title: A novel adjuvant, mixture of alum and the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses for heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of the mixture of propranolol (PRP), a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and alum, as a new adjuvant, in the induction of humoral and cellular immunity in response to heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (HKST) as a model vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mice were divided into five groups. Mice in the experimental groups received either the HKST vaccine alone or in combination with the adjuvant alum, PRP or the alum-PRP mixture. Mice in the negative control group received phosphate-buffered saline. All mice were immunized two times on days 0 and 14. Two weeks after the last immunization, immune responses to S. typhimurium were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of the alum-PRP mixture as an adjuvant increased the ability of the HKST vaccine to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, shifted the immune response towards a T-helper (Th) 1 pattern and increased S. typhimurium specific IgG, IgG2a and IgG1. This resulted in improved protective immunity against S. typhimurium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of the alum-PRP mixture as an adjuvant in combination with the HKST vaccine, can enhance both humoral and cellular immunity and shift the immune responses to a Th1 pattern.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cellular and Molecular Research, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazloomi
authors.forename: Nima H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Jazani
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahabi
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000276:immunology*; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D010710:Phosphates; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D011433:Propranolol; C012714:aluminum phosphate