title: Pain and accuracy of focal laser treatment for diabetic macular edema using a retinal navigated laser (Navilas).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate treatment-related pain and the accuracy of navigated laser photocoagulation in the treatment of clinically significant macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focal laser treatment of diabetic macular edema in 54 consecutive patients was digitally planned on fundus images and performed using the navigated laser photocoagulation system Navilas(®) (OD-OS GmbH, Teltow, Germany). Treatment-related pain was quantified on a visual analog scale directly after treatment and compared with a matched control group who received conventional laser treatment (n = 46). In addition, for Navilas-treated patients, the accuracy of spot placement on color images was analyzed 1 month after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 5423 laser spots (mean 100 per eye) were analyzed. With navigated treatment, 90% of laser spots were visible on color images, of which 96% were within 100 μm from the target. Eighty percent of the laser spots were placed and visible within the 100 μm target on an intention-to-treat basis for color imaging. Optical coherence topography confirmed that laser effects were limited to the outer retina. Treatment-related pain following navigated laser photocoagulation was significantly lower than that of conventional laser treatment (1.6 vs 4.4 on a visual analog scale, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Navigated laser effects could be visualized to a high percentage on post-treatment color images, and their location showed a high concordance to targeted areas. Patients reported that treatment-related pain following Navilas laser photocoagulation was significantly lower than pain following conventional laser treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kernt
authors.forename: Raoul E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cheuteu
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cserhati
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seidensticker
authors.forename: Raffael G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Liegl
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haritoglou
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampik
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ulbig
authors.forename: Aljoscha S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Neubauer