title: Enzymatically induced mineralization of platelet-rich fibrin.
abstract: Membranes of the autologous blood-derived biomaterial platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) were functionalized by incorporation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme involved in mineralization of bone, and subsequently incubated in calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) solution to induce PRFs mineralization with calcium phosphate (CaP) to improve PRFs suitability as a material for bone replacement. Incorporated ALP retained its bioactivity and induced formation of CaP material within PRF membranes, as confirmed by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and von Kossa staining. The mass percentage attributable to CaP was quantified by lyophilization and measurement of the remaining mass fraction as well as by TGA. Cytocompatibility tests (LDH, MTT, and WST) with SAOS-2 cells showed that mineralized PRF did not release substances detrimental to cell vitality. Live/dead staining and SEM showed that mineralized PRF was colonized by cells. The results show that hydrogel biomaterials such as PRF can be mineralized through functionalization with ALP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Timothy E L
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gassling
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Purcz
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pamula
authors.forename: Håvard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: Safak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chasan
authors.forename: Eric L W
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: de Mulder
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Sander C G
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Leeuwenburgh
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002417:Cattle; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D005337:Fibrin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase