title: Arm length is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese-Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to examine the association of type 2 diabetes mellitus with arm length as a marker for early life environment and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional analysis of 658 second- and third-generation Japanese-Americans (349 men and 309 women). Different arm length (total, upper and forearm length) and leg length (total and lower leg length) measurements were performed. Type 2 diabetes was defined by the use of hypoglycaemic medication, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7 mmol/l or glucose at 2 h ≥ 11.1 mmol/l during an OGTT. Persons meeting the criteria for impaired glucose tolerance were excluded from these analyses (FPG <7 mmol/l and 2 h glucose during an OGGT <11.1 but ≥ 7.8 mmol/l). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations between prevalence of diabetes and limb length while adjusting for possible confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 145 individuals had diabetes. On univariate analysis, arm and leg length were not associated with diabetes. After adjustment for age, sex, computed tomography-measured intra-abdominal fat area, height, weight, smoking status and family history of diabetes, total arm length and upper arm length were inversely related to diabetes (OR for a 1 SD increase 0.49, 95% CI 0.29, 0.84 for total arm length, and OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36, 0.87 for upper arm length). Forearm length, height and leg length were not associated with diabetes after adjustment for confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings of associations between arm lengths and prevalence of type 2 diabetes supports a role for factors that determine bone growth or their correlates in the development of this condition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Utzschneider
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Leonetti
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McNeely
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suvag
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D001213:Asian; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged