title: A radiometry protocol for UVGI fixtures using a moving-mirror type gonioradiometer.
abstract: Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), 254 nm UV-C, is increasingly used as an infection control strategy to reduce the spread of airborne pathogens such as tuberculosis (TB), influenza viruses, and measles. With the appearance of multidrug-resistant TB and emerging infectious disease such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and H1N1 influenza viruses, engineering controls using 254 nm UV-C lamps within specialized luminaires, herein designated UVGI fixtures, are being installed in high-risk settings such as homeless shelters, hospitals, jails and prisons, and schools. Studies have established that a relatively uniform spatial distribution of UV-C in the upper room can effectively cleanse the air of aerosolized pathogens. However, for planning purposes, the placement of multiple UVGI fixtures in a space, to achieve uniformity of UV-C energy distribution using currently available lighting software, is not yet practical because no industry-wide standard method exists for radiometric measurement of commercial UVGI fixtures. In this article, standard methods for photometry and reporting of general fluorescent lighting luminaire photometric data are adopted to provide UVGI fixture spatial emission distribution data in an electronic file format. The ultimate expectation of the authors is that the results will lead to a software program for fixture placement, comparable to and as easy to use as the corresponding software used for general interior lighting applications. To accomplish this goal, a radiometry measurement system is developed to obtain the radiant intensity distributions of UVGI fixtures in a three-dimensional space. This system includes a moving-mirror Type C goniometer, a mirror, a radiometer, a desktop computer, the mechanical control hardware, and the data acquisition/presentation software. Repeated measurements were made on each of three exemplary UVGI fixtures, and measurement variation did not exceed ± 2.0%.
authors.affiliation: Lunera Lighting, Redwood City, California, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Angelo
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brickner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngai
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nardell
mesh_terms: D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays