title: Contrast ratio and masking ability of three ceramic veneering materials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Porcelain veneer materials are translucent and are therefore affected by their thickness as well as the color of the underlying substructure, which limits their masking ability and compromises the esthetic result in heavily stained teeth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the contrast ratio (CR) and masking ability of three different veneering ceramics with two thicknesses by measuring the color differences over white and black backgrounds. Correlations between CR and masking ability of these veneering ceramics were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 disc-shaped specimens (12 mm diameter × 1.0 mm or 1.5 mm) were fabricated in shade A2 from three types of all-ceramic systems: IPS e.max Press (IPSe; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtensein), Vita VM7 (VM7; VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany), and Nobel Rondo Press Alumina: Solo (NRPA; Nobel Biocare, Zürich-Flughafen, Switzerland). The CR, defined as the ratio of illuminance (Y) of the test material when placed on the black background (Yb) to the illuminance of the same material when placed over a white background (Yw), was determined (CR=Yb/Yw). The color (CIE L*a*b*) and Y of each specimen were measured over standard white and black tiles using a spectrophotometer (ColorEye 7000 A, Model C6, GretagMacbeth, New Windsor, NY, USA). Masking abilities of the specimens were determined by measuring the color difference (ΔE) over white and black backgrounds. Both CR and ΔE data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean values of CR across the three materials followed by the Duncan multiple comparison test. The correlations between CR and ΔE were determined by comparing R(2) values obtained from a linear regression analysis. A Student t-test for independent samples was used to compare the mean contrast ratio and ΔE values for the two thicknesses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CR values of NRPA were significantly less than those of IPSe and VM7, and the CR of IPSe was higher than that of VM7. Furthermore, CR increased as the thickness of the discs increased to 1.5 mm for all three materials. Mean ΔE values were significantly higher with 1.0-mm-thick discs than with 1.5-mm discs. Among the three materials it was observed that NRPA had the highest ΔE when compared with IPSe or VM7, whereas the ΔE of the latter two were not significantly different from one another. There was a strong linear correlation between CR and masking ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CR and masking ability are affected by the type as well as the thickness of the ceramic used. IPSe and VM7 are similar in their masking abilities, whereas NRPA had the lowest masking ability. NRPA was the most translucent, followed by VM7; IPSe was the most opaque. None of the materials tested was able to completely mask the black background. It is therefore recommended that the type of ceramic should be chosen according to each clinical situation.
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Shono
authors.forename: H N A
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Al Nahedh
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003116:Color; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000295:instrumentation; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003801:Dental Veneers; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008027:Light; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; C508050:IPS e.max Press; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D017655:Silicon Compounds; C556625:VITA VM7; C493120:lithia disilicate; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C016447:feldspar; C023506:Glass ceramics; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; C022088:silicon carbide