title: Influence of poverty and infection on asthma in Latin America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Asthma in Latin America is a growing public health problem and seems to be most prevalent and cause most morbidity among poor urban populations. This article will review the findings of recent human studies of the associations of asthma prevalence in Latin America with factors associated with poverty and inequality including childhood infections, stress, environment, nutrition and diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most asthma in childhood in Latin America is nonatopic and has been associated with exposures related to environmental dirt, diet and psychosocial distress. These factors are strongly linked to poverty and inequality. Interestingly, infections with bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens in childhood appear to attenuate atopy in childhood but have no effect on asthma symptoms. There are biologically plausible mechanisms by which dirt exposures (e.g. endotoxin and other microbial products and nonmicrobial irritants), diet and obesity and psychosocial stress may cause airways inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most childhood asthma in Latin America is nonatopic for which important risk factors are those of poverty including poor hygiene (i.e. dirt), poor diet and obesity and psychosocial stress. There is evidence that exposures to infections in early childhood reduce atopy but not asthma. Research is needed to identify causes of nonatopic asthma that may be suitable for primary prevention or other public health intervention strategies for asthma in Latin America.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. P.J.Cooper@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Mauricio L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barreto
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014507:Urbanization; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*