title: Paladin (X99384) is expressed in the vasculature and shifts from endothelial to vascular smooth muscle cells during mouse development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis is implicated in many pathological conditions. The role of the proteins involved remains largely unknown, and few vascular-specific drug targets have been discovered. Previously, in a screen for angiogenesis regulators, we identified Paladin (mouse: X99384, human: KIAA1274), a protein containing predicted S/T/Y phosphatase domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present a mouse knockout allele for Paladin with a β-galactosidase reporter, which in combination with Paladin antibodies demonstrate that Paladin is expressed in the vasculature. During mouse embryogenesis, Paladin is primarily expressed in capillary and venous endothelial cells. In adult mice Paladin is predominantly expressed in arterial pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Paladin also displays vascular-restricted expression in human brain, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paladin, a novel putative phosphatase, displays a dynamic expression pattern in the vasculature. During embryonic stages it is broadly expressed in endothelial cells, while in the adult it is selectively expressed in arterial smooth muscle cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wallgard
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitzsche
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Lothar C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dieterich
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimberg
authors.forename: Tommie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: Fredrik C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Pontén
authors.forename: Taija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalén
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D020286:Pericytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000502:physiology*; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C580634:Pald1 protein, mouse; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases