title: Aromatherapy as treatment for postoperative nausea: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative nausea (PON) is a common complication of anesthesia and surgery. Antiemetic medication for higher-risk patients may reduce but does not reliably prevent PON. We examined aromatherapy as a treatment for patients experiencing PON after ambulatory surgery. Our primary hypothesis was that in comparison with inhaling a placebo, PON will be reduced significantly by aromatherapy with (1) essential oil of ginger, (2) a blend of essential oils of ginger, spearmint, peppermint, and cardamom, or (3) isopropyl alcohol. Our secondary hypothesis was that the effectiveness of aromatherapy will depend upon the agent used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized trial of aromatherapy with patients who reported nausea in the postanesthesia care unit was conducted at one ambulatory surgical center. Eligibility criteria were adult, able to give consent, and no history of coagulation problems or allergy to the aromatherapy agents. Before surgery, demographic and risk factors were collected. Patients with a nausea level of 1 to 3 on a verbal descriptive scale (0-3) received a gauze pad saturated with a randomly chosen aromatherapy agent and were told to inhale deeply 3 times; nausea (0-3) was then measured again in 5 minutes. Prophylactic and postnausea antiemetics were given as ordered by physicians or as requested by the patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1151 subjects were screened for inclusion; 303 subjects reporting nausea were enrolled (26.3%), and 301 meeting protocol were analyzed (26.2%). The change in nausea level was significant for the blend (P < 0.001) and ginger (P = 0.002) versus saline but not for alcohol (P < 0.76). The number of antiemetic medications requested after aromatherapy was also significantly reduced with ginger or blend aromatherapy versus saline (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothesis that aromatherapy would be effective as a treatment for PON was supported. On the basis of our results, future research further evaluating aromatherapy is warranted. Aromatherapy is promising as an inexpensive, noninvasive treatment for PON that can be administered and controlled by patients as needed.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesia, Carolinas Medical Center University, Charlotte, NC; School of Nursing, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC; Department of Biostatistics, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC; Clinical Care Management, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC; Outpatient Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center University, Charlotte, NC; Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center University, Charlotte, NC; Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dienemann
authors.forename: H James
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hudgens
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Divine
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019341:Aromatherapy / Q000379:methods*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D036142:Mentha piperita; D009325:Nausea / Q000628:therapy*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018401:Sample Size; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D019840:2-Propanol