title: An efficient treatment strategy for histotripsy by removing cavitation memory.
abstract: Cavitation memory effects occur when remnants of cavitation bubbles (nuclei) persist in the host medium and act as seeds for subsequent events. In pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy, or histotripsy, this effect may cause cavitation to repeatedly occur at these seeded locations within a target volume, producing inhomogeneous tissue fractionation or requiring an excess number of pulses to completely homogenize the target volume. We hypothesized that by removing the cavitation memory, i.e., the persistent nuclei, the cavitation bubbles could be induced at random locations in response to each pulse; therefore, complete disruption of a tissue volume may be achieved with fewer pulses. To test the hypothesis, the cavitation memory was passively removed by increasing the intervals between successive pulses, ∆t, from 2, 10, 20, 50 and 100, to 200 ms. Histotripsy treatments were performed in red blood cell tissue phantoms and ex vivo livers using 1-MHz ultrasound pulses of 10 cycles at P-/P+ pressure of 21/59 MPa. The phantom study allowed for direct visualization of the cavitation patterns and the lesion development process in real time using high-speed photography; the ex vivo tissue study provided validation of the memory effect in real tissues. Results of the phantom study showed an exponential decrease in the correlation coefficient between cavitation patterns in successive pulses from 0.5 ± 0.1 to 0.1 ± 0.1 as ∆t increased from 2-200 ms; correspondingly, the lesion was completely fractionated with significantly fewer pulses for longer ∆ts. In the tissue study, given the same number of therapy pulses, complete and homogeneous tissue fractionation with well-defined lesion boundaries was achieved only for ∆t ≥ 100 ms. These results indicated that the removal of the cavitation memory resulted in more efficient treatments and homogeneous lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. tzuyin@umich.edu
authors.forename: Tzu-Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J Brian
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fowlkes
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002458:Cell Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004285:Dogs; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D059708:Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*