title: Information processing in adolescents with bipolar I disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive models of bipolar I disorder (BD) may aid in identification of children who are especially vulnerable to chronic mood dysregulation. Information-processing biases related to memory and attention likely play a role in the development and persistence of BD among adolescents; however, these biases have not been extensively studied in youth with BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the self-referent encoding task and the dot-probe task to adolescents with bipolar I disorder (BD, n = 35) and a demographically similar healthy comparison group (HC, n = 25) at baseline, and at a 1-year follow-up in a subset of this cohort (n = 22 per group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both baseline and 1-year follow-up, there were significant interactions of group (BD, HC) and valence of stimulus (positive, negative adjective) on endorsement and recall of self-referent adjectives. HC adolescents endorsed and recalled more positive self-referent adjectives at baseline and follow-up while adolescents with BD endorsed and recalled more negative self-referent adjectives at baseline but not follow-up. Over time, depression symptomatology was associated with impaired memory for positive self-referent adjectives. There were no group differences in attentional bias at either time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with BD exhibit bias away from endorsement and recall of positive adjectives, which remained stable over time and independent of mood state.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA. mksingh@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joormann
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gotlib
authors.forename: Ryan G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Tenah
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Acquaye
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Kiki D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Manpreet K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014888:Wechsler Scales