title: Cognitive dysfunction is worse among pediatric patients with bipolar disorder Type I than Type II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired profiles of neurocognitive function have been consistently demonstrated among pediatric patients with bipolar disorder (BD), and may aid in the identification of endophenotypes across subtypes of the disorder. This study aims to determine phenotypic cognitive profiles of patients with BD Type I and II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (N = 79) consisted of BD I (n = 27) and BD II (n = 19) patients and demographic and intellectually matched healthy controls (HC; n = 33) that completed a battery of neurocognitive tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bipolar disorder Type I patients performed significantly more poorly compared to HC on all domains of cognitive function including attention, executive function, working memory, visual memory, and verbal learning and memory. BD I patients also performed more poorly compared to BD II patients on all domains of cognitive functioning with the exception of working memory, whereas BD II patients did poorly relative to HC only on verbal learning and memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from the current study indicate that BD I patients are characterized by more severe cognitive impairment relative to BD II patients who show an intermediate pattern of performance between BD I patients and HC. Verbal learning and memory may effectively differentiate pediatric BD patients and controls, regardless of the subtype of BD, and may serve as a cognitive endophenotype for the disorder. Additionally, these findings move us closer to developing effective cognitive interventions tailored to specific subtypes of pediatric BD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA. lssgsh@rit.edu
authors.forename: Lindsay S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Schenkel
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Mani N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pavuluri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors