title: Newcastle disease virus triggers autophagy in U251 glioma cells to enhance virus replication.
abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can replicate in tumor cells and induce apoptosis in late stages of infection. However, the interaction between NDV and cells in early stages of infection is not well understood. Here, we report that, shortly after infection, NDV triggers the formation of autophagosomes in U251 glioma cells, as demonstrated by an increased number of double-membrane vesicles, GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) a dot formations, and elevated production of LC3II. Moreover, modulation of NDV-induced autophagy by rapamycin, chloroquine or small interfering RNAs targeting the genes critical for autophagosome formation (Atg5 and Beclin-1) affects virus production, indicating that autophagy may be utilized by NDV to facilitate its own production. Furthermore, the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Beclin-1 pathway plays a role in NDV-induced autophagy and virus production. Collectively, our data provide a unique example of a paramyxovirus that uses autophagy to enhance its production.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chunchun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Zhizhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Shengqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Yantao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yanqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Songshu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D000071186:Beclin-1; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: C502778:ATG5 protein, human; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins