title: Orofacial manifestations in HIV positive children attending Mildmay Clinic in Uganda.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the orofacial manifestations and their influence on oral function in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive children attending Mildmay Clinic in Uganda. This was a cross-sectional study based on clinical examination, medical records and a structured questionnaire of 368 children aged between 1.5 and 17 years. The clinical examination for dental caries was based on decayed, extracted and filled teeth (deft) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) indices as defined by World Health Organisation. The soft tissue orofacial lesions were assessed using the classification and diagnostic criteria as described by the Collaborative Workgroup on the Oral Manifestations of Pediatric HIV Infections. Approximately 67.4% of the children were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The majority (77.4%) of the children had at least one orofacial lesion associated with HIV, pseudomembranous candidiasis being the most prevalent. Overall, 61.7% of the children with orofacial lesions reported at least one form of discomfort in the mouth. Discomfort was particularly associated with swallowing. The prevalence of orofacial lesions was significantly higher in children with poor oral hygiene and lower in those on HAART than in their respective counterparts. The CD4+ cell count, age and gender of the children did not significantly influence the distribution of orofacial lesions. The mean deft and DMFT scores were 11.8 and 2.7, respectively. The d- and D-components contributed 54.7 and 42.1%, respectively. Consumption of sugary snacks was directly associated with dental caries. Despite these children attending an HIV care centre of excellence, they have a high prevalence of orofacial manifestations associated with HIV. The majority of the children experienced discomfort in the oral cavity, particularly during swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nabbanja
authors.forename: Sheba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gitta
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Charles Mugisha
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rwenyonyi
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009909:Oral Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009910:Oral Hygiene