title: Expression profiling of cancerous and normal breast tissues identifies microRNAs that are differentially expressed in serum from patients with (metastatic) breast cancer and healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression. As such, they regulate a large number of cellular pathways, and deregulation or altered expression of miRNAs is associated with tumorigenesis. In the current study, we evaluated the feasibility and clinical utility of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for the detection and staging of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  miRNAs were extracted from a set of 84 tissue samples from patients with breast cancer and eight normal tissue samples obtained after breast-reductive surgery. After reverse transcription and preamplification, 768 miRNAs were profiled by using the TaqMan low-density arrays. After data normalization, unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (UHCA) was used to investigate global differences in miRNA expression between cancerous and normal samples. With fold-change analysis, the most discriminating miRNAs between both tissue types were selected, and their expression was analyzed on serum samples from 20 healthy volunteers and 75 patients with breast cancer, including 16 patients with untreated metastatic breast cancer. miRNAs were extracted from 200 μl of serum, reverse transcribed, and analyzed in duplicate by using polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  UHCA showed major differences in miRNA expression between tissue samples from patients with breast cancer and tissue samples from breast-reductive surgery (P < 0.0001). Generally, miRNA expression in cancerous samples tends to be repressed when compared with miRNA expression in healthy controls (P = 0.0685). The four most discriminating miRNAs by fold-change (miR-215, miR-299-5p, miR-411, and miR-452) were selected for further analysis on serum samples. All miRNAs at least tended to be differentially expressed between serum samples from patients with cancer and serum samples from healthy controls (miR-215, P = 0.094; miR-299-5P, P = 0.019; miR-411, P = 0.002; and miR-452, P = 0.092). For all these miRNAs, except for miR-452, the greatest difference in expression was observed between serum samples from healthy volunteers and serum samples from untreated patients with metastatic breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides a basis for the establishment of miRNAs as biomarkers for the detection and eventually staging of breast cancer through blood-borne testing. We identified and tested a set of putative biomarkers of breast cancer and demonstrated that altered levels of these miRNAs in serum from patients with breast cancer are particularly associated with the presence of metastatic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven and Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B3000 Belgium. eleni.vanschooneveld@gza.be
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Schooneveld
authors.forename: Maartje Ca
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van der Auwera
authors.forename: Dieter J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wildiers
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Van Dam
authors.forename: Ignace
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vergote
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Luc Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Dirix
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Van Laere
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs