title: Intrathecal clonidine added to small-dose bupivacaine prolongs postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing transurethral surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this prospective, double-blinded study was to investigate the effects of clonidine in co-administration with bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia, regarding the onset and regression of motor and sensory block, postoperative analgesia and possible side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly selected 66 male patients (age 35 to 70), from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I-II; these patients were scheduled for transurethral surgical procedures. These patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 33 patients each: group B (bupivacaine) only received 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine 7.5 mg intrathecally and group BC (bupivacaine + clonidine) received bupivacaine 7.5 mg and clonidine 25 μg intrathecally. We performed the spinal anesthesia at a level of L3-L4 with a 25-gauge needle. We assessed the sensory block with a pin-prick, the motor block using the Bromage scale, analgesia with the visual analog scale and sedation with the modified Wilson scale. We also recorded the hemodynamic and respiratory parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were demographically similar. The mean time of achievement of motor block (Bromage 3) and sensory block at level T9 was significantly shorter in the BC group compared with B group (p = 0.002, p = 0.000, respeectively). The motor block regression time was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.237). The postoperative analgesia requirement was significantly longer in group BC compared with group B (p = 0.000). No neurological deficit, sedation or other significant adverse effects were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intrathecal application of clonidine in combination with bupivacaine improves the duration and quality of spinal anesthesia; it also provides longer duration of postoperative analgesia, without significant side effects.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anesthesiology and ICU, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo;
authors.forename: Agreta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gecaj-Gashi
authors.forename: Hasime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terziqi
authors.forename: Tune
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pervorfi
authors.forename: Arben
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kryeziu