title: Incorporating risk factors to improve the assessment of rates of glaucomatous progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present and evaluate a new method of integrating risk factors into the analysis of rates of visual field progression in glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 352 eyes of 250 glaucoma patients followed up for an average of 8.1 ± 3.5 years. Slopes of change over time were evaluated by the mean deviation (MD) from standard automated perimetry. For each eye, the follow-up time was divided into two equal periods: the first half was used to obtain the slopes of change and the second period was used to test the predictions. Slopes of change were calculated with two methods: the conventional approach of ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression and a Bayesian regression model incorporating information on risk factors and presence of progressive optic disc damage on stereophotographs. The mean square error (MSE) of the predictions was used to compare the predictive performance of the different methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher mean IOP, thinner central corneal thickness (CCT), and presence of progressive optic disc damage were associated with faster rates of MD change. Incorporation of risk factor information into the calculation of individual slopes of MD change with the Bayesian method resulted in better prediction of future MD values than with the OLS method (MSE: 4.31 vs. 8.03, respectively; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A Bayesian regression model incorporating structural and risk factor information into the estimation of glaucomatous visual field progression resulted in more accurate and precise estimates of slopes of functional change than the conventional method of OLS regression. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00221897.).
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0946, USA. fmedeiros@glaucoma.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Felipe A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zangwill
authors.forename: Kaweh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mansouri
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lisboa
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tafreshi
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields