title: Mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement promote biomineralization in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement have been shown to be bioactive because of their ability to produce biologically compatible carbonated apatite. This study analyzed the interaction of MTA and white Portland cement with dentin in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two human dentin tubes were filled with MTA Branco, MTA BIO, and white Portland cement + 20% bismuth oxide (PC1) or PC1 + 10% of calcium chloride (PC2) and implanted subcutaneously in 18 rats at 4 sites from the dorsal area. Empty dentin tubes, implanted in rats of a pilot study, were used as control. After 30, 60, and 90 days, the animals were killed, and the dentin tubes were retrieved for scanning electron microscope analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the periods of 30 and 60 days, the mineral deposition in the material-dentin interface (interfacial layer) and in the interior of dentinal tubules was detected in more tubes filled with MTA Branco and MTA BIO than in tubes filled with PC1 and PC2. After 90 days, the interfacial layer and intratubular mineralization were detected in all tubes except for 3 and 1 of the tubes filled with PC2, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that all the cements tested were bioactive. The cements released some of their components in the tissue capable of stimulating mineral deposition in the cement-dentin interface and in the interior of the dentinal tubules. MTA BIO and MTA Branco were more effective in promoting the biomineralization process than Portland cements, mainly after 30 and 60 days.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luonothar Antunes Schmitt
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dreger
authors.forename: Wilson Tadeu
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Felippe
authors.forename: Jessie Fabiola
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Reyes-Carmona
authors.forename: Gabriela Santos
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Felippe
authors.forename: Eduardo Antunes
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bortoluzzi
authors.forename: Mara Cristina Santos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Felippe
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001729:Bismuth / Q000494:pharmacology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; C525641:MTA Bio; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D010758:Phosphorus; C033301:bismuth oxide; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002118:Calcium; D001729:Bismuth