title: Development of an attached growth reactor for NH₄-N removal at a drinking water supply system in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
abstract: Higher concentrations of ammonium (NH(4)-N) and iron (Fe) than a standard for drinking are typical characteristics of groundwater in the study area. To remove NH(4)-N and Fe, the drinking water supply system in this study consists of a series of treatment units (i.e., aeration and sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination); however, NH(4)-N in treated water is higher than a standard for drinking (i.e., <1.5 mg NH(4)-N/L). The objective of this study, therefore, is to develop an attached growth system containing a fiber carrier for reducing NH(4)-N concentration within a safe level in the treated water. To avoid the need of air supply for nitrification, groundwater was continuously dripped through the reactor. It made the system simple operation and energy efficient. Effects of reactor design (reactor length and carrier area) were studied to achieve a high NH(4)-N removal efficiency. In accordance with raw groundwater characteristics in the area, effects of low inorganic carbon (IC) and phosphate (PO(4)-P) and high Fe on the removal efficiency were also investigated. The results showed a significant increase in NH(4)-N removal efficiency with reactor length and carrier area. A low IC and PO(4)-P had no effect on NH(4)-N removal, whereas a high Fe decreased the efficiency significantly. The first 550 days operation of a pilot-scale reactor installed in the drinking water supply system showed a gradual increase in the efficiency, reaching to 95-100%, and stability in the performance even with increased flow rate from 210 to 860 L/day. The high efficiency of the present work was indicated because only less than 1 mg of NH(4)-N/L was left over in the treated water.
authors.affiliation: International Research Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Japan. wilawank1@gmail.com
authors.forename: Wilawan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khanitchaidecha
authors.forename: Maneesha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shakya
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Futaba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kazama
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D009390:Nepal; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D010710:Phosphates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; D007501:Iron