title: Are intracostal sutures better than pericostal sutures for closing a thoracotomy?
abstract: A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was to identify which thoracotomy closure method lends itself to the least postoperative pain. Altogether 109 papers were found using the reported search; of which, seven represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. We conclude that the closure by intracostal sutures with intercostal nerve sparing offers a superior postoperative pain profile for thoracotomy patients when compared with conventional techniques. Up to 1-year follow-up has shown that this technique (avoiding strangulation of the intercostal nerve) leads to lower postoperative pain and analgesic use, better ambulation and a quicker return to daily activities. Three papers (including two randomized trials) found intracostal sutures with intercostal nerve sparing techniques to be superior to conventional methods such as pericostal suture closure. Rib approximation with intercostal nerve sparing was found to be superior to rib approximation without nerve sparing in one study. Two studies associated with the creation of an intercostal muscle flap prior to the insertion of a rib retractor to be associated with significantly reduced postoperative pain. One study described a novel 'edge-closure' technique, comparable to the closure with intracostal sutures without drilling, to be superior to conventional closure with pericostal sutures. Postoperative pain is a significant issue faced by thoracic surgeons both in-hospital and in the longer term where patients may complain of chronic thoracotomy pain. We would therefore recommend that some form of intercostal nerve protection be implemented during thoracotomy opening and closure.
authors.affiliation: King's College London School of Medicine, London,  UK.
authors.forename: Ravindran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Visagan
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: Alex R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shipolini
authors.forename: Omar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Jarral
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019985:Benchmarking; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000293:injuries*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics