title: Change in quality of life and its predictors in heroin users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A good quality of life (QOL) is associated with successful treatment in patients with opioid dependence. Therefore, it is of clinical benefit to examine what factors can predict a change in QOL among heroin users in the course of a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This longitudinal study aimed to examine the patterns and predictors of change in QOL among heroin users during the period of an 18-month MMT program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 368 intravenous heroin users receiving MMT in southern Taiwan between 2007 and 2008 were interviewed using the Taiwan version of the Brief Version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) at baseline and after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months of treatment. Demographic and substance-use characteristics, severity of heroin use, HIV serostatus, criminal record, and family function data were collected during baseline interviews. Data on methadone dosage at each follow-up point and the duration of retention in the MMT program were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement in QOL was rapid during the first 3 months after initiation of MMT and slowed beyond the 3-month point. A higher dosage of methadone predicted a better QOL. In addition, longer retention in the program may be associated with a better QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results supported the hypothesis that, regarding QOL, heroin users can benefit rapidly and continuously from a MMT. A higher dose of methadone and longer treatment may predict improvement in QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts are needed to amend the modifiable factors related to poor QOL for heroin users in MMT programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Peng-Wei
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hung-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chia-Nan
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Kuan-Sheng
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hsun-Cheng
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Cheng-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D060046:Maintenance Chemotherapy; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D013624:Taiwan; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone