title: Coffee cysteine proteinases and related inhibitors with high expression during grain maturation and germination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cysteine proteinases perform multiple functions in seeds, including participation in remodelling polypeptides and recycling amino acids during maturation and germination. Currently, few details exist concerning these genes and proteins in coffee. Furthermore, there is limited information on the cysteine proteinase inhibitors which influence the activities of these proteinases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two cysteine proteinase (CP) and four cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) gene sequences have been identified in coffee with significant expression during the maturation and germination of coffee grain. Detailed expression analysis of the cysteine proteinase genes CcCP1 and CcCP4 in Robusta using quantitative RT-PCR showed that these transcripts accumulate primarily during grain maturation and germination/post germination. The corresponding proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified, but only one, CcCP4, which has a KDDL/KDEL C-terminal sequence, was found to be active after a short acid treatment. QRT-PCR expression analysis of the four cysteine proteinase inhibitor genes in Robusta showed that CcCPI-1 is primarily expressed in developing and germinating grain and CcCPI-4 is very highly expressed during the late post germination period, as well as in mature, but not immature leaves. Transcripts corresponding to CcCPI-2 and CcCPI-3 were detected in most tissues examined at relatively similar, but generally low levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several cysteine proteinase and cysteine proteinase inhibitor genes with strong, relatively specific expression during coffee grain maturation and germination are presented. The temporal expression of the CcCP1 gene suggests it is involved in modifying proteins during late grain maturation and germination. The expression pattern of CcCP4, and its close identity with KDEL containing CP proteins, implies this proteinase may play a role in protein and/or cell remodelling during late grain germination, and that it is likely to play a strong role in the programmed cell death associated with post-germination of the coffee grain. Expression analysis of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor genes suggests that CcCPI-1 could primarily be involved in modulating the activity of grain CP activity; while CcCPI-4 may play roles modulating grain CP activity and in the protection of the young coffee seedlings from insects and pathogens. CcCPI-2 and CcCPI-3, having lower and more widespread expression, could be more general "house-keeping" CPI genes.
authors.affiliation: Nestle Research and Development Center, 101 Avenue Gustave Eiffel, Tours 37097, France.
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepelley
authors.forename: Mohamed Ben
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Amor
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martineau
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheminade
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caillet
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D003069:Coffee / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D057056:Cysteine Proteases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018525:Germination / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D010940:Plant Proteins; D057056:Cysteine Proteases