title: Marked reduction of AKT1 expression and deregulation of AKT1-associated pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of schizophrenia patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have suggested that deregulated AKT1 signaling is associated with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that if this is indeed the case, we should observe both decreased AKT1 expression as well as deregulation of AKT1 regulated pathways in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine PBMC expression levels of AKT1 in schizophrenia patients versus controls, and to examine whether functional biological processes in which AKT1 plays an important role are deregulated in schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A case-control study, investigating whole-genome PBMC gene expression in male, recent onset (<5 years) schizophrenia patients (N = 41) as compared to controls (N = 29). Genes, differentially expressed between patients and controls were identified using ANOVA with Benjamini-Hochberg correction (false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.05). Functional aspects of the deregulated set of genes were investigated with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) Software Tool. We found significantly decreased PBMC expression of AKT1 (p<0.001, t = -4.25) in the patients. AKT1 expression was decreased in antipsychotic-free or -naive patients (N = 11), in florid psychotic (N = 20) and in remitted (N = 21) patients. A total of 1224 genes were differentially expressed between patients and controls (FDR = 0.05). Functional analysis of the entire deregulated gene set indicated deregulated canonical pathways involved in a large number of cellular processes: immune system, cell adhesion and neuronal guidance, neurotrophins and (neural) growth factors, oxidative stress and glucose metabolism, and apoptosis and cell-cycle regulation. Many of these processes are associated with AKT1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show significantly decreased PBMC gene expression of AKT1 in male, recent-onset schizophrenia patients. Our observations suggest that decreased PBMC AKT1 expression is a stable trait in recent onset, male schizophrenia patients. We identified several AKT related cellular processes which are potentially affected in these patients, a majority of which play a prominent role in current schizophrenia hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.m.vanbeveren@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Nico J M
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: van Beveren
authors.forename: Gabrielle H S
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Buitendijk
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swagemakers
authors.forename: Lianne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Krab
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Röder
authors.forename: Lieuwe
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Spek
authors.forename: Ype
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Elgersma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D019921:Biotinylation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002453:Cell Cycle; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt