title: Hirsutism in women.
abstract: Hirsutism is excess terminal hair that commonly appears in a male pattern in women. Although hirsutism is generally associated with hyperandrogenemia, one-half of women with mild symptoms have normal androgen levels. The most common cause of hirsutism is polycystic ovary syndrome, accounting for three out of every four cases. Many medications can also cause hirsutism. In patients whose hirsutism is not related to medication use, evaluation is focused on testing for endocrinopathies and neoplasms, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid dysfunction, Cushing syndrome, and androgen-secreting tumors. Symptoms and findings suggestive of neoplasm include rapid onset of symptoms, signs of virilization, and a palpable abdominal or pelvic mass. Patients without these findings who have mild symptoms and normal menses can be treated empirically. For patients with moderate or severe symptoms, an early morning total testosterone level should be obtained, and if moderately elevated, it should be followed by a plasma free testosterone level. A total testosterone level greater than 200 ng per dL (6.94 nmol per L) should prompt evaluation for an androgen-secreting tumor. Further workup is guided by history and physical examination, and may include thyroid function tests, prolactin level, 17-hydroxyprogesterone level, and corticotropin stimulation test. Treatment includes hair removal and pharmacologic measures. Shaving is effective but needs to be repeated often. Evidence for the effectiveness of electrolysis and laser therapy is limited. In patients who are not planning a pregnancy, first-line pharmacologic treatment should include oral contraceptives. Topical agents, such as eflornithine, may also be used. Treatment response should be monitored for at least six months before making adjustments.
authors.affiliation: Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA. dave.bode@us.army.mil
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Dean A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Seehusen
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004701:Endocrine Gland Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006204:Hair Removal; D006628:Hirsutism / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists