title: The effects of smoking-related television advertising on smoking and intentions to quit among adults in the United States: 1999-2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether state-sponsored antitobacco advertisements are associated with reduced adult smoking, and interactions between smoking-related advertising types.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured mean exposure to smoking-related advertisements with television ratings for the top-75 US media markets from 1999 to 2007. We combined these data with individual-level Current Population Surveys Tobacco Use Supplement data and state tobacco control policy data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher exposure to state-sponsored, Legacy, and pharmaceutical advertisements was associated with less smoking; higher exposure to tobacco industry advertisements was associated with more smoking. Higher exposure to state- and Legacy-sponsored advertisements was positively associated with intentions to quit and having made a past-year quit attempt; higher exposure to ads for pharmaceutical cessation aids was negatively associated with having made a quit attempt. There was a significant negative interaction between state- and Legacy-sponsored advertisements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to state-sponsored advertisements was far below Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended best practices. The significant negative relationships between antismoking advertising and adult smoking provide strong evidence that tobacco-control media campaigns help reduce adult smoking. The significant negative interaction between state- and Legacy-sponsored advertising suggests that the campaigns reinforce one another.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60608, USA. slemery@uic.edu
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Yoonsang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Ku
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szczypka
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chaloupka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D016015:Logistic Models; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology