title: Development of single-dispenser pheromone suppression of Epiphyas postvittana, Planotortrix octo and Ctenopseustis obliquana in New Zealand stone fruit orchards.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pheromones of two native leafrollers of economic importance to the New Zealand horticulture industry, Planotortrix octo [(Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate] and Ctenopseustis obliquana [(Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate], were reinvestigated and combined with pheromone of Epiphyas postvittana [light-brown apple moth, (E)-11-tetradecenyl actetate and (E, E)-9,11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate] to develop a single dispenser for mating disruption of three pest species for integrated pest management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Additional compounds identified from pheromone gland extracts were characterised as repellents for P. octo. However, for C. obliquana from Central Otago, a change in ratio of (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and the addition of three compounds found in the gland (dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate and hexadecanal) led to a significant improvement in catch over previous lures. Males from Central Otago showed antennal electrophysiological responses to hexadecanal, unlike C. obliquana from Auckland, which did not. Three multiple-species disruption blends were devised in a single dispenser to target E. postvittana, P. octo and C. obliquana. Disruption of traps was recorded in single-tree replicates with all three blends, but the five-component blend was overall most effective at disruption and was deployed area wide in commercial orchard plots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deployment of single dispensers into commercial stone fruit orchards led to disruption of trapping for the three species and measurable reductions in insecticide use in cherries, peaches and nectarines without increased fruit damage (assessed in apricots).
authors.affiliation: The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand. Max.Suckling@plantandfood.co.nz
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: Gillian F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: Lee-Anne M
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Vanessa J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Bernie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Attfield
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Colhoun
authors.forename: Ashraf M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones