title: Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol is associated with diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is a relationship between 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), a marker of postprandial hyperglycaemia and glycaemic variability, and the presence of diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and sixty-seven patients with Type 2 diabetes (serum creatinine < 133 μmol/l), who were enrolled in the Seoul Metro-City Diabetes Prevention Program (SMC-DPP), were cross-sectionally assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age, sex, binary HbA(1c) levels, duration of diabetes, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, history of hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker medication, the odds ratios (95% CI) of diabetic retinopathy were 2.86 (1.12-7.25) for the first (lowest) quartile of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, 2.87 (1.25-6.61) for the second quartile and 0.88 (0.35-2.22) for the third quartile compared with the fourth quartile (P for trend = 0.010). Conversely, the associations between 1,5-anhydroglucitol and clinical albuminuria were non-significant after adjustment. Subjects with low 1,5-anhydroglucitol (< 10.0 μg/ml) were more likely to experience diabetic retinopathy than those with high 1,5-anhydroglucitol (≥ 10.0 μg/ml) under moderate glucose control (HbA(1c) < 8%, 64 mmol/mol) and there were no significant differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy between the subgroup with HbA(1c) < 8% (64 mmol/mol) and low 1,5-anhydroglucitol and the subgroup with HbA(1c) ≥ 8% (64 mmol/mol).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1,5-Anhydroglucitol levels show close associations with diabetic retinopathy, especially among patients under moderate glucose control, but not with albuminuria. These results suggest that 1,5-anhydroglucitol might be a complementary marker for targeting higher risk group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C006584:1,5-anhydroglucitol