title: 1H NMR-based metabonomics study of the urinary biochemical changes in Kansui treated rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dried root of Kansui (Euphorbia kansui L.) is a commonly used and effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We combined the urinary metabolites alteration and traditional assays of Kansui-induced rats to discuss the mechanism of toxicity of Kansui.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with 7.875g Kansui/kg weight and 15.75g Kansui/kg weight. Urine samples were collected at day -1 (before treatment), and days 7, 14 and 21 for NMR analysis. Plasma and liver and kidney tissues were collected at day 14 for biochemical assays and histopathological examination, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabonome of rats treated with Kansui differed markedly from that of the controls. This was confirmed by the histopathology of liver and kidney tissue and clinical biochemistry analysis. The toxicity of Kansui accumulated with dosing time, and persisted even when treatment was stopped. The corresponding biochemical pathways alterations included inhibited TCA cycle, increased anaerobic glycolysis, and perturbed amino acids metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biochemical pathways disorder conjunction with histopathology changes provides new clues to evaluate the toxicity of Kansui from a systematic and holistic view.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
authors.forename: Bingwen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jiajia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Fuhai
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yongxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Fenyun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D028481:Euphorbia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D018517:Plant Roots; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal