title: Effect of fundamental frequency on judgments of electrolaryngeal speech.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine (a) the effect of fundamental frequency (f₀) on speech intelligibility, acceptability, and perceived gender in electrolaryngeal (EL) speakers, and (b) the effect of known gender on speech acceptability in EL speakers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-part study was conducted. In Part 1, 34 healthy adults provided speech recordings using electrolarynges set at 75 Hz, 130 Hz, and 175 Hz, and 36 listeners transcribed the recordings. In Part 2, 22 speech samples were presented to 16 listeners. First, listeners identified the gender of each speaker and judged his or her speech acceptability using rating scales. Second, listeners judged the same samples for speech acceptability when gender information was provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Part 1, speakers were significantly more intelligible when using 75-Hz devices. In Part 2, the f₀ of the speech signal significantly impacted listeners' accuracy in perceiving the speaker's gender: In gender-incongruent conditions (males using 175-Hz devices, females using 75-Hz devices), listeners were unable to identify female speakers. Speech acceptability judgments were directly related to intelligibility. Finally, listeners differentially penalized female speakers who used 75-Hz devices when gender information was known.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low f₀ facilitated speech intelligibility. However, at low f₀, listeners were unable to identify females as female, and females were differentially penalized for speech acceptability. Results may have implications for rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, USA. kfnagle@uw.edu
authors.forename: Kathy F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Eadie
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Yumi A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Sumida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D010898:Pitch Perception; D013060:Speech; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013072:Speech, Esophageal; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult