title: Endoscopic botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of diabetic gastropathy in pancreas and islet-cell transplant patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastroparesis is a well-recognized, long-term complication of diabetes. Prokinetic drugs are often not effective, prompting the development of alternative therapies. We report our experience of using one such alternative, endoscopic botulinum toxin injection, to ameliorate diabetic gastropathy in association with pancreas and islet-cell transplant patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three male diabetic patients aged 42 to 55 years had been treated with botulinum toxin in our center. Two patients were both after-simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant and 1 was awaiting islet-cell transplant after pancreatectomy. Mechanical gastric outlet obstruction was first excluded by radiological and endoscopic studies. Between 100 and 200 IU of toxin were then injected in the prepyloric region using an endoscopic technique. A subjective scoring scale was used to assess symptoms before and after botulinum therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement in subjective symptom severity scoring was seen in all patients, with a posttreatment improvement from 55% to 91%. Such improvement was temporary in 2 patients and long-lasting in 1 patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time for improvement of gastric autonomic function after pancreas or islet-cell transplantation remains unclear. Some patients may continue to be symptomatic, leading to increasing morbidity. However, endoscopic botulinum injections may provide short-term relief while waiting for improvement and spare patients the morbidity associated with more-invasive therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. m.thomas2@nhs.net
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Colin H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Manu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nayar
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Manus
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D017615:Enteric Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation; D019512:Pancreatitis, Alcoholic / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A