title: Three-dimensional assessment of bilateral symmetry of the radius and ulna for planning corrective surgeries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contralateral unaffected side is often used as a reference in planning a corrective osteotomy of a malunited distal radius. Two-dimensional radiographs have proven unreliable in assessing bilateral symmetry, so we assessed 3-dimensional configurations to assess bilateral symmetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated bilateral symmetry using 3-dimensional imaging techniques. A total of 20 healthy volunteers without previous wrist injury underwent a volumetric computed tomography of both forearms. The left radius and ulna were segmented to create virtual 3-dimensional models of these bones. We selected a distal part and a larger proximal part from these bones and matched them with a mirrored computed tomographic image of the contralateral side. This allowed us to calculate the relative displacements (Δx, Δy, Δz) and rotations (Δφx, Δφy, Δφz) for aligning the left bone with the right bone segments. We investigated the relation between longitudinal length differences in radiuses and ulnas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative differences of the radiuses were (Δx, Δy, Δz): -0.81 ± 1.22 mm, -0.01 ± 0.64 mm, and 2.63 ± 2.03 mm; and (Δφx, Δφy, Δφz): 0.13° ± 1.00°, -0.60° ± 1.35°, and 0.53° ± 5.00°. The same parameters for the ulna were (Δx, Δy, Δz): -0.22 ± 0.82 mm, 0.52 ± 0.99 mm, 2.08 ± 2.33 mm; and (Δφx, Δφy, Δφz): -0.56° ± 0.96°, -0.71° ± 1.51°, and -2.61° ± 5.58°. There is a strong relation between absolute length differences (Δz) between the radiuses and ulnas of individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed substantial length and rotational differences around the longitudinal bone axis in healthy individuals. Surgical planning using the unaffected side as a reference may not be as useful as previously assumed. However, including the length difference of the adjacent forearm bones can be useful in improving length correction in computer-assisted planning of radius or ulna osteotomies and in other reconstructive surgery procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bilateral symmetry is important in reconstructive surgery procedures where the contralateral unaffected side is often used as a reference for planning and evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. joyvroemen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vroemen
authors.forename: J G G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dobbe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jonges
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Strackee
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Streekstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D012399:Rotation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014457:Ulna / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery