title: Effect of airborne-particle abrasion and aqueous storage on flexural properties of fiber-reinforced dowels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A great range of clinical failures have been observed with fiber-reinforced dowels, often attributed to fracture or bending of the dowels. This study investigated flexural properties of fiber-reinforced dowels, with and without airborne-particle abrasion, after storage in aqueous environments over time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the mode of failure of dowels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two dowel systems (ParaPost Fiber Lux and FibreKor) were evaluated. Ten dowels of each system were randomly assigned to one of six experimental groups: 1--control, dry condition; 2--dowels airborne-particle abraded and then stored dry; 3--dowels stored for 24 hours in aqueous solution at 37°C; 4--dowels airborne-particle abraded followed by 24-hour aqueous storage at 37°C; 5--dowels stored for 30 days in aqueous solution at 37°C; 6--dowels airborne-particle abraded followed by 30-day aqueous storage at 37°C. Flexural strength and flexural modulus were tested for all groups according to American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D4476. One failed dowel from each group was randomly selected to be evaluated with SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize the failure pattern. One intact dowel of each system was also analyzed with SEM and EDS for baseline information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean flexural modulus and strength of ParaPost Fiber Lux dowels across all conditions were 29.59 ± 2.89 GPa and 789.11 ± 89.88 MPa, respectively. Mean flexural modulus and strength of FibreKor dowels across all conditions were 25.58 ± 1.48 GPa and 742.68 ± 89.81 MPa, respectively. One-way ANOVA and a post hoc Dunnett's t-test showed a statistically significant decrease in flexural strength as compared to the dry control group for all experimental groups stored in water, for both dowel systems (p < 0.05). Flexural modulus for both dowel systems showed a statistically significant decrease only for dowels stored in aqueous solutions for 30 days (p < 0.05). Airborne-particle abrasion did not have an effect on flexural properties for either dowel system (p > 0.05). SEM and EDS analyses revealed differences in composition and failure mode of the two dowel systems. Failed dowels of each system revealed similar failure patterns, irrespective of the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aqueous storage had a negative effect on flexural properties of fiber-reinforced dowels, and this negative effect appeared to increase with longer storage times. The fiber/resin matrix interface was the weak structure for the dowel systems tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, UMKC School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. petriec@umkc.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D003890:Desiccation; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018583:Pliability; D011176:Post and Core Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C009753:fiberglass; D014867:Water; D000537:Aluminum Oxide