title: Class start times, sleep, and academic performance in college: a path analysis.
abstract: Path analysis was used to examine the relationship between class start times, sleep, circadian preference, and academic performance in college-aged adults. Consistent with observations in middle and high school students, college students with later class start times slept longer, experienced less daytime sleepiness, and were less likely to miss class. Chronotype was an important moderator of sleep schedules and daytime functioning; those with morning preference went to bed and woke up earlier and functioned better throughout the day. The benefits of taking later classes did not extend to academic performance, however; grades were somewhat lower in students with predominantly late class schedules. Furthermore, students taking later classes were at greater risk for increased alcohol consumption, and among all the factors affecting academic performance, alcohol misuse exerted the strongest effect. Thus, these results indicate that later class start times in college, while allowing for more sleep, also increase the likelihood of alcohol misuse, ultimately impeding academic success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York 13617, USA. sonyper@stlawu.edu
authors.forename: Serge V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Onyper
authors.forename: Pamela V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Thacher
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gradess
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult