title: Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female sex workers are a population who are at heightened risk of HIV infection secondary to biological, behavioural, and structural risk factors. However, three decades into the HIV pandemic, understanding of the burden of HIV among these women remains limited. We aimed to assess the burden of HIV in this population compared with that of other women of reproductive age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed, Embase, Global Health, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science, and POPLine for studies of female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries published between Jan 1, 2007, and June 25, 2011. Studies of any design that measured the prevalence or incidence of HIV among female sex workers, even if sex workers were not the main focus of the study, were included. Meta-analyses were done with the Mantel-Haenszel method with a random-effects model characterising an odds ratio for the prevalence of HIV among female sex workers compared with that for all women of reproductive age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 434 selected articles and surveillance reports, 102 were included in the analyses, representing 99,878 female sex workers in 50 countries. The overall HIV prevalence was 11·8% (95% CI 11·6-12·0) with a pooled odds ratio for HIV infection of 13·5 (95% CI 10·0-18·1) with wide intraregional ranges in the pooled HIV prevalence and odds ratios for HIV infection. In 26 countries with medium and high background HIV prevalence, 30·7% (95% CI 30·2-31·3; 8627 of 28,075) of sex workers were HIV-positive and the odds ratio for infection was 11·6 (95% CI 9·1-14·8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although data characterising HIV risk among female sex workers is scarce, the burden of disease is disproportionately high. These data suggest an urgent need to scale up access to quality HIV prevention programmes. Considerations of the legal and policy environments in which sex workers operate and actions to address the important role of stigma, discrimination, and violence targeting female sex workers is needed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The World Bank, UN Population Fund.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. sbaral@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baral
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beyrer
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muessig
authors.forename: Tonia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poteat
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D060386:Sex Workers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*