title: Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs in cancer treatment: not only sapacitabine, but also gemcitabine.
abstract: Nucleoside analogs are widely used for treatment of various malignancies. Benchmark drugs are cytarabine for acute myeloid leukemia and gemcitabine for pancreatic and lung cancer. Sapacitabine is a novel cytidine analog currently in development. This editorial focuses on the potential of new nucleoside analogs and on novel possibilities of gemcitabine. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog with many faces, which shows a remarkable activity in a variety of cancers, most likely because it has a unique metabolism, a so-called self-potentiation. Gemcitabine is taken up by nucleoside transporters, is activated by deoxycytidine kinase and incorporated into both RNA and DNA. Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and dCMP deaminase enhances its activation, while cytidine deaminase converts gemcitabine to its presumably inactive metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine, which in its nucleotide form may inhibit thymidylate synthase. Gemcitabine is widely used in combination, predominantly with a platinum analog, with other combinations less frequently used or being explored. Standard administration of gemcitabine is with a 30-min weekly infusion at 1000 mg/m(2), but alternatives are being explored such as prodrugs (e.g., CO-1.01, which can bypass transport deficiency), the fixed-dose rate infusion (10 mg/m(2)/min), and local routes of administration by a 24-h hepatic artery infusion, by instillation in the bladder or by intraperitoneal administration to treat advanced ovarian cancer. Other alternatives for combinations of gemcitabine in ovarian cancer consist of increasing the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase with triapine or hydroxyurea. Gemcitabine's action on signaling also provides a rational concept for combination with signal transduction pathways.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muggia
authors.forename: Isabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Godefridus J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001087:Arabinonucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D001087:Arabinonucleosides; D009705:Nucleosides; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D003596:Cytosine; C117959:sapacitabine; D000093542:Gemcitabine