title: Audit and feedback to reduce broad-spectrum antibiotic use among intensive care unit patients: a controlled interrupted time series analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to rigorously evaluate the impact of prospective audit and feedback on broad-spectrum antimicrobial use among critical care patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled interrupted time series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single tertiary care center with 3 intensive care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  A formal review of all critical care patients on their third or tenth day of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was conducted, and suggestions for antimicrobial optimization were communicated to the critical care team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome was broad-spectrum antibiotic use (days of therapy per 1000 patient-days; secondary outcomes included overall antibiotic use, gram-negative bacterial susceptibility, nosocomial Clostridium difficile infections, length of stay, and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean monthly broad-spectrum antibiotic use decreased from 644 days of therapy per 1,000 patient-days in the preintervention period to 503 days of therapy per 1,000 patient-days in the postintervention period (P < .0001); time series modeling confirmed an immediate decrease (± standard error) of 119 ± 37.9 days of therapy per 1,000 patient-days (P = .0054). In contrast, no changes were identified in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the control group (nonintervention medical and surgical wards) or in the use of control medications in critical care (stress ulcer prophylaxis). The incidence of nosocomial C. difficile infections decreased from 11 to 6 cases in the study intensive care units, whereas the incidence increased from 87 to 116 cases in the control wards (P = .04). Overall gram-negative susceptibility to meropenem increased in the critical care units. Intensive care unit length of stay and mortality did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Institution of a formal prospective audit and feedback program appears to be a safe and effective means to improve broad-spectrum antimicrobial use in critical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elligsen
authors.forename: Sandra A N
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Ruxandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simor
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mubareka
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rachlis
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Daneman
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016527:Drug Costs; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000379:methods*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents