title: Economic analysis of active surveillance for localized prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Active surveillance is gaining wider acceptance in the urologic community as an effective treatment option for patients with low-risk prostate cancer. The purpose of this review is to analyze the economics of active surveillance in comparison with other therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluating the economics of active surveillance in patients with low-risk prostate cancer is constrained by a prolonged natural history of disease. Recent cost model studies using hypothetical patients with low-risk prostate cancer showed that the estimated direct cost of active surveillance over long term was the lowest compared with direct costs of immediate treatment with radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, primary androgen deprivation therapy or brachytherapy. Active surveillance is associated with more quality-adjusted life years than immediate therapies with similar or lower lifetime costs. Physician reimbursement for active surveillance exceeded that from upfront radical prostatectomy after 3-5 years of follow-up and may be an important driving factor for physicians to practice active surveillance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active surveillance appears to reduce prostate cancer healthcare expenditure by reducing the number of costly therapies. Results from clinical trials will allow the measurement of the true economic value of active surveillance in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dall'Era
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D057832:Watchful Waiting / Q000191:economics*