title: Respiratory and immune response to maximal physical exertion following exposure to secondhand smoke in healthy adults.
abstract: We assessed the cardiorespiratory and immune response to physical exertion following secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure through a randomized crossover experiment. Data were obtained from 16 (8 women) non-smoking adults during and following a maximal oxygen uptake cycling protocol administered at baseline and at 0-, 1-, and 3- hours following 1-hour of SHS set at bar/restaurant carbon monoxide levels. We found that SHS was associated with a 12% decrease in maximum power output, an 8.2% reduction in maximal oxygen consumption, a 6% increase in perceived exertion, and a 6.7% decrease in time to exhaustion (P<0.05). Moreover, at 0-hours almost all respiratory and immune variables measured were adversely affected (P<0.05). For instance, FEV(1) values at 0-hours dropped by 17.4%, while TNF-α increased by 90.1% (P<0.05). At 3-hours mean values of cotinine, perceived exertion and recovery systolic blood pressure in both sexes, IL4, TNF-α and IFN-γ in men, as well as FEV(1)/FVC, percent predicted FEV(1), respiratory rate, and tidal volume in women remained different compared to baseline (P<0.05). It is concluded that a 1-hour of SHS at bar/restaurant levels adversely affects the cardiorespiratory and immune response to maximal physical exertion in healthy nonsmokers for at least three hours following SHS.
authors.affiliation: FAME Laboratory, Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Centre for Research and Technology, Thessaly, Greece. andreasflouris@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andreas D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Flouris
authors.forename: Giorgos S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Metsios
authors.forename: Andres E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.forename: Andres E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Carrill
authors.forename: Athanasios Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Jamurtas
authors.forename: Polychronis D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Stivaktakis
authors.forename: Manolis N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tzatzarakis
authors.forename: Aristidis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
authors.forename: Yiannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koutedakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine