title: Infant formula supplemented with polyamines alters the intestinal microbiota in neonatal BALB/cOlaHsd mice.
abstract: Polyamines play a critical role in the development of intestinal and immune systems during the infant breastfeeding period, but the effect of polyamines on the microbiota has not been reported. The aim of our study was to characterize the impact on the colonization pattern in neonatal BALB/cOlaHsd mice after supplementing an infant formula (IF) with a mixture of putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM). A total of 48 pups (14 days old) were randomly assigned to 4-day intervention groups as follows: breast-fed (unweaned) pups (n=12); weaned pups (n=12) fed an infant formula (IF); weaned pups (n=12) fed an IF enriched with a low concentration of PUT, SPD and SPM (2.10, 22.05 and 38.00 μg/day, respectively); and weaned pups (n=12) fed with IF enriched with a high concentration of PUT, SPD and SPM (8.40, 88.20 and 152.00 μg/day, respectively) of polyamines in accordance with normal proportions found in human milk. Microbiota composition was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with flow cytometry detection. Microbiota changes in formula-fed mice were significantly greater following supplementation with polyamines (P<.01). Bifidobacterium group bacteria, Akkermansia-like bacteria and Lactobacillus-Enterococcus group levels were higher in the groups fed infant formula supplemented with polyamines, resulting in even higher numbers of bacteria than in the breastfed pups. Our findings indicate that infant formulas enriched with polyamines may interact with gut microbiota, suggesting that further studies in human infants are required to assess the impact of polyamines on both growth and microbiota levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo Murcia, Spain. carlosgg@um.es
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gómez-Gallego
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Collado
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ilo
authors.forename: Ulla-Marjut
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Periago
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: Gaspar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011073:Polyamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011700:Putrescine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013095:Spermidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013096:Spermine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D011073:Polyamines; D013096:Spermine; D013095:Spermidine; D011700:Putrescine