title: Isotopic values of the Amazon headwaters in Peru: comparison of the wet upper Río Madre de Dios watershed with the dry Urubamba-Apurimac river system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Amazon River is a huge network of long tributaries, and little is known about the headwaters. Here we present a study of one wet tropical Amazon forest side, and one dry and cold Atiplano plateau, originating from the same cordillera. The aim is to see how this difference affects the water characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different kind of water (spring, lake, river, rainfall) were sampled to determine their stable isotopes ratios (oxygen 18/16 and hydrogen 2/1) by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). These ratios coupled with chemical analysis enabled us to determine the origin of the water, the evaporation process and the water recycling over the Amazon plain forest and montane cloud forest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study shows that the water flowing in the upper Madre de Dios basin comes mainly from the foothill humid forest, with a characteristic water recycling process signature, and not from higher glacier melt. On the contrary, the water flowing in the Altiplano Rivers is mainly from glacier melts, with a high evaporation process. This snow and glacier are fed mainly by Atlantic moisture which transits over the large Amazon forest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Atlantic moisture and its recycling over this huge tropical forest display a progressive isotopic gradient, as a function of distance from the ocean. At the level of the montane cloud forest and on the altiplano, respectively, additional water recycling and evaporation occur, but they are insignificant in the total water discharge.
authors.affiliation: Ecolab UMR 5245 CNRS-UPS-INPT, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex, France. luc.lambs@univ-tlse3.fr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horwath
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.forename: P-O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Antoine
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D004777:Environment; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010568:Peru; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D058438:Water Cycle; D014872:Water Movements; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D007554:Isotopes