title: Sympatric species of Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) vary in dormancy break and germination requirements: implications for classifying morphophysiological dormancy in Mediterranean biomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several ecologically important plant families in Mediterranean biomes have seeds with morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) but have been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to understand the seed ecology of these species by focusing on the prominent, yet intractably dormant Australian genus Hibbertia. It was hypothesized that the slow germination in species of this genus is caused by a requirement for embryo growth inside the seed before germination, and that initiation of embryo growth is reliant upon a complex sequence of environmental cues including seasonal fluctuations in temperature and moisture, and an interplay with light and smoke. Using the results, the classification of the MPD level in species of Hibbertia is considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four species of Hibbertia in winter rainfall south-western Australia were selected. These species, whilst differing in geographic distributions, are variously sympatric, and all are important understorey components of plant communities. The following aspects related to dormancy break, embryo growth and germination were investigated: temperature and moisture requirements; effects of karrikinolide, gibberellic acid and aerosol smoke; and phenology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following exposure to wet/dry cycles at low or high temperatures, embryo growth and germination occurred, albeit slowly in all species at low temperatures when moisture was unlimited, corresponding to winter in south-west Australia. Photo regime influenced germination only in H. racemosa. Aerosol smoke triggered substantial germination during the 1st germination season in H. huegelii and H. hypericoides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the study species are con-generic, sympatric and produce seeds of identical morphology, they possessed different dormancy-break and germination requirements. The physiological component of MPD was non-deep in H. racemosa but varied in the other three species where more deeply dormant seeds required >1 summer to overcome dormancy and, thus, germination was spread over time. Embryos grew during winter, but future studies need to resolve the role of cold versus warm stratification by using constant temperature regimes. To include Mediterranean species with MPD, some modifications to the current seed-dormancy classification system may need consideration: (a) wet/dry conditions for warm stratification and (b) a relatively long period for warm stratification. These outcomes have important implications for improving experimental approaches to resolve the effective use of broadcast seed for ecological restoration.
authors.affiliation: Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia. sitihidayati@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Siti N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hidayati
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Walck
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.forename: Shane R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Kingsley W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D045466:Dilleniaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D057445:Plant Dormancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D012906:Smoke; D061350:Sympatry; D013696:Temperature; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke