title: Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales: retrospective analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of any and referable diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending an annual screening service for retinopathy and whose first screening episode indicated no evidence of retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective four year analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screenings at the community based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  57,199 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were diagnosed at age 30 years or older and who had no evidence of diabetic retinopathy at their first screening event between 2005 and 2009. 49,763 (87%) had at least one further screening event within the study period and were included in the analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual incidence and cumulative incidence after four years of any and referable diabetic retinopathy. Relations between available putative risk factors and the onset and progression of retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative incidence of any and referable retinopathy at four years was 360.27 and 11.64 per 1000 people, respectively. From the first to fourth year, the annual incidence of any retinopathy fell from 124.94 to 66.59 per 1000 people, compared with referable retinopathy, which increased slightly from 2.02 to 3.54 per 1000 people. Incidence of referable retinopathy was independently associated with known duration of diabetes, age at diagnosis, and use of insulin treatment. For participants needing insulin treatment with a duration of diabetes of 10 years or more, cumulative incidence of referable retinopathy at one and four years was 9.61 and 30.99 per 1000 people, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis supports the extension of the screening interval for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus beyond the currently recommended 12 months, with the possible exception of those with diabetes duration of 10 years or more and on insulin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Unit, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Luzio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy Chowdury
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gibbins
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin