title: Designing messages to motivate parents to get their preteenage sons vaccinated against human papillomavirus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, licensed for use in 9--26-year-olds, is most effective when given before sexual activity begins. HPV causes genital warts, is associated with several cancers and disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities. Parents are typically unaware of male HPV vaccine; messages that might motivate them to get their preteenage sons vaccinated are unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Messages promoting vaccination of preteenage boys were designed and tested in 2009 and 2010. Five focus groups were conducted with 29 black parents of 11-12-year-old boys, recruited through three churches and a middle school in North Carolina, and a racially diverse sample of 100 parents of 9-13-year-old boys in a university-based adolescent health clinic was interviewed. A constant comparison method was used to code transcripts and interpret themes. Chi-square and t tests or analyses of variance were used to assess differences in quantitative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Focus group parents knew little about HPV in males. Although concerned about safety and cost, parents supported vaccination for their sons. They wanted to see racial diversity and both parents in motivational materials. In interviews, 89% of parents reported never having heard of male HPV vaccine. The largest proportion said that a message stressing the prevalence and possible consequences of HPV infection was the most motivating (32%); the design favored by the largest proportion (43%) showed two parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Messages that may most motivate parents to get preteenage boys vaccinated against HPV focus on infection risk and include images of parents with their sons.
authors.affiliation: School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. JoanCates@unc.edu
authors.forename: Joan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Autumn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: Lahoma Smith
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Romocki
authors.forename: Tamera
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coyne-Beasley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D017144:Focus Groups; D058015:Health Communication; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines