title: The crucifixion of Jesus: review of hypothesized mechanisms of death and implications of shock and trauma-induced coagulopathy.
abstract: The crucifixion of Jesus is arguably the most well-known and controversial execution in history. Christian faithful, dating back to the time of Jesus, have believed that Jesus was executed by crucifixion and later returned physically to life again. Others have questioned whether Jesus actually died by crucifixion, at all. From review of medical literature, physicians have failed to agree on a specific mechanism of Jesus' death. A search of Medline/Pubmed was completed with respect to crucifixion, related topics, and proposed mechanisms of Jesus' death. Several hypotheses for the mechanism of Jesus' death have been presented in medical literature, including 1) Pulmonary embolism 2) Cardiac rupture 3) Suspension trauma 4) Asphyxiation 5) Fatal stab wound, and 6) Shock. Each proposed mechanism of Jesus' death will be reviewed. The events of Jesus' execution are described, as they are pertinent to development of shock. Traumatic shock complicated by trauma-induced coagulopathy is proposed as a contributing factor, and possibly the primary mechanism, of Jesus' death by crucifixion.
authors.affiliation: The Pain Clinic, 3740 S. 4th St., Terre Haute, IN 47802, USA. joebergeron@juno.com
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bergeron
mesh_terms: D001237:Asphyxia / Q000266:history; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000266:history*; D002203:Capital Punishment / Q000266:history*; D002835:Christianity / Q000266:history*; D003288:Contusions / Q000266:history; D005197:Famous Persons; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000266:history; D006341:Heart Rupture / Q000266:history; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000266:history; D012774:Shock, Traumatic / Q000266:history*; D014104:Torture / Q000266:history; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000266:history