title: Effect of administration of apoptotic blebs on disease development in lupus mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the formation of autoantibodies against nuclear components. Disturbed apoptosis and reduced clearance of apoptotic material have been assigned a role in the pathogenesis of SLE. During apoptosis, apoptotic blebs are formed, in which SLE autoantigens are clustered. In vitro, apoptotic blebs can induce maturation of dendritic cells (DC), which in turn can stimulate IL-17 production by T cells. Here, we investigated the effects of administration of apoptotic blebs, separate or in combination with dendritic cells, on disease progression and autoantibody production in lupus and normal mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A preparation of apoptotic blebs, with or without DC, was intravenously administered to MRL/lpr and CBA mice at weeks 7, 9, and 11 of age. T-cell responses against autoantigens present in blebs were examined by delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Disease progression of the mice was evaluated by determining proteinuria and the titers of anti-DNA, anti-histone, and anti-nucleosome autoantibodies in plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated administration of apoptotic blebs, with or without DC, had no effect on the course of proteinuria or on anti-DNA, anti-histone and anti-nucleosome autoantibody levels in MRL/lpr mice. Intravenous injections of apoptotic blebs resulted in a decrease in the DTH response towards s.c. administered blebs in MRL/lpr mice and in reduced anti-nucleosome antibody titers in CBA mice. These tolerizing effects were lost when apoptotic blebs were administered together with syngeneic DC after 2 hours of co-incubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previous studies with apoptotic cells, and deviating from our in vitro findings with apoptotic blebs, we observed no stimulating effect of the administration of apoptotic blebs on disease progression in MRL/lpr lupus mice. The tolerogenic effects that were observed may be associated with rapid removal of i.v. administered blebs by phagocytes in an immune-silencing way.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Justin H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fransen
authors.forename: Jo H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Berden
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Koeter
authors.forename: Gosse J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Adema
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Der Vlag
authors.forename: Luuk B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hilbrands
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006657:Histones / Q000276:immunology; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000276:immunology; D011507:Proteinuria; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D006657:Histones; D009707:Nucleosomes