title: Effectiveness of organisational infrastructures to promote evidence-based nursing practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurses and midwives form the bulk of the clinical health workforce and play a central role in all health service delivery. There is potential to improve health care quality if nurses routinely use the best available evidence in their clinical practice. Since many of the factors perceived by nurses as barriers to the implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) lie at the organisational level, it is of interest to devise and assess the effectiveness of organisational infrastructures designed to promote EBP among nurses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of organisational infrastructures in promoting evidence-based nursing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, BIREME, IBECS, NHS Economic Evaluations Database, Social Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index and Conference Proceedings Citation Indexes up to 9 March 2011.We developed a new search strategy for this update as the strategy published in 2003 omitted key terms. Additional search methods included: screening reference lists of relevant studies, contacting authors of relevant papers regarding any further published or unpublished work, and searching websites of selected research groups and organisations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, interrupted times series (ITSs) and controlled before and after studies of an entire or identified component of an organisational infrastructure intervention aimed at promoting EBP in nursing. The participants were all healthcare organisations comprising nurses, midwives and health visitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. For the ITS analysis, we reported the change in the slopes of the regression lines, and the change in the level effect of the outcome at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included one study from the USA (re-analysed as an ITS) involving one hospital and an unknown number of nurses and patients. The study evaluated the effects of a standardised evidence-based nursing procedure on nursing care for patients at risk of developing healthcare-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs). If a patient's admission Braden score was below or equal to 18 (i.e. indicating a high risk of developing pressure ulcers), nurses were authorised to initiate a pressure ulcer prevention bundle (i.e. a set of evidence-based clinical interventions) without waiting for a physician order. Re-analysis of data as a time series showed that against a background trend of decreasing HAPU rates, if that trend was assumed to be real, there was no evidence of an intervention effect at three months (mean rate per quarter 0.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7 to 3.3; P = 0.457). Given the small percentages post intervention it was not statistically possible to extrapolate effects beyond three months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite extensive searching of published and unpublished research we identified only one low-quality study; we excluded many studies due to non-eligible study design. If policy-makers and healthcare organisations wish to promote evidence-based nursing successfully at an organisational level, they must ensure the funding and conduct of well-designed studies to generate evidence to guide policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Headington, UK. gerd.flodgren@dph.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flodgren
authors.forename: Maria Ximena
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Rojas-Reyes
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Foxcroft
mesh_terms: D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control