title: Is hydrogen sulfide-induced suspended animation general anesthesia?
abstract: Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) depresses mitochondrial function and thereby metabolic rates in mice, purportedly resulting in a state of "suspended animation." Volatile anesthetics also depress mitochondrial function, an effect that may contribute to their anesthetic properties. In this study, we ask whether H(2)S has general anesthetic properties, and by extension, whether mitochondrial effects underlie the state of anesthesia. We compared loss of righting reflex, electroencephalography, and electromyography in mice exposed to metabolically equipotent concentrations of halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and H(2)S. We also studied combinations of H(2)S and anesthetics to assess additivity. Finally, the long-term effects of H(2)S were assessed by using the Morris water maze behavioral testing 2 to 3 weeks after exposures. Exposure to H(2)S decreases O(2) consumption, CO(2) production, and body temperature similarly to that of the general anesthetics, but fails to produce a loss of righting reflex or muscle atonia at metabolically equivalent concentrations. When combined, H(2)S antagonizes the metabolic effects of isoflurane, but potentiates the isoflurane-induced loss of righting reflex. We found no effect of prior H(2)S exposure on memory or learning. H(2)S (250 ppm), not itself lethal, produced delayed lethality when combined with subanesthetic concentrations of isoflurane. H(2)S cannot be considered a general anesthetic, despite similar metabolic suppression. Metabolic suppression, presumably via mitochondrial actions, is not sufficient to account for the hypnotic or immobilizing components of the anesthetic state. Combinations of H(2)S and isoflurane can be lethal, suggesting extreme care in the combination of these gases in clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Rosie Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: McKinstry
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Breanna M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Caltagarone
authors.forename: Maryellen F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Eckenhoff
authors.forename: Roderic G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Eckenhoff
authors.forename: Max B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kelz
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D057897:Reflex, Righting / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D053148:Caspase 3; D010100:Oxygen; D006221:Halothane; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide