title: Comparative analysis of drug resistance among B and the most prevalent non-B HIV type 1 subtypes (C, F, and CRF02_AG) in Italy.
abstract: In recent years, increasing numbers of patients infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes have been treated with modern antiretroviral regimens. Therefore, a better knowledge of HIV drug resistance in non-B strains is crucial. Thus, we compared the mutational pathways involved in drug resistance among the most common non-B subtypes in Italy (F, C, and CRF02_AG) and the B subtype. In total, 2234 pol sequences from 1231 virologically failing patients from Central Italy were analyzed. The prevalence of resistance mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase between non-B and B subtypes has been evaluated. Among patients treated with nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and with thymidine analogues (TA) experience, TAMs1 M41L and L210W were less prevalent in CRF02_AG, while TAMs2 T215F and K219E were more prevalent in the F subtype. In NRTI-treated patients having experience with abacavir, didanosine, tenofovir, or stavudine the K65R mutation was mostly prevalent in the C subtype. In non-NRTI (NNRTI)-treated patients infected by the C subtype the prevalence of K103N was lower than in patients infected with other subtypes, while the prevalence of Y181C and Y188L was higher compared to subtype B. The prevalence of Y181C was higher also in subtype F as compared to subtype B. In patients treated with protease inhibitors, L89V was predominantly found in CRF02_AG, while the TPV resistance mutation T74P was predominantly found in the C subtype. Some differences in the genotypic drug resistance have been found among patients infected with B, C, F, and CRF02_AG subtypes in relationship to treatment. These results may be useful for the therapeutic management of individuals infected with HIV-1 non-B strains.
authors.affiliation: University of Rome Tor Vergata, Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Italy. santormaria@gmail.com
authors.forename: Maria Mercedes
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alteri
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ronga
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flandre
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fabeni
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mercurio
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Arrigo
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palamara
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertoli
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forbici
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salpini
authors.forename: Evangelo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boumis
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tozzi
authors.forename: Ubaldo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Visco-Comandini
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaccarelli
authors.forename: Margriet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Houtte
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pattery
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Narciso
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antinori
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ceccherini-Silberstein
authors.forename: Carlo Federico
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Perno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease