title: Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation.
abstract: The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a response to antecedent traumatic stress and/or severe psychological adversity. Others have proposed that dissociation makes individuals prone to fantasy, thereby engendering confabulated memories of trauma. We examine data related to a series of 8 contrasting predictions based on the trauma model and the fantasy model of dissociation. In keeping with the trauma model, the relationship between trauma and dissociation was consistent and moderate in strength, and remained significant when objective measures of trauma were used. Dissociation was temporally related to trauma and trauma treatment, and was predictive of trauma history when fantasy proneness was controlled. Dissociation was not reliably associated with suggestibility, nor was there evidence for the fantasy model prediction of greater inaccuracy of recovered memory. Instead, dissociation was positively related to a history of trauma memory recovery and negatively related to the more general measures of narrative cohesion. Research also supports the trauma theory of dissociation as a regulatory response to fear or other extreme emotion with measurable biological correlates. We conclude, on the basis of evidence related to these 8 predictions, that there is strong empirical support for the hypothesis that trauma causes dissociation, and that dissociation remains related to trauma history when fantasy proneness is controlled. We find little support for the hypothesis that the dissociation-trauma relationship is due to fantasy proneness or confabulated memories of trauma.
authors.affiliation: Dalenberg, Trauma Research Institute, California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University, USA.
authors.forename: Constance J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Dalenberg
authors.forename: Bethany L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Gleaves
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dorahy
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
authors.forename: Etzel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardeña
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Frewen
authors.forename: Eve B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegel
mesh_terms: D000647:Amnesia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005201:Fantasy; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D011939:Mental Recall; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012094:Repression, Psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D013404:Suggestion; D013997:Time Factors