title: A simple robust method for estimating the glucose rate of appearance from mixed meals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimating the rate of glucose appearance (R(a)) after ingestion of a mixed meal may be highly valuable in diabetes management. The gold standard technique for estimating R(a) is the use of a multitracer oral glucose protocol. However, this technique is complex and is usually not convenient for large studies. Alternatively, a simpler approach based on the glucose-insulin minimal model is available. The main drawback of this last approach is that it also requires a gastrointestinal model, something that may lead to identifiability problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article, we present an alternative, easy-to-use method based on the glucose-insulin minimal model for estimation of R(a). This new technique avoids complex experimental protocols by only requiring data from a standard meal tolerance test. Unlike other model-based approaches, this new approach does not require a gastrointestinal model, which leads to a much simpler solution. Furthermore, this novel technique requires the identification of only one parameter of the minimal model because the rest of the model parameters are considered to have small variability. In order to account for such variability as well as to account for errors associated to measurements, interval analysis has been employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current technique has been validated using data from a United States Food and Drug Administration-accepted type 1 diabetes simulator [root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.77] and successfully tested with two clinical data sets from the literature (RMSE = 0.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented technique for the estimation of R(a) showed excellent results when tested with simulated and actual clinical data. The simplicity of this new technique makes it suitable for large clinical research studies for the evaluation of the role of R(a) in patients with impairments in glucose metabolism. In addition, this technique is being used to build a model library of mixed meals that could be incorporated into diabetic subject simulators in order to account for more realistic and varied meals.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom. pherrero@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Pau
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bondia
authors.forename: Cesar C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Palerm
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vehí
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Christofer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toumazou
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose