title: Renin as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice.
abstract: The search for novel circulating blood biomarkers as predictors of cardiovascular (CV) risk and prognosis is a continuing field of interest in clinical medicine. Biomarkers from several pathophysiological pathways, including markers of organ damage, of inflammation, of the atherosclerotic process and of the coagulation pathway, have been investigated in the last decades. A particular interest has been raised for neurohormonal factors. The role of the activation of the sympathetic system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the development of CV diseases has been extensively explored. Renin is the first limiting step of the RAAS and its role as a biomarker to improve CV risk stratification still remains a topic of debate. Several studies have shown that elevated plasma renin activity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with CV disease. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the evidence on the role of renin as a biomarker of CV risk and prognosis. With the new advances of pharmacological treatment acting on the RAAS, the effect of elevated levels of renin on the prognosis of these patients becomes even more intriguing.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, 2nd School of Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, S Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy. massimo.volpe@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Battistoni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubattu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tocci
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012083:Renin