title: Relationship between vitreous and serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels, control of diabetes and microalbuminuria in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic retinopathy is a serious microvascular disorder of the retina. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, induced by high glucose levels and hypoxia, is a main feature in retinopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between vitreous and serum VEGF levels and control of diabetes and microalbuminuria in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five patients were enrolled in this case-control study, comprising 30 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (cases) and 35 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (controls). The vitreous VEGF level was compared with the serum VEGF level in both groups. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, and stage of nephropathy and retinopathy were also measured in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and the relationship between these parameters and serum and vitreous VEGF levels was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean vitreous and serum VEGF levels were significantly higher in cases compared with controls (P = 0.001, P = 0.011, respectively). There was also a significant correlation between vitreous and serum VEGF levels (P = 0.012, r = 0.453). VEGF levels in patients with well controlled blood glucose (P = 0.039), on drug treatment (P = 0.045) and at an early stage of nephropathy (P = 0.042) were significantly lower. There was a significant correlation between VEGF and albumin to creatinine ratio (P = 0.017, r = 0.432).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum and vitreous VEGF levels was significantly lower in patients on oral therapy, in those with well controlled glycemia, and in those with early-stage retinopathy. Administration of anti-VEGF had a good effect in reducing the progression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Nikookari Eye Hospital, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baharivand
authors.forename: Nosratollah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zarghami
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.forename: M Yazdan
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Dokht Ghafari
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahdavi Fard
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohajeri