title: Simultaneous measurement of urinary albumin and total protein may facilitate decision-making in HIV-infected patients with proteinuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently showed that a urine albumin/total protein ratio (uAPR) <0.4 identifies tubular pathology in proteinuric patients. In tubular disorders, proteinuria is usually of low molecular weight and contains relatively little albumin. We tested the hypothesis that uAPR is useful in identifying tubular pathology related to antiretroviral use in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively identified urine protein/creatinine ratios (uPCRs) in HIV-infected patients. A subset of samples had uPCR and urine albumin/creatinie ratio (uACR) measured simultaneously. We classified proteinuric patients (uPCR >30 mg/mmol) into two groups: those with predominantly 'tubular' proteinuria (TP) (uAPR <0.4) and those with predominantly 'glomerular' proteinuria (GP) (uAPR ≥ 0.4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 618 of 5244 samples from 1378 patients had uPCR ≥ 30 mg/mmol. uAPRs were available in 144 patients: 46 patients (32%) had TP and 21 (15%) GP; the remainder had uPCR <30 mg/mmol. The TP group had a higher fractional excretion of phosphate compared with the GP group (mean 27% vs. 16%, respectively; P<0.01). Patients with TP were more likely to be on tenofovir and/or a boosted protease inhibitor compared with those with GP. In 18 patients with heavy proteinuria (uPCR >100 mg/mmol), a renal assessment was made; eight had a kidney biopsy. In all cases, the uAPR results correlated with the nephrological diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV-infected patients, measuring uAPR may help to identify patients in whom a renal biopsy is indicated, and those in whom tubular dysfunction might be an important cause of proteinuria and which may be related to antiretroviral toxicity. We suggest that this would be useful as a routine screening procedure in patients with proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK. a_samarawickrama@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samarawickrama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nambiar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gilleece
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003657:Decision Making; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine