title: Parental substance abuse and function of the motivation and behavioral inhibition systems in drug-naïve youth.
abstract: It is hypothesized that the development of substance abuse (SA) may be due to imbalance in functions of the motivation-reward and behavioral inhibition systems in the brain. This speaks to the search for biological risk factors for SA in drug-naïve children who also exhibit motivational and inhibitory control deficits; however, this type of research is currently lacking. The objective of this study was to establish a neurobiological basis for addiction vulnerability using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in drug-naïve youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that children with ADHD alone would show higher activity in regions of the motivation-reward and behavioral inhibition systems than children with ADHD and a parental history of SA. Toward this goal we scanned 20 drug-naïve children with ADHD ages 8-13 while performing an event-related reward task. High (N=10) and low (N=10) risk subjects were identified, based on parental history of SA. The effects of anticipation, conflict, and reward were assessed with appropriate linear contrasts, and between-group differences were assessed using statistical parametric mapping. The two groups did not differ on behavioral measures of the task. The fMRI results show heightened activation in the brain motivational-reward system and reduced activation of the inhibitory control system in high-risk compared to low-risk children. These results suggest that a functional mismatch between these two systems may represent one possible biological underpinning of SA risk, which is conferred by a parental history of addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, United States. iliyan.ivanov@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Iliyan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shulz
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Edythe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friston
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Newcorn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011678:Punishment; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012201:Reward; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen