title: Importance of an intact dura in management of compound elevated fractures; a short series and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe compound elevated fractures (CEFs) of the skull vault, with radiological pictures, management problems and prognosticative factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors describe three cases of CEFs of the cranium, their mode of injury, clinical findings, radiological images and management problems. The authors have reviewed the existing literature regarding epidemiological data, neurological status, dural breech, methods of management and final outcome, in respect of CEFs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first case had no dural breech, the second case had completely shattered dura, with extruding brain matter from the wound, while the third case had an elevated bone flap in consequence to large extradural haematoma. The patients with intact dura had relatively favourable outcome, when compared to patients with shattered dura. Three cases are added to the existing 10 such cases described in English literature. The major cause of unfavourable outcome remains sepsis and the presence of intact dura places these cases in the relatively safe category, regarding infective complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors attempt at highlighting the importance of intact dura with such an injury. The review of literature supports favourable outcomes in patients having no dural breech.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. sandeepneuro@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohindra
authors.forename: Harnarayan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Amey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savardekar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*