title: "Yes, we can!": Perceptions of collective efficacy sources in volleyball.
abstract: Collective efficacy can be defined as a group's shared confidence that they will successfully achieve their goal. We examined which behaviours and events are perceived as sources of collective efficacy beliefs in a volleyball context. In study 1, volleyball coaches from the highest volleyball leagues (n = 33) in Belgium indicated the most important sources of collective efficacy. This list was then adapted based on the literature and on feedback given by an expert focus group, resulting in a 40-item questionnaire. In Study 2, coaches and players from all levels of volleyball in Belgium (n = 2365) rated each of these sources on their predictive value for collective efficacy. A principal component analysis revealed that the 40 sources could be divided into eight internally consistent factors. Positive supportive communication (e.g., enthusiasm after making a point) was identified as the factor most predictive for positive collective efficacy beliefs. The factor referring to the negative emotional reactions of players (e.g., discouraging body language) was the most predictive for negative collective efficacy beliefs. These findings offer a starting point for the design of continuous measurements of collective efficacy through observation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. katrien.fransen@faber.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Katrien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fransen
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vanbeselaere
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Exadaktylos
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vande Broek
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Cuyper
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berckmans
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ceux
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Backer
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boen
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D003142:Communication; D003469:Culture; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006040:Goals; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007697:Kinesics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D010465:Perception; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D054798:Volleyball / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult