title: Spatial and temporal variation of secondary metabolite profiles in Ginkgo biloba leaves.
abstract: Terpene trilactones (TTLs) are the main bioactive constituents of Ginkgo biloba used for the preparation of drugs for several ailments. Flavonoid glycosides (FGs) are the significant group of compounds found in Ginkgo leaves used in food and healthcare products. The variation in the content of bioactive constituents, as well as antioxidant activity, with respect to change in altitude and the time of sample collection was investigated. The amount of TTLs varied from 0.218-0.709% w/w, whereas FGs were observed in the range of 0.130-0.209% w/w. Ginkgolides J and A showed significant variation (p ≤ 0.05) with the change in altitude, while other components remained more or less unaffected. The amount of TTLs and FGs were not affected significantly by the time of sample collection. The antioxidant capacity (by using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays) of ginkgo extracts was highly dependent on the altitude, and was at maximum in the samples collected from 1000-2000 m, followed by the samples collected from altitudes lower than 1000 m and higher than 2000 m. Thus, Ginkgo harvested from 1000-2000 m of altitudinal range irrespective of the season could provide better nutraceutical formulations, whereas that from below 1000 m may yield a terpene trilactone-enriched fraction.
authors.affiliation: Natural Plant Products Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Pushpinder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Abha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: Rakesh Deosharan
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.lastname: Gopichand
authors.forename: Ramdeen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Bikram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D046934:Ginkgolides / Q000032:analysis*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis*; D007783:Lactones / Q000032:analysis*; D055442:Metabolome; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D046934:Ginkgolides; D006027:Glycosides; D007783:Lactones; D012987:Soil; D013729:Terpenes; C518782:trilactone