title: Validation of the numerical rating scale for pain intensity and unpleasantness in pediatric acute postoperative pain: sensitivity to change over time.
abstract: This study evaluates the construct validity (including sensitivity to change) of the numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain intensity (I) and unpleasantness (U) and participant pain scale preferences in children/adolescents with acute postoperative pain. Eighty-three children aged 8 to 18 years (mean = 13.8, SD = 2.4) completed 3 pain scales including NRS, Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), and faces scales (Faces Pain Scale-Revised [FPS-R] and Facial Affective Scale [FAS], respectively) for pain intensity (I) and unpleasantness (U) 48 to 72 hours after major surgery, and the NRS, VRS and Functional Disability Index (FDI) 2 weeks after surgery. As predicted, the NRSI correlated highly with the VRSI and FPS-R and the NRSU correlated highly with the VRSU and FAS 48 to 72 hours after surgery. The FDI correlated moderately with the NRS at both time points. Scores on the NRSI and NRSU at 48 to 72 hours were significantly higher than at 2 weeks after surgery. Children found the faces scales the easiest to use while the VRS was liked the least and was the hardest to use. The NRS has adequate evidence of construct validity including sensitivity for both pain intensity and unpleasantness. This study further supports the validity of the NRS as a tool to measure both intensity and unpleasantness of acute pain in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article evaluates the construct validity including sensitivity of the Numerical Rating Scale for pain intensity and pain unpleasantness over time in children after major surgery. The NRS could be used by clinicians to assess these 2 different dimensions of children's pain experience in acute pain settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: M Gabrielle
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pagé
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stinson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Martin-Pichora
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*