title: Male human papillomavirus prevalence and association with condom use in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reported associations of condom use and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been inconsistent. We investigated self-reported frequency of condom use and detection of genital HPV among men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in men aged 18-70 years from Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Men completed questionnaires on sexual history, condom use, and sociodemographic characteristics. Among 2621 men reporting recent vaginal sex, prevalence of any HPV, any oncogenic type, and nononcogenic types only was estimated by frequency of condom use ("always" or "not always"). Multivariable models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for HPV according to frequency of condom use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of any HPV was 70.5%; any oncogenic type, 34%, and nononcogenic types only, 22.2%. The adjusted PR for always vs not always using condoms was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], .77-.97) for all countries combined. The association was stronger in the United States (PR, 0.70; CI, .55-.90) than in Brazil (PR, 0.84; CI, .71-1.01) or Mexico (PR, 1.05; CI, .89-1.25) (P for interaction = .025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV prevalence was high even among those who reported always using condoms, and its associations with always using condoms varied among countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University.
authors.forename: Kimberly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Repp
authors.forename: Carrie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nielson
authors.forename: Rongwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmerón
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quiterio
authors.forename: Luisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult