title: Modulation of inflammatory immune reactions by low-dose ionizing radiation: molecular mechanisms and clinical application.
abstract: During the last decade, a multitude of experimental evidence has accumulated showing that low-dose radiation therapy (single dose 0.5-1 Gy) functionally modulates a variety of inflammatory processes and cellular compounds including endothelial (EC), mononuclear (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, respectively. These modulations comprise a hampered leukocyte adhesion to EC, induction of apoptosis, a reduced activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, and a lowered oxidative burst in macrophages. Moreover, irradiation with a single dose between 0.5-0.7 Gy has been shown to induce the expression of X-chromosome linked inhibitor of apoptosis and transforming growth factor beta 1, to reduce the expression of E-selectin and L-selectin from EC and PBMC, and to hamper secretion of Interleukin-1, or chemokine CCL20 from macrophages and PMN. Notably, a common feature of most of these responses is that they display discontinuous or biphasic dose dependencies, shared with "non-targeted" effects of low-dose irradiation exposure like the bystander response and hyper-radiosensitivity. Thus, the purpose of the present review is to discuss recent developments in the understanding of low-dose irradiation immune modulating properties with special emphasis on discontinuous dose response relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany. franz.roedel@kgu.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gaipl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keilholz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schöllnberger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rödel
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D018448:Models, Immunological; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019040:E-Selectin; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein