title: Immunocombination therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma.
abstract: Neuroblastoma (NBL) is an aggressive malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system. Advanced-stage NBLs prove fatal in approximately 50% of patients within 5 years. Therefore, new treatment modalities are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is a treatment modality that can be combined with established forms of treatment. Administration of monoclonal antibodies or dendritic cell-based therapies alone can lead to favorable clinical outcomes in individual cancer patients; for example patients with melanoma, lymphoma and NBL. However, clinical benefit is still limited to a minority of patients, and further improvements are clearly needed. In this article, we review the most commonly used approaches to treat patients with NBL and highlight the prerequisites and opportunities of cell-based immunotherapy, involving both innate and adaptive immune-effector cells. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of the combined application of immunotherapy and novel tumor-targeted therapies for the treatment of both cancer in general and NBL in particular.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kroesen
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindau
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoogerbrugge
authors.forename: Gosse J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Adema
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm