title: Bifidobacteria isolated from infants and cultured on human milk oligosaccharides affect intestinal epithelial function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant component of breast milk. Our laboratory has previously revealed gene clusters specifically linked to HMO metabolism in selected bifidobacteria isolated from fecal samples of infants. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that growth of selected bifidobacteria on HMO stimulates the intestinal epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caco-2 and HT-29 cells were incubated with lactose (LAC)- or HMO-grown Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis (B infantis) or B bifidum. Bacterial adhesion and translocation were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins was analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase. Distribution of tight junction proteins was measured using immunofluorescent microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that HMO-grown B infantis had a significantly higher rate of adhesion to HT-29 cells compared with B bifidum. B infantis also induced expression of a cell membrane glycoprotein, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Both B infantis and B bifidum grown on HMO caused less occludin relocalization and higher expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 compared with LAC-grown bacteria in Caco-2 cells. B bifidum grown on HMO showed higher expression of junctional adhesion molecule and occludin in Caco-2 cells and HT-29 cells. There were no significant differences between LAC or HMO treatments in bacterial translocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides evidence for the specific relation between HMO-grown bifidobacteria and intestinal epithelial cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing HMO-induced changes in the bifidobacteria-intestinal cells interaction.
authors.affiliation: Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chichlowski
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Lartigue
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: German
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Raybould
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D003470:Culture Media; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D062726:Junctional Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D062793:Occludin / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D062726:Junctional Adhesion Molecules; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D062793:Occludin; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C084882:P-selectin ligand protein; D016753:Interleukin-10