title: Pten loss and RAS/MAPK activation cooperate to promote EMT and metastasis initiated from prostate cancer stem/progenitor cells.
abstract: PTEN loss or PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation correlates with human prostate cancer progression and metastasis. However, in preclinical murine models, deletion of Pten alone fails to mimic the significant metastatic burden that frequently accompanies the end stage of human disease. To identify additional pathway alterations that cooperate with PTEN loss in prostate cancer progression, we surveyed human prostate cancer tissue microarrays and found that the RAS/MAPK pathway is significantly elevated in both primary and metastatic lesions. In an attempt to model this event, we crossed conditional activatable K-ras(G12D/WT) mice with the prostate conditional Pten deletion model. Although RAS activation alone cannot initiate prostate cancer development, it significantly accelerated progression caused by PTEN loss, accompanied by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and macrometastasis with 100% penetrance. A novel stem/progenitor subpopulation with mesenchymal characteristics was isolated from the compound mutant prostates, which was highly metastatic upon orthotopic transplantation. Importantly, inhibition of RAS/MAPK signaling by PD325901, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-extracellular signal-regulated (ER) kinase (MEK) inhibitor, significantly reduced the metastatic progression initiated from transplanted stem/progenitor cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that activation of RAS/MAPK signaling serves as a potentiating second hit to alteration of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis, and cotargeting both the pathways is highly effective in preventing the development of metastatic prostate cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruscetti
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhi
authors.forename: Linh M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Jiaoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleave
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051927:CD24 Antigen / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000502:physiology; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000502:physiology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051927:CD24 Antigen; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human; D018631:ras Proteins