title: Evaluating the length of stay and value of time in a pediatric emergency department with two models by comparing two different albuterol delivery systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Asthma is one of the most common childhood illnesses and accounts for a substantial amount of pediatric emergency department visits. Historically, acute exacerbations are treated with a beta agonist via nebulizer therapy (NEB). However, with the advent of the spacer, the medication can be delivered via a metered dose inhaler (MDI+S) with the same efficacy for mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations. To date, no study has been done to evaluate emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS) and opportunity cost between nebulized vs MDI+S. The objective of this study was to compare ED LOS and associated opportunity cost among children who present with a mild asthma exacerbation according to the delivery mode of albuterol: MDI+S vs NEB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Medical records were reviewed from children aged 1-18 years treated at an urban pediatric ED from July 2007 to June 2008 with a discharge diagnosis International Classification of Disease-9 of asthma. Length of stay was defined: time from initial triage until the time of the guardian signature on the discharge instructions. An operational definition was used to define a mild asthma exacerbation; those patients requiring only one standard weight based albuterol treatment. Emergency department throughput time points, demographic data, treatment course, and delivery method of albuterol were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and four patients were analyzed: 94 in the MDI+S group and 209 in the NEB group. Mean age in years for the MDI+S group was 9.57 vs 5.07 for the NEB group (p<0.001). The percentage of patients that received oral corticosteroids was 39.4% in the MDI+S group vs 61.7% in the NEB group (p<0.001). There was no difference between groups in: race, insurance status, gender, or chest radiographs. The mean ED LOS for patients in the MDI+S group was 170 minutes compared to 205 minutes in the NEB group. On average, there was a 25.1 minute time savings per patient in ED treatment time (p<0.001; 95% CI=3.8-31.7). Significant predictors of outcome for treatment time were chest radiograph, steroids, and treatment mode. Opportunity cost analysis estimated a potential cost savings of $213,532 annually using MDI+S vs NEB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In mild asthma exacerbations, administering albuterol via MDI+S decreases ED treatment time when compared to administering nebulized albuterol. A metered dose inhaler with spacer utilization may enhance opportunity cost savings and decrease the left without being seen population with improved throughput.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The key limitations of this study include its retrospective design, the proxy non-standard definition of mild asthma exacerbation, and the opportunity cost calculation, which may over-estimate the value of ED time saved based on ED volume.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Emergency Medicine Physician, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center–Pediatrics, 571 South Floyd Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA. lfscha02@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Staggs
authors.forename: Meagan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peek
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Southard
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gracely
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baxendale
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: In K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007629:Kentucky; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers / Q000191:economics*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000420:Albuterol