title: Novel application of four-dimensional sonography with B-flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation in the assessment of fetal congenital heart defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound with B-flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) in the evaluation of normal fetal heart and congenital heart disease during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volume data sets of the fetal heart were acquired with automated transverse and longitudinal sweeps of the anterior chest wall. We studied 31 normal fetuses and 28 fetuses with congenital heart disease (6 with double-outlet right ventricle, 5 with complete transposition of great arteries, 8 with tetralogy of Fallot, 3 with right aortic arch, 2 with persistent left superior vena cava, 3 with truncus arteriosus communis, and 1 with interruption of aortic arch) at gestation ages ranging from 18 to 39 weeks using transabdominal 4D B-flow sonography with STIC (4D BF-STIC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four-dimensional BF-STIC demonstrated dynamic angiographic features in both normal and abnormal fetal hearts. Four-dimensional BF-STIC images could not be obtained in two normal fetuses at 18.9 and 35.6 weeks because of the high fetal heart rate and inappropriate fetal position. Of the other 29 fetuses all extracardiac vessels such as aorta, pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus, inferior vena cava, and ductus venosus could be detected on reconstructed images. In seven normal cases, a 4D image was recorded to allow simultaneous visualization of all four pulmonary veins. In the 28 fetuses with cardiac anomalies, 4D sonography with B-flow imaging and STIC detected the "digital casts" of the outflow tracts, great arteries, and veins draining into the heart. These results demonstrate spatial relationship among these structures which provide important anatomical information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four-dimensional BF-STIC provides a means of real time three-dimensional evaluation of fetal extracardiac hemodynamics in the second and third trimesters. This novel technique assists in the evaluation of fetal cardiac hemodynamics and may play an important role in future fetal cardiac research and in the identification of anatomical features of different congenital cardiac anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonography, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hongmei
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ailu
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019561:Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*