title: Anatomical placement of the human eyeball in the orbit--validation using CT scans of living adults and prediction for facial approximation.
abstract: Accuracy of forensic facial approximation and superimposition techniques relies on the knowledge of anatomical correlations between soft and hard tissues. Recent studies by Stephan and collaborators (6,8,10) reviewed traditional guidelines leading to a wrong placement of the eyeball in the orbit. As those statements are based on a small cadaver sample, we propose a validation of these findings on a large database (n = 375) of living people. Computed tomography scans of known age and sex subjects were used to collect landmarks on three-dimensional surfaces and DICOM with TIVMI. Results confirmed a more superior and lateral position of the eyeball relatively to the orbital rims. Orbital height and breadth were used to compute regression formulae and proportional placement using percentages to find the most probable position of the eyeball in the orbit. A size-related sexual dimorphism was present but did not impact on the prediction accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Université Bordeaux 1, UMR 5199-PACEA, Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes (A3P), Talence, France. pierreguyo@gmail.com
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guyomarc'h
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dutailly
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coqueugniot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult