title: Sex differences in in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no sex-specific survival comparisons between patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced and those with preserved ejection fraction. Large registries noting women have better survival than men combined HF patients with reduced and preserved EF. Other registries that compared patients with reduced and preserved EF did not analyze their data by sex. We sought to evaluate sex/EF differences in mortality and risk factors for survival in hospitalized patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included hospitals fully participating in Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure that admitted HF patients with reduced (EF <40%) or preserved (EF ≥50%) EF. The primary end point was in-hospital mortality. Multivariate generalized estimating equation logistic models were used to compute odds ratios accounting for hospital clustering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort consisted of 51,428 patients with EF <40% (36% women, 64% men) and 37,699 patients with EF ≥50% (65% women, 35% men). Women compared with men with reduced and preserved EF were older and more likely to have hypertension, depression, or valvular heart disease and less likely to have coronary artery disease or peripheral vascular disease. There were no sex differences in in-hospital mortality (EF <40%, 2.69% women vs 2.89% men, P = .20; EF ≥50%, 2.61% women vs 2.62% men, P = .96), and risk factors such as age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and history of renal failure/dialysis were highly predictive of death for each sex/EF subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large, multicenter registry, we found that despite differences in baseline characteristics, women and men with reduced and preserved EF have similar in-hospital mortality and risk factors predicting death.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Hsiche@ccf.org
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hsich
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Grau-Sepulveda
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Lee H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Schwamm
authors.forename: Deepak L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*