title: Intermediate-term mortality and cardiac transplantation in infants with single-ventricle lesions: risk factors and their interaction with shunt type.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to identify factors associated with death and cardiac transplantation in infants undergoing the Norwood procedure and to determine differences in associations that might favor the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt or a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used competing risks methodology to analyze death without transplantation, cardiac transplantation, and survival without transplantation. Parametric time-to-event modeling and bootstrapping were used to identify independent predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 549 subjects (follow-up, 2.7 ± 0.9 years) were analyzed. Mortality risk was characterized by early and constant phases; transplant was characterized by only a constant phase. Early phase factors associated with death included lower socioeconomic status (P = .01), obstructed pulmonary venous return (P < .001), smaller ascending aorta (P = .02), and anatomic subtype. Constant phase factors associated with death included genetic syndrome (P < .001) and lower gestational age (P < .001). The right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt demonstrated better survival in the 51% of subjects who were full term with aortic atresia (P < .001). The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt was better among the 4% of subjects who were preterm with a patent aortic valve (P = .003). Lower pre-Norwood right ventricular fractional area change, pre-Norwood surgery, and anatomy other than hypoplastic left heart syndrome were independently associated with transplantation (all P < .03), but shunt type was not (P = .43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent risk factors for intermediate-term mortality include lower socioeconomic status, anatomy, genetic syndrome, and lower gestational age. Term infants with aortic atresia benefited from a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt, and preterm infants with a patent aortic valve benefited from a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. Right ventricular function and anatomy, but not shunt type, were associated with transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis., USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tweddell
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sleeper
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ohye
authors.forename: Ismee A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mahony
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Frommelt
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cnota
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kirshbom
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puchalski
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: McCrindle
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D058366:Blalock-Taussig Procedure / Q000401:mortality*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D058327:Norwood Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D016896:Treatment Outcome