title: Effect of hochuekkito on alveolar macrophage inflammatory responses in hyperglycemic mice.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus reduces immunological activity and increases susceptibility to various infections. Hochuekkito (TJ-41) has been reported to improve the weakened physical condition of various chronic diseases. BALB/c mice were divided into three groups; groups A and B were fed a standard diet, and group C, a TJ-41 diet. Two weeks after starting these diets, hyperglycemia was induced in groups B and C by injection with streptozotocin. Two weeks later, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (TLR2: peptidoglycan, PGN; TLR4: lipopolysaccharide, LPS; TLR5: flagellin, FLG) were used to stimulate alveolar macrophages (AMs), and TNF-α production was measured. Under hyperglycemic conditions and PGN or FLG stimulation, TNF-α production from AMs was significantly reduced in group B compared with group A. However, treatment with TJ-41 (group C) significantly improved the impaired production of TNF-α. These results suggest that, under hyperglycemic conditions, TJ-41 can improve the inflammatory responses of AMs with stimulation of TLR ligands.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. mnakayama723@jichi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamasawa
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mato
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bando
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005408:Flagellin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000494:pharmacology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010457:Peptidoglycan; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C402943:bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang; D005408:Flagellin