title: An empirical investigation of the efficiency effects of integrated care models in Switzerland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigates the efficiency gains of integrated care models in Switzerland, since these models are regarded as cost containment options in national social health insurance. These plans generate much lower average health care expenditure than the basic insurance plan. The question is, however, to what extent these total savings are due to the effects of selection and efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The empirical analysis is based on data from 399,274 Swiss residents that constantly had compulsory health insurance with the Helsana Group, the largest health insurer in Switzerland, covering the years 2006-2009. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the different integrated care models, we apply an econometric approach with a mixed-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our estimations indicate that the efficiency effects of integrated care models on health care expenditure are significant. However, the different insurance plans vary, revealing the following efficiency gains per model: contracted capitated model 21.2%, contracted non-capitated model 15.5% and telemedicine model 3.7%. The remaining 8.5%, 5.6% and 22.5%, respectively, of the variation in total health care expenditure can be attributed to the effects of selection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrated care models have the potential to improve care for patients with chronic diseases and concurrently have a positive impact on health care expenditure. We suggest policy-makers improve the incentives for patients with chronic diseases within the existing regulations providing further potential for cost-efficiency of medical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT, University of Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tyrol, Austria.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rapold
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flatscher-Thöni