title: Altered arm posture in children with cerebral palsy is related to instability during walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toddlers learning to walk adopt specific 'guard' arm postures to maintain their balance during forward progression. In Cerebral Palsy (CP), the cause of the altered arm postures during walking has not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the altered arm posture in children with CP is a compensation for instability during walking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vertical and horizontal hand position, and upper arm elevation angle in the sagittal plane were determined in eleven children with unilateral CP, fifteen children with bilateral CP using 3D gait analysis and compared to twenty-four TD children. A correlation analysis of these measures of arm posture to step width was made to examine the relationship between arm posture and instability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hand position of children with CP was more elevated and anterior, and their upper arm was rotated more posterior than TD children. Children with unilateral CP held their most affected hand higher than their least affected. Increasing the speed accentuated the differences between groups for hand elevation. Step width correlated positively with horizontal hand position of the least affected arm in children with CP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with CP appear to rely on 'guard' arm postures as a compensation strategy to maintain balance while walking comparable to newly walking toddlers. Importantly, this pattern is seen on the least affected side. The substantially altered arm posture on the most affected side in children with unilateral CP, however, suggests that spasticity and associated movements are also important contributing factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium. pieter.meyns@faber.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyns
authors.forename: Kaat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Desloovere
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Gestel
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massaad
authors.forename: Bouwien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smits-Engelsman
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duysens
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*