title: Fluid Dynamic Investigation of the ATS 3F Enable Sutureless Heart Valve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : Currently, sutureless heart valves (SHV) reveal good clinical results during aortic valve replacement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluid dynamics of the ATS 3F Enable SHV in the ascending aorta and their influence on the aortic wall in an in vitro setup.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A two-dimensional particle image velocimetry study with an image rate of 15 Hz was conducted to evaluate the fluid dynamics of the SHV in the aortic flow field. The prosthesis (diameter, 23 mm) was placed inside a silicone mock aorta under pulsatile flow conditions. Velocities, vorticity, and strain rate were obtained and calculated with a fixed frequency (70 Hz) at constant stroke volume (70 mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  : 3F Enable showed a jet flow type profile with a maximum velocity of 1.01 ± 0.13 m/s during peak flow phase (PFP). The jet flow was surrounded by ambilateral vortices with a slightly higher percentage of clockwise than counterclockwise vorticity (377 ± 57/s vs 389 ± 76/s), strain rate (370 ± 79/s for elongation vs -370 ± 102/s for contraction) was nearly similar. The point-of-interest analysis revealed a higher velocity for bottom compared with upper aortic wall (0.28 ± 0.07 m/s vs 0.31 ± 0.06 m/s, P = 0.024). All values were lower during acceleration and deceleration phase compared with PFP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : The peak flow of the 3F Enable SHV seems to be little higher compared with native aortic valves, thus simulating nearly physiologic conditions. Vorticity and strain rate are high during PFP and low during other phases and might have an influence on the aortic wall as well.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Mechanics and Robotics, University Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany; and †Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stühle
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Guojun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thielmann
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk