title: Impact on arsenic exposure of a growing proportion of untested wells in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many areas of Bangladesh, it has been more than six years since a national campaign to test tubewells for arsenic (As) was conducted. Many households therefore draw their water for drinking and cooking from untested wells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A household drinking water survey of 6646 households was conducted in Singair upazilla of Bangladesh. A subset of 795 untested wells used by 1000 randomly selected households was tested in the field by trained village workers with the Hach EZ kit, using an extended reaction time of 40 min, and in the laboratory by high-resolution inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR ICP-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The household survey shows that more than 80% of the wells installed since the national testing campaign in this area were untested. Less than 13% of the households with untested wells knew where a low-As well was located near their home. Village workers using the Hach EZ kit underestimated the As content of only 4 out of 795 wells relative to the Bangladesh standard. However, the As content of 168 wells was overestimated relative to the same threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a growing need for testing tubewells in areas of Bangladesh where As concentrations in groundwater are elevated. This could be achieved by village workers trained to use a reliable field kit. Such an effort would result in a considerable drop in As exposure as it increases the opportunities for well switching by households.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. cmg2140@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Christine Marie
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Jacob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mey
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Geen
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D001459:Bangladesh; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012424:Rural Population; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060986:Water Wells / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic