title: Management commitment to safety vs. employee perceived safety training and association with future injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to explore and examine, specific to the restaurant industry, two important constructs emerging from the safety climate literature: employee perceptions of safety training and management commitment to safety. Are these two separate constructs? Are there both individual- and shared group-level safety perceptions for these two constructs? What are the relationships between these two constructs and future injury outcomes?
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 419 employees from 34 limited-service restaurants participated in a prospective cohort study. Employees' perceptions of management commitment to safety and safety training and demographic variables were collected at the baseline. The survey questions were made available in three languages: English, Spanish, and Portuguese. For the following 12 weeks, participants reported their injury experience and weekly work hours. A multivariate negative binomial generalized estimating equation model with compound symmetry covariance structure was used to assess the association between the rate of self-reported injuries and measures of safety perceptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even though results showed that the correlation between employees'perceived safety training and management commitment to safety was high, confirmatory factor analysis of measurement models showed that two separate factors fit the model better than as two dimensions of a single factor. Homogeneity tests showed that there was a shared perception of the factor of management commitment to safety for the restaurant workers but there was no consistent perception among them for the factor of perceived safety training. Both individual employees'perceived management commitment to safety and perceptions of safety training can predict employees' subsequent injuries above and beyond demographic variables. However, there was no significant relationship between future injury and employees' shared perception of management commitment to safety. Further, our results suggest that the variable of employees'perceived safety training could be a proximal predictor of future injury outcome which mediated the relationship between employees'perceived management commitment to safety (a distal predictor) and injury outcome. We propose that when employees perceive their management as having a high level of commitment to safety, they will also perceive that the safety training of the organization is good, which will then further predict future injury experience of the employees.
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Science, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA. Yueng-hsiang.Huang@Libertymutual.com
authors.forename: Yueng-Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Santosh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Wen-Ruey
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Theodore K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Melanye J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012147:Restaurants; D017751:Safety Management; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult