title: Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction in an iodine-replete area: epidemiological and clinical data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study aims to evaluate the incidence, types, timing and risk factors in amiodarone (AMD)-induced thyroid dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 229 patients from an iodine-replete area (115 women, 114 men, mean age 63.8 ± 9.2 years), chronically treated with AMD. The cases were clinically investigated prior to, and during treatment, by thyroid 2D and color Doppler flow sonography, thyroid function tests (TSH, FT3, FT4), and antithyroid antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 88 patients (38.4%) who developed thyroid dysfunction, 47 (20.5%) presented AMD-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) and 41 (17.9%) AMD-induced hypothyroidism (AIH). There is an evident prevalence of subclinical AIH (29 cases), compared to subclinical AIT (three cases). Regarding clinical forms, these prevailed in AIT (44 patients) (p 〈 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Thyrotoxic patients were classified in pathogenic types as follows: 11 cases as type 1, 15 cases as type 2, and 21 cases as mixed form. The most important risk factor for the development of thyroid dysfunction was represented by the underlying thyroid pathology. The patients with previous thyroid abnormalities (diffuse or nodular goitre and/or positive antithyroid antibodies) developed earlier thyroid dysfunction compared to those with an apparently normal thyroid gland. The thyroid dysfunction occurrence was heterogeneous (4-84 months). Thyrotoxicosis involved especially young ages, while AIH affected later years.The daily dose, the duration of the treatment and the cumulative dose of AMD do not represent risk factors in thyroid dysfunction development. The determination of serum AMD and desethylamiodarone concentrations does not offer benefits in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, the incidence of AIH was similar to that reported in iodine-replete areas. The incidence of AIT was higher that previously reported, a fact underlining the importance of the proper screening and monitoring of patients. Cases with previous thyroid morphologic and/or immunologic abnormalities require frequent monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babeş, Bd. M. Viteazu nr. 44, Timişoara, Romania. radu.bancila@clicknet.ro
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zosin
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balaş
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007455:Iodine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012383:Romania / Q000453:epidemiology; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013971:Thyrotoxicosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D007455:Iodine; D000638:Amiodarone