title: Analgesic use in a national community sample of German children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that pain management by analgesic medications may be low among children. This study aims to investigate analgesic use and its correlates among children in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analgesic use during a 1-week period was investigated in a community sample of 14,836 children and adolescents aged between 3 and 17 years in Germany. SPSS complex sample method was used to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of analgesic use among the general child population and among those children with pain in the same child population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of analgesic use was 8.9% among the general child population and 17.5% among children with pain that occurred at least once a week. Paracetamol (acetaminophen), aspirin and ibuprofen were the most frequently used paediatric analgesics, accounting for two-thirds of all analgesics. The vast majority of painkillers were self-medicated (67%, bought over the counter or obtained from other sources), used for a short term within 1 week (92%) and taken for the treatment of pain (85%). Use of analgesics was closely associated with girls, older age groups, children with a poor overall health status and children with recurrent pain, irrespective of family immigrant background and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analgesic use appears to be low among children in Germany, reflecting largely the fact that pain perceived among children under ambulant care may be mild to moderate and does not need analgesic medications. As the majority of paediatric analgesics were self-medicated, use of analgesics still should be closely monitored particularly among specific subpopulations such as adolescents to avoid potential abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Reporting, Division of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. DuY@rki.de
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ellert
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knopf
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059787:Acute Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D000082:Acetaminophen; D001241:Aspirin; D007052:Ibuprofen