title: Racial differences in the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and risk of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is recognized that a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) predicts incident type 2 diabetes in women. However, it is unclear if there is a racial disparity between the association of GDM and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 1,142 women with a history of GDM and 18,856 women without a history of GDM aged 13-50 years with their first record of pregnancy in Louisiana State University Hospital-Based Longitudinal Study database between 1990 and 2009. History of GDM was used to predict incident type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 8.6 years, 1,394 women developed type 2 diabetes. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of type 2 diabetes was 6.52 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.73-7.43) among women with GDM compared to women without GDM. Stratification by age, race, and body mass index (BMI) gave similar results. Compared with African American and white women without a history of GDM, the relative risk for type 2 diabetes was higher in African American women than in white women with a history of GDM. Compared with non-GDM women compartments, GDM women after delivery for <1, 1.0-3.9, 4.0-5.9, 6.0-7.9, 8-9.9, and ≥10.0 years had 4.00, 5.44, 4.26, 3.16, 4.49, and 4.17 times higher risk of having type 2 diabetes, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of GDM is a strong predictor of subsequent type 2 diabetes among Louisiana women, especially among African American women.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horswell
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besse
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Donna H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American