title: Identification of early response genes to roughness and fluoride modification of titanium implants in human osteoblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue response after implantation determines the success of the healing process. This response is not only dependent on the chemical properties of the implant surface but also by the surface topography or its roughness. Although in vitro and in vivo studies show improved results with rough- and fluoride-modified implants, the mechanisms behind these findings are still unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we have used a two-step procedure to identify novel genes related to the early response of primary human osteoblasts to roughness and fluoride-modified titanium implants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred seventeen genes responding to roughness were identified by microarray analysis and 198 genes responding to fluoride, 33 genes were common. Those identified genes related to bone and mineralization were further investigated by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. After 1 day of culture, toll-like receptor 3, ankylosis-progressive homolog, decorin, osteocalcin, and runt-related transcription factor-2 were classified as responsive genes to roughness; Distal-less homeobox-2 and Tuftelin-1 as responsive genes to fluoride treatment. Responsive genes to both treatments were collagen type I, parathyroid hormone-like hormone, hairy and enhancer of split-1, follistatin, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1, and thyroid hormone receptor-alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our strategy was useful for identifying novel genes that might be involved in the early response of osteoblasts to rough and fluoride-modified titanium implants.
authors.affiliation: Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Joana Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ramis
authors.forename: Sébastien Francis
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Taxt-Lamolle
authors.forename: Staale Petter
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lyngstadaas
authors.forename: Janne Elin
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Reseland
authors.forename: Jan Eirik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ellingsen
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monjo
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D058575:Decorin / Q000235:genetics; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D038681:Follistatin / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000235:genetics; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000235:genetics; D028061:Phosphate Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D013499:Surface Properties; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha / Q000235:genetics; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000235:genetics; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D024042:Collagen Type I; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D058575:Decorin; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D005459:Fluorides; D038681:Follistatin; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D015675:Osteocalcin; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D028061:Phosphate Transport Proteins; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D011755:Pyrophosphatases; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha; D014025:Titanium; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; C498770:ANKH protein, human; C546878:DCN protein, human; C088334:Distal-less homeobox proteins; C503233:FST protein, human; C493709:RUNX2 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; C038456:tuftelin; C078493:HES1 protein, human; C009495:titanium dioxide; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1