title: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a South Asian population - contextual application of the 2007 criteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) among HIV patients in a multiethnic South Asian population, describe the pattern of neurocognitive impairment in HAND and the factors associated with HAND.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of HIV-positive outpatients and inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sole referral centre for HIV/AIDS treatment in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were HIV positive, age between 21 and 80 years old and at least 3 years of education. Exclusion criteria included concomitant delirium, serious systemic disease or major psychiatric illness. 265 patients did not meet criteria or declined to participate. The final sample size was 132.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was cognitive impairment based on performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, International HIV Dementia Scale and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. The secondary outcome measure was the classification of impairment based on the 2007 updated research nosology for HAND.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of HAND was 22.7% of which 70% (15.9% of total) were asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, 23.3% (5.3% of total) were mild neurocognitive disorder and 6.7% (1.5% of total) were HIV-associated dementia. Increasing age (OR 1.104, 95% CI 1.054 to 1.155, p<0.001), less education (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.89, p<0.001) and low baseline CD4 count (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.74, p=0.019) were associated with HAND. Delayed recall, language and abstract thinking were the domains most commonly affected, but impairment in visuospatial ability (RC 3.013, 95% CI 1.954 to 4.073, p<0.001) and attention (RC 2.205, 95% CI 1.043 to 3.367, p<0.001) were most strongly associated with HAND.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAND is common among HIV patients in a South Asian sample, most of whom are asymptomatic. Older patients with less education and severe illness at diagnosis are at highest risk of HAND. Delayed recall is most commonly affected, but visuospatial dysfunction is most strongly associated with prevalent HAND.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lai Gwen
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Nagaendran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kandiah
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chua