title: Osmophobia as an early marker of migraine: a follow-up study in juvenile patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osmophobia is frequent in children with migraine (20-35%) but can also occur in up to 14% of cases with tension-type headache (TTH). So far, the prognostic role of this symptom in children with primary headaches has never been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal prospective study was conducted on 90 young patients with TTH (37 with osmophobia, 53 without osmophobia). We evaluated whether osmophobia could predict the diagnosis transformation from TTH to migraine after a 3-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our cases the rate of diagnosis change was significantly greater in cases with osmophobia (62%) than in those without (23%). Osmophobia persisted at a 3-year follow-up in the majority of our cases (85%) and it was found to be one of the major predictors for the development of migraine; other predictors of evolution to migraine were phonophobia, a probable rather than certain diagnosis of TTH and olfactory triggers (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm that osmophobia has an important diagnostic and prognostic role in children with primary headaches and should be systematically investigated at diagnosis and during follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Juvenile Headache Centre, Department of Paediatrics University of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Carlo
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toldo
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Zotto
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perissinotto
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gatta
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Balottin
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzotta
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moscato
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raieli
authors.forename: Livia Nicoletta
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sangermani
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soriani
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Termine
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tozzi
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zanchin
authors.forename: Pier Antonio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Battistella
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*