title: Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain and pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy: a multicenter study conducted in the Spanish National Health Service.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional, multicenter study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of low back pain (LBP), leg pain (LP), and pelvic girdle pain (PGP) in pregnant Spanish women and to identify the factors associated with a higher risk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies on the prevalence and risk factors for LBP and PGP have shown inconsistent results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one clinicians across 5 regions in Spain recruited 1158 women with a median (interquartile range) pregnancy of 35 (range, 31-38) weeks. Validated methods were used to gather data on the prevalence of LBP, LP, and PGP, anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics, history of LBP, obstetrical history, physical activity before and during pregnancy, mattress and sleep characteristics, disability, anxiety, and depression. Separate multiple logistic regression models were developed to identify the variables associated with LBP, LP, and PGP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 4-week prevalence of LBP, LP, and PGP was 71.3%, 46.2%, and 64.7%, respectively. Main factors associated with a higher likelihood of reporting pain for LBP were history of LBP related and unrelated to previous pregnancy and postpartum, pain augmenting with time spent in bed, and anxiety. Previous lumbar surgery was associated with a lower risk. The factors associated with a higher likelihood of reporting LP were reporting LBP, lower academic level, younger age, depression, a lower number of hours of sleep per day, and a higher BMI, and for PGP were higher score for depression, a higher body mass index, and a more advanced stage of pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors associated with a higher risk vary between LBP and PGP. History of LBP, related or not to previous pregnancy or postpartum, LBP surgery, and anxiety were the factors more strongly associated with pregnancy-related LBP. When these variables are taken into account, obstetrical data from current or previous pregnancies and other variables do not show a significant association with LBP. Stage of pregnancy and depression were associated with PGP.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Científico, Fundación Kovacs, Paseo Mallorca 36, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. kovacs@kovacs.org
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Royuela
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Abraira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D059388:Pelvic Girdle Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology