title: Occurrence of asthma symptoms and of airflow obstruction in amateur swimmers between 8 and 17 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms and of airflow obstruction in amateur swimmers between 8 and 17 years of age, as well as to assess the awareness of asthma and asthma management among these swimmers, their parents, and their coaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our sample comprised 1,116 amateur swimmers who completed a modified version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood written questionnaire, to which questions regarding the reasons to initiate swimming and regarding asthma management had been added. In addition, the participants underwent spirometry prior to a swimming competition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of asthma symptoms in the last 12 months was 11.5%, and 327 (29.4%) of the participants reported "wheezing or whistling" in the past. Of the 223 swimmers who reported "asthma ever" or "bronchitis ever", only 102 (45.7%) reported having ever been treated: the most common "treatment" was swimming (in 37.3%), and only 12.7% used inhaled corticosteroids. Of the 254 participants (22.7%) with airflow obstruction, only 52 (20.5%) reported having asthma symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asthma symptoms are present in amateur swimmers, and a considerable number of such swimmers have airflow obstruction without symptoms. It is therefore likely that the prevalence of asthma is underestimated in this population. It is worrisome that, in our study sample, the swimmers previously diagnosed with asthma were not using the recommended treatments for asthma. The clinical implications of these findings underscore the importance of implementing educational measures for amateur swimmers, as well as for their parents and coaches, to help them recognize asthma symptoms and the consequent risks in the sports environment, in order to allow prompt diagnosis and early clinical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André (SP) Brasil. ifiks@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Iara Nely
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Fiks
authors.forename: André Luis Pereira de
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Celso Ricardo Fernandes de
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Carlos Roberto Ribeiro de
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D010290:Parents; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*