title: Culturing and molecular methods to assess the infectivity of porcine circovirus from treated effluent of swine manure.
abstract: Samples were collected at the effluent of two swine manure treatment systems and were analyzed by qPCR to determine the presence and amounts of porcine circovirus (PCV2) genetic material. ST cells were inoculated with the positive samples to evaluate virus viability and for viral genotyping. Twenty-five water samples were collected monthly from treated effluent (March 2009 to December 2010). The PCV2 genome was identified by qPCR in 60% of the samples, and all of the positive samples were able to infect ST cells in vitro. Positive samples were genotyped and 60% of them were positive for both PCV2a and PCV2b, 20% were positive for genotype 2a, and 20% were positive for genotype 2b. Our results suggest that these viruses were able to resist the regular wastewater treatment, and this finding demonstrates the necessity of adding a virus inactivation step to the treatment system to guarantee the safety of water reuse.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viancelli
authors.forename: L A T
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiochet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ciacci-Zanella
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: C R M
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Barardi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D017925:Circovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology; D013997:Time Factors; D014776:Virus Cultivation / Q000379:methods*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid