title: Effect of repeated dietary counseling on serum lipoproteins from infancy to adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As atherosclerosis is a lifelong process, prevention of exposure to its risk factors should start at an early age. Our aim was to study the influences of repeated low saturated fat dietary counseling on dietary intakes and lipoprotein measures from infancy to adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intakes (food records) and serum lipid profile were studied annually from 7 months to 19 years of age in an atherosclerosis prevention study (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project), comprising 540 children in the intervention group and 522 children in the control group. Serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured and used to estimate very low-density lipoprotein-TG, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and HDL(2)-C, as well as apolipoproteins A-1 and B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, the intervention children had a lower saturated fat intake (mean daily difference [95% confidence interval] between groups: -2.1 [-2.3, -1.9] percentage of total energy intake in boys; -1.9 [-2.1, -1.7] percentage of total energy intake in girls, both P < .001) and LDL-C concentration (difference [95% confidence interval] between groups: -0.18 [-0.26, -0.10] mmol/L, P < .001 in boys; -0.10 [-0.19, -0.01] mmol/L, P = .037 in girls), whereas HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-1 did not differ between the study groups. In boys, total cholesterol and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-TG, apolipoprotein B, and TG concentrations were also lower in the intervention than in the control group, whereas no differences were found in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated dietary counseling is effective in decreasing saturated fat intake and serum LDL-C values from infancy until 19 years of age in both genders. In boys, significant intervention effects are evident in various lipoprotein measures, indicating a more favorable lipid profile in the counseling group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niinikoski
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pahkala
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ala-Korpela
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Tapani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönnemaa
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lagström
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jula
authors.forename: Markku J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008074:Lipoproteins; C030104:lipoprotein cholesterol; D002784:Cholesterol