title: Kilovoltage energy imaging with a radiotherapy linac with a continuously variable energy range.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this paper, the effect on image quality of significantly reducing the primary electron energy of a radiotherapy accelerator is investigated using a novel waveguide test piece. The waveguide contains a novel variable coupling device (rotovane), allowing for a wide continuously variable energy range of between 1.4 and 9 MeV suitable for both imaging and therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Imaging at linac accelerating potentials close to 1 MV was investigated experimentally and via Monte Carlo simulations. An imaging beam line was designed, and planar and cone beam computed tomography images were obtained to enable qualitative and quantitative comparisons with kilovoltage and megavoltage imaging systems. The imaging beam had an electron energy of 1.4 MeV, which was incident on a water cooled electron window consisting of stainless steel, a 5 mm carbon electron absorber and 2.5 mm aluminium filtration. Images were acquired with an amorphous silicon detector sensitive to diagnostic x-ray energies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The x-ray beam had an average energy of 220 keV and half value layer of 5.9 mm of copper. Cone beam CT images with the same contrast to noise ratio as a gantry mounted kilovoltage imaging system were obtained with doses as low as 2 cGy. This dose is equivalent to a single 6 MV portal image. While 12 times higher than a 100 kVp CBCT system (Elekta XVI), this dose is 140 times lower than a 6 MV cone beam imaging system and 6 times lower than previously published LowZ imaging beams operating at higher (4-5 MeV) energies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel coupling device provides for a wide range of electron energies that are suitable for kilovoltage quality imaging and therapy. The imaging system provides high contrast images from the therapy portal at low dose, approaching that of gantry mounted kilovoltage x-ray systems. Additionally, the system provides low dose imaging directly from the therapy portal, potentially allowing for target tracking during radiotherapy treatment. There is the scope with such a tuneable system for further energy reduction and subsequent improvement in image quality.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK. david.roberts@elekta.com
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poludniowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niven
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seco
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D004583:Electrons; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*