title: The geological record of ocean acidification.
abstract: Ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems; however, assessing its future impact is difficult because laboratory experiments and field observations are limited by their reduced ecologic complexity and sample period, respectively. In contrast, the geological record contains long-term evidence for a variety of global environmental perturbations, including ocean acidification plus their associated biotic responses. We review events exhibiting evidence for elevated atmospheric CO(2), global warming, and ocean acidification over the past ~300 million years of Earth's history, some with contemporaneous extinction or evolutionary turnover among marine calcifiers. Although similarities exist, no past event perfectly parallels future projections in terms of disrupting the balance of ocean carbonate chemistry-a consequence of the unprecedented rapidity of CO(2) release currently taking place.
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Bärbel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hönisch
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ridgwell
authors.forename: Daniela N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Appy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sluijs
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeebe
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kump
authors.forename: Rowan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Martindale
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kiessling
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zachos
authors.forename: Dana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Marchitto
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelejero
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ziveri
authors.forename: Gavin L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Branwen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D001272:Atmosphere; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002254:Carbonates / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005544:Forecasting; D005580:Fossils; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide