title: Industrialization and the increasing risk of genome instability in developing countries: nutrigenomics as a promising antidote.
abstract: Increased reliance on chemicals in the industrializing developing countries places new demands on them, as they have limited resources to adequately regulate exposure to these chemicals. Majority of the chemicals cause mutation in DNA among others. The consequences of increased exposure to chemicals on the genome and their mitigation by Nutrigenomics, a science concerned with the prevention of genome damage by nutritional factors is poorly recognized in these countries. Growing evidence indicates that genome instability in the absence of overt exposure to genotoxicants is a sensitive marker of nutritional deficiency. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of chemicals in these countries which contribute to genome disturbances and the widespread nutritional deficiency, at least double the risk of genome instability.Environmental pollutants such polychlorobiphenyls, metal fumes, and fly ash, common in these countries are known to increase urinary level of 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage, precursor of genome instability.Increasing evidence emphasizes the importance of zinc in both genetic stability and function. Zinc deficiency has been linked with oxidative stress, DNA damage and impairment of repair mechanisms as well as risk of cancer. Zinc plays an important role in vitamin A metabolism from which the retinoids are derived. Zinc is also an important component of the p53 protein, a DNA damage sensor which prevents genetic lesions contributing to genome instability.Zinc deficiency ranks among the top 10 leading causes of death in developing countries. A large proportion of the population in these countries ingests less than 50% of the RDA for Zn.This makes this genome protective nutrient among others grossly inadequate. Folate now also recognized for its role in genome stability, is among the nutrients frequently cited as critical to genome stability. Folate deficiency of sub- clinical degree is common. Reduced folate intake causes as much genome damage as that induced by exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation. Even moderate folate deficiency causes very severe damage to the genome in the general population. All these accentuate the susceptibility of populations in these nations to environmental toxic assault requiring preventive measures employing the science of Nutrigenomics, probably augmented with adaptive response pathways such as the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Human populations in developing countries are increasingly exposed to a diverse array of industrial chemicals, which adversely modify the genome, the precursor of many diseases especially cancer. Nutrigenomics encompasses nutritional factors that protect the genome from damage and is a promising new field that can be exploited, perhaps augmented with the Nrf2 signaling pathway with international collaboration in these nations as an antidote to chemical-induced genome instability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. anetorji@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Anetor
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D003906:Developing Countries; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015870:Gene Expression; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000187:drug effects; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000172:deficiency*; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D012306:Risk; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018977:Micronutrients; D005492:Folic Acid; D015032:Zinc