title: The potential of case management for people with dementia: a commentary.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent review of studies of case management in dementia argues that lack of evidence of cost-effectiveness should discourage the use of this approach to care. We argue that that this is too conservative a stance, given the urgent need throughout the world to improve the quality of care for people with dementia and their caregivers. We propose a research agenda on case management for people with dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical comparison was made of the studies identified in two systematic reviews of trials of case management for dementia, with selective inclusion of non-trial studies and economic evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our interpretation of the literature leads us to four provisional conclusions. First, studies with long follow-up periods tend to show delayed relocation of people with dementia to care homes. Second, the quality of life of people with dementia and their caregivers may also influence the likelihood of relocation. Third, different understandings of what constitutes case management make interpretation of studies difficult. Fourth, we agree that the population most likely to benefit from case management needs to be characterised. Earlier intervention may be more beneficial than intervening when the condition has progressed and the individual's situation is highly complex. However, this runs counter to some definitions of case management as an administrative, professional, and systemic focus on people with high needs and where expensive support is accessed or in prospect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More work needs to be carried out in a more focused way in order to establish the value of case management for people with dementia. Since care home residence is such a sizeable contributor to the costs of dementia care, studies need to be long enough to capture possible postponed relocation. However, case management studies with shorter follow-up periods can still contribute to our understanding, since they can demonstrate improved quality of life. Future research should be built around a common, agreed definition of types of case management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iliffe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manthorpe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coulton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chew-Graham
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katona
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D019090:Case Management / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D003704:Dementia / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life