title: Streptococcus pneumoniae: the evolution of antimicrobial resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones and macrolides.
abstract: Multi drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae constitute a major public health concern worldwide. In this review we discuss how the transformable nature of the pneumococcus, in parallel with antimicrobial induced stress, contributes to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance; and how the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has affected the situation.
authors.affiliation: Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, PO Box 30096, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi. J.Cornick@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cornick
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bentley
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D018942:Macrolides; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D047090:beta-Lactams