title: Cytomorphological analysis of uterine cervical pap smears in relation to human papillomavirus infection in Indonesian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cervical cancer is the number one cause of cancer-associated death in Indonesian women (30/100,000 annually), where no screening program is present. The Papanicolaou test is widely accepted as an effective screening method for cervical neoplasia detection and often shows certain cytological features associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Especially in developing countries, cytological investigation is still the method of choice as compared to the frequent use of HPV DNA testing in western countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we investigated the validity of the use of cytomorphological changes as a marker for HPV infection. A total of 140 smears collected in three different areas in Indonesia (Jakarta, Tasikmalaya and Bali) were analyzed. HPV DNA testing was performed using INNO-LiPA assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a highly significant association of classical koilocytosis, multinucleated cells, dyskeratosis-parakeratosis, nuclear membrane, enlarged nuclei, moderate/strong hyperchromasia and chromatin pattern with HPV positivity. Using classical and nonclassical cytomorphological parameters we found an overall sensitivity of 42% and a specificity of 90%. The combination of classical and nonclassical parameters led to a higher sensitivity of HPV positivity prediction. These results are of importance for cytologists in developing countries as molecular HPV testing still poses a major financial, logistic and expertise problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Lisnawati
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rachmadi
authors.forename: Ekaterina S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Jordanova
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolkman-Uljee
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van der Linden-Narain
authors.forename: Gatot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Purwoto
authors.forename: Budiningsih
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Siregar
authors.forename: Gert Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fleuren
authors.forename: Santoso
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cornain
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veselic
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral