title: Environmental toxicology of testicular cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Testicular cancer incidence appears to be increasing. In many regions, industrialization results in the production of potentially carcinogenic environmental toxins. We review the available data linking environmental toxins to testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed review of the English literature was performed to identify studies evaluating the relationship between environmental toxins and TGCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many environmental toxins have been implicated in the development of TGCT, including organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyvinyl chlorides, phthalates, marijuana, and tobacco. Variable levels of evidence exist and significant study design limitations preclude a definitive etiologic role for individual environmental toxins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental toxins may play an important but undetermined role in the development of TGCT. Further work is needed to evaluate specific toxins and TGCT carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meeks
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheinfeld
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Eggener
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*