title: Magnesium alloys: predicting in vivo corrosion with in vitro immersion testing.
abstract: Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been proposed as degradable replacements to commonly used orthopedic biomaterials such as titanium alloys and stainless steel. However, the corrosion of Mg in a physiological environment remains a difficult characteristic to accurately assess with in vitro methods. The aim of this study was to identify a simple in vitro immersion test that could provide corrosion rates similar to those observed in vivo. Pure Mg and five alloys (AZ31, Mg-0.8Ca, Mg-1Zn, Mg-1Mn, Mg-1.34Ca-3Zn) were immersed in either Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS), minimum essential medium (MEM), or MEM-containing 40 g/L bovine serum albumin (MEMp) for 7, 14, or 21 days before removal and assessment of corrosion by weight loss. This in vitro data was compared to in vivo corrosion rates of the same materials implanted in a subcutaneous environment in Lewis rats for equivalent time points. The results suggested that, for the alloys investigated, the EBSS buffered with sodium bicarbonate provides a rate of degradation comparable to those observed in vivo. In contrast, the addition of components such as (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), vitamins, amino acids, and albumin significantly increased corrosion rates. Based on these findings, it is proposed that with this in vitro protocol, immersion of Mg alloys in EBSS can be used as a predictor of in vivo corrosion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. walje474@student.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Jemimah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Shaylin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shadanbaz
authors.forename: Nicholas T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stace
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woodfield
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Staiger
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dias
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry; D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D003343:Corrosion; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D006531:HEPES / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000497:Alloys; D002021:Buffers; D003470:Culture Media; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D008274:Magnesium; D006531:HEPES