title: Heat production, nerve function, and morphology following nerve close dissection with surgical instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to compare an ultrasonically activated instrument (US), monopolar electrosurgery, and bipolar electrosurgery (ES) with respect to heat production, nerve function, and nerve morphology following in vivo application.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biceps femoris muscle of anesthetized rats was cut in a standardized manner longitudinally 1 mm adjacent to the sciatic nerve using US shears, a monopolar ES knife, or a bipolar ES scissors. Activation time and temperature were recorded continuously within 1-4 mm of the activation site ipsilateral and contralateral to the nerve with two thermoelectric microsensors. Temperature rise and time delay of reaching the temperature maximum, as an expression of heat spread within tissue, maximum temperature, and thermal dose (equivalent time of exposure at 43°C) were measured and calculated. A total of 49 functional experiments were conducted. The electromyographic (EMG) potential was recorded distally. Nerve dysfunction was defined as more than 10% loss of the evoked EMG amplitude. Forty-eight nerves were coded and submitted to blind histopathological examination, and morphological damage was graded on a 4-grade scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum temperature elevation and the thermal dose were significantly higher for the bipolar ES compared with the US instrument (p = 0.024, p = 0.049), and with much less variation of results for the US instrument. The monopolar ES maximum temperature and thermal dose were lower, but a very large variation occurred, probably as a result of more random electrical spread to the ground electrode and muscle motion artifacts. Functional loss was least common in the US group-without being significant-compared to bipolar and monopolar ES. Moderate and severe morphological damage was significantly less common in the US group than in the monopolar ES group (p = 0.041). We found no statistically significant correlation between the highest temperatures and the degree of morphological damage or functional loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The temperature elevation depends strongly on the distance to the activated instrument. The bipolar ES scissors generates a higher maximum temperature and thermal dose with a greater variation in than the US. Functional loss and severe morphological damage were uncommon in all groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. j.carlander@gmail.com
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlander
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brudin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nordborg
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gimm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley