title: Lesions to primary sensory and posterior parietal cortices impair recovery from hand paresis after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroanatomical determinants of motor skill recovery after stroke are still poorly understood. Although lesion load onto the corticospinal tract is known to affect recovery, less is known about the effect of lesions to cortical sensorimotor areas. Here, we test the hypothesis that lesions of somatosensory cortices interfere with the capacity to recover motor skills after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized tests of motor skill and somatosensory functions were acquired longitudinally over nine months in 29 patients with stroke to the pre- and postcentral gyrus, including adjacent areas of the frontal, parietal and insular cortices. We derived the recovery trajectories of each patient for five motor subtest using least-squares curve fitting and objective model selection procedures for linear and exponential models. Patients were classified into subgroups based on their motor recovery models. Lesions were mapped onto diffusion weighted imaging scans and normalized into stereotaxic space using cost-function masking. To identify critical neuranatomical regions, voxel-wise subtractions were calculated between subgroup lesion maps. A probabilistic cytoarchitectonic atlas was used to quantify of lesion extent and location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients with moderate to severe initial deficits showed exponential recovery trajectories for motor subtests that relied on precise distal movements. Those that retained a chronic motor deficit had lesions that extended to the center of the somatosensory cortex (area 2) and the intraparietal sulcus (areas hIP1, hIP2). Impaired recovery outcome correlated with lesion extent on this areas and somatosensory performance. The rate of recovery, however, depended on the lesion load onto the primary motor cortex (areas 4a, 4p).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support a critical role of uni-and multimodal somatosensory cortices in motor skill recovery. Whereas lesions to these areas influence recovery outcome, lesions to the primary motor cortex affect recovery dynamics. This points to a possible dissociation of neural substrates for different aspects of post-stroke recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abela
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Missimer
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiest
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Federspiel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sturzenegger
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010291:Paresis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012015:Reference Standards; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D016896:Treatment Outcome