title: Cost effectiveness of strategies to combat neuropsychiatric conditions in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: mathematical modelling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the comparative costs and effects of interventions to combat five neuropsychiatric conditions (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, epilepsy, and heavy alcohol use).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost effectiveness analysis based on an epidemiological model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two epidemiologically defined World Health Organization sub-regions of the world: countries in sub-Saharan Africa with very high adult and high child mortality (AfrE); and countries in South East Asia with high adult and high child mortality (SearD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies, costing databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost per capita and cost per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted, expressed in international dollars ($Int) for the year 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across 44 assessed intervention strategies for the five neuropsychiatric conditions, cost effectiveness values differed by as much as two orders of magnitude (from $Int100-250 to $Int10,000-25,000 for a year of healthy life gained). In both sub-regions, inpatient based treatment of schizophrenia with newer antipsychotic drugs was the most costly and least cost effective strategy. The most cost effective strategies in the African sub-region related to population based alcohol control, while in the South East Asian sub-region the most cost effective intervention was drug treatment of epilepsy in primary care. The cumulative cost per capita of the most cost effective set of interventions covering all five conditions was estimated at $Int4.90-5.70. This package comprises interventions for epilepsy (older first line antiepileptic drugs); depression (generically produced newer antidepressants and psychosocial treatment); bipolar disorder (mood stabiliser drug lithium); schizophrenia (neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs and psychosocial treatment); and heavy alcohol use (increased taxation and its enforcement, reduced access, and, in the African sub-region, advertising bans and brief advice to heavy drinkers in primary care).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reallocation of resources to cost effective intervention strategies would increase health gain, save money and help implement much needed expansion of services for neuropsychiatric conditions in low resource settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Financing, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. chisholmd@who.int
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Shekhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxena
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*