title: Adolescent nonmedical users of prescription opioids: brief screening and substance use disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are to examine the associations among a positive score on the CRAFFT (a substance use brief screening test for adolescents) and demographic characteristics, diversion sources, routes of administration, substance use behaviors and motivations associated with the use of prescription opioids without a legal prescription.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2009-2010, a sample of 2744 middle and high school students from two Midwestern school districts in the United States self-administered a Web-based survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 5.6% (n=148) of respondents reported past-year nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO). Of those reporting NMUPO, approximately 35.1% (n=52) screened positive for substance use disorders based on the CRAFFT. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds of buying prescription opioids, obtaining opioids from multiple diversion sources, administering opioids intranasally, and using opioids to get high were greater for nonmedical users with a positive CRAFFT screen as compared to NMUPO with a negative CRAFFT screen. NMUPO with a positive screen was motivated primarily for recreational purposes, while NMUPO with a negative screen was motivated almost exclusively by pain relief.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CRAFFT brief screening test for adolescents can be used to identify a subgroup of NMUPO at the highest risk for a substance use disorder as well as a subgroup of NMUPO who would benefit from appropriate pain management.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1290, USA. plius@umich.edu
authors.forename: Sean Esteban
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Brady T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Teter
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cranford
authors.forename: Paula L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ross-Durow
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009042:Motivation; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs