title: Optimum yields of dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans from Cynareae fruits, during their ripening, germination and enzymatic hydrolysis processes, determined by on-line chromatographic methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans are the physiologically active constituents of the achene fruits of Cynareae. These lignans occur in glycoside/aglycone forms: in the highest quantity of the arctiin/arctigenin, matairesinoside/matairesinol and tracheloside/trachelogenin pairs found in the fruits of Arctium lappa L., Centaurea scabiosa L. and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To optimise the extraction yield of the arctiin/arctigenin, matairesinoside/matairesinol and tracheloside/trachelogenin glycoside/aglycone pairs, from the fruits of Arctium lappa, Centaurea scabiosa and Cirsium arvense, under the ripening, germination and enzymatic hydrolysis processes of the fruits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identification and quantification of lignans were performed with on-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), both with UV and mass selective detections (HPLC-UV/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As novelties to the field it was confirmed that: (i) the unripe fruits provide a high amount of lignans, similar to the ripe fruit; (ii) the fruits of Arctium lappa and Cirsium arvense do have glycosidase activity to hydrolyse their lignan glycosides into free lignans; (iii) the glycosidase of Centaurea scabiosa fruit becomes activated under its germination process only; and (iv) the overwhelming part of the fruits lignan contents (80-94%) in all three species are accumulated in the embryo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best sources of (i) lignan aglycones are the enzyme-hydrolysed embryos, separating spontaneously during the germination process, and (ii) lignan glycosides are the unripe fruits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
authors.forename: Lilla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szokol-Borsodi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sólyomváry
authors.forename: Ibolya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Molnár-Perl
authors.forename: Imre
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boldizsár
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification; D031170:Arctium / Q000737:chemistry*; D031179:Centaurea / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D031180:Cirsium / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D005663:Furans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007783:Lactones / Q000737:chemistry; D017705:Lignans / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009862:Online Systems; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D005960:Glucosides; D007783:Lactones; D017705:Lignans; C079169:tracheloside; C068935:matairesinol; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; C077992:arctiin; C071942:arctigenin