title: Externally cued inphase bimanual training enhances preparatory premotor activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have demonstrated that cortical potentials representing motor preparation for visually-cued movements are enhanced following a single session of visually-cued bimanual movement training (BMT). The neuroanatomical sources that contribute to these rapid training-induced adaptations were unclear. To address this, we compared cortical potentials associated with motor preparation for visually-cued (movement-related potential, MRP) and self-paced (Bereitschaftspotential, BP) movements and investigated adaptations of these following BMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG recorded the cued MRP and self-paced BP during two experiments. In experiment one, pre and post self-paced unimanual trials were interspersed with cued inphase BMT. In experiment two, self-paced and visually-cued movement trials were performed to assess the differences between and the contributing neural sources to the cued MRP and self-paced BP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inphase BMT does not affect the early BP. Source localization analysis revealed that the preparatory portion of the cued MRP and self-paced BP are generated by the lateral premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early cued MRP and self-paced BP have unique cortical generators and are independently modulated by specific training types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These novel findings have implications for interpreting rapid, single-session, training adaptations previously observed. These cortical potentials may also be useful measurement tools to gauge within-session cortical modulations in response to specific modes of rehabilitative training in the stroke population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W Richard
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Staines
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation; D003463:Cues; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013663:Teaching; D014953:Wrist / Q000294:innervation; D055815:Young Adult