title: Estimating the quality-of-life impact and cost-effectiveness of alpha-blocker and anti-muscarinic combination treatment in men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 12-week clinical trial (TIMES) demonstrated that therapy with tolterodine extended release (TOL) + tamsulosin (TAM) provides clinical benefits vs TOL or TAM monotherapy or placebo (PBO) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including overactive bladder (OAB). The present analysis estimated the costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) associated with these therapies from the perspective of the UK healthcare system.
  
  
  METHODS
  TIMES cohorts receiving TOL, TAM, TOL + TAM, or PBO were followed from therapy initiation to 12 weeks. A decision-tree model was used to extrapolate the 12-week results to 1 year (including need for surgery owing to treatment failure at 12 weeks) and to track patients' outcomes (symptoms, utility, and costs). Because TIMES did not include costs and QALYs, data from the EpiLUTS epidemiologic survey (12,796 males) were used to model a mathematical relationship between LUTS (daytime and nocturnal frequency, urgency episodes, urgency urinary incontinence episodes, and International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS]), quality-of-life, and utility. This was used to convert improvements in TIMES patients' LUTS into utility scores and QALYs. The model included drug and surgery procedure costs and hospital length of stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incremental QALYs of TOL + TAM vs PBO, TAM, and TOL were 0.042, 0.021, and 0.013, and corresponding incremental costs were £189, £223, and -£70, respectively, resulting in cost-utility ratios for TOL + TAM of £4508/QALY gained compared with PBO and £10,381/QALY gained compared with TAM. TOL + TAM combination therapy was both more effective and cost-saving compared with TOL. Univariate sensitivity analyses showed that patient utility was most responsive to changes in drug efficacy on IPSS and urgency episodes. Changing the percentage of patients undergoing surgery did not substantially affect model outcomes. The main limitation of the study was that the relation between LUTS and patient utility was based on an indirect association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TOL + TAM combination therapy appears to be cost-effective compared with TOL or TAM monotherapy or PBO in male patients with LUTS.
authors.affiliation: Pharmerit International, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. bverheggen@pharmerit.com
authors.forename: Bram G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Verheggen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieuw On
authors.forename: Maarten J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Treur
authors.forename: Marc F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Botteman
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Trocio
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics; D006113:United Kingdom; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000150:complications*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists