title: Self-efficacy and self-esteem as predictors of participation in spinal cord injury--an ICF-based study.
abstract: METHODS
  A multi-centre cross-sectional study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of self-efficacy and self-esteem with participation of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) from a comprehensive bio-psycho-social perspective, based on the conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling participants, <5 years post discharge, recruited through three SCI rehabilitation centers in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected by means of standardized self-report questionnaires sent to the eligible participants by postal mail. The questionnaires covered the different components of the ICF's bio-psycho-social model, namely health conditions, body functions, participation, environmental and personal factors. Bivariate correlations and multivariate linear regression analyses with participation as the dependent variable have been conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 102 persons with SCI answered the survey, response rate 25.9%. Self-esteem (r=0.61) and self-efficacy (r=0.54) correlated highly with participation and were the strongest correlates of participation. They were stronger correlates of participation than symptoms of anxiety, depressive symptoms, pain, health conditions, social support, coping styles or sense of coherence. Participation seemed to be independent of gender, age, level or completeness of injury. Self-efficacy and self-esteem explained together with time since discharge and years of education 48% of the variance in participation adjusting for health condition, depressive symptoms, pain interference and social support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering self-efficacy and self-esteem within the comprehensive framework of the ICF can contribute to a better understanding of functioning, disability and health in SCI, which in turn may facilitate the development of interventions to support the persons' adjustment and reintegration.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Nottwil, Switzerland. szilvia.geyh@paranet.ch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geyh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stirnimann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehrat
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lude
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires