title: Urinary bladder cancer: role of MR imaging.
abstract: Urinary bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a variety of pathologic features, cytogenetic characteristics, and natural histories. It is the fourth most common cancer in males and the tenth most common cancer in females. Urinary bladder cancer has a high recurrence rate, necessitating long-term surveillance after initial therapy. Early detection is important, since up to 47% of bladder cancer-related deaths may have been avoided. Conventional computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are only moderately accurate in the diagnosis and local staging of bladder cancer, with cystoscopy and pathologic staging remaining the standards of reference. However, the role of newer MR imaging sequences (eg, diffusion-weighted imaging) in the diagnosis and local staging of bladder cancer is still evolving. Substantial advances in MR imaging technology have made multiparametric MR imaging a feasible and reasonably accurate technique for the local staging of bladder cancer to optimize treatment. In addition, whole-body CT is the primary imaging technique for the detection of metastases in bladder cancer patients, especially those with disease that invades muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 234 Goodman St, PO Box 670761, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0761, USA. drsadhnaverma@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sadhna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Arumugam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajesh
authors.forename: Srinivasa R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Krishnanath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gaitonde
authors.forename: Chandana G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lall
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mouraviev
authors.forename: Gunjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aeron
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bracken
authors.forename: Kumaresan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandrasegaran
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003558:Cystoscopy; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors