title: Pakistan's kidney trade: an overview of the 2007 'Transplantation of Human Organs and Human Tissue Ordinance.' To what extent will it curb the trade?
abstract: Pakistan has the unenviable reputation for being one of the world's leading 'transplant tourism' destinations, largely the buying and selling of kidneys from its impoverished population to rich international patients. After nearly two decades of pressure to formally prohibit the trade, the Government of Pakistan promulgated the 'Transplantation of Human Organs and Human Tissue Ordinance' (THOTO) in 2007. This was then passed by Senate and enshrined in law in March 2010. This paper gives a brief overview of the organ trade within Pakistan and analyses the criteria of THOTO in banning the widespread practise. It then goes on to answer: 'To what extent will THOTO succeed in curbing Pakistan's kidney trade?' This is aided by the use of a comparative case study looking at India's failed organ trade legislation. This paper concludes THOTO has set a strong basis for curbing Pakistan's kidney trade. However, for this to be successfully achieved, it needs to be implemented with strong and sustained political will, strict and efficient enforcement as well as effective monitoring and evaluation. Efforts are needed to tackle both 'supply' and 'demand' factors of Pakistan's kidney trade, with developed countries also having a responsibility to reduce the flow of citizens travelling to Pakistan to purchase a kidney.
authors.affiliation: University College London Medical School, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skordis-Worrall
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019520:Living Donors / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D057193:Medical Tourism / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D010154:Pakistan; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*