title: Redox nanoparticle treatment protects against neurological deficit in focused ultrasound-induced intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracerebral hemorrhage is reported to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative DNA damage in the brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine whether our designed redox polymer nanoparticle could reduce intracerebral hemorrhage induced by 1-MHz focused ultrasound sonication coupled with microbubble treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging, frozen section, brain edema, neurologic deficit, the number of morphologically normal neurons, DNA oxidization and superoxide anion generation were used to investigate the neuroprotective effect of redox polymer nanoparticles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We confirmed that the 1-MHz focused ultrasound coupled with microbubble produced intracerebral hemorrhage and showed that the redox polymer nanoparticle ameliorates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain edema, neurological deficit and oxidative damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that redox polymer nanoparticle is a potential therapeutic agent for intracerebral hemorrhage induced by focused ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure & Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Pennapa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chonpathompikunlert
authors.forename: Ching-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshitomi
authors.forename: Chih-Kuang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000009:adverse effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013016:Sound / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D011108:Polymers; D013481:Superoxides; D004247:DNA; C039900:nitroxyl