title: Epidemic history of hepatitis C virus infection in two remote communities in Nigeria, West Africa.
abstract: We investigated the molecular epidemiology and population dynamics of HCV infection among indigenes of two semi-isolated communities in North-Central Nigeria. Despite remoteness and isolation, ~15% of the population had serological or molecular markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS5b sequences obtained from 60 HCV-infected residents showed that HCV variants belonged to genotype 1 (n=51; 85%) and genotype 2 (n=9; 15%). All sequences were unique and intermixed in the phylogenetic tree with HCV sequences from people infected from other West African countries. The high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing of the HCV hypervariable region 1 and an empirical threshold error correction algorithm were used to evaluate intra-host heterogeneity of HCV strains of genotype 1 (n=43) and genotype 2 (n=6) from residents of the communities. Analysis revealed a rare detectable intermixing of HCV intra-host variants among residents. Identification of genetically close HCV variants among all known groups of relatives suggests a common intra-familial HCV transmission in the communities. Applying Bayesian coalescent analysis to the NS5b sequences, the most recent common ancestors for genotype 1 and 2 variants were estimated to have existed 675 and 286 years ago, respectively. Bayesian skyline plots suggest that HCV lineages of both genotypes identified in the Nigerian communities experienced epidemic growth for 200-300 years until the mid-20th century. The data suggest a massive introduction of numerous HCV variants to the communities during the 20th century in the background of a dynamic evolutionary history of the hepatitis C epidemic in Nigeria over the past three centuries.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Forbi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Purdy
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Zoya E
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Dimitrova
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Lilia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ganova-Raeva
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Guo-Liang
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Yury E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Khudyakov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D058872:Epidemics / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000821:virology*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044382:Population Groups; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; C087036:NS-5 protein, hepatitis C virus; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase