title: Parental smoking in childhood and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study and the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Passive smoking has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. The present study aimed to examine the long-term effects of childhood exposure to tobacco smoke on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses were based on 2171 participants in the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns (N=2067) and Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (N=104) studies who had measures of conventional risk factors (lipids, blood pressure, adiposity, socioeconomic status) and self-reported parental smoking status when aged 3 to 18 years at baseline. They were re-examined 19 to 27 years later when aged 28 to 45 years. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation was measured at follow-up with ultrasound. In analyses adjusting for age, sex, and childhood risk factors, flow-mediated dilatation was reduced among participants who had parents that smoked in youth compared to those whose parents did not smoke (Young Finns: 9.2 ± 0.1% (mean ± SEM) versus 8.6 ± 0.1%, P=0.001; Childhood Determinants of Adult Health: 7.4 ± 0.6% versus 4.9 ± 0.9%, P=0.04). These effects remained after adjustment for adult risk factors including own smoking status (Young Finns, P=0.003; Childhood Determinants of Adult Health, P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental smoking in youth is associated with reduced flow-mediated dilatation in young adulthood measured over 20 years later. These findings suggest that passive exposure to cigarette smoke among children might cause irreversible impairment in endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland. mataju@utu.fi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.forename: Costan G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venn
authors.forename: Seana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taittonen
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution