title: Solid fuel production by hydrothermal carbonization of black liquor.
abstract: Formaldehyde was used as a polymerization agent to perform hydrothermal carbonization of black liquor for solid fuel production from 220 to 285°C. Compared to hydrochar prepared without formaldehyde, hydrochar produced in the presence of a 2.8wt.% formaldehyde solution (hydrochar-F) had 1.27-2.13 times higher yield, 1.02-1.36 times higher heating value (HHV), 1.20-2.31 times higher C recovery efficiency, 1.20-2.44 times higher total energy recovery efficiency, 0.51-0.64 times lower sulfur content, and 0.48-0.89 times lower ash content. The HHV of hydrochar-Fs ranged from 2.2×10(4) to 3.0×10(4)kJ/kg, while the HHV of hydrochar-F produced at 285°C was 1.90 times greater than that of the raw material (black liquor solid). These considerable improvements indicated that formaldehyde was an effective additive in hydrothermal carbonization of black liquor.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: Shimin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Xianglan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D013783:Textile Industry
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D002244:Carbon