title: Nicotine dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders: examination of specific genetic variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 nicotinic receptor genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The associations between nicotine dependence and specific variants in the nicotinic receptor CHRNA5-A3-B4 subunit genes are irrefutable with replications in many studies. The relationship between the newly identified genetic risk variants for nicotine dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders is unclear. We examined whether these genetic variants were associated with comorbid disorders and whether comorbid psychiatric disorders modified the genetic risk of nicotine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case control study of nicotine dependence with 2032 subjects of European descent, we used logistic regression models to examine the pleiotropy and risk moderation. Comorbid disorders examined were alcohol dependence, cannabis dependence, major depressive disorder, panic attack, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine dependence was associated with every examined comorbid psychiatric disorders, with odds ratio varying from 1.75 to 3.33. No evidence supported the associations between the genetic variants and the comorbid disorders (pleiotropy). No evidence suggested that the risks for nicotine dependence associated with the genetic variants vary with comorbid psychiatric disorders in general, but the power was limited in detecting interactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic risks of nicotine dependence associated with the CHRNA5-A3-B4 subunit genes are specific, and not shared among commonly comorbid psychiatric disorders. The risks for nicotine dependence associated with these genetic variants are not modified by comorbid psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder or alcohol dependence. However, the power is an important limitation in studying the interplay of comorbidity and genetic variants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. chenli@psychiatry.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Li-Shiun
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grucza
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Saccone
authors.forename: Jen C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Eric O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Breslau
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bierut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D058685:Genetic Pleiotropy; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C447158:CHRNA5 protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic