title: Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula.
abstract: Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens, and a mortality rate of 40 to 80% is associated with infections. This pathogen can cause a range of serious diseases such as meningitis, septicemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and brain abscesses and has been responsible for a  variety of sequelae such as quadriplegia. Although Cronobacter can cause disease in both adults and infants, infant infections associated with powdered formula are the focus of this review. Since the first reported Cronobacter infection outbreak in 1958, powdered infant formula  has been identified as a major source of these outbreaks, resulting in many recalls of powdered infant formula worldwide. This contamination has created an immense problem for the powdered infant formula industry. In this review, we discuss the taxonomy of Cronobacter species, the natural  habitat of Cronobacter and its presence in foods, the physiology, pathogenicity, and virulence of Cronobacter species, and available detection methods. We also discuss reported cases of Cronobacter infection linked to powdered infant formula consumption and then focus  specifically on the official World Health Organization guidelines for preparation of powdered infant formula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norberg
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cotter
mesh_terms: D059126:Cronobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044083:Cronobacter sakazakii / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000382:microbiology*; D041943:Infant Formula