title: Dietary linoleate preserves cardiolipin and attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in the failing rat heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiolipin (CL) is a tetra-acyl phospholipid that provides structural and functional support to several proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The majority of CL in the healthy mammalian heart contains four linoleic acid acyl chains (L(4)CL). A selective loss of L(4)CL is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and heart failure in humans and animal models. We examined whether supplementing the diet with linoleic acid would preserve cardiac L(4)CL and attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction and contractile failure in rats with hypertensive heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats (21 months of age) were administered diets supplemented with high-linoleate safflower oil (HLSO) or lard (10% w/w; 28% kilocalorie fat) or without supplemental fat (control) for 4 weeks. HLSO preserved L(4)CL and total CL to 90% of non-failing levels (vs. 61-75% in control and lard groups), and attenuated 17-22% decreases in state 3 mitochondrial respiration observed in the control and lard groups (P < 0.05). Left ventricular fractional shortening was significantly higher in HLSO vs. control (33 ± 2 vs. 29 ± 2%, P < 0.05), while plasma insulin levels were lower (5.4 ± 1.1 vs. 9.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL; P < 0.05), with no significant effect of lard supplementation. HLSO also increased serum concentrations of several eicosanoid species compared with control and lard diets, but had no effect on plasma glucose or blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate consumption of HLSO preserves CL and mitochondrial function in the failing heart and may be a useful adjuvant therapy for this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition,  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582,  USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Genevieve C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sparagna
authors.forename: Catherine H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: De Mooy
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Routh
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hickson-Bick
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarini
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Fred Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Grant M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: Sylvia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McCune
authors.forename: Russell L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chicco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR / Q000378:metabolism; D012450:Safflower Oil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002308:Cardiolipins; D012450:Safflower Oil; D019787:Linoleic Acid