title: Smoking cessation after brain damage does not lead to increased depression:  implications for understanding the psychiatric complications of varenicline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are concerns that varenicline (Chantix/Champix), a prescription medication used to treat smoking addiction, might cause serious neuropsychiatric side effects, such as depression, self-injurious behavior, and suicide. However, the cause of depression and related symptoms in persons who quit smoking after taking varenicline remains uncertain, because smoking cessation itself can cause such symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 70 patients with brain lesions: 32 had stopped smoking after suffering their lesion (Quitters) and 38 had kept smoking (Non-Quitters).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no indication of increased depression in the Quitters compared with the Non-Quitters. The 2 groups, which were statistically indistinguishable on demographic and neuropsychological variables, showed the same rates and levels of severity of depression and related symptoms. Moreover, in a subgroup of 16 Quitters who had stopped smoking immediately after their neurological injury in the context of losing their craving to smoke, rates of depression-related symptoms were no higher than in the other Quitters and the Non-Quitters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking cessation did not lead to elevated levels of depression in patients with brain lesions, suggesting that psychiatric complications (particularly depression) observed after varenicline use are caused by the medication rather than the smoking cessation itself.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. daniel-tranel@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tranel
authors.forename: Ashton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNutt
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068580:Varenicline