title: Mechanical stress induces bone formation in the maxillary sinus in a short-term mouse model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinicians occasionally face the challenge of moving a tooth through the maxillary sinus. The objective of this study was to evaluate tissue remodeling during tooth movement into the maxillary sinus, more specifically as regards to bone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The maxillary first molar of 20 male mice was moved toward the palatal side by a nickel-titanium super elastic wire for 1 to 14 days, and the bone remodeling around the root was evaluated using histomorphometry and immunodetection of bone-restricted Ifitm-like (Bril) protein, a novel marker of active bone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When mechanical stress was applied to the tooth, the periodontal ligament on the palatal side was immediately compressed to approximately half of its original width by the tipping movement of the tooth. At the same time, osteoblasts deposited new bone on the wall of the maxillary sinus prior to bone resorption by osteoclasts on the periodontal side, as evidenced by the high level of expression of Bril at this site. As a result of these sequential processes, bone on the sinus side maintained a consistent thickness during the entire observation period. No root resorption was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone formation on the surface of the maxillary sinus was evoked by mechanotransduction of mechanical stress applied to a tooth over a 2-week period, and was induced ahead of bone resorption on the periodontal ligament side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanical stress can be exploited to induce bone formation in the maxillary sinus so that teeth can be moved into the sinus without losing bone or causing root damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan. kuroda@dent.tokushima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wazen
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moffatt
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanci
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000503:physiopathology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010159:Palate / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003722:Dental Alloys; C532488:IFITM5 protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium