title: Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour. Emotional mechanisms are thought to be involved in mediating implicit "outgroup" bias but there is little evidence concerning the underlying neurobiology. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of noradrenergic mechanisms in the generation of implicit racial attitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers (n = 36) of white ethnic origin, received a single oral dose of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (40 mg), in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design. Participants completed an explicit measure of prejudice and the racial implicit association test (IAT), 1-2 h after propranolol administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice. Propranolol did not affect subjective mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that β-adrenoceptors play a role in the expression of implicit racial attitudes suggesting that noradrenaline-related emotional mechanisms may mediate negative racial bias. Our findings may also have practical importance given that propranolol is a widely used drug. However, further studies will be needed to examine whether a similar effect can be demonstrated in the course of clinical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK. sylvia.terbeck@psy.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terbeck
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kahane
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McTavish
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savulescu
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cowen
authors.forename: Miles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hewstone
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol