title: Neurochemical enhancement of conscious error awareness.
abstract: How the brain monitors ongoing behavior for performance errors is a central question of cognitive neuroscience. Diminished awareness of performance errors limits the extent to which humans engage in corrective behavior and has been linked to loss of insight in a number of psychiatric syndromes (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug addiction). These conditions share alterations in monoamine signaling that may influence the neural mechanisms underlying error processing, but our understanding of the neurochemical drivers of these processes is limited. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design of the influence of methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and citalopram on error awareness in 27 healthy participants. The error awareness task, a go/no-go response inhibition paradigm, was administered to assess the influence of monoaminergic agents on performance errors during fMRI data acquisition. A single dose of methylphenidate, but not atomoxetine or citalopram, significantly improved the ability of healthy volunteers to consciously detect performance errors. Furthermore, this behavioral effect was associated with a strengthening of activation differences in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and inferior parietal lobe during the methylphenidate condition for errors made with versus without awareness. Our results have implications for the understanding of the neurochemical underpinnings of performance monitoring and for the pharmacological treatment of a range of disparate clinical conditions that are marked by poor awareness of errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.forename: L Sanjay
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Nandam
authors.forename: Redmond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strudwick
authors.forename: Pradeep J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mattingley
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bellgrove
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000494:pharmacology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011437:Propylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011437:Propylamines; D015283:Citalopram; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D010100:Oxygen