title: Bodybuilding, energy, and weight-loss supplements are associated with deployment and physical activity in U.S. military personnel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The characteristics of U.S. military personnel who use dietary supplements have not been well described. This study aimed to determine whether deployment experience and physical activity were associated with the use of bodybuilding, energy, or weight-loss supplement among U.S. military personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported data from active-duty, Reserve, and National Guard participants of the Millennium Cohort Study collected from 2007-2008 (n = 106,698) on supplement use, physical activity, and other behavioral data were linked with deployment and demographic data. We used multivariable logistic regression sex-stratified models to compare the adjusted odds of each type of supplement use among those with deployment experience in support of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan and those engaged in aerobic or strength-training activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 46.7% of participants reported using at least one type of supplement, and 22.0% reported using multiple supplements. Male deployers were more likely to use bodybuilding supplements, whereas female deployers were more likely to use weight-loss supplements. Physically active and younger subjects reported all types of supplement use. Men and women reporting 5 or less hours of sleep per night were more likely to use energy supplements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of supplement use and important characteristics found to be associated with their use, including deployment, physical activity, and suboptimal sleep, suggest focus areas for future research and adverse event monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106-3521, USA. isabel.jacobson@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Isabel G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Jaime L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Besa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: Harris R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Margaret A K
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Tyler C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents