title: Baseline sebum IL-1α is higher than expected in afro-textured hair: a risk factor for hair loss?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in sebum cytokines in response to hair cosmetics. Design and setting  A prospective study at a University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a novel method for scalp surface sebum collection (Sebutape(®)) on three visits, sequentially a week apart, to investigate changes in six cytokines in 36 healthy women before and after shampoo and compared various chemical treatments (ammonium thioglycolate, "lye" sodium hydroxide and "no-lye" guanidine hydroxide relaxers) performed by a professional hairdresser.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant levels detected were IL-1 alpha (IL-1α) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), which were higher in untreated scalp vs. forehead: P < 0.001. Baseline levels of scalp sebum IL-1α were 18 times higher than IL-1ra. The levels of IL-1α decreased uniformly after shampoo (visit 1) and various chemical treatments (both crown and vertex all P < 0.001 - visit 2) but increased on follow-up at visit 3. Decreases in IL-1ra mimicked IL-1α at the vertex [after shampoo (P = 0.018) and visit 3 (P = 0.014)], but not on the crown, a finding which may suggest site-specific scalp predisposition to inflammation. The ratio of IL-1ra/IL-1α increased in all groups after all chemical treatments and on follow-up (all P < 0.001) but was surprisingly not significantly different from natural hair that underwent shampoo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wider cytokine panel may reveal response differences in treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline inflammatory scalp cytokines are higher than expected and reduce with shampooing. Scrutiny of the influence of hair moisturizer formulations and shampoo intervals and studies investigating pro-fibrotic cytokines are required. This may elucidate the predilection of afro-textured hair to scarring alopecia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Renée A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Katalin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Freedom
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gumedze
authors.forename: Nonhlanhla P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Khumalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000505:Alopecia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D001494:Baths; D044383:Black People; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000009:adverse effects; D006197:Hair / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012535:Scalp / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012536:Scalp Dermatoses / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012629:Sebum / Q000378:metabolism*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D013864:Thioglycolates / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006146:Guanidines; D006203:Hair Preparations; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D013864:Thioglycolates; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide