title: After distal pancreatectomy pancreatic leakage from the stump of the pancreas may be due to drain failure or pancreatic ductal back pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The method to lower postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after distal pancreatectomy (DP) involves controlling risk factors for leakage from the pancreatic stump.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify controllable risk factors for POPF.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to promote homogeneity, we used a single surgeon case series and then calculated POPF with a public web-based tool based on the severity classification system of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). A total of 223 consecutive cases of DPs were reviewed. DP involved the same hand-sewn fish-mouth closure of the pancreatic stump. All received postoperative epidural anesthesia. Logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for clinically relevant POPF (grade B/C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality was zero. ISGPS gradings were: no POPF 53%, grade A = 32%, B = 13.9%, and C = 0.9%. The clinical-relevant POPF (B/C) rate was 14.8% of which 24% represented surgical drain failure due to lack of patency and/or misplaced from their original location. Preoperative endoscopic ablation and/or stenting of Wirsung's duct was a significant risk factor to lower grade B/C leak (3%). Multivariate analysis identified two controllable risk factors-intraoperative blood loss >1,000 ml and those who did not undergo preoperative endoscopic interventions of Wirsung's duct. In the group with presumed intact pancreatic sphincters (no endoscopic intervention, n = 177), the use of postoperative intravenous opioids (with epidural failure) was a risk factor for B/C leak (34%). These findings suggest that increased back pressure in the pancreatic duct has a role in promoting pancreatic stump leakage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the ISGPS definition and its web-based tool, the incidence of clinically relevant leakage was 14.8% in 223 cases of DP. Opportunities to lower this rate are improving our surgical drain technology, limiting intraoperative blood loss, and avoiding postoperative intravenous narcotics with epidural analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Section of General, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: L William
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Traverso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010185:Pancreatic Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome