title: Verification of proton range, position, and intensity in IMPT with a 3D liquid scintillator detector system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) using spot scanned proton beams relies on the delivery of a large number of beamlets to shape the dose distribution in a highly conformal manner. The authors have developed a 3D system based on liquid scintillator to measure the spatial location, intensity, and depth of penetration (energy) of the proton beamlets in near real-time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The detector system consists of a 20 × 20 × 20 cc liquid scintillator (LS) material in a light tight enclosure connected to a CCD camera. This camera has a field of view of 25.7 by 19.3 cm and a pixel size of 0.4 mm. While the LS is irradiated, the camera continuously acquires images of the light distribution produced inside the LS. Irradiations were made with proton pencil beams produced with a spot-scanning nozzle. Pencil beams with nominal ranges in water between 9.5 and 17.6 cm were scanned to irradiate an area of 10 × 10 cm square on the surface of the LS phantom. Image frames were acquired at 50 ms per frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The signal to noise ratio of a typical Bragg peak was about 170. Proton range measured from the light distribution produced in the LS was accurate to within 0.3 mm on average. The largest deviation seen between the nominal and measured range was 0.6 mm. Lateral position of the measured pencil beam was accurate to within 0.4 mm on average. The largest deviation seen between the nominal and measured lateral position was 0.8 mm; however, the accuracy of this measurement could be improved by correcting light scattering artifacts. Intensity of single proton spots were measured with precision ranging from 3 % for the smallest spot intensity (0.005 MU) to 0.5 % for the largest spot (0.04 MU).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our LS detector system has been shown to be capable of fast, submillimeter spatial localization of proton spots delivered in a 3D volume. This system could be used for beam range, intensity and position verification in IMPT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Archambault
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poenisch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahoo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gillin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beddar
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011786:Quality Control; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012588:Scintillation Counting / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons