title: Lateral frontal cortex volume reduction in Tourette syndrome revealed by VBM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structural changes have been found predominantly in the frontal cortex and in the striatum in children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). The influence of comorbid symptomatology is unclear. Here we sought to address the question of gray matter abnormalities in GTS patients with co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in twenty-nine adult actually unmedicated GTS patients and twenty-five healthy control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In GTS we detected a cluster of decreased gray matter volume in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), but no regions demonstrating volume increases. By comparing subgroups of GTS with comorbid ADHD to the subgroup with comorbid OCD, we found a left-sided amygdalar volume increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From our results it is suggested that the left IFG may constitute a common underlying structural correlate of GTS with co-morbid OCD/ADHD. A volume reduction in this brain region that has been previously identified as a key region in OCD and was associated with the active inhibition of attentional processes may reflect the failure to control behavior. Amygdala volume increase is discussed on the background of a linkage of this structure with ADHD symptomatology. Correlations with clinical data revealed gray matter volume changes in specific brain areas that have been described in these conditions each.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. wittfoth.matthias@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wittfoth
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bornmann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peschel
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grosskreutz
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glahn
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buddensiek
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dengler
authors.forename: Kirsten R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Müller-Vahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007360:Intelligence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000473:pathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult