title: Effects of the δ opioid receptor agonist SNC80 on pain-related depression of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats.
abstract: The delta opioid receptor agonist SNC80 produces both antinociceptive and antidepressant effects in rodents. This profile suggests that SNC80 may also reverse prodepressant effects of pain. Accordingly, this study compared SNC80 effects in complementary assays of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute acid served as an acute noxious visceral stimulus in rats to stimulate abdominal stretching (a pain-stimulated behavior) or depress intracranial self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (ICSS; a pain-depressed behavior). When administered once per week to minimize acute tolerance, SNC80 (1-10 mg/kg IP) decreased acid-stimulated stretching but had little effect on acid-induced depression of ICSS. More frequent SNC80 administration produced tolerance to SNC80 effects on acid-stimulated stretching, but unmasked antinociception in the assay of acid-depressed ICSS. SNC80 did not facilitate ICSS in the absence of pain, and effects of SNC80 were not duplicated by ARM390, a reputed delta agonist congener of SNC80 that does not internalize delta receptors. These findings support continued consideration of delta agonists as candidate analgesics to treat prodepressant effects of pain and illustrate the potential for diametrically opposite effects of drug treatments on preclinical measures of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The delta opioid agonist SNC80 blocked pain-related depression of intracranial self-stimulation in rats, suggesting that delta agonists may be useful to treat prodepressant effects of pain. Repeated SNC80 produced tolerance to SNC80 antinociception in a conventional assay of pain-stimulated behavior but unmasked SNC80 antinociception in an assay of pain-depressed behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA. ssnegus@vcu.edu
authors.forename: S Stevens
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Negus
authors.forename: Marisa B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Ahmad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Altarifi
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Folk
authors.forename: Kenner C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D008297:Male; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists* / Q000502:physiology; D012653:Self Stimulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; C088464:4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide