title: Smoking and exposure to racial insults among multiethnic youth in Jujuy, Argentina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to racial insults among youth in Jujuy, Argentina, was examined as a factor associated with smoking behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Youth sampled from eighth-grade classes in 27 randomly selected middle schools completed annual surveys in the ninth and tenth grades. Demographics, race/ethnicity (Indigenous/Amazonian, Indigenous/Andean, Indigenous unspecified group, Mixed European-Indigenous, European), cigarette smoking, and other attitudinal and behavioral factors were measured. Exposure to racial insults, measured in the ninth grade, was modeled to predict cigarette smoking in the previous 30 days (defined as current) in the tenth grade conditional on ninth grade smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 3,122 respondents, 35.5% reported exposure to racial insults and 33.8% were current smokers. Factors associated with racial insults were being male, indigenous language spoken at home, ever and current smoking, smoking in a ceremonial context, exposure to second-hand smoke at home, number of friends who smoke, having low expectations for the future, low identification with conforming role models, high identification with defiant role models, and depressive symptoms. Reported exposure to racial insults increased the risk of current smoking in the 10th grade among Indigenous Amazonian respondents (OR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.4-10.4) and among the Indigenous-unspecified group (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-2.8), but not among European or Indigenous Andean youth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to racial insults is commonplace among youth in Jujuy. Evidence of a longitudinal effect of ninth-grade racial insults on tenth-grade smoking rates provides support for an association of racial insults with smoking behavior.
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ethel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alderete
authors.forename: Madalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monteban
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregorich
authors.forename: Celia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mejía
authors.forename: Eliseo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Stable
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001118:Argentina; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D012931:Social Environment; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014705:Verbal Behavior
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution