title: Optical imaging of concealed brain activity using a gold mirror in honeybees.
abstract: Brain activity is inherently combinatorial and three-dimensional. Optical imaging techniques offer a suitable opportunity to record many activity foci simultaneously, but under conventional microscopy conditions, optical access is generally limited to the frontal part of the brain. Thus, even for cases in which optical recordings have delivered substantial data, our knowledge of deeper layers is deficient. Using the honeybee olfactory system as a test system, we report that by using a gold-sputtered cover slip as a minute mirror, it is possible to optically access and record from otherwise inaccessible brain areas. In insects, the first brain area to code for odors is the antennal lobe (comparable to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). Several previous studies have characterized glomerular odor response patterns of the frontal view, readily accessible when the head capsule of the bee is opened. However, until now, the back and the sides of the antennal lobe have remained utterly unexplored. This is particularly relevant because in the honeybee these two views coincide with two separate olfactory subsystems, related to two axonal tracts of second-order neurons: the lAPT and the mAPT. Combining wide-field microscopy, calcium imaging, and a minute mirror, we report the first glomerular odor responses from the side of the honeybee antennal lobe.
authors.affiliation: Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. galizia@uni-konstanz.de
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Galizia
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sandoz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D059906:Neuroimaging; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D009930:Organic Chemicals
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; C071336:calcium green