title: Cytotoxic effects of glass ionomer cements on human dental pulp stem cells correlate with fluoride release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are commonly used as restorative materials. Responses to GICs differ among cell types and it is therefore of importance to thoroughly investigate the influence of these restorative materials on pulp stem cells that are potential source for dental tissue regeneration. Eight biomaterials were tested: Fuji I, Fuji II, Fuji VIII, Fuji IX, Fuji Plus, Fuji Triage, Vitrebond and Composit. We compared their cytotoxic activity on human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and correlated this activity with the content of Fluoride, Aluminium and Strontium ions in their eluates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elution samples of biomaterials were prepared in sterile tissue culture medium and the medium was tested for toxicity by an assay of cell survival/proliferation (MTT test) and apoptosis (Annexin V FITC Detection Kit). Concentrations of Fluoride, Aluminium and Strontium ions were tested by appropriate methods in the same eluates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell survival ranged between 79.62% (Fuji Triage) to 1.5% (Fuji Plus) and most dead DPSCs were in the stage of late apoptosis. Fluoride release correlated with cytotoxicity of GICs, while Aluminium and Strontium ions, present in significant amount in eluates of tested GICs did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fuji Plus, Vitrebond and Fuji VIII, which released fluoride in higher quantities than other GICs, were highly toxic to human DPSCs. Opposite, low levels of released fluoride correlated to low cytotoxic effect of Composit, Fuji I and Fuji Triage.
authors.affiliation: Department for Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanjevac
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milovanovic
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Volarevic
authors.forename: Miodrag L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lukic
authors.forename: Nebojsa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arsenijevic
authors.forename: Dejan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: Nebojsa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zdravkovic
authors.forename: Zivoslav
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tesic
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lukic
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D005459:Fluorides