title: The cost-effectiveness of pregabalin in the treatment of fibromyalgia: US perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pregabalin in the treatment of fibromyalgia in a US patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-analytic model was developed comparing pregabalin 150 mg twice a day (BID) and pregabalin 225 mg BID to placebo, duloxetine, gabapentin, tramadol, milnacipran, and amitriptyline in patients with severe fibromyalgia (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score >59; pain score >6.5). The model estimated response rates for all treatments at 12 weeks based on three randomized trials with pregabalin and a systematic review of published randomized controlled trials. Response was categorized as ≥30% improvement in baseline pain score plus global impression of change rating of much improved or very much improved. After 12 weeks of treatment, responders to treatment entered a treatment Markov model in which response was maintained, lost, or treatment discontinued. The cost-effectiveness end-points were cost per responder at 12 weeks and 1 year. Resource use was estimated from published studies and costs were estimated from the societal perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 12 weeks, total cost per patient was $229 higher with pregabalin 150 mg BID than placebo, whereas pregabalin 225 mg BID was $866 less costly than placebo. At 1 year, pregabalin was cost saving and more effective than placebo, duloxetine, tramadol, milnacipran, and gabapentin. Compared with amitriptyline, pregabalin was not cost-effective at both dosages, although when excluding old and methodologically weak studies of clinical effectiveness of amitriptyline, pregabalin 225 mg BID became cost saving and pregabalin 150 mg BID was cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparisons between pregabalin and other active agents are based on indirect comparisons, not head-to-head trials, and so should be interpreted with caution. Limitations for comparators include an inability to access sub-group data, inconsistency of response definitions, inclusion of older trials, and absence of long-term studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model found pregabalin to be cost-effective in treating patients with severe fibromyalgia.
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Chad S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Boomershine
authors.forename: Ernest H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: Arthi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: Gergana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zlateva
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000069583:Pregabalin; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000069583:Pregabalin; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid