title: Evaluation of surface roughness of orthodontic wires by means of atomic force microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the surface roughness of different orthodontic archwires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four nickel-titanium wires (Sentalloy(®), Sentalloy(®) High Aesthetic, Titanium Memory ThermaTi Lite(®), and Titanium Memory Esthetic(®)), three β-titanium wires (TMA(®), Colored TMA(®), and Beta Titanium(®)), and one stainless-steel wire (Stainless Steel(®)) were considered for this study. Three samples for each wire were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Three-dimensional images were processed using Gwiddion software, and the roughness average (Ra), the root mean square (Rms), and the maximum height (Mh) values of the scanned surface profile were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test (P < .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ra, Rms, and Mh values were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Among as-received archwires, the Stainless Steel (Ra  =  36.6 ± 5.8; Rms  =  48 ± 7.7; Mh  =  328.1 ± 64) archwire was less rough than the others (ANOVA, P < .05). The Sentalloy High Aesthetic was the roughest (Ra  =  133.5 ± 10.8; Rms  =  165.8 ± 9.8; Mh  =  949.6 ± 192.1) of the archwires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surface quality of the wires investigated differed significantly. Ion implantation effectively reduced the roughness of TMA. Moreover, Teflon(®)-coated Titanium Memory Esthetic was less rough than was ion-implanted Sentalloy High Aesthetic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. vincenzo.danto@unina.it
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Antò
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rongo
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ametrano
authors.forename: Gianrico
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spagnuolo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manzo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paduano
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valletta
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D017276:Friction; D008422:Materials Testing; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys