title: Obesity, SES, and economic development: a test of the reversal hypothesis.
abstract: Studies of individual countries suggest that socioeconomic status (SES) and weight are positively associated in lower-income countries but negatively associated in higher-income countries. However, this reversal in the direction of the SES-weight relationship and arguments about the underlying causes of the reversal need to be tested with comparable data for a large and diverse set of nations. This study systematically tests the reversal hypothesis using individual- and aggregate-level data for 67 nations representing all regions of the world. In support of the hypothesis, we find not only that the body mass index, being overweight, and being obese rise with national product but also that the associations of SES with these outcomes shift from positive to negative. These findings fit arguments about how health-related, SES-based resources, costs, and values differ across levels of economic development. Although economic and social development can improve health, it can also lead to increasing obesity and widening SES disparities in obesity.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Population Program, 484 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0484, USA. fred.pampel@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Fred C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Pampel
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Denney
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Krueger
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012923:Social Class