title: The role of collaborative interactivity in the observational practice of clinical skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Video-based observational practice can extend simulation-based learning outside the training space. This study explores the value of collaborative feedback provided during observational practice to the acquisition of clinical skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nursing students viewed a video demonstrating the proper ventrogluteal injection technique before performing a videotaped pre-test trial on a simulator. They were then assigned randomly to one of three observational practice groups: a group that observed the expert demonstration (EO group); a group that viewed the expert demonstration, self-assessed their individual pre-test and contrasted their self-assessments with expert feedback (ESO group), and a group that observed the expert demonstration, self-assessed and contrasted their assessments with those of an expert, and formed a community that engaged in peer-to-peer feedback (ESPO group). The observation of all videos, the provision of assessments and all networking occurred via an Internet-mediated network. After 2 weeks, participants returned for post-tests and transfer tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pre-test-post-test analyses revealed significant interactions (global rating scale: F((2,22)) =4.00 [p =0.033]; checklist: F((2,22)) =4.31 [p =0.026]), which indicated that post-test performance in the ESPO group was significantly better than pre-test performance. The transfer analyses revealed main effects for both the global rating scale (F((2,23)) =6.73; p =0.005) and validated checklist (F((2,23)) =7.04; p =0.004) measures. Participants in the ESPO group performed better on the transfer test than those in the EO group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that video-based observational practice can be effective in extending simulation-based learning, but its effectiveness is mediated by the amount of time the learner spends engaged in the practice and the type of learning activities the learner performs in the observational practice environment. We speculate that increasing collaborative interactivity supports observational learning by increasing the extent to which the educational environment can accommodate learners' specific needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lawrence E M
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Grierson
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kapralos
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carnahan
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubrowski
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014741:Video Recording