title: Inflammatory biomarkers in saliva: assessing the strength of association of diabetes mellitus and periodontal status with the oral inflammatory burden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the strength of association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease with the oral inflammatory burden, as assessed by markers of inflammation in saliva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 192 subjects with or without type 2 diabetes. β-glucuronidase (βG) was measured via a fluorometric array and interlukin-1β (IL-1β) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concentration of both mediators was evaluated in relationship to clinical parameters, severity of periodontal disease and diabetes status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analysis demonstrated that diabetes and periodontal disease was independently and positively correlated with increased concentration of βG in saliva (p < 0.001). Moreover, the relative association of periodontal disease with the level of βG in saliva was greater than the strength of association of the diabetic status. IL-1β concentration in saliva was primarily associated with the severity of periodontal disease (p < 0.01), but not the presence of diabetes (p = 0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study examined the nature of the inflammatory response in the oral cavity as assessed by inflammatory markers in saliva. Both periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus were independently associated with the oral inflammatory burden, in which the effect of periodontal disease was more pronounced.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Philipone
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Ira B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Lamster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005470:Fluorometry; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000276:immunology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000276:immunology; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000032:analysis*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009066:Mouth, Edentulous / Q000276:immunology; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000276:immunology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005966:Glucuronidase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta