title: In vivo study of extracellular matrix coating enhancing fixation of the pedicle screw-bone's interface.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on in vivo research on the effect of the coating of the extracellular matrix composition of pedicle screws on the conduction and induction of bone formation in young sheep, the aim of this study was to investigate the application of coated pedicle screws in sheep with scoliosis whose spines are under constant development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of pedicle screws were randomly implanted into bilateral L2-L5 pedicles of 2.5- to 3-month-old sheep. A static experiment was performed on one side and a loading test was performed on the other side by implanting connecting rods at the L2-L3 and L4-L5 segments. The changes in the force on the coated screws and the combination of the surface of the coated screws with the surrounding bone in the growth process of young sheep's spines with aging were observed. After 3 months, the lumbar vertebrae with the screws were removed and examined by micro-CT, histological, and biomechanical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under nonloading conditions, there is bone formation around the surfaces of coated screws. The bone forming on the surface of collagen/chondroitin sulfate/hydroxyapatite coating of pedicle screws is the most, the one of the collagen/chondroitin sulfate coating and hydroxyapatite coating is followed, and no significant difference between the two groups. In terms of the trabecular bone morphology parameters of the region of interest around the surface of the pedicle screws, such as bone mineral content, bone mineral density, tissue mineral content, tissue bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and connection density, those associated with collagen/chondroitin sulfate/hydroxyapatite coatings are largest and those unassociated with coatings are smallest. Under nonloading conditions, the pullout strength of the collagen/chondroitin sulfate/hydroxyapatite-coated screws was largest, and that of the uncoated screws was minimal (P < 0.01). Under loading conditions, the maximum pullout strength of each group of pedicle screws was less than that of the pedicle screws in the nonloading state (P < 0.01) with no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under nonloading conditions, the coatings of both organic and inorganic components of the extracellular matrix of titanium pedicle screws can conduct or induce bone formation around the surface of the screws. The ability of collagen/chondroitin sulfate/hydroxyapatite coatings to induce bone formation is stronger; under loading conditions, a large amount of connective tissue formed around the surfaces of the screws in each group. No significant differences were found between the groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Min
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xing-Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chuan-Jie
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiao-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D012756:Sheep; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D003094:Collagen; D017886:Durapatite