title: [Molecular mechanisms of recurrent venous thrombosis in two pedigrees with type I antithrombin deficiency].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical phenotype, genotype and molecular mechanism of recurrent venous thrombosis in two Chinese pedigrees with type I antithrombin (AT) deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The routine coagulation screening tests were detected, thrombin generation tests was performed to evaluate the hypercoagulation. Anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and diluted viper venom time assay (DVVT), respectively. The activities of protein C, protein S and AT (PC:A, PS:A, AT:A) were tested with chromogenic substrate assay or clotting method. The antigen of AT (AT:Ag) was performed with immunoturbidimetry methods. Western blot was used to analyze the molecular weight (MW) and the plasma levels of AT:Ag. All 7 exons and the flanking sequences were amplified by PCR. The mutation of AT gene and thrombophilia associated gene polymorphisms were analyzed by direct DNA sequencing. The expression plasmid of Ala404Asp mutant was constructed with site-directed mutagenesis method based on the wild-type (WT) AT cDNA contained in pcDNA 3.1 vector, and transiently expression of AT WT and the Ala404Asp mutant was performed using HEK293T cells. Cultured supernatant and cell lysates were collected and measured for AT:Ag by ELISA and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of routine coagulation tests in two probands were normal, thrombin generation tests indicated that proband 1 presented hypercoagulable state with 2.8 and 1.5 times higher of the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and peak height compared with that of normal, respectively. The levels of PC:A, PS:A, ACA and LA were normal. AT:A in proband 1 and proband 2 were 45% and 32%, and AT:Ag were almost half of the normal (121 mg/L and 158 mg/L), respectively. The results of Western blot showed that both probands' plasma levels of AT:Ag were lower than the normal pooled plasma and MW was normal. Two heterozygous mutations of g.3291C→T(Thr98Ile), g.13863C > A(Ala404Asp) were identified in the probands, respectively. No proband had venous thrombosis associated gene polymorphisms. Expression in vitro showed that AT:Ag in culture media and lysates of Ala404Asp are 4.8% and 60.6% of that of WT, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thr98Ile and Ala404Asp mutation of AT gene significantly correlate with recurrent venous thrombosis in the two probands, respectively. Ala404Asp has not been described before. The mutant Ala404Asp protein can not be expressed due to impaired secretion and increased intracellular degradation, resulting in type I AT deficiency.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Qiu-lan
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Guan-qun
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Li-wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Ye-ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xue-feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Hong-li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005337:Fibrin