title: Calibrating single-ended fiber-optic Raman spectra distributed temperature sensing data.
abstract: Hydrologic research is a very demanding application of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) in terms of precision, accuracy and calibration. The physics behind the most frequently used DTS instruments are considered as they apply to four calibration methods for single-ended DTS installations. The new methods presented are more accurate than the instrument-calibrated data, achieving accuracies on the order of tenths of a degree root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias. Effects of localized non-uniformities that violate the assumptions of single-ended calibration data are explored and quantified. Experimental design considerations such as selection of integration times or selection of the length of the reference sections are discussed, and the impacts of these considerations on calibrated temperatures are explored in two case studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geologic Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, MS 172, Reno, NV 89557, USA. mhausner@unr.edu
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hausner
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Suárez
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Glander
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van de Giesen
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Selker
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D017753:Ecosystem; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000379:methods; D061005:Ponds; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D013821:Thermometers; D014197:Trees