title: Imidacloprid affects Pardosa pseudoannulata adults and their unexposed offspring.
abstract: Imidacloprid is a nicotine-based, systemic, widely used insecticide. In order to investigate the effects of imidacloprid on the spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae), specimens were exposed to different concentrations of imidacloprid (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) by the dipping method. Surviving spiders were used to determine the fecundity, development time of unexposed offspring, predation, and the activities of detoxification enzymes. Significant reductions were observed in survival rate and fecundity of spiders exposed to imidacloprid. The development times of unexposed offspring (F(1)) were prolonged significantly with increased concentrations of imidacloprid. Spiders exposed to concentrations of imidacloprid above 25 mg/L showed significantly weaker predation on Drosophila melanogaster than the control group, but a low dose of imidacloprid (12.5 mg/L) increased predation ability. The activities of carboxyl esterase, acetyl cholinesterase, and the mixed-function oxidase were significantly inhibited by imidacloprid. With increasing concentrations of imidacloprid, the activities of all three kinds of enzymes were decreased significantly. These results suggest that imidacloprid can stimulate the performance of spiders (in low concentration) and has chronic toxicity to the spiders.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-qiong
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Ling-bing
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013112:Spiders / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid