title: Risk factors of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism after pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) abnormal glucose metabolism normalizes soon after delivery. However, the history of GDM predisposes to carbohydrate intolerance in the future. The aim of the study was to explore risk factors and to evaluate risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in women with a history of GDM.
  
  
  METHODS
  155 patients entered this case-control study. Participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria: a history of GDM, perinatal care in the study center. Medical and family history and laboratory findings were analyzed. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18.1% of patients presented impaired fasting glucose during the study, 20% presented impaired glucose tolerance and 23.2% presented diabetes mellitus. Gestational age at diagnosis of GDM, the results of OGTT during pregnancy, serum HbA1c concentration at 2nd and 3rd trimester, serum fructosamine concentration, symptoms of diabetic fetopathy in the neonate, the need for insulin therapy after delivery, maternal age at diagnosis of GDM and maternal body mass index before pregnancy were the significant risk factors of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes in the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GDM increases the risk of diabetes mellitus. Several risk factors of impaired carbohydrate metabolism can be distinguished in patients with a history of GDM.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malinowska-Polubiec
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sienko
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Czajkowski
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smolarczyk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult