title: Professional autonomy, collaboration with physicians, and moral distress among European intensive care nurses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discretionary autonomy is a key factor in enhanced patient outcomes and nurses' work satisfaction. Among nurses, insufficient autonomy can result in moral distress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore levels of autonomy among European critical care nurses and potential associations of autonomy with nurse-physician collaboration, moral distress, and nurses' characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive correlational study of a convenience sample of 255 delegates attending a major European critical care conference in 2009. Respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire with validated scales for nurses' autonomy, nurse-physician collaboration, and moral distress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean autonomy score (84.26; SD, 11.7; range, 18-108) and the mean composite (frequency and intensity) moral distress score (73.67; SD, 39.19; range, 0-336) were both moderate. The mean collaboration score was 47.85 (SD, 11.63; range, 7-70). Italian and Greek nurses reported significantly lower nurse-physician collaboration than did other nurses (P < .001). Greek and German nurses reported significantly higher moral distress (P < .001). Autonomy scores were associated with nurse-physician collaboration scores (P < .001) and with a higher frequency of moral distress (P = .04). Associations were noted between autonomy and work satisfaction (P = .001). Frequency of moral distress was associated inversely with collaboration (ρ = -0.339; P < .001) and autonomy (ρ = -0.210; P = .01) and positively with intention to quit (ρ = 0.257; P = .004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of European intensive care nurses, lower autonomy was associated with increased frequency and intensity of moral distress and lower levels of nurse-physician collaboration.
authors.affiliation: Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Nursing, Siakolas Centre for Health Studies, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Elizabeth D E
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Papathanassoglou
authors.forename: Maria N K
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Karanikola
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalafati
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giannakopoulou
authors.forename: Chrysoula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemonidou
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Albarran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires