title: The effects of cerium on the growth and some antioxidant metabolisms in rice seedlings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of the present study are to investigate the effects of Ce(3+) on the growth and some antioxidant metabolisms in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv Shengdao 16).
  
  
  METHODS
  The rice was treated with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM Ce(3+), respectively. The growth index of rice was measured. The chlorophyll content; catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activities; and the level of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), superoxide anion (O (2) (·-) ), and malondialdehyde were assayed. The accumulation of Ce(3+) and the uptake of mineral nutrition elements were analyzed with ICP-SF-MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hormetic effects of Ce(3+) on the growth and some antioxidant metabolisms were found in the roots and shoots of rice. The roots can accumulate a much higher content of Ce(3+) than shoots and Ce(3+) mainly located in the cell wall of roots. Moreover, the uptake of K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo in the roots and shoots was affected with the exposure of different Ce(3+) treatments, which indicated that Ce(3+) affected the nutritional status of roots and shoots and further affected the growth of rice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The appropriate amount of Ce(3+) improved the defense system and growth of rice. The roots can accumulate a much higher content of Ce(3+) than shoots. Moreover, the uptake of K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo in the roots and shoots was affected with the exposure of different Ce(3+) treatments.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
authors.forename: Dongwu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yousheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hongzhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D002563:Cerium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D036226:Seedlings / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D013481:Superoxides; D002563:Cerium; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase