title: Biofilm formation on nanostructured titanium oxide surfaces and a micro/nanofabrication-based preventive strategy using colloidal lithography.
abstract: The contamination of implant devices as a result of biofilm formation through bacterial infection has instigated major research in this area, particularly to understand the mechanism of bacterial cell/implant surface interactions and their preventions. In this paper, we demonstrate a controlled method of nanostructured titanium oxide surface synthesis using supersonic cluster beam depositions. The nanoscale surface characterization using atomic force microscopy and a profilometer display a regulated evolution in nanomorphology and physical properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses display a stoichiometric nanostructured TiO(2) film.  Measurement of the water contact angle shows a nominal increase in the hydrophilic nature of ns-TiO(2) films, whereas the surface energy increases with decreasing contact angle. Bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli interaction with nanostructured surfaces shows an increase in adhesion and biofilm formation with increasing nanoscale morphological properties. Conversely, limiting ns-TiO(2) film distribution to micro/nanopatterned designed substrates integrated with bovine serum albumin functionalization leads to a reduction in biofilm formations due to a globally decreased bacterial cell-surface interaction area. The results have potential implications in inhibiting bacterial colonization and promoting mammalian cell-implant interactions.
authors.affiliation: European School of Molecular Medicine (SEMM), IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy. ajayvikram.singh@ifom-ieo-campus.it
authors.forename: Ajay Vikram
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Varun
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.forename: Tushar S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Salve
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dellasega
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Podestà
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Gade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002417:Cattle; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008853:Microscopy; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D011327:Printing; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D014025:Titanium