title: A comparative diagnostic assessment of anterior tooth and bone status using panoramic and periapical radiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to compare diagnostic assessments of anterior tooth and bone status in a randomised cohort of pre-orthodontic patients using panoramic and periapical radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and forty-four cases with matched periapical and panoramic radiographs were examined by three observers. Two were final-year postgraduate endodontic students and the other, a final-year Honours degree dental student. Multi-rater Kappa values were used to assess the reliability of the observers, with a value of 1 equating to complete agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of endodontic Class 1 and 2 palatal invaginations, reliability exceeded 0.95 for all three observers. An assessment of the graduate endodontic students revealed only a marginal increase in the kappa values. Statistical analysis (p < 0.05) determined that developmental anomalies or tooth/bone pathoses were more reliably detected by observers using periapical radiographs compared with panoramic films. This finding has relevance given the likelihood of anterior dental trauma among young children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there have been considerable improvements in the quality of dental panoramic radiography, the present study indicated that a reliable pre-orthodontic or post-trauma diagnostic assessment should include both panoramic and intra-oral radiographs.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Australia.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Khash
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nassery
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kahlert
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heithersay
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000848:Anodontia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003481:Cuspid / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003784:Dental Pulp Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D015588:Observer Variation; D010483:Periapical Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016300:Radiography, Bitewing / Q000592:standards*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000592:standards*; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000293:injuries; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014096:Tooth, Supernumerary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging