title: Lung infections in the HIV-infected adult.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review describes current epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of adult HIV-related lung infections using evidence published within the past 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent evidence has helped better determine the importance of early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in co-infected individuals with advanced immune suppression. Although this has led to a greatly reduced incidence of opportunistic infections in people with HIV, Pneumocystis pneumonia remains common. Pneumonia due to bacterial pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, also causes considerable disease burden, but emerging evidence of the clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination, especially conjugated vaccines, offers considerable promise. As HIV-infected populations become older, more emphasis should be given to the potential benefit of influenza prevention, particularly with vaccination, and encouraging smoking cessation. Co-infection with tuberculosis is still a huge problem worldwide, but the recent development and use of simple clinical algorithms based on symptoms and point-of-care testing for recognizing active disease offers great potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lung remains an important site of disease in HIV-infected individuals. Increasing emphasis should be placed upon prevention of infection and modification of risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Medicine, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings College London, UK.
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Ronan A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Breen
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000328:Adult; D060085:Coinfection; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines