title: Risk-management syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to survive, organisms must pursue and capture prey to avoid starvation, and must either fight or flight to avoid being killed by predators. The starvation-resistance and risk-management systems were of great importance to humans for survival in ancient times. However, given the evolutionary time scale, humans seem not to be well adapted to modern times. Urbanization often puts the risk-management system in motion due to modern stressors, and can induce over-activation of the risk-management system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a result, central sensitization and classical conditioning of the over-risk-management can occur due to repeated assaults, fears, or even anticipation of the modern predators. We refer to those diseases as risk-management syndrome, defined as an illness caused by the central sensitization and classical conditioning of over-risk-management without apparent organic damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These syndromes classified by each pathophysiological background, i.e. risk-management and metabolic syndromes are two major syndromes associated with urbanization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. masa-t@msic.med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yasuyoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D059333:Central Nervous System Sensitization / Q000502:physiology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012308:Risk Management; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013577:Syndrome; D014504:Urban Health; D014507:Urbanization