title: Characterization and analyses of acid-extractable and leached trace elements in dental cements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of the elemental constitution and investigation of the total and leachable arsenic, chromium and lead in Portland cement, pure tricalcium silicate, Biodentine, Bioaggregate and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The chemical composition of Portland cement, MTA Angelus, tricalcium silicate cement, Biodentine and Bioaggregate was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Measurements of arsenic, lead and chromium were taken with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), following acid digestion on the hydrated material and on leachates of cements soaked in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the cements investigated had a similar oxide composition with the main oxide being calcium and silicon oxide. Both the Portland cement and MTA Angelus had an additional aluminium oxide. The dental cements included a radiopacifying material. All the materials tested had higher acid-extractable arsenic content than the level set by ISO 9917-1 (2007) and an acceptable level of lead. Regardless these high levels of trace elements present in the materials, the leaching in HBSS was minimal for all the dental material tested in contrast to the high levels displayed by Portland cement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental materials based on tricalcium silicate cement and MTA Angelus release minimal quantities of trace elements when in contact with simulated body fluids. The results of acid extraction could be affected by nonspecific matrix effects by the cement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. josette.camilleri@um.edu.mt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kralj
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veber
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sinagra
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000032:analysis; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000032:analysis*; D004058:Diffusion; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000032:analysis; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents / Q000032:analysis; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000032:analysis; D017640:Silicates / Q000032:analysis; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D012995:Solubility; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; C557009:BioAggregate; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; C072670:Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010087:Oxides; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; D014131:Trace Elements; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D014867:Water; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; C506393:tricalcium silicate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C016538:lime; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D001151:Arsenic; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide