title: Severe autonomic failure in moderate to severe aortic stenosis: prevalence and association with hemodynamics and biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe autonomic failure (SAF) refers to combined abnormalities in reflex and tonic autonomic function. SAF indicates increased risk of death in post-infarction and heart failure patients, but has not been studied in aortic stenosis (AS). Here, we investigated SAF in patients with AS and tested its correlation with hemodynamic and biochemical markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled 174 patients with moderate to severe AS in sinus rhythm (age 76 ± 9 years; mean aortic valve area 0.9 ± 0.3 cm(2)). Heart rate turbulence (as marker of autonomic reflex activity) and deceleration capacity (as marker of autonomic tonic activity) were calculated from 24-h Holter recordings. According to the previously published technology, SAF was considered present if both factors were abnormal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  44 (25.3%) of the 174 patients had signs of SAF. Patients with SAF had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF: 48.1 vs. 54.8%; p = 0.002), lower mean aortic gradients (28 vs. 34 mmHg, p = 0.019), higher systolic pulmonary artery pressures (46.8 vs. 40.9 mmHg, p = 0.028), higher levels of brain natriuretic peptide (905 vs. 407 ng/l; p = 0.003) and higher levels of high sensitive troponin I (0.65 vs. 0.24 μg/l; p = 0.013). Impaired LVEF (≤50%) was the only independent factor associated with SAF, but only explained autonomic abnormalities in less than half of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with moderate to severe AS prevalence of SAF is high. SAF correlates with hemodynamic and biochemical markers indicating increased risk. Future studies should evaluate the prognostic value of SAF in patients with AS.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik III, Kardiologie und Kreislauferkrankungen, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zuern
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eick
authors.forename: Konstantinos D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rizas
authors.forename: Cosmina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoleriu
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barthel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Karin A L
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Meinrad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gawaz
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012018:Reflex; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020107:Troponin T; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain