title: Assessing cognitive changes in the elderly: reliable change indices for the Mini-Mental State Examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis of dementia includes evidence of decline in cognitive functioning over time measured by objective cognitive tasks. Normative data for changes adjusted for the impact of socio-demographic factors on cognitive test performance are lacking to interpret changes in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe Study), a sample of 1090 cognitively healthy individuals, aged 75 years and older, was assessed at 1.5-year intervals over a period of 4.5 years using the MMSE. Age- and education-specific Reliable Change Indices (RCIs) were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and education were significantly associated with MMSE test performance, and gender indicated no impact. Across different age and education subgroups, changes from at least 2 up to 3 points indicated significant (i.e., reliable) changes in MMSE test scores at the 90% confidence level. Furthermore, the calculation of RCIs for individual patients is demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides age- and education-specific MMSE norms based upon RCI methods to interpret cognitive changes in older age groups. The computation of RCI scores improves the interpretation of changes in MMSE test scores by controlling for measurement error, practice effects, or regression to the mean.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Germany. janine.stein@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luppa
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolfsgruber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weyerer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Werle
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mösch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prokein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pentzek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leicht
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Riedel-Heller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires