title: Glucose metabolite glyoxal induces senescence in telomerase-immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various by-products of the cellular metabolism, such as reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are potentially harmful to cells and tissues, and play a role in many physiological and pathological processes. Among various RCS is the highly reactive dicarbonyl glyoxal (GO), which is a natural physiological metabolite produced by the auto-oxidation of glucose, and can form covalent adducts known as advanced glycation endproducts (AGE). We have previously reported that GO accelerates ageing and causes premature senescence in normal human skin fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a bone marrow-derived telomerase-immortalised mesenchymal stem cell line hMSC-TERT we have observed that an exposure of cells to 0.75 mM and 1 mM GO induces irreversible cellular senescence within 3 days. Induction of senescence in hMSC-TERT was demonstrated by a variety of markers, including characteristic cell morphology and enlargement, vacuolisation, multinucleation, induction of senescence associated β-galactosidase, cell cycle arrest, and increased levels of a cell cycle inhibitor p16. These changes were accompanied by increased extent of DNA breaks as measured by the comet assay, and increased levels of the AGE product, carboxymethyl-lysine (CML). Furthermore, the in vitro differentiation potential of hMSC-TERT to become functional osteoblasts was highly reduced in GO-treated stem cells, as determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized matrix (MM) formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study imply that an imbalanced glucose metabolism can reduce the functioning ability of stem cells in vivo both during ageing and during stem cell-based therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Ageing, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. SAL@mb.au.dk.
authors.forename: Simon Asbjørn
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Moustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kassem
authors.forename: Suresh Is
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rattan