title: Targeting frameshifting in the human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-1 uses a programmed –1 ribosomal frameshift to generate Gag-Pol, the precursor of its enzymes, when its full-length mRNA is translated by the ribosomes of the infected cells. This change in the reading frame occurs at a so-called slippery sequence that is followed by a specific secondary structure, the frameshift stimulatory signal. This signal controls the frameshift efficiency. The synthesis of HIV-1 enzymes is critical for virus replication and therefore, the –1 ribosomal frameshift could be the target of novel antiviral drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various approaches were used to select drugs interfering with the –1 frameshift of HIV-1. These include the selection and modification of chemical compounds that specifically bind to the frameshift stimulatory signal, the use of antisense oligonucleotides targeting this signal and the selection of compounds that modulate HIV-1 frameshift, by using bicistronic reporters where the expression of the second cistron depends upon HIV-1 frameshift.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most promising approach is the selection and modification of compounds specifically targeting the HIV-1 frameshift stimulatory signal. The use of antisense oligonucleotides binding to the frameshift stimulatory signal is still questionable. The use of bicistronic reporters preferentially selects compounds that modulate the frameshift by targeting the ribosomes, which is less promising.
authors.affiliation: Département de biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. lea.brakier.gingras@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Léa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brakier-Gingras
authors.forename: Johanie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
authors.forename: Samuel E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Butcher
mesh_terms: D018965:Frameshifting, Ribosomal; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans