title: Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caesarean section rates are progressively rising in many parts of the world. One suggested reason is increasing requests by women for caesarean section in the absence of clear medical indications, such as placenta praevia, HIV infection, contracted pelvis and, arguably, breech presentation or previous caesarean section. The reported benefits of planned caesarean section include greater safety for the baby, less pelvic floor trauma for the mother, avoidance of labour pain and convenience. The potential disadvantages, from observational studies, include increased risk of major morbidity or mortality for the mother, adverse psychological sequelae, and problems in subsequent pregnancies, including uterine scar rupture and a greater risk of stillbirth and neonatal morbidity. The differences in neonatal physiology following vaginal and caesarean births are thought to have implications for the infant, with caesarean section potentially increasing the risk of compromised health in both the short and the long term. An unbiased assessment of advantages and disadvantages would assist discussion of what has become a contentious issue in modern obstetrics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess, from randomised trials, the effects on perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality, and on maternal psychological morbidity, of planned caesarean delivery versus planned vaginal birth in women with no clear clinical indication for caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 January 2012) and reference lists of relevant studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  All comparisons of intention to perform caesarean section and intention for women to give birth vaginally; random allocation to treatment and control groups; adequate allocation concealment; women at term with single fetuses with cephalic presentations and no clear medical indication for caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified no studies that met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no included trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials, upon which to base any practice recommendations regarding planned caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term. In the absence of trial data, there is an urgent need for a systematic review of observational studies and a synthesis of qualitative data to better assess the short- and long-term effects of caesarean section and vaginal birth.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9PL.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lavender
authors.forename: G Justus
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hofmeyr
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Neilson
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kingdon
authors.forename: Gillian M L
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gyte
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D047929:Term Birth