title: Analysis of biological tissues in infant chest for the development of an equivalent radiographic phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of the present study was to determine the amounts of different tissues in the chest of the newborn patient (age ≤1 year), with the aim of developing a homogeneous phantom chest equivalent. This type of phantom is indispensable in the development of optimization procedures for radiographic techniques, including dosimetric control, which is a crucial aspect of pediatric radiology. The authors present a systematic set of procedures, including a computational algorithm, to estimate the amounts of tissues and thicknesses of the corresponding simulator material plates used to construct the phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Gaussian fit of computed tomographic (CT) analysis was applied to classify and quantify different biological tissues. The methodology is summarized with a computational algorithm, which was used to quantify tissues through automated CT analysis. The thicknesses of the equivalent homogeneous simulator material plates were determined to construct the phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 180 retrospective CT examinations with anterior-posterior diameter values ranging 8.5-13.0 cm were examined. The amounts of different tissues were evaluated. The results provided elements to construct a phantom to simulate the infant chest in the posterior-anterior or anterior-posterior (PA/AP) view.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this report represents the first demonstration of an infant chest phantom dedicated to the radiology of children younger than one year. This phantom is a key element in the development of clinical charts for optimizing radiographic technique in pediatric patients. Optimization procedures for nonstandard patients were reported previously [Pina et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 49, N215-N226 (2004) and Pina et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot. 67, 61-69 (2009)]. The constructed phantom represents a starting point to obtain radiologic protocols for the infant patient.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil. drpina@fmb.unsep.br
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pina
authors.forename: Rafael T F
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Sergio B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Matheus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Jose R A
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013909:Thorax / Q000166:cytology*