title: Xanthones in mangosteen juice are absorbed and partially conjugated by healthy adults.
abstract: The proposed health-promoting effects of the pericarp from mangosteen fruit have been attributed to a family of polyphenols referred to as xanthones. The purpose of this study was to determine the bioavailability of xanthones from 100% mangosteen juice in healthy adult participants (n = 10). Pericarp particles accounted for 1% of the mass and 99% of the xanthone concentration in the juice. The juice provided 5.3 ± 0.1 mmol/L total xanthones with α-mangostin, garcinones (C, D, and E), γ-mangostin, gartanins, and other identified xanthones accounting for 58, 2, 6, 4, and 5%, respectively. Participants ingested 60 mL mangosteen juice with a high-fat breakfast. Free and conjugated (glucuronidated/sulfated) xanthones were detected in serum and urine. There was marked variation in the AUC (762-4030 nmol/L × h), maximum concentration (113 ± 107 nmol/L), and time to maximum concentration (3.7 ± 2.4 h) for α-mangostin in sera during the 24-h collection. Similarly, xanthones in 24-h urine ranged from 0.9 to 11.1 μmol and accounted for 2.0 ± 0.3% (range 0.3-3.4%) of the ingested dose. There were no significant differences between female and male participants in mean pharmacokinetic values of α-mangostin in serum and urinary xanthones. Only 15.4 ± 0.7% of total xanthones in pericarp particles in the juice partitioned into mixed micelles during in vitro digestion. These results show that xanthones in mangosteen juice are absorbed when ingested along with a high-fat meal, although release of xanthones from pericarp particles during digestion may be limited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Chureeporn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chitchumroonchokchai
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.forename: Sunit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suksumrarn
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Clinton
authors.forename: A Douglas
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kinghorn
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Failla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004063:Digestion; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D029762:Garcinia mangostana / Q000737:chemistry*; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007700:Kinetics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D008823:Micelles; D009820:Ohio; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013431:Sulfates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D044004:Xanthones / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D020719:Glucuronides; D008823:Micelles; D013431:Sulfates; D044004:Xanthones; C021053:mangostin