title: Different doses of supplemental vitamin D maintain interleukin-5 without altering skeletal muscle strength: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in vitamin D sufficient adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Supplemental vitamin D modulates inflammatory cytokines and skeletal muscle function, but results are inconsistent. It is unknown if these inconsistencies are dependent on the supplemental dose of vitamin D. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the influence of different doses of supplemental vitamin D on inflammatory cytokines and muscular strength in young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men (n = 15) and women (n = 15) received a daily placebo or vitamin D supplement (200 or 4000 IU) for 28-d during the winter. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), cytokine concentrations and muscular (leg) strength measurements were performed prior to and during supplementation. Statistical significance of data were assessed with a two-way (time, treatment) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, followed by a Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference to test multiple pairwise comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon enrollment, 63% of the subjects were vitamin D sufficient (serum 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/ml). Serum 25(OH)D and interleukin (IL)-5 decreased (P < 0.05) across time in the placebo group. Supplemental vitamin D at 200 IU maintained serum 25(OH)D concentrations and increased IL-5 (P < 0.05). Supplemental vitamin D at 4000 IU increased (P < 0.05) serum 25(OH)D without altering IL-5 concentrations. Although serum 25(OH)D concentrations correlated (P < 0.05) with muscle strength, muscle strength was not changed by supplemental vitamin D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young adults who were vitamin D sufficient prior to supplementation, we conclude that a low-daily dose of supplemental vitamin D prevents serum 25(OH)D and IL-5 concentration decreases, and that muscular strength does not parallel the 25(OH)D increase induced by a high-daily dose of supplemental vitamin D. Considering that IL-5 protects against viruses and bacterial infections, these findings could have a broad physiological importance regarding the ability of vitamin D sufficiency to mediate the immune systems protection against infection.
authors.affiliation: The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT, 84107, USA. tyler.barker@imail.org.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Carl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kjeldsberg
authors.forename: Vanessa T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Erik D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dern
authors.forename: Lindell K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Weaver