title: Younger gestational age is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes after cardiac surgery in infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the impact of near-term delivery on neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes in children with congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from a study of genetic polymorphisms and ND outcomes after cardiac surgery in infants. The effect of gestational age (GA) as a continuous variable on ND outcomes was evaluated using general linear regression models. GA was also evaluated as a categorical variable to seek a threshold for better outcomes. ND domains tested at 4 years of age included cognition, language skills, attention, impulsivity, memory, executive function, social competence, visual-motor, and fine-motor skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ND outcomes and GA were available for 378 infants. Median GA was 39 weeks (range, 28-42 weeks) with 351 born at 36 weeks or more (near-term/term). In univariate analysis of the near-term/term subgroup, older GA predicted better performance for cognition, visual-motor, and fine-motor skills. After covariate adjustment, older GA predicted better performance for fine-motor skills (P = .018). Performance for cognition, language, executive function, social skills, visual-motor, and fine-motor skills was better for those born at 39 to 40 weeks of GA or more versus those born at less than 39 weeks (all P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that delivery before 39 to 40 weeks of GA is associated with worse outcomes in patients with CHD. Early delivery of a child with CHD is often indicated because of maternal or fetal health issues. In the absence of these concerns, these data suggest that elective (or spontaneous) delivery at 39 to 40 weeks of GA is associated with better ND outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Donna A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Xianqun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernbaum
authors.forename: Jo Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rychik
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wernovsky
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009048:Motor Skills; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015143:Philadelphia; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome