title: A laboratory exercise using a physical model for demonstrating countercurrent heat exchange.
abstract: A physical model was used in a laboratory exercise to teach students about countercurrent exchange mechanisms. Countercurrent exchange is the transport of heat or chemicals between fluids moving in opposite directions separated by a permeable barrier (such as blood within adjacent blood vessels flowing in opposite directions). Greater exchange of heat or chemicals between the fluids occurs when the flows are in opposite directions (countercurrent) than in the same direction (concurrent). When a vessel loops back on itself, countercurrent exchange can occur between the two arms of the loop, minimizing loss or uptake at the bend of the loop. Comprehension of the physical principles underlying countercurrent exchange helps students to understand how kidneys work and how modifications of a circulatory system can influence the movement of heat or chemicals to promote or minimize exchange and reinforces the concept that heat and chemicals move down their temperature or concentration gradients, respectively. One example of a well-documented countercurrent exchanger is the close arrangement of veins and arteries inside bird legs; therefore, the setup was arranged to mimic blood vessels inside a bird leg, using water flowing inside tubing as a physical proxy for blood flow within blood vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2525, USA. cloudon@uci.edu
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loudon
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Davis-Berg
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Botz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D008961:Models, Structural; D010827:Physiology / Q000193:education*