title: Use, costs and comparative effectiveness of robotic assisted, laparoscopic and open urological surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery has been aggressively marketed and rapidly adopted, there are few comparative effectiveness studies that support its purported advantages compared to open and laparoscopic surgery. We used a population based approach to assess use, costs and outcomes of robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery vs laparoscopic surgery and open surgery for common robotic assisted urological procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Nationwide Inpatient Sample we identified the most common urological robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery procedures during the last quarter of 2008 as radical prostatectomy, nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and pyeloplasty. Robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic surgery and open surgery use, costs and inpatient outcomes were compared using propensity score methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery was performed for 52.7% of radical prostatectomies, 27.3% of pyeloplasties, 11.5% of partial nephrectomies and 2.3% of nephrectomies. For radical prostatectomy robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery was more prevalent than open surgery among white patients in high volume, urban hospitals (all p≤0.015). Geographic variations were found in the use of robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery. Robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery and laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery were associated with shorter length of stay for all procedures, with robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery being the shortest for radical prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy (all p<0.001). For most procedures robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery and laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery resulted in fewer deaths, complications, transfusions and more routine discharges. However, robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery was more costly than laparoscopic surgery and open surgery for most procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While robotic assisted and laparoscopic surgery are associated with fewer deaths, complications, transfusions and shorter length of hospital stay compared to open surgery, robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery is more costly than laparoscopic and open surgery. Additional studies are needed to better delineate the comparative and cost-effectiveness of robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery relative to laparoscopic surgery and open surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's/Faulkner Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Hua-yin
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Nathanael D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Hevelone
authors.forename: Stuart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.forename: Jim C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000191:economics*