title: Association of DiGeorge anomaly and caudal dysplasia sequence in a neonate born to a diabetic mother.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have demonstrated a significantly increased risk of specific patterns of congenital anomalies in infants born to diabetic mothers. In particular, caudal dysplasia sequence has been linked to pregnancy complicated by maternal diabetes. In addition, several cases of infants born to diabetic mothers presenting with features of DiGeorge anomaly have been reported. Infants with DiGeorge anomaly can display additional manifestations within the spectrum of caudal dysplasia sequence, including vertebral anomalies and renal agenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a neonate presenting with the co-occurrence of features of both DiGeorge anomaly and caudal dysplasia sequence, born to a mother with poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient was affected by truncus arteriosus type A1 and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal diabetes can cause a spectrum of manifestations, expressing with isolated DiGeorge anomaly or caudal dysplasia sequence, with intermediate phenotypes or with the co-occurrence of both the congenital anomalies in the same patient. The present observations argue for a feasible link between truncus arteriosus with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, DiGeorge anomaly, and maternal diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Cardiology and Pathology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dentici
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Placidi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Francalanci
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capolino
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rinelli
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Digilio
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dallapiccola
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008588:Meningocele; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities