title: Comparative GC/MS analysis of essential oils extracted by 3 methods from the bud of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl.
abstract: A comparative study of steam distillation extraction (SDE), reflux extraction (RE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) was conducted for the extraction of essential oils from the bud of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. Each method was evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The extract yields of essential oil were 0.16%, 2.18%, and 2.34%, respectively. A total of 82 compounds were identified by GC/MS. The main components obtained by SDE were terpinen-4-ol (20.98%), dipentene (11.67%), terpinene (9.24%), those by RE were palmitic acid (20.61%), 2-chloroethyl linoleate (14.54%), tetracosane (12.26%), and α-linolenic acid (11.24%), and those by USE were tetracosane (11.32%), heneicosane (11.06%), and palmitic acid (8.76%). Comparative analysis indicated that SDE was favorable for the extraction of monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carbonyl compounds, RE and USE had certain advantages in the extraction of aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons, organic acids, and esters. It is concluded that different extraction methods may lead to different yields of essential oils; the choice of appropriate method is very important to obtain more desired components with higher physiological activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C. aurantium oils from different plant parts have great economic, medicinal, and nutritional values because of their wide-spectrum biological activities. The essential oil from C. aurantium L. var amara is one of the best C. aurantium oils. The data presented in this article will help us understand the relationship between essential oils and its extraction methods and know more about the aromatic components of Citrus aurantium bud. The methods established in this study will provide useful reference information for further studies, and offer essential oil industries with helpful guidance in practice.
authors.affiliation: College of Food and Bioengineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jin-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000032:analysis; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000077222:Limonene; D008041:Linoleic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D008610:Menthol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C534301:4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol; D000473:Alkanes; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D008610:Menthol; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D000077222:Limonene; C019293:2-chloroethyl linoleate; C514857:tetracosane