title: Drug-induced movement disorders in children at paediatric emergency department: 'dystonia'.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine cases with drug-induced dystonic reactions (DIDRs), to identify the complaints of the application, to classify the drugs causing those dystonic reactions (DRs) and to determine the treatment options and protective measures to prevent DIDRs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively analysed 55 cases with DIDRs at paediatric emergency department (PED) in a 5-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 145.07±56.30 months, and of the 55 cases, 28 cases (50.9%) were boys. Antiemetics and antipsychotics were the most common causes of DIDRs. 35 (70%) patients developed DIDRs at therapeutic doses. Treatment side effect was the most common cause of the DIDRs (78.2%). The most common DIDRs were abnormal postures of the head and neck (56.6%). Laryngospasm was observed only in four cases (7.3%) that used either antipsychotics or psychostimulants. 51 (92.7%) children were treated with parenteral diphenhydramine successfully.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dystonia is a common side effect of certain drugs, even when therapeutic doses are administered. Although the most common DIDRs were abnormal postures of the head and neck, rare life-threatening conditions, may develop particularly due to use of antipsychotics. In treatment, diphenhydramine could effectively be used through parenteral way to eliminate the cholinergic effects of those drugs. However, the easiest and the safest way to prevent the development of DRs is to avoid unnecessary drug usage. In conclusion, physicians should be aware that antiemetic and antipsychotic drugs are associated with DRs in normal doses and that those drugs should be prescribed with a correct indication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. oderinoz@gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: Oksan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Derinoz
authors.forename: Ayla Akca
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Caglar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004421:Dystonia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs