title: Pulsed ultrasound associated with gold nanoparticle gel reduces oxidative stress parameters and expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in an animal model of muscle injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nanogold has been investigated in a wide variety of biomedical applications because of the anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of TPU (Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound) with gold nanoparticles (GNP) on oxidative stress parameters and the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules after traumatic muscle injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were divided in nine groups: sham (uninjured muscle); muscle injury without treatment; muscle injury + DMSO; muscle injury + GNP; muscle injury + DMSO + GNP; muscle injury + TPU; muscle injury + TPU + DMSO; muscle injury + TPU + GNP; muscle injury + TPU + DMSO + GNP. The ROS production was determined by concentration of superoxide anion, modulation of antioxidant defenses was determined by the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes, oxidative damage determined by formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and protein carbonyls. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured as inflammatory parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to muscle injury without treatment group, the muscle injury + TPU + DMSO + GNP gel group promoted a significant decrease in superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation levels (p < 0.050). It also showed a significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β levels (p < 0.050) when compared to muscle injury without treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that TPU + DMSO + GNP gel presents beneficial effects on the muscular healing process, inducing a reduction in the production of ROS and also the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Synthesis of Multifunctional Complexes, UNESC Av, Universitária, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma - SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Victor
authors.forename: Paulo C L
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Jonathann C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Possato
authors.forename: Guilherme L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: da Rosa
authors.forename: Uillian B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Munari
authors.forename: Claudio T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Emilio L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Streck
authors.forename: Marcos M S
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paula
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; D006046:Gold; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase