title: The effects of smoking on bone metabolism.
abstract: Osteoporosis is a common, morbid and costly disorder characterized by deterioration in bone strength. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. There are basic, clinical, and observational studies that define several of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that predispose smokers to bone loss. Such mechanisms include alterations in calciotropic hormone metabolism and intestinal calcium absorption, dysregulation in sex hormone production and metabolism, alterations in adrenal cortical hormone metabolism and in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) system (RANK-RANKL-OPG system), and direct cellular effects of cigarette use on bone cells. In addition, there is evidence of reversibility in the aforementioned mechanisms with smoking cessation. In summary, cigarette smoking is a reversible risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures through diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: The Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8885, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakhaee
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002117:Calcitriol