title: Identification of novel causative genes determining the complex trait of high ethanol tolerance in yeast using pooled-segregant whole-genome sequence analysis.
abstract: High ethanol tolerance is an exquisite characteristic of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which enables this microorganism to dominate in natural and industrial fermentations. Up to now, ethanol tolerance has only been analyzed in laboratory yeast strains with moderate ethanol tolerance. The genetic basis of the much higher ethanol tolerance in natural and industrial yeast strains is unknown. We have applied pooled-segregant whole-genome sequence analysis to map all quantitative trait loci (QTL) determining high ethanol tolerance. We crossed a highly ethanol-tolerant segregant of a Brazilian bioethanol production strain with a laboratory strain with moderate ethanol tolerance. Out of 5974 segregants, we pooled 136 segregants tolerant to at least 16% ethanol and 31 segregants tolerant to at least 17%. Scoring of SNPs using whole-genome sequence analysis of DNA from the two pools and parents revealed three major loci and additional minor loci. The latter were more pronounced or only present in the 17% pool compared to the 16% pool. In the locus with the strongest linkage, we identified three closely located genes affecting ethanol tolerance: MKT1, SWS2, and APJ1, with SWS2 being a negative allele located in between two positive alleles. SWS2 and APJ1 probably contained significant polymorphisms only outside the ORF, and lower expression of APJ1 may be linked to higher ethanol tolerance. This work has identified the first causative genes involved in high ethanol tolerance of yeast. It also reveals the strong potential of pooled-segregant sequence analysis using relatively small numbers of selected segregants for identifying QTL on a genome-wide scale.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swinnen
authors.forename: Kristien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaerlaekens
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Claesen
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hubmann
authors.forename: Yudi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mekonnen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demeke
authors.forename: María R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Foulquié-Moreno
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goovaerts
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Souvereyns
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dumortier
authors.forename: Johan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thevelein
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D050296:Microbial Viability; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: C574594:APJ1 protein, S cerevisiae; C092218:MKT1 protein, S cerevisiae; C574593:SWS2 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D000431:Ethanol