title: IV paracetamol effect on propofol-ketamine consumption in paediatric patients undergoing ESWL.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electroshock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a painful procedure performed with sedoanalgesia in paediatric patients. The propofol-ketamine combination may be the preferable anaesthesia for this procedure, and propofol-ketamine consumption may be decreased with the administration of intravenous (IV) paracetamol. In this study we investigated the effect of IV paracetamol administration on propofol-ketamine consumption, recovery time and frequency of adverse events in paediatric patients undergoing ESWL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty children, ranging in age from 1 to 10 years and with American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status 1-2, were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Thirty minutes prior to the procedure children randomly assigned to Group I received IV 15 mg/kg paracetamol, and those randomly assigned to Group II received 1.5 mL/kg IV saline infusion 30 min. The propofol-ketamine combination was prepared by mixing 25 mg propofol and 25 mg ketamine in a total 10 mL solution in the same syringe. After the administration of 0.1 mg/kg midazolam and 10 μg/kg atropine to both groups and during the procedure, the propofol-ketamine combination was administered at 0.5 mg/kg doses to achieve a Wisconsin sedation score of 1 or 2. Oxygen saturation and heart rate were recorded at 5-min intervals. Propofol-ketamine consumption, recovery times and adverse events were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic data were similar between groups. Propofol-ketamine consumption (Group I, 25.2 ± 17.7 mg; Group II, 35.4 ± 20.1 mg; p = 0.04) and recovery times (Group I, 19.4 ± 7.9 min; Group II, 29.6 ± 11.4 min; p < 0.0001) were significantly different between groups. Saturation, heart rate and adverse events were similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the administration of IV paracetamol decreases propofol-ketamine consumption for adequate sedation during ESWL procedures in paediatric patients and shortens recovery time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Baskent University, Dadaloğlu, Turkey. evreneker@yahoo.com
authors.forename: H Evren
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Eker
authors.forename: Oya Yalçin
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Cok
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ergenoğlu
authors.forename: Anış
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ariboğan
authors.forename: Gülnaz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arslan
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000777:Anesthetics; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007649:Ketamine; D015742:Propofol