title: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with silent coronary artery disease in cardiovascularly asymptomatic African Americans with HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growing evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency Is associated with clinical coronary artery disease (CAD). The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and subclinical CAD in HIV-infected individuals is not well-characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomographic (CT) coronary angiography was performed using contrast-enhanced 64-slice multidetector CT imaging, and vitamin D levels and the presence of traditional and novel risk factor for CAD were obtained in 674 HIV-infected African American (AA) participants aged 25-54 years in Baltimore, MD, without symptoms/clinical evidence of CAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxy vitamin D <10 ng/mL) was 20.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.9-23.1). Significant (≥50%) coronary stenosis was present in 64 (9.5%) of 674 participants. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.19; 95% CI, 1.17-4.10), diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg (adjusted OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.02 -3.68), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL (adjusted OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.13-3.36), cocaine use for ≥15 years (adjusted OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.01-3.10), use of antiretroviral therapies for ≥6 months (adjusted OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.17-4.36), year of enrollment after 2005 (adjusted ORs for 2006-2007, 2008-2009, and 2010 were 0.32 [95% CI, 0.13-0.76], 0.26 [95% CI, 0.12-0.56], and 0.32 (95% CI, 0.15-0.65], respectively), and vitamin D deficiency (adjusted OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.23-4.21) were independently associated with significant coronary stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both vitamin D deficiency and silent CAD are prevalent in HIV-infected AAs. In addition to management of traditional CAD risk factors and substance abuse, vitamin D deficiency should be evaluated in HIV-infected AAs. These data support the conduct of a prospective trial of vitamin D in this high-risk patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerstenblith
authors.forename: Elliot K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kickler
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Sundeepan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Shaoguang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Detrick
authors.forename: Shenghan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015142:Baltimore; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D