title: Interpretation and management of INR results: a case history based survey in 13 countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standardisation of treatment with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) is still an issue after 60 years of use. The study aimed to explore aspects of VKA monitoring in primary and secondary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two case histories were distributed to physicians in 13 countries. Case history A focused on a patient with atrial fibrillation on stable anticoagulation (latest INR 2.3). Physicians were asked about frequency of INR measurement, when to change the VKA dose, and the patient's annual risk of ischemic stroke and bleeding. Case history B focused on a patient with an unexpected INR of 4.8, asking for the patient's 48-hour bleeding risk, the immediate dose reduction and time until a repeat INR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 3016 physicians responded (response rate 8 - 38%), of which 82% were from primary care and 18% from secondary care. Answers varied substantially within and between countries regardless of level of care and VKA used. Median number of weeks between INR measurements was 4 - 6 weeks. Median threshold INR for increasing or decreasing the VKA dose was 1.9 and 3.1, respectively. Risk of ischemic stroke and bleeding were overestimated 2 - 3 times. In case history B, the median dose reduction the two first days was 75% for GPs and 55% for specialists, irrespective of estimates of bleeding risk; with one week to a repeat INR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variation in VKA monitoring is substantial implying clinical consequences. Guidelines seem either unknown or may be considered impracticable. Further efforts towards standardisation of VKA management are needed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Helse Bergen HF, Bergen, Norway. ann.kristoffersen@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Ann-Helen
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thue
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ajzner
authors.forename: Neree
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: Andrea Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leonetti
authors.forename: Kaja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kallion
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Marge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kutt
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perich
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Plum
authors.forename: Dunja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rogic
authors.forename: Rosy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tirimacco
authors.forename: Felix J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watine
authors.forename: Sverre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandberg
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D038622:Internationality; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants