title: Genetic determinants of response to cardiovascular drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To survey genetic variation contributing to variable responsiveness and toxicity to important cardiovascular drugs and highlight recent developments in the field of cardiovascular pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previously recognized pharmacogenomic associations with drug efficacy have been further validated (e.g. with clopidogrel and warfarin) and shown to influence clinically important outcomes. The clinical significance of variants modulating toxicity (e.g. SLCO1B1 with simvastatin) has also been confirmed. The genetic contribution to variable efficacy and toxicity of other important classes of cardiovascular drugs, such as beta-blockers, is becoming increasingly recognized. Prospective trials testing whether the use of genomic information improves clinical care are underway. Guidance based on the most well-established pharmacogenomic findings has appeared in prescribing labeling and is in the early stages of being implemented into routine clinical care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically validated gene variants that modulate responsiveness to cardiovascular drugs continue to be discovered and validated. Early steps are underway to translate these discoveries into clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0575, USA.
authors.forename: Quinn S
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Jessica T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Dan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists