title: Phonation interval modification and speech performance quality during fluency-inducing conditions by adults who stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To relate changes in four variables previously defined as characteristic of normally fluent speech to changes in phonatory behavior during oral reading by persons who stutter (PWS) and normally fluent controls under multiple fluency-inducing (FI) conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve PWS and 12 controls each completed 4 ABA experiments. During A phases, participants read normally. B phases were 4 different FI conditions: auditory masking, chorus reading, whispering, and rhythmic stimulation. Dependent variables were the durations of accelerometer-recorded phonated intervals; self-judged speech effort; and observer-judged stuttering frequency, speech rate, and speech naturalness. The method enabled a systematic replication of Ingham et al. (2009).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All FI conditions resulted in decreased stuttering and decreases in the number of short phonated intervals, as compared with baseline conditions, but the only FI condition that satisfied all four characteristics of normally fluent speech was chorus reading. Increases in longer phonated intervals were associated with decreased stuttering but also with poorer naturalness and/or increased speech effort. Previous findings concerning the effects of FI conditions on speech naturalness and effort were replicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measuring all relevant characteristics of normally fluent speech, in the context of treatments that aim to reduce the occurrence of short-duration PIs, may aid the search for an explanation of the nature of stuttering and may also maximize treatment outcomes for adults who stutter.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to (1) understand the differential effects of four well established fluency-inducing conditions on the quality of fluency of adult PWS and controls, (2) learn how intervals of phonation are modified during these conditions and (3) how the duration of specific intervals of phonation may be identified for their potential application in stuttering treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Santa Barbara, United States. rjingham@speech.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bothe
authors.forename: Yuedong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Krystal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Purkhiser
authors.forename: Anneliese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: New
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D013060:Speech; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult