title: Distribution of internal pressure around bony prominences: implications to deep tissue injury and effectiveness of intermittent electrical stimulation.
abstract: The overall goal of this project is to develop interventions for the prevention of deep tissue injury (DTI), a form of pressure ulcers that originates in deep tissue around bony prominences. The present study focused on: (1) obtaining detailed measures of the distribution of pressure experienced by tissue around the ischial tuberosities, and (2) investigating the effectiveness of intermittent electrical stimulation (IES), a novel strategy for the prevention of DTI, in alleviating pressure in regions at risk of breakdown due to sustained loading. The experiments were conducted in adult pigs. Five animals had intact spinal cords and healthy muscles and one had a spinal cord injury that led to substantial muscle atrophy at the time of the experiment. A force-controlled servomotor was used to load the region of the buttocks to levels corresponding to 25%, 50% or 75% of each animal's body weight. A pressure transducer embedded in a catheter was advanced into the tissue to measure pressure along a three dimensional grid around the ischial tuberosity of one hind leg. For all levels of external loading in intact animals, average peak internal pressure was 2.01 ± 0.08 times larger than the maximal interfacial pressure measured at the level of the skin. In the animal with spinal cord injury, similar absolute values of internal pressure as that in intact animals were recorded, but the substantial muscle atrophy produced larger maximal interfacial pressures. Average peak internal pressure in this animal was 1.43 ± 0.055 times larger than the maximal interfacial pressure. Peak internal pressure was localized within a ±2 cm region medio-laterally and dorso-ventrally from the bone in intact animals and ±1 cm in the animal with spinal cord injury. IES significantly redistributed internal pressure, shifting the peak values away from the bone in spinally intact and injured animals. These findings provide critical information regarding the relationship between internal and interfacial pressure around the ischial tuberosities during loading levels equivalent to those experienced while sitting. The information could guide future computer models investigating the etiology of DTI, as well as inform the design and prescription of seating cushions for people with reduced mobility. The findings also suggest that IES may be an effective strategy for the prevention of DTI.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Science Program, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Leandro R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Solis
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liggins
authors.forename: Richard R E
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Uwiera
authors.forename: Niek
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poppe
authors.forename: Enid
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pehowich
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seres
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Vivian K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Mushahwar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature