title: Causes of obesity in captive cynomolgus macaques: influence of body condition, social and management factors on behaviour around feeding.
abstract: Similar to other primate species, captive cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are prone to becoming overweight. The relationship between body condition and feeding behaviour in group-housed animals has not been reported. This study evaluated the effect of daily feeding routines on behaviour patterns in cynomolgus macaques to determine whether overweight macaques displayed different behaviours and activity levels. In this prospective observational study, 16 macaques (m = 4, f = 12) from four separate troops (n = 4 per troop) were selected from a colony of 165 animals. Observational data were collected over six months during morning and afternoon feedings by scan sampling. Behaviours of interest included foraging, eating, aggressive and positive social interactions, inactivity and physical activities. Multivariable mixed logistic regression modelling was used for data analysis. Results indicated that overweight animals were more likely to be inactive, dominant animals had increased probabilities of eating compared with non-dominants, and aggressive behaviours were more likely to occur in the morning and before feeding, suggesting feeding anticipation. Positive social interaction before feeding was seen and may be a strategy used to avoid aggressive encounters around food resources. Individual animal caregivers had an unintentional impact on behaviour, as decreased eating and an increase in inactivity were noted when certain individuals fed animals. These findings illustrate the complexities of feeding group-housed cynomolgus macaques to avoid overweight body condition. Feeding routines may require more care and attention to distribute food in a way that ensures equitable food intake among troop animals, while not disturbing group cohesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON,  Canada N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001823:Body Composition; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012930:Social Dominance; D013997:Time Factors