title: Predictors of clinical outcome in a national hospitalised cohort across both waves of the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic 2009-2010 in the UK.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although generally mild, the 2009-2010 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic caused two major surges in hospital admissions in the UK. The characteristics of patients admitted during successive waves are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were systematically obtained on 1520 patients admitted to 75 UK hospitals between May 2009 and January 2010. Multivariable analyses identified factors predictive of severe outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients aged 5-54 years were over-represented compared with winter seasonal admissions for acute respiratory infection, as were non-white ethnic groups (first wave only). In the second wave patients were less likely to be school age than in the first wave, but their condition was more likely to be severe on presentation to hospital and they were more likely to have delayed admission. Overall, 45% had comorbid conditions, 16.5% required high dependency (level 2) or critical (level 3) care and 5.3% died. As in 1918-1919, the likelihood of severe outcome by age followed a W-shaped distribution. Pre-admission antiviral drug use decreased from 13.3% to 10% between the first and second waves (p=0.048), while antibiotic prescribing increased from 13.6% to 21.6% (p<0.001). Independent predictors of severe outcome were age 55-64 years, chronic lung disease (non-asthma, non-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), neurological disease, recorded obesity, delayed admission (≥5 days after illness onset), pneumonia, C-reactive protein ≥100 mg/litre, and the need for supplemental oxygen or intravenous fluid replacement on admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were demographic, ethnic and clinical differences between patients admitted with pandemic H1N1 infection and those hospitalised during seasonal influenza activity. Despite national policies favouring use of antiviral drugs, few patients received these before admission and many were given antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Puja R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: Malcolm G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.forename: Wei Shen
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Peter J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Openshaw
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gadd
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMenamin
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Enstone
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bannister
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Van-Tam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058873:Pandemics; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents