title: Intrauterine growth retarded progeny of pregnant sows fed high protein:low carbohydrate diet is related to metabolic energy deficit.
abstract: High and low protein diets fed to pregnant adolescent sows led to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). To explore underlying mechanisms, sow plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations were analyzed during different pregnancy stages and correlated with litter weight (LW) at birth, sow body weight and back fat thickness. Sows were fed diets with low (6.5%, LP), adequate (12.1%, AP), and high (30%, HP) protein levels, made isoenergetic by adjusted carbohydrate content. At -5, 24, 66, and 108 days post coitum (dpc) fasted blood was collected. At 92 dpc, diurnal metabolic profiles were determined. Fasted serum urea and plasma glucagon were higher due to the HP diet. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), %HDLC and cortisol were reduced in HP compared with AP sows. Lowest concentrations were observed for serum urea and protein, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and progesterone in LP compared with AP and HP sows. Fasted plasma glucose, insulin and leptin concentrations were unchanged. Diurnal metabolic profiles showed lower glucose in HP sows whereas non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations were higher in HP compared with AP and LP sows. In HP and LP sows, urea concentrations were 300% and 60% of AP sows, respectively. Plasma total cholesterol was higher in LP than in AP and HP sows. In AP sows, LW correlated positively with insulin and insulin/glucose and negatively with glucagon/insulin at 66 dpc, whereas in HP sows LW associated positively with NEFA. In conclusion, IUGR in sows fed high protein:low carbohydrate diet was probably due to glucose and energy deficit whereas in sows with low protein:high carbohydrate diet it was possibly a response to a deficit of indispensable amino acids which impaired lipoprotein metabolism and favored maternal lipid disposal.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Nutritional Physiology Oskar Kellner, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Metges
authors.forename: Iris S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.forename: Klaus-Peter
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Brüssow
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanitz
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuchscherer
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Joachim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Weitzel
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinhoff-Ooster
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bellmann
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rehfeldt
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Otten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D014508:Urea; D006854:Hydrocortisone