title: Ovarian steroids increase spinogenetic proteins in the macaque dorsal raphe.
abstract: Dendritic spines are the basic structural units of neuronal plasticity. Intracellular signaling cascades that promote spinogenesis have centered on RhoGTPases. We found that ovarian steroids increase gene expression of RhoGTPases [Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42), and ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)] in laser-captured serotonin neurons. We sought to confirm that the increases observed in gene expression translate to the protein level. In addition, a preliminary study was conducted to determine whether an increase in spines occurs via detection of the spine marker protein, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95). Adult ovariectomized (Ovx) monkeys were treated with estradiol (E), progesterone (P), or E+P for 1 month. Sections through the dorsal raphe nucleus were immunostained for RhoA and Cdc42 (n=3-4/group). The number and positive pixel area of RhoA-positive cells and the positive pixel area of Cdc42-positive fibers were determined. On combining E- and E+P-treated groups, there was a significant increase in the average and total cell number and positive pixel area of RhoA-positive cells. E, P, and E+P treatments, individually or combined, also increased the average and total positive pixel area of Cdc42-positive fibers. With remaining sections from two animals in each group, we conducted a preliminary examination of the regulation of PSD-95 protein expression. PSD-95, a postsynaptic scaffold protein, was examined with immunogold silver staining (n=2/group), and the total number of PSD-95-positive puncta was determined with stereology across four levels of the dorsal raphe. E, P, and E+P treatment significantly increased the total number of PSD-95-positive puncta. Together, these findings indicate that ovarian steroids act to increase gene and protein expression of two pivotal RhoGTPases involved in spinogenesis and preliminarily indicate that an increased number of spines and/or synapses result from this action. Increased spinogenesis on serotonin dendrites would facilitate excitatory glutamatergic input and in turn, increase serotonin neuronal activity throughout the brain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. rivera@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bethea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D049229:Dendritic Spines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D013256:Steroids; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein