title: Discrimination of basal cell carcinoma from benign lesions based on extraction of ulcer features in polarized-light dermoscopy images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulcers are frequently visible in magnified, cross-polarized, dermoscopy images of basal cell carcinoma. An ulcer without a history of trauma, a so-called 'atraumatic' ulcer, is an important sign of basal cell carcinoma, the most common skin cancer. Distinguishing such ulcers from similar features found in benign lesions is challenging. In this research, color and texture features of ulcers are analyzed to discriminate basal cell carcinoma from benign lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ulcers in polarized-light dermoscopy images of 49 biopsy-proven basal cell carcinomas were identified and manually selected. For 153 polarized-light dermoscopy images of benign lesions, those areas that most closely mimicked ulcers were similarly selected. Fifteen measures were analyzed over the areas of ulcers and ulcer mimics. Six of those measures were texture measures: energy, variance, smoothness, skewness, uniformity, and entropy. Nine of those measures were color measures: relative measures of red, green, and blue; chromaticity of red, green, and blue; and the ratios blue-to-green, blue-to-red, and green-to-red.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A back-propagation artificial neural network was able to discriminate most of the basal cell carcinoma from benign lesions, with an area under the ROC curve as high as 92.46%, using color and texture features of ulcer areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Separation of basal cell carcinoma from benign cutaneous lesions using image analysis techniques applied to ulcers is feasible. As ulcers are a critical feature in malignant lesions, this finding may have application in the automatic detection of basal cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kefel
authors.forename: Pelin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guvenc
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: LeAnder
authors.forename: Sherea M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stricklin
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Stoecker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D014456:Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*