title: Initial lesion volume is an independent predictor of clinical stroke outcome at day 90: an analysis of the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA) database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale early after stroke onset have been identified as important determinants of final stroke outcome. We analyzed the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA) database to define the influence of infarct or hemorrhagic volume on clinical outcome after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were extracted from VISTA where infarct or hemorrhage volume information was available (n=2538; most images obtained by CT within 72 hours after stroke onset with a subset of MRI data included, volumes calculated by the ABC/2 approximation method). We used multivariate regression models to study the influence of age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at baseline, and initial infarct/hemorrhage volume on clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, mortality) at day 90.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find that in a large cohort of >1800 patients with ischemic stroke, initial lesion size is a strong and independent predictor of stroke outcome in a statistical regression model that also accounts for age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at baseline (P<0.0001). The use of infarct/hemorrhage volume as an additional predictive factor further reduces the fraction of unexplained variance in outcome by approximately 15% (R(2) of 0.41 versus 0.26 in a model without lesion volume). The predictive strength of initial lesion size is only marginally influenced by image modality or time point of image acquisition within the first 72 hours. The model was equally valid for both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infarct/hemorrhage volume at baseline together with age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at baseline should be used in the effect analysis of future therapeutic stroke trials to improve power.
authors.affiliation: SYGNIS Bioscience, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Rico
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laage
authors.forename: Ashfaq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shuaib
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors