title: Objective assessment of nonadherence and unknown co-medication in hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intake of medications (drugs) without the knowledge of the treating physician (unknown co-medication) and nonadherence strongly influence drug safety. The aim of our study was to objectively assess unknown co-medication and nonadherence in hospitalized patients by screening urine for a large number of drugs using highly sensitive full scan gas chromatograpy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Secondary objectives were to determine the relationship of co-medication and nonadherence to the number of drugs prescribed and to compare history-taking by a pharmacist versus a physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 152 patients, the drug histories taken by physicians, patients' self-reported adherence, and information compiled during as many as three structured interviews conducted by a trained pharmacist on days 1-2, 3-4, and 7-11 of the hospital stay were compared with the GC/MS results from urine samples collected after each interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the interviews performed by the pharmacist, 235 additional drugs were identified that were not documented in the chart. Of all the drugs indicated in any interview, 16.9% were identified only by the physician, 24.1% only by the pharmacist, and 59% by both. Overall, in 78% of the patients at least one additional drug was identified by urine screening. The findings suggest overall nonadherence to at least one drug in 13.0% of patients on admission and in 23.3% of patients at any time during hospitalization. Nonadherence was less frequent for critical dose drugs and correlated with the number of prescribed drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The drug history among hospitalized patients is often incomplete, and nonadherence and unknown co-medication are alarmingly frequent. This lack of knowledge might impact the overall success of drug therapies in the hospital setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florentine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carow
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Walter-Sack
authors.forename: Markus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Frank T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Haefeli
mesh_terms: D004347:Drug Interactions; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs