title: Flavone deglycosylation increases their anti-inflammatory activity and absorption.
abstract: METHODS
  Flavones have reported anti-inflammatory activities, but the ability of flavone-rich foods to reduce inflammation is unclear. Here, we report the effect of flavone glycosylation in the regulation of inflammatory mediators in vitro and the absorption of dietary flavones in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anti-inflammatory activities of celery extracts, some rich in flavone aglycones and others rich in flavone glycosides, were tested on the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Pure flavone aglycones and aglycone-rich extracts effectively reduced TNF-α production and inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, while glycoside-rich extracts showed no significant effects. Deglycosylation of flavones increased cellular uptake and cytoplasmic localization as shown by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microscopy using the flavonoid fluorescent dye diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethyl ester (DPBA). Celery diets with different glycoside or aglycone contents were formulated and absorption was evaluated in mice fed with 5 or 10% celery diets. Relative absorption in vivo was significantly higher in mice fed with aglycone-rich diets as determined by HPLC-MS/MS (where MS/MS is tandem mass spectrometry).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that deglycosylation increases absorption of dietary flavones in vivo and modulates inflammation by reducing TNF-α and NF-κB, suggesting the potential use of functional foods rich in flavones for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hostetler
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.forename: Mayra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diosa-Toro
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Andrea I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Doseff
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077102:Apium / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D047309:Flavones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D047309:Flavones; D006027:Glycosides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha