title: Performance evaluation of a pediatric viscous impeller pump for Fontan cavopulmonary assist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anatomic and physiologic constraints for pediatric cavopulmonary assist differ markedly from adult Fontan circulations owing to smaller vessel sizes and risk of elevated pulmonary resistance. In this study, hemodynamic and hemolysis performance of a catheter-based viscous impeller pump (VIP) to power the Fontan circulation is assessed at a pediatric scale (∼15 kg) and performance range (0-30 mm Hg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer simulation and mock circulation studies were conducted to assess the hydraulic performance, acute hemodynamic response to different levels VIP support, and the potential for vena caval collapse. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to estimate VIP hydraulic performance, shear rates, and potential for hemolysis. Hemolysis was quantified in a mock loop with fresh bovine blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A VIP augmented 4-way total cavopulmonary connection flow at pediatric scales and restored systemic pressures and flows to biventricular values, without causing flow obstruction or suction. VIP generated flows up to 4.1 L/min and pressure heads of up to 38 mm Hg at 11,000 rpm. Maximal shear rate was 160 Pa, predicting low hemolysis risk. Observed hemolysis was low with plasma free hemoglobin of 11.4 mg · dL(-1) · h(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A VIP will augment Fontan cavopulmonary flow in the proper pressure and flow ranges, with low hemolysis risk under more stringent pediatric scale and physiology compared with adult scale. This technology may be developed to simultaneously reduce systemic venous pressure and improve cardiac output after stage 2 or 3 Fontan repair. It may serve to compress surgical staging, lessening the pathophysiologic burden of repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Guruprasad A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Giridharan
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kennington
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sobieski
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rodefeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008422:Materials Testing; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors