title: What did the doctor say? Health literacy and recall of medical instructions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited literacy has repeatedly been linked to problems comprehending health information, although the majority of studies to date have focused on reading various print health materials. We sought to investigate patients' ability to recall spoken medical instructions in the context of a hypothetical clinical encounter, and whether limited health literacy would adversely affect performance on the task.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 755 patients aged 55 to 74 were recruited from 1 academic internal medicine clinic and 3 federally qualified health centers. Participants' health literacy skills and recall of spoken medical instructions for 2 standard hypothetical video scenarios [wound care, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnosis] were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority (71.6%) of participants had adequate health literacy skills, and these individuals performed significantly better in correctly recalling spoken information than those with marginal and low literacy in both scenarios: [wound care-mean (SD): low 2.5 (1.3) vs. marginal 3.5 (1.3) vs. adequate 4.6 (1.1); P<0.001), GERD: low 4.2(1.7) vs. marginal 5.2 (1.7) vs. adequate 6.5 (1.7); P<0.001]. Regardless of literacy level, overall recall of information was poor. Few recognized pain (28.5%) or fever (28.2%) as signs of infection. Only 40.5% of participants correctly recalled when to take their GERD pills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many older adults may have difficulty remembering verbal instructions conveyed during clinical encounters. We found those with lower health literacy to have poorer ability to recall information. Greater provider awareness of the impact of low health literacy on the recall of spoken instructions may guide providers to communicate more effectively and employ strategies to confirm patient understanding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. d-mccarthy2@md.northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Waite
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Kirsten G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D032882:Comprehension; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D014741:Video Recording