title: The efficacy of posterior tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder in women: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) is a percutaneous method of peripheral, sacral neuromodulation. Its current use is limited; however, published data suggest PTNS may be an effective treatment for overactive bladder (OAB).
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically reviewed the literature on PTNS for treatment of idiopathic OAB in women from January 2000 to August 2010 published in English in MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. We included randomized controlled trials or observational studies reporting objective outcome measures with the use of either the Urgent PC or Stoller Afferent Nerve Stimulator (SANS) for PTNS. Studies were considered "good quality" if results from objective measures were provided for ≥20 women, results distinguished between type of OAB symptom, and data were reported separately for female subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 136 identified articles, 17 met inclusion criteria for data abstraction; 4 of the 17 studies met our criteria for good quality and reported success rates of 54-93 %. Recurrent limitations in the literature were pooling of results for male and female subjects and lack of differentiation in the data on specific symptoms of OAB treated. Short-term follow-up and infrequent use of a control arm were also noted shortcomings of reviewed studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited high quality data exist on PTNS for OAB in women. Although initial studies have demonstrated promise, more comprehensive evaluation of PTNS is needed to support its universal use for the treatment of OAB in women.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, 5324 McFarland Drive, Suite 310, Durham, NC 27707, USA. pamela.j.levin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Amie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Alison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Weidner
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Amundsen
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000628:therapy*