title: Unprotected carotid artery stenting in symptomatic patients with high-grade stenosis: results and long-term follow-up in a single-center experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of cerebral protection during CAS is an extended practice. Paradoxically it is open to question because it can lead to potential embolic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CASWPD in patients with severe symptomatic carotid artery stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was performed including 210 consecutive patients (201 symptomatic and 9 asymptomatic) with carotid artery stenosis >70%. All patients were treated by CASWPD. Angiographic results and neurologic complications were recorded during the procedure and within 30 days after it. All patients underwent clinical evaluation and Doppler sonography follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred twenty carotid arteries were treated. The average degree of stenosis was 88.9%. The procedure was successfully completed in 212 (96.4%) arteries. After stent placement, 98.6% of arteries showed no residual stenosis or <30%. Balloon angioplasty dilation before stent placement was performed in 16% of cases. During the 30-day periprocedural period, there were 3 major complications (1.4%), including 1 disabling ischemic stroke, 1 acute stent thrombosis, and 1 MI. The last 2 patients died from these complications. At 1-year follow-up 24 (12.8%) restenoses, 2 new ipsilateral strokes, 1 contralateral stroke, and 5 deaths (2.7%) had occurred. None of these deaths were related to the initial stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, unprotected stent placement in symptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis has demonstrated a low incidence of complications. We believe that this is due to the reduction of maneuvering and manipulation through the stenosis and to the protective effect of the stent placement before angioplasty balloon dilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Co´rdoba, Spain. rafael.oteros.63@gmail.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oteros
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Gomez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bravo-Rodriguez
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ochoa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delgado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D015995:Prevalence; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome