title: Impact of patient smoking behavior on empathic helping by family caregivers in lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the impact of patient smoking behavior on family caregiver judgments of responsibility, emotions, empathic responses, and helping behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural equation modeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five oncology outpatient settings in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  304 dyads consisting of patients with lung cancer and their primary caregivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-report questionnaires, abstracted medical record data, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking history, judgments of responsibility for controlling the disease, anger, pride, empathic responses, and helping behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of patient smoking behavior on caregiver help was mediated by caregiver judgments of responsibility, affective reactions of anger and pride, and empathic responses by caregivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When patients continued to engage in smoking behavior, despite a diagnosis of lung cancer, caregivers tended to ascribe more responsibility and feel more anger and less pride in the patients' efforts to manage the disease, therefore placing caregivers at risk for less empathy and helping behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregiver blame and anger must be assessed, particularly when the patient with lung cancer continues to smoke. If caregiver judgments of blame and anger are evident, then an attribution approach is indicated involving a dialogue between the caregiver and the patient, with the aim of enhancing the caregiver's understanding of how negative attributions and linked emotions impact his or her ability to engage in empathic helping behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. michelle_lobchuk@umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lobchuk
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McClement
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000786:Anger; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D004645:Empathy; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires