title: Characterizing the impact of minor cannula design modification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bench evaluation of the hydrodynamic behavior of venous cannulas is a valuable technique for the analysis of their performance during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the internal diameter of the extracorporeal connecting tube of venous cannulas on flow rate (Q), pressure drop (delta P), and cannula resistance (delta P/Q²) values, using a computer assisted test bench.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro circuit was set up with silicone tubing between the test cannula encased in a movable reservoir, and a static reservoir. The delta P, defined as the difference between the drainage pressure and the preload pressure, was measured using high-fidelity Millar pressure transducers. Q was measured using an ultrasonic flowmeter. Data display and data recording were controlled using virtual instruments in a stepwise fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 27 F smartcanula® with a 9 mm connecting tube diameter showed 17% less resistance compared to that with an 8 mm connecting tube diameter. Q values were 7.22±0.1 and 7.81±0.04 L/min for cannulas with 8 mm and 9 mm connecting tube diameters, respectively. The delta P/Q² ratio values were 72% lower for the Medtronic cannula with a 9 mm connecting tube diameter compared to that with an 8 mm connecting tube diameter. Q values for the Medtronic cannula were 3.94±0.23 and 6.58±0.04 L/min with 8 mm and 9 mm connecting tube diameters, respectively. The 27 F smartcanula® showed 13% more flow rate compared to the 28 F Medtronic cannula using the unpaired Student t-test (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that Q was increased but delta P and delta P/Q² values were significantly decreased when the connecting tube diameter was increased for venous cannulas. The connecting tube diameter significantly affected the resistance to liquid flow through the cannula. Smartcanulas® outperform Medtronic cannulas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. saad.abdel-sayed@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdel-Sayed
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Favre
authors.forename: Ludwig K von
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Segesser
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057785:Catheters; D004867:Equipment Design; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008422:Materials Testing; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011312:Pressure; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014680:Veins / Q000502:physiology