title: Designer repellents: combining olfactory, visual or taste cues with a secondary repellent to deter free-ranging house sparrows from feeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Repellents may prevent bird pests from eating crops or protect non-target birds from eating harmful substances. The feeding behaviour of free-ranging house sparrows (Passer domesticus) presented with wheat treated with the secondary repellent anthraquinone (AQ), paired with visual and/or olfactory and taste cues, was recorded in a series of trials. The aim was to determine the suitability of repellent combinations for preventing birds from consuming pest baits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anthraquinone significantly reduced wheat consumption. The addition of cinnamon oil did not reduce consumption further, but the addition of either a blue colour or d-pulegone enhanced repellency. Green wheat was consumed more than blue wheat. In a multichoice test, the sparrows did not differentiate between low and high concentrations of AQ on blue-dyed wheat. With treatments on separate tables, the higher concentration was more repellent. Additional olfactory/gustatory cues palatable to pest mammals did not make the AQ-treated wheat more or less acceptable to sparrows. AQ-treated blue wheat with/without cinnamon oil was more repellent than green wheat with cinnamon oil, a colour/odour combination typically used for pest baits in New Zealand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate the potential of combining the secondary repellent AQ with additional salient cues for modifying the feeding behaviour of sparrows.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour, AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand. clapperton.lo@xtra.co.nz
authors.forename: Barbara Kay
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Clapperton
authors.forename: Richard E R
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Waas
authors.forename: Lindsay R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D002935:Cinnamomum zeylanicum; D003116:Color; D003463:Cues; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D006798:Housing; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D012903:Smell; D046370:Sparrows; D013649:Taste; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; C039648:pulegone