title: Influence of sporting activity and smoking on peripheral lymph nodes in patients with melanoma analyzed by high-resolution ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sonographic examination of peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) plays an important role in the preoperative treatment and in the follow-up of patients with melanoma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A prospective study including 200 consecutive patients with a history of invasive cutaneous melanoma was performed at the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Germany, to examine the influence of sporting activity, physical workload, interferon alfa therapy, smoking habits, and infections of the upper respiratory tract on morphology and number of LNs analyzed by high-resolution ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2010 and June 2011, 106 men and 94 women (mean age 51.1 ± 12.8 years) were included in this study. During their follow-up visits for cutaneous melanoma, high-resolution ultrasound examination of cervical, axillary, and inguinal LN regions were performed. LN diameters and volumes were measured and correlated with the above given factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sports-active patients had more LNs in inguinal regions, a higher volume and a larger LN diameter, and a higher maximum width of the hypoechoic LN margin in comparison with the nonactive patients. Patients with a hard physical workload in their occupations had a significantly higher volume of the biggest LN. Compared with nonsmoking patients smokers presented higher values in the total quantity of the LNs, in the greatest volume of LN, and in the greatest diameter of LN in the cervical regions. The other factors had no significant influence on the LN parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study population was too small to comment on influencing factors in more detail especially the influences of different sporting activities or smoking habits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sporting activity, physical workload, and smoking habits as associated cofactors influencing sonomorphologic aspects in patients with cutaneous melanoma should always be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoeller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bieber
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Monika-H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schmid-Wendtner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013177:Sports; D014463:Ultrasonography