title: Continuous time modelling with individually varying time intervals for oscillating and non-oscillating processes.
abstract: When designing longitudinal studies, researchers often aim at equal intervals. In practice, however, this goal is hardly ever met, with different time intervals between assessment waves and different time intervals between individuals being more the rule than the exception. One of the reasons for the introduction of continuous time models by means of structural equation modelling has been to deal with irregularly spaced assessment waves (e.g., Oud & Delsing, 2010). In the present paper we extend the approach to individually varying time intervals for oscillating and non-oscillating processes. In addition, we show not only that equal intervals are unnecessary but also that it can be advantageous to use unequal sampling intervals, in particular when the sampling rate is low. Two examples are provided to support our arguments. In the first example we compare a continuous time model of a bivariate coupled process with varying time intervals to a standard discrete time model to illustrate the importance of accounting for the exact time intervals. In the second example the effect of different sampling intervals on estimating a damped linear oscillator is investigated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. We conclude that it is important to account for individually varying time intervals, and encourage researchers to conceive of longitudinal studies with different time intervals within and between individuals as an opportunity rather than a problem.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany. voelkle@mpib-berlin.mpg.de
authors.forename: Manuel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Voelkle
authors.forename: Johan H L
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oud
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013997:Time Factors