title: Nuclear import of hTERT requires a bipartite nuclear localization signal and Akt-mediated phosphorylation.
abstract: Sustained cell proliferation requires telomerase to maintain functional telomeres that are essential for chromosome integrity and protection. Although nuclear import of telomerase transcriptase (hTERT) is required for telomerase activity to elongate telomeres in vivo, the molecular mechanism regulating nuclear localization of hTERT is unclear. We have identified a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS; amino acid residues 222-240) that is responsible for nuclear import of hTERT. Immunofluorescence imaging of hTERT revealed that mutations in any of the bipartite NLS sequences result in decreased nuclear fluorescence intensity compared with wild-type hTERT. We also show that Akt-mediated phosphorylation at serine 227 is necessary for directing nuclear translocation of hTERT. Interestingly, serine 227 is located between two clusters of basic amino acids in the bipartite NLS. Inactivation of Akt activity by a dominant-negative mutant or wortmannin treatment attenuated nuclear localization of hTERT. We further show that both bipartite NLS and serine 227 in hTERT are required for cell immortalization of normal human foreskin fibroblast cells. Taken together, our findings reveal a previously unknown regulatory mechanism for nuclear import of hTERT through a bipartite NLS mediated by Akt phosphorylation, which represents an alternative pathway for modulating telomerase activity in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeeyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khadka
authors.forename: In Kwon
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D052816:Foreskin / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050505:Mutant Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D010768:Phosphoserine; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C509186:TERT protein, human; D019098:Telomerase