title: Blood and war.
abstract: In 1894 Ulsterman and pathologist Almroth Wright described the citation of blood. Twenty-one years later it was introduced into wartime and clinical practice. Harvard Medical School had a large part in providing Colonel Andrew Fullerton, later Professor of Surgery, Queen's Belfast, with the intellectual and practical help for the Allies to deploy blood on the post-Somme Western Front and in Salonika. The key investigators and clinicians were Americans and Canadians who with Fullerton and Wright instructed the Allies. The key enablers were two Harvard-trained surgeons surnamed Robertson-Oswald H. ("Robby") and L. Bruce (no relation). Physician Roger I. Lee of Harvard, surgeon George W Crile of Cleveland, Peyton Rous of the Rockefeller Institute and Richard Lewisohn of Mount Sinai Hospital, both located in the Upper East Side of New York City, played key roles.By Armistice in 1918, indirect citrated nutrient-enhanced blood transfusion was widely used by the Allies. Geoffrey Keynes was taught the techniques of blood transfusion by Dr. Benjamin Harrison Alton of Harvard at a Casualty Clearing Station near Albert at the time of the Battle of Passchendaele. Professor "Robby" Robertson, DSO, Sir Geoffrey Keynes and Sir Thomas Houston established blood banking.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, Boston, MA 02132-4927, USA. john_hedley-whyte@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hedley-Whyte
authors.forename: Debra R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Milamed
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000266:history*; D002170:Canada; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008512:Medicine in the Arts; D009660:Northern Ireland; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D047828:World War I