title: Co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites in rural area of China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intestinal parasite infections (IPIs) are among the most significant causes of illness and disease of socially and economically disadvantaged populations in developing countries, including rural areas of the People's Republic of China. With the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among rural Chinese populations, there is ample scope for co-infections and there have been increasing fears about their effects. However, hardly any relevant epidemiological studies have been carried out in the country. The aim of the present survey was to assess the IPI infection status among a representative sample of HIV-positive Chinese in rural Anhui province, and compare the findings with those from a cohort of non-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study was carried out in a rural village of Fuyang, Anhui province, China. Stool samples of all participants were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Blood examination was performed for the HIV infection detection and anemia test. A questionnaire was administered to all study participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 302 HIV positive and 303 HIV negative individuals provided one stool sample for examination. The overall IPI prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among HIV positives was 4.3% (13/302) while it was 5.6% (17/303) among HIV negatives, a non-significant difference. The prevalence of protozoa infections among HIV positives was 23.2% while the rate was 25.8% among HIV negatives. The species-specific prevalences among HIV positives were as follows: 3.6% for hookworm, 0.7% for Trichuris trichiura, zero for Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.3% for Clonorchis sinensis, 1.3% for Giardia intestinalis, 16.2% for Blastocystis hominis, 1.7% for Entamoeba spp. and 8.3% for Cryptosporidium spp.. Cryptosporidium spp. infections were significantly more prevalent among HIV positives (8.3%) compared to the HIV negative group (3.0%; P < 0.05). Among people infected with HIV, Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly more prevalent among males (12.6%) than females (4.4%; P < 0.05). According to multivariate logistic regression, the factors significantly associated with parasite infections of the people who were HIV positive included sex (male: OR = 6.70, 95% CI: 2.030, 22.114), younger age (less than 42 years old: OR = 4.148, 95% CI: 1.348, 12.761), and poor personal hygiene habits (OR = 0.324, 95% CI: 0.105, 0.994).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV positive individuals are more susceptible to co-infections with Cryptosporidium spp. than HIV negative people, particularly younger males with poor personal hygiene habits, indicating a need for targeted hygiene promotion, IPI surveillance and treatment.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Li-Guang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jia-Xu
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tian-Ping
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guo-Jin
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steinmann
authors.forename: Feng-Feng
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Xiao-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xiao-Nong
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010271:Parasites / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D055815:Young Adult