title: Oligosaccharide and peptidoglycan of Ganoderma lucidum activate the immune response in human mononuclear cells.
abstract: The acid-hydrolyzed fragments of  Ganoderma lucidum  polysaccharides (GLPS) obtained by Smith degradation were separated by size-exclusion chromatography into two major water-soluble fractions: peptidoglycans (GLPS-SF1) and oligosaccharides (GLPS-SF2). Both fractions induced CD69 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPB-MNCs), and they displayed distinct immunomodulating properties. GLPS-SF1, with a molecular weight of around 20 kDa, were heterogeneous peptidoglycans composed of glucose/mannose (4:1) that exhibited biological activities with Th1 cytokines IL-12, IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in hPB-MNCs and stimulated macrophage cytokine expression via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. For GLPS-SF2, with a molecular weight of around several kilodaltons, its sugar sequence was elucidated by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as [-α-1,4-Glc-(β-1,4-GlcA)(3)-](n). This oligosaccharide displayed specific immune property with low monocyte induction, greatly stimulated cell activation and proliferation of NK and T cells. This oligosaccharide isolated from  G. lucidum  polysaccharides with internal glucuronic acids/glucose repeat unit in a 3:1 ratio may be responsible for the active stimulation of NK and T cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Che
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Feng-Ling
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zih-You
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chien-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kuo-Feng
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shui-Tein
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shih-Hsiung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4