title: Emission factors, size distributions, and emission inventories of carbonaceous particulate matter from residential wood combustion in rural China.
abstract: Published emission factors (EFs) often vary significantly, leading to high uncertainties in emission estimations. There are few reliable EFs from field measurements of residential wood combustion in China. In this study, 17 wood fuels and one bamboo were combusted in a typical residential stove in rural China to measure realistic EFs of particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC), as well as to investigate the influence of fuel properties and combustion conditions on the EFs. Measured EFs of PM, OC, and EC (EF(PM), EF(OC), and EF(EC), respectively) were in the range of 0.38-6.4, 0.024-3.0, and 0.039-3.9 g/kg (dry basis), with means and standard derivation of 2.2 ± 1.2, 0.62 ± 0.64, and 0.83 ± 0.69 g/kg, respectively. Shrubby biomass combustion produced higher EFs than tree woods, and both species had lower EFs than those of indoor crop residue burning (p < 0.05). Significant correlations between EF(PM), EF(OC), and EF(EC) were expected. By using a nine-stage cascade impactor, it was shown that size distributions of PM emitted from tree biomass combustions were unimodal with peaks at a diameter less than 0.4 μm (PM(0.4)), much finer than the PM from indoor crop residue burning. Approximately 79.4% of the total PM from tree wood combustion was PM with a diameter less than 2.1 μm (PM(2.1)). PM size distributions for shrubby biomasses were slightly different from those for tree fuels. On the basis of the measured EFs, total emissions of PM, OC, and EC from residential wood combustion in rural China in 2007 were estimated at about 303, 75.7, and 92.0 Gg.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guofeng
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siye
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yanyan
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yujia
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bin
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huizhong
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yifeng
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xilong
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xuejun
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D005390:Fires; D005843:Geography; D006794:Household Articles; D006813:Humidity; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012424:Rural Population; D014835:Volatilization; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002244:Carbon