title: The dosimetric impact of inversely optimized arc radiotherapy plan modulation for real-time dynamic MLC tracking delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Real-time dynamic multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking for management of intrafraction tumor motion can be challenging for highly modulated beams, as the leaves need to travel far to adjust for target motion perpendicular to the leaf travel direction. The plan modulation can be reduced by using a leaf position constraint (LPC) that reduces the difference in the position of adjacent MLC leaves in the plan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the LPC on the quality of inversely optimized arc radiotherapy plans and the effect of the MLC motion pattern on the dosimetric accuracy of MLC tracking delivery. Specifically, the possibility of predicting the accuracy of MLC tracking delivery based on the plan modulation was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inversely optimized arc radiotherapy plans were created on CT-data of three lung cancer patients. For each case, five plans with a single 358° arc were generated with LPC priorities of 0 (no LPC), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 (highest possible LPC), respectively. All the plans had a prescribed dose of 2 Gy × 30, used 6 MV, a maximum dose rate of 600 MU/min and a collimator angle of 45° or 315°. To quantify the plan modulation, an average adjacent leaf distance (ALD) was calculated by averaging the mean adjacent leaf distance for each control point. The linear relationship between the plan quality [i.e., the calculated dose distributions and the number of monitor units (MU)] and the LPC was investigated, and the linear regression coefficient as well as a two tailed confidence level of 95% was used in the evaluation. The effect of the plan modulation on the performance of MLC tracking was tested by delivering the plans to a cylindrical diode array phantom moving with sinusoidal motion in the superior-inferior direction with a peak-to-peak displacement of 2 cm and a cycle time of 6 s. The delivery was adjusted to the target motion using MLC tracking, guided in real-time by an infrared optical system. The dosimetric results were evaluated using gamma index evaluation with static target measurements as reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plan quality parameters did not depend significantly on the LPC (p ≥ 0.066), whereas the ALD depended significantly on the LPC (p < 0.001). The gamma index failure rate depended significantly on the ALD, weighted to the percentage of the beam delivered in each control point of the plan (ALD(w)) when MLC tracking was used (p < 0.001), but not for delivery without MLC tracking (p ≥ 0.342). The gamma index failure rate with the criteria of 2% and 2 mm was decreased from > 33.9% without MLC tracking to <31.4% (LPC 0) and <2.2% (LPC 1) with MLC tracking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the dosimetric robustness of MLC tracking delivery of an inversely optimized arc radiotherapy plan can be improved by incorporating leaf position constraints in the objective function without otherwise affecting the plan quality. The dosimetric robustness may be estimated prior to delivery by evaluating the ALD(w) of the plan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Blegdamsvej 9, DK - 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. marianne.falk2rh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: Byung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chul Cho
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aznar
authors.forename: Stine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korreman
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munck Af Rosenschold
mesh_terms: D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors