title: Availability of a 5% lidocaine patch used prophylactically for venipuncture- or injection-related pain in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venipuncture- or injection-related pain is still major problem during anesthetic induction in children. This study was designed to determine the availability of a 5% lidocaine patch used prophylactically for venipuncture- or injection-related pain during the induction of anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind study, 72 pediatric patients were allocated to one of two groups: pretreatment with a 5% lidocaine patch (Lidoderm(®), Endo Pharmaceuticals, Chadds Ford, PA, USA) (group A) or pretreatment with a placebo patch (group B). Pain severity was evaluated on the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability Scale (FLACC) during venipuncture, and a 4-point scale during the injection of rocuronium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FLACC score during venipuncture was significantly lower for group A than group B (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the grades of the 4-point scale observed during the injection of rocuronium between groups A and B. No significant adverse effect was noted for the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although pretreatment with a 5% lidocaine patch was found to be a safe, effective, and simple method of preventing venipuncture pain in children, this method did not reduce drug injection pain during the induction of anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Gyeongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Cheul-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji-Uk
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hyeon-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Gyeong-Jo
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Byeon
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000732:Androstanols / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077123:Rocuronium
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077123:Rocuronium