title: Temporary epicardial cardiac resynchronisation versus conventional right ventricular pacing after cardiac surgery: study protocol for a randomised control trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure patients with stable angina, acute coronary syndromes and valvular heart disease may benefit from revascularisation and/or valve surgery. However, the mortality rate is increased- 5-30%. Biventricular pacing using temporary epicardial wires after surgery is a potential mechanism to improve cardiac function and clinical endpoints.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-centred, prospective, randomised, single-blinded, intervention-control trial of temporary biventricular pacing versus standard pacing. Patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease or both, an ejection fraction ≤ 35% and a conventional indication for cardiac surgery will be recruited from 2 cardiac centres. Baseline investigations will include: an electrocardiogram to confirm sinus rhythm and measure QRS duration; echocardiogram to evaluate left ventricular function and markers of mechanical dyssynchrony; dobutamine echocardiogram for viability and blood tests for renal function and biomarkers of myocardial injury- troponin T and brain naturetic peptide. Blood tests will be repeated at 18, 48 and 72 hours. The principal exclusions will be subjects with permanent atrial arrhythmias, permanent pacemakers, infective endocarditis or end-stage renal disease.After surgery, temporary pacing wires will be attached to the postero-lateral wall of the left ventricle, the right atrium and right ventricle and connected to a triple chamber temporary pacemaker. Subjects will be randomised to receive either temporary biventricular pacing or standard pacing (atrial inhibited pacing or atrial-synchronous right ventricular pacing) for 48 hours.The primary endpoint will be the duration of level 3 care. In brief, this is the requirement for invasive ventilation, multi-organ support or more than one inotrope/vasoconstrictor. Haemodynamic studies will be performed at baseline, 6, 18 and 24 hours after surgery using a pulmonary arterial catheter. Measurements will be taken in the following pacing modes: atrial inhibited; right ventricular only; atrial synchronous-right ventricular; atrial synchronous-left ventricular and biventricular pacing. Optimisation of the atrioventricular and interventricular delay will be performed in the biventricular pacing group at 18 hours. The effect of biventricular pacing on myocardial injury, post operative arrhythmias and renal function will also be quantified.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01027299.
authors.affiliation: Wales Heart Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK. russellsj1@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Afzal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Zaheer R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Yousef
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D014852:Wales
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers