title: Coatings of polyethylene glycol for suppressing adhesion between solid microspheres and flat surfaces.
abstract: This article describes the development and the examination of surface coatings that suppress the adhesion between glass surfaces and polymer microspheres. Superparamagnetic doping allowed for exerting magnetic forces on the microbeads. The carboxyl functionalization of the polymer provided the means for coating the beads with polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weight. Under gravitational force, the microbeads settled on glass surfaces with similar polymer coatings. We examined the efficacy of removing the beads from the glass surfaces by applying a pulling force of ~1.2 pN. The percent beads remaining on the surface after applying the pulling force for approximately 5 s served as an indication of the adhesion propensity. Coating of PEG with molecular weight ranging between 3 and 10 kDa was essential for suppressing the adhesion. For the particular substrates, surface chemistry and aqueous media we used, coatings of 5 kDa manifested optimal suppression of adhesion: that is, only 3% of the microbeads remained on the surface after applying the pulling magnetic force. When either the glass or the beads were not PEGylated, the adhesion between them was substantial. Addition of a noncharged surfactant, TWEEN, above its critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) suppressed the adhesion between noncoated substrates. The extent of this surfactant-induced improvement of the adhesion suppression, however, did not exceed the quality of preventing the adhesion that we attained by PEGylating both substrates. In addition, the use of surfactants did not significantly improve the suppression of bead-surface adhesion when both substrates were PEGylated. These findings suggest that such surfactant additives tend to be redundant and that covalently grafted coatings of PEGs with selected chain lengths provide sufficient suppression of nonspecific interfacial interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 91521, United States.
authors.forename: Srigokul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Upadhyayula
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Quinata
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Sharad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Noah Ray
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Baharak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.forename: Kliment
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bozhilov
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jreij
authors.forename: Pratima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nallagatla
authors.forename: Valentine I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Vullev
mesh_terms: D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D011092:Polyethylene Glycols