title: Rapid screening of chemical warfare nerve agent metabolites in urine by atmospheric solids analysis probe-mass spectroscopy (ASAP-MS).
abstract: Exposures to organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA) remain a threat to both civilian and military populations. Verification of exposures typically involves determinations of urinary metabolites or adducted proteins in blood. Urinary alkyl methylphosphonic acid metabolites resulting from hydrolysis of OPNAs provide a convenient marker for OPNA exposure. In a military setting, urine is a relatively easy sample to obtain, and a rapid turnaround for analyses for the identification of metabolites is critical for field commanders. Timely information on use and identity of OPNAs facilitates decisions regarding employment of personal protective equipment and additional strategies to mitigate additional exposure(s). Herein, we report the development of a rapid mass spectrometric (MS) method to identify OPNA metabolites directly from urine with no sample preparation. Synthetic urine spiked with multiple OPNA metabolites was analyzed using an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) attached to a high resolution mass spectrometer. The alkyl methylphosphonic acid metabolites resulting from hydrolysis of sarin, cyclosarin, soman, and Russian VX were clearly detectable down to a level of 1.0 ng/ml. The ability to rapidly detect OPNA metabolites in unprepared urine allows for the design of a field-deployable device that could afford field personnel the ability to rapidly screen individuals for specific OPNA exposure. In addition, this provides proof-of-concept evidence that a fieldable ASAP-MS device could afford personnel the ability to rapidly detect OPNAs on skin, equipment, and other porous surfaces. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
authors.affiliation: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense-Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. frank.zydel@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zydel
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Vincent S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pagnotti
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: Benedict R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Capacio
mesh_terms: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds