title: Biopsychosocial outcomes in individuals with and without spinal cord injury: a Swiss comparative study.
abstract: METHODS
  Multicentre controlled study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if individuals with and without spinal cord injury (SCI) differ in biopsychosocial variables according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited through three major SCI rehabilitation centres in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of people with SCI (N=102) and a matched non-SCI sample (N=73) were compared according to secondary conditions, pain, depressive symptoms, participation, social support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, coping and sense of coherence. Difference tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses to predict the likelihood of group membership were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People with SCI reported more health conditions, higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, worse pain and pain interference, lower level of participation and social support, lower self-efficacy, self-esteem and task- and emotion-oriented coping. The two samples did not differ in satisfaction with social support, in use of avoidance-oriented coping and in sense of coherence. Health conditions, pain interference, participation and age were found to be significant predictors of the likelihood of group membership. In the logistic regression models, the number of health conditions, limitations due to health conditions, pain interference, participation, task-oriented coping and age are significant predictors of group membership, accounting for 55% of variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health conditions, pain interference and participation seemed to be the areas of biopsychosocial functioning that are substantially influenced by SCI. Potential buffering resources seem to be diminished in individuals with SCI. In rehabilitation practice, prevention of secondary conditions, treatment of pain, enhancement of participation and strengthening resources should be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Nottwil, Switzerland. szilvia.geyh@paranet.ch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geyh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stirnimann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehrat
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland; D016896:Treatment Outcome