title: Indirect (chronic) self-destructiveness and modes of suicide attempts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicides and suicide attempts may be considered as manifestations not only of direct self-destructiveness, but also of indirect (chronic) self-destructiveness. The aim of this work is to assess the relation between intensity of indirect self-destructiveness and suicide attempt modes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was conducted among 147 persons after suicide attempts (114 women and 33 men) aged 14-33 years. The Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" by Kelley (CS-DS) in Suchańska's adaptation was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EXAMINED PERSONS APPLIED SEVERAL MODES OF COMMITTING SUICIDE: pharmacological drugs, exsanguination, hanging, jumping from a height, asphyxia, poisoning, and throwing oneself under a moving car. The most frequent are pharmacological drugs (42.31%) and exsanguination (25.60%); the rarest is throwing oneself under a car (1.28%). Relations between indirect self-destructiveness and the following suicide attempt modes were found: pharmacological drugs (0.366, p = 0.00001), poisoning (0.667, p = 0.01), and throwing oneself under a car (0.542, p = 0.04). There were found three clusters regarding the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness (low, medium and high). The largest differences concerned hanging, jumping from a height (medium CS-DS), poisoning and throwing oneself under a car (high CS-DS). There is a relation between indirect self-destructiveness and recurrence of suicide attempts (Kendall Tau = 0.217, p = 0.007); the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness differentiates the risk of consecutive suicide attempts (F = 2.871, p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implications of the findings are mainly of preventive and therapeutic nature. In the preventative aspect, the subject of interest should be not only persons with a tendency to the active form of indirect self-destructiveness, but also persons exhibiting its passive form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences, Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsirigotis
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gruszczynski
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsirigotis-Wołoszczak