title: Cognitive impairment in late life schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence in younger populations suggests quantitative but not categorical differences in cognitive impairments between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is uncertain whether a similar distinction applies to patients in later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the cognitive abilities of older, community-living schizophrenia patients, controlling for their state of symptomatic remission, with those of older euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder. The study included 67 patients with schizophrenia (20 in symptomatic remission, 47 not in symptomatic remission; mean age 68 years) and 74 euthymic bipolar I patients (mean age 70 years), who were compared using analysis of covariance on clinical and neuropsychological variables (e.g., attention/working memory, verbal memory, executive function and verbal fluency) and contrasted with 69 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remitted (SR) and non-remitted (SN) schizophrenia patients and bipolar I (BP) patients were impaired relative to healthy controls, with mostly large effect sizes for verbal memory (Cohen's d: SR 1.34, SN 1.48, BP 1.09), executive function (Cohen's d: SR 0.87, SN 1.29, BP 0.71) and verbal fluency (Cohen's d: SR 1.09, SN 1.25, BP 0.88), but smaller effect sizes for the domain of attention/working memory (Cohen's d: SR 0.26, SN 0.18, BP 0.52). Differences in cognitive performance between the remitted schizophrenia patients and the bipolar I patients were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both older patients with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder, serious and pervasive cognitive deficits can be demonstrated. Trait-related cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may share major phenotypic similarity in later life.
authors.affiliation: GGZ inGeest, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.meesters@ggzingeest.nl
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Meesters
authors.forename: Sigfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schouws
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.forename: Lieuwe
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eikelenboom
authors.forename: Aartjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: Hannie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Comijs
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology