title: A detailed semiologic analysis of childhood psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure (PNES) is an important differential diagnostic problem in patients with or without epilepsy. There are many studies that have analyzed PNES in adults; currently, however, there is no systematic assessment of purely childhood PNES semiology. Our study based on a large pediatric video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring (VEM) cohort, provides a detailed analysis of childhood PNES and assesses the usability of the current classification system described in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical and video-EEG records of 568 consecutive children (younger than 18 years) who underwent video-EEG monitoring (VEM) at our hospital were reviewed. Aura, type of movement, anatomic distribution, synchrony, symmetry, eye movement, responsiveness, vocalization, hyperventilation, vegetative and emotional signs, presence of eyewitness, and duration of the event were recorded among children with the diagnosis of PNES. We also compared our data with those of earlier adult studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five archived PNES of 27 children (21 girls; age 8-18 years) were reanalyzed. Nine children (33%) had the diagnosis of epilepsy currently or in the past. Mean age at the time of PNES onset was 11.6 (standard deviation 3.2) years. Mean duration of PNES was longer (269 s) compared to seizures of the epileptic group (83 s; p = 0.002). Eyewitnesses (mostly parents) were present in 89% of cases. Eighty percent of PNES had an abrupt start, with 68% also ending abruptly. In only 15% of events were the patients eyes closed at the beginning of the attack. Patients were unresponsive in 34%. The most frequent motor sign was tremor (25%) with the upper, rather than lower limbs more frequently involved. Pelvic thrusting was seen in only two attacks. Emotional-mostly negative-signs were observed during 32 PNES (43%). Based on Seneviratne et al.'s classification, 18 events (24%) were classified as rhythmic motor PNES, only half the frequency of that previously described in adults. No hypermotor PNES was found. The frequency of complex motor PNES (13%) and mixed PNES (4%) showed similar frequency in children as in adults. Dialeptic PNES was found more frequently among younger children. All PNES belonged to the same semiologic type in 23 patients (85%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because homogeneity of PNES within a patient was high in the pediatric population, we found it useful to classify PNES into different semiologic categories. Dialeptic PNES seems to be more frequent among younger children. Tremor is the most frequent motor sign and usually accompanied by preserved responsiveness in childhood. Negative emotion is commonly seen in pediatric PNES, but pelvic thrusting is a rare phenomenon. We, therefore, suggest a modification of the present classification system in which PNES with motor activity is divided into minor and major motor PNES, and the latter group is subdivided into synchron rhythmic motor and asynchron motor PNES. We believe that our study, a detailed analysis on the semiology and classification of purely childhood PNES might assist the early and precise diagnosis of nonepileptic paroxysmal events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Bethesda Children's Hospital, Budapest, Hungary. szabo.lena@gmail.com
authors.forename: Léna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.forename: Zsuzsanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zubek
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liptai
authors.forename: Ivett
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Körhegyi
authors.forename: Boglárka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bánsági
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fogarasi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*