title: Primary mixed neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder with large cell component: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) of the bladder are rarely encountered, and only a few reports have been documented. Frequently, they are found to be admixed with other histologies. In this report, we describe such a tumor found in a 65-year-old man who underwent radical cystectomy, after initial transurethral resection discovered a small cell NEC pathology. We also reviewed the limited number of neuroendocrine tumors reported containing a large cell component. Given the paucity of these tumors and the resultant difficulty in developing generalized treatment protocols, we promote the use of gene expression models to tailor chemotherapeutic regimens for individual tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. christopher-engles@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: C Dirk
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Engles
authors.forename: Gennady
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Slobodov
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Buethe
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Culkin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy