title: Nutrition issues in Codex: health claims, nutrient reference values and WTO agreements: a conference report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Codex documents may be used as educational and consensus materials for member governments. Also, the WTO SPS Agreement recognizes Codex as the presumptive international authority on food issues. Nutrient bioavailability is a critical factor in determining the ability of nutrients to provide beneficial effects. Bioavailability also influences the quantitative dietary requirements that are the basis of nutrient intake recommendations and NRVs.
  Codex, EFSA and some national regulatory authorities have established guidelines or regulations that will permit several types of health claims. The scientific basis for claims has been established by the US FDA and EFSA, but not yet by Codex. Evidence-based nutrition differs from evidence-based medicine, but the differences are only recently gaining recognition. Health claims on foods may provide useful information to consumers, but many will interpret the information to mean that they can rely upon the food or nutrient to eliminate a disease risk.
  NRVs are designed to provide a quantitative basis for comparing the nutritive values of foods, helping to illustrate how specific foods fit into the overall diet. The INL-98 and the mean of adult male and female values provide NRVs that are sufficient when used as targets for individual intakes by most adults.
  WTO recognizes Codex as the primary international authority on food issues. Current regulatory schemes based on recommended dietary allowances are trade restrictive. A substantial number of decisions by the EFSA could lead to violation of WTO agreements.
authors.affiliation: University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Aggett
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hathcock
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jukes
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bischoff-Ferrari
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mühlebach
authors.forename: Oran
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Maurits J F
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lugard
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000592:standards; D059022:Food Safety; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D007881:Legislation, Food; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000193:education; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012013:Reference Books; D012016:Reference Values