title: Markers of platelet apoptosis: methodology and applications.
abstract: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a physiological mechanism that serves for controlled deletion of damaged cells. While long attributed exclusively to nucleated cells, over recent years it has been recognized that apoptosis also occurs in anucleate platelets. We describe here experiences of determining markers of apoptosis in human platelets treated in vitro with pro-apoptotic chemical and physical stimuli. These include depolarization of mitochondrial inner membrane, cytochrome c release, expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family, activation of apoptosis executioner caspase-3, exposure of phosphatidylserine, platelet shrinkage, fragmentation to microparticles, blebbing and filopod extrusion on the platelet surface. These assays serve to characterize platelet apoptosis in different cellular compartments (mitochondria, cytosol and plasma membrane) and at the whole-cell level. Methods commonly employed in studies of platelet apoptosis markers include flow cytometry, Western blot analysis and electron microscopy. An integrated methodological approach, based on determination of different platelet apoptosis markers, represents a useful tool for examining platelet apoptosis in various physiological and pathological settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Armen V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Gyulkhandanyan
authors.forename: Asuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leytin
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D055032:Electron Microscope Tomography / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins