title: The skeleton and musculature on foetal MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used as an adjunct to ultrasound in prenatal imaging, the latter being the standard technique in obstetrical medicine.  METHODS: Initial results demonstrate the ability to visualise the foetal skeleton and muscles on MRI, and highlight the potentially useful applications for foetal MRI, which has significantly profited from innovations in sequence technology. Echoplanar imaging, thick-slab T2-weighted (w) imaging, and dynamic sequences are techniques complementary to classical T2-w imaging.  RESULTS: Recent study data indicate that foetal MRI may be useful in the imaging of spinal dysraphism and in differentiating between isolated and complex skeletal deformities with associated congenital malformations, which might have an impact on pre- and postnatal management.  CONCLUSION: More research and technical refinement will be necessary to investigate normal human skeletal development and to identify MR imaging characteristics of skeletal abnormalities.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nemec
authors.forename: Stefan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nemec
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krakow
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brugger
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malinger
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rimoin
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prayer