title: Prevalence of baby bottle versus breastfeeding graphics on products in national chain stores.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study surveyed the prevalence of bottle versus breastfeeding graphic images on products marketed for pregnant mothers and young children available for purchase in national chain stores.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a product survey/content analysis. Eighteen national chain stores located in a 10-mile radius of Charlottesville, VA were visited. In total, 2,670 individual items in 11 categories of baby shower and baby gift merchandise (shower invitations, greeting cards, gift wrap, shower decorations, baby dolls, baby books, infant clothing, bibs, nursery decorations, baby blankets, and disposable diapers) were assessed. The main outcome measures were prevalences of baby bottle and breastfeeding graphic images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baby bottle images were found on products in eight of the 11 categories of items surveyed. Thirty-five percent of baby dolls were marketed with a baby bottle. The prevalence of bottle images on items in all other categories, however, was low. Of the 2,670 items surveyed, none contained a breastfeeding image.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low prevalence of baby bottle images on commonly purchased baby gift and baby shower items is encouraging. However, the absence of breastfeeding images and the relatively high prevalence of baby dolls marketed with a baby bottle demonstrate that breastfeeding is not portrayed as the physiologic norm on these products. Product designers should explore ways to promote breastfeeding, consumers should make informed choices in product selection, and advocacy groups should promote guidelines for these products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-1429, USA.
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gellerson
authors.forename: Paige P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Hornsby
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lowenhaupt
authors.forename: Colleen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bressler
authors.forename: Whitney R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Caroline F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Natalie H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Stephanie P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Trisha L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kellams
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D001290:Attitude; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D037921:Gift Giving; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015370:Infant Equipment; D009035:Mothers; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011247:Pregnancy; D014768:Virginia