title: A national patient dose survey and setting of reference levels for interventional radiology in Bulgaria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A national study on patient dose values in interventional radiology and cardiology was performed in order to assess current practice in Bulgaria, to estimate the typical patient doses and to propose reference levels for the most common procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen units and more than 1,000 cases were included. Average values of the measured parameters for three procedures-coronary angiography (CA), combined procedure (CA + PCI) and lower limb arteriography (LLA)--were compared with data published in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial variations were observed in equipment and procedure protocols used. This resulted in variations in patient dose: air-kerma area product ranges were 4-339, 6-1,003 and 0.2-288 Gy cm(2) for CA, CA + PCI and LLA respectively. Reference levels for air kerma-area product were proposed: 40 Gy cm(2) for CA, 140 Gy cm(2) for CA + PCI and 45 Gy cm(2) for LLA. Auxiliary reference intervals were proposed for other dose-related parameters: fluoroscopy time, number of images and entrance surface air kerma rate in fluoroscopy and cine mode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an apparent necessity for improvement in the classification of peripheral procedures and for standardisation of the protocols applied. It is important that patient doses are routinely recorded and compared with reference levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Patient doses in interventional radiology are high and vary greatly • Better standardisation of procedures and techniques is needed to improve practice • Dose reference levels for most common procedures are proposed.
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria. r.borisova@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zotova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vassileva
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hristova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001822:Body Burden; D002031:Bulgaria; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011871:Radiology / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values