title: Interaction between breeding habitat and elevation affects prevalence but not infection intensity of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Brazilian anuran assemblages.
abstract: Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, is caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and has been linked to declining amphibian populations worldwide. The susceptibility of amphibians to chytridiomycosis-induced population declines is potentially influenced by many factors, including environmental characteristics, differences among host species and the growth of the pathogen itself. We investigated the effects of elevation and breeding habitat on Bd prevalence and individual infection intensity (zoospore loads) in 3 anuran assemblages of the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil. Bd infection intensity was strongly influenced by elevation and breeding habitat, but we found no evidence of an interaction between those 2 variables in explaining the number of zoospores sampled from individual frogs. In contrast, Bd infection odds were predicted by elevation and by an interaction between elevation and breeding habitat, such that frogs had a higher probability of Bd infection in lotic habitats at low elevations. Our results indicate that Bd persists across a wide variety of habitats and elevations in the Atlantic Coastal Forest. Prevalence and infection intensity of Bd are highest at high elevations where overall environmental conditions for Bd are most favorable. In addition, at low elevations amphibian host habitat choice is also an important determinant of infection. Our study highlights the need to investigate interacting variables of host ecology and the environment simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, New York 14853-2701, USA.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gründler
authors.forename: Luís Felipe
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parra-Olea
authors.forename: Célio F B
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Luis O M
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Giasson
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sawaya
authors.forename: Cynthia P A
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Olívia G S
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zara
authors.forename: Fernanda C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Centeno
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Zamudio
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D001947:Breeding; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012098:Reproduction; D012307:Risk Factors