title: A simulation model that predicts handling forces required to reposition surgical lights.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High handling forces of surgical lighting systems limit their usability. To make improvements to the mechanical design of the system the behaviour of the system should be understood. Therefore, this study presents a model that predicts handling forces of surgical lighting systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geometry and joint friction torques of a real lighting system were measured and implemented in a validated force model. Mean, standard deviation within the spatial region, minimum force and maximum force were computed for three different regions of the working area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (standard deviation within the spatial region) forces were 129 (106) N in the centre region, and 61 (14) N and 60 (17) N in more offcentre regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simulation results showed high handling forces in the central region, explaining the observed repositioning patterns of the surgical light during surgery. The model can also be used to compare different lighting systems, or to evaluate the effect of design changes.
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands. a.j.knulst@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Knulst
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mooijweer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dankelman
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009873:Operating Rooms; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013523:Surgical Equipment; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative