title: Cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) blockers as medicines: beyond obesity and cardiometabolic disorders to substance abuse/drug addiction with CB1R neutral antagonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addiction to chemical substances with abuse potential presents medical needs largely unsolved by extant therapeutic strategies. Signal transmission through the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) in the central nervous system (CNS) modulates neurotransmitters/neuronal pathways contributing to the rewarding properties and hedonic effects of certain nondrug stimuli (e.g., food) and many prototypical addictive drugs, promoting excessive intake and its pathological consequences. Typical CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists reduce the rewarding effects and normalize behavioral phenotypes associated with food and abused drugs, but carry an unacceptable adverse-event profile that may reflect, at least partly, their intrinsic ability to alter basal homeostatic CB1R signaling in the CNS and elicit a negative efficacy response. Alternatively, peripherally biased CB1R inverse agonists with limited CNS permeability and putative CB1R neutral antagonists expressing modest (if any) inverse-agonist efficacy are garnering attention for treating obesity and related cardiometabolic complications with a potentially enhanced benefit-to-risk profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  This mini-review calls attention to the proposition that CB1R neutral antagonists offer attractive opportunities for pharmacotherapeutic exploitation in the substance abuse/drug addiction space, whereas the restricted CNS accessibility of peripherally biased CB1R inverse agonists circumscribes their therapeutic utility for this indication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unique preclinical pharmacology, efficacy profiles, and reduced adverse-event risk of CB1R neutral antagonists make them worthy of translational study for their potential therapeutic application beyond obesity/cardiometabolic disease to include substance-abuse/drug-addiction disorders.
authors.affiliation: Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Discovery, 360 Huntington Avenue, 116 Mugar Life Sciences Hall, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA. d.janero@neu.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Janero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1