title: [Clinical study on 156 cases with hydrops fetalis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ultrasound characteristics, etiology and prognosis in hydrops fetalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2002 to May 2010, 156 hydrops fetalis presented in Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital were studied retrospectively, including ultrasound characteristics, etiology, and prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the 112 typical hydrops fetalis, 20 cases with isolated ascites, 8 cases with isolated pleural effusion, 7 cases with isolated pericardial effusion, 5 cases with isolated subcutaneous edema, 4 cases with isolated placental thickening were observed by ultrasonography. The major etiology and associated diagnosis consisted of 35.9% (56/156) of non-immune anemia, 9.6% (15/156) of cardiac abnormalities, 7.1% (11/156) of intrauterine infection, 6.4% (10/156) of twin problems, 5.8% (9/156) of meconium peritonitis, 5.1% (8/156) of thoracic-lung disease, 4.5% (7/156) of chromosomal abnormalities, 1.9% (3/156) of immune anemia. Alpha thalassemia was the most common non-immune anemia (96%, 54/56). An etiology and associated diagnosis could be determined in 81.4% (127/156) of cases. Follow-up data showed that 7 cases were fetal death, 110 women elected to terminate their pregnancies, 3 cases lost follow-up, the other 36 cases preserve continuing pregnancy, including 28 liveborn infants and 8 fetal deaths. Etiology of twin-twin transfusion syndrome, meconium peritonitis, congenital chylothorax, intrauterine infection, cardiac abnormalities and so on had survived fetus cases. The survival rate of typical hydrops fetalis in the present series was 3.6% (4/112).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ascites is the most common characteristics of sonogram in hydrops fetalis. The etiology of hydrops fetalis is extremely complex. The prognosis is associated with the etiology and hydrops subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-mou
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chen-hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Sheng-li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sai-mu
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001201:Ascites / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004487:Edema; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology*; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010920:Placenta; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014463:Ultrasonography; D017085:alpha-Thalassemia / Q000453:epidemiology