title: Rye bread intake improves oxidation resistance of LDL in healthy humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidatively modified LDL particles contribute to atherogenic development and therefore dietary interventions for promoting oxidation resistance of LDL are of interest. The capacity of LDL to resist oxidation can be determined ex vivo by exposing isolated LDL particles to copper ions and measuring the formation of conjugated dienes by spectrophotometry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of none versus high intake of rye bread on the oxidation resistance of LDL in healthy humans while otherwise on habitual diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three healthy subjects excluded rye products for one week (baseline), followed by a stepwise addition of rye bread from 99 g/d during the first two weeks to 198 g/d during the following two weeks. Additionally plant sterols were incorporated into the rye bread for half of the subjects to study cholesterol-lowering. The resistance of LDL against copper-induced oxidation was determined at baseline and at the end of the rye-period by monitoring formation of conjugated dienes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant increase in the oxidation resistance of LDL, determined as a prolongation of the lag time (P < 0.001) and decrease in the slope of the propagation phase (P = 0.048) from baseline to the end of the rye-period without changes in vitamin E concentration. We observed no significant differences in the oxidation resistance of LDL between subjects who did or did not receive plant sterols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rye bread intake improved significantly the oxidation resistance of LDL. Further studies are needed to clarify the protective mechanism(s).
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum C315a, PO Box 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. paivi.soderholm@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Söderholm
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfthan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adlercreutz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001939:Bread; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012434:Secale; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010840:Phytosterols; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D014810:Vitamin E; D002784:Cholesterol