title: Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors among young and middle-aged men in urban Mwanza, Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors are increasing at an unprecedented rate in developing countries. However, fewer studies have evaluated the role of physical activity in preventing CVD in these countries. We assessed level physical activity and its relationship with CVD risk factors among young and middle aged men in a fast growing city of Mwanza in Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical activity was assessed among 97 healthy men aged 20-50 years using Sub-Saharan Africa Activity Questionnaire. An updated compendium of physical activity was used to code the metabolic equivalent. Energy expenditure was calculated using Harris Benedict equation. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum lipids were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean energy expenditure in this population was 6,466 ± 252 kcal/week. More than half (53.6%) of the participants had energy expenditure of ≥ 4,000 kcal/week. Only three (3.1%) had energy expenditure below the recommended 1,000 kcal/week. Except for hypertension, prevalence of CVD risk factors was low in this population; hypertension 23.7%, low HDL-cholesterol 10.3%, high LDL-cholesterol 9.3% and obesity 4.1%. Physical activity energy expenditure had an inversely relationship with waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity energy expenditure was high in this population and was inversely correlated with CVD risk factors. Physical activity may play an important role in the prevention of CVD in this urban population of young and middle aged men.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Alfa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muhihi
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Njelekela
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mpembeni
authors.forename: Zablon
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Masesa
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitamori
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mtabaji
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids