title: Comparison of the orthodontic load systems created with elastomeric power chain to close extraction spaces on different rectangular archwires.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 3-dimensional load system (forces and moments) was quantified at the canine bracket during space closure with sliding mechanics with elastomeric chain on dry and wet stainless steel and beta-titanium 0.019 × 0.025-in archwires.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom-made maxillary dentoform simulating first premolar extractions was attached to an orthodontic force tester. The canine was attached to a load cell through an adaptor with silicone simulating the periodontal ligament. The orthodontic force tester simultaneously measured the entire load system produced at the canine bracket by an elastomeric chain. The effects of archwire material, time (activation and 1 hour), and lubrication were analyzed by using 3-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stainless steel provided a greater (P = 0.001) load system than did beta-titanium. The force was greatest on the canine in the lingual axis. The greatest moment was about the y-axis. The moment-to-force ratio, the most critical ratio, was greater for beta-titanium than stainless steel; however, both were close to the ideal 10:1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a stainless steel archwire for retraction sliding mechanics, a canine will experience a greater load system in all 3 dimensions than with a beta-titanium wire. Both archwires produced a moment-to-force ratio adequate for translation.
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kroczek
authors.affiliation: Professor and chair, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind. Electronic address: kkula@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Kelton
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.affiliation: Postdoctoral fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Tie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Professor and chair, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Ind; joint appointment, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003481:Cuspid / Q000502:physiology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D020724:Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008153:Lubrication; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000145:classification*; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019516:Orthodontic Space Closure / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D020724:Elastomers; C023988:beta titanium; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium