title: Reproducibility of three-dimensional coordinate systems based on craniofacial landmarks: a tentative evaluation of four systems created on images obtained by cone-beam computed tomography with a large field of view.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose a method for evaluating the reproducibility of anatomical coordinate systems based on craniofacial skeletal landmarks and to tentatively evaluate four systems created on preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data obtained from mandibular prognathism patients in order to confirm the utility for actual patients' data.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three-dimensional images of 10 patients obtained by a CBCT with a large field of view, six dentists set four coordinate systems that were created in different ways, twice by plotting some landmarks situated in the superior portion of the maxillofacial skeletons. The 95% confidence ellipse of six objective landmarks related to the jaw and teeth (upper incisor, left upper first molar, lower incisor, left lower first molar, menton, and left gonion) were three-dimensionally drawn for each coordinate system. The ellipsoid volume was calculated to evaluate the reproducibility of the coordinate systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reproducibility could be evaluated for each coordinate system using the method proposed. The coordinate systems that were created by landmarks situated at greater distances from each other showed relatively small ellipsoid volume in comparison to those with shorter distances between landmarks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anatomical coordinate systems with larger distances between the landmarks used were stable when landmarks related to the jaw and teeth were assigned as objective landmarks. The method proposed here was effective in terms of the reproducibility evaluation of a coordinate system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan. peach316@dpc.agu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Momoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nawa
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kise
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuyamada
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsumata
authors.forename: Eiichiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ariji
authors.forename: Shigemi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III; D011378:Prognathism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014070:Tooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*