title: Circulating nucleic acids and evolution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  J.B. Lamarck in 1809 was the first to present a theory of evolution. He proposed it was due to the adaptation of species to environmental changes, this adaptation being acquired by the offspring. In 1868, Darwin suggested that cells excrete gemmules, which circulate through the body and reach the gonads where they are transmitted to the next generation. His main argument came from graft hybrids.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the fifties and sixties, Russian geneticists, rejecting neo-Darwinism, said that acquired characteristics were the basis of evolution. The main experiments on which they based their theory were the transmission of hereditary characteristics by a special technique of grafting between two varieties of plants. We repeated this kind of experiment and also succeeded in obtaining hereditary modifications of the pupil plants that acquired some characteristics of the mentor variety. Rather than adopting the views of the Russian scientists, we suggested that DNA was circulating between the mentor and pupil plants. Hirata's group have shown recently, by using molecular techniques such as cloning, RFLP PCR and sequencing some genes of their graft hybrids of pepper plants, that transfer of informative molecules from the mentor to the pupil plant does exist. Nucleic acids are actively released by cells; they circulate in the body. They can transform oncogenically or trigger antibody response but the only genetic transformation showing that DNA can go from the soma to the germen comes from graft hybrids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This suggests that circulating nucleic acids, in this case DNA, like Darwin's gemmules, play a role in the mechanism of evolution.
authors.affiliation: OncoXL, Eclosion, 14 ch. des Aulx, Geneva 1228, Switzerland. philippeanker@gmail.com
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stroun
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids