title: The effect of dietary and physical activity pattern on metabolic profile in individuals with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the rate of obesity on the rise worldwide, individuals with schizophrenia represent a particularly vulnerable population. The aim of this study was to assess the metabolic profile of individuals with schizophrenia in relation to dietary and physical activity habits compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary and physical activity habits of 130 individuals with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were compared with 250 body mass index-, age-, and sex-matched and racially matched controls from the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys using a 24-hour diet recall and a self-report physical activity questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with schizophrenia had significantly higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin compared with matched controls. In addition, these individuals had an increased waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure than did the comparison group. Daily energy intake was not different between groups; however, individuals with schizophrenia consumed significantly greater amounts of sugar and fat. Individuals with schizophrenia reported engaging in moderate physical activity less frequently compared with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys group, but there was no difference in reported vigorous physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the dietary and physical activity habits of individuals with schizophrenia contribute to an adverse metabolic profile. Increased opportunities for physical activity and access to healthy foods for individuals with schizophrenia may ease the burden of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. joseph.ratliff@yale.edu
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ratliff
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Palmese
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Reutenauer
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liskov
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grilo
authors.forename: Cenk
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin