title: Clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effect on diabetes management outcomes of a low-intensity, clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Families (n = 390) obtaining care for type 1 diabetes participated in a 2-year randomized clinical trial of a clinic-integrated behavioral intervention designed to improve family diabetes management practices. Measurement of hemoglobin A1c, the primary outcome, was obtained at each clinic visit and analyzed centrally. Blood glucose meter data were downloaded at each visit. Adherence was assessed by using a semistructured interview at baseline, mid-study, and follow-up. Analyses included 2-sample t tests at predefined time intervals and mixed-effect linear-quadratic models to assess for difference in change in outcomes across the study duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant overall intervention effect on change in glycemic control from baseline was observed at the 24-month interval (P = .03). The mixed-effect model showed a significant intervention by age interaction (P < .001). Among participants aged 12 to 14, a significant effect on glycemic control was observed (P = .009 for change from baseline to 24-month interval; P = .035 for mixed-effect model across study duration), but there was no effect among those aged 9 to 11. There was no intervention effect on child or parent report of adherence; however, associations of change in adherence with change in glycemic control were weak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clinic-integrated behavioral intervention was effective in preventing the deterioration in glycemic control evident during adolescence, offering a potential model for integrating medical and behavioral sciences in clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. nanselt@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tonja R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Nansel
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.forename: Aiyi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin