title: CT angiography of the aorta is superior to transesophageal echocardiography for determining stroke subtypes in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of ischemic strokes remains cryptogenic in about one third of patients, even after extensive workup in specialized centers. Atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta can cause thromboembolic events but are often overlooked. They can elude standard identification by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), which is invasive or at best uncomfortable for many patients. CT angiography (CTA) can be used as an alternative or in addition to TEE if this technique fails to visualize every part of the aorta and in particular the aortic arch.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 64 patients (47 men, age 60 ± 13 years) classified as having cryptogenic stroke after standard and full workup [including brain MRI and 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG)] with ECG-triggered CTA of the aorta in search of plaques and compared the results with those of TEE. Investigators were blinded to the results of both techniques. Plaques were graded on CTA according to their presence (0 = not present; 1 = mild; 2 = severe) and degree of calcification (1a or 2a = noncalcified; 1b or 2b = calcified). Associations with risk factors and infarct localization were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 21 of 64 patients (32.8%) had aortic plaques identified by TEE, compared to 43 of 64 (67.2%) with CTA (p < 0.05). The plaque localization was as follows (TEE vs. CTA): ascending aorta, 10 vs. 20 (p < 0.05); aortic arch, 10 vs. 40 (p < 0.05), and descending aorta, 20 vs. 34 (p < 0.05). Grade 1 plaques were most commonly found in the aortic arch (25; 39%), while grade 2 plaques were most often detected in the aortic arch (15; 23.4%) and the descending aorta (14; 21.9%). There was no significant correlation between plaque location, infarct territory or vascular risk profile, except for hypertension (p = 0.003), which was significantly associated with the presence of plaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTA identifies more plaques throughout the aortic arch and around the origins of the major cerebral arteries in particular compared to TEE. These may represent potential embolic sources of acute ischemic stroke. Better plaque detection may have an impact on the best available secondary prevention regimen in individual patients if proximal embolic sources are suspected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. chatziko@neuro.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatzikonstantinou
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krissak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flüchter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Artemis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hennerici
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*