title: Economic analysis of alvimopan for prevention and management of postoperative ileus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether alvimopan for prevention of postoperative ileus in patients undergoing small- or large-bowel resection by laparotomy is associated with lower total costs compared with standard care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacoeconomic analysis using a formal decision model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four phase III clinical trials, two pooled analyses, and one meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of patients who underwent bowel resection with primary anastomosis by laparotomy and received either standardized, accelerated postoperative care (usual care) or usual care plus alvimopan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical outcomes, obtained from pooled analyses of published studies, were time to discharge order written, postoperative nasogastric tube insertion, postoperative ileus-related readmission within 7 days, and occurrence of nausea and vomiting. Cost inputs included drugs, nursing labor, readmissions, and hospitalizations. Costs were assessed by determining the net cost of alvimopan use and subsequent reduction in length of stay. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted. Costs for alvimopan were $570 based on an average of 9.5 doses. Given the 18.4-hour mean reduction in time to discharge order written, use of alvimopan reduced hospitalization costs by $2021. Mean difference in overall cost of care, as determined by Monte Carlo simulation, was $1168 (95% certainty interval -$437 to $5879), favoring the use of alvimopan. In the sensitivity analysis, association of alvimopan with lower costs was robust to several changes in key parameters including cost and number of doses of alvimopan, time to discharge order written, readmission rates, and hospitalization cost. In the scenario analyses, alvimopan use yielded a net cost of $226 when no difference in time to discharge order written was assumed. In the scenario analysis using data from a study that did not enforce opioid use, alvimopan resulted in a cost saving of $65/patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alvimopan was cost saving for prevention of postoperative ileus in patients undergoing bowel resection by laparotomy, although these potential cost savings were highly dependent on a difference in time to discharge order written. This finding is not applicable to the less-invasive laparoscopic surgical approach for which quality data on alvimopan use are lacking. Limitations of this analysis included use of time to discharge order written as a proxy for length of stay and difficulty interpreting study results due to inconsistent reporting and conduct of the clinical trials evaluating alvimopan. More research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of alvimopan.
authors.affiliation: Colleges of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. drtouche@uic.edu
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Touchette
authors.forename: Yoojung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tiryaki
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Galanter
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D019468:Disease Management; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D045823:Ileus / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; C419502:alvimopan