title: Unrestricted access to sugammadex: impact on neuromuscular blocking agent choice, reversal practice and associated healthcare costs.
abstract: Sugammadex is known to rapidly and completely reverse the effects of amino-steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents. However, the high costs of sugammadex have so far prevented its introduction as the standard reversal agent in most healthcare systems. At the Royal Perth Hospital, sugammadex was recently introduced as an unrestricted alternative to neostigmine for the reversal of amino-steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents. The aim of this retrospective observational audit was to investigate the impact of this change on clinical practice and associated healthcare costs. Data from all patients intubated during a one-month period in April to May 2010 and for a similar period in 2011 were retrospectively collected and the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and reversal agents were identified and the associated costs were calculated. More steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents and sugammadex (+743%), but less glycopyrrolate and neostigmine (-48%) were used in 2011. Using the manufacturer's list price, muscle relaxation and reversal costs increased from about A$42 per case to about A$127 per case. Between the investigated time periods no differences were found for anaesthesia time, operating time or time spent in the post anaesthesia care unit. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in the time between surgery and discharge (median 2.0 vs 2.2 days). While the design of the audit was such that no inferences can be made about the cause of this change, this is an interesting observation worthy of further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. thomas.ledowski@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ledowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hillyard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kozman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gillies
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenaway
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000077122:Sugammadex; D047408:gamma-Cyclodextrins / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D047408:gamma-Cyclodextrins; D000077122:Sugammadex