title: Low conspicuity of motorcycles for car drivers: dominant role of bottom-up control of visual attention or deficit of top-down control?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the low visibility of motorcycles is the result of their low cognitive conspicuity and/or their low sensory conspicuity for car drivers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In several cases of collision between a car and a motorcycle, the car driver failed to detect the motorcyclist in time to avoid the collision.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the low cognitive conspicuity hypothesis, 42 car drivers (32.02 years old) including 21 motorcyclist motorists and 21 non-motorcyclist motorists carried out a motorcycle detection task in a car-driving simulator.To test the low sensory conspicuity hypothesis, the authors studied the effect of the color contrast between motorcycles and the road surface on the ability of car drivers to detect motorcycles when they appear from different parts of the road.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high level of color contrast enhanced the visibility of motorcycles when they appeared in front of the participants. Moreover, when motorcyclists appeared from behind the participants,the motorcyclist motorists detected oncoming motorcycles at a greater distance than did the non-motorcyclist motorists. Motorcyclist motorists carry out more saccades and rapidly capture information (on their rearview mirrors and on the road in front of them).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results related to the sensory conspicuity and cognitive conspicuity of motorcycles for car drivers are discussed from the viewpoint of visual attention theories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practical implications of these results and future lines of research related to training methods for car drivers are considered.
authors.affiliation: Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, Laboratoire Ergonomie et Sciences Cognitives pour les Transports, 25 avenue François Mitterrand, 69675 Bron, France. joceline.roge@ifsttar.fr
authors.forename: Joceline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogé
authors.forename: Evgueni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Douissembekov
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vienne
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001336:Automobiles; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*