title: Influence of smoking on interleukin-1beta level, oxidant status and antioxidant status in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of smoking on the relationship between interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and oxidation in patients with periodontitis and response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from 30 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (15 smokers and 15 nonsmokers) and from 10 periodontally healthy controls. IL-1β level, total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were recorded in gingival crevicular fluid. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival and plaque indices and bleeding on probing were also measured. The gingival crevicular fluid and clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 wk after periodontal treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed statistically significant improvement of clinical parameters in both smokers and nonsmokers after periodontal treatment. Moreover, the baseline IL-1β levels were significantly higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p < 0.05). After periodontal treatment, the IL-1β levels were significantly reduced in both smokers and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in TOS and TAS between periodontitis patients and healthy controls at baseline and 6 wk after periodontal treatment. The level of IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid was positively correlated with TOS in both smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal treatment improved the clinical parameters in both smokers and nonsmokers. The results confirm that periodontal therapy has an effect on IL-1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid, but not on TOS and TAS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. tokerhulya@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hulya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toker
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akpınar
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aydın
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Poyraz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods; D003962:Dianisidine; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010636:Phenols; D016745:Root Planing / Q000379:methods; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D013454:Sulfoxides
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016877:Oxidants; D010636:Phenols; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D013454:Sulfoxides; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D003962:Dianisidine; C016833:xylenol orange