title: Improved classification of Alzheimer's disease data via removal of nuisance variability.
abstract: Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on the results of neuropsychological tests and available supporting biomarkers such as the results of imaging studies. The results of the tests and the values of biomarkers are dependent on the nuisance features, such as age and gender. In order to improve diagnostic power, the effects of the nuisance features have to be removed from the data. In this paper, four types of interactions between classification features and nuisance features were identified. Three methods were tested to remove these interactions from the classification data. In stratified analysis, a homogeneous subgroup was generated from a training set. Data correction method utilized linear regression model to remove the effects of nuisance features from data. The third method was a combination of these two methods. The methods were tested using all the baseline data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database in two classification studies: classifying control subjects from Alzheimer's disease patients and discriminating stable and progressive mild cognitive impairment subjects. The results show that both stratified analysis and data correction are able to statistically significantly improve the classification accuracy of several neuropsychological tests and imaging biomarkers. The improvements were especially large for the classification of stable and progressive mild cognitive impairment subjects, where the best improvements observed were 6% units. The data correction method gave better results for imaging biomarkers, whereas stratified analysis worked well with the neuropsychological tests. In conclusion, the study shows that the excess variability caused by nuisance features should be removed from the data to improve the classification accuracy, and therefore, the reliability of diagnosis making.
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland. juha.koikkalainen@vtt.fi
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koikkalainen
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pölönen
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Hilkka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soininen
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lötjönen
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D005103:Expert Systems; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers