title: Population genetic evidence for complex evolutionary histories of four high altitude juniper species in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
abstract: Population genetics data based on multiple nuclear loci provide invaluable information to understand demographic, selective, and divergence histories of the current species. We studied nucleotide variation at 13 nuclear loci in 53 populations distributed among four closely related, but morphologically distinct juniper species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). We used a novel approach combining Approximate Bayesian Computation and a recently developed neutrality test based on the maximum frequency of derived mutations to examine the demographic and selective histories of individual species, and isolation-with-migration analyses to study the joint history of the species and detect gene flow between them. We found that (1) the four species, which diverged in response to the extensive QTP uplifts, have different demographic histories; (2) two loci, Pgi and CC0822, depart significantly from neutrality in one species and Pgi, is also marginally significant in another; and (3) shared polymorphisms are common, indicating both incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow after species divergence. In addition, the detected unidirectional gene flow provides indirect support for the theoretical prediction that introgression should mostly take place from local to invading species. Our results, together with previous studies, underscore complex evolutionary histories of plant diversification in the biodiversity-hotspot QTP.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhonghu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jiabin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Kangshan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Kao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Haipeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jianquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Källman
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology Group, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming System, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, ChinaLaboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinaGraduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, ChinaProgram in Evolutionary Functional Genomics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75326 Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: liujq@nwipb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lascoux
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D002681:China; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D051456:Gene Flow; D005828:Genetics, Population; D018653:Juniperus / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D009154:Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant