title: Ethnic variations in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetes attending screening in the United Kingdom (DRIVE UK).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in people of various ethnic groups with diabetes in the United Kingdom (UK).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Diabetic Retinopathy In Various Ethnic groups in UK (DRIVE UK) Study is a cross-sectional study on the ethnic variations of the prevalence of DR and visual impairment in two multi-racial cohorts in the UK. People on the diabetes register in West Yorkshire and South East London who were screened, treated or monitored between April 2008 to July 2009 (London) or August 2009 (West Yorkshire) were included in the study. Data included age, sex, ethnic group, type of diabetes, presenting visual acuity and the results of grading of diabetic retinopathy. Prevalence estimates for the ethnic groups were age-standardised to the white European population for comparison purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 57,144 people on the two diabetic registers, data were available on 50,285 individuals (88.0%), of these 3,323 had type 1 and 46,962 had type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of any DR was 38.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 37.4% to 38.5%) in white Europeans compared to 52.4% (51.2% to 53.6%) in African/Afro-Caribbeans and 42.3% (40.3% to 44.2%) in South Asians. Similarly, sight threatening DR was also significantly more prevalent in Afro-Caribbeans (11.5%, 95% CI 10.7% to 12.3%) and South Asians (10.3%, 9.0% to 11.5%) compared to white Europeans (5.5%, 5.3% to 5.8%). Differences observed in Type 1 diabetes did not achieve conventional levels of statistical significance, but there were lower numbers for these analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minority ethnic communities with type 2 diabetes in the UK are more prone to diabetic retinopathy, including sight-threatening retinopathy and maculopathy compared to white Europeans.
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. senswathi@aol.com
authors.forename: Sobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivaprasad
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gulliford
authors.forename: Hiten
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dodhia
authors.forename: Moin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nagi
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000208:ethnology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult