title: Application of a hormonal intrauterine device causing uterine perforation: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The last decade of the usage of intrauterine contraception has been marked by the application of levonorgestrel-releasing hormonal devices. A hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) releases a certain amount of progestogen, whose effect on endometrium is such that, apart from preventing unwanted pregnancy, also regulates the menstrual bleeding by reducing the quantity and the duration of haemorrhage. This effect of hormonal IUDs has led to their additional indications and use, so that nowadays these IUDs are used not only as contraceptives but for therapeutic purposes as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  After examination and treatment in an out-patient department, a 38-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to suspected spontaneous uterine perforation caused by hormonal IUD (Mirena) one month after its application. Clinical and sonographic examinations were unable to determine the uterine perforation or the exact IUD location. Radiographic examination confirmed the presence of the IUD in the abdomen, so it was decided to operate on the patient. Perforation in the isthmus of the uterus and to the right was identified intraoperatively. By exploration of the genital organs and the abdominal cavity, the IUD was finally located in the omentum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in cases of adequate indications for hormonal IUD application, the doctor's experience and complying with all the principles of appropriate insertion, we should always consider the possibility of the occurrence of serious complications, which sometimes may even require surgery. The extragenital position of IUD, as in this case, may create serious difficulties in the detection of location. A possible development of asymptomatic complications additionally emphasizes the necessity of regular check-ups of all IUD users.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Visegradska 26,11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berisavac
authors.forename: Radmila
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sparić
authors.forename: Rajka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Argirović
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hudelist
authors.forename: Vojislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zizić
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014595:Uterine Perforation / Q000209:etiology*