title: Change in appropriate referrals to nephrologists after the introduction of automatic reporting of the estimated glomerular filtration rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of the serum creatinine concentration, the most widely used marker of kidney function, has been associated with under-reporting of chronic kidney disease and late referral to nephrologists, especially among women and elderly people. To improve appropriateness of referrals, automatic reporting of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by laboratories was introduced in the province of Ontario, Canada, in March 2006. We hypothesized that such reporting, along with an ad hoc educational component for primary care physicians, would increase the number of appropriate referrals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based before-after study with interrupted time-series analysis at a tertiary care centre. All referrals to nephrologists received at the centre during the year before and the year after automatic reporting of the eGFR was introduced were eligible for inclusion. We used regression analysis with autoregressive errors to evaluate whether such reporting by laboratories, along with ad hoc educational activities for primary care physicians, had an impact on the number and appropriateness of referrals to nephrologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2672 patients were included in the study. In the year after automatic reporting began, the number of referrals from primary care physicians increased by 80.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74.8% to 86.9%). The number of appropriate referrals increased by 43.2% (95% CI 38.0% to 48.2%). There was no significant change in the proportion of appropriate referrals between the two periods (-2.8%, 95% CI -26.4% to 43.4%). The proportion of elderly and female patients who were referred increased after reporting was introduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The total number of referrals increased after automatic reporting of the eGFR began, especially among women and elderly people. The number of appropriate referrals also increased, but the proportion of appropriate referrals did not change significantly. Future research should be directed to understanding the reasons for inappropriate referral and to develop novel interventions for improving the referral process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario. aakbari@ottawahospital.on.ca
authors.forename: Ayub
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbari
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheng-Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magner
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karpinski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine