title: Pazopanib for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common cancer in the kidneys. Until 2005, treatment options were limited to immunotherapy. Since that time, there have been numerous targeted therapy agents approved with improved efficacy toward RCC. Pazopanib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in October 2009 and by the European Medicines Agency in June 2010 for the treatment of metastatic RCC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this report was to review pazopanib's mechanism of action; pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and dynamic properties; potential drug interactions; and the results of clinical trials evaluating efficacy and tolerability associated with pazopanib for the treatment of RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Web of Science were searched for English-only clinical trials and therapeutic reviews (publication dates: 2000-January 1, 2012). Abstracts from the 2000 to 2011 meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology were searched for an updated safety profile and tolerability data of pazopanib in RCC. References from relevant articles were reviewed. Key search terms included pazopanib, Votrient, GW786034, renal cell carcinoma, adverse events, pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and clinical trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two clinical trials met the inclusion criteria for the use of pazopanib in RCC (a Phase II and a Phase III trial). Pazopanib is an inhibitor of numerous tyrosine kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. It is involved in inhibiting signaling pathways, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Pazopanib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency at the dose of 800 mg daily. Peak concentrations are achieved within 2 to 4 hours of this dose with a mean t(½) of 35 hours. The pharmacokinetic properties of pazopanib are affected by food as well as by crushing the tablet. A 2-fold increase in AUC was seen when pazopanib was administered with a high-fat meal as well as when crushing the tablet. Thus, pazopanib should be administered on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Pazopanib is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P-450 3A4, and caution should be used with concomitant administration of cytochrome P-450 inducers and/or inhibitors. In a Phase III trial of pazopanib in metastatic RCC, pazopanib reportedly improved progression-free survival from a median of 4.2 to 9.2 months compared with placebo (P < 0.0001). The most common adverse effects of pazopanib were hypertension, hair depigmentation, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting. Many of the grade 3/4 toxicities were hepatic in nature, with elevations occurring in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and bilirubin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pazopanib is reportedly effective in the treatment of metastatic RCC. Although there are currently no direct comparisons between pazopanib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the data suggest that pazopanib may be a first-line option in the treatment of RCC. The only Phase III trial of pazopanib suggests improvement of progression-free survival in RCC as well as tolerability in the selected population.
authors.affiliation: Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska 68132, USA. apick@creighton.edu
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pick
authors.forename: Kelly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Nystrom
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007191:Indazoles; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007191:Indazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013449:Sulfonamides; C516667:pazopanib; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases