title: Neurologic effects of exogenous saccharides: a review of controlled human, animal, and in vitro studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current research efforts are centered on delineating the novel health benefits of naturally derived saccharides, including growing interest in their abilities to influence neurologic health. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to consolidate all  controlled studies assessing various roles of exogenous saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts from plants, fungi, and other natural sources on brain function, with a significant focus on benefits derived from oral intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified  by conducting electronic searches on PubMed and Google Scholar. Reference lists of articles were also reviewed for additional relevant studies. Only articles published in English were included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical  studies were identified in which consumption of a blend of plant-derived polysaccharides showed positive effects on cognitive function and mood in healthy adults. A separate controlled clinical study observed improvements in well-being with ingestion of a yeast beta-glucan. Numerous animal  and in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of individual saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts to modify behavior, enhance synaptic plasticity, and provide neuroprotective effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the mechanisms by which exogenous saccharides  can influence brain function are not well understood at this time, the literature suggests that certain naturally occurring compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts show promise, when taken orally, in supporting neurologic health and function. Additional well-controlled clinical studies  on larger populations are necessary, however, before specific recommendations can be made.
authors.affiliation: Mannatech, Incorporated, Coppell, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Erika D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ramberg
authors.forename: Talitha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sinnott
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010919:Placebos; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000737:chemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015003:Yeasts / Q000737:chemistry; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010919:Placebos; D011134:Polysaccharides; D047071:beta-Glucans