title: Setting priorities for land management to mitigate climate change.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No consensus has been reached how to measure the effectiveness of climate change mitigation in the land-use sector and how to prioritize land use accordingly. We used the long-term cumulative and average sectorial C stocks in biomass, soil and products, C stock changes, the substitution of fossil energy and of energy-intensive products, and net present value (NPV) as evaluation criteria for the effectiveness of a hectare of productive land to mitigate climate change and produce economic returns. We evaluated land management options using real-life data of Thuringia, a region representative for central-western European conditions, and input from life cycle assessment, with a carbon-tracking model. We focused on solid biomass use for energy production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In forestry, the traditional timber production was most economically viable and most climate-friendly due to an assumed recycling rate of 80% of wood products for bioenergy. Intensification towards "pure bioenergy production" would reduce the average sectorial C stocks and the C substitution and would turn NPV negative. In the forest conservation (non-use) option, the sectorial C stocks increased by 52% against timber production, which was not compensated by foregone wood products and C substitution. Among the cropland options wheat for food with straw use for energy, whole cereals for energy, and short rotation coppice for bioenergy the latter was most climate-friendly. However, specific subsidies or incentives for perennials would be needed to favour this option.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When using the harvested products as materials prior to energy use there is no climate argument to support intensification by switching from sawn-wood timber production towards energy-wood in forestry systems. A legal framework would be needed to ensure that harvested products are first used for raw materials prior to energy use. Only an effective recycling of biomaterials frees land for long-term sustained C sequestration by conservation. Reuse cascades avoid additional emissions from shifting production or intensification.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg 2361, Austria. bottcher@iiasa.ac.at.
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Böttcher
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Freibauer
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gitz
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciais
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mund
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wutzler
authors.forename: Ernst-Detlef
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Schulze