title: The effect of various topical peri-implantitis antiseptics on Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus sanguinis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although peri-implantitis has presented an ever increasing problem in modern dentistry, satisfying therapeutic strategies or scientifically based treatment recommendations are still not available. The main object of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of six different topical antiseptics on three test microorganisms attached to titanium implant specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  For biofilm formation, plane titan specimens were incubated either in Candida albicans, Streptococcus sanguinis, or Staphylococcus epidermidis for 2h. The specimens were then treated with different topical antiseptics for 60s (sodium hypochlorite 1.0%, hydrogen peroxide 3.0%, chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%, citric acid 40.0%, Plax, or Listerine) and with sterile saline as control. Remaining vital fungi were quantified by means of a bioluminometric assay and the bacterial load and the viability of adhering S. epidermidis and S. sanguinis by live or dead cell labelling in combination with fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sodium hypochlorite was effective against all three species, whereas hydrogen peroxide was solely effective against C. albicans. CHX and Listerine showed antimicrobial activity against S. sanguinis and C. albicans and citric acid and Plax against both tested bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the tested antimicrobial agents, except for sodium hypochlorite, showed a significant in vitro effect on all three test microbes. Considering the possible toxicity of sodium hypochlorite, none of the tested - and so far widely used - antiseptics showed any broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect and could therefore not be recommended for the topical disinfection and detoxification of infected implant surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. ralf.buergers@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bürgers
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Witecy
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahnel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gosau
mesh_terms: D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019551:Dental Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D015921:Dental Implants