title: Coordinated, multi-joint, fatigue-resistant feline stance produced with intrafascicular hind limb nerve stimulation.
abstract: The production of graceful skeletal movements requires coordinated activation of multiple muscles that produce torques around multiple joints. The work described herein is focused on one such movement, stance, that requires coordinated activation of extensor muscles acting around the hip, knee and ankle joints. The forces evoked in these muscles by external stimulation all have a complex dependence on muscle length and shortening velocities, and some of these muscles are biarticular. In order to recreate sit-to-stand maneuvers in the anesthetized feline, we excited the hind limb musculature using intrafascicular multielectrode stimulation (IFMS) of the muscular branch of the sciatic nerve, the femoral nerve and the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Stimulation was achieved with either acutely or chronically implanted Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays (USEAs) via subsets of electrodes (1) that activated motor units in the extensor muscles of the hip, knee and ankle joints, (2) that were able to evoke large extension forces and (3) that manifested minimal coactivation of the targeted motor units. Three hind limb force-generation strategies were investigated, including sequential activation of independent motor units to increase force, and interleaved or simultaneous IFMS of three sets of six or more USEA electrodes that excited the hip, knee and ankle extensors. All force-generation strategies evoked stance, but the interleaved IFMS strategy also reduced muscle fatigue produced by repeated sit-to-stand maneuvers compared with fatigue produced by simultaneous activation of different motor neuron pools. These results demonstrate the use of interleaved IFMS as a means to recreate coordinated, fatigue-resistant multi-joint muscle forces in the unilateral hind limb. This muscle activation paradigm could provide a promising neuroprosthetic approach for the restoration of sit-to-stand transitions in individuals who are paralyzed by spinal cord injury, stroke or disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. Normann@utah.edu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Normann
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Dowden
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wilder
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hiatt
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ledbetter
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002415:Cats; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005267:Femoral Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D007596:Joints / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D058117:Neural Prostheses; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological / Q000502:physiology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology