title: Traumatic tympanic membrane perforations: a study of etiology and factors affecting outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to determine the factors involved in the spontaneous healing and to profile the various etiologies of traumatic tympanic membrane (TM) perforation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed on 729 cases of traumatic TM perforation diagnosed in the emergency department and outpatient clinic from January 2007 to March 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 641 patients with traumatic TM perforations were enrolled in the study. The group consisted of 320 male and 321 female patients with a mean age of 33.6 years (3-79 years). The types of trauma included compression injury (554 patients), blast injury (55 patients), and instrumental injury (32 patients). The causes of conflict by a slap or a fist were spouse or lover (52%), parents and sibling (3%), school teachers (4%), schoolmate (12%), state police and prisoner (7%), and blow against the ear during street fight (22%). Of the 641, 137 were lost during follow-up; of the remaining 504, perforations closed spontaneously in 451 (89%), within a mean of 27.4 days. Wet perforations with bloody or watery discharge significantly improved the healing rate (P < .01) and shortened the average perforation closure time (P < .01), as compared with dry perforations. Although the perforation that involved malleus or umbo damage did not significantly affect the healing rate (P > .05), a significantly prolonged closure time (41.6 vs 23.8 days) was observed as compared with no damage. However, the curled edges did not also affect the outcome of spontaneous healing; the healing rate was 91% and 88% (P > .05), and the average closure time was 28.1 and 26.7 days (P > .05), respectively, for with and without curler edges. By perforation size, the overall healing rate was 92% and 54% (P < .01), and the average closure time was 22.8 and 47.3 days (P < .01), respectively, for small and larger perforations. Moreover, 7 patients had neomembrane formation on follow-up, 2 developed cholesteatoma, 1 developed tympanosclerosis, and 1 developed facial paralysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, domestic violence and street fight were the most common causes of the traumatic TM perforation. Traumatic TM perforations have excellent prognosis. However, preexisting tympanosclerosis and the perforation that involved malleus or umbo damage could lengthen the healing time of perforation, Wet perforations with bloody or watery discharge accelerate the healing, but the curled edges did not affect the outcome of spontaneous healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China. louzhengcai@163.com
authors.forename: Zheng-Cai
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Zi-Han
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Qing-Ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063371:Myringosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D038781:Otoscopy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000293:injuries*; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014945:Wound Healing; D055815:Young Adult