title: Childhood adversity and adult depressive disorder: a case-controlled study in Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the association between childhood adversity and depression in adult depressed patients in a Malaysian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients, who met the criteria for major depressive disorder or dysthymia according to the Structured Clinical Interview based on the revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, were used as cases and compared with 52 controls matched for age and sex. Cases and controls were assessed using a sexual and physical abuse questionnaire and a Parental Bonding Instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive relationship between childhood abuse in general and childhood physical abuse with adult depressive disorder in particular. Nearly a quarter (23%) of depressed patients reported being abused in childhood compared with none in the control group. There was no significant association between childhood loss and depression in adulthood. Low level of parental care during childhood was significantly correlated with adult depressive disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should assiduously seek a history of childhood adversities in adult patients with depression. This information can influence clinical management by way of implementing secondary preventive measures. In all depressed patients, mental health professionals also need to look out for their poor attachment with parents during childhood. This may enable interventions directed at parenting skills and improved attachment relationships with their own children. These types of interventions together with pharmacotherapy may provide the optimal approach to the management of depression in adults and help prevent the cycle of depression perpetuating itself in the next generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. sitfong@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maniam
authors.forename: S M K
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Badi'ah