title: Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates tumor angiogenesis via inhibiting bioactivities of endothelial progenitor cells.
abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that Ginsenoside Rg3 appears to inhibit tumor growth including Lewis lung carcinoma, intestinal adenocarcinomas or B16 melanoma by inhibiting cell proliferation, tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) appear to play a key role in the growth of early tumors by intervening with the angiogenic switch promoting tumor neovessel formation by producing angiogenic cytokines during tumor progression. This paper reports a novel mechanism of Ginsenoside Rg3, a candidate anticancer bio-molecule, on tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the multiple bioactivities of EPCs. When Ginsenoside Rg3 was applied to the ex vivo cultured outgrowth ECs, a type of EPCs, it inhibited the cell proliferation, cell migration and tubular formation of EPCs. Importantly, Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuated the phosphorylation cascade of the VEGF dependent p38/ERK signaling in vitro. The xenograft tumor model clearly showed that Ginsenoside Rg3 suppresses tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the mobilization of EPCs from the bone marrow microenvironment to the peripheral circulation and modulates VEGF-dependent tumor angiogenesis. In conclusion, this study provides a potential therapeutic molecule, Ginsenoside Rg3, as an anticancer drug by inhibiting the EPC bioactivities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory for Functional Foods & Nutrigenomics, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seok-Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Yi-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jun-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: You Mie
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Boo-Yong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang-Mo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D036145:Ginsenosides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C097367:ginsenoside Rg3; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2