title: A comparison of cigarette- and hookah-related videos on YouTube.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  YouTube is now the second most visited site on the internet. The authors aimed to compare characteristics of and messages conveyed by cigarette- and hookah-related videos on YouTube.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search procedures yielded 66 cigarette-related and 61 hookah-related videos. After three trained qualitative researchers used an iterative approach to develop and refine definitions for the coding of variables, two of them independently coded each video for content including positive and negative associations with smoking and major content type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median view counts were 606,884 for cigarettes-related videos and 102,307 for hookah-related videos (p<0.001). However, the number of comments per 1000 views was significantly lower for cigarette-related videos than for hookah-related videos (1.6 vs 2.5, p=0.003). There was no significant difference in the number of 'like' designations per 100 reactions (91 vs 87, p=0.39). Cigarette-related videos were less likely than hookah-related videos to portray tobacco use in a positive light (24% vs 92%, p<0.001). In addition, cigarette-related videos were more likely to be of high production quality (42% vs 5%, p<0.001), to mention short-term consequences (50% vs 18%, p<0.001) and long-term consequences (44% vs 2%, p<0.001) of tobacco use, to contain explicit antismoking messages (39% vs 0%, p<0.001) and to provide specific information on how to quit tobacco use (21% vs 0%, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although internet user-generated videos related to cigarette smoking often acknowledge harmful consequences and provide explicit antismoking messages, hookah-related videos do not. It may be valuable for public health programmes to correct common misconceptions regarding hookah use.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Health Care, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Mary V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shensa
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Primack
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D012907:Smoking; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014743:Videotape Recording