title: Influence of material choice on the force delivery of bimaxillary tooth positioners on canine malpositions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since their introduction in 1945, tooth positioners have been used to treat a range of malpositions. Although the original appliance was made of natural rubber, today's tooth positioners are fabricated from various elastic, transparent materials. It was the aim of this study to evaluate the forces and moments produced by current positioners on various upper canine malpositions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven positioners of different materials were tested on 11 upper canine malpositions: 0.25, 0.5, 1 mm supraposition; 0.25, 0.5, 1 mm infraposition; 5°, 10°, 20° mesiorotation; 5° mesioinclination, 5° buccal root torque. We measured forces and moments in vitro after bite closure by 0.5 mm, and opening by 1 mm using a three-dimensional robotic device. All measurements were taken in a temperature-controlled environment at 36 °C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The forces and moments measured at the canine varied greatly among the different positioners, with the thermoformed EVA positioner showing much greater forces and moments in almost all malpositions. At initial closure, we observed intrusive forces of 6-32 N for suprapositions, 0-11 N intrusive forces for infrapositions, 0-20 Nmm for mesiorotations, 6-12 Nmm for mesioinclinations, and - 23 Nmm to 5 Nmm for buccal root torque. All positioners were most effective on suprapositioned teeth. Very low or negligible correctional forces and moments in conjunction with all infrapositions and 5° with rotation were noted. Labial root torque led to unpredictable moments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positioner material plays a major role in delivering forces to the teeth. However, tooth positioners did not induce corrective forces in all the malpositions tested. Clinically relevant correctional forces or moments in conjunction with all suprapositions, rotations of 10° and 20° as well as mesial tipping of the canine were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Pedodontics, University of Basel, Hebelstr. 3, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lochmatter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steineck
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brauchli
mesh_terms: D000202:Activator Appliances; D003481:Cuspid / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000503:physiopathology; D009968:Orthodontic Appliances, Removable; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D019415:Torque