title: The distinction between tapping and circle drawing with and without tactile feedback: an examination of the sources of timing variance.
abstract: An internal clock-like process has been implicated in the control of rhythmic movements performed for short (250-2,000 ms) time scales. However, in the past decade, it has been claimed that a clock-like central timing mechanism is not required for smooth cyclical movements. The distinguishing characteristic delineating clock-like (event) from non-clock-like (emergent) timing is thought to be the kinematic differences between tapping (discrete-like) and circle drawing (smooth). In the archetypal event-timed task (tapping), presence of perceptual events is confounded with the discrete kinematics of movement (table contact). Recently, it has been suggested that discrete perceptual events help participants synchronize with a metronome. However, whether discrete tactile events directly elicit event timing has yet to be determined. In the present study, we examined whether a tactile event inserted into the circle drawing timing task could elicit event timing in a self-paced (continuation) timing task. For a majority of participants, inserting an event into the circle drawing task elicited timing behaviour consistent with the idea that an internal timekeeper was employed (a correlation of circle drawing with tapping). Additionally, some participants exhibited characteristics of event timing in the typically emergently timed circle drawing task. We conclude that the use of event timing can be influenced by the insertion of perceptual events, and it also exhibits persistence over time and over tasks within certain individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Breanna E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Studenka
authors.forename: Howard N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Zelaznik
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balasubramaniam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult