title: [Management of refractory dyspnoea in patients with advanced diseases - evidence-based update for clinical practice].
abstract: Many patients with advanced diseases complain about refractory breathlessness when breathlessness is present although the underlying disease is optimal treated. After exclusion of potential curable causes of breathlessness, management of refractory breathlessness includes general approaches, pharmacological (opioids) and non-pharmacological (e.g. handheld fan, rollator) interventions. Oxygen should be used far less than used in clinical practice at the moment and needs critical appraisal of effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik Köln und Institut für Palliative Care, Oldenburg. steffen@steffensimoon.de
authors.forename: Steffen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altfelder
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voltz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaertner
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*