title: A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An imbalance in the excitatory/inhibitory systems with abnormalities in the glutamatergic pathways has been implicated in the pathophysiology of autism. Furthermore, chronic redox imbalance was also recently linked to this disorder. The goal of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of using oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutamatergic modulator and an antioxidant, in the treatment of behavioral disturbance in children with autism.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of NAC in children with autistic disorder. Subjects randomized to NAC were initiated at 900 mg daily for 4 weeks, then 900 mg twice daily for 4 weeks and 900 mg three times daily for 4 weeks. The primary behavioral measure (Aberrant Behavior Checklist [ABC] irritability subscale) and safety measures were performed at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Secondary measures included the ABC stereotypy subscale, Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised, and Social Responsiveness Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three subjects (31 male subjects, 2 female subjects; aged 3.2-10.7 years) were randomized in the study. Follow-up data was available on 14 subjects in the NAC group and 15 in the placebo group. Oral NAC was well tolerated with limited side effects. Compared with placebo, NAC resulted in significant improvements on ABC irritability subscale (F = 6.80; p < .001; d = .96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this pilot investigation support the potential usefulness of NAC for treating irritability in children with autistic disorder. Large randomized controlled investigations are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. hardanay@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Antonio Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Hardan
authors.forename: Lawrence K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Libove
authors.forename: Tetyana V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Obukhanych
authors.forename: Surekha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Leonore A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Herzenberg
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: Rabindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tirouvanziam
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D000111:Acetylcysteine