title: Regulation of macrophage function by adenosine.
abstract: Following its release into the extracellular space in response to metabolic disturbances, the endogenous nucleoside adenosine exerts a range of immunomodulatory effects and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system are among its major targets. Adenosine governs mononuclear phagocyte functions via 4 G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptors, which are denoted A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptors. Adenosine promotes osteoclast differentiation via A(1) receptors and alters monocyte to dendritic cell differentiation through A(2B) receptors. Adenosine downregulates classical macrophage activation mainly through A(2A) receptors. In contrast A(2B) receptor activation upregulates alternative macrophage activation. Adenosine promotes angiogenesis, which is mediated by inducing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor by mononuclear phagocytes through A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptors. By regulating mononuclear phagocyte function adenosine dictates the course of inflammatory and vascular diseases and cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, USA. haskoge@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haskó
authors.forename: Pál
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacher
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D000241:Adenosine