title: Oligomerization of glycine and alanine catalyzed by iron oxides: implications for prebiotic chemistry.
abstract: Iron oxide minerals are probable constituents of the sediments present in geothermal regions of the primitive earth. They might have adsorbed different organic monomers (amino acids, nucleotides etc.) and catalyzed polymerization processes leading to the formation of the first living cell. In the present work we tested the catalytic activity of three forms of iron oxides (Goethite, Akaganeite and Hematite) in the intermolecular condensation of each of the amino acids glycine and L-alanine. The effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide on the oligomerization has also been studied. Oligomerization studies were performed for 35 days at three different temperatures 50, 90 and 120°C without applying drying/wetting cycling. The products formed were characterized by HPLC and ESI-MS techniques. All three forms of iron oxides catalyzed peptide bond formation (23.2% of gly2 and 10.65% of ala2). The reaction was monitored every 7 days. Formation of peptides was observed to start after 7 days at 50°C. Maximum yield of peptides was found after 35 days at 90°C. Reaction at 120°C favors formation of diketopiperazine derivatives. It is also important to note that after 35 days of reaction, goethite produced dimer and trimer with the highest yield among the oxides tested. We suggest that the activity of goethite could probably be due to its high surface area and surface acidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shanker
authors.forename: Brij
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhushan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.lastname: Kamaluddin
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D054659:Diketopiperazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D019418:Evolution, Chemical; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D054659:Diketopiperazines; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D058085:Iron Compounds; D008903:Minerals; D009842:Oligopeptides; C473845:akaganeite; C094886:goethite; C009495:titanium dioxide; C000499:ferric oxide; D014025:Titanium; D000409:Alanine; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D005998:Glycine