title: The evolution of pepsinogen C genes in vertebrates: duplication, loss and functional diversification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aspartic proteases comprise a large group of enzymes involved in peptide proteolysis. This collection includes prominent enzymes globally categorized as pepsins, which are derived from pepsinogen precursors. Pepsins are involved in gastric digestion, a hallmark of vertebrate physiology. An important member among the pepsinogens is pepsinogen C (Pgc). A particular aspect of Pgc is its apparent single copy status, which contrasts with the numerous gene copies found for example in pepsinogen A (Pga). Although gene sequences with similarity to Pgc have been described in some vertebrate groups, no exhaustive evolutionary framework has been considered so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By combining phylogenetics and genomic analysis, we find an unexpected Pgc diversity in the vertebrate sub-phylum. We were able to reconstruct gene duplication timings relative to the divergence of major vertebrate clades. Before tetrapod divergence, a single Pgc gene tandemly expanded to produce two gene lineages (Pgbc and Pgc2). These have been differentially retained in various classes. Accordingly, we find Pgc2 in sauropsids, amphibians and marsupials, but not in eutherian mammals. Pgbc was retained in amphibians, but duplicated in the ancestor of amniotes giving rise to Pgb and Pgc1. The latter was retained in mammals and probably in reptiles and marsupials but not in birds. Pgb was kept in all of the amniote clade with independent episodes of loss in some mammalian species. Lineage specific expansions of Pgc2 and Pgbc have also occurred in marsupials and amphibians respectively. We find that teleost and tetrapod Pgc genes reside in distinct genomic regions hinting at a possible translocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the repertoire of Pgc genes is larger than previously reported, and that tandem duplications have modelled the history of Pgc genes. We hypothesize that gene expansion lead to functional divergence in tetrapods, coincident with the invasion of terrestrial habitats.
authors.affiliation: CIMAR Associate Laboratory, CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, UPorto-University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. filipe.castro@ciimar.up.pt
authors.forename: Luís Filipe Costa
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopes-Marques
authors.forename: Odete
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Jonathan Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D020115:Pepsinogen C / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D026801:Synteny; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020115:Pepsinogen C