title: Long term higher urinary calcium excretion within the normal physiologic range predicts impaired bone status of the proximal radius in healthy children with higher potential renal acid load.
abstract: Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mass have been observed in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Whether urinary calcium excretion at the higher end of the normal physiologic range can influence bone health in healthy children independent of dietary intake is unknown. Urinary calcium was quantified in 603 24-h urine samples from 154 healthy children and adolescents who had ≥3 urine collections and parallel 3-day weighed dietary records during the 4years preceding proximal forearm bone analyses by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Urinary potential renal acid load (uPRAL) was determined according to urine ionogram by subtracting measured quantitatively important mineral cations from nonbicarbonate anions. Urinary calcium excretion was significantly associated with volumetric (v)BMD (P=0.04), almost significantly with cortical bone mineral content (BMC) (P=0.05), but not with cortical cross-sectional area (CSA) (P=0.09), total CSA (P=0.3), or Strength-Strain Index (P=0.8) in the total population sample. Stratified analyses based on the median split of uPRAL showed that calcium excretion was negatively associated with vBMD (P=0.007), cortical BMC (P=0.001), and cortical CSA (P=0.004) in those children with higher uPRALs, but not in those with low uPRALs (P>0.3). In conclusion, long-term higher calciuria within the physiological range predicts reduced diaphyseal bone mass and bone density particularly in healthy children and adolescents with long-term unfavorable higher dietary acid load, i.e., with lower fruit and vegetable intake.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, 44225 Dortmund, Germany. shi@fke-do.de
authors.forename: Lijie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Libuda
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schönau
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frassetto
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remer
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D015519:Bone Density; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D002118:Calcium