title: Inhibition of stretching-evoked ATP release from bladder mucosa by anticholinergic agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether muscarinic receptor antagonism affects stretching-induced release of ATP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mucosal strips, dissected from guinea pig (male, 450g; n = 10) urinary bladders, were placed in horizontal organ baths and superfused with Ca(2+) -free Tyrode's solution. Superfusate samples were taken pre- and post- intervention (rapid stretching or relaxation) and ATP concentration was quantified using a luciferin-luciferase assay. The effect of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism on ATP release was assessed by addition of methoctramine (1 µM) and 4-DAMP (10 nM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid stretching (0 to 13.3 ± 1.2 mN; no. strips = 20) increased ATP in the superfusate to a median threefold increase over basal levels. After a period of equilibration, tension in the mucosal strips relaxed until it had reached a new steady-state after 60 min and stretching was repeated. In the presence of 4-DAMP (10 nM) or methoctramine (1 µM), ATP concentrations after stretching reduced to 61% or 20%, respectively. By contrast, ATP concentrations in mucosa-matched controls, perfused with vehicle, increased in response to stretching by 391% and 1500%, respectively. Rapid relaxation also stimulated ATP release. This release did not appear to be sensitive to 4-DAMP or methoctramine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An alteration of resting mucosal tension is the key determinant of ATP release, as ATP is released from the mucosa in response to both stretching and relaxation. Muscarinic receptor antagonism inhibits stretching-evoked ATP release from bladder mucosa, suggesting that anticholinergic agents used to treat human lower urinary tract pathologies act on urothelial muscarinic receptors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Rajinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matharu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carew
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fry
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003959:Diamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003959:Diamines; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; C042375:4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C054938:methoctramine