title: Coping trajectories in later life: a 20-year predictive study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Information about aging-related change in coping is limited mainly to results of cross-sectional studies of age differences in coping, and no research has focused on predictors of aging-related change in coping behavior. To extend research in this area, we used longitudinal multilevel modeling to describe older adults' (n = 719; baseline M = 61 years) 20-year, intraindividual approach and avoidance coping trajectories, and to determine the influence of two sets of predictors (threat appraisal and stressor characteristics; gender and baseline personal and social resources) on level and rate of change in these trajectories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 20-year study interval, participants declined in the use of approach coping and most avoidance coping strategies, but there was significant variation in this trend. In simultaneous predictive models, female gender, more threat appraisal, stressor severity, social resources, and depressive symptoms, and fewer financial resources were independently associated with higher initial levels of coping responses. Having more social resources, and fewer financial resources, at baseline in late-middle-age predicted faster decline over time in approach coping. Having more baseline depressive symptoms, and fewer baseline financial resources, hastened decline in use of avoidance coping. Independent of other variables in these models, decline over time in approach coping and avoidance coping remained statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall decline in coping may be a normative pattern of coping change in later life. However, it also is modifiable by older adults' stressor appraisals, their stressors, and the personal and social resources they possess at entry to later life, in late-middle-age.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Evaluation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA. penny.brennan@va.gov
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Schutte
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moos
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological