title: Ultrasonic analysis of the anatomical relationships between vertebral arteries and internal jugular veins in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accidental puncture of the vertebral arteries (VAs) can occur through the internal jugular veins (IJVs) during central venous catheterization (CVC). We evaluated the anatomic relation of the VAs to the IJVs in children undergoing IJV cannulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five patients were placed in the supine position under general anesthesia. The right IJV, common carotid artery (CCA), and VA were described with an ultrasound probe perpendicular to all planes of the skin at the mid-portion between the suprasternal notch and mastoid process. The depth from the skin to VAs (D), width of the VAs (W), and distance from the IJVs to VAs (DIV) were measured. The extent of overlap between the IJVs and VAs was classified into overlapping, partially overlapping, and nonoverlapping. The risk was scored as 0-3 for each measurement. The scores were added and categorized into a low-risk group (L), 0-3, moderate-risk (M) group, 4-7; and high-risk (H) group, 8-10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (sd) age was 20.3 (33.9) months, height was 72.1 (26.0) cm, and weight was 8.9 (9.0) kg. The mean D, W, and DIV were 15.1 (3.3), 2.8 (1.1), and 4.6 (1.8) mm, respectively. Of the 55 patients, 7 were in group H, 33 in group M, and 15 in group L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seven of the 55 children were categorized under the H group for accidental puncture of the VAs. Thus, it is important to identify the presence of the VAs to avoid accidental puncture during pediatric CVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Kyushukouseinenkin Hospital, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan. ken5ji5ka5ya5shi5ma@nifty.com
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kayashima
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueki
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*