title: Concordance of tumor differentiation among brothers with prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic factors seem to be of greater importance in prostate cancer than in other forms of cancer. Studies have suggested familial concordance in survival, but the extent to which that is due to tumor characteristics is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that a brother of an index case with prostate cancer is at particularly increased risk of prostate cancer with the same tumor differentiation as the index case.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 21,930 brothers of index cases with prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Data Base Sweden and followed them up for incidence of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relative risk of Gleason score-specific prostate cancer in the cohort of brothers was estimated by using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) stratified by Gleason score of the index case. We estimated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) assuming a Poisson distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among brothers of index cases with Gleason score 8-10 cancer, the SIR was 2.53 (95% CI, 1.97-3.21) for a Gleason score 2-6 cancer and 4.00 (95% CI, 2.63-5.82) for a Gleason score 8-10 cancer. SIR for Gleason score 2-6 cancer among brothers decreased with time since the date of the index cases' diagnoses, whereas the risk of Gleason 8-10 cancer increased over time for brothers of index cases with Gleason 8-10 cancer (p for trend = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brothers of men with high-grade prostate cancer are at particularly increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Likewise, there is a concordance of less malignant prostate cancers within families. These findings may have direct clinical relevance for counseling men with a family history of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Urology Unit, Department of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. jansson_fredrik@yahoo.se
authors.forename: K Fredrik
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akre
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garmo
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bill-Axelson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adolfsson
authors.forename: Pär
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stattin
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bratt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012306:Risk; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen