title: An image-based model of atrial muscular architecture: effects of structural anisotropy on electrical activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computer models that capture key features of the heterogeneous myofiber architecture of right and left atria and interatrial septum provide a means of investigating the mechanisms responsible for atrial arrhythmia. The data necessary to implement such models have not previously been available. The aims of this study were to characterize surface geometry and myofiber architecture throughout the atrial chambers and to investigate the effects of this structure on atrial activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atrial surface geometry and myofiber orientations were reconstructed in 3D at 50×50×50-μm(3) resolution from serial images acquired throughout the sheep atrial chambers. Myofiber orientations were determined by Eigen-analysis of the structure tensor. These data have been incorporated into an anatomic model that provides the first quantitative representation of myofiber architecture throughout the atrial chambers. By simulating activation on this 3D structure, we have confirmed the roles of specialized myofiber tracts such as the crista terminalis, pectinate muscles, and the Bachman bundle on the spread of activation from the sinus node. We also demonstrate how the complex myocyte arrangement in the posterior left atrium contributes to activation time dispersion adjacent to the pulmonary veins and increased vulnerability to rhythm disturbance generated by ectopic stimuli originating in the pulmonary vein sleeves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a structurally detailed, image-based model of atrial anatomy that provides deeper understanding of the role that myocyte architecture plays in normal and abnormal atrial electric function.
authors.affiliation: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. j.zhao@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Jichao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Butters
authors.forename: Henggui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pullan
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: LeGrice
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Smaill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016275:Atrial Function / Q000502:physiology; D054087:Atrial Septum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D023421:Models, Animal; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep