title: Sleep endoscopy as a diagnostic tool in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ten to twenty percent of children have persistent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after adenotonsillectomy (T&A). We hypothesize that sleep endoscopy, a flexible fiberoptic examination of the pharynx under anesthesia, is an effective tool for identifying sites of persistent obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed records of children who had symptoms consistent with OSA and a positive polysomnogram (PSG) who underwent sleep endoscopy followed by sleep endoscopy directed surgery. Data collection included age, BMI and co-morbidities. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was compared to pre and post surgery for each child using a paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 80 children who underwent sleep endoscopy followed by directed surgery, 65% were male, mean age was 6 years (SD 3.75 years), average BMI was 19 (SD 0.43 years) and 28% had co-morbidities. For the 51% of patients who had persistent OSA after T&A, the mean AHI after sleep endoscopy directed surgery was significantly lower then before surgery (7.9 vs. 15.7, p<.01). For the 49% of patients who had never undergone surgery for OSA, or who were surgically naïve, and underwent sleep endoscopy directed surgery, the mean AHI was significantly lower then before surgery (8.0 vs. 13.8, p<.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep endoscopy is a consistently reliable tool for identifying the sites of obstruction in both surgically naive children and those with persistent OSA after T&A.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 801 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. mtruong@ohns.stanford.edu
authors.forename: Mai Thy
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Victoria G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Koltai
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017286:Polysomnography; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012890:Sleep; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery