title: Human papilloma virus and oral lesions in gutka eating subjects in Karachi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of HPV in eaters of Gutka (betel, areca, lime and tobacco concoction), presenting with oral lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ziauddin University Research Laboratory, from February to July 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects munching Gutka fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Samples were collected in the form of 20 - 40 ml oral rinse from 262 subjects who were habitual eaters of Gutka after an informed consent. Gentle brushings from the lesion were taken from subjects with the help of a brush at the other end of dental floss and the oral rinse was stored at 4°C until DNA extraction. DNA was extracted and PCR was performed using HPV consensus primers Gp5+/Gp6+. Oral cavity was examined for the presence of ulcer, trismus, sub-mucosal fibrosis, leukoplakia and/or warts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 262 subjects, 42 were females and 220 males with an average age of 27± 10 years. HPV was positive in 47 subjects (17.9%). HPV frequency was 2.7% greater in chewers with more than 10 years of habit compared to less than 10 years. Examination of oral cavity showed 78% presenting with more than one complaint including oral ulcers (25%), rough mucosa (62%), sub-mucosal fibrosis (24%), leukoplakia (20%) and erythroplakia (10.6%). Highest frequency of HPV was observed in erythroplakia (25%). Association between presence of symptoms and HPV shows an ODDS RATIO: ad/bc= 4982/430=11.6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral lesions caused by constant exposure to Gutka are associated with high frequency of HPV infection, which may be a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. People should be educated about the consequences of Gutka abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi. baigsaeeda@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Saeeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: Mohammad Haris
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lucky
authors.forename: Areeba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qamar
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Shaji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Waqas
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Talaiha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chughtai
authors.forename: Wafa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Batool Akhlaq
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Azeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000045:Acacia / Q000009:adverse effects; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000009:adverse effects; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D004279:DNA, Viral