance scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa, s/n 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pérez-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Ana T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Romero-García
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blanca
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Víctor N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Suárez-Santiago
mesh_terms: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics*; D003710:Demography; D028101:Papaveraceae / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast