title: Single-trial analysis of auditory evoked potentials improves separation of normal and schizophrenia subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we employed iterative independent component analysis of single-trial auditory evoked responses to identify features of the P50 and N100 components that provide maximum separation between normal controls and schizophrenia subjects and compared the results against classical ensemble averaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 13 schizophrenia and 20 normal control subjects. Responses were obtained in a paired-stimulus paradigm, in which an auditory stimulus S(1) is followed by an identical S(2). The amplitude and latency of the P50 and N100 components in response to the S(1) and S(2) stimuli were measured in each single trial and used as features to classify the responses into two groups. Several methods were used for classification, while their performance was quantified in a 10-fold stratified cross-validation approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that normal controls tended to respond earlier and their individual responses had significantly higher amplitude (p<0.01) and significantly less latency variability (p<0.01) compared to schizophrenia patients. The S(1) latency was the most significant discriminatory feature (p<0.01) followed by S(2) latency (p<0.01). The S(2) amplitude, though relatively larger in normal subjects (p<0.05), was the least discriminatory feature. Classification based on single-trial analysis yielded 100% accuracy, while the classical ensemble averaging yielded only a maximum of 76% accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that single-trial analysis can accurately separate schizophrenia patients from normal controls and suggest that inter-trial variability plays a significant role in information processing in the human brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed technique may have a significant impact as a clinical tool in the quest for identifying physiological markers of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Monitoring Solutions, Covidien Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA. Darshan.Iyer@covidien.com
authors.forename: Darshan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Nash N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Boutros
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zouridakis
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors