title: Cost-effectiveness of adult vaccination strategies using pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cost-effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) compared with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) among US adults is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost-effectiveness of PCV13 vaccination strategies in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov state-transition model, lifetime time horizon, societal perspective. Simulations were performed in hypothetical cohorts of US 50-year-olds. Vaccination strategies and effectiveness estimates were developed by a Delphi expert panel; indirect (herd immunity) effects resulting from childhood PCV13 vaccination were extrapolated based on observed PCV7 effects. Data sources for model parameters included Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Active Bacterial Core surveillance, National Hospital Discharge Survey and Nationwide Inpatient Sample data, and the National Health Interview Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pneumococcal disease cases prevented and incremental costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case scenario, administration of PCV13 as a substitute for PPSV23 in current recommendations (ie, vaccination at age 65 years and at younger ages if comorbidities are present) cost $28,900 per QALY gained compared with no vaccination and was more cost-effective than the currently recommended PPSV23 strategy. Routine PCV13 at ages 50 and 65 years cost $45,100 per QALY compared with PCV13 substituted in current recommendations. Adding PPSV23 at age 75 years to PCV13 at ages 50 and 65 years gained 0.00002 QALYs, costing $496,000 per QALY gained. Results were robust in sensitivity analyses and alternative scenarios, except when low PCV13 effectiveness against nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia was assumed or when greater childhood vaccination indirect effects were modeled. In these cases, PPSV23 as currently recommended was favored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, PCV13 vaccination was favored compared with PPSV23, but the analysis was sensitive to assumptions about PCV13 effectiveness against nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia and the magnitude of potential indirect effects from childhood PCV13 on pneumococcal serotype distribution.
authors.affiliation: Section of Decision Sciences and Clinical Systems Management, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Meyran Ave, Ste 200, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. smithkj2@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Angela R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wateska
authors.forename: Mary Patricia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nowalk
authors.forename: Mahlon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raymund
authors.forename: J Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nuorti
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: C538862:13-valent pneumococcal vaccine; C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate