title: Effect of patient activation on self-management in patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have examined whether chronic heart failure (HF) outcomes can be improved by increasing patient engagement (known as activation) in care and capabilities for self-care management. The objective was to determine the efficacy of a patient activation intervention compared with usual care on activation, self-care management, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits in patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a randomized, 2-group, repeated-measures design. After consent was given, 84 participants were stratified by activation level and randomly assigned to usual care (n = 41) or usual care plus the intervention (n = 43). The primary outcomes and measures were patient activation using the Patient Activation Measure (PAM), self-management using the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Specific Adherence Scale, and hospitalizations and emergency department visits. The intervention was a 6-month program to increase activation and improve HF self-management behaviors, such as adhering to medications and implementing health behavior goals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were primarily male (99%), were white (77%), and had New York Heart Association III stage (52%). The mean (SD) age was 66 (11) years, and 71% reported 3 or more comorbidities. The intervention group compared with the usual care group showed a significant increase in activation/PAM scores from baseline to 6 months. No significant group-by-time interactions were found for the SCHFI scales. Although the baseline MOS Specific Adherence Scale mean was lower in the intervention group, results showed a significant group-by-time effect with the intervention group improving more over time. Participants in the intervention group had fewer hospitalizations compared with the usual care group when the baseline activation/PAM level was low or high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the importance of targeted interventions to improve patient activation or engagement in HF care. Further work is needed related to HF self-management measurement and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, California 92161, USA. mshively@cox.net
authors.forename: Martha J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shively
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Gardetto
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kodiath
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Tom L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stepnowsky
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: Carolyn B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D012648:Self Care