title: Forty years of surface plasma source development.
abstract: The cesiation effect, a significant enhancement of negative ion emission from a gas discharge with decrease of co-extracted electron current below negative ion current, was observed for the first time on July 1, 1971 by placing into the discharge a compound with 1 mg of cesium. Subsequent developments of surface plasma sources (SPS) for highly efficient negative ion production caused by the interaction of plasma particles with electrodes on which the adsorbed cesium reduced the surface work function are described. In the last 40 years, the intensity of negative ion beams has increased by cesiation up to 10(4) times from 3 mA to tens of amperes. Here, the main attention is concentrated on earlier SPS developments because recent results are well known and widely available.
authors.affiliation: Muons, Inc., 552 N. Batavia Ave., Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA. vadim@muonsinc.com
authors.forename: Vadim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dudnikov