title: Mesquite pod extract modifies the reproductive physiology and behavior of the female rat.
abstract: Phytoestrogens are non steroidal compounds that can bind to estrogen receptors, mimicking some effects of estradiol (E(2)). These compounds are widespread among legumes, which are used as pasture, and their importance in animal agriculture has increased. Mesquite (Prosopis sp) is a widespread legume, widely used to feed several livestock species in Mexico. The main product of mesquite is the pod, which is considered high quality food. As a legume, it could be assumed that mesquite contains some amounts of phytoestrogens which might induce potential estrogenic effects. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports regarding the possible estrogenic activity of this legume either in livestock or in animal models such as the rat. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the potential estrogenic effects of mesquite pod extract on several aspects of behavior and reproductive physiology of the female rat. The effects of the extract were compared with those of E(2) and two isoflavones: daidzein (DAI) and genistein (GEN). The following treatments were given to groups of intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats: vehicle; mesquite pod extract; E(2); GEN; DAI. Compared to vehicle groups, mesquite pod extract, DAI, GEN, and E(2) increased uterine weight and induced growth in vaginal and uterine epithelia. In intact rats, mesquite pod extract, GEN and DAI altered estrous cyclicity, decreased lordotic quotient and intensity of lordosis. In OVX rats, mesquite pod extract, DAI and GEN induced vaginal estrus, increased vaginal epithelium height, and induced lordosis, although its intensity was reduced, compared with intact rats in estrus and E2-treated rats. These results suggest that mesquite pod extract could have estrogenic activity. However, the presence of phytoestrogens in this legume remains to be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, México City CP 09340, Mexico. rems@xanum.uam.mx
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Retana-Márquez
authors.forename: F García
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcántara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Díaz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arteaga-Silva
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chemineau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Delgadillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010052:Ovariectomy; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D029862:Prosopis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004958:Estradiol; C004742:daidzein; D019833:Genistein