title: Research on discrimination and health: an exploratory study of unresolved conceptual and measurement issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal in this study was to better understand racial and socioeconomic status (SES) variations in experiences of racial and nonracial discrimination.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 1999 and 2000 data from the YES Health Study, which involved a community sample of 50 Black and 50 White respondents drawn from 4 neighborhoods categorized according to racial group (majority Black or majority White) and SES (≤ 150% or > 250% of the poverty line). Qualitative and quantitative analyses examined experiences of discrimination across these neighborhoods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 90% of Blacks and Whites described the meaning of unfair treatment in terms of injustice and felt certain about the attribution of their experiences of discrimination. These experiences triggered similar emotional reactions (most frequently anger and frustration) and levels of stress across groups, and low-SES Blacks and Whites reported higher levels of discrimination than their moderate-SES counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experiences of discrimination were commonplace and linked to similar emotional responses and levels of stress among both Blacks and Whites of low and moderate SES. Effects were the same whether experiences were attributed to race or to other reasons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. dwilliam@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dolly A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Daphna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oyserman
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sonnega
authors.forename: Selina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011287:Prejudice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*