title: Biomechanical gait analysis of pigs walking on solid concrete floor.
abstract: Inappropriate floors in pig pens and slippery floor conditions may cause leg problems that reduce animal welfare. Therefore the objectives of the present study were to characterise the walk of pigs on dry concrete solid floor, to evaluate whether pigs modify their gait according to floor condition, and to suggest a coefficient of friction (COF) that ensures safe walking on solid concrete floors for pigs. Kinematic (50 Hz video recordings in the sagittal plane) and kinetic (1 KHz force plate measuring three perpendicular ground reaction forces) data were collected from four strides of both the fore- and hindlimbs of 30 healthy pigs walking on dry, greasy and wet concrete floor with 10 pigs on each floor condition. The COF of the floor conditions were tested in a drag-test. The results from the gait analysis showed that the pigs adapted their gait to potentially slippery floors by lowering their walking speed and reducing their peak utilised COF on greasy and wet (contaminated) floors compared with dry floors. Moreover, the pigs shortened their progression length and prolonged their stance phase duration on greasy floor compared with dry and wet floors. Thus the greasy floor appeared the most slippery condition to the pigs, whereas the wet floor was intermediate to the other two conditions. The pigs walked with a four-beat gait, and the limbs differed biomechanically, as the forelimbs carried more load, received higher peak vertical forces and had longer lasting stance phases than did the hindlimbs. The utilised COF from the gait analysis indicated that a high floor COF (>0.63) is needed to prevent pigs from slipping and thus to ensure safe walking on dry concrete floors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,University of Aarhus, Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Thorup
authors.forename: F Aa
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Tøgersen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jensen