title: Metabolic effects of aerobic training and resistance training in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial (the RAED2 study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess differences between the effects of aerobic and resistance training on HbA(1c) (primary outcome) and several metabolic risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes, and to identify predictors of exercise-induced metabolic improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 40) were randomly assigned to aerobic training or resistance training. Before and after 4 months of intervention, metabolic phenotypes (including HbA(1c), glucose clamp-measured insulin sensitivity, and oral glucose tolerance test-assessed β-cell function), body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue by magnetic resonance imaging, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular strength were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After training, increase in peak oxygen consumption (V(O(2peak))) was greater in the aerobic group (time-by-group interaction P = 0.045), whereas increase in strength was greater in the resistance group (time-by-group interaction P < 0.0001). HbA(1c) was similarly reduced in both groups (-0.40% [95% CI -0.61 to -0.18] vs. -0.35% [-0.59 to -0.10], respectively). Total and truncal fat, VAT, and SAT were also similarly reduced in both groups, whereas insulin sensitivity and lean limb mass were similarly increased. β-Cell function showed no significant changes. In multivariate analyses, improvement in HbA(1c) after training was independently predicted by baseline HbA(1c) and by changes in V(O(2peak)) and truncal fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance training, similarly to aerobic training, improves metabolic features and insulin sensitivity and reduces abdominal fat in type 2 diabetic patients. Changes after training in V(O(2peak)) and truncal fat may be primary determinants of exercise-induced metabolic improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bacchi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: Maria Elisabetta
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zanolin
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milanese
authors.forename: Niccolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faccioli
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trombetta
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoppini
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cevese
authors.forename: Riccardo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bonadonna
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonora
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moghetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose