title: Topical anesthesia versus regional anesthesia for cataract surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine possible differences in the clinical outcomes of topical anesthesia (TA) and regional anesthesia including retrobulbar anesthesia (RBA) and peribulbar anesthesia (PBA) in phacoemulsification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from previously published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of phacoemulsification under TA and RBA/PBA reporting clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration method to identify RCTs that compare TA and RBA/PBA in phacoemulsification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome parameters investigated were pain score during and after surgery, intraoperative difficulties and inadvertent ocular movement, intraoperative necessity to administer additional anesthesia, and patient preference. Secondary outcome parameters investigated were postoperative visual acuity, anesthesia-related complications, intraoperative complications, and severe local or systemic complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen studies were identified and analyzed to compare TA (1084 eyes) with RBA/PBA (1121 eyes) in phacoemulsification. Data synthesis showed that intraoperative and postoperative pain perception was significantly higher in the TA group (P < 0.05). The TA group showed more frequent inadvertent ocular movement (P < 0.05) and a greater intraoperative need for supplementary anesthesia (P = 0.03). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in intraoperative difficulties as assessed by the surgeons (P > 0.05). Patients significantly preferred TA (P < 0.00001). The RBA/PBA group had more frequent anesthesia-related complications, such as chemosis, periorbital hematoma, and subconjunctival hemorrhage (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in surgery-related complications (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with RBA/PBA, TA does not provide the same excellent pain relief in cataract surgery; however, it achieves similar surgical outcomes. Topical anesthesia reduces injection-related complications and alleviates patients' fear of injection. The choice of TA is not suitable for patients with a higher initial blood pressure or greater pain perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li-Quan
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Pei-Quan
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Qi-Rong
authors.initials: QR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yi-Qian
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058447:Eye Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D009915:Orbit; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local