title: In vivo optical tissue differentiation by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: preliminary results for tissue-specific laser surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser surgery requires feedback to avoid the accidental destruction of critically important tissues. It was the aim of the authors to identify different tissue types in vivo by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to set the basis for tissue-specific control of laser surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue differentiation was performed on in vivo tissue of rats (skin, fat, muscle, and nerve) by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy between 350 and 650 nm. Data analysis was done using principal components analysis, followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The differentiation performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROC analysis showed a tissue differentiation of 100%, with a high sensitivity of more than 99%. Only the tissue pair skin/fat showed a reduced differentiation performance and specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show the general viability of in vivo optical tissue differentiation and create a basis for the further development of a control system for tissue-specific laser surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. Florian.Stelzle@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stelzle
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Azhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zam
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tangermann-Gerk
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knipfer
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Douplik
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Emeka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nkenke
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*