title: Dissipation, half-lives, and mass spectrometric identification of endosulfan isomers and the sulfate metabolite on three field-grown vegetables.
abstract: Endosulfan 3 EC, a mixture of α- and β-stereo isomers, was sprayed on field-grown pepper, melon, and sweet potato plants at the recommended rate of 0.44 kg A.I. acre(-1). Plant tissue samples (leaves, fruits, or edible roots) were collected 1 h to 30 days following spraying and analyzed for endosulfan isomers (α- and β-isomers). Analysis of samples was accomplished using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass detector in total ion mode. The results indicated the formation of endosulfan sulfate as the major metabolite of endosulfan sulfite and the relatively higher persistence of the β-isomers as compared to the α-isomer. The initial total residues (α- and β-isomers plus endosulfan sulfate) were higher on leaves than on fruits. On pepper and melon fruits, the α-isomer, which is the more toxic to mammals, dissipated faster (T(1/2) = 1.22 and 0.95 d, respectively) than the less toxic β-isomer (T(1/2) = 3.0 and 2.5 d, respectively). These results confirm the greater loss of the α-isomer compared to the β-isomer, which can ultimately impact endosulfan dissipation in the environment. Additionally, the higher initial residues of endosulfan on pepper and sweet potato leaves should be considered of great importance for timing field operations and the safe entry of harvesters due to the high mammalian toxicity of endosulfan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601, USA. george.antonious@kysu.edu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antonious
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Kyla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coolong
mesh_terms: D004726:Endosulfan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006207:Half-Life; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007536:Isomerism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000737:chemistry; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; C544689:endosulfan sulfate; D004726:Endosulfan