title: Initial experience with robotic epicardial off-pump pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : To evaluate the feasibility and results of isolated endoscopic pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using robotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Between November 2004 and December 2005, 13 patients (38.5% female) underwent robotic pulmonary vein isolation at our institution. Mean age was 46.8 ± 8.4 years and mean preoperative duration of atrial fibrillation was 52.7 ± 31.5 months. Indication for surgery was symptomatic drug-refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or recurrence after percutaneous treatment (n = 3). Mean preoperative left atrial dimension was 38.5 ± 6.9 mm. The surgical procedure was performed off-pump as an isolated right chest approach. All procedures were performed using the Flex 10 microwave ablator (Guidant, Indianapolis, IN), which was positioned from the right side through the transverse sinus and around the 4 pulmonary veins. Postoperative drug regimen included sotalol and Coumadin. Mean follow-up was 8.5 ± 3.4 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : The procedure was successful in 11 patients. One patient needed conversion to median sternotomy for right pulmonary artery bleeding and a second patient had severe transverse sinus adhesions requiring conversion to a bilateral video-assisted small thoracotomy approach. No other morbidity occurred. Mean procedure time in successful cases was 2.7 ± 0.8 hours (range 1.7 to 4 hours). Permanent sinus rhythm was successfully restored in 10 of 13 patients (76.9% beyond 6 months). Nonsuccessful patients had markedly reduced symptoms and frequency of events. One patient required a left and another a right atrial flutter ablation during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Robotic pulmonary vein isolation is a feasible procedure that has the potential to become a valid option in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: From the OLV Clinic, *Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Department and †Cardiovascular Research and Teaching Institute, Aalst, Belgium.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casselman
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bakir
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brugada
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geelen
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wellens
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Praet
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gegrieck
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vanermen