title: Utility of treatment planning for thermochemotherapy treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recently completed Phase I clinical trial combined concurrent Mitomycin-C chemotherapy with deep regional heating using BSD-2000 Sigma-Ellipse applicator (BSD Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A.) for the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. This work presents a new treatment planning approach, and demonstrates potential impact of this approach on improvement of treatment quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study retrospectively analyzes a subset of five patients on the trial. For each treatment, expert operators selected "clinical-optimal" settings based on simple model calculation on the BSD-2000 control console. Computed tomography (CT) scans acquired prior to treatment were segmented to create finite element patient models for retrospective simulations with Sigma-HyperPlan (Dr. Sennewald Medizintechnik GmbH, Munchen, Germany). Since Sigma-HyperPlan does not account for the convective nature of heat transfer within a fluid filled bladder, an effective thermal conductivity for bladder was introduced. This effective thermal conductivity value was determined by comparing simulation results with clinical measurements of bladder and rectum temperatures. Regions of predicted high temperature in normal tissues were compared with patient complaints during treatment. Treatment results using "computed-optimal" settings from the planning system were compared with clinical results using clinical-optimal settings to evaluate potential of treatment improvement by reducing hot spot volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all five patients, retrospective treatment planning indicated improved matches between simulated and measured bladder temperatures with increasing effective thermal conductivity. The differences were mostly within 1.3 °C when using an effective thermal conductivity value above 10 W/K/m. Changes in effective bladder thermal conductivity affected surrounding normal tissues within a distance of ∼1.5 cm from the bladder wall. Rectal temperature differences between simulation and measurement were large due to sensitivity to the sampling locations in rectum. The predicted bladder T90 correlated well with single-point bladder temperature measurement. Hot spot locations predicted by the simulation agreed qualitatively with patient complaints during treatment. Furthermore, comparison between the temperature distributions with clinical and computed-optimal settings demonstrated that the computed-optimal settings resulted in substantially reduced hot spot volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of an effective thermal conductivity value for fluid filled bladder was essential for matching simulation and treatment temperatures. Prospectively planning patients using the effective thermal conductivity determined in this work can potentially improve treatment efficacy (compared to manual operator adjustments) by potentially lower discomfort from reduced hot spots in normal tissue.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. yuyuan.06@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Kung-Shan
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Oana I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Craciunescu
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: Paolo F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Maccarini
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arunachalam
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vujaskovic
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: Shiva K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013696:Temperature; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*