title: Long-distance gene flow and adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change.
abstract: Forest trees are the dominant species in many parts of the world and predicting how they might respond to climate change is a vital global concern. Trees are capable of long-distance gene flow, which can promote adaptive evolution in novel environments by increasing genetic variation for fitness. It is unclear, however, if this can compensate for maladaptive effects of gene flow and for the long-generation times of trees. We critically review data on the extent of long-distance gene flow and summarise theory that allows us to predict evolutionary responses of trees to climate change. Estimates of long-distance gene flow based both on direct observations and on genetic methods provide evidence that genes can move over spatial scales larger than habitat shifts predicted under climate change within one generation. Both theoretical and empirical data suggest that the positive effects of gene flow on adaptation may dominate in many instances. The balance of positive to negative consequences of gene flow may, however, differ for leading edge, core and rear sections of forest distributions. We propose future experimental and theoretical research that would better integrate dispersal biology with evolutionary quantitative genetics and improve predictions of tree responses to climate change.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Ophélie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ronce
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Robledo-Arnuncio
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guillaume
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bohrer
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Jon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bridle
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomulkiewicz
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Etienne K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Kermit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritland
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuparinen
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Cestas, F-33610, FranceUniversité de Bordeaux, UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Talence, F-33410, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2 CNRS, UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, FranceDepartment of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain ETH, Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USAMovement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, IsraelSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 IUG, UKSchool of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USAINRA, UR Biostatistiques & Processus Spatiaux 546, F-84914 Avignon, FranceDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEcological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, FinlandFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorf-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schueler
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D057231:Climate Change; D065928:Forests; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007178:Inbreeding; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011058:Pollen; D058614:Seed Dispersal; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014197:Trees / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology