title: Mental and physical health status and alcohol and drug use following return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined (1) mental and physical health symptoms and functioning in US veterans within 1 year of returning from deployment, and (2) differences by gender, service component (Active, National Guard, other Reserve), service branch (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines), and deployment operation (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom [OEF/OIF]).
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed a national sample of 596 OEF/OIF veterans, oversampling women to make up 50% of the total, and National Guard and Reserve components to each make up 25%. Weights were applied to account for stratification and nonresponse bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mental health functioning was significantly worse compared with the general population; 13.9% screened positive for probable posttraumatic stress disorder, 39% for probable alcohol abuse, and 3% for probable drug abuse. Men reported more alcohol and drug use than did women, but there were no gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder or other mental health domains. OIF veterans reported more depression or functioning problems and alcohol and drug use than did OEF veterans. Army and Marine veterans reported worse mental and physical health than did Air Force or Navy veterans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuing identification of veterans at risk for mental health and substance use problems is important for evidence-based interventions intended to increase resilience and enhance treatment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research (CHQOER), Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, USA. Susan.Eisen@va.gov
authors.forename: Susan V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Dawne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: A Rani
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Elwy
authors.forename: Mari-Lynn
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Drainoni
authors.forename: Princess E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Osei-Bonsu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*