title: Cost effectiveness of strategies to combat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: mathematical modelling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the population level costs, effects, and cost effectiveness of selected, individual based interventions to combat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in the context of low and middle income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sectoral cost effectiveness analysis using a lifetime population model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two World Health Organization sub-regions of the world: countries in sub-Saharan Africa with very high adult and high child mortality (AfrE); and countries in South East Asia with high adult and high child mortality (SearD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Disease rates and profiles were taken from the WHO Global Burden of Disease study; estimates of intervention effects and resource needs were drawn from clinical trials, observational studies, and treatment guidelines. Unit costs were taken from a WHO price database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted, expressed in international dollars ($Int) for the year 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both regions low dose inhaled corticosteroids for mild persistent asthma was considered the most cost effective intervention, with average cost per DALY averted about $Int2500. The next best value strategies were influenza vaccine for COPD in Sear-D (incremental cost $Int4950 per DALY averted) and low dose inhaled corticosteroids plus long acting β agonists for moderate persistent asthma in Afr-E (incremental cost $Int9112 per DALY averted).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COPD is irreversible and progressive, and current treatment options produce relatively little gains relative to the cost. The treatment options available for asthma, however, generally decrease chronic respiratory disease burden at a relatively low cost.
authors.affiliation: World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. astanciole@worldbank.org
authors.forename: Anderson E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stanciole
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortegón
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult