title: Measuring left ventricular pressure in late embryonic and neonatal mice.
abstract: Blood pressure increases significantly during embryonic and postnatal development in vertebrate animals. In the mouse, blood flow is first detectable around embryonic day (E) 8.5(1). Systolic left ventricular (LV) pressure is 2 mmHg at E9.5 and 11 mmHg at E14.5(2). At these mid-embryonic stages, the LV is clearly visible through the chest wall for invasive pressure measurements because the ribs and skin are not fully developed. Between E14.5 and birth (approximately E21) imaging methods must be used to view the LV. After birth, mean arterial pressure increases from 30 - 70 mmHg from postnatal day (P) 2 - 35(3). Beyond P20, arterial pressure can be measured with solid-state catheters (i.e. Millar or Scisense). Before P20, these catheters are too big for developing mouse arteries and arterial pressure must be measured with custom pulled plastic catheters attached to fluid-filled pressure transducers(3) or glass micropipettes attached to servo null pressure transducers(4).    Our recent work has shown that the greatest increase in blood pressure occurs during the late embryonic to early postnatal period in mice(5-7). This large increase in blood pressure may influence smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype in developing arteries and trigger important mechanotransduction events. In human disease, where the mechanical properties of developing arteries are compromised by defects in extracellular matrix proteins (i.e. Marfan's Syndrome(8) and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis(9)) the rapid changes in blood pressure during this period may contribute to disease phenotype and severity through alterations in mechanotransduction signals. Therefore, it is important to be able to measure blood pressure changes during late embryonic and neonatal periods in mouse models of human disease.    We describe a method for measuring LV pressure in late embryonic (E18) and early postnatal (P1 - 20) mice. A needle attached to a fluid-filled pressure transducer is inserted into the LV under ultrasound guidance. Care is taken to maintain normal cardiac function during the experimental protocol, especially for the embryonic mice. Representative data are presented and limitations of the protocol are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wagenseil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*