title: Nasendoscopy: an analysis of measurement uncertainties.
abstract: Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the optical characteristics of two different nasendoscopes used to assess velopharyngeal insufficiency and to quantify the measurement uncertainties that will occur in a typical set of clinical data. Design : The magnification and barrel distortion associated with nasendoscopy was estimated by using computer software to analyze the apparent dimensions of a spatially calibrated test object at varying object-lens distances. In addition, a method of semiquantitative analysis of velopharyngeal closure using nasendoscopy and computer software is described. To calculate the reliability of this method, 10 nasendoscopy examinations were analyzed two times by three separate operators. The measure of intraoperator and interoperator agreement was evaluated using Pearson's r correlation coefficient. Results : Over an object lens distance of 9 mm, magnification caused the visualized dimensions of the test object to increase by 80%. In addition, dimensions of objects visualized in the far-peripheral field of the nasendoscopic examinations appeared approximately 40% smaller than those visualized in the central field. Using computer software to analyze velopharyngeal closure, the mean correlation coefficient for intrarater reliability was .94 and for interrater reliability was .90. Conclusion : Using a custom-designed apparatus, the effect object-lens distance has on the magnification of nasendoscopic images has been quantified. Barrel distortion has also been quantified and was found to be independent of object-lens distance. Using computer software to analyze clinical images, the intraoperator and interoperator correlation appears to show that ratio-metric measurements are reliable.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gilleard
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sommerlad
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sell
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software