title: Assessment of generalizability, applicability and predictability (GAP) for evaluating external validity in studies of universal family-based prevention of alcohol misuse in young people: systematic methodological review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess external validity characteristics of studies from two Cochrane Systematic Reviews of the effectiveness of universal family-based prevention of alcohol misuse in young people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers used an a priori developed external validity rating form and independently assessed three external validity dimensions of generalizability, applicability and predictability (GAP) in randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (69%) of the included 29 studies were rated 'unclear' on the reporting of sufficient information for judging generalizability from sample to study population. Ten studies (35%) were rated 'unclear' on the reporting of sufficient information for judging applicability to other populations and settings. No study provided an assessment of the validity of the trial end-point measures for subsequent mortality, morbidity, quality of life or other economic or social outcomes. Similarly, no study reported on the validity of surrogate measures using established criteria for assessing surrogate end-points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies evaluating the benefits of family-based prevention of alcohol misuse in young people are generally inadequate at reporting information relevant to generalizability of the findings or implications for health or social outcomes. Researchers, study authors, peer reviewers, journal editors and scientific societies should take steps to improve the reporting of information relevant to external validity in prevention trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Ramon
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Hermida
authors.forename: Amador
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calafat
authors.forename: Elisardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Becoña
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsertsvadze
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Foxcroft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015982:Bias; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult