title: Age-corrected reference values for the Heidelberg multi-color anomaloscope.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine reference values for the HMC anomaloscope (Heidelberg multi-color anomaloscope) of healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirteen healthy subjects were divided into four age groups: <20 years of age (ten female, five male), 20-39 years of age (23 female, 15 male), 40-59 years of age (23 female, ten male) and >60 years of age (nine female, 18 male). Match midpoint, matching range (MR) and anomaly quotient (AQ), according to the Moreland equation [blue (436 nm) + blue-green (490 nm) = cyan (480 nm) + yellow (589 nm)] and according to the Rayleigh equation [green (546 nm) + red (671 nm) = yellow (589 nm)] were determined. The neutral adaptation was done showing white light every 5 seconds in absolute mode and every 15 seconds in relative mode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean match midpoint according to the Rayleigh equation was 43.9 ± 2.6 scale units in absolute mode. It was highest between 20-39 years (45.2 ± 2.2) and lowest in subjects >60 years of age (42.2 ± 2.2). The mean MR in absolute mode was 3.1 ± 3.5 scale units with a maximum >60 years (4.4 ± 4.4). The MR in relative mode was between 1.6 ± 1.9 (20-39 years) and 4.4 ± 3.8 (>60 years). The resulting mean AQ was 1.01 ± 0.15 in both modes. The mean match midpoint of the Moreland equation was 51.0 ± 5.2 scale units in absolute mode. It was highest between 20-39 years (52.5 ± 5.7), and lowest in subjects >60 years of age (48.7 ± 3.6). The mean MR according to the Moreland equation was lower in absolute mode (13.4 ± 15.6) than in relative mode (16.2 ± 15.2). The mean resulting AQ was 1.02 ± 0.21 in both modes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The values of this study can be used as references for the diagnosis of red-green and blue perception impairment with the HMC anomaloscope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House 25, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. fruefer@auge.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rüfer
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klettner
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Göbel
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flammer
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003119:Color Perception Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology*; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult