title: Infant gender and postpartum sadness in the light of region of birth and some other factors: a contribution to the knowledge of postpartum depression.
abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse postpartum depressive symptoms as related to baby gender, maternal region of birth, stress, perception of child difficult temperament and some demographic factors. The setting was 36 Swedish child health centres. Mothers of 1,848 19-month-old children completed a questionnaire, including an item about recall of postpartum sadness. A subsample of 360 answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Overall, significantly more mothers of boys than of girls recalled postpartum sadness. The same was found in mothers born in Sweden and in other regions, except for the Middle East (no significant result). Among those born in Sweden and in other regions, more mothers of boys than of girls scored ≥12 on the EPDS, except for Middle East mothers with the opposite pattern (no significant finding). More mothers of "difficult" boys than of "difficult" girls recalled postpartum sadness. Our findings are tentative but may inspire future research. Immigrant mothers in Sweden seem rather like the majority population, possibly with the exception of Middle East mothers. The significance of parents' knowledge of their child's gender in advance is an important area for research. Future parents could benefit from discussing gender expectations with a nurse or other professional.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Section for Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. dagmar.lagerberg@kbh.uu.se
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lagerberg
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magnusson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D012723:Sex; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament