title: Novel aqueous nano-scaled formulations of oleic acid stabilized hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Novel aqueous nano-scaled formulations were developed for hydrophobic oleic acid stabilized monodisperse superparamagnetic magnetite nanocrystals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study, single and mixed lipid amphiphiles based on Cremophor RH-40 (Crem-RH-40), Solutol HS-15 (Sol-HS-15), Phospholipon-100H (PL-100H) and sucrose ester M-1695 (SE-M-1695) were employed at varying concentrations. Isotonicity and physiological pH adjustments were achieved by using 5% w/v mannitol in 10 mM pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Mannitol also served as lyoprotectant for the freeze drying of selected formulation. The developed formulations were characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation methods for their size and size distributions and morphologies were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent application of a selected formulation was investigated by (1)H-NMR relaxometric measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that stable formulations of the nanocrystals with hydrodynamic diameters generally below 100 nm were obtained. Among the developed formulations, the one prepared with 0.75% Crem-RH-40, 0.5% PL-100H and 0.25% SE-M-1695 had a mean hydrodynamic diameter of ~64 nm and zeta potential of -20 mV. This formulation exhibited low degree of aggregation, high level of incorporation of magnetite nanocrystals and very good stability profile over a period of 6 months. In addition, it showed transverse and longitudinal relaxivities of 221.8 and 32.1 s(-1)·mM(-1), respectively with r(2)/r(1) ratio of 6.9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that mixed lipid-based amphiphiles allow stable aqueous formulations of the normally challenging hydrophobic magnetite nanocrystals with potential in vivo MRI contrast applications.
authors.affiliation: Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. antbeletes@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anteneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belete
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeder
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D012997:Solvents; C000499:ferric oxide; D019301:Oleic Acid