title: Morbidity and mortality of neonatal respiratory failure in China: surfactant treatment in very immature infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We retrospectively investigated incidence, morbidity, and mortality of neonatal respiratory failure (NRF) in China, with special emphasis on surfactant treated very immature infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  NRF was defined as respiratory hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation and/or nasal continuous positive airway pressure for at least 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 6864 cases of NRF, composing 19.7% of total admissions to 55 NICUs in 2008. Of these cases, 62.8% were preterm, and 16.4% of very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g). The primary diseases were respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, 43.9%), pneumonia/sepsis (21.7%), transient respiratory insufficiency (14.7%), transient tachypnea (8.1%), and meconium aspiration syndrome (7.0%). Surfactant was given to 26.8% of infants with NRF and 54.8% infants with RDS. The survival rate of surfactant-treated RDS was 79.9% compared to 71.8% in those not receiving surfactant (P < .001). This was also true in those of VLBW, 59.8% vs 52.2% (P = .035), respectively. The overall survival rate in NRF cases was 75.3%, but it was 58.1% among VLBW infants; for those infants of 25, 26, and 27 to 28 weeks' gestational age, the survival rates were ∼6%, 30%, and 50%, respectively; and the survival rates for infants with meconium aspiration syndrome and pneumonia/sepsis were 70.3% and 71.4%, respectively. The care burden was associated with high treatment withdrawal and death rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes of NRF, especially in extremely premature infants, reflect both progress and persistent limitations in providing respiratory support in the emerging NICUs of China, but overall survival for sick newborns had improved steadily.
authors.affiliation: Children’s Hospital of Fudan University and the Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases of Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Huanhuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xirong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Cuiqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chaoying
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Xinzhu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Changyi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhenlang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhenying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Fengqin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yinping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Xianzhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants