title: Patellofemoral arthroplasty, where are we today?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patellofemoral arthroplasty remains controversial, primarily due to the high failure rates reported with early implants. Numerous case series have been published over the years detailing results of various first- and second-generation implants. The purpose of this work is to summarize results published to date and identify common themes regarding implants, surgical techniques, and indications in order to maximize results of future procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review of the MEDLINE database was carried out to identify all clinical studies related to patellofemoral arthroplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First-generation resurfacing implants were associated with relatively high failure rates in the medium term. Second-generation implants, with femoral cuts based on TKA designs have yielded more promising medium-term results. Surgical indications are specific and must be carefully followed to minimize poor results. Short-term complications are generally related to patellar maltracking, while long-term complications are generally related to progression of osteoarthritis in the tibiofemoral joint. Implant loosening and polyethylene wear are rarely reported. Short-term results are favourable for new technology including custom implants and computer navigated surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, recent improvements in implant design and surgical techniques have resulted in improvements in short- and medium-term results. More work is required to assess the long-term outcomes of modern implant designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Suite 12, Level 1, 445 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood, NSW, 2067, Australia. sebastien.lustig@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dahm
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D001168:Arthritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012086:Reoperation; D012371:Robotics; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome