title: Upper-body muscular endurance in female university-level modern dancers: a pilot study.
abstract: Physical demands vary among dance styles, and injury patterns differ accordingly. Modern dance tends to be high in upper-body demands, and university-level female modern dancers are suggested to be at high risk for upper-body injury. Low muscular endurance is a known injury risk factor.  Whether modern dancers have different upper-body muscular endurance than non-dancers is unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare upper-body endurance in female university-level modern dancers (n = 17) and physically active non-dancers (n = 15), using the modified push-up test.  Pearson-correlations examined relationships between anthropometrics and push-ups. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine whether anthropometrics and physical activity could predict push-up scores. One-way ANOVAs compared upper-body endurance (number of push-ups) and physical activity  between groups (p < 0.05). Except for height (r = -.37), no variables were related to push-ups. Neither anthropometrics nor physical activity were able to predict push-up scores (p = 0.25). Despite dancers being more active/day (3.6 ± 1.9 vs. 0.9 ± 0.4 hrs/day, p < 0.001),  more times per week (5.4 ± 1.2 vs. 4.0 ± 1.8, p = 0.02), and having greater overall physical activity volumes (20.4 ± 11.4 vs. 3.3 ± 2.5 hrs/week, p < 0.001) than non-dancers, both groups had similar upper-body endurance (22.2 ± 8.6 vs. 19.9 ± 8.2,  p = 0.44). A probable explanation for this similarity exists in the lack of physical activity beyond dance itself performed by the dancers; our preliminary work suggests that modern dance alone may not produce upper-body muscle endurance gains. Hence, it is suggested that modern dancers should  engage in strength and conditioning training programs to enhance upper-body endurance.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Assessment Research and Testing Laboratory, and the Performing Arts Medicine Program, George Mason University, 223 Bull Run Hall, Manassas, Virgina 20110, USA. jambegao@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Jatin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ambegaonkar
authors.forename: Shane V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Caswell
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.forename: Amanda A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Caswell
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Andre
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D003615:Dancing / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult