title: Ethanol consumption enhances periodontal inflammatory markers in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the short term effect of ethanol administration on periodontal disease in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received either ethanol 2g/kg or water by gastric gavage twice a day. On the fifth day ligatures were tied around the molars of half of the rats to induce periodontitis. After 7days gingival tissue was removed and assayed for inflammatory markers. Finally, hemi-mandibles were extracted to evaluate bone loss by histomorphometrical techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental periodontitis increased significantly the mRNA expression (p<0.001) and activity (p<0.001) of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the gingival tissue, whilst short time ethanol administration increased iNOS activity (p<0.05) and produced an additive effect on iNOS mRNA expression augmented by periodontitis (p<0.01). The short time ethanol administration also potentiated the periodontitis stimulatory effect on the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β (p<0.01 and p<0.001, in semi-quantitative and real time PCR, respectively) and on the height of periodontal ligament (p<0.05). However, the ligature-induced periodontitis, but not ethanol administration, increased the prostaglandin E(2) content (p<0.05) and, diminished the alveolar bone volume (p<0.05), as compared to sham rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that ethanol consumption could represent a risk indicator for periodontal disease since augments the expression of inflammatory markers, in healthy rats, and increases them, at short term, during the illness. However, scale longitudinal investigation and more case-control studies are needed to confirm this statement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Dental School, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Aline Maia
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.forename: Claudia Ester
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mohn
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burdet
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zorrilla Zubilete
authors.forename: Patricia Monica
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mandalunis
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Elverdin
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Solari
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000473:pathology; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000032:analysis; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000431:Ethanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D015232:Dinoprostone; D003345:Corticosterone