title: Dietary linoleic acid elevates endogenous 2-AG and anandamide and induces obesity.
abstract: Suppressing hyperactive endocannabinoid tone is a critical target for reducing obesity. The backbone of both endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA) is the ω-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA). Here we posited that excessive dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA), the precursor of AA, would induce endocannabinoid hyperactivity and promote obesity. LA was isolated as an independent variable to reflect the dietary increase in LA from 1 percent of energy (en%) to 8 en% occurring in the United States during the 20th century. Mice were fed diets containing 1 en% LA, 8 en% LA, and 8 en% LA + 1 en% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in medium-fat diets (35 en% fat) and high-fat diets (60 en%) for 14 weeks from weaning. Increasing LA from 1 en% to 8 en% elevated AA-phospholipids (PL) in liver and erythrocytes, tripled 2-AG + 1-AG and AEA associated with increased food intake, feed efficiency, and adiposity in mice. Reducing AA-PL by adding 1 en% long-chain ω-3 fats to 8 en% LA diets resulted in metabolic patterns resembling 1 en% LA diets. Selectively reducing LA to 1 en% reversed the obesogenic properties of a 60 en% fat diet. These animal diets modeled 20th century increases of human LA consumption, changes that closely correlate with increasing prevalence rates of obesity. In summary, dietary LA increased tissue AA, and subsequently elevated 2-AG + 1-AG and AEA resulting in the development of diet-induced obesity. The adipogenic effect of LA can be prevented by consuming sufficient EPA and DHA to reduce the AA-PL pool and normalize endocannabinoid tone.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anita R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Alvheim
authors.forename: Marian K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Malde
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osei-Hyiaman
authors.forename: Yu Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pawlosky
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: Livar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frøyland
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hibbeln
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid; C078814:anandamide