title: Effect of taurine and gold nanoparticles on the morphological and molecular characteristics of muscle development during chicken embryogenesis.
abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of taurine and Au nanoparticles on the expression of genes related to embryonic muscle development and on the morphological characteristics of muscles. Fertilised chicken eggs (n = 160) were randomly divided into four groups: without injection (Control) and with injection of Au nanoparticles (NanoAu), taurine (Tau) or Au nanoparticles with taurine (NanoAu + Tau). The experimental solutions were given in ovo, on the third day of incubation, by injecting 0.3 ml of the experimental solution into the air sack. The embryos were evaluated on the 20th day of incubation. The methods included gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels, immunohistochemistry, histology and microscopy. In groups NanoAu, Tau and NanoAu + Tau, the muscle structure and the number of muscle cells were affected. Furthermore, taurine increased fibre diameter, the total number of nuclei, the proportion of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells and the total cell number. Also, gene expression of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and PCNA was downregulated. There were no significant interactions between NanoAu and taurine, indicating that NanoAu did not enhance the effects of taurine. It may be concluded that 20 days after injection, NanoAu affected some parameters of muscle development, but the most profound effects were those of taurine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marlena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zielinska
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sawosz
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grodzik
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balcerak
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skomial
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sawosz
authors.forename: Andrè
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chwalibog
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000187:drug effects*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013654:Taurine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D013654:Taurine; D006046:Gold