title: Cholestasis in neonates with red cell alloimmune hemolytic disease: incidence, risk factors and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Etiology of cholestatic liver disease in neonates with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) has been associated with iron overload due to intrauterine red cell transfusions (IUTs). Data on the incidence and severity of cholestasis in neonates with HDN are scarce, and little is known about pathogenesis, risk factors, neonatal management and outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate incidence, risk factors, management and outcome of cholestasis in neonates with red cell alloimmune hemolytic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  All (near-) term neonates with HDN due to red cell alloimmunization admitted to our center between January 2000 and July 2010 were included in this observational study. Liver function tests (including conjugated bilirubin) were routinely performed in the neonatal period. We recorded the presence of cholestasis, investigated several potential risk factors and evaluated the management and outcome in affected neonates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 313 infants with red cell alloimmune hemolytic disease treated with or without IUTs were included. The incidence of cholestasis was 13% (41/313). Two risk factors were independently associated with cholestasis: treatment with at least one IUT (OR 5.81, 95% CI 1.70-19.80, p = 0.005) and rhesus D type of alloimmunization (OR 4.66, 95% CI 1.05-20.57, p = 0.042). Additional diagnostic tests to investigate possible causes of cholestasis were all negative. In 5 infants (12%), supportive medical and nutritional therapy was started, and one neonate required iron chelation therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cholestasis occurs in 13% of neonates with HDN due to red cell alloimmunization, and it is independently associated with IUT treatment and rhesus D type of alloimmunization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. v.smits@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Vivianne E H J
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Smits-Wintjens
authors.forename: Mirjam E A
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: Irene T M
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Lindenburg
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oepkes
authors.forename: Erik W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: van Zwet
authors.forename: Frans J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopriore
mesh_terms: D002779:Cholestasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004899:Erythroblastosis, Fetal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007567:Jaundice, Neonatal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012203:Rh Isoimmunization / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors