title: Horner's muscle contribution to lacrimal sac drainage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to examine the anatomical relationship between Horner's muscle and the lacrimal sac at 3 representative levels of the lacrimal sac and to verify the contribution of Horner's muscle to lacrimal sac drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven ocular specimens from 7 elderly Japanese cadavers, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, were analyzed. Axial sections were made parallel to the eyelid margin at 1 mm above the upper eyelid margin, 1 mm below the lower eyelid margin, and 3 mm below the lower eyelid margin. The vertical common fascial length, length of the lateral lacrimal sac wall, and the proportion between the 2 were measured for each specimen at the 3 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vertical common fascial length and its proportion to the length of the lateral lacrimal sac wall were statistically the same at all 3 levels of the lacrimal sac.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the present anatomical findings, the activity of Horner's muscle may be the same for all sac levels, although this hypothesis should be examined by further experimental research, such as manometric studies of the sac at different levels along its length.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan. cosme@d1.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Ichinose
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asamoto
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*