title: GIV noroviruses and other enteric viruses in bivalves: a preliminary study.
abstract: We evaluated the presence of the enteric viruses: norovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus in bivalves using nested PCR methods and cell culture assays. Noroviruses GII.4 and GIV.1, adenoviruses types 1 and 2, hepatitis A, and echovirus type 7 were detected in the shellfish tested, which were often co-infected. This is the first study to detect such a high level of viral contamination in Italian mussels (up to four different viral groups in a single sample), and the first to document the presence of GIV NoV in shellfish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. giuseppina.larosa@iss.it
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Rosa
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fratini
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spuri Vennarucci
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guercio
authors.forename: Giuseppa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Purpari
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muscillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D017747:Seafood / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral