title: Value of p16(INK4a)  in the diagnosis of low-grade urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder in urinary cytology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sensitivity of urinary cytology for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinomas is low, particularly in low-grade carcinomas. The UroVysion test is a fluorescent in situ hybridization multiprobe assay that increases the sensitivity of urinary cytology. However, this test is not widely available. P16(INK4a) , a protein involved in cell cycle progression, is overexpressed in urothelial carcinoma. Immunocytochemical expression of p16(INK4a) has been examined in biopsy samples from urothelial carcinomas, but few studies have addressed this protein in urine cytology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors compared the results of p16(INK4a) immunoreactivity in cytology and biopsy samples from 83 cases, including low-grade urothelial carcinomas, reactive epithelial lesions, and negative cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  p16(INK4a) assessment of in urine cytology samples showed a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 82.8% in the diagnosis of low-grade urothelial carcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these results, the authors propose that immunocytochemical detection of p16(INK4a) is a reliable tool in urine cytology, both for the diagnosis of low-grade urothelial carcinomas and for follow-up purposes. More retrospective and prospective studies are required to verify these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital of the Sea, Barcelona, Spain. 86780@hospitaldelmar.cat
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alameda
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juanpere
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pijuan
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lloveras
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baró
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salido
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloreta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16