title: Targeted ultrasound imaging of cancer: an emerging technology on its way to clinics.
abstract: Ultrasound is one of the workhorses in clinical cancer diagnosis. In particular, it is routinely used to characterize lesions in liver, urogenital tract, head and neck and soft tissues. During the last years image quality steadily improved, which, among others, can be attributed to the development of harmonic image analysis. Microbubbles were introduced as intravascular contrast agents and can be detected with superb sensitivity and specificity using contrast specific imaging modes. By aid of these unspecific contrast agents tissues can be characterised regarding their vascularity. Antibodies, peptides and other targeting moieties were bound to microbubbles to target sites of angiogenesis and inflammation intending to get more disease-specific information. Indeed, many preclinical studies proved the high potential of targeted ultrasound imaging to better characterize tumors and to more sensitively monitor therapy response. Recently, first targeted microbubbles had been developed that meet the pharmacological demands of a clinical contrast agent. This review articles gives an overview on the history and current status of targeted ultrasound imaging of cancer. Different imaging concepts and contrast agent designs are introduced ranging from the use of experimental nanodroplets to agents undergoing clinical evaluation. Although it is clear that targeted ultrasound imaging works reliably, its broad acceptance is hindered by the user dependency of ultrasound imaging in general. Automated 3D-scanning techniques-like being used for breast diagnosis - and novel 3D transducers will help to make this fascinating method clinical reality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. fkiessling@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kiessling
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bzyl
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fokong
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siepmann
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palmowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D045423:Microbubbles; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010316:Particle Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media