title: Electroanatomic remodeling of the left stellate ganglion after myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of left stellate ganglionic nerve activity (SGNA) and left thoracic vagal nerve activity (VNA) after acute myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Whether MI results in remodeling of extracardiac nerve activity remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We implanted radiotransmitters to record the SGNA, VNA, and electrocardiogram in 9 ambulatory dogs. After baseline monitoring, MI was created by 1-h balloon occlusion of the coronary arteries. The dogs were then continuously monitored for 2 months. Both stellate ganglia were stained for growth-associated protein 43 and synaptophysin. The stellate ganglia from 5 normal dogs were used as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MI increased 24-h integrated SGNA from 7.44 ± 7.19 Ln(Vs)/day at baseline to 8.09 ± 7.75 Ln(Vs)/day after the MI (p < 0.05). The 24-h integrated VNA before and after the MI was 5.29 ± 5.04 Ln(Vs)/day and 5.58 ± 5.15 Ln(Vs)/day, respectively (p < 0.05). A significant 24-h circadian variation was noted for the SGNA (p < 0.05) but not the VNA. The SGNA/VNA ratio also showed significant circadian variation. The nerve densities from the left SG were 63,218 ± 34,719 μm(2)/mm(2) and 20,623 ± 4,926 μm(2)/mm(2) for growth-associated protein 43 (p < 0.05) and were 32,116 ± 8,190 μm(2)/mm(2)and 16,326 ± 4,679 μm(2)/mm(2) for synaptophysin (p < 0.05) in MI and control groups, respectively. The right SG also showed increased nerve density after MI (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MI results in persistent increase in the synaptic density of bilateral stellate ganglia and is associated with increased SGNA and VNA. There is a circadian variation of the SGNA/VNA ratio. These data indicate significant remodeling of the extracardiac autonomic nerve activity and structures after MI.
authors.affiliation: Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Seongwook
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Kenzaburo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Boyoung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joung
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccirillo
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Harry V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vinters
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: Shien-Fong
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Changyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Peng-Sheng
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lan S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006339:Heart Rate; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*