title: In vivo comparison of simultaneous versus sequential injection technique for thermochemical ablation in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate simultaneous and sequential injection thermochemical ablation in a porcine model, and compare them to sham and acid-only ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This IACUC-approved study involved 11 pigs in an acute setting. Ultrasound was used to guide placement of a thermocouple probe and coaxial device designed for thermochemical ablation. Solutions of 10 M acetic acid and NaOH were used in the study. Four injections per pig were performed in identical order at a total rate of 4 mL/min: saline sham, simultaneous, sequential, and acid only. Volume and sphericity of zones of coagulation were measured. Fixed specimens were examined by H&E stain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average coagulation volumes were 11.2 mL (simultaneous), 19.0 mL (sequential) and 4.4 mL (acid). The highest temperature, 81.3°C, was obtained with simultaneous injection. Average temperatures were 61.1°C (simultaneous), 47.7°C (sequential) and 39.5°C (acid only). Sphericity coefficients (0.83-0.89) had no statistically significant difference among conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermochemical ablation produced substantial volumes of coagulated tissues relative to the amounts of reagents injected, considerably greater than acid alone in either technique employed. The largest volumes were obtained with sequential injection, yet this came at a price in one case of cardiac arrest. Simultaneous injection yielded the highest recorded temperatures and may be tolerated as well as or better than acid injection alone. Although this pilot study did not show a clear advantage for either sequential or simultaneous methods, the results indicate that thermochemical ablation is attractive for further investigation with regard to both safety and efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. cress013@umn.edu
authors.forename: Erik N K
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Cressman
authors.forename: Mithun M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shenoi
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Geeslin
authors.forename: Leah J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hennings
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Iaizzo
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bischof
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D019342:Acetic Acid