title: Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B and flucytosine.
abstract: Clinical breakpoints (CBPs) are not available for the Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii species complex. MIC distributions were constructed for the wild type (WT) to establish epidemiologic cutoff values (ECVs) for C. neoformans and C. gattii versus amphotericin B and flucytosine. A total of 3,590 amphotericin B and 3,045 flucytosine CLSI MICs for C. neoformans (including 1,002 VNI isolates and 8 to 39 VNII, VNIII, and VNIV isolates) and 985 and 853 MICs for C. gattii, respectively (including 42 to 259 VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV isolates), were gathered in 9 to 16 (amphotericin B) and 8 to 13 (flucytosine) laboratories (Europe, United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, and South Africa) and aggregated for the analyses. Additionally, 442 amphotericin B and 313 flucytosine MICs measured by using CLSI-YNB medium instead of CLSI-RPMI medium and 237 Etest amphotericin B MICs for C. neoformans were evaluated. CLSI-RPMI ECVs for distributions originating in ≥3 laboratories (with the percentages of isolates for which MICs were less than or equal to ECVs given in parentheses) were as follows: for amphotericin B, 0.5 μg/ml for C. neoformans VNI (97.2%) and C. gattii VGI and VGIIa (99.2 and 97.5%, respectively) and 1 μg/ml for C. neoformans (98.5%) and C. gattii nontyped (100%) and VGII (99.2%) isolates; for flucytosine, 4 μg/ml for C. gattii nontyped (96.4%) and VGI (95.7%) isolates, 8 μg/ml for VNI (96.6%) isolates, and 16 μg/ml for C. neoformans nontyped (98.6%) and C. gattii VGII (97.1%) isolates. Other molecular types had apparent variations in MIC distributions, but the number of laboratories contributing data was too low to allow us to ascertain that the differences were due to factors other than assay variation. ECVs may aid in the detection of isolates with acquired resistance mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinel-Ingroff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chowdhary
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-Estrella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fothergill
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Govender
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guarro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lass-Flörl
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lockhart
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meis
authors.forename: M S C
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Melhem
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ostrosky-Zeichner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pelaez
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trilles
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turnidge
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056285:Cryptococcus gattii / Q000187:drug effects*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects*; D005437:Flucytosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D005437:Flucytosine