title: Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer by menopausal and estrogen receptor status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the hypothesis that relation of breast cancer associated with dietary fiber intakes varies by type of fiber, menopausal, and the tumor's hormone receptor status.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of female breast cancer was conducted in Connecticut. A total of 557 incident breast cancer cases and 536 age frequency-matched controls were included in the analysis. Information on dietary intakes was collected through in-person interviews with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and was converted into nutrient intakes. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among pre-menopausal women, higher intake of soluble fiber (highest versus lowest quartile of intake) was associated with a significantly reduced risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.38, 95% CI, 0.15-0.97, P (trend) = 0.08). When further restricted to pre-menopausal women with ER(-) tumors, the adjusted OR for the highest quartile of intake was 0.15 (95% CI, 0.03-0.69, P (trend) = 0.02) for soluble fiber intake. Among post-menopausal women, no reduced risk of breast cancer was observed for either soluble or insoluble fiber intakes or among ER(+) or ER(-) tumor groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study show that dietary soluble fiber intake is associated with a significantly reduced risk of ER(-) breast cancer among pre-menopausal women. Additional studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: National Office of Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Theodore R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Holford
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Tongzhang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003237:Connecticut; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008593:Menopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen