title: Lack of neuromuscular origins of adaptation after a long-term stretching program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Static stretching is commonly used during the treatment and rehabilitation of orthopedic injuries to increase joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle flexibility. Understanding the physiological adaptations that occur in the neuromuscular system as a result of long-term stretching may provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for changes in flexibility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine possible neurological origins and adaptations in the Ia-reflex pathway that allow for increases in flexibility in ankle ROM, by evaluating the reduction in the synaptic transmission of Ia afferents to the motoneuron pool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated-measures, case-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports medicine research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 healthy volunteers with no history of cognitive impairment, neurological impairment, or lower extremity surgery or injury within the previous 12 mo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms were evaluated with a chronic stretching pro- tocol. Twenty subjects stretched 5 times a wk for 6 wk. All subjects were measured at baseline, 3 wk, and 6 wk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ankle-dorsiflexion ROM, Hmax:Mmax, presynaptic inhibition, and disynaptic reciprocal inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only ROM had a significant interaction between group and time, whereas the other dependent variables did not show significant differences. The experimental group had significantly improved ROM from baseline to 3 wk (mean 6.2 ± 0.9, P < .001), 3 wk to 6 wk (mean 5.0 ± 0.8, P < .001), and baseline to 6 wk (mean 11.2 ±0.9, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ankle dorsiflexion increased by 42.25% after 6 wk of static stretching, but no significant neurological changes resulted at any point of the study, contrasting current literature. Significant neuromuscular origins of adaptation do not exist in the Ia-reflex-pathway components after a long-term stretching program as currently understood. Thus, any increases in flexibility are the result of other factors, potentially mechanical changes or stretch tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Rod A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harter
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Widrick
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Charlie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hicks-Little
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult