title: What every gynecologist should know about male infertility: an update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our article reviews the evolving concepts in the field of male infertility for gynecologists and other health professionals involved in the care of men and women experiencing difficulty in having a child. The increased knowledge will help in the better management and treatment of infertile couples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of literature through Pubmed, Science Direct, Online Library.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gynecologists are often the first healthcare providers to assess an infertile couple. Because half of all infertility problems stem from male factors, it is crucial for the gynecologist to remain updated on the main conditions that cause male infertility as well as current diagnostic tools and treatment options, including conventional strategies and assisted reproductive techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extraordinary advances have been achieved in the field of male infertility over the past several years and many old concepts are now challenged. Therefore, it is imperative that male infertility physicians should update the gynecologists about the recent advances in the work-up of infertile men in terms of diagnosis and management. Such convention will help improve the standards of care for the infertile couple and enhance the cooperation between male and female reproductive endocrinologists.
authors.affiliation: ANDROFERT-Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, São Paulo, Brazil. s.esteves@androfert.com.br
authors.forename: Sandro C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kondray
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitchika
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000209:etiology; D003376:Counseling; D004249:DNA Damage; D006176:Gynecology; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000009:adverse effects; D055101:Semen Analysis; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species