title: Defining and measuring the effort needed for inpatient medicine work.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current metrics for assessing physician workload are inadequate. Understanding the effort associated with work tasks could make workload assessments more robust.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the physical, mental, and psychological effort needed for the tasks performed by internal medicine doctors while admitting a patient to the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single Midwest academic institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal medicine housestaff, hospitalists, and nonhospitalist internal medicine faculty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects rated 99 tasks across 3 domains: physical, mental, and psychological effort using a scale of 1-7 (1 = least effort, 7 = most effort). A composite effort score was calculated for each task and for each of 6 task categories: direct patient care, indirect patient care, searching for/finding things, educational/academic activities, personal/downtime activities, and other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the most difficult task was going to codes, which was also the most difficult psychological task. The most difficult physical task was placing a central line, and the most difficult mental task was transferring an unstable patient to the intensive care unit. The easiest task was using the Internet. That was also the easiest physical, mental, and psychological task. Direct patient care was more difficult than indirect patient care overall (3.58 vs 3.21; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We began the process of describing the workload of inpatient doctors by measuring the difficulty of the tasks they perform while admitting patients. To assess the relationship between workload and other outcomes (such as physician burnout and patient safety), it is essential that we be able to accurately measure workload.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Reema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lamba
authors.forename: Marilyn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schapira
authors.forename: Siddhartha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Kathlyn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D005791:Patient Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D005082:Physical Exertion; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*