title: Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: progress and challenges.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal cancer for both men and women and is caused by multiple risk factors. Most patients with HCC have an underlying liver disease caused by either chronic viral infection due to hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus or non-viral etiologic risk factors such as alcohol, fatty liver disease, dietary aflatoxin exposure, smoking and diabetes mellitus. While these risk factors are progressively and persistently damaging the liver, the majority of patients show very few symptoms of HCC. By the time symptoms appear the cancer is typically at a very advanced stage with limited options for treatment. In order to prevent death from HCC, it is therefore critically important to reduce the prevalence of the major risk factors, identify and treat those at high risk for development of HCC, and institute effective surveillance strategies for early diagnosis and treatment of HCC. This article reviews the recent progress and current challenges to the prevention of HCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shire
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000009:adverse effects; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D014943:Global Health; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D011042:Poisons / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D011042:Poisons