title: High community faecal carriage rates of CTX-M ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in a specific population group in Birmingham, UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the proportion of E. coli carrying specific CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genotypes in a community population of East and North Birmingham.
  
  
  METHODS
  General practice and outpatient stool samples from 732 individuals submitted for examination for faecal pathogens in 2010 were screened for ESBL-producing E. coli using chromogenic agar. Multiplex PCR, denaturing HPLC, DNA sequencing and PFGE were used to determine the CTX-M genotype and clonal subtype. Isolates from people were assigned to 'Europe', 'Middle East/South Asia' (MESA) or 'uncategorized' groups using software to determine probable global origin based on the subject's full name.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of CTX-M carriage in the sample population was 11.3%. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between carriage in the Europe group (8.1%) and the MESA group (22.8%). There was also a higher rate of carriage of CTX-M-15-producing E. coli (P < 0.001) in MESA subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high community carriage rate and the significant difference in carriage between the Europe and MESA subjects may have important consequences for therapy. If the rising trend in carriage of bacteria producing ESBLs continues, guidelines for empirical therapy for patients presenting from the community may need to be modified. The findings also raise the concern that the pattern and routes of spread of CTX-M-15 may be replicated in the future by broader-spectrum β-lactamases, such as New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase ('NDM-1').
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology,  University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham,  UK.
authors.forename: Nimal H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Wickramasinghe
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eustace
authors.forename: Sahida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shabir
authors.forename: Tranprit
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saluja
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hawkey
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D058006:General Practice; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D044382:Population Groups; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases