title: Peripheral refraction in pseudophakic eyes measured by infrared scanning photoretinoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain quantitative data of peripheral refractive errors in pseudophakic eyes including measurements up to ±45 degrees on the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Eye Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pseudophakic and phakic subjects were measured with a purpose-built scanning photorefractor. The instrument was improved over previous versions. It permits measurement of semicontinuous peripheral profiles over the central 90-degree field of the retina at a faster speed (4 s/scan).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four pseudophakic and 43 phakic subjects were enrolled. The intraocular lenses (IOLs) induced a mean myopic shift of 2.00 diopters (D) at ±45 degrees of eccentricity in the vertical pupil meridian. Ray-tracing simulations with phakic eye and pseudophakic eye models agreed well with the experimental data. They showed that changes induced by IOLs were a consequence of an increase in astigmatism with eccentricity and a myopic shift in the spherical equivalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The peripheral refractions in pseudophakic eyes were more myopic than in phakic eyes as a consequence of the optical design of the IOLs. Whether a more myopic refraction of approximately 2.00 D at 45 degrees has significant effects on visual performance must be tested. Perhaps there is room for improvement in the peripheral optics of IOLs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Óptica, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain. juant@um.es
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tabernero
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlendorf
authors.forename: M Dominik
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bruckmann
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiefer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaeffel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019591:Pseudophakia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D042262:Retinoscopy; D055815:Young Adult