title: Electrical waterbath stunning: influence of different waveform and voltage settings on the induction of unconsciousness and death in male and female broiler chickens.
abstract: Stunning effectiveness of male and female broiler chickens was analyzed in response to different waveforms at 3 constant voltage levels. In total, 180 male and female broiler chickens were stunned using a sine wave alternating current (AC) of 50 Hz, rectangular AC of 70 Hz, and pulsed direct current (DC) of 70 Hz (duty-cycle 1:1) with a constant voltage of 60, 80, or 120 V, respectively. In each stunning group, 10 male and 10 female birds were stunned for 4 s. The current obtained by every bird was recorded. For stunning efficiency, the electroencephalogram (EEG) and physical reflexes were recorded and analyzed. The EEG was recorded for 120 s poststun. Simultaneously, the occurrence of spontaneous eye blinking, wing flapping, and breathing was assessed, and the corneal reflex was tested every 20 s poststun. The EEG was analyzed regarding the occurrence of a profound suppression to less than 10% of the prestun level in the 2 to 30 Hz and 13 to 30 Hz bands. Female broilers obtained a significantly lower stunning current compared with that of the males. This resulted in a lower stunning efficiency for females, when the same constant voltage was applied to males and females. The waveforms required different amounts of currents to achieve a 90% stunning efficiency. A minimum necessary stunning current of 70, 90, and 130 mA could be established for sine wave AC, rectangular AC, and pulsed DC, respectively. The low stunning efficiency of pulsed DC might be caused by the short stunning time of 4 s. This effect should be further investigated for DC stunning. Very few birds stunned with AC resumed breathing following stunning, indicating stun to kill. Pulsed DC stunning showed a lower effect on the induction of death. The level of wing flapping, indicating convulsions and possible meat quality defects, was higher for the AC treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Behavior and Poultry Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Oijen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ehinger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bessei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coenen
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D004560:Electricity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D004597:Electroshock / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012018:Reflex; D012737:Sex Factors; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water