title: Patients enrolled in randomized controlled trials do not represent the inflammatory bowel disease patient population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted to determine therapeutic efficacy of the biological agents for the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the external validity of findings from RCTs might be compromised by their stringent selection criteria. We investigated the proportion of patients encountered during routine clinical practice who would qualify for enrollment into a pivotal RCT of biological agents for IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with moderate-severe IBD who presented to a tertiary referral center. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were extracted from published RCTs of biologics approved by the Food and Drug Administration and applied to the study population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 31.1% of 206 patients with IBD (34% with Crohn's disease [CD], 26% with ulcerative colitis) would have been eligible to participate in any of the selected RCTs. Patients would have been excluded because they had stricturing or penetrating CD, took high doses of steroids, had comorbidities or prior exposure to biologics, or received topical therapies. Of the trial-ineligible patients with ulcerative colitis, 23.3% had colectomies, and 31.7% received infliximab, with a 63.2% response rate. Approximately half (49.4%) of the 82 trial-ineligible patients with CD received biological therapies, with lower response rates (60%) than trial-eligible patients (89%; P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with moderate-severe IBD evaluated in an outpatient practice would not qualify for enrollment in a pivotal RCT of biological reagents; this finding raises important questions about their therapeutic efficacy beyond the clinical trial populations. Additional evaluation of the transparency of RCT design and selection criteria is needed to determine whether trial results can be generalized to the population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. christina.ha@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ullman
authors.forename: Corey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Asher
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kornbluth
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents