title: A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal morphine with transversus abdominis plane block for post-cesarean delivery analgesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal morphine is an effective analgesic post-cesarean delivery; however, it may be contraindicated or unsuitable in some patients. We compared the efficacy and side effects of intrathecal morphine with an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. The primary outcome was the morphine equivalents dose used in the first 24 h post-surgery. Secondary outcomes were pain scores and side effects, including pruritus, sedation, nausea and vomiting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Planned recruitment was for 90 women; however, the study was terminated early. Sixty-nine women undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. They were randomized to receive either intrathecal morphine 100 μg plus a sham TAP block or a TAP block with 0.5% ropivacaine 1.5 mg/kg, to each side to a maximum of 20 mL. Women were assessed at 2, 6, 10, 24 h and 3 months post-spinal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six women completed the trial. The morphine equivalents dose used in the TAP block group was greater at 24 h compared with the intrathecal morphine group (7.5 mg (95% CI 4.8-10.2) vs. 2.7 mg (95% CI 1.0-4.3), F [1, 64]=9.62, P=0.003). There was no difference at 2, 6, or 10 h. Pain scores on rest and movement were higher in the TAP block group at all times although this only reached statistical significance at 10 h (P=0.001). Nausea and vomiting (P=0.02) and pruritus (P=0.007) were lower in the TAP block group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this trial, the TAP block was associated with greater supplemental morphine requirements and higher pain scores than intrathecal morphine but fewer opioid-related side effects. The TAP block may be a reasonable alternative when intrathecal morphine is contraindicated or not appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, British Columbia Women's Hospital and Health Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Loane
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Massey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papsdorf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D011247:Pregnancy; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D000077212:Ropivacaine