title: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation improves the high incidence of neutralizing allo-antibodies observed in Hurler's syndrome after pharmacological enzyme replacement therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is caused by deficiency of α-L-iduronidase. Currently available treatment options include an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and enzyme replacement therapy. Exogenous enzyme therapy appears promising but the benefits may be attenuated, at least in some patients, by the development of an immune response to the delivered enzyme. The incidence and impact of alloimmune responses in these patients remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as in vitro catalytic enzyme inhibition and cellular uptake inhibition assays and quantified enzyme inhibition by allo-antibodies. We determined the impact of these antibodies in eight patients who received enzyme therapy before and during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, 20 patients who had previously received an allogeneic stem cell transplant were tested to evaluate this treatment as an immune tolerance induction mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High titer immune responses were seen in 87.5% (7/8) patients following exposure to α-L-iduronidase. These patients exhibited catalytic enzyme inhibition (5/8), uptake inhibition of catalytically active enzyme (6/8) or both (4/8). High antibody titers generally preceded elevation of previously described biomarkers of disease progression. The median time to development of immune tolerance was 101 days (range, 26-137) after transplantation. All 20 patients, including those with mixed chimerism (22%), tested 1 year after transplantation were tolerized despite normal enzyme levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a high incidence of neutralizing antibodies in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I treated with enzyme replacement therapy. We also found that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was an effective and rapid immune tolerance induction strategy.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ameer
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bigger
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tylee
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: Denise K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bonney
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J Ed
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wraith
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wynn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056947:Enzyme Replacement Therapy; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007223:Infant; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008059:Mucopolysaccharidosis I / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007518:Isoantibodies