title: From individuals to populations: impacts of environmental pollution on natural eelpout populations.
abstract: Investigating how individuals are affected by environmental pollution is relatively straightforward, for example through conducting field studies or laboratory toxicity tests. Exploring such effects at a population level is considerably more difficult. Nonetheless, the exploration of population-level effects is important as the outcomes may differ from those seen at the individual level. Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus L.) have been used for several years as a bioindicator for hazard substances in both the field and laboratory tests, and individual effects on reproduction have been reported. However, the influence of these effects at the population level remained unexplored. In this study, four Leslie matrix models were parameterized using data from non-polluted eelpout populations (Skagerrak, Baltic Proper, Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland). The four sites represent an environmental gradient in salinity. Furthermore, life-history data revealed differences between the sites with growth rate, fecundity, age at maturity and longevity being the most significant. The effect of pollution on natural eelpout populations was then simulated by combining the outputs from the Leslie matrices with data from laboratory and field studies exploring reproductive impairment in contaminated environments. Our results show that despite differences in life-history characteristics between sites, survival of early life stages (i.e. larvae and zero-year-old fish) was the most important factor affecting population growth and persistence for all sites. The range of change in survival of larvae necessary to change population dynamics (i.e. growth) and persistence is well within the range documented in recipient and experimental studies of chemicals and industrial waste waters. Overall, larval malformation resulting from environmental pollution can have large effects on natural populations, leading to population losses and possibly even extinction. This study hereby contributes valuable knowledge by extending individual-level effects of environmental contaminants to the population level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, SE 74242 Öregrund, Sweden. Electronic address: sara.bergek@slu.se.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergek
authors.affiliation: Mathematics Department, Uppsala University, Box 480, SE 751 06 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EST 510 14 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vetemaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, SE 74242 Öregrund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franzén
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, SE 74242 Öregrund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Appelberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005387:Finland; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010473:Perciformes / Q000254:growth & development*; D011158:Population Growth; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical