title: Monitoring of atrazine in milk using a rapid tube-based ELISA and validation with HPLC.
abstract: Although atrazine has been banned in the European Union since 2007 it still persists in soil from where it can enter the food chain. Milk-producing animals accumulate atrazine from contaminated feed and water and since large quantities of milk and milk products are consumed its quality should be constantly monitored. The objective of this investigation was to develop a simple tube ELISA procedure suitable for use in non-specialised laboratories and in the field. A polyclonal antibody raised in sheep and the hapten-gelatine conjugate was immobilised onto polystyrene tubes. This enables the colour produced to be read on a basic spectrophotometer. Milk samples were collected from three farms in different regions of Poland and diluted before immunoassay was performed. Samples were extracted with hexane-acetone for HPLC analysis. The amount of fat in the milk samples interferes with the dose response so it essential that the standards are prepared in the same samples matrix. A good correlation between 1% and 2% was found between the two methods in the analysis of real samples. However the ELISA procedure was more sensitive that the HPLC method since atrazine was detected in some samples by the ELISA but was not confirmed by the HPLC method. The study demonstrated that the simple antigen-coated tube assay provides a cost effective and valuable screening test that can be easily modified for direct use as a screening tool in the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 7 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland. Hanna.Barchanska@polsl.pl
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barchanska
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jodo
authors.forename: Robert Graham
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baranowska
authors.forename: Ramadan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abuknesha
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006241:Haptens / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006241:Haptens; D006586:Hexanes; D000096:Acetone; D001280:Atrazine