title: Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although it is established that peri-implantitis is a bacterially induced disease, little is known about the bacterial profile of peri-implant communities in health and disease. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the microbial signatures of the peri-implant microbiome in health and disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subgingival and submucosal plaque samples were collected from forty subjects with periodontitis, peri-implantitis, periodontal and peri-implant health and analysed using 16S pyrosequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peri-implant biofilms demonstrated significantly lower diversity than subgingival biofilms in both health and disease, however, several species, including previously unsuspected and unknown organisms, were unique to this niche. The predominant species in peri-implant communities belonged to the genera Butyrivibrio, Campylobacter, Eubacterium, Prevotella, Selenomonas, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Leptotrichia, Propionibacterium, Peptococcus, Lactococcus and Treponema. Peri-implant disease was associated with lower levels of Prevotella and Leptotrichia and higher levels of Actinomyces, Peptococcus, Campylobacter, non-mutans Streptococcus, Butyrivibrio and Streptococcus mutans than healthy implants. These communities also demonstrated lower levels of Prevotella, non-mutans Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Selenomonas, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces and higher levels of Peptococcus, Mycoplasma, Eubacterium, Campylobacter, Butyrivibrio, S. mutans and Treponema when compared to periodontitis-associated biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The peri-implant microbiome differs significantly from the periodontal community in both health and disease. Peri-implantitis is a microbially heterogeneous infection with predominantly gram-negative species, and is less complex than periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Purnima S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Brooker
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000145:classification; D000328:Adult; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification*; D045856:Butyrivibrio / Q000145:classification; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification; D017045:Lactococcus / Q000145:classification; D045183:Leptotrichia / Q000145:classification; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000145:classification; D010460:Peptococcus / Q000145:classification; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D018720:Prevotella / Q000145:classification; D011424:Propionibacterium / Q000145:classification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D020357:Selenomonas / Q000145:classification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification; D014208:Treponema / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015921:Dental Implants; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S