title: Supply-related drivers of staff motivation for providing intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in Tanzania: evidence from two rural districts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since its introduction in the national antenatal care (ANC) system in Tanzania in 2001, little evidence is documented regarding the motivation and performance of health workers (HWs) in the provision of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) services in the national ANC clinics and the implications such motivation and performance might have had on HWs and services' compliance with the recommended IPTp delivery guidelines. This paper describes the supply-related drivers of motivation and performance of HWs in administering IPTp doses among other ANC services delivered in public and private health facilities (HFs) in Tanzania, using a case study of Mkuranga and Mufindi districts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with 78 HWs participating in the delivery of ANC services in private and public HFs and were supplemented by personal communications with the members of the district council health management team. The research instrument used in the data collection process contained a mixture of closed and open-ended questions. Some of the open-ended questions had to be coded in the form that allowed their analysis quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both districts, respondents acknowledged IPTp as an essential intervention, but expressed dissatisfaction with their working environments constraining their performance, including health facility (HF) unit understaffing; unsystematic and unfriendly supervision by CHMT members; limited opportunities for HW career development; and poor (HF) infrastructure and staff houses. Data also suggest that poor working conditions negatively affect health workers' motivation to perform for ANC (including IPTp) services. Similarities and differences were noted in terms of motivational factors for ANC service delivery between the HWs employed in private HFs and those in public HFs: those in private facilities were more comfortable with staff residential houses, HF buildings, equipment, availability of water, electricity and cups for clients to use while taking doses under direct observed therapy than their public facility counterparts. Employees in public HFs more acknowledged availability of clinical officers, nurses and midwives than their private facility counterparts. More results are presented and discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows conditions related to staffing levels, health infrastructure and essential supplies being among the key determinants or drivers of frontline HWs' motivation to deliver ANC services in both private and public HFs. Efforts of the government to meet the maternal health related Millennium Development Goals and targets for specific interventions need to address challenges related to HWs' motivation to perform their duties at their work-places.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Centre for Enhancement of Effective Malaria Interventions (CEEMI), 2338 Ocean Road, P,O Box 9653, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. gmmubyazi@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Godfrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mubyazi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byskov
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: Ib C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bygbjerg
authors.forename: Kristian S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials