title: When will video-assisted and robotic-assisted endoscopy replace almost all open surgeries?
abstract: This article traces the development of laparoscopy, and establishment resistance to its emergence as the technique to replace almost all laparotomies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. cnezhat@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Camran R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Nezhat
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000639:trends; D012371:Robotics / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000639:trends*