title: Discovery of a new waveform for intraoperative monitoring of hemifacial spasms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgeons often rely on intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring to determine whether decompression is sufficient during microvascular decompression surgery for hemifacial spasms. A new monitoring method is needed when an abnormal muscle response is occasionally not available or is unreliable. This study was an observational clinical trial exploring a new waveform recorded from the facial muscles while the offending artery wall was electrically stimulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients with typical hemifacial spasm and 12 with trigeminal neuralgia as a control were included. The facial muscle response was recorded during microvascular decompression surgery while the offending artery wall was stimulated (2 mA × 0.2 ms). The latency, amplitude, and effective refractory period were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A waveform was recorded from the facial muscles of patients with hemifacial spasm when the offending artery wall was stimulated and was named the "Z-L response." The latency was 7.3 ± 0.8 ms, the amplitude was 0.08 ± 0.02 mV, and the effective refractory period was 3.5-4 ms. The Z-L response disappeared immediately after microvascular decompression. No waveform was recorded from the facial muscles of patients with trigeminal neuralgia while the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which adheres to the facial nerve, was stimulated (2 mA × 0.2 ms).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a new waveform for intraoperative monitoring of hemifacial spasm. The Z-L response was useful when the abnormal muscle response was absent before decompression or persisted after all vascular compressions were properly treated. Particularly, the Z-L response may help neurosurgeons determine the real culprit when multiple offending vessels exist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Yangpu District, China. xueshengzheng@gmail.com
authors.forename: Xuesheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Wenyao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Yinda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Zhenghai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Baohui
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Wenchuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Shiting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D061145:Microvascular Decompression Surgery / Q000379:methods; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000601:surgery