title: Study of coal and graphite specimens by means of Raman and cathodoluminescence.
abstract: The weak luminescence shown by coals has been attributed to accessorial minerals and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, such as exinite, vitrinite or inertinite, while the luminescence quenching has been found in asphaltenes produced by coal hydrogenation or in pyridine extracts. Nowadays, the spatial resolution and the improved luminescence efficiency of the modern spectrometers allow some details of the luminescent emission centers to be explained. We have selected museum historical coal specimens with different rank, i.e., peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite to be analyzed by their spectra from cathodoluminescence probe (CL) of an environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), with an energy dispersive spectrometry analyzer (EDS). Additional analytical controls were also performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectrometries. We conclude that coals may display different luminescence emission features coming from several different sources, as follows: (i) broadband of intense luminescence from polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, (ii) weakly visible broadband luminescence attributed to band-tail states caused by variations in the energy gap of individual sp(2) carbon clusters, which are different in size and/or shape, (iii) silicate impurities causing the common luminescence peak at 325 nm observed in coals. This peak is due to non-bridging oxygen hole centres (≡Si-O·) probably generated by precursor Si-O-C species formed by ≡Si-O· defects and carbon atoms; (iv) a 710 nm CL emission commonly detected also in wood and ivory, which has been correlated with hydrocarbon groups of chlorophyll or lignine. Coals are very complex rocks, composed by both organic and inorganic phases with variable and complex spectra. More analyses are necessary and carbonaceous standards of graphite, silicon carbide, stuffed carbon silica and diamond at variable experimental conditions have to be developed.
authors.affiliation: Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Department of Geology, Paleontology and Fóssil Fuels, 15, Tzar Osvobodi Bulv, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria. irenko@gea.uni-sofia.bg
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kostova
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tormo
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crespo-Feo
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia-Guinea
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis*; D006108:Graphite / Q000032:analysis*; D049449:Luminescence; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009144:Museums; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite