title: Role of the human erythrocyte in generation and storage of asymmetric dimethylarginine.
abstract: Proteolytic activity in whole blood may lead to release of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). We investigated the role of the human erythrocyte in storage and generation of ADMA in healthy controls (n = 36) and critically ill patients (n = 38). Both free and total (sum of free and protein-incorporated) ADMA were measured. Upon incubation of intact erythrocytes with extracellular ADMA (0 to 40 μmol/l), equilibrium between intra- and extracellular ADMA was reached within 3 h. Compared with controls, patients had significantly higher basal concentrations of ADMA in plasma (0.88 ± 0.75 vs. 0.41 ± 0.07 μmol/l) and erythrocytes (1.28 ± 0.55 vs. 0.57 ± 0.14 μmol/l). Intracellular and plasma ADMA were significantly correlated in the patient group only (r = 0.834). Upon lysis, followed by incubation at 37°C for 2 h, free ADMA increased sevenfold (to 8.60 ± 3.61 μmol/l in patients and 3.90 ± 0.78 μmol/l in controls). In lysates of controls, free ADMA increased further to 9.85 ± 1.35 μmol/l after 18 h. Total ADMA was 15.43 ± 2.44 μmol/l and did not change during incubation. The increase of free ADMA during incubation corresponded to substantial release of ADMA from the erythrocytic protein-incorporated pool (21.9 ± 4.6% at 2 h and 60.8 ± 7.6% at 18 h). ADMA was released from proteins other than hemoglobin, which only occurred after complete lysis and was blocked by combined inhibition of proteasomal and protease activity. Neither intact nor lysed erythrocytes mediated degradation of free ADMA. We conclude that intact erythrocytes play an important role in storage of ADMA, whereas upon erythrocyte lysis large amounts of free ADMA are generated by proteolysis of methylated proteins, which may affect plasma levels in hemolysis-associated diseases.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mariska
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davids
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Hell
authors.forename: Marlieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nijveldt
authors.forename: Paul A M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teerlink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001692:Biological Transport; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016638:Critical Illness; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011485:Protein Binding; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001798:Blood Proteins; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D001120:Arginine; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex