title: Short-term effects of air pollution on respiratory morbidity at Rio de Janeiro--PART I: Air pollution assessment.
abstract: Exposure to air pollution has been related with the most varied adverse health outcomes. This study aims to assess the impact of air pollution on the emergency hospitalization for respiratory disease in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study was divided in two parts: Part I specifically addressing the air pollution assessment and Part II addressing the health assessment. Accordingly, this Part I aims to: i) evaluate the concentrations of PM(10), SO(2) and CO at two sites in Rio de Janeiro and compare them; ii) analyse the concentrations observed according to the national and international standards; and iii) analyse the air pollutants behaviour, namely, annually, seasonally, daily and considering weekdays/weekends variations. The pollutant concentrations were measured at two different sites in Rio de Janeiro and the analysis was performed for the period between September 2000 and December 2005. Results showed that PM(10) concentrations in Rio de Janeiro exceeded the daily and annual standards imposed by the European Union, the Brazilian legislation and WHO guidelines. Regarding SO(2) and CO, concentrations were, generally, below both European and Brazilian standards. Nevertheless, considering WHO guidelines, SO(2) threshold for daily concentrations (20 μg m(-3)) was exceeded around 150 times. Behaviour assessment showed that the influence of traffic is a major factor affecting the air pollution in Rio de Janeiro. Considering the results achieved and the proven health effects of air pollution, strategies should be defined for its reduction, particularly concerning particulate matter, and consequently contribute to the protection of public health.
authors.affiliation: LEPAE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200–465, Porto, Portugal. sofia.sousa@fe.up.pt
authors.forename: S I V
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: J D N
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.forename: M C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alvim-Ferraz
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001938:Brazil; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide