title: Water management challenges in the context of agricultural intensification and endemic fluorosis: the case of Yuanmou County.
abstract: Yuanmou County in Yunnan Province, China is situated in a dry hot valley where annual evaporation is almost six times the annual rainfall and thus the county suffers from chronic water shortages. Since the early 1980s the county has taken advantage of local warm climate and focused its economic development strategy on commercial vegetable plantations. This strategy successfully brings high income to the local government and farmers, but increases water consumption and adds an extra stressor to the already diminished water resources. Yuanmou County is one of the endemic fluorosis hotspots in China where both dental and skeletal fluorosis cases have been found among local villagers that were diagnosed as being water-borne. Despite measures to adapt to water shortages and control fluorosis taken by the local government and communities, new challenges are emerging. Herein, we describe the water management challenges facing the county as well as document the coping strategies adopted by the government and communities, analyze remaining and emerging challenges, and suggest an ecohealth framework for better management of water resources in Yuanmou.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China. fangjing07@126.com
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Xinan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jianchu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xuefei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaoxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Guangan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Maosheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Danni
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014675:Vegetables; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D005459:Fluorides