title: Auditory emotion recognition impairments in schizophrenia: relationship to acoustic features and cognition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Schizophrenia is associated with deficits in the ability to perceive emotion based on tone of voice. The basis for this deficit remains unclear, however, and relevant assessment batteries remain limited. The authors evaluated performance in schizophrenia on a novel voice emotion recognition battery with well-characterized physical features, relative to impairments in more general emotional and cognitive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied a primary sample of 92 patients and 73 comparison subjects. Stimuli were characterized according to both intended emotion and acoustic features (e.g., pitch, intensity) that contributed to the emotional percept. Parallel measures of visual emotion recognition, pitch perception, general cognition, and overall outcome were obtained. More limited measures were obtained in an independent replication sample of 36 patients, 31 age-matched comparison subjects, and 188 general comparison subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed statistically significant large-effect-size deficits in voice emotion recognition (d=1.1) and were preferentially impaired in recognition of emotion based on pitch features but not intensity features. Emotion recognition deficits were significantly correlated with pitch perception impairments both across (r=0.56) and within (r=0.47) groups. Path analysis showed both sensory-specific and general cognitive contributions to auditory emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia. Similar patterns of results were observed in the replication sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that patients with schizophrenia show a significant deficit in the ability to recognize emotion based on tone of voice and that this deficit is related to impairment in detecting the underlying acoustic features, such as change in pitch, required for auditory emotion recognition. This study provides tools for, and highlights the need for, greater attention to physical features of stimuli used in studying social cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Schizophrenia Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rinat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Revheim
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Leitman
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Ruben C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kantrowitz
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laukka
authors.forename: Patrik N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Juslin
authors.forename: Gail S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Silipo
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Javitt
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D001307:Auditory Perception; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014796:Visual Perception; D014831:Voice