title: Protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors: a patent review (2002 - 2011).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases or PTPs) are highly conserved phosphatases that regulate the tyrosine phosphorylation and consequently, the cellular functions. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is the major post-translational modification to regulate signal transduction in cells. PTPs control diverse processes such as focal adhesion dynamics, cell-cell adhesion, insulin signaling, cytoskeletal functions, synaptogenesis and neurite growth. The availability of numerous X-ray crystal structures of PTPs, along with their inhibitors, has provided the opportunity for the structure-based design of effective inhibitors having potential for the treatment of various disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main focus of the present review is to get an insight into the most clinically relevant therapeutic PTP inhibitors published in patents over the past 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several computational studies are being carried out to understand ligand binding modes, selectivity interactions and conformational changes during inhibitor binding. PTP inhibitors that are of current interest include quinolyl, cyclic alabenzimidazole, pyrazine, (ethynediyl)bis-benzene, pyridopyrimidine, triazolopyridine, cyclo propylphenyl phenyloxamides, oxindole and azoloarin derivatives. The development of allosteric site-directed PTP inhibitors may help in understanding the absorption and selectivity of PTP inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali)-160062, India. mesophia@niper.ac.in
authors.forename: Masilamani Elizabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sobhia
authors.forename: Stanly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Ranajit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinde
authors.forename: Mrudula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Potluri
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gundam
authors.forename: Amandeep
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Thongtinlal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haokip
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D010330:Patents as Topic; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases