title: Double J catheter migrated to the bladder and encrusted. Case report and bibliographic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary tract obstruction is one of the most prevalent diseases in urology. The handling of it includes conservative (analgesia and fluid therapy) and  invasive (urinary diversion) measures. Ureteral stent is the method currently employed for urinary tract diversion. Complications of urinary tract stents maintenance  have already been studied and are well known. We report a case of ureteral stent migrated to the bladder, calcified and embedded and we review the existing literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 28 year-old man with the diagnosis of ureteral stent coiled in bladder and calcified. The patient was successfully operated of suprapubic cystolithotomy. We conducted a Medline search using the terms "ureteral stent "+" embedded stent, "" bladder ureteral stent, "incrusted bladder stent" and "ureteral stent complicactions".
  
  
  RESULTS
  He is currently free of disease. We found a total of 45 articles that responded to the search criteria, from which we select the highest citation index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ureteral stents for urinary diversion of the upper urinary tract is safe and well tolerated but not without complications, that is why we  have to raise awareness among patients of the need to undergo periodic inspections and instruct them to possible symptoms and / or signs that may indicate changes  in position and / or state of the stent.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Hospital General de Castellon, Avenida Benicassim s/n, Castellón de la Plana, Spain. dagalvi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beltrán Persiva
authors.forename: Mateo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez Mestre
authors.forename: Iván José
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Povo Martín
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miralles Aguado
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garau Perelló
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gimeno Argente
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosquet Sanz
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: De Francia Valero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057785:Catheters / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects