title: From 'following the push of nature' to 'restoring one's proper sex'--cortisone and sex at Johns Hopkins's Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic.
abstract: In 1955, a paradigm shift in the conception of sex is said to have taken place, when psychologist John Money at Johns Hopkins's Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic argued that 'hermaphroditic' children could be assigned a sex contradictory to their biological sex. Rather than being born male or female, he claimed, these children learned to be boys or girls. Money was subsequently credited the invention of the term gender role. However, Money only confirmed a practice that was established at the clinic several years before his intervention. The clinic's director Lawson Wilkins (1894-1963) had already recommended that certain children, virilized by congenital adrenal hyperplasia, should be raised in the male sex, even though they were by all medical standards of the time female. What mattered for him was assigning the sex that seemed 'better' for these children. What constituted the 'better sex' was contingent on the child's psyche and habitus, social expectations, and on the range of medical and surgical interventions available at the time.
authors.affiliation: University of Zurich, Institute and Museum for the History of Medicine, Hirschengraben 82, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland. s.eder@mhiz.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eder
mesh_terms: D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000266:history; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000266:history; D015142:Baltimore; D003210:Concept Formation; D003348:Cortisone / Q000097:blood*; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019529:Sexuality; D012938:Social Perception
chemical_list: D003348:Cortisone