title: Detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in Europe.
abstract: The genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes a number of important arthropod-transmitted human pathogens such as dengue viruses, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. In addition, the genus includes flaviviruses without a known vertebrate reservoir, which have been detected only in insects, particularly in mosquitoes, such as cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus, Culex flavivirus, Aedes flavivirus, Quang Binh virus, Nakiwogo virus and Calbertado virus. Reports of the detection of these viruses with no recognized pathogenic role in humans are increasing in mosquitoes collected around the world, particularly in those sampled in entomological surveys targeting pathogenic flaviviruses. The presence of six potential flaviviruses, detected from independent European arbovirus surveys undertaken in the Czech Republic, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the UK between 2007 and 2010, is reported in this work. Whilst the Aedes flaviviruses, detected in Italy from Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, had already been isolated in Japan, the remaining five viruses have not been reported previously: one was detected in Italy, Portugal and Spain from Aedes mosquitoes (particularly from Aedes caspius), one in Portugal and Spain from Culex theileri mosquitoes, one in the Czech Republic and Italy from Aedes vexans, one in the Czech Republic from Aedes vexans and the last in the UK from Aedes cinereus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship of these putative viruses to other insect-only flaviviruses.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'B. Ubertini' (IZSLER), via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calzolari
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas (CEVDI), Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
authors.forename: Líbia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zé-Zé
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Růžek
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Woodham Lane, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'B. Ubertini' (IZSLER), via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Defilippo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas (CEVDI), Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
authors.forename: Hugo Costa
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Osório
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kilian
authors.affiliation: Mosquito Control Service of Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Andalucía, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruíz
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Woodham Lane, Surrey, KT15 3NB and the National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Chester High Road, CH64 7TE Neston, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fooks
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'B. Ubertini' (IZSLER), via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maioli
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas (CEVDI), Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fátima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: Pierre de Coubertin High School in Tábor, František Křižík Sq. 860, CZ-39030 Tábor, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tlustý
authors.affiliation: Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC. Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092-Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figuerola
authors.affiliation: Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection Agency (HPA), Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Jolyon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Medlock
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'B. Ubertini' (IZSLER), via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonilauri
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas (CEVDI), Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, CZ-603 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Oldřich
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Šebesta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tenorio
authors.affiliation: Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection Agency (HPA), Porton Down, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander G C
authors.initials: AGC
authors.lastname: Vaux
authors.affiliation: Centro Agricoltura Ambiente 'G. Nicoli', Via Argini Nord 3351, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy.
authors.forename: Romeo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gelbič
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Arboviruses and Imported Viral Diseases, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Paz
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Seco
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Woodham Lane, Surrey, KT15 3NB and the National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Chester High Road, CH64 7TE Neston, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna 'B. Ubertini' (IZSLER), via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dottori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000821:virology*; D005060:Europe; D005416:Flavivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018177:Flavivirus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny