title: Differentiated thyroid cancers: a comprehensive review of novel targeted therapies.
abstract: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) accounts for more than 90% of new thyroid cancer diagnoses, and includes papillary, follicular and Hürthle cell carcinoma. The prognosis for the vast majority of individuals diagnosed with DTC is excellent, with current treatment that includes surgery, radioactive iodine ablation and postoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression. Unfortunately, the small proportion of individuals who develop radioactive iodine-resistant recurrent disease have few treatment options, and the vast majority will eventually die from their disease. Recently, several novel targets for anticancer agents have been identified and offer new hope for thyroid cancer patients diagnosed with progressive disease. In addition to targeting genes commonly altered in thyroid cancer, which include mutations in BRAF, RAS and RET, proangiogenic growth factor receptors and the sodium-iodide symporter have also been targeted. Several clinical trials evaluating tyrosine kinase and angiogenesis inhibitors for treatment of individuals diagnosed with metastatic or treatment-refractory DTC are currently underway. The objective of this review is to evaluate recent clinical trials that have studied novel targeted drugs for treatment of DTC.
authors.affiliation: St Paul's Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, C303-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
authors.forename: Katarina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kojic
authors.forename: Stefan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kojic
authors.forename: Sam M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wiseman
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D054337:Cell Dedifferentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D018450:Disease Progression; D060467:Disease Resistance; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000235:genetics; D052416:Targeted Gene Repair / Q000379:methods*; D035703:Therapies, Investigational; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf