title: Children's health and its association with indoor environments in Danish homes and daycare centres - methods.
abstract: The principle objective of the Danish research program 'Indoor Environment and Children's Health' (IECH) was to explore associations between various exposures that children experience in their indoor environments (specifically their homes and daycare centers) and their well-being and health. The targeted health endpoints were allergy, asthma, and certain respiratory symptoms. The study was designed with two stages. In the first stage, a questionnaire survey was distributed to more than 17,000 families with children between the ages of 1 and 5. The questionnaire focused on the children's health and the environments within the homes they inhabited and daycare facilities they attended. More than 11,000 questionnaires were returned. In the second stage, a subsample of 500 children was selected for more detailed studies, including an extensive set of measurements in their homes and daycare centers and a clinical examination; all clinical examinations were carried out by the same physician. In this study, the methods used for data collection within the IECH research program are presented and discussed. Furthermore, initial findings are presented regarding descriptors of the study population and selected characteristics of the children's dwellings and daycare centers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study outlines methods that might be followed by future investigators conducting large-scale field studies of potential connections between various indoor environmental factors and selected health endpoints. Of particular note are (i) the two-stage design - a broad questionnaire-based survey followed by a more intensive set of measurements among a subset of participants who have been selected based on their responses to the questionnaire; (ii) the case-base approach utilized in the stage 2 in contrast to the more commonly used case-control approach; (iii) the inclusion of the children's daycare environment when conducting intensive sampling to more fully capture the children's total indoor exposure; and (iv) all clinical examinations conducted by the same physician. We recognize that future investigators are unlikely to fully duplicate the methods outlined in this study, but we hope that it provides a useful starting point in terms of factors that might be considered when designing such a study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. gc@byg.dtu.dk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Høst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toftum
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bekö
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weschler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Callesen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buhl
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ladegaard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundell
authors.forename: C-G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Bornehag
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sigsgaard
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002656:Child Day Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires