title: A high blood level in the air trap reduces microemboli during hemodialysis.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of air microemboli in the dialysis circuit and in the venous circulation of the patients during hemodialysis. In vitro studies indicate that a high blood level in the venous air trap reduces the extent of microbubble formation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether air microbubbles can be detected in the patient's access and if so, whether the degree of microbubble formation can be altered by changing the blood level in the venous air trap. This was a randomized, double-blinded, interventional study of 20 chronic hemodialysis patients. The patients were assigned to hemodialysis with either an elevated or a low blood level in the air trap. The investigator and the patient were blinded to the settings. The numbers of microbubbles were measured at the site of the arteriovenous (AV) access for 2 min with the aid of an ultrasonic Doppler device. The blood level in the air trap was then altered to the opposite setting and a new measurement was carried out after an equilibration period of 30 min. Median (range) for the number of microbubbles measured with the high air trap level and the low air trap level in AV access was 2.5 (0-80) compared with 17.5 (0-77), respectively (P = 0.044). The degree of microbubble formation in hemodialysis patients with AV access was reduced significantly if the blood level in the air trap was kept high. The exposure of potentially harmful air microbubbles was thereby significantly reduced. This measure can be performed with no additional healthcare cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Skellefteå County Hospital, Skellefteå             Institute of General Health and Medicine, Department of Medicine, Norrland University Hospital             Institute of Technology, University of Umeå             Department of Nephrology, Norrland University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Christofer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*