title: Angled-predrilling depth and mini-implant shape effects on the mechanical properties of self-drilling orthodontic mini-implants during the angled insertion procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) shape and angled-predrilling depth on the mechanical properties of OMIs during the angled insertion procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 OMIs (self-drilling type, 7 mm in length) were allocated into six groups according to the OMI shape (cylindrical or tapered) and angled-predrilling depth (control, 1.5-mm and 4.0-mm angled-predrilling; predrilled with 1-mm-diameter drill-bit), as follows: C-con, C-1.5, C-4.0, T-con, T-1.5, and T-4.0 groups (N  =  5 per group). The OMIs were installed at an angle of 60° in double-layer artificial bone blocks that simulated the cortical and cancellous bone (Sawbone(®)). Total insertion time (TIT), maximum insertion torque (MIT), total insertion energy (TIE), and inclination of the time-torque graph (INC) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the same shape group, angled-predrilling had a shorter TIT than did the control (control vs 1.5; control vs 4.0; all P < .05). MIT and TIE decreased in the order of control, 1.5-mm, and 4.0-mm angled-predrilling (control vs 1.5; 1.5 vs 4.0; all P < .05), but INC increased from control to 1.5-mm angled-predrilling and decreased from 1.5-mm to 4.0-mm angled-predrilling within the same shape group (control vs 1.5, 1.5 vs 4.0; all P < .05). The MIT of the tapered group was greater than that of the cylindrical group (C-con vs T-con, C-1.5 vs T-1.5; all P < .05, C-4.0 vs T-4.0; P < .01). In the same angled-predrilling depth, no differences were observed in TIE between the cylindrical and tapered groups (C-1.5 vs T-1.5, C-4.0 vs T-4.0; all P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In angled-predrilling insertion of OMIs into thick cortical bone, tapered OMIs might be a better choice than cylindrical OMIs for increasing primary stability because of higher MIT and similar TIE values.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yoon-Young
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Keun-Chul
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Seung-Hak
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baek
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003765:Models, Dental; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D011140:Polyurethanes; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D011140:Polyurethanes