title: Naturally acquired immune responses to malaria vaccine candidate antigens MSP3 and GLURP in Guahibo and Piaroa indigenous communities of the Venezuelan Amazon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria transmission in most of Latin America can be considered as controlled. In such a scenario, parameters of baseline immunity to malaria antigens are of specific interest with respect to future malaria eradication efforts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out in two indigenous population groups in Amazonas/Venezuela. Data from the regional malaria documentation system were extracted and participants from the ethnic groups of the Guahibo (n = 180) and Piaroa (n = 295) were investigated for the presence of Plasmodium parasites and naturally acquired antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in serum. The GMZ2 vaccine candidate proteins MSP3 and GLURP were chosen as serological markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of P. falciparum in both communities was found to be less than 2%, and none of the participants harboured P. falciparum at the time of the cross-sectional. Nearly a quarter of the participants (111/475; 23,4%) had positive antibody titres to at least one of the antigens. 53/475 participants (11.2%) were positive for MSP3, and 93/475 participants (19.6%) were positive for GLURP. High positive responses were detected in 36/475 participants (7.6%) and 61/475 participants (12.8%) for MSP3 and GLURP, respectively. Guahibo participants had significantly higher antibody titres than Piaroa participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the low incidence of P. falciparum, submicroscopical infections may explain the comparatively high anti-P. falciparum antibody concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Magda M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Magris
authors.forename: Marie-Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Urbaez
authors.forename: Sarai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vivas-Martinez
authors.forename: Rommy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.forename: Tahidid
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nieves
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Mordmüller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: Luisana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avilan
authors.forename: Wolfram G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Metzger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011247:Pregnancy; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014687:Venezuela / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C089133:merozoite surface protein 3, Plasmodium; C072492:glutamate-rich protein, Plasmodium