title: Transcriptomic profiles of peripheral white blood cells in type II diabetes and racial differences in expression profiles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Along with obesity, physical inactivity, and family history of metabolic disorders, African American ethnicity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the United States. However, little is known about the differences in gene expression and transcriptomic profiles of blood in T2D between African Americans (AA) and Caucasians (CAU), and microarray analysis of peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) from these two ethnic groups will facilitate our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism in T2D and identify genetic biomarkers responsible for the disparities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A whole human genome oligomicroarray of peripheral WBCs was performed on 144 samples obtained from 84 patients with T2D (44 AA and 40 CAU) and 60 healthy controls (28 AA and 32 CAU). The results showed that 30 genes had significant difference in expression between patients and controls (a fold change of <-1.4 or >1.4 with a P value <0.05). These known genes were mainly clustered in three functional categories: immune responses, lipid metabolism, and organismal injury/abnormaly. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that 574 genes were differentially expressed in AA diseased versus AA control, compared to 200 genes in CAU subjects. Pathway study revealed that "Communication between innate and adaptive immune cells"/"Primary immunodeficiency signaling" are significantly down-regulated in AA patients and "Interferon signaling"/"Complement System" are significantly down-regulated in CAU patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These newly identified genetic markers in WBCs provide valuable information about the pathophysiology of T2D and can be used for diagnosis and pharmaceutical drug design. Our results also found that AA and CAU patients with T2D express genes and pathways differently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39174, USA. jmao@tougaloo.edu
authors.forename: Jinghe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: Xinchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shenwu
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Marketta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blue
authors.forename: Jasmine T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: Xiaonan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Youping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics