title: Methods for functional assessment after C7 spinal cord hemisection in the rhesus monkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reliable outcome measures are essential for preclinical modeling of spinal cord injury (SCI) in primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  need to be sensitive to both increases and decreases in function in order to demonstrate potential positive or negative effects of therapeutics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop behavioral tests and analyses to assess recovery of function after SCI in the nonhuman primate.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 24 male rhesus macaques were subjected to complete C7 lateral hemisection. The authors scored recovery of function in an open field and during hand tasks in a restraining chair. In addition, EMG analyses were performed in the open field, during hand tasks, and while animals walked on a treadmill. Both control and treated monkeys that received candidate therapeutics were included in this report to determine whether the behavioral assays were capable of detecting changes in function over a wide range of outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The behavioral assays are shown to be sensitive to detecting a wide range of motor functional outcomes after cervical hemisection in the nonhuman primate. Population curves on recovery of function were similar across the different tasks; in general, the population recovers to about 50% of baseline performance on measures of forelimb function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The behavioral outcome measures that the authors developed in this preclinical nonhuman primate model of SCI can detect a broad range of motor recovery. A set of behavioral assays is an essential component of a model that will be used to test efficacies of translational candidate therapies for SCI.
authors.affiliation: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yvette S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Nout
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moseanko
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hawbecker
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zdunowski
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nielson
authors.forename: Roland R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Ephron S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Courtine
authors.forename: V Reggie
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Edgerton
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tuszynski
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Jacqueline C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bresnahan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors