title: Psychosocial stress at work is associated with increased dementia risk in late life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that high job stress during working life might lead to an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in late life.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dementia-free cohort of 913 community dwellers, aged 75+ years, from the Kungsholmen Project, a population-based follow-up study carried out in Stockholm, Sweden, was followed up for an average of 6 years to detect incident dementia and AD (third revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Information on the lifespan work activities was collected. Psychological stress at work was estimated for the longest period of occupation as well as for all occupations by using a validated psychosocial job exposure matrix on two dimensions: job control and job demands. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of dementia and AD in relation to different levels of job stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low level of job control was associated with higher multivariate adjusted risk of dementia (HR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2-3.0) and AD (HR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2-3.9). Low level of job demands alone was not significantly associated with increased dementia risk. When the two dimensions were combined into a four-category job strain model, both high job strain (low control/high demands) and passive strain (both low control and demands) were related to higher risk of dementia and AD as compared with active job strain (both high). Vascular disorders did not mediate the observed associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifelong work-related psychosocial stress, characterized by low job control and high job strain, was associated with increased risk of dementia and AD in late life, independent of other known risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden. huixin.wang@ki.se
authors.forename: Hui-Xin
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahlberg
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fratiglioni
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014937:Work / Q000523:psychology*