title: Family history, body mass index, selected dietary factors, menstrual history, and risk of moderate to severe acne in adolescents and young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic and environmental components may contribute to acne causation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the impact of family history, personal habits, dietary factors, and menstrual history on a new diagnosis of moderate to severe acne.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study in dermatologic outpatient clinics in Italy. Cases (205) were consecutive those receiving a new diagnosis of moderate to severe acne. Control subjects (358) were people with no or mild acne, coming for a dermatologic consultation other than for acne.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe acne was strongly associated with a family history of acne in first-degree relatives (odds ratio 3.41, 95% confidence interval 2.31-5.05). The risk was reduced in people with lower body mass index with a more pronounced effect in male compared with female individuals. No association with smoking emerged. The risk increased with increased milk consumption (odds ratio 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.22-2.59) in those consuming more than 3 portions per week. The association was more marked for skim than for whole milk. Consumption of fish was associated with a protective effect (odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.99). No association emerged between menstrual variables and acne risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some degree of overmatching may arise from choosing dermatologic control subjects and from inclusion of mild acne in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family history, body mass index, and diet may influence the risk of moderate to severe acne. The influence of environmental and dietetic factors in acne should be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Centro Studi Gruppo Italiano Studi Epidemiologici in Dermatologia, Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Landro
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cazzaniga
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parazzini
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ingordo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cusano
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Atzori
authors.forename: Francesco Tripodi
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Cutrì
authors.forename: Maria Letizia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Musumeci
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zinetti
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pezzarossa
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bettoli
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caproni
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lo Scocco
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonci
authors.forename: Pierluca
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bencini
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naldi
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008598:Menstruation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult