title: Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives isolated from corn bran in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: In this study, the effect of the 80% ethanolic extract of corn bran (EECB) on inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells was investigated. The EECB inhibited LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression in a dose-dependent manner. Four hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HADs), including two free cinnamic acids, p-coumaric acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA), and their conjugate phenolic amides, p-dicoumaroyl-putrescine (DCP) and diferuloylputrescine (DFP), were found to be present in the EECB by LC-MS analysis, and DFP (378.66 μg/g) was the predominant phenolic compound, followed by DCP (7.83 μg/g)>CA (5.58 μg/g)>FA (1.84 μg/g). The four HADs significantly inhibited NO production and iNOS expression in a dose-dependent manner. Among the four HADs tested, DFP showed the most potent inhibition on NO production and iNOS mRNA and protein expression, followed by DCP>FA ≥ CA. DFP also exhibited the strongest inhibition on LPS-induced iNOS and NF-κB luciferase activity, which was followed by DCP ≥ FA (CA)>CA (FA). Thus, these results suggest that phenolic amides in the corn bran may be a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ok
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyoung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Taeg Kyu
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Byung Hun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Um
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Sang Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II