title: The optic nerve head as a robust biomechanical system.
abstract: Purpose. Understanding the effects of IOP on the optic nerve head (ONH) is important in understanding glaucoma and ONH structure and function. The authors tested the hypothesis that the ONH is a robust biomechanical structure wherein various factors combine to produce a relatively stable response to IOP.  Methods. The authors generated two populations of 100,000 ONH numerical models each with randomly selected values, but controlled distributions, either uniform or Gaussian, of ONH geometry and mechanical properties. The authors predicted the lamina cribrosa displacement (LCD), scleral canal expansion (SCE), and the stresses (forces) and deformations (strains) produced by a 10 mm Hg increase in IOP. The authors analyzed the distributions of the responses.  Results. The responses were distributed nonuniformly, with the majority of the models having a response within a small region, often less than 30% of the size of the overall response region. This concentration of responses was more marked in the Gaussian population than in the uniform population. All the responses were positively skewed. Whether a particular case was typical or not depended on the response used for classification and on whether the decision was made using one-dimensional or two-dimensional criteria.  Conclusions. Despite wide variations in ONH characteristics and responses to IOP, some responses were much more common than others. This supports conceiving of the eye as a robust structure, particularly for LCD and SCE, which is tolerant to variations in tissue geometry and mechanical properties. The authors also provide the first estimates of the typical mechanical response of the ONH to variations in IOP over a large population of ONHs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. sigalia@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Sigal
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bilonick
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kagemann
authors.forename: Gadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wollstein
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Grimm
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000502:physiology*; D012590:Sclera / Q000502:physiology