title: A pathological fracture and a solitary mass in the right clavicle: an unusual first presentation of HCC and the role of immunohistochemistry.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignant tumor that occurs throughout the world. Μetastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were generally considered to be rare in the past, because the carcinoma had an aggressive clinical course. In our era, has been reported that extra-hepatic metastases occur in 13.5%-41.7% of HCC patients and this is considered as terminal-stage cancer. The prognosis for patients at this stage continues to be poor due to limited effective treatment. The common sites of extrahepatic metastases in patients with HCC are the lungs, regional lymph nodes, kidney, bone marrow and adrenals. We present here an extremely infrequent case of a patient, without known liver disease, in which the presenting symptom was a pathological-in retrospect-fracture of his right clavicle which wasn't properly evaluated, until he presented a bulky mass in the region 6 months later. For our patient, the added diagnostic difficulty alongside the unknown liver disease, has been that the clavicular metastases was the first presentation of any metastatic disease, rather than the more common sites of HCC spread to adjacent lung or lymph nodes.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 St, Thomas Str, Athens 115 27, Greece. lefman@gmail.com
authors.forename: Eleftherios I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Mantonakis
authors.forename: Theodora S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Margariti
authors.forename: Athanasios S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Petrou
authors.forename: Anastasios C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stofas
authors.forename: Andreas C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lazaris
authors.forename: Alexandros E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Papalampros
authors.forename: Demetrios N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Moris
authors.forename: Panagiotis O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Michail
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002968:Clavicle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor