title: Perceived control in clinically anxious and non-anxious children indirectly measured with the Implicit Association Procedure (IAP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perceived control is thought to play an important role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in children. The objective of the present study was to further investigate the Perceived Control Implicit Association Procedure (IAP, Hogendoorn et al., 2008) as an indirect measure of perceived control in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IAP was completed by 136 anxiety disordered children (aged 8-18 years old, M = 12.51) and 31 non-selected children (8-15 years old, M = 11.65). A second control group of 38 non-selected children (aged 8-18 years old, M = 12.08) was used to validate the pictorial stimuli in the computer task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, children were able to correctly classify the pictures into Control and No control categories. Second, as predicted, anxious children reported less perceived control than the control group on both the direct measure (the ACQ-C) and the indirect measure (IAP). For the No Control score however, this was only the case for children younger than twelve years old. Third, test-retest correlation in the anxious group was fair to good (ICCs .57-.58).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the perceived control IAP is still quite experimental, but could be an interesting departure point for future research on perceived control in children.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/De Bascule, PO Box 303, 1115 ZG Duivendrecht, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.m.hogendoorn@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Sanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hogendoorn
authors.forename: Leentje
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vervoort
authors.forename: Lidewij H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: Pier J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Catharina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Maaike H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nauta
authors.forename: Frits
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results