title: RGD-conjugated gold nanorods induce radiosensitization in melanoma cancer cells by downregulating α(v)β₃ expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melanoma is known to be radioresistant and traditional treatments have been intractable. Therefore, novel approaches are required to improve the therapeutic efficacy of melanoma treatment. In our study, gold nanorods conjugated with Arg-Gly-Asp peptides (RGD-GNRs) were used as a sensitizer to enhance the response of melanoma cells to 6 mV radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A375 melanoma cells were treated by gold nanorods or RGD-GNRs with or without irradiation. The antiproliferative impact of the treatments was measured by MTT assay. Radiosensitizing effects were determined by colony formation assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle data were measured by flow cytometry. Integrin α(v)β₃ expression was also investigated by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of RGD-GNRs enhanced the radiosensitivity of A375 cells with a dose-modifying factor of 1.35, and enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that RGD-GNRs plus irradiation induced significant G2/M phase arrest in A375 cells. Both spontaneous and radiation-induced expressions of integrin α(v)β₃ were downregulated by RGD-GNRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicated that RGD-GNRs could sensitize melanoma A375 cells to irradiation. It was hypothesized that this was mainly through downregulation of radiation-induced α(v)β₃, in addition to induction of a higher proportion of cells within the G2/M phase. The combination of RGD-GNRs and radiation needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wencai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chuanqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Daxiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Qiushi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D006046:Gold; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid