title: Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Cyathula prostrata (Linn.) Blume (Amaranthaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume (Amaranthaceae) is an annual herb widely used traditionally in the treatment of various inflammatory and pain related health disorders in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata (Linn) Blume.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-inflammatory (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide production in U937 macrophages, LPS-induced COX-2 expression, carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema), analgesic (acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests) and antioxidant activities (DPPH [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl] and lipid peroxidation assays) activities of the plant extract were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata did not show inhibitory activity in the in vitro PMA-induced reactive oxygen species, LPS-induced nitric oxide production and LPS-induced COX-2 expression assays. In the in vivo anti-inflammatory assays, the extract (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) showed a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent inhibition in the carrageenan, arachidonic acid and xylene-induced tests. Cyathula prostrata produced a significant (P<0.05, 0.001) dose-dependent inhibition in the acetic acid and hot plate analgesic tests respectively. The plant extract did not exhibit any antioxidant activity in the DPPH and lipid peroxidation assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and this authenticates the use of the plant in the traditional treatment of ailments associated with inflammation and pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, College of Medicine Campus, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Bolanle
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Abimbola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sowemimo
authors.forename: Anzel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Rooyen
authors.forename: Maryna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van de Venter
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D027703:Amaranthaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002351:Carrageenan; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D020298:U937 Cells; D014992:Xylenes
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010851:Picrates; D028321:Plant Preparations; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012997:Solvents; D014992:Xylenes; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002351:Carrageenan; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000432:Methanol