title: Pharmacologic effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on angiotensin type 1 receptor down-regulation in rat liver epithelial and aortic smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in female patients is not well understood, but could be due in part to the protective effect of estrogen before menopause. Experimental studies have identified the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) as a key factor in the progression of CVD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of the estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) on AT1R expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat liver cells were exposed to 2ME2 for 24 hours, and angiotensin II (AngII) binding and AT1R mRNA expressions were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of 2ME2, cells exhibited significant down-regulation of AngII binding that was both dose and time dependent, independent of estrogen receptors (ERα/ERβ). Down-regulation of AngII binding was AT1R specific, with no change in receptor affinity. Under similar conditions, we observed lower expression of AT1R mRNA, significant inhibition of AngII-mediated increase in intracellular Ca(2+), and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Pretreatment of cells with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 prevented 2ME2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and down-regulation of AT1R expression, which suggests that the observed inhibitory effect is mediated through ERK1/2 signaling intermediates. Similar analyses in stably transfected CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell lines with a constitutively active cytomegalovirus promoter showed no change in AT1R expression, which suggests that 2ME2-mediated effects are through transcriptional regulation. The effects of 2ME2 on AT1R down-regulation through ERK1/2 were consistently reproduced in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because AT1R has a critical role in the control of CVD, 2ME2-induced changes in receptor expression may provide beneficial effects to the cardiovascular and other systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
authors.forename: Sivaramakrishna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koganti
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thekkumkara
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D000804:Angiotensin II; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol