title: Self-reported and behavioral sound avoidance in tinnitus and hyperacusis subjects, and association with anxiety ratings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to analyse the role of sound avoidance and anxiety in tinnitus subjects with hyperacusis, defined as hypersensitivity to low to moderate intensity sounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of tinnitus subjects with hyperacusis was compared to tinnitus subjects without hyperacusis, and healthy controls. For assessing noise avoidance, a questionnaire was developed (noise avoidance questionnaire, NAQ) and the duration of self-exposure to a pure tone was assessed as a behavioral index. Different self-rating instruments concerning tinnitus (STI, TF-12), hyperacusis (GÜF), and anxiety (BAI, STAI-T) were used, as well as a psychoacoustic indicator of hyperacusis (ULL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six tinnitus subjects with/without hyperacusis and 30 controls without tinnitus and hyperacusis participated in the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings indicate that subjects with hyperacusis reported significantly more noise-related avoidance in daily life and show significantly shorter exposure to a pure tone than non-hyperacusic subjects, while discomfort was at the same level for each individual. Self-reported avoidance behavior correlated significantly with distress attributed to hyperacusis (r =0.81), and with anxiety ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that hyperacusis is associated with noise-related avoidance behavior and anxiety. Systematic exposure to sound could play a significant role in the treatment of hyperacusis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany. lblaesi@uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blaesing
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kroener-Herwig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012001:Hyperacusis / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057566:Self Report; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult