title: Volatile profile of cashews (Anacardium occidentale L.) from different geographical origins during roasting.
abstract: Volatile compounds were quantified in the headspace of Indian, Vietnamese, and Brazilian cashews, both raw and during roasting by selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry. The optimum roasting times based on color measurements were also determined. Raw cashews were oil roasted for 3 to 9 min at 143 °C and color and volatiles measured. An excellent correlation, following a pseudo 1st-order reaction, was found between L* value and roasting time; darkness increases as roasting time increases. The optimum roasting time was 6, 8, and 9 min for Vietnamese, Indian, and Brazilian cashews, respectively. Raw cashews had lower concentrations of volatiles than roasted cashews. Most volatiles significantly increased in concentration during roasting of Brazilian, Indian, and Vietnamese cashews. Only a few volatiles significantly decreased during roasting. Ethanol and 1-heptene significantly decreased during roasting in Brazilian cashews and toluene decreased in Vietnamese cashews. Brazilian cashews had significantly higher levels of most volatiles than Indian and Vietnamese cashews. Most volatile levels in Indian and Vietnamese cashews were not significantly different. Of the volatiles, Strecker aldehydes, including methylbutanal, 2-methylpropanal, and acetaldehyde, were at the highest concentration in roasted cashews. The Maillard reaction contributed to the formation of most of the volatiles in cashews from the 3 countries. There was also degradation of sugars to form furan-type compounds and oxidation of lipids to form alkanals such as hexanal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The volatile profile during roasting of cashews can be used to determine the best roasting time for each type of cashew. The rate of color development and the production of volatiles differ for the cashews from the 3 geographical locations.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science & Technology, Ohio State Univ., 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agila
authors.forename: Sheryl Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Barringer
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D031021:Anacardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D001938:Brazil; D003116:Color / Q000592:standards; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis; D007194:India; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014744:Vietnam; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D005663:Furans; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C010463:n-hexanal; C017439:isobutyraldehyde; D000079:Acetaldehyde; C039281:furan