title: Stunting and obesity in childhood: a reassessment using longitudinal data from South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A series of cross-sectional studies have found a relationship between stunting and obesity in childhood. Because height appears in both the numerator of indices of stunting and the denominator of indices of obesity, random errors made by fieldworkers measuring heights can produce negative bias in estimates of this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  With longitudinal data, height can be instrumented with its lagged value in a two-stage probit regression model, purging the estimated association between the probability of being obese or underweight and the height-for-age z-score of this errors-in-variables bias. Such a model is fitted to a cohort of 1110 primary-school-age children measured in 1993-2004 in a panel study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study also collected detailed data on households' demographic and socio-economic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors for stunting, wasting and obesity differed in this population. Stunting was not associated with childhood obesity in either the cross-sectional or two-stage models. In the cross-sectional analysis, however, random measurement errors masked a negative association between children's height-for-age and their probability of being underweight or wasted that emerged in the two-stage instrumental variable models. This association was further amplified, rather than attenuated, by controlling for children's household income, racial group, residence and mother's education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The validity of the findings of earlier cross-sectional studies of the association between stunting and obesity in childhood is dependent on the precision with which they measured height. Random measurement error can also mask an association between being stunted and underweight in cross-sectional studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Studies, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. ian.timaeus@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Timæus
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology