title: Uniquely shaped cardiovascular stents enhance the pressure generation of intravascular blood pumps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advances in the geometric design of blood-contacting components are critically important as the use of minimally invasive, intravascular blood pumps becomes more pervasive in the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with congestive heart failure. The present study reports on the evaluation of uniquely shaped filaments and diffuser blades in the development of a protective stent for an intravascular cavopulmonary assist device for patients with a single ventricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed numeric modeling, hydraulic testing of 11 stents with an axial flow blood pump, and blood bag experiments (n = 6) of the top-performing stent geometries to measure the levels of hemolysis. A direct comparison using statistical analyses, including regression analysis and analysis of variance, was completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stent geometry with straight filaments and diffuser blades that extended to the vessel wall outperformed all other stent configurations. The pump with this particular stent was able to generate pressures of 2 to 32 mm Hg for flow rates of 0.5 to 4 L/min at 5000 to 7000 RPM. A comparison of the experimental performance data to the numeric predictions demonstrated an excellent agreement within 16%. The addition of diffuser blades to the stent reduced the flow vorticity at the pump outlet. The average and maximum normalized index of hemolysis level was 0.0056 g/100 L and 0.0064 g/100 L, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specialized design of the stents, which protect the vessel wall from the rotating components of the pump, proved to be advantageous by further augmenting the pressure generation of the pump, reducing the flow vorticity at the pump outlet, and enhancing flow control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Engineering, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. althrock@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Throckmorton
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gangemi
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: Ajit P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yoganathan
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical