title: The SEC6 protein is required for contractile vacuole function in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
abstract: Contractile vacuoles (CVs) are essential for osmoregulation in many protists. To investigate the mechanism of CV function in Chlamydomonas, we isolated novel osmoregulatory mutants. Four of the isolated mutant cell lines carried the same 33,641 base deletion, rendering the cell lines unable to grow under strong hypotonic conditions. One mutant cell line (Osmo75) was analyzed in detail. The CV morphology was variable in mutant cells, and most cells had multiple small CVs. In addition, one or two enlarged CVs or no visible CVs at all, were observed by light microscopy. These findings suggest that the mutant is impaired in homotypic vacuolar and exocytotic membrane fusion. Furthermore the mutants had long flagella. One of the affected genes is the only SEC6 homologue in Chlamydomonas (CreSEC6). The SEC6 protein is a component of the exocyst complex that is required for efficient exocytosis. Transformation of the Osmo75 mutant with a CreSEC6-GFP construct rescued the mutant completely (osmoregulation and flagellar length). Rescued strains overexpressed CreSEC6 (as a GFP-tagged protein) and displayed a modified CV activity. CVs were larger, whereas the CV contraction interval remained unchanged, leading to increased water efflux rates. Electron microscopy analysis of Osmo75 cells showed that the mutant is able to form the close contact zones between the plasma membrane and the CV membrane observed during late diastole and systole. These results indicate that CreSEC6 is essential for CV function and required for homotypic vesicle fusion during diastole and water expulsion during systole. In addition, CreSEC6 is not only necessary for CV function, but possibly influences the CV cycle in an indirect manner and flagellar length in Chlamydomonas.
authors.affiliation: Botany, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne,  Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komsic-Buchmann
authors.forename: Lisa Marie
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D016825:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005089:Exocytosis; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins