title: Fucoxanthin induces GADD45A expression and G1 arrest with SAPK/JNK activation in LNCap human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The antitumor effect of fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid found in brown algae, was investigated on prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  LNCap prostate cancer cells were treated with fucoxanthin and the effects were evaluated in relation to cell proliferation, cell cycle, expression of growth arrest, DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD45) genes, and phosphorylation status of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fucoxanthin inhibited the growth of LNCap prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Growth-inhibitory effects were accompanied by the induction of GADD45A expression and G(1) cell cycle arrest, but not apoptosis. Furthermore, fucoxanthin activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), while the inhibition of SAPK/JNK attenuated the induction of G(1) arrest and GADD45A expression by fucoxanthin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that fucoxanthin induces G(1) cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells, and suggest that ADD45A and SAPK/JNK might be involved in these effects.
authors.affiliation: Suzuka University of Medical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3500-3, Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan. satomi@suzuka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Satomi
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D024341:Xanthophylls; C439070:GADD45A protein, human; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins; C025164:fucoxanthin