title: Cultural practices and medical beliefs in pre-revolutionary Russia compared to modern textbook advice: did Russian women breastfeed the "wrong" way?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Historical accounts of infant feeding practices can inform our understanding of current-day practices and the ways in which cultural traditions are incorporated into infant care. Pre-revolutionary Russian feeding practices have not previously been summarized, to our knowledge. The purpose of this study is to collect information about pre-revolutionary feeding practices. We may then be able to better understand the motivation for suboptimal practices and tailor feeding messages to the specific population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Materials were collected from libraries and from the Internet regarding medical, demographic, and ethnographic literature of the 19(th) century and early 21(st) century, primarily in Russian.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breastfeeding was pervasive in pre-revolutionary Russia, but suboptimal patterns such as withholding colostrum and early introduction of other foods and liquids were common. Breast problems were treated with folk remedies and comfort measures, some of which are similar to modern-day treatments. Around 1906, child rearing and infant feeding recommendations were subsumed by male physicians espousing the "scientific approach."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many of these medical recommendations were detrimental to the previously successful breastfeeding practices that, despite barriers, had allowed Russian women to continue breastfeeding for 2 years or longer.
authors.affiliation: Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA. nvwilson@gmail.com
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gerbeda-Wilson
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000628:therapy; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D012426:Russia; D012922:Social Change; D013997:Time Factors; D014886:Weaning