title: Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses exhibit few barriers to gene flow in Vietnam.
abstract: Locating areas where genetic change is inhibited can illuminate underlying processes that drive evolution of pathogens. The persistence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Vietnam since 2003, and the continuous molecular evolution of Vietnamese avian influenza viruses, indicates that local environmental factors are supportive not only of incidence but also of viral adaptation. This article explores whether gene flow is constant across Vietnam, or whether there exist boundary areas where gene flow exhibits discontinuity. Using a dataset of 125 highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses, principal components analysis and wombling analysis are used to indicate the location, magnitude, and statistical significance of genetic boundaries. Results show that a small number of geographically minor boundaries to gene flow in highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses exist in Vietnam, but that overall there is little division in genetic exchange. This suggests that differences in genetic characteristics of viruses from one region to another are not the result of barriers to H5N1 viral exchange in Vietnam, and that H5N1 avian influenza is able to spread relatively unimpeded across the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. margaret-carrel@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrel
authors.forename: Xiu-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Tung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity; D014744:Vietnam