title: Pathway redesign for deoxyviolacein biosynthesis in Citrobacter freundii and characterization of this pigment.
abstract: Violacein (Vio) is an important purple pigment with many potential bioactivities. Deoxyviolacein, a structural analog of Vio, is always synthesized in low concentrations with Vio in wild-type bacteria. Due to deoxyviolacein's low production and difficulties in isolation and purification, little has been learned regarding its function and potential applications. This study was the first effort in developing a stable and efficient biosynthetic system for producing pure deoxyviolacein. A recombinant plasmid with vioabce genes was constructed by splicing using an overlapping extension-polymerase chain reaction, based on the Vio-synthesizing gene cluster of vioabcde, originating from Duganella sp. B2, and was introduced into Citrobacter freundii. With the viod gene disrupted in the Vio synthetic pathway, Vio production was completely abolished and the recombinant C. freundii synthesized only deoxyviolacein. Interestingly, vioe gene expression was strongly stimulated in the viod-deleted recombinant strain, indicating that viod disruptions could potentially induce polar effects upon the downstream vioe gene within this small operon. Deoxyviolacein production by this strain reached 1.9 g/L in shaker flasks. The product exhibited significant acid/alkali and UV resistance as well as significant inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation at low concentrations of 0.1-1 μM. These physical characteristics and antitumor activities of deoxyviolacein contribute to illuminating its potential applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pei-xia
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Hai-sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Ming-yue
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Rui-ping
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shu-ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Xin-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016971:Citrobacter freundii / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D005810:Multigene Family; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007211:Indoles; D010860:Pigments, Biological; C063155:violacein