title: Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor in the endometrium in abnormal uterine cavities during the implantation window.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of the implantation factors leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-11 (IL-11), and IL-6ST/gp130 in the endometrium to examine the relationship between loss of implantation and abnormal uterine cavity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised 41 patients in the abnormal uterine cavity group who underwent resection of a uterine submucosal myoma or an endometrial polyp by transcervical resectoscopy (TCR) and 18 patients in the control group who underwent laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the abnormal uterine cavity group, endometrial tissue specimens were obtained before resection under hysteroscopy. In the control group, endometrial tissue specimens were obtained by curettage at the time of laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We divided the patients into four groups according to menstrual cycle and measured the endometrial expression of LIF, IL-11, and IL-6ST/gp130 with the use of quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases in LIF and IL-11 mRNA expression were recognized during the midsecretory phase of the menstrual cycle in the control group. However, no difference in IL-6ST/gp130 mRNA expression was observed in any phase during the menstrual cycle in either group. In terms of LIF and IL-11 mRNA expression at the midsecretory phase, the abnormal uterine cavity group showed a significantly decreased LIF mRNA expression compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LIF mRNA expression was significantly decreased in abnormal uterine cavities during the midsecretory phase, indicating that endometrial cavity defects are a possible cause of poor reproductive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ei
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Hiroe
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kazuka
authors.forename: Saburo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usuda
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D050822:Cytokine Receptor gp130 / Q000235:genetics; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000235:genetics; D007564:Japan; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D011127:Polyps / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: C508611:IL11 protein, human; C494199:IL6ST protein, human; D017370:Interleukin-11; C507837:LIF protein, human; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050822:Cytokine Receptor gp130