title: Spatial modelling of healthcare utilisation for treatment of fever in Namibia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care utilization is affected by several factors including geographic accessibility. Empirical data on utilization of health facilities is important to understanding geographic accessibility and defining health facility catchments at a national level. Accurately defining catchment population improves the analysis of gaps in access, commodity needs and interpretation of disease incidence. Here, empirical household survey data on treatment seeking for fever were used to model the utilisation of public health facilities and define their catchment areas and populations in northern Namibia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study uses data from the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) of 2009 on treatment seeking for fever among children under the age of five years to characterize facility utilisation. Probability of attendance of public health facilities for fever treatment was modelled against a theoretical surface of travel times using a three parameter logistic model. The fitted model was then applied to a population surface to predict the number of children likely to use a public health facility during an episode of fever in northern Namibia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, from the MIS survey, the prevalence of fever among children was 17.6% CI [16.0-19.1] (401 of 2,283 children) while public health facility attendance for fever was 51.1%, [95%CI: 46.2-56.0]. The coefficients of the logistic model of travel time against fever treatment at public health facilities were all significant (p < 0.001). From this model, probability of facility attendance remained relatively high up to 180 minutes (3 hours) and thereafter decreased steadily. Total public health facility catchment population of children under the age five was estimated to be 162,286 in northern Namibia with an estimated fever burden of 24,830 children. Of the estimated fevers, 8,021 (32.3%) were within 30 minutes of travel time to the nearest health facility while 14,902 (60.0%) were within 1 hour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the potential of routine household surveys to empirically model health care utilisation for the treatment of childhood fever and define catchment populations enhancing the possibilities of accurate commodity needs assessment and calculation of disease incidence. These methods could be extended to other African countries where detailed mapping of health facilities exists.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Public Health & Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya. valegana@nairobi.kemri-wellcome.org
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Alegana
authors.forename: Jim A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Uusiku
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pentrina
authors.forename: Abdisalan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003710:Demography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D005843:Geography; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009276:Namibia / Q000453:epidemiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011634:Public Health