title: An in-depth Monte Carlo study of lateral electron disequilibrium for small fields in ultra-low density lung: implications for modern radiation therapy.
abstract: Modern radiation therapy techniques such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) use tightly conformed megavoltage x-ray fields to irradiate a tumour within lung tissue. For these conditions, lateral electron disequilibrium (LED) may occur, which systematically perturbs the dose distribution within tumour and nearby lung tissues. The goal of this work is to determine the combination of beam and lung density parameters that cause significant LED within and near the tumour. The Monte Carlo code DOSXYZnrc (National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON) was used to simulate four 20 × 20 × 25 cm(3) water-lung-water slab phantoms, which contained lung tissue only, or one of three different centrally located small tumours (sizes: 1 × 1 × 1, 3 × 3 × 3, 5 × 5 × 5 cm(3)). Dose calculations were performed using combinations of six beam energies (Co-60 up to 18 MV), five field sizes (1 × 1 cm(2) up to 15 × 15 cm(2)), and 12 lung densities (0.001 g cm(-3) up to 1 g cm(-3)) for a total of 1440 simulations. We developed the relative depth-dose factor (RDDF), which can be used to characterize the extent of LED (RDDF <1.0). For RDDF <0.7 severe LED occurred, and both lung and tumour dose were drastically reduced. For example, a 6 MV (3 × 3 cm(2)) field was used to irradiate a 1 cm(3) tumour embedded in lung with ultra-low density of 0.001 g cm(-3) (RDDF = 0.2). Dose in up-stream lung and tumour centre were reduced by as much as 80% with respect to the water density calculation. These reductions were worse for smaller tumours irradiated with high energy beams, small field sizes, and low lung density. In conclusion, SBRT trials based on dose calculations in homogeneous tissue are misleading as they do not reflect the actual dosimetric effects due to LED. Future clinical trials should only use dose calculation engines that can account for electron scatter, with special attention given to patients with low lung density (i.e. emphysema). In cases where tissue inhomogeneity corrections are applied, the nature of the correction used may be inadequate in predicting the correct level of LED. In either case, the dose to the tumour is not the prescribed dose and clinical response data are uncertain. The new information from this study can be used by radiation oncologists who wish to perform advanced radiation therapy techniques while avoiding the deleterious predictable dosimetric effects of LED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Engineering, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada. brandon.disher@lhsc.on.ca
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Disher
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hajdok
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaede
authors.forename: Jerry J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Battista
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004583:Electrons; D004646:Emphysema / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000706:statistics & numerical data