title: Associations between disability and employment 1 year after traumatic brain injury in a working age population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate associations between disability and employment 1 year after traumatic brain injury (TBI) using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a conceptual model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study including 93 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI (aged 16-55 year). Disability components of the ICF model (impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions) and personal factors (age, gender, pre-injury employment status) were used as independent variables. The outcome measure was employment at 1 year post-injury categorized into unemployed and employed groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Personal factors, impairments (brain injury severity, overall trauma severity and number of impaired body functions) and activity limitations (motor and cognitive abilities) accounted for 57% of the variance in employment outcome. Multivariate analyses showed that the probabilities of being employed 1 year post-injury were 95% lower for patients who were unemployed pre-injury (OR = 0.05), 74% lower for those with more severe brain injury (OR = 0.26) and 82% lower for those with more cognitive limitations (OR = 0.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rehabilitation professionals should take into account the importance of the ICF model when planning vocational rehabilitation interventions for individuals with TBI and focus on targeting modifiable aspects related to employment outcome, such as the individual's cognitive ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Oslo, Norway. nadand@ous-hf.no
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andelic
authors.forename: Lillian Flores
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Solrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sigurdardottir
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult