title: The effects of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: There is abundant evidence that rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disorder, is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease. While there may be several mechanisms contributing to a higher CV risk in RA patients, inflammation is considered to be the main cause explaining the excess CV burden. Inflammatory processes appear pivotal to the atherothrombotic process and are linked to endothelial dysfunction, fatty streak initiation and progression, deterioration of fatty streaks into (unstable) plaques, and plaque rupture. Moreover, systemic inflammation, through tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or related cytokines, appears to accelerate atherothrombosis either directly or via effects on conventional and novel CV risk factors, such as lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, haemostatic factors, and insulin resistance. New and highly specific therapeutic agents (TNF inhibitors) may significantly lower CV risk in RA. This review summarizes the evidence base supporting the notion that TNF inhibitors confer benefit CV disease risk in RA.
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam. mjl.peters@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Mike J L
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Alper M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Sijl
authors.forename: Alexandre E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Voskuyl
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: Yvo M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Smulders
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nurmohamed
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha