title: Focal and generalized EEG paroxysms in childhood absence epilepsy: topographic associations and distinctive behaviors during the first cycle of non-REM sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the nature of the focal spike-wave discharges (FSWDs) and focally led generalized spike-wave discharges (GSWDs) in typical childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and by implication their nosologic and taxonomic significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four abnormal video-electroencephalography (EEG) studies from 13 consecutive children with CAE and good response to appropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were analyzed. We studied the association between the topography of absence onset and the ictal automatisms, and the topographic correlation between FSWDs and GSWDs and their respective behavior during hyperventilation and the different states of phasic and nonphasic non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. GSWDs were considered as of "focal" onset if a lead-in could be visibly recognized at a paper speed of 60 mm/s, and were classified by their topography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Multifocal absences occurred in 10 children; anterior onset was noted in 81 absences (73.6%) from 12 children and posterior in 18 (16.4%) from 7 children; there was no association between topography of absence onset and ictal automatisms; (2) FSWDs occurred in 85% of children and were multifocal in 73% of them; 85% of FSWDs were anterior and 14% posterior; (3) there was good topographic association between FSWDs and the leading spike of GSWDs of "focal" onset in all children with FSWDs; (4) both FSWDs and GSWDs increased during hyperventilation; (5) FSWDs occurred mainly during noncyclical NREM sleep and during periods of reduced vigilance of cyclical NREM sleep, whereas GSWDs occurred during the periods of enhanced vigilance of NREM sleep; GSWDs occurred significantly more frequently than FSWDs at the transition from reduced to enhanced vigilance of NREM sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that in CAE focal EEG paroxysms reflect a system of multifocal nonlocalizing electrically unstable cortical areas that under the facilitatory influence of exogenous or endogenous factors like sleep instability can foster a corticothalamic response of sufficient strength to generate 3-Hz GSWDs that are conditionally sustainable and potentially ictal. FSWDs can be viewed as incomplete forms of the GSWDs; together they define the EEG identity of idiopathic "generalized" epileptogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsies, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. michael.koutroumanidis@gstt.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koutroumanidis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsiptsios
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kokkinos
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Kostopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004832:Epilepsy, Absence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D020447:Parasomnias / Q000209:etiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult