title: Independent associations of glucose status and arterial stiffness with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: an 8-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate relative contributions of glucose status and arterial stiffness to markers of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction after 8 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the population-based prospective Hoorn Study, 394 individuals with preserved LV systolic and diastolic function participated, of whom 87 had impaired glucose metabolism and 128 had type 2 diabetes. Measurements including arterial ultrasound and echocardiography were performed according to standardized protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of type 2 diabetes was associated with more severe LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction 8 years later: LV ejection fraction was 2.98% (95% CI 0.46-5.51) lower, and left atrial (LA) volume index, LV mass index, and tissue Doppler-derived E/e' were 3.71 mL/m(2) (1.20-6.22), 5.86 g/m(2.7) (2.94-8.78), and 1.64 units (0.95-2.33) higher, respectively. Furthermore, presence of impaired glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes was associated with 8-year increases in LV mass index. More arterial stiffness (measured as a lower distensibility) was associated with LV diastolic dysfunction 8 years later: LA volume index, LV mass index, and E/e' at follow-up were higher. Subsequent adjustments for baseline mean arterial pressure and/or LV diastolic dysfunction did not eliminate these associations. Associations of type 2 diabetes and arterial stiffness with markers of LV diastolic dysfunction were largely independent of each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both glucose status and arterial distensibility are independently associated with more severe LV diastolic dysfunction 8 years later and with deterioration of LV diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, type 2 diabetes and arterial stiffness may relate to LV diastolic dysfunction through different pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. katja.vandenhurk@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van den Hurk
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alssema
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Coen D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Yvo M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Smulders
authors.forename: Giel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human