title: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) leads to spatial learning deficits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mild and severe TBI on young male Wistar rats' spatial learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized repeated measure experimental design was used to examine spatial learning in three independent animal groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four (severe n = 9, mild n = 8, sham n = 7) male rats were included in the study. Animals received controlled mild (1.5 mm), severe (2.5 mm) cortical impact injury or sham surgery. Spatial learning was assessed daily using a modified Morris water maze test, 20 days post-trauma, for 5 consecutive days. Percentage time travelled within each quadrant and escape latency were calculated. All animals' hippocampal brain regions were examined post-injury using neuron (MAP2) and pre-synaptic protein (Synaptophysin) biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It took the animals with mild injury until day 3 to reach the platform; and animals with mild and severe injury spent significantly less time in the target quadrant than the sham. The hippocampal neuron numbers differed proportionately between animals with severe and mild injury, but the percentage of synaptophysin density was significantly less in the dentate gyrus of both animals with mild and severe injury than sham group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent spatial learning deficits exist after mild TBI; these deficits appear equivalent to deficits exhibited after a more severe injury.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine-School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, New York, NY 10017-2303, USA. hd30@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dawish
authors.forename: Asim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schallert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopp
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Therrien
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D009435:Synaptic Transmission