title: Dietary supplement use and iron, zinc and folate intake in pregnant women in London, Ontario.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the dietary intake of iron, zinc and folate, estimated from both food and supplement sources, in 2019 pregnant women who participated in the Prenatal Health Project (PHP). The PHP recruited pregnant women from ultrasound clinics in London, Ontario, in the years 2002-2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a telephone survey, which included a food frequency questionnaire and questions on dietary supplement use. Frequencies of use of dietary supplements were generated. Nutrient intake values were estimated from food and supplement sources, and summed to calculate total daily intake values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most women took a multivitamin supplement, and many women took folic acid and iron supplements; however, one-fifth of the sample did not take any supplements providing any of the three micronutrients. Despite being of a higher socio-economic status overall, significant proportions of the cohort ranked below the recommended dietary allowance values for iron, zinc, and folate. This suggests there may be other barriers that impact dietary practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is required on how to better promote supplement use and a healthy diet during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009864:Ontario; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D005492:Folic Acid; D015032:Zinc