title: High carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among Korean adults.
abstract: The traditional Asian diet, which is characterized as being high in carbohydrate with an abundance of vegetables, may be beneficial for preventing metabolic syndrome abnormalities within the Asian population. However, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing in Asian countries. This study explored the association between dietary carbohydrates and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) prevalence, one of the abnormalities of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. We used the data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and evaluated a total of 9947 Korean adults older 20 years. To measure carbohydrate quality and quantity, total carbohydrate intake (g/d), percentage of energy from carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load were divided into quintiles. Mean levels of HDL-C significantly decreased across the quintiles for all types of dietary carbohydrate intake except glycemic index after adjusting for potential variables in both men and women. Odds ratios for having low HDL-C in the highest quintile were 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.22) for total carbohydrate, 1.34 (1.02-1.75) for percentage of energy from carbohydrate, and 1.54 (1.17-2.03) for glycemic load in men as compared with the second quintile as a reference. Odds ratio for low HDL-C was 1.38 (1.12-1.71) for percentage of energy from carbohydrate in women. In conclusion, our study indicates that low HDL-C is associated with high carbohydrate intake without regard to energy or fat intake. Further studies would be necessary to optimize carbohydrate intake quantitatively on dyslipidemia for Asian population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition/Research, Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hanui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jihye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jayong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jihyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hee-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Yoonju
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D056910:Republic of Korea; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates