title: Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in field populations of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonicotinoid insecticides were first used commercially for Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] control in the United States in 1995, and since then have been critical for management of this pest. Field populations from the northeastern and midwestern United States were tested from 1998 to 2010 for susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam using standard topical dose assays with adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1998 to 2001, imidacloprid resistance was present in only a few locations in the eastern United States. By 2003, imidacloprid resistance was common in the northeastern Unites States. In 2004, imidacloprid resistance in Colorado potato beetle was detected for the first time in the midwestern United States. In 2003, the first case of resistance to thiamethoxam was found in a population from Massachusetts. Neonicotinoid resistance in summer-generation adults was higher than in overwintered adults from the same locations. By 2009, 95% of the populations tested from the northeastern and midwestern United States had significantly higher LD(50) values for imidacloprid than the susceptible population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides raises concerns for the continued effective management of Colorado potato beetles in potatoes and highlights the need for more rigorous practice of integrated pest management methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA. szendrei@msu.edu
authors.forename: Zsofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szendrei
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grafius
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005843:Geography; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D012621:Seasons; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam