title: Chemopreventive efficacy of hesperetin (citrus flavonone) against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal carcinogenesis is one of the most common cancers/lethal diseases. Chronic inflammation is considered a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Hesperetin, a flavonone found in citrus fruits and oranges is shown to possess potent growth inhibitory effects against various human cancer cells. It possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. AIM OF THE SCOPE: In the present study, we have evaluated the chemopreventive efficacy of hesperetin against rat colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1 served as control, received modified pellet diet and group 2 rats received 20 mg/kg body weight of hesperetin p.o. every day. Groups 3-6 rats were given subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 15 consecutive weeks. In addition, rats in group 4 received hesperetin as in group 2 for the first 15 weeks (initiation), group 5 rats received hesperetin as in group 2 after the last injection of DMH and continued till the end of the experimental period (postinitiation). Group 6 rats received hesperetin as in group 2 throughout the entire experimental period of 32 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detection of cell proliferation markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (immunohistochemistry), argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) (silver staining); apoptosis (immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry); angiogenic growth factors (ELISA) indicated decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptotic markers in the colon. In addition, decreased angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and downregulation of mRNA Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions were observed in mucosal and fecal samples of hesperetin-supplemented rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hesperetin supplementation showed an inhibition of cell proliferation markers, angiogenic growth factors, COX-2 mRNA expression and induction of apoptosis. Thus, hesperetin can be used as a potent chemopreventive agent against DMH-induced colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Annamalainagar, India. nalininam@yahoo.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nalini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aranganathan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kabalimurthy
mesh_terms: D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D006569:Hesperidin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D019813:1,2-Dimethylhydrazine; C013015:hesperetin