title: Identification of specific vascular endothelial growth factor susceptible and protective haplotypes associated with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphism with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  VEGF -2578C/A, -1154G/A, -634G/C, +936C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed in 304 RSM patients, and 371 age-and body mass index-matched control subjects using real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher minor allele frequency of -1154G/A (P < 0.001) and +936C/T (P < 0.001), but not -2578C/A (P = 0.55) or -634G/C (P = 0.87) SNPs, were seen in patients. Significant differences in the distribution of -1154G/A (P = 0.006) and +936C/T (P = 0.015), but not -2578C/A (P = 0.473) or -634G/C (P = 1.000) genotypes, were seen in cases compared with control women. Of the possible 16 VEGF haplotypes, 9 were found to be common, and were included. A significantly lower frequency of C G C C (P = 0.008), and A G G C (P < 0.001) haplotypes, and a higher frequency C G C T (P = 0.020), and C G T (P = 0.004) haplotypes were seen in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly support that VEGF polymorphisms, in particular-1154G/A and +936C/T, are significantly associated with RSM. Our results confirm, in the largest sample to date, previous works in other populations on VEGF polymorphism in RSM.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Hematological and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Monastir, Street Ibn Sina, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Magdoud
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dendana
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Herbepin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hizem
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ben Jazia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Messaoudi
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Almawi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Touraine
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mahjoub
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014416:Tunisia; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A