title: Comparison of animal discs used in disc research to human lumbar disc: torsion mechanics and collagen content.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental measurement and normalization of in vitro disc torsion mechanics and collagen content for several animal species used in intervertebral disc research and comparing these with the human disc.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To aid in the selection of appropriate animal models for disc research by measuring torsional mechanical properties and collagen content.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is lack of data and variability in testing protocols for comparing animal and human disc torsion mechanics and collagen content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervertebral disc torsion mechanics were measured and normalized by disc height and polar moment of inertia for 11 disc types in 8 mammalian species: the calf, pig, baboon, goat, sheep, rabbit, rat, and mouse lumbar discs, and cow, rat, and mouse caudal discs. Collagen content was measured and normalized by dry weight for the same discs except the rat and the mouse. Collagen fiber stretch in torsion was calculated using an analytical model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured torsion parameters varied by several orders of magnitude across the different species. After geometric normalization, only the sheep and pig discs were statistically different from human discs. Fiber stretch was found to be highly dependent on the assumed initial fiber angle. The collagen content of the discs was similar, especially in the outer annulus where only the calf and goat discs were statistically different from human. Disc collagen content did not correlate with torsion mechanics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disc torsion mechanics are comparable with human lumbar discs in 9 of 11 disc types after normalization by geometry. The normalized torsion mechanics and collagen content of the multiple animal discs presented are useful for selecting and interpreting results for animal disc models. Structural organization of the fiber angle may explain the differences that were noted between species after geometric normalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brent L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Showalter
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Beckstein
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Alejandro A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Espinoza Orías
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Schaer
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Vresilovic
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D010215:Papio; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012756:Sheep; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen