title: Three-dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with  upper extremity impairment from chronic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate shoulder complex kinematics in persons with chronic upper extremity (UE) impairments due to stroke and determine if kinematics predicts motor function based on the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen stroke survivors with chronic UE impairments (age range = 46-80 years, male = 8, female = 8, mean (SD) 66 (40) months post-stroke) performed the UE portion of the FMA with the shoulder/elbow subscale (FM_se) documented. Three-dimensional kinematics of the shoulder complex was collected with the Motion Monitor™ (Innsport, Chicago, IL, USA). Participants performed three repetitions of arm elevation in the frontal, sagittal and self-selected planes. The third repetition was analyzed. Scapular and humeral kinematics were calculated in the self-selected plane. Scapulohumeral rhythm was analyzed at peak elevation. Backward stepwise regression analysis predicted kinematic contributions to the FM_se.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) FM_se score was 25.3 1(10.9). Peak humeral elevation ranged from 45.6° to 129.2° (median 106.7°). Scapulohumeral rhythm was 4.1:1 when humeral elevation ranged from 45° to 50°, 1.5:1 from 80° to 95° and 2.1:1 from 105° to 130°. Humeral elevation, scapular upward rotation and scapular internal rotation predicted 65.4% of FM_se score variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with chronic UE impairments from stroke demonstrated reduced peak elevation and altered scapulohumeral rhythm. Three predictors of the FM_se were humeral elevation, scapular upward rotation and scapular internal rotation.
authors.affiliation: University of Indianapolis, Krannert School of Physical Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA. prundquist@uindy.edu
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rundquist
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dumit
authors.forename: Jeannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Kendall
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Finley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012540:Scapula / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology