title: Proteinuria should be used as a surrogate in CKD.
abstract: Surrogate end points of renal failure are instrumental to the testing of new treatments in patients with chronic kidney disease, the natural history of which is characterized by a slow, asymptomatic decline in renal function. The magnitude of proteinuria is widely recognized as a marker of the severity of glomerulopathy. Population-based studies have identified proteinuria as a predictor of future decline in glomerular filtration rate and of the development of end-stage renal disease. More importantly, a reduction in proteinuria invariably translates into a protection from renal function decline in patients with diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease with overt proteinuria. Thus, proteinuria should be considered a valuable surrogate end point for clinical trials in patients with proteinuric renal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cravedi
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggenenti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins