title: Effectiveness of gonadotropin administration for spermatogenesis induction in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a possible role of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and therapeutic measures.
abstract: Prepuberal-onset (PRHH) and postpuberal-onset (PSHH) Hypogonadotropic Hypogondism (HH) refer to a heterogeneous group of patients, showing a broad spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms of androgen deficiency in consideration of the different possible aetiologies and the age at onset. These patients, though, required Gonadotropin treatment (GnTh) by means of administration of both the β Human Chorionic Gonodadotropin (β HCG) and the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) to obtain mature sperms in the ejaculate aiming to reach fertility levels. However, the response to GnTh is always unpredictable concerning either the effectiveness or the duration of the therapy. Consequently, different studies have been carried out to identify clinical (i.e. cryptorchidism, gynecomastia, testis size, etc) and biochemical markers [serum Testosterone (T) and Inhibin B (IB)] that can be useful to predict the effectiveness of GnTh. Given that the actions of T, even those directed at inducing and maintaining spermatogenesis, are mediated by its interaction with the Androgen Receptor (AR), we measured the AR CAG repeat polymorphism in men with HH, in order to examine whether the CAG polymorphism extensions could co-regulate the GnTh effectiveness. Twenty-three HH subjects were subdivided according to the age at onset (pre- and postpubertal) and treated with the same scheme and doses of GnTh, extending the period of treatment up to 30 months. Thirty-five healthy and fertile men served as a control group (CG). Twelve HH subjects (3 PRHH and 9 PSHH), who reached complete spermatogenesis within 12 months, showed the length of AR CAG repeat number [20 (19-23) = median (interquartile range 25th - 75th percentile)] not statistically different from our CG [20 (19-22)], while CAG repeat number [23 (20-25)] of 11 HH patients (9 PRHH and 2 PSHH) who obtained mature sperms in their ejaculate beyond a year to within 30 months, was significantly higher. Our results suggest that the length of AR CAG repeat polymorphism might affect the response to GnTh in men suffering from HH, in particular in those patients with prepubertal-onset hypogonadism.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy. vitogiagulli@alice.it
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Giagulli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Triggiani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corona
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tafaro
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Licchelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Resta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabbà
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guastamacchia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004351:Drug Resistance; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D007265:Inhibins / Q000097:blood; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011627:Puberty; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D015415:Biomarkers; D006062:Gonadotropins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C422364:inhibin B; D007265:Inhibins