title: Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in North Indian patients with end stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in the development and differentiation of the vascular system. VEGF is expressed constitutively by epithelial cells from embryonic to adult kidneys and may play a key role in progression of kidney diseases. It is required for the growth and proliferation of glomerular and peritubular endothelial cells. In the kidney VEGF expression is prominently found in glomerular podocytes and in tubular epithelial cells, while VEGF receptors are mainly seen on preglomerular, glomerular, and peritubular endothelial cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We have investigated the role of VEGF gene polymorphisms (-2578C/A,-2549 18 bp I/D, -1154 G/A and +936 C/T) as a susceptibility marker for end stage renal disease (ESRD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped VEGF gene polymorphism in three hundred patients and three hundred and fifty ethnically matched unrelated healthy controls free from any renal disease. These markers were studied using ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. Patients were categorized on the basis of the histo-pathological subtypes into chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN=109), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HTN=106) and chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN=60).
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF -2578C and -2549D alleles were found to be ESRD causative alleles. It was observed that there was significant differences in the frequencies of the T allele of +936C/T polymorphism among CGN, HTN and CIN respectively. VEGF -1154AA genotype and A allele were associated significantly with CGN. T-G-A-D, T-A-C-I,C-G-A-D,C-A-C-D,C-G-C-I,C-A-A-D and T-G-C-D were seven haplotypes concurred in all the ESRD patients irrespective of underlying disease. While C-G-C-D & C-G-A-I haplotypes showed risk association in CGN & CIN, C-A-C-I was observed to play predisposing role in HTN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the role of studied VEGF polymorphisms in end stage renal disease at large and subsequently in the three primary kidney diseases among the North Indian population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Swayam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rehan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Faridi
authors.forename: Suraksha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A