title: Preparation of highly polarized nuclear spin systems using brute-force and low-field thermal mixing.
abstract: Over the years, several strategies have been developed for generating highly polarized nuclear spin systems, including dynamic nuclear polarization, optical pumping, and methods exploiting parahydrogen. Here, we present an alternative strategy, using an enhanced 'brute-force' approach (i.e. exposure to low temperatures and high applied magnetic fields). The main problem with this approach is that it may take an excessively long time for the nuclear polarization to approach thermal equilibrium at low temperatures, since nuclear relaxation becomes exceedingly slow due to the loss of molecular motion. We show that low-field thermal mixing can alleviate the problem by increasing the rate at which slowly-relaxing nuclei reach equilibrium. More specifically, we show that polarization can be transferred from a relatively rapidly relaxing (1)H reservoir to more slowly relaxing (13)C and (31)P nuclei. The effects are particularly dramatic for the (31)P nuclei, which in experiments at a temperature of 4.2 K and a field of 2 T show a 75-fold enhancement in their effective rate of approach to equilibrium, and an even greater (150-fold) enhancement in the presence of a relaxation agent. The mixing step is also very effective in terms of the amount of polarization transferred-70-90% of the maximum theoretical value in the experiments reported here. These findings have important implications for brute-force polarization, for the problem becomes one of how to relax the solvent protons rather than individual more slowly-relaxing nuclei of interest. This should be a much more tractable proposition, and offers the additional attraction that a wide range of nuclear species can be polarized simultaneously. We further show that the (1)H reservoir can be tapped repeatedly through a number of consecutive thermal mixing steps, and that this could provide additional sensitivity enhancement in solid-state NMR.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. d.gadian@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Gadian
authors.forename: Kuldeep S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Panesar
authors.forename: Angel J Perez
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Horsewill
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Köckenberger
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Owers-Bradley
mesh_terms: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011522:Protons; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011522:Protons