title: Project-based Housing First for chronically homeless individuals with alcohol problems: within-subjects analyses of 2-year alcohol trajectories.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two-year alcohol use trajectories were documented among residents in a project-based Housing First program. Project-based Housing First provides immediate, low-barrier, nonabstinence-based, permanent supportive housing to chronically homeless individuals within a single housing project. The study aim was to address concerns that nonabstinence-based housing may enable alcohol use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-year, within-subjects analysis was conducted among 95 chronically homeless individuals with alcohol problems who were allocated to project-based Housing First. Alcohol variables were assessed through self-report. Data on intervention exposure were extracted from agency records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multilevel growth models indicated significant within-subjects decreases across alcohol use outcomes over the study period. Intervention exposure, represented by months spent in housing, consistently predicted additional decreases in alcohol use outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings did not support the enabling hypothesis. Although the project-based Housing First program did not require abstinence or treatment attendance, participants decreased their alcohol use and alcohol-related problems as a function of time and intervention exposure.
authors.affiliation: Addictive Behaviors Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. collinss@uw.edu
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Seema L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Clifasefi
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ginzler
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burlingham
authors.forename: Heather S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lonczak
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Dana
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirouac
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanzer
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: G Alan
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marlatt
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Larimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015205:Northwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011638:Public Housing; D014505:Urban Population