title: Sedation or inhalant anesthesia before euthanasia with CO2 does not reduce behavioral or physiologic signs of pain and stress in mice.
abstract: CO(2) administration is a common euthanasia method for research mice, yet questions remain regarding whether CO(2) euthanasia is associated with pain and stress. Here we assessed whether premedication with acepromazine, midazolam, or anesthetic induction with isoflurane  altered behavioral and physiologic parameters that may reflect pain or stress during CO(2) euthanasia. Mice were assigned to 1 of 6 euthanasia groups: CO(2) only at a flow rate of 1.2 L/min which displaces 20% of the cage volume per minute (V/min; control group); premedication  with acepromazine (5 mg/kg), midazolam (5 mg/kg), or saline followed by 20% V/min CO(2); induction with 5% isoflurane followed by greater than 100% V/min CO(2) (>6L/min); and 100% V/min CO(2) only (6 L/min). Measures included ultrasonic sound recordings, behavioral  analysis of video record- ings, plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels immediately after euthanasia, and quantification of c-fos from brain tissue. Compared with 20% V/min CO(2) alone, premedication with acepromazine or midazolam did not significantly alter behavior but did  induce significantly higher c-fos expression in the brain. Furthermore, the use of isoflurane induction prior to CO(2) euthanasia significantly increased both behavioral and neuromolecular signs of stress. The data indicate that compared with other modalities, 20% V/min CO(2)  alone resulted in the least evidence of stress in mice and therefore was the most humane euthanasia method identified in the current study.
authors.affiliation: Cornell Center for Animal Resources and Education, School of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Wendy O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kirk J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000506:poisoning*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal / Q000379:methods*; D007530:Isoflurane; D051379:Mice; D008874:Midazolam; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000075:Acepromazine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D007530:Isoflurane; D008874:Midazolam; D003345:Corticosterone