title: Ankle and hindfoot fusions: comparison of outcomes in patients with and without diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are believed to have higher complication rates when undergoing ankle and hindfoot fusions, but data is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare the postoperative outcomes of major foot and ankle arthrodeses in patients with and without DM. Another goal was to evaluate what effect glycemic control had on the outcomes of patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of charts from operative years 2005 to 2010 was performed. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients requiring major hindfoot and/or ankle fusion. Exclusion criteria included any patient who did not have at least 6-month followup. Seventy four patients with DM were matched with 74 non-DM patients based on age, gender, and length of surgery. Significance was set at p < 0.05 with associated 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall complication rate was found to be significantly higher in patients with DM, a history of tobacco use, and peripheral neuropathy. The postoperative infection rate was found to be significantly higher in patients with DM, poor long-term glucose control (Hgb A1c levels greater than or equal to 7%), a history of tobacco use, peripheral artery disease, and peripheral neuropathy. Our rate of noninfectious complications was found to be significantly higher in patients with DM, poor short-term glucose control (a preoperative glucose greater than 200 mg/dL), a history of tobacco use, and previous solid organ transplantation. Patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age were significantly associated with fewer overall complications and postoperative infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed our hypothesis that patients with DM were at increased risk for postoperative complications after foot and/or ankle arthrodesis when compared to patients without DM. A secondary finding of this study demonstrated patients with poor short- and long-term glucose control experienced more complications.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lowery
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Frykberg
authors.forename: Dane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Wukich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome