title: Association between change in employment status and new-onset depressive symptoms in South Korea -         a gender analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the association of change in employment status with new-onset         depressive symptoms, particularly differences stemming from workers' gender, in South Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed         data from the ongoing Korean Welfare Panel Study. After excluding participants who had depressive symptoms at baseline         (2007), we analyzed 2891 participants who became a precarious or permanent worker or unemployed at follow-up (2008)         among waged workers who were permanent or precarious workers at baseline. Workers were classified as permanent workers         if they had full-time, secure jobs and were directly hired by their employers; workers not meeting all these criteria         were classified as precarious workers. Depressive symptoms were assessed annually using the 11-item Center for         Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. To reduce potential bias due to pre-existing health conditions, we also         examined the association in a subpopulation excluding participants with any pre-existing chronic disease or disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to those who maintained permanent employment, workers who became unemployed following precarious         employment had higher odds of developing depressive symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)         1.01-5.25]. In gender-stratified analyses, new-onset depressive symptoms were strongly associated with the change         from precarious to permanent employment (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.20-5.52) as well as the change from permanent to         precarious employment (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.24-6.66) among females; no significant association was observed in the         male subpopulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that changes from precarious to permanent work or from permanent to         precarious work were associated with new-onset depressive symptoms among South Korean women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. sskim@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Seung-Sup
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Glorian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea