title: Vitamin D in relation to myocardial structure and function after eight years of follow-up: the Hoorn study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate associations between baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and myocardial structure and function after 8 years of follow-up in older Dutch subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 256 subjects of the Hoorn Study, a population-based cohort. They underwent a standardized 2-dimensional echocardiogram at baseline between 2000 and 2001, and again between 2007 and 2009. We studied the association of 25(OH)D quartiles with echocardiographic measures of the left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular systolic function and markers of diastolic function using linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, subjects had a mean age of 67.4 ± 5.2 years and 41.4% had prior cardiovascular disease (CVD). Low serum 25(OH)D levels were only associated with higher LVMI at 8-year follow-up in subjects without prior CVD and in subjects with low kidney function (median estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤77.5 ml/min/1.73m(2)). The associations attenuated after adjustments for parathyroid hormone (PTH), which was associated with higher LVMI (g/m(2.7)) in subjects with low kidney function (regression coefficient highest quartile 6.3, 95% CI: 0.2, 12.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed no strong associations of 25(OH)D with myocardial structure and function. However, PTH - a possible modifiable mediator in the relation between 25(OH)D and myocardial structure - was positively associated with LVMI in subjects with low kidney function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hanne.van.ballegooijen@vu.nl
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Ballegooijen
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Snijder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van den Hurk
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: C D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: R M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013599:Systole; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; D002112:Calcifediol