title: Psychological therapies for sickle cell disease and pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic blood disorders. It occurs when the sickle haemoglobin gene is inherited from both parents. The effects of the condition are: varying degrees of anaemia which, if severe, can reduce mobility; a tendency for small blood capillaries to become blocked causing pain in muscle and bone commonly known as 'crises'; damage to major organs such as the spleen, liver, kidneys, and lungs; and increased vulnerability to severe infections. There are both medical and non-medical complications, and treatment is usually symptomatic and palliative in nature. Psychological interventions for individuals with sickle cell disease might complement current medical treatment, and studies of their efficacy have yielded encouraging results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the evidence that psychological interventions improve the ability of people with sickle cell disease to cope with their condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and the Internet, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings.Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 28 July 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing psychological interventions with no (psychological) intervention in people with sickle cell disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies were identified in the searches and six of these were eligible for inclusion in the review. Four studies, involving 223 participants, provided data for analysis. One study showed that cognitive behaviour therapy significantly reduced the affective component of pain, mean difference -3.00 (95% confidence interval -4.63 to -1.37), but not the sensory component, mean difference 0.00 (95% confidence interval -9.39 to 9.39). One study of family psycho-education was not associated with a reduction in depression. Another study evaluating cognitive behavioural therapy had inconclusive results for the assessment of coping strategies, and showed no difference between groups assessed on health service utilisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence for the efficacy of psychological therapies in sickle cell disease is currently limited. This systematic review has clearly identified the need for well-designed, adequately-powered, multicentre randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of specific interventions in sickle cell disease.
authors.affiliation: Brent Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Centre, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, UK. kofi.anie@nhs.net
authors.forename: Kofi A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Anie
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006450:Hemoglobin SC Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic