title: The visualisation and speed of kill of wound isolates on a silver alginate dressing.
abstract: In chronic wound management, alginate dressings are used to absorb exudate and reduce the microbial burden. Silver alginate offers the added benefit of an additional antimicrobial pressure on contaminating microorganisms. This present study compares the antimicrobial activity of a RESTORE silver alginate dressing with a silver-free control dressing using a combination of in vitro culture and imaging techniques. The wound pathogens examined included Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic Streptococcus, and strictly anaerobic bacteria. The antimicrobial efficacy of the dressings was assessed using log(10)  reduction and 13-day corrected zone of inhibition (CZOI) time-course assays. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to visualise the relative proportions of live/dead microorganisms sequestered into the dressings over 24 hours and estimate the comparative speed of kill. The RESTORE silver alginate dressing showed significantly greater log(10)  reductions and CZOIs for all microorganisms compared with the control, indicating the antimicrobial effect of ionic silver. Antimicrobial activity was evident against all test organisms for up to 5 days and, in some cases, up to 12 days following an on-going microbial challenge. Imaging bacteria sequestered in the silver-free dressing showed that each microbial species aggregated in the dressing and remained viable for more than 20 hours. Growth was not observed inside of the dressing, indicating a possible microbiostatic effect of the alginate fibres. In comparison, organisms in the RESTORE silver alginate dressing were seen to lose viability at a considerably greater rate. After 16 hours of contact with the RESTORE silver alginate dressing, >90% of cells of all bacteria and yeast were no longer viable. In conclusion, collectively, the data highlights the rapid speed of kill and antimicrobial suitability of this RESTORE silver alginate dressing on wound isolates and highlights its overwhelming ability to manage a microbial wound bioburden in the management of infected wounds.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Percival
authors.forename: Katja E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001458:Bandages; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D018030:Silver Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D018030:Silver Compounds; D020723:Glucuronic Acid