title: Improvement of vitamin D status resulted in amelioration of biomarkers of systemic inflammation in the subjects with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both vitamin D deficiency and inflammation have been linked to cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in diabetes. In this study, the effects of daily intake of vitamin D-fortified yoghourt drink (doogh) on systemic inflammatory biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 12-week randomized controlled trial, T2D subjects received either plain doogh (PD; containing 170 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D/250 mL, n(1) = 50) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh (FD; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL, n(2) = 50) twice a day. Glycemic status, body fat mass and systemic inflammatory biomarkers including serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin(IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were evaluated at the beginning and after the intervention. Data were expressed as either mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) whenever they had either normal or non-normal distribution, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the patients receiving the vitamin D fortified drink, compared with those receiving the unfortified drink, a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D was accompanied by significant changes in TNF-α (-57.9 (-264.6) versus +106.3 (683.2), p = 0.044), IL-6 (-6.3 (-69.2), p = 0.002), hsCRP (-0.39 (-1.50) versus +0.8 (1.52), p < 0.001), SAA (-14.2 ± 44.5 versus +5.6 ± 37.5 mg/L, p = 0.022) and IL-10 (+38.7 ± 157.0 versus -51.9 ± 165.2 ng/L, p = 0.013). The between-group differences of hsCRP, SAA and IL-6 changes remained significant even after controlling for changes quantitative insulin check index (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvement of vitamin D status of T2D subjects resulted in amelioration of the systemic inflammatory markers. This may have preventive implications against cardiovascular disease and other diabetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sakineh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shab-Bidar
authors.forename: Tirang R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Neyestani
authors.forename: Abolghassem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Djazayery
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eshraghian
authors.forename: Anahita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houshiarrad
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalayi
authors.forename: Nastaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shariatzadeh
authors.forename: Niloufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khalaji
authors.forename: A'azam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gharavi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007378:Interleukins; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014807:Vitamin D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein