title: Visual impairment, age-related eye diseases, and cognitive function: the Singapore Malay Eye study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the associations of visual impairment and major age-related eye diseases with cognitive function in an older Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, cross-sectional study of 1179 participants aged 60 to 80 years from the Singapore Malay Eye study was conducted. Visual acuity was measured using the logMAR vision chart. Cataract and age-related macular degeneration were graded using the Wisconsin Cataract Grading System and the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System, respectively. Glaucoma was diagnosed using the International Society Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. Diabetic retinopathy was graded using the modified Airlie House classification system. Cognitive dysfunction was defined as a locally validated Abbreviated Mental Test using education-based cutoff scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, sex, education level, income, and type of housing, persons with visual impairment before refractive correction (odds ratio [OR]=2.59; 95% CI, 1.89-3.56) or after refractive correction (OR=1.96; 95% CI, 1.27-3.02) and those with visual impairment due to cataract (OR=2.75; 95% CI, 1.35-5.63) were more likely to have cognitive dysfunction. Only moderate to severe diabetic retinopathy was independently associated with cognitive dysfunction (OR=5.57; 95% CI, 1.56-19.91) after controlling for concurrent age-related eye diseases. No significant independent associations were observed between cataract, age-related macular degeneration, or glaucoma and cognitive dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older persons with visual impairment, particularly those with visual impairment due to cataract, were more likely to have cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, among the major age-related eye diseases, only diabetic retinopathy was associated with cognitive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shin Yeu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Carol Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ecosse L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
authors.forename: M Kamran
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ching Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Benjamin Adam
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Haaland
authors.forename: Seang Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Narayanaswamy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Venketasubramanian
authors.forename: Christopher P L
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tien Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D002386:Cataract / Q000208:ethnology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000208:ethnology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D014787:Vision Tests; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*