title: "Secondary stem lengthening" in the palm Iriartea deltoidea (Arecaceae) provides an efficient and novel method for height growth in a tree form.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although traditionally assumed that all height growth in trees occurs at apical meristems, sequential measurement of internode lengths in the palm Iriartea deltoidea suggested that stems were lengthening long after the differentiation of tissues and far below the apical meristem. This observation is difficult to reconcile with the fact that neither the water-conducting vessels nor the sugar-transporting sieve tube cells are capable of lengthening after differentiation. However, the vascular bundles in palms form a spiral within the stem and could theoretically lengthen if the spiral "straightened".
  
  
  METHODS
  We marked stretches of internodes on small and medium-sized palms and measured their lengths over 2 years. Additionally, we collected material from small palms with short internodes and large palms with long internodes and made cross sections to determine the angle of vascular bundles within stems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that stems lengthened (up to 12% over 2 years) below the apical meristem in small and medium-sized palms and that the spiral angle in vascular bundles of small palms was significantly larger than at the base of large palms indicating a straightening of the spiral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results represent the first determination of "secondary lengthening" in tree stems as well as the most efficient method for height growth in terms of carbon investment. Likewise, elongation of stems allows palms to exhibit plasticity in height growth rates for more rapid growth when short-lived canopy gaps are present than they would have with apical growth alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. hrenninger@gmail.com);
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Renninger
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D058526:Plant Vascular Bundle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology; D014197:Trees / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*