title: Comparative evaluation of environmental contamination and DNA damage induced by electronic-waste in Nigeria and China.
abstract: In the last decade, China and Nigeria have been prime destinations for the world's e-waste disposal leading to serious environmental contamination. We carried out a comparative study of the level of contamination using soils and plants from e-waste dumping and processing sites in both countries. Levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed using gas chromatography/spectrophotometry and heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. DNA damage was assayed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using an alkaline comet assay. Soils and plants were highly contaminated with toxic PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and heavy metals in both countries. Soil samples from China and plant samples from Nigeria were more contaminated. There was a positive correlation between the concentrations of organics and heavy metals in plant samples and the surrounding soils. In human lymphocytes, all tested samples induced significant (p<0.05) concentration-dependent increases in DNA damage compared with the negative control. These findings suggest that e-waste components/constituents can accumulate, in soil and surrounding vegetation, to toxic and genotoxic levels that could induce adverse health effects in exposed individuals.
authors.affiliation: Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China.
authors.forename: Okunola A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Alabi
authors.forename: Adekunle A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bakare
authors.forename: Xijin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huo
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004581:Electronics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009549:Nigeria; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D059027:Recycling; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls