title: Maternal high-fat diet impacts endothelial function in nonhuman primate offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The link between maternal under-nutrition and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the offspring later in life is well recognized, but the impact of maternal over-nutrition on the offspring's cardiovascular function and subsequent risk for CVD later in life remains unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of maternal exposure to a high-fat/calorie diet (HFD) during pregnancy and early postnatal period on endothelial function of the offspring in a nonhuman primate model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Offspring, naturally born to either a control (CTR) diet (14% fat calories) or a HFD (36% fat calories) consumption dam, were breast-fed until weaning at about 8 months of age. After weaning, the offspring were either maintained on the same diet (CTR/CTR, HFD/HFD), or underwent a diet switch (CTR/HFD, HFD/CTR). Blood samples and arterial tissues were collected at necropsy when the animals were about 13 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFD/HFD juveniles displayed an increased plasma insulin level and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in comparison with CTR/CTR. In abdominal aorta, but not the renal artery, acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was decreased remarkably for HFD/HFD juveniles compared with CTR/CTR. HFD/HFD animals also showed a thicker intima wall and an abnormal vascular-morphology, concurrent with elevated expression levels of several markers related to vascular inflammation and fibrinolytic function. Diet-switching animals (HFD/CTR and CTR/HFD) displayed modest damage on the abdominal vessel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that maternal HFD exposure impairs offspring's endothelial function. Both early programming events and postweaning diet contribute to the abnormalities that could be reversed partially by diet intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lindsley
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: G-W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Thornburg
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Grove
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D044343:Overnutrition / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D010927:Placental Insufficiency / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D011323:Primates; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014886:Weaning