title: Open science versus commercialization: a modern research conflict?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efforts to improve research outcomes have resulted in genomic researchers being confronted with complex and seemingly contradictory instructions about how to perform their tasks. Over the past decade, there has been increasing pressure on university researchers to commercialize their work. Concurrently, they are encouraged to collaborate, share data and disseminate new knowledge quickly (that is, to adopt an open science model) in order to foster scientific progress, meet humanitarian goals, and to maximize the impact of their research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present selected guidelines from three countries (Canada, United States, and United Kingdom) situated at the forefront of genomics to illustrate this potential policy conflict. Examining the innovation ecosystem and the messages conveyed by the different policies surveyed, we further investigate the inconsistencies between open science and commercialization policies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Commercialization and open science are not necessarily irreconcilable and could instead be envisioned as complementary elements of a more holistic innovation framework. Given the exploratory nature of our study, we wish to point out the need to gather additional evidence on the coexistence of open science and commercialization policies and on its impact, both positive and negative, on genomics academic research.
authors.affiliation: Health Law and Science Policy Group, Law Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H5, Canada. tcaulfld@law.ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.forename: Shawn He
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Joly