title: Influence of storage approaches on instability of propiconazole resistance in Monilinia fructicola.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term preservation of interesting phenotypes in plant pathogenic fungi allows for follow-up studies in the future. Twelve storage approaches were investigated to determine their effects on instability of propiconazole resistance for three demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide-resistant and two DMI-sensitive isolates of Monilinia fructicola. They included mycelium in PDA slants under mineral oil, in PDA plugs under 10% glycerol, on dried filter paper and conidia on silica gel, each stored for 36 weeks at 4, - 20, and - 80 °C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the storage approaches prevented the rapid decline of EC(50) values for propiconazole in the three resistant isolates, and no significant differences were found among storage approaches (P = 0.787) or between storage approaches and consecutive transfers (P = 0.053). Most of the decline in resistance occurred during the first 4 weeks of storage. The DMI resistance-associated genetic element Mona, located in the immediate upstream region of the MfCYP51 gene, was still present in the three resistant isolates after 36 weeks of storage and weekly transfers. Furthermore, the Mona element and a portion of the MfCYP51 gene, which encodes the target enzyme for DMIs, did not reveal signs of DNA methylation. Resistance to propiconazole was partially regained in resistant isolates after two growth cycles on fresh peach fruit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obtained data indicate that the decline of DMI resistance in M. fructicola cannot be prevented using commonly employed storage methods at various temperatures. The number of consecutive transfers and the storage duration prior to fungicide sensitivity tests in M. fructicola should be indicated in scientific papers.
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Fuxing
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: P Karen
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bryson
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schnabel
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005511:Food Handling; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D027861:Prunus / Q000382:microbiology; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase / Q000235:genetics; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C045950:propiconazole; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase; D005947:Glucose