title: Ability of inactivated yeast powder to adsorb patulin from apple juice.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the adsorption of patulin from apple juice, using two types of inactivated yeast powder: laboratory-prepared yeast powder (LYP) and commercial yeast powder (CYP). The effects of incubation time, pH, incubation temperature, adsorbent amount, and initial  concentration of patulin and the stability of the yeast-mycotoxin complex were assessed. The results showed that the efficiencies of the two yeast types in adsorbing patulin were similar. The ability of the powders to remove patulin increased with longer incubation times, and patulin concentration  was below detectable levels with LYP and CYP at approximately 36 and 30 h, respectively. The highest removal of patulin was achieved at pH 5.0 for both powder types, and there were no significant differences in patulin decrease at different temperatures (4, 29, and 37°C). Additionally,  the adsorption percentage of patulin increased significantly with the increase of absorbent amount and decrease of initial concentration of patulin. Stability of the yeast-patulin complex was assessed, and patulin was more stable when washed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 4.0) than in absolute  ethyl alcohol. These results suggest that inactivated yeast powder has potential as a novel and promising adsorbent to bind patulin effectively.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Caixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Tianli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Shaimaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatab
authors.forename: Yahong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D010365:Patulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D011208:Powders; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D015003:Yeasts / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D010365:Patulin