title: Skin regeneration with conical and hair follicle structure of deep second-degree scalding injuries via combined expression of the EPO receptor and beta common receptor by local subcutaneous injection of nanosized rhEPO.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acceleration of skin regeneration is still an unsolved problem in the clinical treatment of patients suffering from deep burns and scalds. Although erythropoietin (EPO) has a protective role in a wide range of organs and cells during ischemia and after trauma, it has been recently discovered that EPO is not tissue-protective in the common β subunit receptor (βCR) knockout mouse. The protective capacity of EPO in tissue is mediated via a heteroreceptor complex comprising both the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and βCR. However, proof of coexpression of these heterogenic receptors in regenerating skin after burns is still lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  To understand the role of nanosized recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in wound healing, we investigated the effects of subcutaneous injections of EPO on skin regeneration after deep second-degree scalding injuries. Our aim was to determine if joint expression of EPOR and βCR is a prerequisite for the tissue-protective effect of rhEPO. The efficiency in wound regeneration in a skin scalding injury mouse model was examined. A deep second-degree dermal scald injury was produced on the backs of 20 female Balb/c mice which were subsequently randomized to four experimental groups, two of which received daily subcutaneous injections of rhEPO. At days 7 and 14, the mice were sacrificed and the effects of rhEPO were analyzed with respect to grade of re-epithelialization (wound closure) and stage of epidermal maturation. This was investigated using different histological parameters of epithelial covering, such as depth of the epidermal layer, epidermal stratification, and presence of conical and hair follicle structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of EPOR, βCR, and growth hormone receptor at the mRNA and protein levels was demonstrated with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. After rhEPO treatment, the rate of re-epithelialization of the scalding injury was increased and the time to final wound closure was reduced. In addition, the quality of regenerated skin was improved. In this investigation, for the first time, we demonstrated coexpression of EPOR and βCR at the RNA and protein levels in vivo using a deep second-degree scalding injury mouse model. These results highlight the potential role of rhEPO in the improved treatment of burns patients, which might be crucial for the development of innovative new therapy regimes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local injection of nanosized rhEPO directly to the injury site rather than systemic administration for deep second-degree scalding injuries achieved complete skin regeneration with conical and hair follicle structure via combined expression of EPOR and βCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Stem Cell Biology and Cell Techniques, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, Germany. augustinus.bader@bbz.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Augustinus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Shibashish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: Shuhua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nerlich
authors.forename: Christina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Günter
authors.forename: Dagmar U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Hans-Günther
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Machens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000378:metabolism; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D021122:Protein Subunits; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin