title: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and important cardiovascular risk factor?
abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects up to a third of the population worldwide and may confer increased cardiometabolic risk with consequent adverse cardiovascular outcomes independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome. It is characterized almost universally by insulin resistance and is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a marker of pathological ectopic fat accumulation combined with a low-grade chronic inflammatory state. This results in several deleterious pathophysiological processes including abnormal glucose, fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism, increased oxidative stress, deranged adipokine profile, hypercoaguability, endothelial dysfunction, and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis. This ultimately leads to a dysfunctional cardiometabolic phenotype with cardiovascular mortality representing the main mode of premature death in NAFLD. This review is aimed at introducing NAFLD to the clinical cardiologist by discussing in-depth the evidence to date linking NAFLD with cardiovascular disease, reviewing the likely mechanisms underlying this association, as well as summarizing from a cardiologist's perspective, current and potential future treatment options for this increasingly prevalent disease.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK. loke.bhatia@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lokpal S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Curzen
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006293:Health Promotion; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000473:pathology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D010496:Pericardium; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss