title: Estimating concentration of ultrasound contrast agents with backscatter coefficients: experimental and theoretical aspects.
abstract: Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have been explored as a means to enhance therapeutic techniques. Because the effectiveness of these techniques relies on the UCA concentration at a target site, it would be beneficial to estimate UCA concentration noninvasively. In this study, a noninvasive method for estimating UCA concentration was developed in vitro. Backscatter coefficients (BSCs) estimated from measurements of Definity(®) UCAs were fitted to a theoretical scattering model in the 15-25 MHz range using a Levenberg-Marquardt regression technique. The model was defined by the UCA size distribution and concentration, and therefore concentration estimates were extracted directly from the fit. Calculation of the BSC was accomplished using planar reference measurements from the back wall of a Plexiglas(®) chamber and an average of 500 snapshots of ultrasonic backscatter from UCAs flowing through the chamber. In order to verify the ultrasonically derived UCA concentration estimates, a sample of the UCAs was extracted from the flow path and the concentration was estimated with a hemacytometer. UCA concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 times the dose recommended by the manufacturer were used in experiments. All BSC-based estimates were within one standard deviation of hemacytometer based estimates for peak rarefactional pressures of 100-400 kPa.
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, 405 North Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Leithem
authors.forename: Roberto J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lavarello
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oelze
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media