title: Retrospective accounts of injection initiation in intimate partnerships.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of family members, peers and sexual partners on initiation to injection drug use is well established. Furthermore, research on gender differences in injection initiation has recognized the increased vulnerability of women, in particular, to injection-related health risks, and the gendered nature of the injection initiation experience. Yet more research is needed on the interpersonal and structural dynamics that shape injection initiation within intimate partnerships.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper draws on narrative data from semi-structured ethnographic interviews with 25, relatively stable, drug-using couples from two New York City neighbourhoods. The study was conducted between 2007 and 2009. Our analyses focus on retrospective accounts of injection initiation from IDUs who were initiated to injection (or initiated their partners) in current or former intimate partnerships. In particular we analyse narratives of injection initiation events where both partners participated as initiates or initiators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transition to injection within intimate partnerships was common, especially for women, and occurred in specific contexts. Structural and interpersonal dynamics, including the ubiquity of drugs in poor communities and the gendered nature of drug acquisition and use strategies, as well as the problem of increased drug tolerance, situational impediments to drug access, and the perceived cost-benefit of injecting, all influenced the process of initiation to injection drug use within couples. The data also suggest that, even when risks associated with injection initiation were understood, both pragmatic and emotional considerations within relationships tended to offset concerns about potential dangers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest the need for a broad range of interventions (including couples-focussed interventions) to minimize rates of injection initiation within intimate partnerships.
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes, New York, NY, USA. simmons@ndri.org
authors.forename: Janie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McMahon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology