title: Improvement of estradiol esters monitoring in bovine hair by dansylation and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis in multiple reaction monitoring and precursor ion scan modes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The control of forbidden anabolic practices in cattle in the European Union has become challenging since endogenous compounds such as estradiol derivatives can potentially be used as growth promoters. Due to the great difficulty in establishing a reference threshold value for endogenous steroids, the direct detection of steroid esters in hair is an efficient strategy for the detection of 'natural' steroid abuse in cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study aimed to develop and validate according to the current European standards a specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analytical strategy to monitor estrogen esters in bovine hair. The analysis was performed by positive ion electrospray ionisation (ESI+) after dansylation. Two acquisition modes were then assessed: single reaction monitoring and precursor ion scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the introduction of a dansylation step strongly improves the sensitivity of the detection of estradiol-17-esters by LC/(ESI+)-MS/MS. The CCα values are in the range 1-10 ng g(-1) after optimisation, except for estradiol decanoate for which the derivatisation is not efficient. In addition, this LC/MS/MS approach makes it possible to carry out a precursor ion scan to screen for the presence of these estradiol 17-esters in hair samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the specific product ions, i.e. m/z 255 in native conditions or m/z 171 after dansylation, this strategy has the advantage of detecting any (un)known estradiol ester and of giving access to the [M + H](+) ion of the suspected ester through only a single analysis.
authors.affiliation: LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307, Nantes, France. laberca@oniris-nantes.fr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bichon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Béasse
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christien
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Courant
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monteau
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bizec
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003619:Dansyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D005062:European Union; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003619:Dansyl Compounds; D004952:Esters; D004958:Estradiol; C029038:dansyl chloride