title: A clinical study to assess the 12-hour antimicrobial effects of cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes on supragingival plaque bacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized double-blind clinical study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of two mouthwashes containing (1) 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) + 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) in an alcohol-free base and (2) 0.075% CPC + 0.05% NaF in a 6% alcohol base, versus a negative control mouthwash containing 0.05% NaF in an alcohol-free base on numbers of bacteria in supragingival plaque 12 hours after a single use and 12 hours after 14 days' use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrolled subjects completed a one-week washout phase prior to providing baseline samples of supragingival plaque that were analyzed for numbers of anaerobic microorganisms. Subjects were randomized to a treatment group and instructed to rinse with 20 mL of the assigned mouthwash for 30 seconds. Post-treatment microbiological analyses were conducted on plaque samples collected 12 hours after the first use of each assigned mouthwash and after completing 14 days of twice-daily use of each assigned mouthwash. Oral examinations were completed by a dentist at each sample collection to assess soft and hard tissue oral health over the course of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study enrolled 188 adults (mean age 45.78 years; age range 23-69). Subjects rinsing with the CPC-containing mouthwash realized a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in numbers of supragingival anaerobic bacteria at the 12-hour evaluation after a single use. In comparison to the control mouthwash, use of the CPC mouthwash in an alcohol base resulted in a 35.3% reduction in numbers of anaerobic plaque bacteria, while the CPC mouthwash in an alcohol-free base demonstrated a 34.5% reduction. Further, the analysis after twice-daily use for 14 days indicated that the CPC mouthwash in an alcohol base demonstrated a 73.8% reduction in anaerobic plaque bacteria, while the CPC mouthwash in an alcohol-free base demonstrated a 70.9% reduction in anaerobic plaque bacteria versus the control mouthwash.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CPC mouthwash in an alcohol-free base reduced supragingival plaque bacteria by 34.5% and 70.9% compared to the control mouthwash 12 hours after a single use and after 14 days of use, respectively. In addition, the CPC mouthwash in an alcohol base reduced supragingival bacteria by 35.3% and 73.8% compared to the control mouthwash 12 hours after a single use and after 14 days of use, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the CPC-containing mouthwashes at either of the post-treatment time points.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Songlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Deyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D009067:Mouthwashes; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D000431:Ethanol; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D002594:Cetylpyridinium