title: Allergic rhinitis in northern vietnam: increased risk of urban living according to a large population survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis and chronic nasal symptoms among adults in Vietnam. We aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factor patterns and co-morbidities of allergic rhinitis and chronic nasal symptoms in one urban and one rural area in northern Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted from August 2007 to January 2008 in urban Hoankiem and rural Bavi in Hanoi among adults aged 21-70 years. Of 7008 randomly selected subjects, 91.7% participated in Bavi and 70.3% in Hoankiem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allergic rhinitis ever or chronic nasal symptoms were reported by 50.2%. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis ever was considerably higher in Hoankiem compared to Bavi, 29.6% vs 10.0% (p < 0.001). Allergic rhinitis ever and chronic nasal symptoms were both significantly associated with asthma and respiratory symptoms, respectively (p < 0.001). Exposure to gas, dust or fumes at work was significantly associated with allergic rhinitis ever, OR 1.57 (95% CI 1.34 - 1.84), nasal blocking, OR 1.90 (95% CI 1.68 - 2.15) and runny nose, OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.17 - 1.49), while somewhat surprisingly no association with smoking was found. Female sex was a significant risk factor for both nasal blocking and runny nose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allergic rhinitis ever was considerably more common in the urban area. Nasal blocking and runny nose was each reported by about one third of the studied sample with no major urban-rural difference. Further, exposure to air pollution at work was significantly associated with allergic rhinitis ever, nasal blocking and runny nose.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Lung & Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, IMM, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. hoangthilam2009@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hoàng Thị
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lâm
authors.forename: Nguyễn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Văn T Tng
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ekerljung
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rönmark
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lundbäck