title: Shigella flexneri utilize the spectrin cytoskeleton during invasion and comet tail generation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spectrin cytoskeleton is emerging as an important host cell target of enteric bacterial pathogens. Recent studies have identified a crucial role for spectrin and its associated proteins during key pathogenic processes of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium infections. Here we investigate the involvement of spectrin cytoskeletal components during the pathogenesis of the invasive pathogen Shigella flexneri.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunofluorescent microscopy reveals that protein 4.1 (p4.1), but not adducin or spectrin, is robustly recruited to sites of S. flexneri membrane ruffling during epithelial cell invasion. Through siRNA-mediated knockdowns, we identify an important role for spectrin and the associated proteins adducin and p4.1 during S. flexneri invasion. Following internalization, all three proteins are recruited to the internalized bacteria, however upon generation of actin-rich comet tails, we observed spectrin recruitment to those structures in the absence of adducin or p4.1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the importance of the spectrin cytoskeletal network during S. flexneri pathogenesis and further demonstrate that pathogenic events that were once thought to exclusively recruit the actin cytoskeletal system require additional cytoskeletal networks.
authors.affiliation: Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Tyson J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ruetz
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Julian A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guttman
mesh_terms: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D012763:Shigella flexneri / Q000502:physiology*; D013049:Spectrin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D013049:Spectrin