title: Frequency of anaemia and renal insufficiency in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart Failure (HF) is a common disease with a high mortality rate. Anaemia and renal failure (RF) are often present in patients with HF and associated with worse prognosis. Objective of study was to evaluate the prevalence of anaemia and RF in patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted in Punjab institute of cardiology Lahore with diagnosis of heart failure were enrolled from February, 2008 to December, 2008. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin levels < 13 mg/dl for men and 12 mg/dl for women. Renal function was assessed by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), calculated by the simplified formula of the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 276 patients included in this study, 42.03% (116) had anaemia and 38.40% (106) had moderate to severe renal failure (GFR < 60 ml/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of anaemia and renal failure was high in this population and was associated with the severity of the HF (functional classes III and IV).
authors.affiliation: Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Waqas
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jehangir
authors.forename: Muhammad Salman
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Daood
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Nadeem Hayat
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Mallick
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*