title: Effects of diet soda on gut hormones in youths with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with type 2 diabetes, but not type 1 diabetes, abnormal secretion of incretins in response to oral nutrients has been described. In healthy youths, we recently reported accentuated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion in response to a diet soda sweetened with sucralose and acesulfame-K. In this study, we examined the effect of diet soda on gut hormones in youths with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects aged 12-25 years with type 1 diabetes (n = 9) or type 2 diabetes (n = 10), or healthy control participants (n = 25) drank 240 mL cola-flavored caffeine-free diet soda or carbonated water, followed by a 75-g glucose load, in a randomized, cross-over design. Glucose, C-peptide, GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and peptide Tyr-Tyr (PYY) were measured for 180 min. Glucose and GLP-1 have previously been reported for the healthy control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GLP-1 area under the curve (AUC) was 43% higher after ingestion of diet soda versus carbonated water in individuals with type 1 diabetes (P = 0.020), similar to control subjects (34% higher, P = 0.029), but was unaffected by diet soda in patients with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.92). Glucose, C-peptide, GIP, and PYY AUC were not statistically different between the two conditions in any group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ingestion of diet soda before a glucose load augmented GLP-1 secretion in type 1 diabetic and control subjects but not type 2 diabetic subjects. GIP and PYY secretion were not affected by diet soda. The clinical significance of this increased GLP-1 secretion, and its absence in youths with type 2 diabetes, needs to be determined.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. brownrebecca@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Kristina I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Rother
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D019894:Peptide YY; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005947:Glucose