title: Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ocular effects and safety profile of chronic sildenafil oral dosing in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 week, double masked, randomised, placebo controlled, phase III trial with open label extension.
  
  
  METHODS
  53 institutions worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  277 adults with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease or after congenital heart disease repair (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤15 mm Hg at rest).
  
  
  METHODS
  During the double masked study, oral sildenafil 20 mg, 40 mg, or 80 mg or placebo (1:1:1:1) three times daily for 12 weeks was added to baseline drug treatment. In the extension study, the placebo, 20 mg and 40 mg groups received 40 mg three times daily titrated to 80 mg three times daily at week 6. After unmasking, the dose was titrated according to clinical need.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ocular safety (ocular examinations, visual function tests, participants' reports of adverse events, and visual disturbance questionnaire completed by investigators) by treatment group at 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 18 months, and yearly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings of the objective assessments-that is, intraocular pressure and visual function tests (visual acuity, colour vision, and visual field)-were similar across groups (20 mg, n=69; 40 mg, n=67; 80 mg, n=71; placebo, n=70). No clinically significant changes occurred between baseline and 12 weeks, except for an efficacy signal in contrast sensitivity for the sildenafil 40 mg three times daily group. In right eyes, changes in intraocular pressure from baseline to week 12 ranged from a mean of -0.5 (95% confidence interval -1.3 to 0.2) mm Hg with placebo, -0.2 (-0.9 to 0.5) mm Hg with sildenafil 40 mg, and -0.1 (-0.7 to 0.5) mm Hg with 80 mg to 0.3 (-0.4 to 0.9) mm Hg with sildenafil 20 mg (the approved dose for pulmonary arterial hypertension). Mean changes from baseline to week 12 in contrast sensitivity in right eyes were -0.02 (SD 0.12) in the sildenafil 20 mg three times daily group compared with -0.05 (0.18) in the placebo group (P=0.044). Percentages of participants with deterioration in visual acuity (Snellen) from baseline to week 12 ranged from 10% (n=7) in the placebo group to 3% (n=2) in the sildenafil 20 mg three times daily group; the same percentages had visual field changes from normal to abnormal during the period in these two groups. The investigators did not deem any findings on colour vision assessment to be clinically significant. Findings of the objective assessments in the 40 mg and 80 mg three times daily sildenafil treatment groups and in left eyes were not substantially different, nor were any measures different throughout the open label extension compared with week 12. However, objective data were limited after month 18, as most participants had missing data or visual parameters were no longer collected by investigators. Incidence of ocular adverse events reported on the case report forms and assessed by the investigator was low with all doses, but a modest, dose related incidence of chromatopsia, cyanopsia, photophobia, and visual disturbance was reported with 80 mg three times daily consistent with the indicated dosing for erectile dysfunction. Retinal haemorrhages, captured on funduscopy, occurred in 2% (4/207) of sildenafil treated participants and none in the placebo group during the double masked study and in 4% (10/259) during the open label extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sildenafil dosing up to 80 mg three times daily is safe and well tolerated from an ocular perspective in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Daily chronic dosing in this patient population was not associated with visual change and had no detrimental effect on best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour vision, or visual field, or on slit lamp examinations, funduscopy, or intraocular pressure during the duration of this study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials NCT00644605 and NCT00159887.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA. barbara.wirostko@gmail.com
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wirostko
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tressler
authors.forename: Lie-Ju
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Laties
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D065627:Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D011687:Purines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate