title: Acute systemic 11-cis-retinal intervention improves abnormal outer retinal ion channel closure in diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that in dark-adapted diabetic mice subnormal manganese uptake in the outer retina can be ameliorated with exogenous 11-cis-retinal intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups were studied: age-matched controls and mice that had been diabetic for 3 months with and without acute, systemic 11-cis-retinal treatment administered 30 min before the manganese injection. Mice in each group were examined with manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to assess central intraretinal manganese uptake and extraocular muscle manganese uptake. Bodyweights and glycated hemoglobin were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both diabetic groups had lower bodyweights and higher glycated hemoglobin levels relative to controls; no differences in these parameters between diabetic groups were noted. No substantial differences in muscle uptake were noted between any of the groups. Diabetes produced a subnormal intraretinal uptake of manganese; acute exogenous 11-cis-retinal significantly corrected only outer retinal uptake, although not to control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results provide for the first time evidence that raises the possibility of a critical role of 11-cis-retinal, a key participant of the visual cycle, in diabetes-evoked outer retinal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. baberko@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bissig
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007473:Ion Channels; D008345:Manganese; D012172:Retinaldehyde