title: Effects of reproductive status, social rank, sex and group size on vigilance patterns in Przewalski's gazelle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quantifying vigilance and exploring the underlying mechanisms has been the subject of numerous studies. Less attention has focused on the complex interplay between contributing factors such as reproductive status, social rank, sex and group size. Reproductive status and social rank are of particular interest due to their association with mating behavior. Mating activities in rutting season may interfere with typical patterns of vigilance and possibly interact with social rank. In addition, balancing the tradeoff between vigilance and life maintenance may represent a challenge for gregarious ungulate species rutting under harsh winter conditions. We studied vigilance patterns in the endangered Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) during both the rutting and non-rutting seasons to examine these issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Field observations were carried out with focal sampling during rutting and non-rutting season in 2008-2009. Results indicated a complex interplay between reproductive status, social rank, sex and group size in determining vigilance in this species. Vigilance decreased with group size in female but not in male gazelles. Males scanned more frequently and thus spent more time vigilant than females. Compared to non-rutting season, gazelles increased time spent scanning at the expense of bedding in rutting season. During the rutting season, territorial males spent a large proportion of time on rutting activities and were less vigilant than non-territorial males. Although territorial males may share collective risk detection with harem females, we suggest that they are probably more vulnerable to predation because they seemed reluctant to leave rut stands under threats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vigilance behavior in Przewalski's gazelle was significantly affected by reproductive status, social rank, sex, group size and their complex interactions. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying vigilance patterns and the tradeoff between vigilance and other crucial activities.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chunlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhongqiu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Chunwang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000866:Antelopes / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology