title: Implications of maternal nutrient restriction in transgenerational programming of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction across F1-F3 offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An extensive variety of prenatal insults are associated with an increased incidence of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in adult life. We previously demonstrated that maternal global nutrient restriction during pregnancy leads to increased blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction in the adult offspring. This study aimed to assess whether prenatal exposure to nutritional insult has transgenerational effects in F2 and F3 offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this, female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups on day 1 of pregnancy: a control group fed standard chow ad libitum and a restricted group fed 50% of the ad libitum intake throughout gestation. At delivery, all animals were fed a standard laboratory chow diet. At 11 weeks of age, one female and one male from each restricted litter were randomly selected and mated with rats from another restricted litters in order to generate the F2 offspring. The same procedure produced F3 generation. Similarly, the rats in the control group were bred for each generation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings show that the deleterious effects of maternal nutrient restriction to which the F0 mothers were exposed may not be limited to the male first generation. In fact, we found that elevated blood pressure, an impaired vasodilatory response to acetylcholine and alterations in NO production were all transferred to the subsequent males from F2 and F3 generations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that global nutrient restriction during pregnancy results in a specific phenotype that can be passed transgenerationally to a second and third generation.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Medicine Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz Felice
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Ponzio
authors.forename: Maria Helena Catelli
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Zuleica Bruno
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: do Carmo Franco
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000109:Acetylcholine