title: Merging systems biology with pharmacodynamics.
abstract: The emerging discipline of systems pharmacology aims to combine analysis and computational modeling of cellular regulatory networks with quantitative pharmacology approaches to drive the drug discovery processes, predict rare adverse events, and catalyze the practice of personalized precision medicine. Here, we introduce the concept of enhanced pharmacodynamic (ePD) models, which synergistically combine the desirable features of systems biology and current PD models within the framework of ordinary or partial differential equations. ePD models that analyze regulatory networks involved in drug action can account for a drug's multiple targets and for the effects of genomic, epigenomic, and posttranslational changes on the drug efficacy. This new knowledge can drive drug discovery and shape precision medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Systems Biology Center New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. ravi.iyengar@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Seung-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Mager
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010600:Pharmacology; D049490:Systems Biology