title: The incidence and effect of bacteriospermia and elevated seminal leukocytes on semen parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of bacteriospermia and elevated seminal leukocytes (ESL) in a subfertile male population and correlate these results with semen parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian tertiary-level male infertility clinic and university-affiliated andrology and microbiology laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand nine hundred thirty-five nonazoospermic subfertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis and concurrent culture of 7,852 semen samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of bacteriospermia and ESL and comparison of semen parameters between these groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of bacteriospermia was 15% (22 species), and the rate of ESL was 19%, with no statistical correlation between these groups. Bacteriospermic patients (without ESL) had a statistically significant deterioration in DNA fragmentation index (DFI) only, compared with patients without bacteriospermia and ESL (24.1 vs. 21.8%). ESL alone was associated with a statistically significant deterioration in sperm concentration (20.6 vs. 55.3 × 10(6)/mL), motility (21.8 vs. 26.9%), normal morphology (12.3 vs. 17.4%), and DFI (26.5 vs. 21.8%), with no additional deterioration identified with bacteriospermia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacteriospermia and ESL were prevalent, but not statistically associated, in subfertile men. Bacteriospermia alone was associated with an increase in DFI only, but the presence of ESL was the dominant factor associated with deterioration in semen parameters.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Trustin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Domes
authors.forename: Kirk C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Ethan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Grober
authors.forename: John Brendan M
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazzulli
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jarvi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D048430:Cell Shape; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012661:Semen / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology