title: Ethnic and social disparity in glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; cohort study in general practice 2004-9.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ethnic group differences in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) changed over a 5-year period in people on medication for type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open cohort in 2004-9.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic records of 100 of the 101 general practices in two inner London boroughs.
  
  
  METHODS
  People aged 35 to 74 years on medication for type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean HbA1c and proportion with HbA1c controlled to ≤ 7.5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort of 24,111 people, 22% were White, 58% South Asian and 17% Black African/Caribbean. From 2004 to 2009 mean HbA1c improved from 8.2% to 7.8% for White, from 8.5% to 8.0% for Black African/Caribbean and from 8.5% to 8.0% for South Asian people. The proportion with HbA1c controlled to 7.5% or less, increased from 44% to 56% in White, 38% to 53% in Black African/Caribbean and 34% to 48% in South Asian people. Ethnic group and social deprivation were independently associated with HbA1c. South Asian and Black African/Caribbean people were treated more intensively than White people.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HbA1c control improved for all ethnic groups between 2004-9. However, South Asian and Black African/Caribbean people had persistently worse control despite more intensive treatment and significantly more improvement than White people. Higher social deprivation was independently associated with worse control.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, St Barts and London Hospital School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 58 Turner Street, London E1 2AB, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Ellena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Badrick
authors.forename: Rohini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents