title: A risk score for chronic kidney disease in the general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stratification of individuals at risk for chronic kidney disease may allow optimization of preventive measures to reduce disease incidence and complications. We sought to develop a risk score that estimates an individual's absolute risk of incident chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Framingham Heart Study participants free of baseline chronic kidney disease, who attended a baseline examination in 1995-1998 and follow-up in 2005-2008, were included in the analysis (n = 2490). Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Participants were assessed for the development of chronic kidney disease at 10 years follow-up. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify chronic kidney disease risk factors, and these were used to construct a risk score predicting 10-year chronic kidney disease risk. Performance characteristics were assessed using calibration and discrimination measures. The final model was externally validated in the bi-ethnic Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (n = 1777).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1171 men and 1319 women at baseline, and the mean age was 57.1 years. At follow-up, 9.2% (n = 229) had developed chronic kidney disease. Age, diabetes, hypertension, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria were independently associated with incident chronic kidney disease (P <.05), and these covariates were incorporated into a risk function (c-statistic 0.813). In external validation in the ARIC study, the c-statistic was 0.74 in whites (n = 1353) and 0.75 in blacks (n = 424).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk stratification for chronic kidney disease is achievable using a risk score derived from clinical factors that are readily accessible in primary care. The utility of this score in identifying individuals in the community at high risk of chronic kidney disease warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Conall M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Seaghdha
authors.forename: Asya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyass
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Brad C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Astor
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology