title: Criminality in men with Klinefelter's syndrome and XYY syndrome: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the criminal pattern in men between 15 and 70 years of age diagnosed with 47,XXY (Klinefelter's syndrome (KS)) or 47,XYY compared to the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Register-based cohort study comparing the incidence of convictions among men with KS and with 47,XYY with age- and calendar-matched samples of the general population. Crime was classified into eight types (sexual abuse, homicide, burglary, violence, traffic, drug-related, arson and 'others').
  
  
  METHODS
  Denmark 1978-2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  All men diagnosed with KS (N=934) or 47,XYY (N=161) at risk and their age- and calendar-time-matched controls (N=88 979 and 15 356, respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of convictions was increased in men with KS (omitting traffic offenses) compared to controls with a HR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.59, p<0.001), with significant increases in sexual abuse, burglary, arson and 'others', but with a decreased risk of traffic and drug-related offenses. The incidence of convictions was significantly increased among men with 47,XYY compared to controls with a HR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.77, p<0.005) in all crime types, except drug-related crimes and traffic. Adjusting for socioeconomic variables (education, fatherhood, retirement and cohabitation) reduced the total HR for both KS and 47,XYY to levels similar to controls, while some specific crime types (sexual abuse, arson, etc) remained increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall risk of conviction (excluding traffic offenses) was moderately increased in men with 47,XYY or KS; however, it was similar to controls when adjusting for socioeconomic parameters. Convictions for sexual abuse, burglary, arson and 'others' were significantly increased. The increased risk of convictions may be partly or fully explained by the poor socioeconomic conditions related to the chromosome aberrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital NBG, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kirstine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stochholm
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bojesen
authors.forename: Anne Skakkebæk
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Svend
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juul
authors.forename: Claus Højbjerg
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gravholt