title: Posterior fossa anomalies diagnosed with fetal MRI: associated anomalies and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between intracranial and extracranial anomalies and neurodevelopmental outcome for fetuses diagnosed with a posterior fossa anomaly (PFA) on fetal MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of Dandy-Walker malformation, vermian hypogenesis/hypoplasia, and mega cisterna magna (MCM) were identified through the Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati between January 2004 and December 2010. Parental interview and retrospective chart review were used to assess neurodevelopmental outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posterior fossa anomalies were identified in 59 fetuses; 9 with Dandy-Walker malformation, 36 with vermian hypogenesis/hypoplasia, and 14 with MCM. Cases with isolated PFAs (14/59) had better outcomes than those with additional anomalies (p = 0.00016), with isolated cases of MCM all being neurodevelopmentally normal. Cases with additional intracranial anomalies had a worse outcome than those without intracranial anomalies (p = 0.00017). The presence of extracranial anomalies increased the likelihood of having a poor outcome (p = 0.00014) as did the identification of an abnormal brainstem (p = 0.00018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial and extracranial anomalies were good predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome in this study. The prognosis was poor for individuals with an abnormal brainstem, whereas those with isolated MCM had normal neurodevelopmental outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kyla J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Patek
authors.forename: Beth M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kline-Fath
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hopkin
authors.forename: Valentina V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Pilipenko
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Crombleholme
authors.forename: Christine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Spaeth
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002946:Cisterna Magna / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003616:Dandy-Walker Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014463:Ultrasonography