title: HIV-1 subtype D infections among Caucasians from Northwestern Poland--phylogenetic and clinical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-1 subtype D infections, which are associated with a faster rate of progression and lymphocyte CD4 decline, cognitive deficit and higher mortality, have rarely been found in native Europeans. In Northwestern Poland, however, infections with this subtype had been identified. This study aimed to analyze the sequence and clinical data for patients with subtype D using molecular phylogeography and identify transmission clusters and ancestry, as well as drug resistance, baseline HIV tropism and antiretroviral treatment efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phylogenetic analyses of local HIV-1 subtype D sequences were performed, with time to the most recent common ancestor inferred using bayesian modeling. Sequence and drug resistance data were linked with the clinical and epidemiological information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subtype D was found in 24 non-immigrant Caucasian, heterosexually infected patients (75% of females, median age at diagnosis of 49.5 years; IQR: 29-56 years). Partial pol sequences clustered monophyletically with the clades of Ugandan origin and no evidence of transmission from other European countries was found. Time to the most common recent ancestor was 1989.24 (95% HPD: 1968.83-1994.46). Baseline drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was observed in 54.5% of cases (mutations: M41L, K103N, T215S/D) with evidence of clustering, no baseline integrase or protease resistance and infrequent non-R5 tropism (13.6%). Virologic failure was observed in 60% of cases and was associated with poor adherence (p<0.001) and subsequent development of drug resistance (p = 0.008, OR: 20 (95%CI: 1.7-290).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local subtype D represented an independently transmitted network with probably single index case, high frequency of primary drug resistance and evidence of transmission clusters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland. mparczewski@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Miłosz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parczewski
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leszczyszyn-Pynka
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bander
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urbanska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boroń-Kaczmarska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D017211:Treatment Failure; D044465:White People; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus