title: Unsupervised analysis of classical biomedical markers: robustness and medical relevance of patient clustering using bioinformatics tools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that clustering clinical markers, such as blood test results, can be used to stratify patients. However, the robustness of clusters formed with this approach to data pre-processing and clustering algorithm choices has not been evaluated, nor has clustering reproducibility. Here, we made use of the NHANES survey to compare clusters generated with various combinations of pre-processing and clustering algorithms, and tested their reproducibility in two separate samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Values of 44 biomarkers and 19 health/life style traits were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The 1999-2002 survey was used for training, while data from the 2003-2006 survey was tested as a validation set. Twelve combinations of pre-processing and clustering algorithms were applied to the training set. The quality of the resulting clusters was evaluated both by considering their properties and by comparative enrichment analysis. Cluster assignments were projected to the validation set (using an artificial neural network) and enrichment in health/life style traits in the resulting clusters was compared to the clusters generated from the original training set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clusters obtained with different pre-processing and clustering combinations differed both in terms of cluster quality measures and in terms of reproducibility of enrichment with health/life style properties. Z-score normalization, for example, dramatically improved cluster quality and enrichments, as compared to unprocessed data, regardless of the clustering algorithm used. Clustering diabetes patients revealed a group of patients enriched with retinopathies. This could indicate that routine laboratory tests can be used to detect patients suffering from complications of diabetes, although other explanations for this observation should also be considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clustering according to classical clinical biomarkers is a robust process, which may help in patient stratification. However, optimization of the pre-processing and clustering process may be still required.
authors.affiliation: Sharaga Segal Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markovich Gordon
authors.forename: Asher M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Eitan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers