title: Hallmarks of consciousness.
abstract: Consciousness, ranging from the primary, or perceptual, level to high levels that include a sense of self, can be identified in various organisms by a set of hallmarks that include behavioral, neural and phenomenal and/or informational. Behavioral hallmarks include those that indicate high cognitive abilities, such behavioral flexibility, verbal abilities, episodic memories, theory of mind, object constancy, transitive inference and multistability, all of which have been demonstrated in birds as well as in primates. Neural hallmarks include the thalamocortical model for mammals and similar circuitry in some nonmammalian taxa. Informational hallmarks include sensorimotor awareness, as provided by somatosensory and/or lateral line systems, which may form the basis for the sense of self and distinguishing self from nonself, as well as other sensory information, such as the richness and quantity of color and form information obtained by the visual system. The comparative method reveals a correlation of these different types of hallmarks with each other in their degree of development, which thus may be indicative of the level of consciousness present in a particular species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA. abbutler@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Ann B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena / Q000235:genetics