title: Inhibition of early biofilm formation by glass-ionomer incorporated with chlorhexidine in vivo: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This pilot study investigated the antibiofilm effects of glass-ionomer cements (GICs) and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs) incorporated with chlorhexidine (CHX) in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental GICs and RMGICs containing 2% CHX were obtained by mixing CHX with the powder of GICs (CHXGIC) and RMGICs (CHXRMGIC). Four groups of specimens were prepared in a standardized size. After polishing and sterilization, they were bonded to the buccal surface of the molars in the first and second quadrant of volunteers and left untouched for 4 hours and 24 hours, respectively. The bacterial vitality of plaque was then analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The bacterial morphology and biofilm accumulation were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pH value of biofilm was assessed by Plaque Indicator Kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CLSM analysis revealed that bacterial vitality of the biofilm on CHXGIC and CHXRMGIC was significantly lower than that on GIC and RMGIC. SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of bacteria on CHXGIC and CHXRMGIC was irregular. The pH value of biofilm on the experimental materials presented no statistically significant difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-four hour bacterial vitality on GICs and RMGICs with CHX are lower in micro-organisms than on conventional GICs and RMGICs.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Frencken
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012117:Resins, Synthetic
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; C079765:Fuji II LC cement; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; C110713:fuji IX; D002710:Chlorhexidine