title: Commonalities and differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in men and women with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (i) To compare the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms between men and women enrolled in a large heart failure (HF) registry. (ii) To determine gender differences in predictors of depressive symptoms from demographic, behavioral, clinical, and psychosocial factors in HF patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 622 HF patients (70% male, 61 ± 13 years, 59% NYHA class III/IV), depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Potential correlates were age, ethnicity, education, marital and financial status, smoking, exercise, body mass index (BMI), HF etiology, NYHA class, comorbidities, functional capacity, anxiety, and perceived control. To identify gender-specific correlates of depressive symptoms, separate logistic regression models were built by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlates of depressive symptoms in men were financial status (p = 0.027), NYHA (p = 0.001); functional capacity (p < 0.001); health perception (p = 0.043); perceived control (p = 0.002) and anxiety (p < 0.001). Correlates of depressive symptoms in women were BMI (p = 0.003); perceived control (p = 0.013) and anxiety (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HF patients, lowering depressive symptoms may require gender-specific interventions focusing on weight management in women and improving perceived functional capacity in men. Both men and women with HF may benefit from anxiety reduction and increased control.
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing, USA. jeastwoo@sonnet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Jo-Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pressler
authors.forename: Misook L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: Jia-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lennie
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires