title: Physical restraint use in institutional care of old people in Sweden in 2000 and 2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical restraint use is common in institutional care for old people and mainly used to prevent falls, despite the fall-preventive effect of physical restraints being questioned in previous research. The aim of the study was to investigate the use of physical restraints in Sweden in 2000 and 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from two comparable census surveys conducted in all institutional care units for old people in 2000 (n = 3,669) and 2007 (n = 2,914). Information on residents' characteristics and physical restraint use was collected using the Multi-Dimensional Dementia Assessment Scale (MDDAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2000 16.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.8%-17.2%) of the residents were restrained compared to 18.2% (95% CI 16.8%-19.6%) in 2007 (p = 0.017). Adjusting for residents' characteristics showed that residents in 2007 were more likely to be physically restrained, relative to the residents in 2000 (odds ratio (OR) 1.031, 95% CI 1.005-1.058, p = 0.017). In 2007 the residents had been restrained longer, and a higher proportion were restrained for unknown reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical restraint use is still common. Moreover, the findings of this study suggest a small increase (OR 1.031) in the prevalence of physical restraint use from 2000 to 2007 adjusted for residents' characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pellfolk
authors.forename: Per-Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Sandman
authors.forename: Yngve
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lövheim
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003625:Data Collection; D003704:Dementia / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology