title: PP2A holoenzymes negatively and positively regulate cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating pocket proteins and multiple CDK substrates.
abstract: Cell cycle progression is negatively regulated by the retinoblastoma family of pocket proteins and CDK inhibitors (CKIs). In contrast, CDKs promote progression through multiple phases of the cell cycle. One prominent way by which CDKs promote cell cycle progression is by inactivation of pocket proteins via hyperphosphorylation. Reactivation of pocket proteins to halt cell cycle progression requires dephosphorylation of multiple CDK-phosphorylated sites and is accomplished by PP2A and PP1 serine/threonine protein phosphatases. The same phosphatases are also implicated in dephosphorylation of multiple CDK substrates as cells exit mitosis and reenter the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This review is primarily focused on the role of PP2A and PP1 in the activation of pocket proteins during the cell cycle and in response to signaling cues that trigger cell cycle exit. Other functions of PP2A during the cell cycle will be discussed in brief, as comprehensive reviews on this topic have been published recently (De Wulf et al., 2009; Wurzenberger and Gerlich, 2011).
authors.affiliation: Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurimchak
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Graña
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020035:Holoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000235:genetics; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013379:Substrate Specificity / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D020035:Holoenzymes; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2