title: Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations between specific parent and offspring mental disorders are likely to have been overestimated in studies that have failed to control for parent comorbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of parent with respondent disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys (n = 51 507). Respondent disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent disorders with informant-based Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although virtually all parent disorders examined (major depressive, generalised anxiety, panic, substance and antisocial behaviour disorders and suicidality) were significantly associated with offspring disorders in multivariate analyses, little specificity was found. Comorbid parent disorders had significant sub-additive associations with offspring disorders. Population-attributable risk proportions for parent disorders were 12.4% across all offspring disorders, generally higher in high- and upper-middle- than low-/lower-middle-income countries, and consistently higher for behaviour (11.0-19.9%) than other (7.1-14.0%) disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parent psychopathology is a robust non-specific predictor associated with a substantial proportion of offspring disorders.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Katie.McLaughlin@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Katie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gadermann
authors.forename: Irving
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hamzawi
authors.forename: Laura Helena
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Angermeyer
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benjet
authors.forename: Evelyn J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bromet
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruffaerts
authors.forename: José Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Caldas-de-Almeida
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Girolamo
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Florescu
authors.forename: Oye
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gureje
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haro
authors.forename: Hristo Ruskov
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Hinkov
authors.forename: Itsuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.forename: Chiyi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Aimee Nasser
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kovess-Masfety
authors.forename: Sing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: S Haque
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Nizamie
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posada-Villa
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011599:Psychopathology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D014944:World Health Organization