title: The care dependency scale for measuring basic human needs: an international comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a study conducted to compare the utility of the care dependency scale across four countries.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The care dependency scale provides a framework for assessing the needs of institutionalized patients for nursing care. Henderson's components of nursing care have been used to specify the variable aspects of the concept of care dependency and to develop the care dependency scale items.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a cross-cultural survey design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from four different countries: Japan, The Netherlands, Poland and Turkey. In each of the participating countries, basic human needs were assessed by nurses using a translated version of the original Dutch care dependency scale. Psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity of the care dependency scale have been assessed using Cronbach's alpha, Guttman's lambda-2, inter-item correlation and principal components analysis. Data were collected in 2008 and 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High internal consistency values were demonstrated. Principal component analysis confirmed the one-factor model reported in earlier studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outcomes confirm Henderson's idea that human needs are fundamental appearing in every patient-nurse relationship, independent of the patient's age, the type of care setting and/or cultural background. The psychometric characteristics of the care dependency scale make this instrument very useful for comparative research across countries.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Healthcare and Wellbeing, NHL University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. ate.dijkstra@nhl.nl
authors.forename: Ate
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Gülendam Hakverdioğlu
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Yönt
authors.forename: Esra Akin
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Korhan
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muszalik
authors.forename: Kornelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kędziora-Kornatowska
authors.forename: Mizue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009426:Netherlands; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011044:Poland; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014421:Turkey