title: Long-term cost-consequence analysis of exenatide once weekly vs sitagliptin or pioglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes patients in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exenatide once-weekly (ExQW) is a GLP-1 receptor agonist shown to lower glucose and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of this study was to estimate the clinical benefits and associated economic benefits of treatment with ExQW compared with sitagliptin or pioglitazone in the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IMS CORE Diabetes Model, a validated computer simulation model, was used to project lifetime clinical outcomes and complication costs. The costs of glucose-lowering drugs were excluded as not all prices were available. Baseline patient characteristics (mean values: age, 52.5 years; diabetes duration, 6 years; HbA1(c), 8.51%; body mass index, 32.12 kg/m(2)) and clinical data were derived from a phase 3 clinical trial that compared ExQW with sitagliptin or pioglitazone in T2DM patients. At 6 months, patients treated with ExQW had greater improvements in HbA1(c) and body weight than those treated with sitagliptin or pioglitazone. Complication costs were extracted from published sources. Health outcomes and costs were discounted at 3% per year. Sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 35 years, and compared with sitagliptin or pioglitazone, ExQW increased life expectancy by, respectively, 0.28 (13.76 ± 0.17 vs 13.48 ± 0.18) and 0.17 years (13.76 ± 0.17 vs 13.59 ± 0.17), and quality-adjusted life years by, respectively, 0.28 (9.56 ± 0.12 vs 9.28 ± 0.12) and 0.24 years (9.56 ± 0.12 vs 9.32 ± 0.12). ExQW was associated with lower lifetime complication costs: compared with sitagliptin or pioglitazone, ExQW saved, respectively US$2215 (US$55,647 ± 2039 vs US$57,862 ± 2159) and US$933 (US$55,647 ± 2039 vs US$56,580 ± 2007) direct cost per patient. Cost-savings resulted mainly from a lower projected cumulative incidence of cardiovascular diseases and neuropathic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term changes in surrogate end-points were used to project lifetime effects on clinical outcomes. Pharmacy costs were excluded from the analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over a patient's lifetime, ExQW was projected to improve health and decrease diabetes-related complication costs compared with sitagliptin or pioglitazone.
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anne-Laure
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Guillermin
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Jennie H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: DeYoung
authors.forename: Yevgeniy
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Samyshkin
authors.forename: Julia Aledort
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gaebler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D000077270:Exenatide; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States; D014688:Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010455:Peptides; D011719:Pyrazines; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014230:Triazoles; D014688:Venoms; D000077270:Exenatide; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D000077205:Pioglitazone