title: Population genetic analysis of Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) indicates recent range expansion may be facilitated by specialist genotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms for range expansion in invasive species depend on how genetic variation is structured in the introduced range. This study examined neutral genetic variation in the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum in the Intermountain Western United States. Patterns of microsatellite (SSR) genotype distribution in this highly inbreeding species were used to make inferences about the roles of adaptively significant genetic variation, broadly adapted generalist genotypes, and facultative outcrossing in the recent range expansion of B. tectorum in this region.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sampled 20 individuals from each of 96 B. tectorum populations from historically and recently invaded habitats throughout the region and used four polymorphic SSR markers to characterize each individual.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected 131 four-locus SSR genotypes; however, the 14 most common genotypes collectively accounted for 79.2% of the individuals. Common SSR genotypes were not randomly distributed among habitats. Instead, characteristic genotypes sorted into specific recently invaded habitats, including xeric warm and salt desert as well as mesic high-elevation habitats. Other SSR genotypes were common across a range of historically invaded habitats. We observed very few heterozygous individuals (0.58%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Broadly adapted, generalist genotypes appear to dominate historically invaded environments, while recently invaded salt and warm desert habitats are dominated by distinctive SSR genotypes that contain novel alleles. These specialist genotypes are not likely to have resulted from recombination; they probably represent more recent introductions from unknown source populations. We found little evidence that outcrossing plays a role in range expansion.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, Utah 84606, USA. krmerrill@gmail.com
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D031724:Bromus / Q000235:genetics*; D003710:Demography; D017753:Ecosystem; D005838:Genotype; D025341:Principal Component Analysis