title: Hypnotics' association with mortality or cancer: a matched cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An estimated 6%-10% of US adults took a hypnotic drug for poor sleep in 2010. This study extends previous reports associating hypnotics with excess mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large integrated health system in the USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal electronic medical records were extracted for a one-to-two matched cohort survival analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (mean age 54 years) were 10 529 patients who received hypnotic prescriptions and 23 676 matched controls with no hypnotic prescriptions, followed for an average of 2.5 years between January 2002 and January 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were adjusted for age, gender, smoking, body mass index, ethnicity, marital status, alcohol use and prior cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) for death were computed from Cox proportional hazards models controlled for risk factors and using up to 116 strata, which exactly matched cases and controls by 12 classes of comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As predicted, patients prescribed any hypnotic had substantially elevated hazards of dying compared to those prescribed no hypnotics. For groups prescribed 0.4-18, 18-132 and >132 doses/year, HRs (95% CIs) were 3.60 (2.92 to 4.44), 4.43 (3.67 to 5.36) and 5.32 (4.50 to 6.30), respectively, demonstrating a dose-response association. HRs were elevated in separate analyses for several common hypnotics, including zolpidem, temazepam, eszopiclone, zaleplon, other benzodiazepines, barbiturates and sedative antihistamines. Hypnotic use in the upper third was associated with a significant elevation of incident cancer; HR=1.35 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.55). Results were robust within groups suffering each comorbidity, indicating that the death and cancer hazards associated with hypnotic drugs were not attributable to pre-existing disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Receiving hypnotic prescriptions was associated with greater than threefold increased hazards of death even when prescribed <18 pills/year. This association held in separate analyses for several commonly used hypnotics and for newer shorter-acting drugs. Control of selective prescription of hypnotics for patients in poor health did not explain the observed excess mortality.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Clinic Viterbi Family Sleep Center, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kripke
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Lawrence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kline