title: Martial arts: time needed for training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the time needed to teach a series of martial arts techniques to proficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen volunteer subjects without any prior martial arts or self-defense experience were recruited. A panel of martial arts experts selected 21 different techniques including defensive stances, arm blocks, elbow strikes, palm strikes, thumbs to eyes, instep kicks and a carotid neck restraint. The critical elements of each technique were identified by the panel and incorporated into a teaching protocol, and then into a scoring system. Two black belt martial arts instructors directed a total of forty-five 45-minute training sessions. Videotaped proficiency testing was performed weekly. The videotapes were reviewed by the investigators to determine the proficiency levels of each subject for each technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The techniques were rated by the average number of training sessions needed for an individual to develop proficiency in that technique. The mean number of sessions necessary to train individuals to proficiency ranged from 27 to 38.3. Using this system, the most difficult techniques seemed to be elbow strikes to the rear, striking with thumbs to the eyes and arm blocking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study 29 hours of training was necessary to train novice students to be proficient in 21 offensive and defensive martial arts techniques. To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to measure the learning curves involved when teaching martial arts techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Protopapas
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonato
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Rpbert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Landrum