title: Hydrogen gas ameliorates oxidative stress in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydrogen gas has been demonstrated to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress recently. Our objective was to determine the therapeutic effect of H2 inhalation and its antioxidative activity on early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled in vivo laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-seven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-350 g.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced by endovascular perforation method in rats. Subarachnoid hemorrhage rats were treated with 2.9% hydrogen gas inhaled for 2 hrs after perforation. At 24 and 72 hrs, mortality, body weight, neurologic deficits, and brain water content were assessed. Blood-brain barrier permeability and apoptosis were also measured at 24 hrs. To investigate the antioxidative activity of hydrogen gas, the expression of malondialdehyde, nitrotyrosine, and 8-hydroxyguanosine, which are oxidative markers of lipid, protein, and DNA damage, respectively, were measured at 24 hrs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydrogen gas significantly alleviated brain edema and blood-brain barrier disruption, reduced apoptosis, and improved neurologic function at 24 hrs but not 72 hrs after subarachnoid hemorrhage. These effects were associated with the amelioration of oxidative injury of lipid, protein, and DNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydrogen gas could exert its neuroprotective effect against early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by its antioxidative activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xinggang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhi
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006151:Guanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014867:Water; D006151:Guanosine; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; C046215:8-hydroxyguanosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006859:Hydrogen