title: Defective monocyte dynamics in Q fever granuloma deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outcome of Q fever, an infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, is associated with granuloma formation. Granulomas are present in patients with resolutive Q fever but are lacking in patients with chronic Q fever.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study of granuloma formation requires invasive approaches. Here, we took advantage of a recently described method that enables in vitro generation of human granulomas specific for C. burnetii.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating mononuclear cells progressively accumulated around beads coated with C. burnetii extracts, and complete granulomas were generated in 8 days. Granuloma cells consisted of macrophages, lymphocytes, and, to a lesser extent, epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells. Early events that govern granuloma formation were studied using live-imaging microscopy. Monocytes migrated toward C. burnetii-coated beads independently of the presence of T lymphocytes and then recruited T lymphocytes. About 90% of patients with chronic Q fever failed to form granulomas. This deficiency was associated with defective migration of monocytes toward coated beads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monocytes were involved in the early stages of granuloma formation and recruited T lymphocytes to complete granuloma formation. This article describes a direct relationship between defective granuloma formation and defective migration of monocytes.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Transmissibles et Emergentes, CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delaby
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gorvel
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lépolard
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghigo
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capo
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mege
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D011778:Q Fever / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology