title: Effect directed analysis and mixture effects of estrogenic compounds in a sediment of the river Elbe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present in the environment and can have serious effects on humans and wildlife. For the establishment of environmental quality guidelines and regulation of EDCs, a better understanding and knowledge of the occurrence and the behavior of environmental EDCs is necessary. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively identify substances that are responsible for the estrogenic effect of an environmental sediment sample taken from the river Elbe/Germany.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estrogenic effect of the organic sediment extract was determined using the yeast-estrogen-screen (YES). The sample was fractionated by liquid chromatography (LC) for effect directed analysis. The composition of estrogen-active fractions was further investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution LC-MS analysis. The composition of the environmental sample was rebuilt with pure compounds in order to assess the partition of estrogenic activity caused by the identified compounds. The organic sediment extract showed an estrogenic potential of 1.9 ± 0.4 ng/g ethinylestradiol equivalents in the sediment. The most prominent contaminants with an estrogenic potential were 17β-estradiol, estrone, and 4-iso-nonylphenols, but other xenoestrogens like bisphenol A and stigmasterol could be found as well. A rebuild of the sample was measured in the YES in order to investigate mixture effects. About 67 % of the observed estrogenic effect in the sediment extract could be explained by a mixture which contained all identified compounds. Chlorophene (o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol)-a widely used antiseptic that was also identified in the sediment extract-has xenoestrogenic properties in the YES that are in the range of other xenoestrogens like 4-n-nonylphenol. This is the first report on chlorophene acting as a xenoestrogen.
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reifferscheid
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlüsener
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buchinger
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D004003:Dichlorophen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D005858:Germany; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C004660:clorophene; D004003:Dichlorophen