title: Quantification of mass transfer during spheronisation.
abstract: Spherical granules (pellets) are quite useful in many pharmaceutical applications. The extrusion spheronisation technique is well established as a method of producing pellets of a spherical shape and narrow size distribution. After the extrusion, the cylindrical extrudates are transformed to spherical pellets by spheronisation. The frequently used models consider deformation and breakage during this process. However, the adhesion of fine particles has been neglected as a mechanism in spheronisation for many years. This study quantifies the mass transfer between pellets during spheronisation. During the investigation, the pelletisation aids (microcrystalline cellulose and kappa-carrageenan), the drug (acetaminophen and ibuprofen) and water content were varied systematically. A novel parameter, namely, the "mass transfer fraction" (MTF), was defined to quantify the mass transfer between the pellets. All four investigated formulations had an MTF between 0.10 and 0.52 that implies that up to 50 % of the final pellet weight was involved in mass transfer. Both pelletisation aids showed similar MTF, independent of the drug used. Furthermore, an increase of the MTF, with respect to an increase of the water content, was found for microcrystalline cellulose formulations. In conclusion, the mass transfer between the pellets has to be considered as a mechanism for spheronisation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany. markus.thommes@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koester
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thommes
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry*; D000268:Adhesiveness; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D014867:Water; D000082:Acetaminophen; D002351:Carrageenan; D002482:Cellulose; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose; D007052:Ibuprofen