title: The severity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in the United States, April - July 2009.
abstract: BackgroundAccurate measures of the severity of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) are needed to assess the likely impact of an anticipated resurgence in the autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Severity has been difficult to measure because jurisdictions with large numbers of deaths and other severe outcomes have had too many cases to assess the total number with confidence. Also, detection of severe cases may be more likely. Methods and FindingsWe used complementary data from two US cities: Milwaukee attempted to identify cases of medically attended infection whether or not they required hospitalization, while New York City focused on the identification of hospitalizations, intensive care admission or mechanical ventilation (hereafter, ICU), and deaths. New York data were used to estimate numerators for ICU and death, and two sources of data: medically attended cases in Milwaukee or self-reported influenza-like illness in New York, were used to estimate ratios of symptomatic cases:hospitalizations. Combining these data with estimates of the fraction detected for each level of severity, we estimated the proportion of symptomatic cases that died (symptomatic case-fatality ratio, sCFR), required ICU (sCIR), and required hospitalization (sCHR), overall and by age category. Evidence, prior information and associated uncertainty were analyzed in a Bayesian evidence synthesis framework. Using medically attended cases and estimates of the proportion of symptomatic cases medically attended, we estimated sCFR of 0.048% (95% credible interval, CI 0.026%-0.096%), sCIR of 0.239% (0.134%-0.458%), and sCHR of 1.44% (0.83%-2.64%). Using self-reported ILI, we obtained estimates approximately 7-9x lower. sCFR and sCIR appear to be highest in persons 18 and older, and lowest in children 5-17. sCHR appears to be lowest in persons 5-17; our data were too sparse to allow us to determine the group in which it was the highest. ConclusionsThese estimates suggest that an autumn-winter pandemic wave of pH1N1 with comparable severity per case could lead to a number of deaths in the range from considerably below that associated with seasonal influenza to slightly higher, but with greatest impact in young children and non-elderly adults. These estimates of impact depend on assumptions about total incidence of infection and would be larger if incidence of symptomatic infection were higher or shifted toward adults, if viral virulence increased, or if suboptimal treatment resulted from stress on the health care system; numbers would decrease if the proportion infected or symptomatic were lower.
authors.affiliation: MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge;  Dept of Epidemiology and Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health;  Health Protection Agency, London and MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge;  City of Milwaukee Health Department;  Epidemiologist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;  The University of Hong Kong;  Health Protection Agency and  CDC.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Presanis
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipsitch
authors.lastname: Daniela De Angelis
authors.forename: Angie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagy
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biedrzycki
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.forename: Jade
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: B