title: Gene turnover and differential retention in the relaxin/insulin-like gene family in primates.
abstract: The relaxin/insulin-like gene family is related to the insulin gene family, and includes two separate types of peptides: relaxins (RLNs) and insulin-like peptides (INSLs) that perform a variety of physiological roles including testicular descent, growth and differentiation of the mammary glands, trophoblast development, and cell differentiation. In vertebrates, these genes are found on three separate genomic loci, and in mammals, variation in the number and nature of genes in this family is mostly restricted to the Relaxin Family Locus B. For example, this locus contains a single copy of RLN in platypus and opossum, whereas it contains copies of the INSL6, INSL4, RLN2 and RLN1 genes in human and chimp. The main objective of this research is to characterize changes in the size and membership composition of the RLN/INSL gene family in primates, reconstruct the history of the RLN/INSL genes of primates, and test competing evolutionary scenarios regarding the origin of INSL4 and of the duplicated copies of the RLN gene of apes. Our results show that the relaxin/INSL-like gene family of primates has had a more dynamic evolutionary history than previously thought, including several examples of gene duplications and losses which are consistent with the predictions of the birth-and-death model of gene family evolution. In particular, we found that the differential retention of relatively old paralogs played a key role in shaping the gene complement of this family in primates. Two examples of this phenomenon are the origin of the INSL4 gene of catarrhines (the group that includes Old World monkeys and apes), and of the duplicate RLN1 and RLN2 paralogs of apes. In the case of INSL4, comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses indicate that the origin of this gene, which was thought to represent a catarrhine-specific evolutionary innovation, is as old as the split between carnivores and primates, which took place approximately 97 million years ago. In addition, in the case of the RLN1 and RLN2 genes of apes our phylogenetic trees and topology tests indicate that the duplication that gave rise to these two genes maps to the last common ancestor of anthropoid primates. All these genomic changes in gene complement, which are particularly prevalent among anthropoid primates, might be linked to the many physiological and anatomical changes found in this group. Given the various roles of members of the RLN/INSL-like gene family in reproductive biology, it might be that changes in this gene family are associated to changes in reproductive traits.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: José Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Federico G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Opazo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D011323:Primates; D012065:Relaxin / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012065:Relaxin