title: Antioxidant and antiproliferation effects of extractable and nonextractable polyphenols isolated from apple waste using different extraction methods.
abstract: Fruits and vegetables waste byproducts could be utilized as a good source of cheap antioxidants for improving human health and reducing the risks of some chronic diseases. Results from examining industrial apple waste revealed that the total polyphenolic content in nonextractable polyphenols (NEPPs) reached 539.84 ± 8.90 mg as gallic acid equivalents/1 g of dry wt. in comparison to 77.26 ± 11.53 mg dry wt. of extractable polyphenols (EPPs). The antioxidant activities of NEPPs reported as percentage reduction in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2'.2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt were 89.76 ± 0.93% and 99.78 ± 0.38%, respectively. In addition, the antiproliferation study on human HeLa, HepG2, and HT-29 cancer cells showed that NEPPs at the concentration of 1 mg/mL had significant inhibitory effects against all tested cancer cells (46.2% to 95%), where EPP showed lower effect (3.9% to 22.2%). These results clearly indicated that NEPPs from industrial apple waste could be a good source of natural antioxidants with significant antiproliferation efficacy against human cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land & Environment, The Univ of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Wei Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Tow
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Premier
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ajlouni
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D007220:Industrial Waste; D059808:Polyphenols