title: Listeria monocytogenes and diet during pregnancy; balancing nutrient intake adequacy v. adverse pregnancy outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of adherence to public health recommendations on Listeria monocytogenes food safety to limit exposure to potential food sources on micronutrient intakes of pregnant women and whether more frequent consumption of 'high-risk' foods increases risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study in women assessing Listeria exposure from an FFQ based on consumption of potential Listeria-containing food sources, the Listeria Food Exposure Score (LFES). Pregnancy status was defined as pregnant, trying to conceive, had a baby within the previous 12 months, or other. Nutrient intakes were compared with Nutrient Reference Values and self-reported pregnancy outcome history three years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 25-30 years (n 7486) participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were weak positive correlations (r = 0.13-0.37, P < 0.001) between LFES and all nutrients, with fibre, folate, Fe and vitamin E intakes consistently below the Nutrient Reference Values in every quintile of LFES. Women in the highest quintile of LFES reported 19 % more miscarriages (rate ratio = 1.19; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.38) than those in the lowest quintile, after adjusting for important confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More frequent consumption of foods potentially containing L. monocytogenes is associated with higher nutrient intakes, but an increased risk of miscarriage. L. monocytogenes pregnancy recommendations require review and should include the list of 'risky' food items in addition to low-risk alternatives that would adequately replace nutrient intakes which may be reduced through avoidance strategies.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Kristine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pezdirc
authors.forename: Alexis J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hure
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Blumfield
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients