title: Neurotoxin gene profiling of clostridium botulinum types C and D native to different countries within Europe.
abstract: Clostridium botulinum types C and D, as well as their mosaic variants C-D and D-C, are associated with avian and mammalian botulism. This study reports on the development of low-density macroarrays based on the GeneDisc cycler platform (Pall-GeneDisc Technologies) applied to the simultaneous detection of the C. botulinum subtypes C, C-D, D, and D-C. The limit of detection of the PCR assays was 38 fg of total DNA, corresponding to 15 genome copies. Artificially contaminated samples of cecum showed a limit of detection below 50 spores/g. The tests were performed with a large variety of bacterial strains, including C. botulinum types C (n = 12), C-D (n = 29), D (n = 5), and D-C (n = 10), other botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing Clostridium strains (n = 20), non-BoNT-producing clostridia (n = 20), and other bacterial species (n = 23), and showed a high specificity. These PCR assays were compared to previously published real-time PCRs for the detection of C. botulinum in 292 samples collected from cases of botulism events in four European regions. The majority of the samples originated from wild birds (n = 108), poultry (n = 60), and bovines (n = 56). Among the 292 samples, 144 were positive for either the bont/C-D or the bont/D-C gene by using the GeneDisc arrays. The reliability of the results tallied to 97.94%. Interestingly, only BoNT mosaics, types C-D and D-C, were found in naturally contaminated samples whatever their animal origin and their geographical location. Further investigations should now be performed in order to check that mosaic types dominate in Europe and that acquisition of mosaic types helps in survival or adaptation to particular niche.
authors.affiliation: ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France. patrick.fach@anses.fr
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woudstra
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skarin
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anniballi
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fenicia
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bano
authors.forename: Ilenia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drigo
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koene
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bäyon-Auboyer
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Buffereau
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Medici
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001717:Birds; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D001906:Botulism / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002417:Cattle; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005060:Europe; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: C096325:botulinum toxin type D; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C