title: Review of novel clinical applications of advanced, real-time, 3-dimensional echocardiography.
abstract: Advances in computer processing speed and memory along with the advent of the microbeam former that can sample an entire crystal of the ultrasound transducer made possible the performance of 3-dimensional echocardiography in real time (RT3DE). The miniaturization of a 3-dimensional transducer permitting its extension to transesophageal mode rapidly expanded its use in a variety of conditions. Recent development of user-friendly automated/semiautomated cropping and display software may make it rather simple, even for the novice to gather useful information from RT3DE. We discuss the background, technique, and cutting-edge research and novel clinical applications of advanced RT3DE, including left ventricular dyssynchrony assessment, 3-D speckle tracking, myocardial contrast echocardiography, complete 4-dimensional (4-D) shape and motion analysis of the left ventricle, 4-D volumetric analysis of the right ventricle, 3-D volume rendering of the mitral valve, and other percutaneous and surgical procedural applications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Manjula-Burri@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Manjula V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Burri
authors.forename: Dipti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging