title: Palmitoylethanolamide exerts neuroprotective effects in mixed neuroglial cultures and organotypic hippocampal slices via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to cytotoxic mechanisms directly impacting neurons, β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced glial activation also promotes release of proinflammatory molecules that may self-perpetuate reactive gliosis and damage neighbouring neurons, thus amplifying neuropathological lesions occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been studied extensively for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects. PEA is a lipid messenger isolated from mammalian and vegetable tissues that mimics several endocannabinoid-driven actions, even though it does not bind to cannabinoid receptors. Some of its pharmacological properties are considered to be dependent on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPARα).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we evaluated the effect of PEA on astrocyte activation and neuronal loss in models of Aβ neurotoxicity. To this purpose, primary rat mixed neuroglial co-cultures and organotypic hippocampal slices were challenged with Aβ1-42 and treated with PEA in the presence or absence of MK886 or GW9662, which are selective PPARα and PPARγ antagonists, respectively. The results indicate that PEA is able to blunt Aβ-induced astrocyte activation and, subsequently, to improve neuronal survival through selective PPARα activation. The data from organotypic cultures confirm that PEA anti-inflammatory properties implicate PPARα mediation and reveal that the reduction of reactive gliosis subsequently induces a marked rebound neuroprotective effect on neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In line with our previous observations, the results of this study show that PEA treatment results in decreased numbers of infiltrating astrocytes during Aβ challenge, resulting in significant neuroprotection. PEA could thus represent a promising pharmacological tool because it is able to reduce Aβ-evoked neuroinflammation and attenuate its neurodegenerative consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scuderi
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenza
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stecca
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carratù
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steardo
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D002722:Chlorobenzenes
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D007211:Indoles; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D047493:PPAR alpha; D010169:Palmitic Acids; C060893:MK-886; D002722:Chlorobenzenes; C005958:palmidrol