title: Microarray-based method for screening of immunogenic proteins from bacteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detection of immunogenic proteins remains an important task for life sciences as it nourishes the understanding of pathogenicity, illuminates new potential vaccine candidates and broadens the spectrum of biomarkers applicable in diagnostic tools. Traditionally, immunoscreenings of expression libraries via polyclonal sera on nitrocellulose membranes or screenings of whole proteome lysates in 2-D gel electrophoresis are performed. However, these methods feature some rather inconvenient disadvantages. Screening of expression libraries to expose novel antigens from bacteria often lead to an abundance of false positive signals owing to the high cross reactivity of polyclonal antibodies towards the proteins of the expression host. A method is presented that overcomes many disadvantages of the old procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four proteins that have previously been described as immunogenic have successfully been assessed immunogenic abilities with our method. One protein with no known immunogenic behaviour before suggested potential immunogenicity.We incorporated a fusion tag prior to our genes of interest and attached the expressed fusion proteins covalently on microarrays. This enhances the specific binding of the proteins compared to nitrocellulose. Thus, it helps to reduce the number of false positives significantly. It enables us to screen for immunogenic proteins in a shorter time, with more samples and statistical reliability. We validated our method by employing several known genes from Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method presented offers a new approach for screening of bacterial expression libraries to illuminate novel proteins with immunogenic features. It could provide a powerful and attractive alternative to existing methods and help to detect and identify vaccine candidates, biomarkers and potential virulence-associated factors with immunogenic behaviour furthering the knowledge of virulence and pathogenicity of studied bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Branch Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. sebastian.hoppe@ibmt.fraunhofer.de
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Bier
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Nickisch-Rosenegk
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000378:metabolism*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins