title: Variations between two 24-hour urine collections in patients presenting to a tertiary stone clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current Canadian Urological Association (CUA) guideline recommends two 24-hour urine collections in the metabolic evaluation for patients with urolithiasis. The aim of the present study was to compare two consecutive 24-hour urine collections in patients with a history of urolithiasis presenting to a tertiary stone clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 188 patients who had two 24-hour collections upon presentation between January 2010 and December 2010. Samples were collected on consecutive days and examined for the following 11 urinary parameters: volume, creatinine, sodium, calcium, uric acid, citrate, oxalate, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium and urea nitrogen. For each parameter, the absolute value of the difference between the two samples rather than the direct difference was compared with zero. Similarly, the percent difference between samples was calculated for each parameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The means of the absolute differences between the two samples were significantly different for all 11 urinary parameters (p < 0.0001). The percent differences for all urinary parameters ranged from 20.5% to 34.2%. Furthermore, 17.1% to 47.6% of patients had a change from a value within normal limits to an abnormal value, or vice-versa. Significance was maintained when patients with incomplete or over-collections were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant variations among the two 24-hour urine collections were observed in all of the 11 urinary parameters analyzed. This variation may change clinical decision-making in up to 47.6% of patients if only a single 24-hour urine collection is obtained. The present study supports the CUA guideline of performing two 24-hour urine collections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC.
authors.forename: Madhur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nayan
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elkoushy
authors.forename: Sero
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andonian