title: Development of a rapid soil water content detection technique using active infrared thermal methods for in-field applications.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of active infrared thermography and thermometry in combination with multivariate statistical partial least squares analysis as rapid soil water content detection techniques both in the laboratory and the field. Such techniques allow fast soil water content measurements helpful in both agricultural and environmental fields. These techniques, based on the theory of heat dissipation, were tested by directly measuring temperature dynamic variation of samples after heating. For the assessment of temperature dynamic variations data were collected during three intervals (3, 6 and 10 s). To account for the presence of specific heats differences between water and soil, the analyses were regulated using slopes to linearly describe their trends. For all analyses, the best model was achieved for a 10 s slope. Three different approaches were considered, two in the laboratory and one in the field. The first laboratory-based one was centred on active infrared thermography, considered measurement of temperature variation as independent variable and reported r = 0.74. The second laboratory-based one was focused on active infrared thermometry, added irradiation as independent variable and reported r = 0.76. The in-field experiment was performed by active infrared thermometry, heating bare soil by solar irradiance after exposure due to primary tillage. Some meteorological parameters were inserted as independent variables in the prediction model, which presented r = 0.61. In order to obtain more general and wide estimations in-field a Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis on three classes of percentage of soil water content was performed obtaining a high correct classification in the test (88.89%). The prediction error values were lower in the field with respect to laboratory analyses. Both techniques could be used in conjunction with a Geographic Information System for obtaining detailed information on soil heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Engineering Research Unit of the Agricultural Research Council (CRA-ING), Via della Pascolare 16, 00015, Monterotondo scalo, Rome, Italy. francescaantonucci@hotmail.it
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pallottino
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rimatori
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papetti
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Menesatti
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002622:Chemistry, Agricultural / Q000379:methods; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013821:Thermometers; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water