title: Diagnostic value of K-ras mutation analysis for pancreaticobiliary cytology specimens with indeterminate diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fine-needle aspiration and bile duct brushing cytology have been traditionally used for early detection of pancreaticobiliary malignancy. Quite frequently, the cytological interpretations of these specimens are indeterminate. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the diagnostic value of detecting K-ras (v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutation in pancreaticobiliary cytology specimens that had equivocal cytological diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 129 cases that had indeterminate cytology diagnoses, K-ras mutational analysis, and histopathological follow-up were retrieved. The cytological interpretations, histopathological diagnoses, and K-ras mutation results were reviewed and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of K-ras mutation for detection of pancreaticobiliary malignancy including adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and mucinous cystic neoplasm were 57% and 94%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of K-ras mutation for the presence of pancreaticobiliary malignancy were 94% and 60%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that K-ras mutation has a high predictive value for malignancy in patients with indeterminate pancreaticobiliary cytology and should be included as an important adjuvant diagnostic marker. It should be noted that a negative K-ras mutation result does not rule out malignancy, and K-ras mutation can be detected, although infrequently, in morphologically benign conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA. guoping.cai@yale.edu
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Sepi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahooti
authors.forename: Fredilyn M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lipata
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chhieng
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity