title: Potential determinants of coal workers' pneumoconiosis, advanced pneumoconiosis, and progressive massive fibrosis among underground coal miners in the United States, 2005-2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We better defined the distribution and determinants of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) among US underground coal miners.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained chest radiographs from the mobile unit of an enhanced surveillance program begun in 2005 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health for underground coal miners. B Readers classified them for presence of pneumoconiosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Miners from 15 states participated (n = 6658). The prevalence of CWP was higher in 3 states (Kentucky, 9.0%; Virginia, 8.0%; West Virginia, 4.8%) than in 12 other states (age-adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.3, 6.1). Miners in these 3 states were younger and had less mining tenure, but advanced CWP (category ≥ 2/1; RR = 8.1; 95% CI = 3.9, 16.9) and progressive massive fibrosis (RR = 10.5; 95% CI = 3.8, 29.1) was more prevalent among them. Advanced CWP and progressive massive fibrosis were more prevalent among workers at mines with fewer than 155 miners, irrespective of mining region, than among workers at larger mines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced surveillance results confirmed the persistence of severe CWP among US coal miners and documented the health consequences of inadequate dust control for miners in parts of Appalachia and at smaller mines.
authors.affiliation: Surveillance Branch, Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA. alaney@cdc.gov
authors.forename: A Scott
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Laney
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Petsonk
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Anita L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Attfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003032:Coal Mining / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health; D011009:Pneumoconiosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult