title: Location of major vessels in prone-positioned patients undergoing percutaneous lumbar sympathectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The topographic relationship between major vessels and the sympathectomy target is not identical across patients and may not be clear, especially in patients in the prone position. The aim of this study was to provide anatomic data regarding the location of the major vessels (i.e., vena cava and aorta) based on computed tomography (CT) images obtained during lumbar sympathectomy under CT fluoroscopic guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease or chronic pain syndrome were treated using fluoroscopic CT-guided percutaneous lumbar sympathectomy between April 2006 and March 2010. We analyzed the shortest distances between the sympathectomy target and the major vessels, and the relationship between the location of the major vessels and the vertebral anterior line using CT images obtained during the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the L3 level, the shortest distances from the right side target to the inferior vena cava were significantly shorter than the other distances (P < 0.05). In 11 of 36 patients (30.6%), the IVC was located dorsal to the vertebral anterior line at the L3 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Needle insertion for right side sympathectomy at the L3 level may present a higher risk of major vessel puncture than sympathectomy at other sites. CT guidance is recommended for lumbar sympathectomy to reduce the risk of vascular puncture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan. skoizuka@med.gunma-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koizuka
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Souta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masuoka
authors.forename: Kunie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods; D016684:Prone Position; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013562:Sympathectomy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult