title: Detection of early effects of a single herbicide (diuron) and a mix of herbicides and pharmaceuticals (diuron, isoproturon, ibuprofen) on immunological parameters of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) spat.
abstract: In the context of massive summer mortality events of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, the aim of this study was to investigate the early effects on genes, enzymes and haemocyte parameters implicated in immune defence mechanisms in C. gigas oysters exposed to a potentially hostile environment, i.e. to an herbicide alone or within a mixture. Following 2 h of exposure to the herbicide diuron at 1 μg L(-1), the repression of different genes implicated in immune defence mechanisms in the haemocytes and the inhibition of enzyme activities, such as laccase-type phenoloxidase (PO) in the plasma, were observed. The inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plasma was also observed after 6 and 24 h of exposure. In the mixture with the herbicides diuron and isoproturon, and the pharmaceutical ibuprofen, catecholase-type PO activity in the plasma and the percentage of phagocytosis in the haemocytes were reduced after 6 h of exposure. Our results showed that early effects on molecular, biochemical and cellular parameters can be detected in the presence of diuron alone or within a mixture, giving an insight of its potential effect in situations that can be found in natural environments, i.e. relatively high concentrations for short periods of time.
authors.affiliation: Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France. aluna1508@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luna-Acosta
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Renault
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomas-Guyon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faury
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saulnier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Budzinski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Le Menach
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pardon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fruitier-Arnaudin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bustamante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D004237:Diuron / Q000633:toxicity*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C028904:isoproturon; D004237:Diuron; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D007052:Ibuprofen