title: Content comparison of questionnaires and scales used in low back pain based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify questionnaires and scales that measure functioning and disability in low-back pain (LBP) and determine whether the measurements are comparable with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICFDH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBase, CINAHL and PEDro in English, and CNKI and Wanfang Data in Chinese in a period from the date of the database establishment to September 2010. From the identified literature, questionnaires and scales used to assess LBP-related functioning and disability were collected and classified. Each item in each questionnaire and scale was extracted and classified according to the ICFDH categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have reviewed 7968 published articles and identified a total of fifteen questionnaires. A total of 219 items were analyzed and a total of 354 concepts contained in these items and 345 could be linked to ICFDH components, 138 linked to body function, 20 to body structure, 174 to activities and participation, and 13 to environmental factors, and 9 to a non-classifiable cluster. In the body functions component, only the single category "sensation of pain" was covered by most questionnaires. In the activity and participation component, "changing basic body position"; "walking" and "maintaining a body position" were covered by most questionnaires. Analyzing individual questionnaires, we found that two questionnaires (Clinical Back Pain Questionnaire and Million Disability Questionnaire) demonstrate a well-balanced distribution of items across different ICFDH components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study may help researchers and clinicians to choose the most appropriate questionnaires for a specific purpose as well as help compare studies that have used different questionnaires for low back pain assessment and provide valuable information on the content quality of these questionnaires for them. Furthermore, based on our results, more comprehensive and balanced instruments may be developed for more accurate assessment of functioning in LBP and perhaps other clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weijing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Zhuoying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*