title: Iniencephaly clausus: A case report with review of literature.
abstract: Iniencephaly is a rare neural tube defect characterized by extreme retroflexion of the head with the absence of neck due to spinal deformities. The important features that help us to diagnose a case of iniencephaly are occipital bone deficit leading to enlarged foramen magnum, fusion of malformed cervical and thoracic vertebrae, and upward turned face with chin continuous with chest because of the absence of neck. The differential diagnoses include anencephaly with spinal retroflexion, Klippel-Fiel syndrome, nuchal tumors such as teratoma, goiter, and lymphangioma and Jarcho-Levin syndrome. Previously many case reports on radiological features of iniencephaly are published, but there are very few articles on necropsy findings and differential diagnosis. In the present case we have discussed in detail the necropsy findings of iniencephaly clausus with special reference to differential diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Padmaja R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Ravikala V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Mohan B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Alur
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Joshi