title: [Development of intraoperative C-arm imaging in trauma surgery].
abstract: Since the earliest beginnings of using X-rays, two forms of examination techniques have been known: X-ray imaging and projection onto films. The new technology very rapidly became widespread. Just a few months after the discovery of the so-called X-rays, the first fluoroscopes (instruments for visualizing internal structures) were constructed and constantly improved upon. If the operation took place in bright light, a cryptoscope was needed for examination. Since 1984 fluoroscopic examinations or interventions performed under X-ray control are only permitted when systems are used that are equipped with an image intensifier video chain or a digital image receiver with TV monitor.At about the beginning of the new century the first digital imaging systems with solid-state detectors were put into service. Flat panel detectors offer high-quality imaging with good spatial resolution and contrast recognition. At the present time, storable intraoperative three-dimensional diagnostic imaging is available.
authors.affiliation: Unfallchirurgische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gebhard
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000266:history*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000266:history*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000266:history*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000266:history*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000266:history*