title: Evidence-based guideline update: intraoperative spinal monitoring with somatosensory and transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether spinal cord intraoperative monitoring (IOM) with somatosensory and transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (EPs) predicts adverse surgical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of experts reviewed the results of a comprehensive literature search and identified published studies relevant to the clinical question. These studies were classified according to the evidence-based methodology of the American Academy of Neurology. Objective outcomes of postoperative onset of paraparesis, paraplegia, and quadriplegia were used because no randomized or masked studies were available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four Class I and 8 Class II studies met inclusion criteria for analysis. The 4 Class I studies and 7 of the 8 Class II studies reached significance in showing that paraparesis, paraplegia, and quadriplegia occurred in the IOM patients with EP changes compared with the IOM group without EP changes. All studies were consistent in showing all occurrences of paraparesis, paraplegia, and quadriplegia in the IOM patients with EP changes, with no occurrences of paraparesis, paraplegia, and quadriplegia in patients without EP changes. In the Class I studies, 16%-40% of the IOM patients with EP changes developed postoperative-onset paraparesis, paraplegia, or quadriplegia. IOM is established as effective to predict an increased risk of the adverse outcomes of paraparesis, paraplegia, and quadriplegia in spinal surgery (4 Class I and 7 Class II studies). Surgeons and other members of the operating team should be alerted to the increased risk of severe adverse neurologic outcomes in patients with important IOM changes (Level A).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nuwer
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Legatt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minahan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goodin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Armon
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gronseth
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Harden
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*