title: Recovery of normal hemodynamic activities after long-term medication in a patient with left internal carotid arterial occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aspirin, clopidogrel, cilostazol, and statins are thought to reduce the risk of cerebral infarction in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. We present a case of multiple intracranial arterial stenoses in which increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) was demonstrated after long-term medical therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 68-year-old man with a history of cerebral infarction showed complete occlusion of the left internal carotid artery with severe stenoses in the A1 segment of the left anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the left posterior communicating artery resulting in poor visualization of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Administration of aspirin and clopidogrel prevented ischemia from recurring for 1 year; however, the stenoses never improved. Technetium-99m-L, L-ethylcysteinate dimer single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) demonstrated a significant decrease in CBF in the territory of the left MCA. Anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and the MCA was recommended to the patient because no supplementary blood supply was expected through either the left A1 or posterior communicating artery. However, the patient refused surgery because of the associated risks. To enhance vasodilation, clopidogrel was replaced by cilostazol. One year later, the stenoses had partially improved. Further treatment with aspirin, cilostazol, simvastatin, and nateglinide contributed to the significant increase in CBF with normal hemodynamics, as shown with acetazolamide-loading SPECT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goal of treatment for intracranial arterial stenosis is to supply sufficient blood flow to the brain rather than to completely dilate the stenotic artery. Long-term treatment with aspirin, cilostazol, simvastatin, and nateglinide might help increase CBF in some patients with intracranial arterial stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rissho Koseikai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. merrityamada@hotmail.co.jp
authors.forename: Shoko Merrit
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teramoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon