title: Localization and phototoxic effect of zinc sulfophthalocyanine photosensitizer in human colon (DLD-1) and lung (A549) carcinoma cells (in vitro).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality used for treating cancerous cells. It has been previously shown that mixed sulfonated metallophthalocyanine complex, zinc sulfophthalocyanine (ZnPcS(mix)) is effective in destroying lung cancer cells. This study aimed to determine subcellular localization of ZnPcS(mix) and its effect on two cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  ZnPcS(mix) was activated at a wavelength of 680 nm with 5 J/cm². Colon (DLD-1) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines were used. Subcellular localization of ZnPcS(mix) was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Toxicity of PS alone and combination of light and PS (PDT) was determined by cell morphology, viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity. Cells which received no irradiation (0 J/cm²), irradiation alone (5 J/cm²) or treated with PS alone (no irradiation) served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ZnPcS(mix) localized in both lysozomes and mitochondria in both A549 and DLD-1 cells. A549 cells treated with PDT showed a significant decrease in viability and proliferation in all PS concentrations used, while in DLD-1 cells a significant decrease was seen with concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 μM. In absence of light, ZnPcS(mix) did not result in cellular toxicity in A549 cells whereas in DLD-1 cells it resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation only at a concentration of 40 μM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ZnPcS(mix) was effective in inducing cell death in both cell lines when localized in vital organelles such mitochondria and lysozomes which are essential for cell functioning. Photoactivated ZnPcS(mix) affected the cells at different concentration and yielded good therapeutic results in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa. jakonda@webmail.co.za
authors.forename: Sello Lebohang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Manoto
authors.forename: Palesa Rose
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Sekhejane
authors.forename: Nicolette Nadene
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Houreld
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abrahamse
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C063072:zinc(II) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid