title: A retrospective analysis of amputation rates in diabetic patients: can lower extremity amputations be further prevented?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower extremity amputations are costly and debilitating complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Our aim was to investigate changes in the amputation rate in patients with DM at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna (KS) following the introduction of consensus guidelines for treatment and prevention of diabetic foot complications, and to identify risk groups of lower extremity amputations that should be targeted for preventive treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  150 diabetic and 191 nondiabetic patients were amputated at KS between 2000 and 2006; of these 102 diabetic and 99 nondiabetic patients belonged to the catchment area of KS. 21 diabetic patients who belonged to KS catchment area were amputated at Danderyd University Hospital. All patients' case reports were searched for diagnoses of diabetes, vascular disorders, kidney disorders, and ulcer infections of the foot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 60% reduction in the rate of amputations performed above the ankle in patients with DM during the study period. Patients with DM who underwent amputations were more commonly affected by foot infections and kidney disorders compared to the nondiabetic control group. Women with DM were 10 years older than the men when amputated, whereas men with DM underwent more multiple amputations and had more foot infections compared to the women. 88% of all diabetes-related amputations were preceded by foot ulcers. Only 30% of the patients had been referred to the multidisciplinary foot team prior to the decision of amputation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate a reduced rate of major amputations in diabetic patients, which suggests an implementation of the consensus guidelines of foot care. We also propose further reduced amputation rates if patients with an increased risk of future amputation (i.e. male sex, kidney disease) are identified and offered preventive treatment early.
authors.affiliation: Rolf Luft Centre for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. alexandra.alvarsson@ki.se
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarsson
authors.forename: Buster
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sandgren
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarsson
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brismar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000639:trends*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013548:Sweden