title: Incorporating nonchemical stressors into cumulative risk assessments.
abstract: The role of nonchemical stressors in modulating the human health risk associated with chemical exposures is an area of increasing attention. On 9 March 2011, a workshop titled "Approaches for Incorporating Nonchemical Stressors into Cumulative Risk Assessment" took place during the 50th Anniversary Annual Society of Toxicology Meeting in Washington D.C. Objectives of the workshop included describing the current state of the science from various perspectives (i.e., regulatory, exposure, modeling, and risk assessment) and presenting expert opinions on currently available methods for incorporating nonchemical stressors into cumulative risk assessments. Herein, distinct frameworks for characterizing exposure to, joint effects of, and risk associated with chemical and nonchemical stressors are discussed.
authors.affiliation: National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. ridercv@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Cynthia V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Rider
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dourson
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: Moiz M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mumtaz
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Jane Ellen
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Simmons
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004219:District of Columbia; D004493:Education; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014116:Toxicology / Q000193:education*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants