title: Abiotic stress responses promote Potato virus A infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.
abstract: The effect of abiotic stress responses on Potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus) infection was studied. Salt, osmotic and wounding stress all increased PVA gene expression in infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. According to the literature, an early response to these stresses is an elevation in cytosolic Ca(2+)  concentration. The infiltration of 0.1 m CaCl(2)  into the infected leaf area enhanced the translation of PVA RNA, and this Ca(2+) -induced effect was more profound than that induced solely by osmotic stress. The inhibition of voltage-gated Ca(2+)  channels within the plasma membrane abolished the Ca(2+)  effect, suggesting that Ca(2+)  had to be transported into the cytosol to affect viral gene expression. This was also supported by a reduced wounding effect in the presence of the Ca(2+) -chelating agent ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In the absence of viral replication, the intense synthesis of viral proteins in response to Ca(2+)  was transient. However, a Ca(2+)  pulse administered at the onset of wild-type PVA infection enhanced the progress of infection within the locally infected leaf, and the virus appeared earlier in the systemic leaves than in the control plants. This suggests that the cellular environment was thoroughly modified by the Ca(2+)  pulse to support viral infection. One message of this study is that the sensing of abiotic stress, which leads to cellular responses, probably via Ca(2+)  signalling, associated with enhanced virus infection, may lead to higher field crop losses. Therefore, the effect of abiotic stress on plant viral infection warrants further analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suntio
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000494:pharmacology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D017800:Potyvirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C028521:lanthanum chloride; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D007811:Lanthanum; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002118:Calcium