title: Sleepiness and fatigue following traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to healthy controls (CTLs) on measures of sleepiness, fatigue, and sleep, and explore correlates of sleepiness and fatigue separately for each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 22 adults with moderate/severe TBI (time since injury ≥ 1 year; mean=53.0 ± 37.1 months) and 22 matched healthy CTLs. They underwent one night of polysomnographic (PSG) recording of their sleep followed the next day by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT). They also completed a 14-day sleep diary, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant group differences on measures of objective (MWT) or subjective (ESS) sleepiness, both groups being quite alert. However, TBI participants reported greater consequences of sleepiness on their general productivity (FOSQ), spent more time in bed at night, and napped more frequently and for a longer time during the day. Subjective fatigue was significantly higher in TBI participants on the general, physical, and mental fatigue MFI subscales. There were no between-group differences on any sleep parameters derived either from PSG or sleep diary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fatigue appeared to be a more prominent symptom than sleepiness when assessed between 1 and 11 years after TBI. Participants with TBI used compensatory strategies such as increasing time spent in bed and daytime napping in this sample. Future research should document the time course of sleepiness and fatigue after TBI and investigate treatment options.
authors.affiliation: École de psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine Savard 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, Canada. Simon.Beaulieu-Bonneau.1@ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beaulieu-Bonneau
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Morin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D020201:Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014851:Wakefulness; D055815:Young Adult