title: Electrochemical characterization of riboflavin-enhanced reduction of trinitrotoluene.
abstract: There is great interest in understanding trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) contamination, detection and remediation in the environment due to TNT's negative health effects and security implications. Numerous publications have focused on detecting TNT in groundwater using multiple techniques, including electrochemistry. The main degradation pathway of nitrotoluenes in the environment is reduction, frequently with biological and/or photolytic assistance. Riboflavin has also been noted to aid in TNT remediation in soils and groundwater when exposed to light. This report indicates that adding riboflavin to a TNT or DNT solution enhances redox currents in electrochemical experiments. Here AC voltammetry was performed and peak currents compared with and without riboflavin present. Results indicated that TNT, DNT and riboflavin could be detected using AC voltammetry on modified gold electrodes and the addition of riboflavin affected redox peaks of TNT and DNT. Poised potential experiments indicated that it is possible to enhance reduction of TNT in the presence of riboflavin and light. These results were dramatic enough to explain long term enhancement of bioremediation in environments containing high levels of riboflavin and enhance the limit of detection in electrochemically-based nitrotoluene sensing.
authors.affiliation: United States Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-SEE-O, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20873, USA. james.j.sumner4.civ@mail.mil
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003624:Darkness; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D008027:Light; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000737:chemistry; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D004573:Electrolytes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010472:Perchlorates; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; D006046:Gold; C031068:sodium perchlorate; C023514:2,6-dinitrotoluene; D012256:Riboflavin