title: Impact of computed tomography image quality on image-guided radiation therapy based on soft tissue registration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), different computed tomography (CT) modalities with varying image quality are being used to correct for interfractional variations in patient set-up and anatomy changes, thereby reducing clinical target volume to the planning target volume (CTV-to-PTV) margins. We explore how CT image quality affects patient repositioning and CTV-to-PTV margins in soft tissue registration-based IGRT for prostate cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four CT-based IGRT modalities used for prostate RT were considered in this study: MV fan beam CT (MVFBCT) (Tomotherapy), MV cone beam CT (MVCBCT) (MVision; Siemens), kV fan beam CT (kVFBCT) (CTVision, Siemens), and kV cone beam CT (kVCBCT) (Synergy; Elekta). Daily shifts were determined by manual registration to achieve the best soft tissue agreement. Effect of image quality on patient repositioning was determined by statistical analysis of daily shifts for 136 patients (34 per modality). Inter- and intraobserver variability of soft tissue registration was evaluated based on the registration of a representative scan for each CT modality with its corresponding planning scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Superior image quality with the kVFBCT resulted in reduced uncertainty in soft tissue registration during IGRT compared with other image modalities for IGRT. The largest interobserver variations of soft tissue registration were 1.1 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.6 mm, and 3.2 mm for kVFBCT, kVCBCT, MVFBCT, and MVCBCT, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Image quality adversely affects the reproducibility of soft tissue-based registration for IGRT and necessitates a careful consideration of residual uncertainties in determining different CTV-to-PTV margins for IGRT using different image modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Natalya V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Colleen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: X Sharon
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: X Allen
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*