title: Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phlebotomus papatasi the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most widely spread sand fly in Sudan. No data has previously been collected on insecticide susceptibility and/or resistance of this vector, and a first study to establish a baseline data is reported here.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sand flies were collected from Surogia village, (Khartoum State), Rahad Game Reserve (eastern Sudan) and White Nile area (Central Sudan) using light traps. Sand flies were reared in the Tropical Medicine Research Institute laboratory. The insecticide susceptibility status of first progeny (F1) of P. papatasi of each population was tested using WHO insecticide kits. Also, P. papatasi specimens from Surogia village and Rahad Game Reserve were assayed for activities of enzyme systems involved in insecticide resistance (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), non-specific carboxylesterases (EST), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (Cyt p450).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Populations of P. papatasi from White Nile and Rahad Game Reserve were sensitive to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), permethrin, malathion, and propoxur. However, the P. papatasi population from Surogia village was sensitive to DDT and permethrin but highly resistant to malathion and propoxur. Furthermore, P. papatasi of Surogia village had significantly higher insecticide detoxification enzyme activity than of those of Rahad Game Reserve. The sand fly population in Surogia displayed high AChE activity and only three specimens had elevated levels for EST and GST.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provided evidence for malathion and propoxur resistance in the sand fly population of Surogia village, which probably resulted from anti-malarial control activities carried out in the area during the past 50 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector Biology and Biomedical Studies, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan. moawia65@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mo'awia Mukhtar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Sally Osman
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Widaa
authors.forename: Osman Mohieldin
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Mona Siddig Mohammed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Numiary
authors.forename: Mihad Abdelaal
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Hind Mohammed
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abushama
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008294:Malathion / Q000494:pharmacology; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000187:drug effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D001074:Propoxur / Q000494:pharmacology; D013397:Sudan
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D001074:Propoxur; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D043182:Carboxylesterase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D008294:Malathion