title: Modulation of verbal fluency networks by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Verbal fluency relies on the coordinated activity between left frontal and temporal areas. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) present phonemic and semantic fluency deficits. Recent studies suggest that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhances adaptative patterns of brain activity between functionally connected areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the effects induced by tDCS applied to frontal and temporo-parietal areas on phonemic and semantic fluency functional networks in patients with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients were randomized to receive tDCS to left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left temporo-parietal cortex (TPC) in a counterbalanced order. Immediately following stimulation, patients underwent a verbal fluency paradigm inside a fMRI scanner. Changes induced by tDCS in activation and deactivation task-related pattern networks were studied using free-model independent component analyses (ICA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional connectivity in verbal fluency and deactivation task-related networks was significantly more enhanced by tDCS to DLPFC than to TPC. In addition, DLPFC tDCS increased performance on the phonemic fluency task, after adjusting for baseline phonemic performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence that tDCS to specific brain regions induces changes in large scale functional networks that underlay behavioural effects, and suggest that tDCS might be useful to enhance phonemic fluency in PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joana B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Carme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Junqué
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartrés-Faz
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Martí
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sala-Llonch
authors.forename: Yarko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Compta
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Falcón
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vendrell
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valls-Solé
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tolosa
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012660:Semantics; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation