title: Degradation of carbamazepine in environmentally relevant concentrations in water by Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation (HAC).
abstract: The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine is one of the most abundant pharmaceuticals in the German aquatic environment. The effect of low carbamazepine concentrations (1-50 μg L(-1)) is discussed controversially, but ecotoxicological studies revealed reproduction toxicity, decreased enzymatic activity and bioaccumulation in different test organisms. Therefore, as a preventive step, an efficient and cost-effective technique for wastewater treatment plants is needed to stop the entry of pharmaceuticals into the aquatic environment. Cavitation, the formation, growth, and subsequent collapse of gas- or vapor-filled bubbles in fluids, was applied to solve this problem. The technique of Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation was used showing high synergistic effect. Under optimized conditions carbamazepine (5 μg L(-1)) was transformed by pseudo-first order kinetics to an extent of >96% within 15 min (27% by hydrodynamic cavitation, 33% by acoustic cavitation). A synergistic effect of 63% based on the sum of the single methods was calculated. Carbamazepine concentrations were monitored by a sensitive and selective immunoassay and after 60 min no known metabolites were detectable by LC-MS/MS.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braeutigam
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Rudolf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stolle
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ondruschka
mesh_terms: D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005858:Germany; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007118:Immunoassay; D007700:Kinetics; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine