title: The correlation between TWIST, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin in human bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)- related factors are known to contribute to the invasion and migration of multiple cancers. However, the expression levels of and the relationship between TWIST, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin in bladder cancer are not yet known. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between TWIST, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin in tissue specimens and cell lines of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microarrays of bladder cancer tissue and bladder cancer cell lines were used to study the expression levels of TWIST, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin, with disease stage and grade using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the siRNAs of TWIST, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin were transfected into the bladder cancer cell lines to study any relationship between these factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of TWIST and beta-catenin were upregulated with increasing grade of malignancy. In contrast, the corresponding results for E-cadherin were just the opposite. Furthermore, inhibition of the expression of TWIST elevated the expression of E-cadherin, but reduced the expression of beta-catenin. However, reduction of beta-catenin by siRNA had no influence on TWIST, but up-regulated the expression of E-cadherin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TWIST may act upstream of E-cadherin, which can indirectly regulate the expression levels of beta-catenin. The EMT factors TWIST, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin may be a cluster of biomarkers for the metastatic progression of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Huang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jiann-Der
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yeong-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Jou
authors.forename: Ming-Chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chang-Te
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Pi-Che
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ya-Shih
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Chung-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Syue-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: De-Ching
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ying-Ray
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015820:Cadherins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D014162:Transfection; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015820:Cadherins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C103173:TWIST1 protein, human; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1; D051176:beta Catenin