title: The consistency of disjunctive assertions.
abstract: In two experiments, we established a new phenomenon in reasoning from disjunctions of the grammatical form either A or else B, where A and B are clauses. When individuals have to assess whether pairs of assertions can be true at the same time, they tend to focus on the truth of each clause of an exclusive disjunction (and ignore the concurrent falsity of the other clause). Hence, they succumb to illusions of consistency and of inconsistency with pairs consisting of a disjunction and a conjunction (Experiment 1), and with simpler problems consisting of pairs of disjunctions, such as eIther there is a pie or else there is a cake and Either there isn't a pie or else there is a cake (Experiment 2), that appear to be consistent with one another, but in fact are not. These results corroborate the theory that reasoning depends on envisaging models of possibilities.
authors.affiliation: Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Johnson-Laird
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotstein
authors.forename: Ruth M J
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D001245:Association Learning; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions; D008128:Logic; D011337:Probability Learning; D011340:Problem Solving; D012660:Semantics