title: Sensing necrotic cells.
abstract: Multicellular organisms have developed ways to recognize potentially life-threatening events (danger signals). Classically, danger signals have been defined as exogenous, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial cell wall components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and peptideglycan) or viral DNA/RNA. PAMPs interact with dedicated receptors on immune cells, so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate immune systems. A well-known family of PRRs is the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in which each member recognizes a specific set of PAMPs. However, not only exogenous pathogens but also several endogenous molecules released from necrotic cells (damaged self) also activate immune systems. These endogenous adjuvants are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It has been reported that high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), uric acid, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and nucleotides act as endogenous adjuvants. DAMPs are recognized by specific receptors (danger receptors) expressed mainly on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages and induce cell maturation and the production of inflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-kB pathway. In this chapter, we will review danger signals released from necrotic cells and its recognition receptors.
authors.affiliation: Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000276:immunology*; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000276:immunology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004279:DNA, Viral; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D012367:RNA, Viral; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors