title: Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and inhibitory control among young school-age children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between prenatal methamphetamine exposure and inhibitory control in 66-month-old children followed since birth in the multicenter, longitudinal Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 137 children with prenatal methamphetamine exposure and 130 comparison children matched for race, birth weight, maternal education, and type of insurance. Inhibitory control, an executive function related to emotional and cognitive control, was assessed using a computerized Stroop-like task developed for young children. Hierarchical linear modeling tested the relationship between the extent of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (heavy, some, or none) and accuracy and reaction time outcomes, adjusting for prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana; age; sex; socioeconomic status; caregiver IQ and psychological symptoms; Child Protective Services report of physical or sexual abuse; and site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted analyses, heavy prenatal methamphetamine exposure was related to reduced accuracy in both the incongruent and mixed conditions on the Stroop-like task. Caregiver psychological symptoms and Child Protective Services report of physical or sexual abuse were associated with reduced accuracy in the incongruent and mixed consitions and in the incongruent conditions, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heavy prenatal methamphetamine exposure, along with caregiver psychological distress and child maltreatment, are related to subtle deficits in inhibitory control during the early school-age years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derauf
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lagasse
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Elana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Amelia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Arria
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dellagrotta
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dansereau
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine