title: Susceptibility to antifungal agents and genotypes of Brazilian clinical and environmental Cryptococcus gattii strains.
abstract: There are few reports concerning the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus gattii isolates. In this study, we performed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism to investigate the molecular subtypes of 50 clinical and 4 environmental Brazilian isolates of C. gattii and assessed their antifungal susceptibility for fluconazole (FLU) and amphotericin B (Amb) according to recent recommendations proposed for antifungal susceptibility testing of nonfermentative yeasts. Time-kill curve studies were performed using RPMI 1640 medium to analyze the fungicidal effect of AmB. We found 47 VGII (94%) molecular types and 3 VGI (6%) types among the clinical isolates. The environmental isolates were VGII (75%) subtype and VGI (25%) subtype. The FLU-MIC ranged from 1 to 64 mg L(-1), and MIC(50)/MIC(90) values were, respectively, 8/16 mg L(-1). For AmB, the MICs were low and homogeneous, ranging from 0.12 to 0.5 mg L(-1), for VGI or VGII. The time required to reach the fungicidal end point (99.9% killing) was 6 h for the majority of strains (64%), but viable cells of VGII were still present after 48 h of exposition. We pointed out the occurrence of high FLU-MICs for C. gattii isolates with highest values for VGII. Our data also suggest that the rate of killing of C. gattii by AmB is strain dependent, and viable cells of VGII genotype strains were still observed after an extended incubation time, addressing future studies to determine whether the in vitro fungicidal activity could be clinically relevant.
authors.affiliation: Mycology Unit of Adolfo Lutz Institute, Public Health Reference Laboratory, Secretary of Health, São Paulo-SP, 01246-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Marilena A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Maria Walderez
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Szeszs
authors.forename: Lucas X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Bonfietti
authors.forename: Dulcilena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: Marcia S C
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Melhem
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001938:Brazil; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D056285:Cryptococcus gattii / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole