title: Intramuscular ketorolac inhibits activation of rat peripheral NMDA receptors.
abstract: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac has local anesthetic-like and peripheral N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist characteristics when administered at higher concentrations to masticatory muscle. It is not known if the ability to inhibit NMDA receptors is unique to diclofenac or shared by other NSAIDs. This study was undertaken to determine whether intramuscular injection of ketorolac or naproxen at concentrations that do not induce local anesthetic-like effects could attenuate jaw-closer muscle nociceptor discharge in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. It was found that ketorolac (5 mM) inhibited hypertonic saline-evoked nociceptor discharge, which suggests that at this concentration, ketorolac has local anesthetic-like properties. A lower concentration of ketorolac (0.5 mM), which did not affect hypertonic saline-evoked discharge, did inhibit nociceptor discharge evoked by NMDA. In contrast, naproxen (5 mM) did not alter hypertonic saline- or NMDA-evoked nociceptor discharge. Subsequent experiments revealed that ketorolac (0.5 mM) had no effect on nociceptor discharge evoked by αβ-methylene ATP, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or AMPA. The inhibitory effect of ketorolac did not appear to be related to cyclooxygenase inhibition, because the concentration of prostaglandin E(2) in the masticatory muscles 10 min after injection of either NSAID was not significantly decreased. The present study indicates that in vivo, ketorolac, but not naproxen, can antagonize NMDA-evoked nociceptor discharge similarly to diclofenac. We speculate that structural similarities between ketorolac and diclofenac could account for the ability of these NSAIDs to inhibit NMDA-evoked nociceptor discharge. These properties may partly explain the analgesic effect of intramuscularly injected ketorolac in the clinic.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. brcairns@mail.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: Xu-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Hayes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009288:Naproxen / Q000494:pharmacology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000187:drug effects; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D004008:Diclofenac; D012701:Serotonin; D009288:Naproxen; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D015232:Dinoprostone; C002630:alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate; D020910:Ketorolac