title: Primary screening for human papillomavirus compared with cytology screening for cervical cancer in European settings: cost effectiveness analysis based on a Dutch microsimulation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, using a Dutch model, whether and under what variables framed for other European countries screening for human papillomavirus (HPV) is preferred over cytology screening for cervical cancer, and to calculate the preferred number of examinations over a woman's lifetime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost effectiveness analysis based on a Dutch simulation model. Base case analyses investigated the cost effectiveness of more than 1500 different screening policies using the microsimulation model. Subsequently, the policies were compared for five different scenarios that represent different possible scenarios (risk of cervical cancer, previous screening, quality associated test characteristics, costs of testing, and prevalence of HPV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Various European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unvaccinated women born between 1939 and 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optimal screening strategy in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratios (costs per quality adjusted life years gained) compared with different cost effectiveness thresholds, for two levels of sensitivity and costs of the HPV test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary HPV screening was the preferred primary test over the age of 30 in many considered scenarios. Primary cytology screening was preferred only in scenarios with low costs of cytology and in scenarios with a high prevalence of HPV in combination with high costs of HPV testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most European countries should consider switching from primary cytology to HPV screening for cervical cancer. HPV screening must, however, only be implemented in situations where screening is well controlled.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Department of Public Health, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands. i.dekok@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Inge M C M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: de Kok
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Rosmalen
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dillner
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arbyn
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sasieni
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iftner
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ballegooijen
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D009426:Netherlands; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics*