title: The impact of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the impact of 3 surgical techniques (high ligation, inguinal varicocelectomy and the subinguinal approach) for varicocelectomy on sperm parameters (count and motility) and pregnancy rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  By searching the literature using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library with the last search performed in February 2011, focusing on the last 20 years, a total of 94 articles published between 1975 and 2011 reporting on sperm parameters before and after varicocelectomy were identified. Inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis were at least 2 semen analyses (before and 3 or more months after the procedure), patient age older than 19 years, clinical subfertility and/or abnormal semen parameters, and a clinically palpable varicocele. To rule out skewing factors a bias analysis was performed, and statistical analysis was done with RevMan5(®) and SPSS 15.0(®).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 articles were included in the statistical analysis. All 3 surgical approaches led to significant or highly significant postoperative improvement of both parameters with only slight numeric differences among the techniques. This difference did not reach statistical significance for sperm count (p = 0.973) or sperm motility (p = 0.372). After high ligation surgery sperm count increased by 10.85 million per ml (p = 0.006) and motility by 6.80% (p <0.00001) on the average. Inguinal varicocelectomy led to an improvement in sperm count of 7.17 million per ml (p <0.0001) while motility changed by 9.44% (p = 0.001). Subinguinal varicocelectomy provided an increase in sperm count of 9.75 million per ml (p = 0.002) and sperm motility by 12.25% (p = 0.001). Inguinal varicocelectomy showed the highest pregnancy rate of 41.48% compared to 26.90% and 26.56% after high ligation and subinguinal varicocelectomy, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis suggests that varicocelectomy leads to significant improvements in sperm count and motility regardless of surgical technique, with the inguinal approach offering the highest pregnancy rate.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madersbacher
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: Wilhelm Alexander
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imhof
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000601:surgery*; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery*