title: A functional variant in the promoter region regulates the C-reactive protein gene and is a potential candidate for increased risk of atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a large population-based cohort, the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients at baseline predicts an increased risk of future development of atrial fibrillation (AF). The mechanism of this increased risk is unknown. Furthermore, both the molecular effects of CRP on atrial myocytes and fibroblasts and whether genetic variants in the CRP gene predispose to AF are also unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A genetic association study between CRP gene polymorphisms and AF was performed in two independent populations (I: 100 AF patients and 101 controls; II: 348 AF patients and 356 controls), with functional studies to elucidate the mechanism of association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three polymorphisms (T-861C, A-821G and C-390A/C-390T) were found in the 1-kb promoter of CRP. A triallelic polymorphism (C-390A/C-390T) captured all haplotype information and determined the CRP gene promoter activity and the plasma CRP level, and was in nearly complete linkage disequilibrium with G1059C polymorphism in exon 2. The -390A variant was associated with a higher CRP gene promoter activity, a higher plasma CRP level and a higher risk of AF. Patients with AF also had a higher plasma CRP level than controls. CRP significantly increased the inward L-type calcium current in atrial myocytes with no changes in other ionic currents. CRP did not affect the expressions of type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), type III alpha 1 (COL3A1) and type 1 alpha 2 (COL1A2) procollagens in atrial fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A CRP gene promoter triallelic polymorphism was associated with CRP gene promoter activity, determined the plasma level of CRP, and predicted the risk of AF. The mechanism of this may be via augmention of calcium influx by CRP in atrial myocytes, but not because of atrial fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S-N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C-T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: C-K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J-K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L-P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: S-W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L-Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C-D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: F-T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D002097:C-Reactive Protein