title: Epigenetic therapy with hydralazine and magnesium valproate reverses imatinib resistance in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
abstract: The epigenetic drugs hydralazine and valproate were administered in a compassionate manner to 8 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) refractory to imatinib. Two patients had a complete hematologic response (25%),1 major cytogenetic response, 1 complete cytogenetic response (25% any cytogenetic response), and 3 (37.5%)stable disease. No grade 3 or 4 toxicity was observed. These results show the ability of epigenetic therapy to revert imatinib resistance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Epigenetic alterations participate in the development of acquired resistance to imatinib, hence, the DNA methylation, and histone deacetylase inhibitors hydralazine and valproate, respectively, has the potential to overcome it.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 8 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) refractory to imatinib mesylate with no access to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors were treated with hydralazine and valproate in a compassionate manner. Clinical efficacy and safety of these drugs added to imatinib mesylate were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients were in the blast phase, 5 were in the accelerated phase, and 1 was in the chronic phase. All the patients continued with the same dose of imatinib that they had been receiving at the time of development of resistance, with a median dose of 600 mg daily (range, 400-800 mg). The median time from diagnosis of CML to the start of hydralazine and valproate was 53.6 months (range, 19-84 months). Two (25%) patients had a complete hematologic response, one (12.5%) had an major cytogenetic response, and one (12.5%) had a complete cytogenetic response. Three (37.5%) patients had stable disease, and only one (12.5%) patient failed to respond. At a median follow-up time of 18 months (range, 3-18 months), the median survival had not been reached, and the projected overall survival was 63%. All the patients had mild neurologic toxicity, including distal tremor and somnolence. No grade 3 or 4 toxicity was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the epigenetic drugs hydralazine and valproate revert the resistance to imatinib in patients with CML.
authors.affiliation: Hematology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cervera
authors.forename: Myrna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candelaria
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: López-Navarro
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labardini
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Fierro
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taja-Chayeb
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gordillo-Bastidas
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dueñas-González
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001549:Benzamides; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D006830:Hydralazine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate