title: Investigation of microbubble response to long pulses used in ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery.
abstract: In current drug delivery approaches, microbubbles and drugs can be co-administered while ultrasound is applied. The mechanism of microbubble interaction with ultrasound, the drug and the cells is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate microbubble response to long ultrasonic pulses used in drug delivery approaches. Two different in vitro set-ups were considered: with the microbubbles diluted in an enclosure and with the microbubbles flowing in a capillary tube. Acoustic streaming, which influences the observed bubble response, was observed in "typical" drug delivery conditions in the first set-up. With the capillary set-up, streaming effects were avoided and accurate bubble responses were recorded. The diffraction pattern of the source greatly influences the bubble response and in different locations of the field different bubble responses are observed. At low nondestructive pressures, microbubbles can oscillate for thousands of cycles repeatedly. At high acoustic pressures (at 1 MHz), most bubble activity disappeared within about 100 μs despite the length of the pulse, mainly due to violent bubble destruction and subsequent accelerated diffusion.
authors.affiliation: University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Christophoros
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mannaris
authors.forename: Michalakis A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Averkiou
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004867:Equipment Design; D045423:Microbubbles; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride