title: Comparison of 2D and 3D imaging and treatment planning for postoperative vaginal apex high-dose rate brachytherapy for endometrial cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate bladder and rectal doses using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D treatment planning for vaginal cuff high-dose rate (HDR) in endometrial cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one consecutive patients treated between 2000 and 2007 were evaluated. Seventy-one and 20 patients underwent 2D and 3D planning, respectively. Each patient received six fractions prescribed at 0.5 cm to the superior 3 cm of the vagina. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) doses were calculated for 2D patients. Maximum and 2-cc doses were calculated for 3D patients. Organ doses were normalized to prescription dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bladder maximum doses were 178% of ICRU doses (p < 0.0001). Two-cubic centimeter doses were no different than ICRU doses (p = 0.22). Two-cubic centimeter doses were 59% of maximum doses (p < 0.0001). Rectal maximum doses were 137% of ICRU doses (p < 0.0001). Two-cubic centimeter doses were 87% of ICRU doses (p < 0.0001). Two-cubic centimeter doses were 64% of maximum doses (p < 0.0001). Using the first 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fractions, we predicted the final bladder dose to within 10% for 44%, 59%, 83%, 82%, and 89% of patients by using the ICRU dose, and for 45%, 55%, 80%, 85%, and 85% of patients by using the maximum dose, and for 37%, 68%, 79%, 79%, and 84% of patients by using the 2-cc dose. Using the first 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fractions, we predicted the final rectal dose to within 10% for 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% of patients by using the ICRU dose, and for 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 75% of patients by using the maximum dose, and for 68%, 95%, 84%, 84%, and 84% of patients by using the 2-cc dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doses to organs at risk vary depending on the calculation method. In some cases, final dose accuracy appears to plateau after the third fraction, indicating that simulation and planning may not be necessary in all fractions. A clinically relevant level of accuracy should be determined and further research conducted to address this issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Kent E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Armeson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects*