title: Stiff-man syndrome and variants: clinical course, treatments, and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little information is available about the incidence of stiff-man syndrome (SMS) (the classic form or its variants) or about long-term treatment responses and outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To comprehensively describe the characteristics of a cohort of patients with SMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine patients with classic SMS vs variants of the disorder, both glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 kD isoform (GAD65) antibody seropositive and seronegative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurological, autoimmune, serological, and oncological findings; treatments; and outcomes between January 1984 and December 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up duration was 5 years (range, 0-23 years). Seventy-nine patients (59 having classic SMS, 19 having partial SMS, and 1 having progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus [PERM]) were GAD65 antibody seropositive. Sixty-seven percent (53 of 79) of them had at least 1 coexisting autoimmune disease, and 4% (3 of 79) had cancer. GAD65 antibody values at initial evaluation were significantly higher among patients with classic SMS (median value, 623 nmol/L) than among patients with partial SMS (median value, 163 nmol/L) (P < .001). The initial GAD65 antibody value was positively correlated with the last follow-up Rankin score (P = .03). Among 20 patients who were GAD65 antibody seronegative (6 with classic SMS, 12 with partial SMS, and 2 with PERM), 15% (3 of 20) had at least 1 coexisting autoimmune disease, and 25% (5 of 20) had cancer (3 with amphiphysin autoimmunity and breast carcinoma and 2 with Hodgkin lymphoma). Excluding patients with PERM, all patients but 1 had sustained improvements with at least 1 γ-aminobutyric acid agent, usually diazepam; the median dosage for patients with classic SMS was 40.0 mg/d. Additional improvements occurred among 14 of 34 patients (41%) who received immunotherapy (intravenous immune globulin, azathioprine, prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil, or cyclophosphamide). Sixteen of 25 patients (64%) with extended follow-up duration remained ambulatory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of classic SMS vs variants is important because appropriate therapy improves symptoms in most patients. Classification by anatomical extent and by GAD65 antibody serostatus gives important diagnostic and prognostic information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. mckeon.andrew@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKeon
authors.forename: Maisha T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.forename: Joseph Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Vanda A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: J Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ahlskog
authors.forename: Sean J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pittock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008141:Lordosis / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology; D013035:Spasm / Q000209:etiology; D016750:Stiff-Person Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2