title: Noninvasive diagnostic techniques for coronary disease in women.
abstract: Significant advances in medical treatment, medical technology, and the focus on sex-specific research have contributed to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in women. Despite these advances, coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of cardiovascular death of women in the Western world. In the past 2 decades, the focused research on women at risk for CAD has helped to clarify our understanding of some of the sex-specific factors that are important in the detection of CAD. In women, the detection and evaluation of physiologically significant CAD can be challenging. Many of the traditional tests that are designed to detect focal areas of coronary artery stenosis are less sensitive and specific in female patients, who have a greater burden of symptoms, higher atherosclerotic burden, and lower prevalence of obstructive coronary disease. In this article, we review the available evidence on the role of contemporary noninvasive diagnostic techniques in the evaluation of women with symptoms of CAD. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA. evavas@nshs.edu
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vavas
authors.forename: Susie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Stacey E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mieres
mesh_terms: D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health