title: Distance mitigates perceived threat.
abstract: It has previously been shown that distance mitigates the extent to which visual cues convey perceived threat. It was hypothesized that the visual cues of eye contact, sex, facial expression, and posture would all convey threat. It was further hypothesized that the effects of visual cues on the perception of threat would decrease with distance, but the extent of those decreases was unknown. In the present study, participants were exposed to images of people situated in a physical venue. The images were created to exhibit combinations of the levels of the four visual cues (yes or no for eye contact, male or female for sex, hostile or benign for facial expression, and hostile or benign for posture). Participants were given an opportunity to record how threatening the images of the people seemed to be. The results supported all a priori hypotheses regarding the effects of the visual cues. The results also generated estimates of the distances at which those visual cues ceased to convey threat.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Quality, San Francisco, CA, USA. InstituteOfEnvironmentalQuality@comcast.net
authors.forename: Arthur E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stamps
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003463:Cues; D003867:Depth Perception; D004215:Distance Perception; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010550:Personal Space; D011187:Posture; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult