title: Disparities in receipt of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected adults (2002-2008).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior research has documented sociodemographic disparities in the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Recent therapeutic developments and changing epidemiological profiles may have altered such disparities. We examine the extent to which sociodemographic differences in prescribed ART have changed between 2002 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data abstracted from medical records at 13 US sites participating in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Research Network. Prescription of ART was assessed for each year in care for each patient. A total of 14,092 patients were followed up for 39,251 person-years. We examined ART use as a function of sex, race/ethnicity, human immunodeficiency virus risk group, age, and CD4 history (no test <500 cells/mm, one or more tests between 500 and 350 cells/mm, 1 test ≤350 cells/mm, and 2 or more tests ≤350 cells/mm). Using multiple logistic regression, we ascertained interactions between each of these variables and calendar year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall percentage prescribed ART increased from 60% to 80% between 2002 and 2008. Among those with 2 or more CD4 tests ≤350 cells/mm, the percentage increased from 82% to 92%. ART rates were higher for those with lower CD4 counts but increased over time for all CD4 groups and for all demographic groups. Nevertheless, sex and racial/ethnic disparities persisted. Significant interactions were obtained for CD4 history by year, age by year, and age by CD4 history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although prescription of ART became more widespread from 2002 to 2008, patients who were female, black, or younger still had lower ART rates than male, white, or older patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. john.fleishman@ahrq.hhs.gov
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleishman
authors.forename: Baligh R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Yehia
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gebo
authors.forename: Allison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Agwu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents