title: Social norms, collective efficacy, and smoking cessation in urban neighborhoods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the separate and combined relations of neighborhood-level social norms and collective efficacy with individuals' cigarette smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We modeled the hazard of quitting over a 5-year period among 863 smokers who participated in the 2005 New York Social Environment Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, prohibitive neighborhood smoking norms were significantly associated with higher rates of smoking cessation (second quartile hazard ratio [HR] = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59, 2.32; third quartile HR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.17, 4.78; fourth quartile HR = 1.80; 95% CI = 0.85, 3.81). We did not find a significant association between neighborhood collective efficacy and cessation or significant evidence of a joint relation of collective efficacy and smoking norms with cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighborhood social norms may be more relevant than is collective efficacy to smoking cessation. The normative environment may shape health behavior and should be considered as part of public health intervention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-7358, USA. dkarasek@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karasek
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*