title: Compensatory expressive behavior for facial paralysis: adaptation to congenital or acquired disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although there has been little research on the adaptive behavior of people with congenital compared to acquired disability, there is reason to predict that people with congenital conditions may be better adapted because they have lived with their conditions for their entire lives (Smart, 2008). We examined whether people with congenital facial paralysis (FP), compared to people with acquired FP, compensate more for impoverished facial expression by using alternative channels of expression (i.e., voice and body).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with congenital (n = 13) and acquired (n = 14) FP were videotaped while recalling emotional events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expressive verbal behavior was measured using the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (Pennebaker, Booth, & Francis, 2007). Nonverbal behavior and FP severity were rated by trained coders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People with congenital FP, compared to acquired FP, used more compensatory expressive verbal and nonverbal behavior in their language, voices, and bodies. The extent of FP severity had little effect on compensatory expressivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first behavioral evidence that people with congenital FP use more adaptations to express themselves than people with acquired FP. These behaviors could inform social functioning interventions for people with FP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA. kathleen.bogart@tufts.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bogart
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tickle-Degnen
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ambady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020330:Bell Palsy / Q000523:psychology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005149:Facial Expression; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014705:Verbal Behavior