title: HILIC quantification of oenotheralanosterol A and B from Oenothera biennis and their suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α expression in mouse macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is a wild medicinal herb of Central American origin that is now globally widespread. Its traditional uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and premenopausal pain both of which have an inflammatory component. The present study demonstrates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of three Oenothera biennis compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oenotheralanosterol A and B (Oen-A & Oen-B) along with gallic acid (GA) were isolated and characterized using column chromatography and NMR. The compounds were tested with LPS stimulated peritoneal mouse macrophages assaying for suppression of IL-6, TNF-α and NO synthesis. An HILIC method for the simultaneous quantitation of GA, Oen-A, and Oen-B in Oenothera biennis plant material was also developed as a means of monitoring quality of plant material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 by GA, Oen-A and Oen-B was observed (p<0.05). Inhibition was concentration dependent and no synergistic or antagonistic effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines was found when used in combination (1:1) (p>0.05). The HILIC analysis method was validated using Oenothera biennis root.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory activity of Oenothera biennis root compounds and supports its traditional use in arthritis management. Active anti-inflammatory compounds were identified and quantified by the HILIC method.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Dnyaneshwar Umrao
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Bawankule
authors.forename: Ateeque
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Karuna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shanker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007810:Lanosterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D031665:Oenothera biennis / Q000737:chemistry; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C574162:oenotheralanosterol A; C574163:oenotheralanosterol B; D007810:Lanosterol; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005707:Gallic Acid