title: Longitudinal study of self-regulation, positive parenting, and adjustment problems among physically abused children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research using normative and high-risk samples indicates a significant link between problems with self-regulation and child maladjustment. Nevertheless, little is known about the processes that may modify the link between self-regulation and maladjustment. This longitudinal study examined the joint contributions of child self-regulation and positive parenting behaviors to the development of externalizing and internalizing symptomatology spanning from preschool to 1st grade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on a total of 95 physically abused children (58% boys); our longitudinal analyses involved 43 children at Time 1 (preschool), 63 children at Time 2 (kindergarten), and 54 children at Time 3 (1st grade). Children's self-regulation was measured by parent report, and their externalizing and internalizing symptomatology was evaluated by teachers. Parents completed self-report measures of positive parenting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our structural equation modeling analyses revealed positive parenting as a protective factor that attenuated the concurrent association between low self-regulation and externalizing symptomatology among physically abused children. Our findings regarding longitudinal changes in children's externalizing symptomatology supported the differential susceptibility hypothesis: Physically abused children who were at greater risk due to low levels of self-regulation were more susceptible to the beneficial effects of positive parenting, compared to those with high levels of self-regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that although physical abuse presents formidable challenges that interfere with the development of adaptive self-regulation, positive parenting behaviors may ameliorate the detrimental effects of maladaptive self-regulation on the development of externalizing symptomatology. In addition, the positive and negative effects of caregiving behaviors were more prominent among physically abused children at great risk due to low self-regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from the present study highlight the importance of attending to positive parenting behaviors and child self-regulation when working with physically abused children who are exhibiting externalizing symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Psychology, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Jungmeen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim-Spoon
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Haskett
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nice
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011203:Poverty; D057566:Self Report; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult