title: Association of clinical signs with endoscopic findings in horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome: 118 cases (2003-2008).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the associations between clinical signs of nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome (NCS) and endoscopic findings in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  239 horses (118 case horses and 121 control horses).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of horses that had an endoscopic evaluation of the upper airway performed between January 2003 and December 2008 were reviewed. Clinical signs and the appearance and anatomic locations of lesions identified during endoscopic evaluation were reviewed and recorded for each horse. The associations between clinical signs and endoscopic findings were evaluated by the use of a prospective logistic model that used a Bayesian method for inference and was implemented by a Markov chain Monte Carlo method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal discharge was associated with acute inflammation of the pharynx and larynx. Exercise intolerance was associated with circumferential pharyngeal lesions. Respiratory noise was associated with chronic scarring of the pharynx, a combination of pharyngeal and laryngeal scarring, and circumferential scarring of the pharynx. Respiratory distress was associated with acute inflammation of all portions of the airway, especially when there was preexisting scarring and narrowing of the airway by ≥ 50%. Cough did not have any significant association with NCS, compared with results in control horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between the endoscopic appearance of NCS lesions and relevant clinical signs will help practitioners identify horses with NCS and allow them to select appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. tnorman@cvm.tamu.edu
authors.forename: Tracy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: M Keith
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chaffin
authors.forename: Wesley T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Bisset
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D006736:Horses; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009302:Nasopharyngeal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies