title: Relative and absolute reliability of the new "Step-Ex" step-execution test in elderly people with and without balance problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relative and absolute test-re-test reliability of a new step-execution test, "Step-Ex", for clinical use in elderly with and without balance problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test-re-test design to assess intrarater reliability. Thirty-four healthy community-dwelling elderly (65-87 years), 16 with balance problems, were tested twice two weeks apart. Step-Ex consists of two portable force platforms that register vertical ground reaction forces connected to a computer for easy detection of temporal events and phases (reaction-, preparation-, stepping- and step execution phase). Standing with one foot on each platform, the subjects were given a tactile stimulus on the heel to initiate rapid steps forward.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-re-test agreement was good to very good: ICC(2)(.6) 0.83-0.87 (without balance problems) and 0.71-0.83 (with balance problems) with no apparent systematic differences between the tests. The SEM, i.e. the smallest detectable change that may indicate a real clinical improvement for a group of individuals was small, 4.6-8.6%. The smallest real difference, representing the smallest change that reveals clinical improvement for a single individual, was 13-24%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Step-Ex is a highly reliable instrument and can be recommended as an outcome measure evaluating the effects of balance training in elderly people with and without balance deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Balance deficits are common in the elderly population. • To evaluate the effects of treatment or changes over time it is of great importance to have reliable instruments. • Step-Ex is a highly reliable instrument and can be recommended as an outcome measure evaluating the effects of treatment or changes over time in elderly people with and without balance deficits.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Instiutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Stokcholm, Sweden. alexandra.halvarsson@ki.se
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halvarsson
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franzén
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ståhle
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013548:Sweden; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis