title: Pinguecula and diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between age and the incidence and severity of pinguecula in patients with diabetes mellitus, and to compare the grade of pinguecula between control subjects and patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 31 to 70 years (DM group) and 160 control subjects aged 31 to 70 years (control group) were enrolled. The grade of pinguecula at 2 locations (nasal and temporal) was assessed in all subjects by a grading system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an age-related increase in the grade of pinguecula in both the DMgroup (r = 0.52; P < 0.0001) and the control group (r = 0.51; P < 0.0001). The grade and prevalence of pinguecula were higher in the DM group than in the control group for pinguecula of the nasal conjunctiva (grade: P < 0.0001; and prevalence: 55.0% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.0072) and the temporal conjunctiva (grade: P < 0.0001; and prevalence: 54.4% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.0100). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age and diabetes were associated with an increased prevalence of nasal or temporal pinguecula (all P < 0.05). Diabetes mellitus was independently associated with the severity of pinguecula (nasal: odds ratio = 1.19; temporal: odds ratio = 1.22) after adjustment for age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first assessment of the relationship between pinguecula and diabetes mellitus. Our results suggest that diabetes mellitus may be a factor associated with the development of pinguecula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Toranomon Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. mimurat-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mimura
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Mikiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagami
authors.forename: Hideharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Funatsu
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D059407:Pinguecula / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index