title: Altered transcriptional activity of gene encoding GAPDH in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with cardiac syndrome X - an important part in pathology of microvascular angina?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is characterized by anginal pain with ECG suggestive of ischaemia and normal coronary arteries at angiography. Pathology of CSX involves microvascular dysfunction and is possibly linked with metabolic syndrome. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. The GAPDH gene is a "housekeeping" gene and is used for normalization in quantitative gene expression assays. The aim of the study was to evaluate GAPDH gene expression in CSX.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in 35 CSX patients and 10 control subjects. mRNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclears and the mRNA was assessed by QRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GAPDH gene expression was enhanced in CSX patients vs. controls (93022 ±23837 copies/μg vs. 1067 ±240 copies/μg respectively; p < 0.001). Moreover, transcriptional activity of the GAPDH gene was heterogeneous within the CSX group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GAPDH gene expression is markedly enhanced in CSX, which reflects carbohydrate metabolism disturbances and makes the GAPDH gene unsuitable as an endogenous control in patients with CSX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Jozefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dabek
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilczok
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulach
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gasior