title: Buckling resistance of pathfinding endodontic instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compared the buckling resistance of the following endodontic pathfinding instruments: C-Pilot file (VDW, Munich, Germany), C+ file (Maillefer/Dentsply, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and PathFile (Maillefer/Dentsply).
  
  
  METHODS
  The test instruments were subjected to a devised buckling resistance test, which consisted of the application of an increasing load in the axial direction of the instrument by using a universal testing machine. The maximum load required to generate a lateral elastic displacement of 1 mm was recorded for each instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that the buckling resistance decreased in the following order: C+ file > C-Pilot file > PathFile. The difference was statistically significant (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stainless steel instruments (C+ and C-Pilot) were more resistant to buckling than the nickel-titanium instrument (PathFile). Considering that buckling resistance may influence the performance of instruments during the negotiation of constricted canals, the C+ files showed significantly better results than the other instruments tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hélio P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Carlos N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mangelli
authors.forename: Weber S P
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Giorgiana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Letícia C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium