title: Lithium in pregnancy: the need to treat, the duty to ensure safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Untreated bipolar disorder during pregnancy leads to detrimental repercussions on the mother-infant pair's health. Despite different drugs having been proposed as mood stabilizers, lithium remains the first-choice agent for preventing mood changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyzing up-to-date information on the reproductive safety of lithium and providing practice guidelines to optimize its use during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from prospective and case-control studies confirm an increased, specific risk of Ebstein's anomaly (4.45-7.6/1000 live births), although lower than that previously reported. A potential increase in the risk of neural tube defects should also be taken into consideration. Moreover, several perinatal complications may occur, and even in the presence of relatively low infant serum levels, in the case of drug exposure during late pregnancy. Despite such concerns, lithium should still be considered the first-choice agent for treating bipolar disorder in pregnancy. Indeed, the U.S. FDA recently issued a new warning regarding the reproductive safety of antipsychotics. Moreover, the risk of fetal valproate/carbamazepine syndrome (and the confirmed neurodevelopmental teratogenicity of valproate) contraindicates the use of both medications, whereas the use of lamotrigine is limited by efficacy concerns. However, women who need lithium treatment during pregnancy should be carefully monitored: a strict gynecologic and psychiatric surveillance and, probably, preconception folate supplementation is highly advisable. Moreover, delivery should be programmed in Neonatal Intensive Care Units to ensure optimal management of potential iatrogenic perinatal complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health ASL Salerno, Mental Health Center, Salerno, Italy. salvatore_gentile@alice.it
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gentile
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061214:Patient Safety; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds