title: Elevated alanine aminotransferase in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected African patients: magnitude and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is commonly used to measure liver injury in resource-limited settings. Elevations in ALT are predictive of increased mortality from liver disease and may influence the choice of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence and predictors of elevated ALT (defined as >40 IU/L) was conducted. ART-naïve, HIV-infected adults with a baseline ALT measurement who were enrolled in any of the 18 HIV Care and Treatment Clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between November 2004 and December 2009 were included in the study. Median values were calculated and log-binomial regression models were used to examine predictors of elevated ALT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 41891 adults had a baseline ALT measurement performed. The prevalence of ALT >40, >120 and >200 IU/L was 13, 1 and 0.3%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, male sex, CD4 T lymphocyte count <200 cells/μL and higher World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages were associated with a significantly higher risk of ALT >40 IU/L (all P<0.01). Hypertryglyceridaemia, hyperglycaemia and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection (positive for HBV surface antigen) were significantly associated with a higher risk of elevated ALT. Pregnancy, anaemia, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >130 mg/dL and current tuberculosis treatment were associated with a significantly reduced risk for elevated ALT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this HIV-infected, ART-naïve Tanzanian population, extreme elevations in ALT were infrequent but minor elevations were not uncommon. Antiretrovirals with potentially hepatotoxic side effects should be initiated with caution in male patients, and in patients with HBV coinfection, advanced immunosuppression and components of the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. tnagu@muhas.ac.tz
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Nagu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanyangarara
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hertmark
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chalamila
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mugusi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fawzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000410:Alanine Transaminase