title: Targeting angiogenesis for the treatment of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While multiple therapies exist that prolong the lives of men with advanced prostate cancer, none are curative. This had led to a search to uncover novel targets for prostate cancer therapy, distinct from those of traditional hormonal approaches, chemotherapies, immunotherapies and bone-targeting approaches. The process of tumor angiogenesis is one target that is being exploited for therapeutic gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most promising anti-angiogenic approaches for treatment of prostate cancer, focusing on clinical development of selected agents. These include VEGF-directed therapies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tumor-vascular disrupting agents, immunomodulatory drugs and miscellaneous anti-angiogenic agents. While none of these drugs have yet entered the market for the treatment of prostate cancer, several are now being tested in Phase III registrational trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of anti-angiogenic agents for prostate cancer has met with several challenges. This includes discordance between traditional prostate-specific antigen responses and clinical responses, which have clouded clinical trial design and interpretation, potential inadequate exposure to anti-angiogenic therapies with premature discontinuation of study drugs and the development of resistance to anti-angiogenic monotherapies. These barriers will hopefully be overcome with the advent of more potent agents, the use of dual angiogenesis inhibition and the design of more informative clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Prostate Cancer Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA. eantona1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Emmanuel S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Antonarakis
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carducci
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases