title: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a historical perspective.
abstract: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a term used to describe impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system (CNS) caused by abnormalities in anatomy and flow affecting the extracranial veins. Recently, it has been proposed that CCSVI may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is hypothesized that venous obstruction results in abnormal flow that promotes inflammation at the blood-brain barrier and that this triggers a process marked by a disturbance of homeostasis within the CNS that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The venous abnormalities of CCSVI are often diagnosed by ultrasound or magnetic resonance venography, however the prevalence of CCSVI detailed in groups of MS patients and patients without MS varies widely in published reports. Increased standardization of diagnostic studies to evaluate both anatomical and physiological findings associated with CCSVI is needed. The purpose of this article is to provide a background to understand the development of the theory of CCSVI and to frame the relevant issues regarding its diagnosis and relationship to the pathogenesis of MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Standford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA. mddake@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dake
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Haacke
mesh_terms: D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000098:blood supply; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history*; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology