title: Six-month low level chlorine dioxide gas inhalation toxicity study with two-week recovery period in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chlorine dioxide (CD) gas has a potent antimicrobial activity at extremely low concentration and may serve as a new tool for infection control occupationally as well as publicly. However, it remains unknown whether the chronic exposure of CD gas concentration effective against microbes is safe. Therefore, long-term, low concentration CD gas inhalation toxicity was studied in rats as a six-month continuous whole-body exposure followed by a two-week recovery period, so as to prove that the CD gas exposed up to 0.1 ppm (volume ratio) is judged as safe on the basis of a battery of toxicological examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD gas at 0.05 ppm or 0.1 ppm for 24 hours/day and 7 days/week was exposed to rats for 6 months under an unrestrained condition with free access to chow and water in a chamber so as to simulate the ordinary lifestyle in human. The control animals were exposed to air only. During the study period, the body weight as well as the food and water consumptions were recorded. After the 6-month exposure and the 2-week recovery period, animals were sacrificed and a battery of toxicological examinations, including biochemistry, hematology, necropsy, organ weights and histopathology, were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Well regulated levels of CD gas were exposed throughout the chamber over the entire study period. No CD gas-related toxicity sign was observed during the whole study period. No significant difference was observed in body weight gain, food and water consumptions, and relative organ weight. In biochemistry and hematology examinations, changes did not appear to be related to CD gas toxicity. In necropsy and histopathology, no CD gas-related toxicity was observed even in expected target respiratory organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD gas up to 0.1 ppm, exceeding the level effective against microbes, exposed to whole body in rats continuously for six months was not toxic, under a condition simulating the conventional lifestyle in human.
authors.affiliation: Taiko Pharmaceutical Co,, Ltd, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan. akinori.akamatsu@seirogan.co.jp.
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.forename: Cheolsung
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morino
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata