title: Antioxidant defence of colostrum and milk in consecutive lactations in sows.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parturition is supposed to be related to oxidative stress, not only for the mother, but also for the newborn. Moreover, it is not clear whether consecutive pregnancies, parturitions, and lactations are similar to each other in regards to intensity of metabolic processes or differ from each other. The aim of the study was to compare dynamic changes of antioxidative parameters in colostrum and milk of sows taken during 72 h postpartum from animals in consecutive lactations. Activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione transferase (GSH-Tr), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and amount of vitamin A and C were measured. Healthy pregnant animals were divided into 4 groups according to the assessed lactation: A -1st lactation (n = 10), B - 2nd and 3rd lactation (n = 7), C - 4th and 5th lactation (n = 11), D - 6th - 8th lactation (n = 8). The colostrum was sampled immediately after parturition and after 6, 12, 18 and 36 h while the milk was assessed at 72 h after parturition. Spectrophotometric methods were used for measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The activity of antioxidative enzymes and the concentration of vitamin A increased with time postpartum. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest between the 18th and 36th h postpartum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic changes in the values of antioxidant parameters measured during the study showed that sows milk provides the highest concentration of antioxidants in the 2nd and 3rd and 4th and 5th lactation giving the best defence against reactive oxygen species to newborns and mammary glands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, Lublin 20-033, Poland. marta.kankofer@up.lublin.pl.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipko-Przybylska
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kankofer