title: Coverage of hospital-based cataract surgery and barriers to the uptake of surgery among cataract blind persons in nigeria: the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine cataract surgical coverage, and barriers to modern cataract surgery in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multistage stratified cluster random sampling was used to identify a nationally representative sample of 15,027 persons aged 40+ years. All underwent visual acuity testing, frequency doubling technology visual field testing, autorefraction, and measurement of best corrected vision if <6/12 in one or both eyes. An ophthalmologist examined the anterior segment and fundus through an undilated pupil for all participants. Participants were examined by a second ophthalmologist using a slit lamp and dilated fundus examination using a 90 diopter condensing lens if vision was <6/12 in one or both eyes, there were optic disc changes suggestive of glaucoma, and 1 in 7 participants regardless of findings. All those who had undergone cataract surgery were asked where and when this had taken place. Individuals who were severely visually impaired or blind from unoperated cataract were asked to explain why they had not undergone surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13,591 participants were examined (response rate 89.9%). Prevalence of cataract surgery was 1.6% (95% confidence interval 1.4-1.8), significantly higher among those aged ≥70 years. Cataract surgical coverage (persons) in Nigeria was 38.3%. Coverage was 1.7 times higher among males than females. Coverage was only 9.1% among women in the South-South geopolitical zone. Over one third of those who were cataract blind said they could not afford surgery (36%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cataract surgical coverage in Nigeria was among the lowest in the world. Urgent initiatives are necessary to improve surgical output and access to surgery.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Dutse, Jigawa state, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Tafida
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abubakar
authors.forename: Murthy V S
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gudlavalleti
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivasubramaniam
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Mohammed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abdull
authors.forename: Abdullahi U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Imam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*