title: Life events and social rhythms in bipolar spectrum disorders: an examination of social rhythm sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the presence of an underlying social rhythm sensitivity in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study examined the impact of life events on sleep loss and social rhythm disruption in 184 individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD) compared to 197 demographically similar normal controls (NC) drawn from the Longitudinal Investigation of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders (LIBS) project. Life events data were obtained at three time points, each spaced four months apart, and included information on the intensity of the event (high or low), valence (negative or positive), and levels of sleep loss and social rhythm disruption brought about the event. We hypothesized that BSD participants would exhibit higher levels of social rhythm disruption and sleep loss than normal controls as a consequence of the same life events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BSD participants experienced significantly more social rhythm disruption and sleep loss following all classes of life events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-sectional design of this study limits the strength of the conclusions that can be drawn, primarily cause and effect relationships between social rhythms and symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the presence of an underlying social rhythm sensitivity in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders. An additive effect of sleep loss and social rhythm disruption may contribute to subsequent mood symptomatology. Results from this study may inform early psychosocial interventions for at-risk individuals.
authors.affiliation: Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Alloy
authors.forename: Bradley T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.forename: Denise R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Labelle
authors.forename: Lyn Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Abramson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult