title: Pulse-spray catheter directed thrombolysis in patients with recent onset or deterioration of lower extremity ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent onset or deterioration of lower extremity ischemia is highly associated with intravascular thrombus. Treatment of these thrombotic occlusions is challenging. Pulse-spray catheter directed thrombolysis (PS-CDT) refers to the technique of intermittent forcefully injecting the thrombolytic agent into the thrombus to fragment it and increase the surface area available for enzymatic action. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PS-CDT in patients with recent onset or deterioration of lower extremity ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 2008 to March 2009, 44 patients with acute or chronic lower extremity ischemia were recruited in this prospective study, which included 37 men and 7 women ranging from 15 to 83 years old (mean age (51.1 ± 17.4) years). PS-CDT through a multi-side-hole thrombolytic catheter by using urokinase was conducted in all patients. The progression of thrombolysis was assessed and graded by angiography. Adjunctive therapies were used to correct underlying lesions. The follow-up period was 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 44 patients, the average total dose of urokinase for each patient was (2 120 000 ± 1 100 000) IU (median 2 000 000 IU), with a median duration of lysis of 48 hours. The rate of initial technical success was 97.7%. The rate of clinically successful lysis was 81.8%. Early (≤ 30 days) and late (from 30 days to 12 months) amputation rates were both 4.5% (2/44). The overall amputation rate was 9.1% (4/44). No mortality was recorded during thrombolysis and follow-up period (12 months). No major bleeding or allergic reaction was seen during thrombolytic therapy. 11.4% had symptoms of distal embolization. The primary patency rate for the arteries that were clinically successfully thrombolyzed as compared with those that failed to lysis was 83.3% vs. 57.1%, respectively, at 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS-CDT, combined with adjunctive therapies, is associated with good safety and efficacy in recent-onset or deterioration of lower extremity ischemia. Successful thrombolysis may be accompanied by better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100068, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Xin
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chang-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Yong-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator