title: Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in sorghum grown in different geographical regions of India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important coarse cereal crop grown for grain and fodder in the semi-arid Tropics, mainly in Asian and African countries. In India sorghum is consumed as human food and poultry feed. Sorghum grain grown in the rainy season (kharif) is becoming severely affected by grain moulds, the major fungi involved being Aspergillus, Fusarium and Curvularia. If the extent of mould is severe, the grain is unsafe for consumption owing to contamination by mycotoxins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper presents a multi-centre study conducted in sorghum to evaluate natural contamination of aflatoxin B(1) in India. A total of 1606 grain sorghum samples were collected during the rainy (kharif) season across 4 years from seven states of India, representing different geographical regions of the country. Aflatoxin B(1) contamination during 2007-08 was the highest (13.1%), followed by samples from the year 2004-05 (2.85%). The samples collected in years 2005-06 and 2006-07 showed contamination below 1%. The number of samples (35) showing aflatoxin B(1) contamination above the safety limit was also highest during 2007-08 as compared to samples from the other years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, conducted for 4 years, showed that natural contamination of aflatoxin B(1) in sorghum grown in India is within safety limits (20 µg kg(-1)) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Committee and 73% of samples were positive for toxin. However, 0.75% (12) of total samples contained aflatoxin above the safety limit. The overall occurrence of toxin from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan was below 5 µg kg(-1).
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Sorghum Research, (Formerly National Research Centre for Sorghum), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. ratnavathi@sorghum.res.in
authors.forename: Chamarthy Venkata
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ratnavathi
authors.forename: Vadabalija Venkata
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Komala
authors.forename: Bathula Swaroop Vijay
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Indra Kanta
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Jagannath Vishnu
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D059022:Food Safety; D005658:Fungi; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology*; D045868:Sorghum / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D016604:Aflatoxin B1