title: A comparison of the cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine production of EndoSequence root repair material and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate in human osteoblast cell culture using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and cytokine expression profiles of EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM; Brasseler, Savannah, GA) putty, ERRM flowable, and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN) using osteoblast cells (MG-63).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four millimeters in diameter of each material was placed in the center of a 6-well culture plate, and a 2-mL suspension (10(5) cells/mL) of human osteoblasts was seeded in each well. Photomicrograph images were used to evaluate cytotoxicity as evidenced by the lack of osteoblast cell growth in relation to the materials with AH-26 (Dentsply Tulsa Dental) as the positive control. In addition, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Cytokine expression of MG-63 cells upon lipopolysaccharide treatment was used as controls. RT-PCR results were normalized by the expression of the housekeeping gene β-actin and were used to measure cytokine expression. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that ERRM putty and MTA exhibited minimal levels of cytotoxicity; however, ERRM was slightly more cytotoxic although not statistically significant. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 was detected in all samples with minimal TNF-α expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that ERRM and MTA showed similar cytotoxicity and cytokine expressions.
authors.affiliation: Case School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciasca
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aminoshariae
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Montagnese
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mickel
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000633:toxicity; D001729:Bismuth / Q000633:toxicity; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008422:Materials Testing; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000633:toxicity*; D017640:Silicates / Q000633:toxicity*; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity; D013635:Tantalum / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D015040:Zirconium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D004338:Drug Combinations; C550603:EndoSequence root repair material; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D012834:Silver; C028044:epoxy resin AH-26; D013635:Tantalum; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; D001729:Bismuth