title: Three-dimensional finite element analysis of strength, stability, and stress distribution in orthodontic anchorage: a conical, self-drilling miniscrew implant system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to analyze the stress distribution and displacement patterns that develop in an orthodontic miniscrew implant and its surrounding osseous structures for 2 implant materials under horizontal and torsional loading, with no ossseointegration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A numeric approach was adopted. The finite element method was used to determine the stress and displacement of the various components at a given time after miniscrew implant application, when, due to viscoelastic relaxation effects, the only remaining stress field was from the application of the orthodontic load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stress distribution was not significantly different between the 2 types of implant material. Increased stress values were located at the necks of the implants and the surrounding cortical bone. Bending of the titanium miniscrew was observed in the neck region under horizontal traction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences between the values of stress and displacement we obtained for the 2 types of miniscrew were too small to be clinically significant. Optimization of the miniscrew implant composed of the titanium alloy might be achieved by increasing the bulk (quantity) of the material in the neck region. The miniscrew implant can be immediately loaded and used for group movement of teeth.
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India. Electronic address: shivanisingh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shivani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India.
authors.forename: Subraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mogra
authors.affiliation: Professor and dean, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India.
authors.forename: V Surendra
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Professor and head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India.
authors.forename: Siddarth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India.
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philip
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D001863:Bone Screws; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D013193:Stainless Steel; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D014025:Titanium