title: Imidacloprid in melon guttation fluid: a potential mode of exposure for pest and beneficial organisms.
abstract: ELISA techniques were used to detect imidacloprid in guttation fluid of young cantaloupe plants in Arizona. Imidacloprid was detected at up to 4.1 microg/ml (ppm) in a coincidental guttation collection 3 d after a top label rate soil application and at 37 microg/ml one d after a separate top label rate soil application study. These imidacloprid titers exceed reported median oral toxicities for several insect species by factors of 10 or more. Pesticides in guttation fluid are a relatively unexplored route of exposure for both pest and beneficial insects, and could represent an important risk for both of these groups in guttation-prone environments.
authors.affiliation: USDA Arid Lands Agricultural Research Center, 21881 N. Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85238, USA. ejhoff2ns@gmail.com
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Castle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001130:Arizona; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D028463:Cucumis melo / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018526:Plant Transpiration; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; C082359:imidacloprid