title: Acute contact toxicity test of insecticides (Cipermetrina 25, Lorsban 48E, Thionex 35) on honeybees in the southwestern zone of Uruguay.
abstract: Glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivation is expanding rapidly in Uruguay, with its land area having increased by 95 times during the past 10 years. Because of the region's Neotropical conditions, insecticide use is required to ensure adequate soybean productivity. However, in areas shared by soybean crops and beekeepers - such as the southwestern zone of Uruguay (SWZU) - the use of insecticides can increase the risks of honeybee death and honey contamination. Uruguayan commercial and legal guidelines set out practices and field doses designed to prevent acute intoxication with insecticides. However, honeybees in the SWZU are predominantly a polyhybrid subspecies different from that used to set international reference values, and hence they may have a different acute toxicity response, thus rendering such precautions ineffective. The aim of this work was to assess the acute toxicity response of polyhybrid honeybees in the SWZU to cypermethrin (commercial formulation: Cipermetrina 25 Agrin®), chlorpyrifos (commercial formulation: Lorsban 48E®), and endosulfan (commercial formulation: Thionex 35®). Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted to determine the median lethal dose (LD(50)) of each insecticide for the honeybees. The results indicate that, compared with EU reference values, SWZU honeybees have a higher toxicological sensitivity to chlorpyrifos and endosulfan, and a lower toxicological sensitivity to cypermethrin, based on the commercial formulations tested. However, when these results were adjusted according to their field dose equivalents, only chlorpyrifos emerged as a potential problem for beekeeping, as the maximum recommended field dose of Lorsban 48E® for soybean crops in Uruguay is 23 times the corresponding LD(50) for honeybees in the SWZU.
authors.affiliation: National Production and Environmental Sustainability Research Program, National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA), Experimental Station Alberto Boerger INIA La Estanzuela, Route 50 km 11, P.O. 39173, Colonia, Uruguay. lcarrasco@inia.org.uy
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Letelier
authors.forename: Yamandú
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Spina
authors.forename: María Belén
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Branchiccela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004726:Endosulfan