title: Peer influences on adolescent alcohol and other drug use outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role of family environment and peer networks in abstinence outcomes for adolescents 1 year after intake to alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey of 419 adolescents 13 to 18 years of age at consecutive intakes to AOD treatment programs at four sites of a large health system, with telephone follow-up survey 1 year after intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Examined association of 1-year abstinence with baseline characteristics. Using logistic regression, we examined characteristics predicting 1-year abstinence and predicting having fewer than four substance-using friends at 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that family environment scores related to family conflict, limit setting, and positive family experiences, were not related to abstinence outcomes, but peer networks were related. Adolescents with fewer (less than four) AOD-using friends were more likely to be abstinent than those with four or more AOD-using friends (65% vs. 41%, p= .0002). Having fewer than four AOD-using friends at intake predicted abstinence at 1 year (odds ratio [OR]= 2.904, p= .0002) and also predicted having fewer than four AOD-using friends at 1 year (OR= 2.557, p= 0.0007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although family environment is an important factor in the development of AOD problems in adolescents, it did not play a significant role in treatment success. The quality of adolescent peer networks did independently predict positive outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, and other primary and behavioral care providers who screen and care for adolescents with AOD and other behavioral problems, our finding suggest the importance of focusing on improving the quality of their peer networks.
authors.affiliation: Family Nurse Practitioner Program, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rhonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Agatha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hinman
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sterling
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weisner
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome