title: Transmission of infectious diseases en route to habitat hotspots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spread of infectious diseases in wildlife populations is influenced by patterns of between-host contacts. Habitat "hotspots"--places attracting a large numbers of individuals or social groups--can significantly alter contact patterns and, hence, disease propagation. Research on the importance of habitat hotspots in wildlife epidemiology has primarily focused on how inter-individual contacts occurring at the hotspot itself increase disease transmission. However, in territorial animals, epidemiologically important contacts may primarily occur as animals cross through territories of conspecifics en route to habitat hotspots. So far, the phenomenon has received little attention. Here, we investigate the importance of these contacts in the case where infectious individuals keep visiting the hotspots and in the case where these individuals are not able to travel to the hotspot any more.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a simulation epidemiological model to investigate both cases in a scenario when transmission at the hotspot does not occur. We find that (i) hotspots still exacerbate epidemics, (ii) when infectious individuals do not travel to the hotspot, the most vulnerable individuals are those residing at intermediate distances from the hotspot rather than nearby, and (iii) the epidemiological vulnerability of a population is the highest when the number of hotspots is intermediate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By altering animal movements in their vicinity, habitat hotspots can thus strongly increase the spread of infectious diseases, even when disease transmission does not occur at the hotspot itself. Interestingly, when animals only visit the nearest hotspot, creating additional artificial hotspots, rather than reducing their number, may be an efficient disease control measure.
authors.affiliation: CNRS-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France. benavidesjulio@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Lauren Ancel
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caillaud
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D014195:Travel