title: Comparison of the effects of fixed and removable functional appliances on the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare and analyse the effects of activator and Forsus FRD EZ appliances in the treatment of skeletal Class II division I malocclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist radiographs were collected from 24 Class II division I growing patients (14 females, 10 males). The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups and either treated with an activator appliance (Mean age 12.67 +/- 1.24 years) or with a Forsus FRD EZ appliance (Mean age 12.31 +/- 1.09 years). Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs were obtained, traced, superimposed and data analysed using paired t-tests and the Wilcoxon signed rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that the Forsus FRD EZ effectively corrected the Class II malocclusion, but the changes were mainly dentoalveolar. The Forsus FRD EZ appliance induced a clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane without significant alteration in the vertical facial dimension. Skeletally, maxillary growth was restricted and pogonion moved forward which improved the profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Forsus FRD EZ appliance may be an effective dentoalveolar treatment method to manage a skeletal imbalance and improve the profile in growing patients.
authors.affiliation: Dicle University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics, Diyarbakir, Turkey. fundagulbilgic@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Fundagül
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bilgiç
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamamci
authors.forename: Güvenç
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Başaran
mesh_terms: D000202:Activator Appliances; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D009968:Orthodontic Appliances, Removable; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000628:therapy; D012399:Rotation; D014716:Vertical Dimension