title: Electroencephalogram-based pharmacodynamic measures: a review.
abstract: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can provide a useful modeling framework for predicting drug activity and can serve as a basis for dose optimization. Determining a suitable biomarker or surrogate measure of drug effect for pharmacodynamic models can be challenging. The electroencephalograph is a widely-available and non-invasive tool for recording brainwave activity simultaneously from multiple brain regions. Certain drug classes (such as drugs that act on the central nervous system) also generate a reproducible electroencephalogram (EEG) effect. Characterization of such a drug-induced EEG effect can produce pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models useful for titrating drug levels and expediting development of chemically-similar drug analogs. This paper reviews the relevant concepts involved in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling using EEG-based pharmacodynamic measures. In addition, examples of such models for various drugs are organized by drug activity as well as chemical structure and presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics University of  Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bewernitz
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Derendorf
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D019277:Entropy; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents