title: Incidence and Genetic Characterization of Gongylonema pulchrum in Cattle Slaughtered in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gullet worm, Gongylonema pulchrum Molin, 1857, is a thread-like spirurid nematode found in a variety of mammals worldwide. Its incidences in Iranian cattle of different breed or age have not been reported. The aims of the present study are to disclose the infection status of G. pulchrum in cattle slaughtered in northern region of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full-length esophagi of cattle of 97 native dairy breed and 41 Holstein-Friesian breed were collected at four local abattoirs in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, from March 2006 to August 2007, and were examined parasitologically. Eight overlapping segments of the small- and large-subunits of rDNA were amplified by PCR, and the obtained nucleotide sequences were characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidences of G. pulchrum in female and male native dairy breed were 38.9% and 24.0%, respectively, whereas those in female and male Holstein-Friesian breed were 4.2% and 0%, respectively. The first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region of G. pulchrum rDNA showed an intra-individual variation in the sequence and length, and the variation was ascribed to some unstable repeats of "A" or "CA".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct incidences of G. pulchrum infection in native dairy breed and Holstein-Friesian breed might be ascribed to different animal husbandry manners for each breed in Iran; the former breed grazes freely in the pasture, but the latter breed is usually held in a pen. The rDNA sequence of Iranian G. pulchrum, obtained for the first time by us, might facilitate a reliable species identification of the parasite with a wide spectrum of morphological variations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halajian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ashrafi-Helan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato