title: Nephrostomy tube-free versus nephrostomy tube for renal drainage after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, percutaneous nephrostomy drainage following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) has been considered the standard of care. More recently, however, an increasing number of centers are performing tubeless (with insertion of JJ ureteric stent) or totally tubeless (with no internal or external drainage) PNL with impressive outcome data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review is to compare the clinical therapeutic efficacy and safety of nephrostomy tube-free (NT-free) and standard PNL.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed (1966 to April 2011), Embase (1966 to April 2011), and the Cochrane Library without language restriction. All randomized controlled trials that compared NT-free PNL (using a double-J stent) with standard PNL were enrolled in this review. The Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan5.0.2 software was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies involving 547 patients were included. Patients were divided into 4 groups: NT-free group, small tube group (8-9 Fr), middle tube group (16-18 Fr), and large tube group (20-24 Fr). Meta-analysis showed that: (1) with regard to hospital stay (h) and visual analog scale scores for postoperative pain on day 1, there was no significant difference between the NT-free group and the small tube group, but there were differences between the NT-free group versus the middle and large tube groups; (2) for puncture site urinary leakage, no significant difference was found between the NT-free group and the small and middle tube groups; (3) no significant difference was found with regard to transfusion, fever or infection, operative time between the NT-free group and the 3 tube groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical efficacy and safety of NT-free and small tube are similar in all measurements. Compared with the middle and large tubes, NT-free PNL could reduce hospital stay and postoperative analgesia requirement without increasing other complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D004322:Drainage / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome