title: Root canal debris removal using different irrigating needles: an SEM study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of three irrigating needle designs in removal of debris from different parts of the root canal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty human maxillary canines were prepared using HERO Shaper rotary system and irrigated with 1 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) after each instrument change. Three 25-gauge irrigation needle designs - brush-covered Navi Tip FX (Group I), side-vented needle RC Twents (Group II) and single-beveled (Group III) irrigating needles - were tested for their efficiency in debris removal in three different parts of the root canal (n=10 canals per group). Following instrumentation, the roots were vertically sectioned and divided into coronal, middle and apical thirds for observation under scanning electron microscope (×200 magnification). Debris on the canal wall was evaluated by using a four-scale scoring system described by Paque and his co-workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The canals irrigated with brush-covered needle Navi Tip FX (Group I) showed lower average debris score, indicating greater removal of debris in coronal third as compared to middle and apical thirds, whereas the canals irrigated with side-vented needle (Group II) and single-beveled needle (Group III) exhibited lower average score in the middle third than coronal and apical thirds. All the three needle designs exhibited higher debris score in apical third of the root canal. Tukey multiple comparisons test was applied at a significance level of P>0.05. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the debris removal in the coronal and middle thirds of root canals irrigated with brush-covered Navi Tip FX (Group I) and side-vented (Group II) needles, respectively, when compared with other needle design groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that all the needle designs tested were effective in certain regions of the root canal with apical third uncleaned. Side-vented needle by creating turbulence removed debris effectively in coronal and middle thirds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Swangi (Meghe), Wardha, India.
authors.forename: Sheetal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghivari
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kubasad
mesh_terms: D003481:Cuspid / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009339:Needles; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013499:Surface Properties; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite