title: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Egyptian women: 1570 BCE-2011 CE.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is often thought of as a disease of modernity, a disease affecting primarily men and a disease primarily affecting members of affluent Western societies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed CT scans for evidence of vascular calcification as a manifestation of atherosclerosis in ancient Egyptian female mummies and compared the results to clinical features of contemporary Egyptian women, who are suffering from an epidemic of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The common assumption that atherosclerosis is strictly a modern disease which spares women, mainly affecting men, is not true. We report the CT examination of an ancient Egyptian woman who lived more than 3000 years ago, finding calcified atherosclerotic plaque in her systemic arteries and other abnormalities probably due to prior myocardial infarction. We also confirmed recent reports of a virtual epidemic of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in contemporary Egyptian women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atherosclerosis, both ancient and contemporary, is common in women as well as in men, and is related to both a genetic predisposition and to environmental factors including diet, exercise, obesity and exposure to smoke and other toxins.
authors.affiliation: Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdelfattah
authors.forename: Adel H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wann
authors.forename: Randall C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Goma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abdel-Maksoud
authors.forename: Ibrahem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Badr
authors.forename: Hany Abdel Rahman
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.forename: Abd el-Halim Nur
authors.initials: Ael-H
authors.lastname: el-Din
authors.forename: Caleb E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000266:history*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000266:history*; D000076144:Egypt, Ancient; D005260:Female; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009106:Mummies / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology*