title: Prevalence and progression of peripheral vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes subjects with preserved kidney function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine predictors of prevalence and progression of peripheral vascular calcification (VC) in type 2 diabetes (DM) subjects with preserved kidney function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight subjects (age 63 ± 11.6 years) with type 2 DM and serum creatinine <125 μmol/l were studied. A CT scan of femoral, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries was carried out at baseline and at one year. Serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL were measured along with routine biochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight percent of patients had baseline VC, 47% with femoral VC, 49% with VC at two sites - femoral and foot, and 4% foot VC alone. Age, ethnicity, peripheral neuropathy and eGFR were independent predictors of baseline VC. Baseline calcification was the most important predictor of VC progression and was present in all subjects with progression compared to 35% of non-progressors (p < 0.001). Exclusion of demographic factors from models revealed neuropathy and serum OPG levels as independent predictors of both; baseline VC and progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with type 2 DM and well-preserved renal function had a high prevalence of VC, which was rapidly progressive especially in those with baseline VC. Age, ethnicity, neuropathy, smoking and eGFR were predictors of baseline VC and progression.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, East and North Herts NHS Trust, SG1 4AB, UK. dsingh4@nhs.net
authors.forename: Dhruv K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winocour
authors.forename: Bev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Summerhayes
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaniyur
authors.forename: Adie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viljoen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farrington
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016909:Tibial Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D003404:Creatinine