title: Replacement of fentanyl infusion by enteral methadone decreases the weaning time from mechanical ventilation: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) are frequently administered prolonged and/or high doses of opioids which when removed can cause a withdrawal syndrome and difficulty in weaning from MV. We tested the hypothesis that the introduction of enteral methadone during weaning from sedation and analgesia in critically ill adult patients on MV would decrease the weaning time from MV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in the adult intensive care units (ICUs) of four general hospitals in Brazil. The 75 patients, who met the criteria for weaning from MV and had been using fentanyl for more than five consecutive days, were randomized to the methadone (MG) or control group (CG). Within the first 24 hours after study enrollment, both groups received 80% of the original dose of fentanyl, the MG received enteral methadone and the CG received an enteral placebo. After the first 24 hours, the MG received an intravenous (IV) saline solution (placebo), while the CG received IV fentanyl. For both groups, the IV solution was reduced by 20% every 24 hours. The groups were compared by evaluating the MV weaning time and the duration of MV, as well as the ICU stay and the hospital stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 75 patients randomized, seven were excluded and 68 were analyzed: 37 from the MG and 31 from the CG. There was a higher probability of early extubation in the MG, but the difference was not significant (hazard ratio: 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87 to 2.64; P = 0.11). The probability of successful weaning by the fifth day was significantly higher in the MG (hazard ratio: 2.64 (95% CI: 1.22 to 5.69; P < 0.02). Among the 54 patients who were successfully weaned (29 from the MG and 25 from the CG), the MV weaning time was significantly lower in the MG (hazard ratio: 2.06; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.63; P < 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of enteral methadone during weaning from sedation and analgesia in mechanically ventilated patients resulted in a decrease in the weaning time from MV.
authors.affiliation: Adult ICU, Centro Hospitalar Unimed, Rua Orestes Guimarães-905, Joinville, 89204-060, Brazil. raquelwan@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanzuita
authors.forename: Luiz F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Poli-de-Figueiredo
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pfuetzenreiter
authors.forename: Alexandre Biasi
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.forename: Glauco Adrieno
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Westphal
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001938:Brazil; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015300:Ventilator Weaning / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl