title: Cigarette smoking is associated with a small increase in the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis of 24 observational studies.
abstract: Previous studies have evaluated the association between cigarette smoking and incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with inconclusive results. Our main objective was to evaluate this relationship using a meta-analysis of observational studies. A literature search was undertaken through October 2011 looking for pertinent studies. Seven prospective cohort and 17 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. Outcomes were calculated using the random-effects model and are reported as odds ratio (OR). Meta-regression was used to evaluate the dose-response of intensity and duration of smoking in NHL incidence. Our study found an OR of 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.73; p = 0.001) in current female smokers seen only in case-control studies. No increased odds of NHL was seen in men. There was no association between smoking and the most common NHL subtypes, with the exception of a statistical trend toward a higher incidence of T-cell lymphoma. In conclusion, there appears to be an increase in the odds of NHL in current female smokers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Jcastillo@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Jorge J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalia
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking