title: Psychosocial consequences of screening for albuminuria and certain other risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gain insight into the psychosocial consequences of a screening programme on the progression of heart, vascular and kidney damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 85,000 people aged 28-75 were invited to participate in a screening for albuminuria. Nearly half of them sent in their morning urine of which almost 10,000 had a (slightly) elevated urinary albumin level. This latter group was invited to participate in a follow-up screening (24-hour urine samples, blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol) together with ±3,000 randomly selected subjects with a normal urinary albumin concentration. A questionnaire on the psychosocial consequences of the screening was sent to 335 participants of the screening programme each of whom had received their (positive or negative) screening results two weeks previously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 75%. A minority of the respondents, diagnosed for risk factors, expressed some concern. No influence on the well-being of this group of participants could be established. Almost one third of the respondents claimed to follow a healthier lifestyle as a result of the screening. There are, however, also indications for a certain 'certificate of health effect': about half of the smokers and the physically inactive considered that the favourable screening results legitimated their unhealthy lifestyle. An unfavourable screening result led to additional medical consumption in almost half of the respondents. The respondents appreciated the screening and especially the less educated had a very positive attitude towards early diagnosis in general.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those screened positive showed no diminished well-being; their health behaviour improved because of the screening and their medical consumption increased. Many of those screened negative considered the test result a reason to continue their unhealthy lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tymstra
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Spijkers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broer
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: de Jong