title: Characterization of melamine-associated urinary stones in children with consumption of melamine-contaminated infant formula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crystalline morphology and compositions of melamine-associated urinary stones caused by consumption of melamine-contaminated infant formula are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve melamine-associated urinary stone samples were obtained from 12 children aged from 3 to 36 months who were treated in Lanzhou University Second Hospital. The crystalline morphology and compositions of these stone samples were analyzed using a combination of infrared spectrum, SEM and XRD. The presence of melamine in 12 stones was determined by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diversity of crystalline morphology in 10 stone samples was revealed by SEM observation. Infrared spectral data revealed that 8 of the 10 stone samples predominantly consisted of the crystal forms of urate: 1 of sodium urate monohydrate, 2 of uricite and 5 of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium urate. However, ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate, ammonium urate and carbonate apatite were also identified in 1 stone sample. The content of melamine in all of the 12 stone samples was determined by HPLC and found to range from 200 to 339,000 μg/g. XRD analysis in 6 stone samples showed that amorphous mineral phase was involved in the calculogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melamine and uric acid are the main possible etiologic factors closely related to melamine-associated urinary stone formation in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu Province, 730030, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhongjin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites / Q000032:analysis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D014227:Triazines; D014527:Uric Acid; C030782:carboapatite; C011907:melamine