title: Acute UV irradiation increases heparan sulfate proteoglycan levels in human skin.
abstract: Glycosaminoglycans are important structural components in the skin and exist as various proteoglycan forms, except hyaluronic acid. Heparan sulfate (HS), one of the glycosaminoglycans, is composed of repeated disaccharide units, which are glucuronic acids linked to an N-acetyl-glucosamine or its sulfated forms. To investigate acute ultraviolet (UV)-induced changes of HS and HS proteoglycans (HSPGs), changes in levels of HS and several HSPGs in male human buttock skin were examined by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after 2 minimal erythema doses (MED) of UV irradiation (each n = 4-7). HS staining revealed that 2 MED of UV irradiation increased its expression, and staining for perlecan, syndecan-1, syndecan-4, CD44v3, and CD44 showed that UV irradiation increased their protein levels. However, analysis by real-time qPCR showed that UV irradiation did not change mRNA levels of CD44 and agrin, and decreased perlecan and syndecan-4 mRNA levels, while increased syndecan-1 mRNA level. As HS-synthesizing or -degrading enzymes, exostosin-1 and heparanase mRNA levels were increased, but exostosin-2 was decreased by UV irradiation. UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression was confirmed for proper experimental conditions. Acute UV irradiation increases HS and HSPG levels in human skin, but their increase may not be mediated through their transcriptional regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jang-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Yeon Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Dayae
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018171:Agrin / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000528:radiation effects; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000235:genetics; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053668:Syndecan-1 / Q000235:genetics; D053671:Syndecan-4 / Q000235:genetics; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult; D000099058:Exostosin 1; D000099175:Heparanase
chemical_list: D018171:Agrin; D017931:DNA Primers; D005966:Glucuronidase; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053668:Syndecan-1; D053671:Syndecan-4; D000099058:Exostosin 1; D000099175:Heparanase; C497483:CD44 protein, human; C508241:SDC1 protein, human; C508304:SDC4 protein, human; C071927:perlecan; C522360:MMP1 protein, human