title: Depression risks in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: a cross-cultural comparison of Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia and Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compared with US or European countries, there are fewer mental health services for mothers of children with developmental disabilities in Latin American and/or Southeast Asian countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the risk of depression in mothers of children with developmental disabilities in countries with a lack of mental health professionals, we conducted cross-cultural comparisons for four countries: Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia and Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the CES-D, we compared the participants' depressive symptoms, by which we also estimated the probability of morbid depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In every country, participants tended to show depressive symptoms. In the CES-D total scores and the numbers of mothers who were observed to have a high level of depressive symptoms, there were significant differences among countries (F = 4.36, p = .006; χ2 = 10.3, p = .015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering cultural models, we could apply evidence-based intervention to depressive mothers of children, and conduct intervention and treatment for those mothers and evaluate ways of providing better mental health services to these individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Graduate School of the Humanities, Faculty of Law, Senshu University, Japan. hiro-o@umin.org
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.forename: Annibal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coelho de Amorim
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velosa
authors.forename: Wong Poh
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Panpimol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lotrakul
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology