title: Exploring the interpersonal-, organization-, and system-level factors that influence the implementation and use of an innovation-synoptic reporting-in cancer care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dominant method of reporting findings from diagnostic and surgical procedures is the narrative report. In cancer care, this report inconsistently provides the information required to understand the cancer and make informed patient care decisions. Another method of reporting, the synoptic report, captures specific data items in a structured manner and contains only items critical for patient care. Research demonstrates that synoptic reports vastly improve the quality of reporting. However, synoptic reporting represents a complex innovation in cancer care, with implementation and use requiring fundamental shifts in physician behaviour and practice, and support from the organization and larger system. The objective of this study is to examine the key interpersonal, organizational, and system-level factors that influence the implementation and use of synoptic reporting in cancer care.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involves three initiatives in Nova Scotia, Canada, that have implemented synoptic reporting within their departments/programs. Case study methodology will be used to study these initiatives (the cases) in-depth, explore which factors were barriers or facilitators of implementation and use, examine relationships amongst factors, and uncover which factors appear to be similar and distinct across cases. The cases were selected as they converge and differ with respect to factors that are likely to influence the implementation and use of an innovation in practice. Data will be collected through in-depth interviews, document analysis, observation of training sessions, and examination/use of the synoptic reporting tools. An audit will be performed to determine/quantify use. Analysis will involve production of a case record/history for each case, in-depth analysis of each case, and cross-case analysis, where findings will be compared and contrasted across cases to develop theoretically informed, generalisable knowledge that can be applied to other settings/contexts. Ethical approval was granted for this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study will contribute to our knowledge base on the multi-level factors, and the relationships amongst factors in specific contexts, that influence implementation and use of innovations such as synoptic reporting in healthcare. Such knowledge is critical to improving our understanding of implementation processes in clinical settings, and to helping researchers, clinicians, and managers/administrators develop and implement ways to more effectively integrate innovations into routine clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Outcomes Research Program, Cancer Care Nova Scotia, Victoria Building, QEII Health Sciences Center, 1276 South Park Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. robin.urquhart@cdha.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urquhart
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grunfeld
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sargeant
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D009674:Nova Scotia; D015279:Organizational Culture; D016134:Organizational Policy; D012107:Research Design