title: Anti-malarial activity of geldanamycin derivatives in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geldanamycin (GA), a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic has been shown in vitro to possess anti-plasmodial activity. Pharmacological activity of this drug is attributed to its ability to inhibit PfHSP90. The parasite growth arrest has been shown to be due to drug-induced blockage of the transition from ring to trophozoite stage. To further evaluate the consequences of this pharmacodynamic feature, the anti-malarial activity of GA analogs with enhanced drug properties in a Plasmodium-infected animal model have been evaluated for their capacity to induce clearance of the parasite. In the process, a hypothesis was subsequently tested regarding the susceptibility of the cured animals to malaria reflected in an attenuated parasite load that may be evoked by a protective immune response in the host.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six weeks old Swiss mice were infected with a lethal Plasmodium yoelii (17XL) strain. On appearance of clinical symptoms of malaria, these animals were treated with two different GA derivatives and the parasite load was monitored over 15-16 days. Drug-treated animals cured of the parasite were then re-challenged with a lethal dose of P. yoelii 17XL. Serum samples from GA cured mice that were re-challenged with P. yoelii 17XL were examined for the presence of antibodies against the parasite proteins using western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of P. yoelii 17XL infected mice with GA derivatives showed slow recovery from clinical symptoms of the disease. Blood smears from drug treated mice indicated a dominance of ring stage parasites when compared to controls. Although, P. yoelii preferentially invades normocytes (mature rbcs), in drug-treated animals there was an increased invasion of reticulocytes. Cured animals exhibited robust protection against subsequent infection and serum samples from these animals showed antibodies against a vast majority of parasite proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with GA derivatives blocked the transition from ring to trophozoite stage presumably by the inhibition of HSP90 associated functions. Persistence of parasite in ring stage leads to robust humoral immune response as well as a shift in invasion specificity from normocytes to reticulocyte. It is likely that the treatment with the water-soluble GA derivative creates an attenuated state (less virulent with altered invasion specificity) that persists in the host system, allowing it to mount a robust immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Rubul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mout
authors.forename: Zhi-Dong
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Angela K H
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jo Davisson
authors.forename: Gotam K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jarori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D059208:Parasite Load; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000962:Antimalarials; D016227:Benzoquinones; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; C001277:geldanamycin