title: Cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity and sequencing of movements in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal execution of several movements in a sequence is a frequent finding in schizophrenia. Successful performance of such motor acts requires correct integration of cortico-subcortical processes, particularly those related to cerebellar functions. Abnormal connectivity between cortical and cerebellar regions with resulting cognitive dysmetria has been proposed as the core dysfunction behind many signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to assess if these proposed abnormalities in connectivity are a unifying feature of schizophrenia, or, rather, reflect a specific symptom domain of a heterogeneous disease. We predicted that abnormal functional connectivity between the motor cortex and cerebellum would be linked with abnormal performance of movement sequencing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 24 schizophrenia patients (SCH) and 24 age-, sex-, and handedness-matched healthy controls (HC) using fMRI during a modified finger-tapping task. The ability to perform movement sequencing was tested using the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). The subjects were categorized into two groups, with (SQ+) and without (SQ-) movement sequencing abnormalities, according to the NES-SQ score. The effects of diagnosis and movement sequencing abnormalities on the functional connectivity parameters between the motor cortex and cerebellum (MC-CRBL) and the supplementary motor cortex and cerebellum (SMA-CRBL) activated during the motor task were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no effect of diagnosis on the functional connectivity measures. There was, however, a significant effect on the SQ group: SQ + patients showed a lower level of MC-CRBL connectivity than SQ- patients and healthy controls. Moreover, the level of MC-CRBL and SMA-CRBL negatively correlated with the magnitude of NES-SQ abnormalities, but with no other NES domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity during the execution of a motor task is linked with movement sequencing abnormalities in schizophrenia, but not with the diagnosis of schizophrenia per se. It seems that specific patterns of inter-regional connectivity are linked with corresponding signs and symptoms of clinically heterogeneous conditions such as schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. tomas.kasparek@centrum.cz
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasparek
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehulova
authors.forename: Milos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kerkovsky
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sprlakova
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mechl
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*