title: The sub-pial resection technique for intrinsic tumor surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The technique of sub-pial resection, first described in the early 1900s, was later refined by Penfield and Jasper for removal of supratentorial epileptic cortex. This technique has not been widely adopted for intrinsic tumor resection, for which the most widely used technique involves piecemeal aspiration of the tumor. This technique of "staying within the tumor" results in persistent bleeding, with obscuration of the tumor/brain interface, potentially yielding less than satisfactory results. In our experience, the sub-pial technique is useful for resections of supratentorial intrinsic tumor. We report the use of sub-pial resection technique and present illustrative cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sub-pial resection technique is described along with important clinical decision-making guidelines. Representative cases are presented to discuss application of the sub-pial technique and to demonstrate surgical results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sub-pial technique preserves the pia during cortical resections and makes it easier to protect and identify normal anatomy, including sulci, gyri, cranial nerves, and major vascular structures. This reduces bleeding, making surgery safer and more efficient. In most cases, an en bloc resection can be accomplished, permitting more accurate histopathology and more extensive tissue acquisition for research purposes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sub-pial technique can be incorporated into strategies for supratentorial intrinsic tumor resections, including temporal, frontal, occipital, and insular tumors, at para-Sylvian or para-insular-sulcus locations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Adam O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Hebb
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Silbergeld