title: Influence of sugar type on the bioavailability of cocoa flavanols.
abstract: The beneficial effects of cocoa on vascular function are mediated by the absorption of monomeric flavanols into the circulation from the small intestine. As such, an understanding of the impact of the food matrix on the delivery of flavanols to the circulation is critical in assessing the potential vascular impact of a food. In the present study, we investigated the impact of carbohydrate type on flavanol absorption and metabolism from chocolate. A randomised, double-blind, three-arm cross-over study was conducted, where fifteen volunteers were randomly assigned to either a high-flavanol (266 mg) chocolate containing maltitol, a high-flavanol (251 mg) chocolate with sucrose or a low-flavanol (48 mg) chocolate with sucrose. Test chocolates were matched for micro- and macronutrients, including the alkaloids theobromine and caffeine, and were similar in taste and appearance. Total flavanol absorption was lower after consumption of the maltitol-containing test chocolate compared with following consumption of its sucrose-containing equivalent (P = 0·002). Although the O-methylation pattern observed for absorbed flavanols was unaffected by sugar type, individual levels of unmethylated ( - )-epicatechin metabolites, 3'-O-methyl-epicatechin and 4'-O-methyl-epicatechin metabolites were lower for the maltitol-containing test chocolate compared with the sucrose-containing equivalent. Despite a reduction in the total plasma pool of flavanols, the maximum time (T               max) was unaffected. The present data indicate that full assessment of intervention treatments is vital in future intervention trials with flavanols and that carbohydrate content is an important determinant for the optimal delivery of flavanols to the circulation.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading              RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Mateos
authors.forename: Maria Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oruna-Concha
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kwik-Uribe
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Jeremy P E
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002392:Catechin / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008320:Maltose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008745:Methylation; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013395:Sucrose; D008320:Maltose; D002392:Catechin; C010745:maltitol