title: Identification of three H1N1 influenza virus groups with natural recombinant genes circulating from 1918 to 2009.
abstract: In this study, we identify a recombinant pb1 gene, a recombinant MP segment and a recombinant PA segment. The pb1 gene is recombined from two Eurasia swine H1N1 influenza virus lineages. It belongs to a H1N1 swine clade circulating in Europe and Asia from 1999 to 2009. The mosaic MP segment descends from H7 avian and H1N1 human virus lineages and pertains to a large human H1N1 virus family circulating in Asia, Europe and America from 1918 to 2007. The recombinant PA segment originated from two swine H1N1 lineages is found in a swine H1N1 group prevailing in Asia and Europe from 1999 to 2003. These results collectively falsify the hypothesis that influenza virus do not evolve by homologous recombination. Since recombination not only leads to virus genome diversity but also can alter its host adaptation and pathogenecity; the genetic mechanism should not be neglected in influenza virus surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Systems Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China. hchqiang@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Cheng-Qiang
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Nai-Zheng
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.forename: Zhi-Xun
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Hong-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Hong-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Ying-Xue
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lin-Lin
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiu-Huan
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Run-Nan
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001717:Birds; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D059765:Homologous Recombination / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D013552:Swine; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C061290:PA protein, influenza viruses; D014764:Viral Proteins; C077346:influenza virus polymerase basic protein 1; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase