title: Non surgical therapy for anal fissure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the disability associated with surgery for anal fissure and the risk of incontinence, medical alternatives for surgery have been sought. Most recently, pharmacologic methods that relax the anal smooth muscle, to accomplish reversibly what occurs in surgery, have been used to obtain fissure healing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and morbidity of various medical therapies for anal fissure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search terms include "anal fissure randomized". Timing from 1966 to August 2010. Further details of the search below.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies in which participants were randomized to a non-surgical therapy for anal fissure. Comparison groups may include an operative procedure, an alternate medical therapy or placebo. Chronic fissure, acute fissure and fissure in children are included in the review. Atypical fissures associated with inflammatory bowel disease or cancer or anal infection are excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were abstracted from published reports and meeting abstracts, assessing method of randomization, blinding, "intention to treat" and drop-outs, therapies, supportive measures (applied to both groups), dosing and frequency and cross-overs. Dichotomous outcome measures included Non-healing of the fissure (a combination of persistence and recurrence), and Adverse events (including incontinence, headache, infection, anaphylaxis). Continuous outcome measures included measures of pain relief and anorectal manometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this update 23 studies including 1236 participants is added to the 54 studies and 3904 participants in the 2008 publication, however 2 studies were from the last version reclassified as un included, so the final number of participants is 5031.49 different comparisons of the ability of medical therapies to heal anal fissure have been reported in 75 RCTs. Seventeen agents were used (nitroglycerin ointment (GTN), isosorbide mono & dinitrate, Botulinum toxin (Botox), diltiazem, nifedipine (Calcium channel blockers or CCBs), hydrocortisone, lignocaine, bran, minoxidil, indoramin, clove oil, L-arginine, sitz baths, sildenafil, "healer cream" and placebo) as well as Sitz baths, anal dilators and surgical sphincterotomy. GTN was found to be marginally but significantly better than placebo in healing anal fissure (48.9% vs. 35.5%, p < 0.0009), but late recurrence of fissure was common, in the range of 50% of those initially cured. Botox and CCBs were equivalent to GTN in efficacy with fewer adverse events. No medical therapy came close to the efficacy of surgical sphincterotomy, though none of the medical therapies in these RCTs were associated with the risk of incontinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical therapy for chronic anal fissure, currently consisting of topical glyceryl trinitrate, botulinum toxin injection or the topical calcium channel blockers nifedipine or diltiazem in acute and chronic fissure and fissure in children may be applied with a chance of cure that is marginally better than placebo. For chronic fissure in adults all medical therapies are far less effective than surgery. A few of the newer agents investigated show promise based only upon single studies (clove oil, sildenifil and a "healer cream") but lack comparison to more established medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK. Rick.Nelson@sth.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods; D005401:Fissure in Ano / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006875:Hydrotherapy / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic