title: Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and metallothionein in varicocele and varicose veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased blood stasis and venous volume pressure causing tissue hypoxia are observed in both varicocele and varicose veins. Metallothionein (MT), a metal-binding protein, protects against cell apoptosis under hypoxic stress. It also plays an important role in collateral flow recovery and angiogenesis. We studied the distribution of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and MT in varicocele and varicose veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study specimens consisted of 1 cm venous segments that were obtained from 12 male patients during vascular stripping surgery for varicose veins and 1 cm of internal spermatic vein (ISV) obtained from 12 patients during left varicocele repair. The control samples of 1 cm ISV were obtained from 10 male patients who underwent left inguinal herniorrhaphy. All vascular specimens were analysed for HIF-1α and MT expression by immunoblotting, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and confocal microscopy. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's comparison test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both venous diseases, the increased expression of HIF-1α and MT compared with the control group (P < 0.05) and most of the proteins distributed over smooth muscle layers were detected by IHC staining; HIF-1α and MT in the muscle layer with co-localization, and MT overexpression especially located in the endothelium of both venous diseases under confocal microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results revealed the higher expression of HIF-1α and MT in varicocele and varicose veins than in the control group; MT overexpression in the muscle layer of both diseased vessels and especially located in the endothelium under confocal microscopy. MT has the function to protect vascular cells from apoptosis under hypoxia. Thus, this MT function may cause a decreased vascular cell apoptosis and then contribute to the dilated and thickened walls of varicocele and varicose veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 348, Sec. 2, Chungshan Road, Taiping District, Taichung City 41152, Taiwan, Republic of China. jane.dar@yahoo.com.tw
authors.forename: J-D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: W-K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: T-H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014646:Varicocele / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008668:Metallothionein