title: Evaluation of post operative shoulder tip pain in low pressure versus standard pressure pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insufflation of carbon dioxide during laparoscopic cholecystectomy leads to postoperative shoulder tip pain. The origin of shoulder pain is commonly assumed to be due to overstretching of the diaphragmatic muscle fibres owing to a high carbon dioxide pressure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the frequency and intensity of post operative shoulder tip pain in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and compare low and standard pressure pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with respect to post operative shoulder tip pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted in the department of surgery for elective cholecystectomy were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups (group A and group B). In group A (n = 50), low pressure pneumoperitoneum (8 mm Hg) and in group B (n = 50), standard pressure pneumoperitoneum (14 mm Hg) was generated during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Postoperative shoulder tip pain was assessed at 4, 8 and 24 h after operation by the Visual Analogue Scale of Pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  14 patients (28%) in group B complained of post operative shoulder tip pain as compared to only 5 patients (10%) in group A. The mean intensity of post operative shoulder tip pain assessed by visual analogue scoring scale at 4, 8 and 24 h was less in group A as compared to group B, although statistical significance was seen only at 4 h. Analgesic requirements and the mean length of post operative stay in the hospital were also less in group A as compared to group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low pressure laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LPLC) significantly decreases the frequency and intensity of postoperative shoulder tip pain. LPLC decreases the demand for postoperative analgesics, decreases postoperative hospital stay and hence improves the quality of life in the early stage of postoperative rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Sidhra, Jammu, J&K 180017, India. drmiryasir@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Mir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasir
authors.forename: Kuldeep Singh
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Viqar Hussain
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Banday
authors.forename: Aiffa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aiman
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Masood
authors.forename: Banyameen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iqbal
mesh_terms: D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome