title: Reconstruction of cytosolic fumaric acid biosynthetic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fumaric acid is a commercially important component of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and industrial materials, yet the current methods of production are unsustainable and ecologically destructive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the fumarate biosynthetic pathway involving reductive reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle was exogenously introduced in S. cerevisiae by a series of simple genetic modifications. First, the Rhizopus oryzae genes for malate dehydrogenase (RoMDH) and fumarase (RoFUM1) were heterologously expressed. Then, expression of the endogenous pyruvate carboxylase (PYC2) was up-regulated. The resultant yeast strain, FMME-001 ↑PYC2 + ↑RoMDH, was capable of producing significantly higher yields of fumarate in the glucose medium (3.18 ± 0.15 g liter-1) than the control strain FMME-001 empty vector.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here provide a novel strategy for fumarate biosynthesis, which represents an important advancement in producing high yields of fumarate in a sustainable and ecologically-friendly manner.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005649:Fumarate Hydratase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005650:Fumarates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012233:Rhizopus / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005650:Fumarates; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C032005:fumaric acid; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase; D005649:Fumarate Hydratase; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase