title: Antagonistic experimental coevolution with a parasite increases host recombination frequency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the big remaining challenges in evolutionary biology is to understand the evolution and maintenance of meiotic recombination. As recombination breaks down successful genotypes, it should be selected for only under very limited conditions. Yet, recombination is very common and phylogenetically widespread. The Red Queen Hypothesis is one of the most prominent hypotheses for the adaptive value of recombination and sexual reproduction. The Red Queen Hypothesis predicts an advantage of recombination for hosts that are coevolving with their parasites. We tested predictions of the hypothesis with experimental coevolution using the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and its microsporidian parasite, Nosema whitei.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By measuring recombination directly in the individuals under selection, we found that recombination in the host population was increased after 11 generations of coevolution. Detailed insights into genotypic and phenotypic changes occurring during the coevolution experiment furthermore helped us to reconstruct the coevolutionary dynamics that were associated with this increase in recombination frequency. As coevolved lines maintained higher genetic diversity than control lines, and because there was no evidence for heterozygote advantage or for a plastic response of recombination to infection, the observed increase in recombination most likely represented an adaptive host response under Red Queen dynamics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides direct, experimental evidence for an increase in recombination frequency under host-parasite coevolution in an obligatory outcrossing species. Combined with earlier results, the Red Queen process is the most likely explanation for this observation.
authors.affiliation: ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Experimental Ecology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. niels.kerstes@env.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Niels A G
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kerstes
authors.forename: Camillo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bérénos
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmid-Hempel
authors.forename: K Mathias
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wegner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D016014:Linear Models; D008540:Meiosis; D016818:Nosema / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014231:Tribolium / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology*