title: Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica.
abstract: The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m(-3) which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m(-3), respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m(-3) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m(-3), respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m(-3) (Σ(10)PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany. axel.moeller@hzg.de
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Minghong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebinghaus
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D001315:Australia; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000032:analysis; D001970:Bromobenzoates / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D014050:Toluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001969:Bromobenzenes; D001970:Bromobenzoates; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C526360:dechlorane plus; D014050:Toluene; C053745:2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene