title: Microsatellite allele dose and configuration establishment (MADCE): an integrated approach for genetic studies in allopolyploids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic studies in allopolyploid plants are challenging because of the presence of similar sub-genomes, which leads to multiple alleles and complex segregation ratios. In this study, we describe a novel method for establishing the exact dose and configuration of microsatellite alleles for any accession of an allopolyploid plant species. The method, named Microsatellite Allele Dose and Configuration Establishment (MADCE), can be applied to mapping populations and pedigreed (breeding) germplasm in allopolyploids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the power and robustness of the MADCE method. In the mapping case, five microsatellites were analysed. These microsatellites amplified 35 different alleles based on size. Using MADCE, we uncovered 30 highly informative segregating alleles. A conventional approach would have yielded only 19 fully informative and six partially informative alleles. Of the ten alleles that were present in all progeny (and thereby ignored or considered homozygous when using conventional approaches), six were found to segregate by dosage when analysed with MADCE. Moreover, the full allelic configuration of the mapping parents could be established, including null alleles, homozygous loci, and alleles that were present on multiple homoeologues. In the second case, 21 pedigreed cultivars were analysed using MADCE, resulting in the establishment of the full allelic configuration for all 21 cultivars and a tracing of allele flow over multiple generations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The procedure described in this study (MADCE) enhances the efficiency and information content of mapping studies in allopolyploids. More importantly, it is the first technique to allow the determination of the full allelic configuration in pedigreed breeding germplasm from allopolyploid plants. This enables pedigree-based marker-trait association studies the use of algorithms developed for diploid crops, and it may increase the effectiveness of LD-based association studies. The MADCE method therefore enables researchers to tackle many of the genotyping problems that arise when performing mapping, pedigree, and association studies in allopolyploids. We discuss the merits of MADCE in comparison to other marker systems in polyploids, including SNPs, and how MADCE could aid in the development of SNP markers in allopolyploids.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands. thijs.vandijk@wur.nl
authors.forename: Thijs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Noordijk
authors.forename: Tiphaine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dubos
authors.forename: Marco Cam
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bink
authors.forename: Bert J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Meulenbroek
authors.forename: Richard Gf
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van de Weg
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D005838:Genotype; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011123:Polyploidy