title: Combined spinal epidural anesthesia for laparoscopic appendectomy in adults: A case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopy is one of the most common surgical procedures and is the procedure of choice for most of the elective abdominal surgeries performed preferably under endotracheal general anesthesia. Technical advances in the field of laparoscopy have helped to reduce surgical trauma and discomfort, reduce anesthetic requirement resulting in shortened hospital stay. Recently, regional anaesthetic techniques have been found beneficial, especially in patients at a high risk to receive general anesthesia. Herewith we present a case series of laparoscopic appendectomy in eight American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I and II patients performed under spinal-epidural anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight ASA Grade I and II adult patients undergoing elective Laparoscopic appendectomy received Combined Spinal Epidural Anaesthesia. Spinal Anaesthesia was performed at L(2)-L(3) interspace using 2 ml of 0.5% (10 mg) hyperbaric Bupivacaine mixed with 0.5ml (25 micrograms) of Fentanyl. Epidural catheter was inserted at T(10)-T(11) interspace for inadequate spinal anaesthesia and postoperative pain relief. Perioperative events and operative difficulty were studied. Systemic drugs were administered if patients complained of shoulder pain, abdominal discomfort, nausea or hypotension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spinal anaesthesia was adequate for surgery with no operative difficulty in all the patients. Intraoperatively, two patients experienced right shoulder pain and received Fentanyl, one patient was given Midazolam for anxiety and two were given Ephedrine for hypotension. The postoperative period was uneventful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal anaesthesia with Hyperbaric Bupivacaine and Fentanyl is adequate and safe for elective laparoscopic appendectomy in healthy patients but careful evaluation of the method is needed particularly in compromised cardio respiratory conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, J.N. Medical College, Nehru Nagar, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mane
authors.forename: Manjunath C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kedareshvara
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sanikop