title: Biomechanical influences of shoulder disarticulation prosthesis during standing and level walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern prosthetic systems with more degrees of freedom offer the patient clearly improved functions. However, the influence of functional arm prostheses on body posture and gait have never been quantified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to observe the impact of a functional arm prosthesis on body posture and gait of shoulder disarticulation patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental, biomechanical.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with unilateral shoulder disarticulation were enrolled. Static posture and gait analyses were conducted with and without using a functional arm prosthesis. Static posture analysis using the L.A.S.A.R. Posture device as well as kinematic and kinetic gait analysis using an optoelectronic camera system combined with force plates were conducted with and without prosthesis in eight unilateral shoulder disarticulation patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Static analysis confirmed that an arm prosthesis improves body posture of amputees. Gait analysis revealed that compensatory movements during walking as well as external knee moments on the prosthetic side leg are significantly reduced when using a free swinging shoulder joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An arm prosthesis does not only offer functional and cosmetic benefits. The results confirm that unilateral shoulder disarticulation patients benefit from a functional arm prosthesis with a free swinging shoulder joint in terms of optimized posture and gait dynamics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that shoulder disarticulation patients benefit from a functional prosthesis with a free swinging shoulder joint. Such prosthesis significantly improves body posture and gait characteristics, reduces compensatory movements and relieves distress to the musculoskeletal system. This should be considered when prescribing a prosthesis for shoulder disarticulation amputees.
authors.affiliation: Otto Bock HealthCare GmbH, Goettingen, Germany. bertels@ottobock.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bertels
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmalz
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ludwigs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004188:Disarticulation; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000601:surgery*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*