title: Retrograde perfusion and filling of mouse coronary vasculature as preparation for micro computed tomography imaging.
abstract: Visualization of the vasculature is becoming increasingly important for understanding many different disease states. While several techniques exist for imaging vasculature, few are able to visualize the vascular network as a whole while extending to a resolution that includes the smaller vessels. Additionally, many vascular casting techniques destroy the surrounding tissue, preventing further analysis of the sample. One method which circumvents these issues is micro-Computed Tomography (μCT). μCT imaging can scan at resolutions <10 microns, is capable of producing 3D reconstructions of the vascular network, and leaves the tissue intact for subsequent analysis (e.g., histology and morphometry). However, imaging vessels by ex vivo μCT methods requires that the vessels be filled with a radiopaque compound. As such, the accurate representation of vasculature produced by μCT imaging is contingent upon reliable and complete filling of the vessels. In this protocol, we describe a technique for filling mouse coronary vessels in preparation for μCT imaging. Two predominate techniques exist for filling the coronary vasculature: in vivo via cannulation and retrograde perfusion of the aorta (or a branch off the aortic arch), or ex vivo via a Langendorff perfusion system. Here we describe an in vivo aortic cannulation method which has been specifically designed to ensure filling of all vessels. We use a low viscosity radiopaque compound called Microfil which can perfuse through the smallest vessels to fill all the capillaries, as well as both the arterial and venous sides of the vascular network. Vessels are perfused with buffer using a pressurized perfusion system, and then filled with Microfil. To ensure that Microfil fills the small higher resistance vessels, we ligate the large branches emanating from the aorta, which diverts the Microfil into the coronaries. Once filling is complete, to prevent the elastic nature of cardiac tissue from squeezing Microfil out of some vessels, we ligate accessible major vascular exit points immediately after filling. Therefore, our technique is optimized for complete filling and maximum retention of the filling agent, enabling visualization of the complete coronary vascular network--arteries, capillaries, and veins alike.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jill J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Weyers
authors.forename: Dara D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Murry
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mahoney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods; D010477:Perfusion; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers