title: The tetramethoxyflavone zapotin selectively activates protein kinase C epsilon, leading to its down-modulation accompanied by Bcl-2, c-Jun and c-Fos decrease.
abstract: Zapotin, a tetramethoxyflavone, is a natural compound with a wide spectrum of activities in neoplastic cells. Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) has been shown to be oncogenic, with the ability to increase cell migration, invasion and survival of tumor cells. Here we report that zapotin inhibits cell proliferation. In wild-type HeLa cells with basal endogenous expression of PKCε, the IC(50) was found to be 17.9 ± 1.6 μM. In HeLa cells overexpressing doxycycline-inducible constitutively active PKCε (HeLaPKCεA/E), the IC(50) was 7.6 ± 1.3 μM, suggesting that PKCε enhances the anti-proliferative effect of zapotin. Moreover, we found that zapotin selectively activated PKCε in comparison with other PKC family members, but attenuated doxycycline-induced PKCε expression. As a result of zapotin treatment for 6, 12 and 24h, the doxycycline-induced levels of the two differently phosphorylated PKCε forms (87 kDa and 95 kDa) were decreased. Migration assays revealed that increasing concentrations of zapotin (from 3.5 to 15 μM) decreased migration of HeLaPKCεA/E cells. Furthermore, zapotin significantly increased the fraction of apoptotic cells in doxycycline-induced (HeLaPKCεA/E) cells after 24h and decreased the levels of Bcl-2, c-Jun, c-Fos. This was accompanied by a degradation of PARP-1. In summary, activation of PKCε and down-modulation of the induced PKCε level by zapotin were associated with decreased migration and increased apoptosis. These observations are consistent with the previously reported chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic action of zapotin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toton
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lisiak
authors.forename: Blazej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubis
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Budzianowski
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rybczynska
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047309:Flavones; D007527:Isoenzymes; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; C517807:zapotin; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D004318:Doxycycline