title: Application of a time-resolved optical brain imager for monitoring cerebral oxygenation during carotid surgery.
abstract: Recent studies have shown that time-resolved optical measurements of the head can estimate changes in the absorption coefficient with depth discrimination. Thus, changes in tissue oxygenation, which are specific to intracranial tissues, can be assessed using this advanced technique, and this method allows us to avoid the influence of changes to extracerebral tissue oxygenation on the measured signals. We report the results of time-resolved optical imaging that was carried out during carotid endarterectomy. This surgery remains the "gold standard" treatment for carotid stenosis, and intraoperative brain oxygenation monitoring may improve the safety of this procedure. A time-resolved optical imager was utilized within the operating theater. This instrument allows for the simultaneous acquisition of 32 distributions of the time-of-flight of photons at two wavelengths on both hemispheres. Analysis of the statistical moments of the measured distributions of the time-of-flight of photons was applied for estimating changes in the absorption coefficient as a function of depth. Time courses of changes in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin of the extra- and intracerebral compartments during cross-clamping of the carotid arteries were obtained. A decrease in the oxyhemoglobin concentration and an increase in the deoxyhemoglobin concentrations were observed in a large area of the head. Large changes were observed in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the site of clamped carotid arteries. Smaller amplitude changes were noted at the contralateral site. We also found that changes in the hemoglobin signals, as estimated from intracerebral tissue, are very sensitive to clamping of the internal carotid artery, whereas its sensitivity to clamping of the external carotid artery is limited. We concluded that intraoperative multichannel measurements allow for imaging of brain tissue hemodynamics. However, when monitoring the brain during carotid surgery, a single-channel measurement may be sufficient.
authors.affiliation: Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAS, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland. mkacprzak@ibib.waw.pl
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacprzak
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liebert
authors.forename: Walerian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Staszkiewicz
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabrusiewicz
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sawosz
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Madycki
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maniewski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen