title: Impact of the herbal medicine Sophora flavescens on the oral pharmacokinetics of indinavir in rats: the involvement of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein.
abstract: Sophora flavescens is a Chinese medicinal herb used for the treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, skin diseases, pyretic stranguria and viral hepatitis. In this study the herb-drug interactions between S. flavescens and indinavir, a protease inhibitor for HIV treatment, were evaluated in rats. Concomitant oral administration of Sophora extract (0.158 g/kg or 0.63 g/kg, p.o.) and indinavir (40 mg/kg, p.o.) in rats twice a day for 7 days resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of plasma indinavir concentrations, with 55%-83% decrease in AUC(0-∞) and 38%-78% reduction in C(max). The CL (Clearance)/F (fraction of dose available in the systemic circulation) increased up to 7.4-fold in Sophora-treated rats. Oxymatrine treatment (45 mg/kg, p.o.) also decreased indinavir concentrations, while the ethyl acetate fraction of Sophora extract had no effect. Urinary indinavir (24-h) was reduced, while the fraction of indinavir in faeces was increased after Sophora treatment. Compared to the controls, multiple dosing of Sophora extract elevated both mRNA and protein levels of P-gp in the small intestine and liver. In addition, Sophora treatment increased intestinal and hepatic mRNA expression of CYP3A1, but had less effect on CYP3A2 expression. Although protein levels of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 were not altered by Sophora treatment, hepatic CYP3A activity increased in the Sophora-treated rats. All available data demonstrated that Sophora flavescens reduced plasma indinavir concentration after multiple concomitant doses, possibly through hepatic CYP3A activity and induction of intestinal and hepatic P-gp. The animal study would be useful for predicting potential interactions between natural products and oral pharmaceutics and understanding the mechanisms prior to human studies. Results in the current study suggest that patients using indinavir might be cautioned in the use of S. flavescens extract or Sophora-derived products.
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jia-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Siu-Po
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zhi-Xiu
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: John Hok Keung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Raphael Chiu Yeung
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Shui-Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chun-Tao
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Che
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D029001:Herbal Medicine / Q000379:methods; D019469:Indinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D029909:Sophora
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D028321:Plant Preparations; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019469:Indinavir; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A