title: Effect of hypercapnia on spleen-related haemoglobin increase during apnea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Splenic contraction associated with apnea causes increased haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit (Hct), an effect that may promote prolonged breath-holding. Hypoxia has been shown to augment this effect, but hypercapnic influences have not been investigated previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight non-divers performed three series of apneas on separate days after inspiration of oxygen with different carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels. Each series consisted of three apneas 2 minutes apart: one with pre-breathing of 5% CO₂ in oxygen (O₂, 'Hypercapnia'); one with pre-breathing of 100% O₂ ('Normocapnia'); and one with hyperventilation of 100% O₂ ('Hypocapnia'). The apnea durations were repeated identically in all trials, determined from the maximum duration attained in the CO₂ trial. A fourth trial, breathing 5% CO₂ in O₂ for the same duration as these apneas was also performed ('Eupneic hypercapnia'). In three subjects, spleen size was measured using ultrasonic imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Haemoglobin increased by 4% after apneas in the 'Hypercapnia' trial (P = 0.002) and by 3% in the 'Normocapnia' trial (P = 0.011), while the 'Hypocapnia' and 'Eupneic hypercapnia' trials showed no changes. The 'easy' phase of apnea, i.e., the period without involuntary breathing movements, was longest in the 'Hypocapnia' trial and shortest in the 'Hypercapnia' trial. A decrease in spleen size was evident in the hypercapnic trial, whereas in the hypocapnia trial spleen size increased, while only minor changes occurred in the other trials. No differences were observed between trials in the cardiovascular diving response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a dose-response effect of CO₂ on triggering splenic contraction during apnea in the absence of hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Matt X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Harald K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Engan
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lodin-Sundström
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schagatay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006400:Hematocrit; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006441:Hemoglobin A; D010100:Oxygen