title: The chronic kidney disease self-efficacy (CKD-SE) instrument: development and psychometric evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-management has been associated with positive health outcomes among adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Perceived disease-related self-efficacy (DSE) is considered a critical component in the successful self-management of chronic disease. A valid and reliable instrument for measuring CKD patients' self-efficacy is needed. This study aims to develop and test a new instrument to measure the DSE of patients with early stage CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 594 Taiwanese patients with early stage CKD recruited from two medical centers and one regional hospital in southern Taiwan completed the questionnaire. The CKD self-efficacy (CKD-SE) was evaluated using exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and measures of reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EFA identified four distinct factors with loadings ranging from 0.557 to 0.970: autonomy, self-integration, problem solving and seeking social support, accounting for 64.348% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the subscales ranged from 0.843 to 0.901.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This promising 25-item CKD-SE instrument can be used for the early identification of patients with low DSE, thus allowing the development of interventions to help these patients attain an appropriate level of DSE.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. chiuchu@kmu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Chiu-Chu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chia-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Chao-Sung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shu-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shang-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Hung-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013624:Taiwan; D055815:Young Adult