title: Association of angiotensin converting enzyme gene (I/D) polymorphism with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the association of insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene in hypertensive and T2DM subjects in Egyptian population.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The deletion (D) allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been studied in relation to hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with contradictory results which might be due to ethnic and geographical variations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 85 subjects participated in this study; hypertension (Group 1); type 2 diabetes mellitus (Group 2) and controls (Group 3). Written informed consent was obtained. for each subject: age, sex, diabetes duration and the drugs used, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and lipid profile. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of DD genotype was significantly higher in hypertensive (60 %) and diabetic patients (68 %) compared to controls (33.3 %) (p=0.04, p=0.01 respectively). The DD genotype (vs DI and II genotype) in the hypertensive and diabetic groups is associated with increased risk of hypertension and/or diabetes. OR=3.00; 95%, Cl = 0.993-9.067; OR=4.250; 95%, Cl = 1.234-14.63 respectively). The D allele was more frequent in hypertensive (77.5 %) and diabetic patients (82 %) compared to controls (52.4 %) (p=0.004 and 0.002 respectively). The D allele (vs the I allele) is associated with increased risk of hypertension and diabetes OR=3.13, 95%Cl=1.405-6.978; OR= 4.14, 95% CI= 1.615-10.622 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DD genotype and the D allele are associated with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Egyptian patients (Tab. 5, Fig. 1, Ref. 32).
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetic and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. w_zarouk@yahoo.com
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Zarouk
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Esmaeil
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Raslan
authors.forename: H A A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Reheim
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Moguib
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Emara
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Aly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamed
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A