title: [Effect of bronchoscopic cryosurgery in twenty-two children with lower airway stenosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effect and safety of bronchoscopic cryosurgery in children with lower airway stenosis caused by granulation and fiber hyperplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients had undergone bronchoscopic examination and cryosurgery, 18 patients with atelectasis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, 2 patients with endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB), 1 patient with atelectasis caused by granulation tissue after bronchial foreign body, and 1 case who had severe dyspnea, with tracheal stenosis after long-term endotracheal intubation during surgery for heart disease. All the patients under went bronchoscopic cryosurgery for several times, 1 case with severe tracheal stenosis was operated by electric coagulation before cryosurgery. Before and after the treatment, all the patients were evaluated based on clinical symptoms, tracheal lumen by bronchoscopy, chest CT for atelectasis and pulmonary function for tracheal stenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were treated with cryosurgery for 1-4 times. Sixteen cases were markedly improved, clinical symptoms disappeared completely, no granulation and fiber hyperplasia were found during bronchoscopy, and all the atelectasis were cured. After the treatment, the bronchial lumen diameter of the patient with tracheal stenosis was increased from 2 mm to about 5 mm, the tidal volume increased from 3.0 ml/kg to 8.8 ml/kg. Five cases were effectively improved, the clinical symptoms also disappeared, during bronchoscopy and bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL), no granulation and fiber hyperplasia were found, but some distal bronchial tubes were atresia or narrowed, the lumen was patent, the atelectasis recovered partially. In 1 case the treatment was ineffective, as the clinical symptoms and granulation disappeared, but because almost all distal bronchi were atresia or narrow, the lumen was not patent during BAL, there was no change on chest CT. The total effective rate was 21/22 (95.5%). No severe complications occurred during and after the procedures. All the patient were followed up for 1 - 12 months, no case had recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with bronchoscopic cryosurgery is a safe and effective methods to tracheal stenosis caused by granulation tissue and fiber hyperplasia in children.
authors.affiliation: Center for Respiratory Intervention, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Cai-yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-hong
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhong-xiao
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiu-li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiao-rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000150:complications; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003452:Cryosurgery; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery