title: Addition of sucralose enhances the release of satiety hormones in combination with pea protein.
abstract: METHODS
  Exposing the intestine to proteins or tastants, particularly sweet, affects satiety hormone release. There are indications that each sweetener has different effects on this release, and that combining sweeteners with other nutrients might exert synergistic effects on hormone release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  STC-1 cells were incubated with acesulfame-K, aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, sucrose, pea, and pea with each sweetener. After a 2-h incubation period, cholecystokinin(CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations were measured. Using Ussing chamber technology, the mucosal side of human duodenal biopsies was exposed to sucrose, sucralose, pea, and pea with each sweetener. CCK and GLP-1 levels were measured in basolateral secretions. In STC-1 cells, exposure to aspartame, sucralose, sucrose, pea, and pea with sucralose increased CCK levels, whereas GLP-1 levels increased after addition of all test products. Addition of sucrose and sucralose to human duodenal biopsies did not affect CCK and GLP-1 release; addition of pea stimulated CCK and GLP-1 secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining pea with sucrose and sucralose induced even higher levels of CCK and GLP-1. Synchronous addition of pea and sucralose to enteroendocrine cells induced higher levels of CCK and GLP-1 than addition of each compound alone. This study shows that combinations of dietary compounds synergize to enhance satiety hormone release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.geraedts@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Maartje C P
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Geraedts
authors.forename: Freddy J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Troost
authors.forename: Wim H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001218:Aspartame / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D012439:Saccharin / Q000378:metabolism; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D013843:Thiazines / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013843:Thiazines; D013395:Sucrose; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin; C026285:trichlorosucrose; D012439:Saccharin; C006362:acetosulfame; D001218:Aspartame