title: Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Elephantopus mollis Kunth. in Human Liver Carcinoma HepG2 Cells Through Caspase-3 Activation.
abstract: Previous cytotoxic (anticancer) evaluations ofElephantopus molliswere mainly focused on its elephantopin derivatives neglecting the combined effect of the phytochemicals in its traditionally used extracts. In this study, the cytotoxic mechanism of its extracts was investigated using methylene blue assay. The cytotoxic screening results revealed the ethyl acetate extract as the most potent extract by displaying prominent dose-dependent and time-dependent growth inhibitions in human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells with the lowest EC50value of 9.38 ± 0.43 µg/mL after 72 hours of treatment. Acute exposure of the HepG2 cells to the ethyl acetate extract produced a significant regulation of caspase-3 with the peak expression at 8 hours of treatment (P< .05). DNA fragmentation indicated by DeadEnd Apoptosis Detection System-labeled nuclei cells confirmed that the extract induced apoptotic cell death through caspase-3-dependent pathway in HepG2 cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kheng Leong
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.affiliation: Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, Jalan Bukit Gambir, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tengku Sifzizul
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tengku Muhammad
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lee Yein
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia shaida@usm.my.
authors.forename: Shaida Fariza
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; C007650:ethyl acetate; D053148:Caspase 3