title: Prediction of warfarin dose: why, when and how?
abstract: Prediction models are the key to individualized drug therapy. Warfarin is a typical example of where pharmacogenetics could help the individual patient by modeling the dose, based on clinical factors and genetic variation in CYP2C9 and VKORC1. Clinical studies aiming to show whether pharmacogenetic warfarin dose predictions are superior to conventional initiation of warfarin are now underway. This review provides a broad view over the field of warfarin pharmacogenetics from basic knowledge about the drug, how it is monitored, factors affecting dose requirement, prediction models in general and different types of prediction models for warfarin dosing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, entrance 61, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. niclas.eriksson@ucr.uu.se
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wadelius
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D014859:Warfarin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases