title: Reduction of errors during practice facilitates fundamental movement skill learning in children with intellectual disabilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) have been found to have inferior motor proficiencies in fundamental movement skills (FMS). This study examined the effects of training the FMS of overhand throwing by manipulating the amount of practice errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 39 children with ID aged 4-11 years who were allocated into either an error-reduced (ER) training programme or a more typical programme in which errors were frequent (error-strewn, ES). Throwing movement form, throwing accuracy, and throwing frequency during free play were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ER programme improved movement form, and increased throwing activity during free play to a greater extent than the ES programme. Furthermore, ER learners were found to be capable of engaging in a secondary cognitive task while manifesting robust throwing accuracy performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the use of movement skills training programmes that constrain practice errors in children with ID, suggesting that such approach results in improved performance and heightened movement engagement in free play.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. ccapio08@hku.hk
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Capio
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Poolton
authors.forename: C H P
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sit
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Eguia
authors.forename: R S W
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Masters
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome