title: Parents' misperceptions of social norms for pre-school children's snacking behaviour.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Misperception of social norms may result in normalising unhealthy behaviours. The present study tested the hypothesis that parents overestimate both the frequency of unhealthy snacking in pre-school children other than their own (descriptive norms) and its acceptability to other parents (injunctive norms).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, self-report community survey. Questions assessed the frequency with which respondents' own child ate unhealthy snacks and their beliefs about the appropriate frequency for children to snack. Perceived descriptive norms were assessed by asking parents to estimate how often other 2-4 year-old children in their area ate snacks. Perceived injunctive norms were assessed by asking them about other parents' beliefs regarding the appropriate frequency for snacks. Misperceptions were assessed from (i) the difference between the prevalence of daily snacking and parents' perceived prevalence and (ii) the difference between acceptability of daily snacking and parents' beliefs about its acceptability to others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-schools and children's centres in one borough of London, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents (n 432) of children age 2-4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, parents believed that more than half of 'other' children had snacks at least daily, while prevalence data indicated this occurred in only 10 % of families. The same discrepancy was observed for perceived injunctive norms: parents overestimated other parents' acceptance of frequent snacking, with two-thirds of parents having a self v. others discrepancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Misperceptions were identified for descriptive and injunctive norms for children's snacking. Accurate information could create less permissive norms and motivate parents to limit their child's intake of unhealthy snacks.
authors.affiliation: Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Phillippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lally
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Croker
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bartle
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005006:Ethnicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D058870:Food, Organic; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D057566:Self Report; D062410:Snacks / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors