title: Phytochemical antioxidants modulate mammalian cellular epigenome: implications in health and disease.
abstract: In living systems, the mechanisms of inheritance involving gene expression are operated by (i) the traditional model of genetics where the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) transcription and messenger ribonucleic acid stability are influenced by the DNA sequences and any aberrations in the primary DNA sequences and (ii) the epigenetic (above genetics) model in which the gene expression is regulated by mechanisms other than the changes in DNA sequences. The widely studied epigenetic alterations include DNA methylation, covalent modification of chromatin structure, state of histone acetylation, and involvement of microribonucleic acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, the role of cellular epigenome in health and disease is rapidly emerging. Several factors are known to modulate the epigenome-regulated gene expression that is crucial in several pathophysiological states and diseases in animals and humans. Phytochemicals have occupied prominent roles in human diet and nutrition as protective antioxidants in prevention/protection against several disorders and diseases in humans.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  However, it is beginning to surface that the phytochemical phenolic antioxidants such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and nonflavonoid phenols function as potent modulators of the mammalian epigenome-regulated gene expression through regulation of DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and histone deacetylation in experimental models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antioxidant or pro-oxidant actions and their involvement in the epigenome regulation by the phytochemical phenolic antioxidants should be at least established in the cellular models under normal and pathophysiological states. The current review discusses the mechanisms of modulation of the mammalian cellular epigenome by the phytochemical phenolic antioxidants with implications in human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Smitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malireddy
authors.forename: Sainath R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kotha
authors.forename: Jordan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Secor
authors.forename: Travis O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Gurney
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: Krishna R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Maddipati
authors.forename: Narasimham L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Parinandi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004194:Disease; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D057890:Epigenomics; D016678:Genome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants