title: Reduction of fumonisin B₁ in corn grits by twin-screw extrusion.
abstract: This study was designed to investigate the fate of fumonisins in flaking corn grits during twin-screw extrusion by measuring fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) and its analogs with a mass balance approach. Food grade corn grits and 2 batches of grits contaminated with FB₁ at 10 and 50 μg/g by Fusarium verticillioides M-2552 were processed with or without glucose supplementation (10%, w/w) with a twin-screw extruder. Extrusion reduced FB₁ in contaminated grits by 64% to 72% without glucose and 89% to 94% with added glucose. In addition, extrusion alone resulted in 26% to 73% reduction in the levels of fumonisin B₂ and fumonisin B₃, while levels of both mycotoxins were reduced by >89% in extruded corn grits containing 10% glucose. Mass balance analysis showed that 38% to 46% of the FB₁ species detected in corn extruded with glucose was N-(deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-FB₁, while 23% to 37% of FB₁ species detected in extruded corn grits with and without added glucose was bound to the matrix. It was also found that the hydrolyzed form of FB₁ was a minor species in extruded corn grits with or without added glucose, representing <15% of the total FB₁ species present. Less than 46% of FB₁ originally present in corn grits could be detected in the fumonisin analogues measured in this study. Research is needed to identify the reaction products resulting from extrusion processing of fumonisin-contaminated corn products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twin-screw extrusion is widely used in food industry for its versatility. This technology may reduce the level of fumonisins in corn particularly with added glucose.
authors.affiliation: Natl. Center for Food Safety and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 South Archer Road, Summit-Argo, IL 60501, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jablonski
authors.forename: Lloyd B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Bullerman
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.forename: Milford A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: April D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hollub
authors.forename: Dojin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D037341:Fumonisins; C056934:fumonisin B2; C073063:fumonisin B3; D005632:Fructose; C056933:fumonisin B1; D005947:Glucose