title: Opioid dependency in pregnancy and length of stay for neonatal abstinence syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine opioid replacement therapy in pregnancy and effect on neonatal outcomes, including length of hospital stay for neonatal abstinence syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Labor and delivery unit and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), Eastern Maine Medical Center, Bangor, Maine.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-two opioid-dependent pregnant women on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) (n = 136) or buprenorphine maintenance therapy (BMT) (n = 16) during pregnancy and their neonates. The neonates were born between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the electronic medical record (EMR) was conducted of all opioid-dependent women who were maintained on MMT or BMT at the time of admission for labor and delivery and their neonates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal methadone dose and concomitant in-utero exposure to benzodiazepines prolonged the length of hospital stay for neonates. Length of stay was shorter in breastfed neonates than formula-fed neonates or neonates who received formula and breast milk. Neonates with prenatal exposure to MMT spent more days in the hospital (21 vs. 14 days) for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) than infants with prenatal exposure to BMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with previous research on the simultaneous use of methadone and benzodiazepines during pregnancy and provide further direction for the treatment of opioid dependency during pregnancy. Harm reduction strategies for opioid-dependent pregnant women in substance abuse treatment with MMT may one day include guidance on daily treatment doses and recommendations to avoid the concomitant use of benzodiazepines to lessen NAS. Breastfeeding should be recommended to shorten length of stay. Understanding perinatal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women on methadone or buprenorphine will help to identify optimal treatment for opioid dependency in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.. Electronic address: upritham@georgiasouthern.edu.
authors.forename: Ursula A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Pritham
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME.
authors.forename: Marie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone