title: A global template for reforming residency without work-hours restrictions: decrease caseloads, increase education. Findings of the Japan Resident Workload Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Japanese physician training programs are currently not subject to rigorous national standardization. Despite residency restructuring in 2004, little is known about the current work allocation of residents in Japan.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We quantified the amount of time that Japanese junior residents spend in service versus education in the context of caseload, fatigue, and low-value administrative work.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, time-and-motion study, the activity of 1st- and 2nd-year residents at three Japanese community hospitals was observed at 5-min intervals over 1 week, and categorized as patient care, academic, non-patient care, and personal. Self-reported sleep data and caseload information were simultaneously collected. Data were subanalyzed by gender, training level, hospital, and shift.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 64 participating residents spent substantially more time in patient care activities than education (59.5% vs. 6.8%), and little time on low-value, non-patient work (5.1%). Residents reported a median 5 h of sleep before shifts and excessive sleepiness (median Epworth score, 12). Large variations in caseload were reported (median 10 patients, range 0-60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New physicians in Japan deliver a large volume of high-value patient care, while receiving little structured education and enduring substantial sleep deprivation. In programs without work-hour restrictions, caseload limits may improve safety and quality.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Epidemiology, St. Luke's Life Science Institute, Tokyo, Japan. drdeshpande@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gautam A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soejima
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Heist
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishigori
authors.forename: Tsuguya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012892:Sleep Deprivation; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D016526:Workload / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult