title: Bio-sensing of cadmium(II) ions using Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: Cadmium, as a hazardous pollutant commonly present in the living environment, represents an important risk to human health due to its undesirable effects (oxidative stress, changes in activities of many enzymes, interactions with biomolecules including DNA and RNA) and consequent potential risk, making its detection very important. New and unique technological and biotechnological approaches for solving this problems are intensely sought. In this study, we used the commonly occurring potential pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus for the determination of markers which could be used for sensing of cadmium(II) ions. We were focused on monitoring the effects of different cadmium(II) ion concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 μg mL(-1)) on the growth and energetic metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus. Highly significant changes have been detected in the metabolism of thiol compounds-specifically the protein metallothionein (0.79-26.82 mmol/mg of protein), the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (190-5,827 μmol/min/mg of protein), and sulfhydryl groups (9.6-274.3 μmol cysteine/mg of protein). The ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione indicated marked oxidative stress. In addition, dramatic changes in urease activity, which is connected with resistance of bacteria, were determined. Further, the effects of cadmium(II) ions on the metabolic pathways of arginine, β-glucosidase, phosphatase, N-acetyl β-d-glucosamine, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, maltose, lactose, fructose and total proteins were demonstrated. A metabolomic profile of Staphylococcus aureus under cadmium(II) ion treatment conditions was completed seeking data about the possibility of cadmium(II) ion accumulation in cells. The results demonstrate potential in the application of microorganisms as modern biosensor systems based on biological components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic. sochor.jirik@seznam.cz
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sochor
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zitka
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hynek
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jilkova
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krejcova
authors.forename: Libuse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trnkova
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hubalek
authors.forename: Jindrich
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kynicky
authors.forename: Radimir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vrba
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kizek
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D008660:Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009005:Monosaccharides; D011506:Proteins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D006867:Hydrolases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D014510:Urease; C019723:arginine deiminase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide