title: Effects of endostatin on C6 glioma-induced edema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioma-induced edema is considered as one of the most pathological characteristics of glioma and a significant source of morbidity and mortality. New strategies are needed for the treatment of peritumoral edema in glioma. Endostatin has been proven to be beneficial as an anti-angiogenic agent in experimental gliomas, but the effects are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of endostatin on C6 glioma-induced edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumorigenic mice were established by subcutaneous injection of three glioma cell lines, C6-null cells and stable transfected-C6 cells overexpressing mock vector (C6-mock cells) and endostatin (C6-endo cells). Endostatin expression in xenograft C6 glioma was determined by immunostaining and Western blotting. Glioma-induced edema and tumor vessel permeability were assayed. The effect of endostatin on vascular enodothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in vivo was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The number of vesiculo-vascuolar organelles (VVOs) formed in tumor endothelia was calculated using electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc test for multiple comparisons to the control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpression of endostatin (C6-endo cells) significantly suppressed tumor growth and reduced tumor edema and vessel permeability. ELISA analysis showed that the level of VEGF protein was markedly decreased in tumor from C6-endo cells compared with tumor from C6-null cells and C6-mock cells. Similar results were obtained by Q-PCR. Furthermore, the number of VVOs observed in tumor from C6-endo mice was significantly reduced compared with tumor from C6-null cells or C6-mock cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide primary evidence that endostatin reduces glioma-induced edema and vascular permeability. Using endostatin may be an effective strategy for treating glioma edema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China.
authors.forename: Li-Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhi-Xiong
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: De-Zhi
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Shen-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Peng-Fei
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D043169:Endostatins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D043169:Endostatins