title: Modular multiple sensors information management for computer-integrated surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past 20 years, technological advancements have modified the concept of modern operating rooms (ORs) with the introduction of computer-integrated surgery (CIS) systems, which promise to enhance the outcomes, safety and standardization of surgical procedures. With CIS, different types of sensor (mainly position-sensing devices, force sensors and intra-operative imaging devices) are widely used. Recently, the need for a combined use of different sensors raised issues related to synchronization and spatial consistency of data from different sources of information.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we propose a centralized, multi-sensor management software architecture for a distributed CIS system, which addresses sensor information consistency in both space and time. The software was developed as a data server module in a client-server architecture, using two open-source software libraries: Image-Guided Surgery Toolkit (IGSTK) and OpenCV. The ROBOCAST project (FP7 ICT 215190), which aims at integrating robotic and navigation devices and technologies in order to improve the outcome of the surgical intervention, was used as the benchmark. An experimental protocol was designed in order to prove the feasibility of a centralized module for data acquisition and to test the application latency when dealing with optical and electromagnetic tracking systems and ultrasound (US) imaging devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that a centralized approach is suitable for minimizing synchronization errors; latency in the client-server communication was estimated to be 2 ms (median value) for tracking systems and 40 ms (median value) for US images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed centralized approach proved to be adequate for neurosurgery requirements. Latency introduced by the proposed architecture does not affect tracking system performance in terms of frame rate and limits US images frame rate at 25 fps, which is acceptable for providing visual feedback to the surgeon in the OR.
authors.affiliation: NearLab, Dipartimento di Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy. alberto.vaccarella@mail.polimi.it
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaccarella
authors.forename: Andinet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enquobahrie
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.forename: Elena De
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Momi
mesh_terms: D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D003199:Computer Systems; D006801:Humans; D019451:Information Management; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data