title: Can mucosal healing be a cost-effective endpoint for biologic therapy in Crohn's disease? A decision analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observational studies have demonstrated that mucosal healing (MH) may be associated with reductions in hospitalizations and surgeries for moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD). Whether treatment to achieve MH is a cost-effective endpoint has not been established previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a decision analytic model comparing two treatment strategies. In the clinical response (CR) arm, patients not in clinical remission at year 1 are dose-escalated. In the MH arm, patients with persistence of mucosal ulcerations at year 1 are escalated irrespective of clinical symptoms. Patients remain at risk for hospitalization and surgeries while they have active disease. We examined a 2-year time horizon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case the MH strategy was more effective at 2 years (quality-adjusted life year [QALY] 0.71) compared to the CR strategy (QALY 0.69) but was also more expensive with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $49,278/QALY gained. In a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 patients assigned to each treatment arm, the MH strategy resulted in lower rates of hospitalization and surgery with a number needed to treat of 27 and 106, respectively. The results were sensitive to the ability of infliximab to achieve MH and the incremental benefit of MH over clinical remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that MH as an endpoint is a cost-effective strategy in CD patients initiating IFX therapy. Further prospective studies on durability of MH and its incremental benefit as well as the ability of other available biologic agents to achieve MH are necessary to validate our findings.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. aananthakrishnan@partners.org
authors.forename: Ashwin N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ananthakrishnan
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Korzenik
authors.forename: Chin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hur
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D000069285:Infliximab; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000069285:Infliximab