title: Automatic measurement of renal volume in children using 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid SPECT: normal ranges with body weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to automate volume measurement of pediatric kidneys using Technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc DMSA) SPECT. Assessment of renal size is essential in making an accurate clinical diagnosis and in evaluating normal and abnormal renal growth. Existing techniques for measuring renal length and volume are often observer-dependent and are limited by interobserver variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  An automated method using 99mTc DMSA SPECT was developed to measure renal length, volume, and 2D/3D split renal functions. An adaptive threshold was used for segmentation of renal images. To improve measurement accuracy of renal volumes, a boundary-weighted integration and a linear correction from phantom experiments were applied. Using the new automated software, we evaluated 620 normal kidneys in 310 patients aged 1 to 21 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 99.4% of renal volume measurement was inter-/intraobserver reproducible without manual intervention. Correlations between renal size (volume and length) and growth parameters (age and body weight) were evaluated by nonlinear regression modeling. Body weight was found to be the best predictor of kidney volume and length (P < 0.0001). Normal ranges were established according to body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automatic renal volume measurement with 99mTc DMSA SPECT demonstrates high observer reproducibility, and it is useful for achieving accurate assessment of renal growth using sequential measurements. The renal growth models generated by this study will aid physicians in evaluating and monitoring renal growth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: S Ted
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Treves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001331:Automation; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D009929:Organ Size; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012984:Software; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid