title: Cigarette smoke upregulates rat coronary artery endothelin receptors in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is a strong cardiovascular risk factor and endothelin (ET) receptors are related to coronary artery diseases. The present study established an in vivo secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure model and investigated the hypothesis that cigarette smoke induces ET receptor upregulation in rat coronary arteries and its possible underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats were exposed to SHS for 200 min daily for 8 weeks. The coronary arteries were isolated and examined. The vasoconstriction was studied by a sensitive myograph. The expression of mRNA and protein for receptors was examined by real-time PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. Compared to fresh air exposure, SHS increased contractile responses mediated by endothelin type A (ET(A)) and type B (ET(B)) receptors in coronary arteries. In parallel, the expression of mRNA and protein for ET(A) and ET(B) receptors of smoke exposed rats were higher than that of animals exposed to fresh air, suggesting that SHS upregulates ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in coronary arteries in vivo. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the enhanced receptor expression was localized to the smooth muscle cells of coronary arteries. The protein levels of phosphorylated (p)-Raf-1 and p-ERK1/2 in smoke exposed rats were significantly higher than in control rats, demonstrating that SHS induces the activation of the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway. Treatment with Raf-1 inhibitor GW5074 suppressed SHS-induced enhanced contraction mediated by ET(A) receptors, and inhibited the elevated mRNA and protein levels of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors caused by SHS. The results of correlation and regression analysis showed that phosphorylation of Raf and ERK1/2 were independent determinants to affect protein expression of ET(B) and ET(A) receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoke upregulates ET(B) and ET(A) receptors in rat coronary artery, which is associated with the activation of the Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong-Xiao
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edvinsson
authors.forename: Cang-Bao
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000633:toxicity*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D014661:Vasoconstriction
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin; D012906:Smoke; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases