title: Lack of effect of feeding citrus by-products in reducing salmonella in experimentally infected weanling pigs.
abstract: The objective of the current research was to determine if feeding the citrus by-products(D) -limonene (DL) and citrus molasses would reduce the concentration and prevalence of Salmonella in weanling pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Twenty  crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight [BW], 19.9 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: control, low-dose DL (1.5 ml/kg of BW per day), high-dose DL (3.0 ml/kg of BW per day), and citrus molasses (0.05 kg/kg of BW per day). Treatments were administered in the feed (twice  daily) for 7 days, with one-half of the dose administered at each feeding. Fecal samples were collected twice daily (prior to administration of treatment) and cultured for quantitative and qualitative determination of the challenge strain of Salmonella. Upon termination of the study,  pigs were euthanized and tissues from the stomach, ileum, cecum, spiral colon, and rectum, as well as luminal contents, were collected. In addition, the popliteal and ileocecal lymph nodes and liver, spleen, and tonsil tissue were collected for qualitative Salmonella culture. No significant  treatment differences (P > 0.05) were observed among treatments for fecal concentration or prevalence of Salmonella throughout the 7-day collection period. Likewise, no treatment differences (P > 0.05) were observed for any of the tissue or luminal content samples  collected. Salmonella was not cultured from the muscle-bound popliteal lymph node but was cultured from the mesenteric ileocecal lymph nodes. While there were no effects in the current experiment, future research may examine the effect of a lower challenge dose and/or different administration  (dose or duration) of the citrus by-products.
authors.affiliation: Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Farrow
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Edrington
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid