title: Identifying the latent failures underpinning medication administration errors: an exploratory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this article was to identify the latent failures that are perceived to underpin medication errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted within three medical wards in a hospital in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study employed a cross-sectional qualitative design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with 12 nurses and eight managers. Interviews were transcribed and subject to thematic content analysis. A two-step inter-rater comparison tested the reliability of the themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten latent failures were identified based on the analysis of the interviews. These were ward climate, local working environment, workload, human resources, team communication, routine procedures, bed management, written policies and procedures, supervision and leadership, and training. The discussion focuses on ward climate, the most prevalent theme, which is conceptualized here as interacting with failures in the nine other organizational structures and processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first of its kind to identify the latent failures perceived to underpin medication errors in a systematic way. The findings can be used as a platform for researchers to test the impact of organization-level patient safety interventions and to design proactive error management tools and incident reporting systems in hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. r.j.lawton@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Rosie R C
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McEachan
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000451:nursing* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061214:Patient Safety; D012307:Risk Factors; D012308:Risk Management; D006113:United Kingdom; D016526:Workload; D017132:Workplace