title: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for children with cerebral palsy: a review.
abstract: The aim of this review paper is to consider the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to improve gait or upper limb function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Although most NMES research has been directed at adults with neurological conditions, there is a growing body of evidence supporting its use in children with CP. In line with a recent meta-analysis, the use of electrical stimulation to minimise impairment and activity limitations during gait is cautiously advocated. A detailed commentary on one of the most common lower limb NMES applications, tibialis anterior stimulation (either with or without gastrocnemius stimulation) is given. Although there is a lack of randomised controlled trials and a predominance of mainly small studies, this review further concludes that the balance of available evidence is in favour of upper limb exercise NMES offering benefits such as increased muscle strength, range of motion and function in children with CP. The use of dynamic splinting with NMES has been shown to be more effective than either treatment on its own in improving function and posture. There is at present little published work to support the application of botulinum toxin type A to temporarily reduce muscle tone as an adjunct intervention to NMES in this population, although the presence of parallel applications to manage similar symptoms in other muscular disorders is noted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. philip.wright@salisbury.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ewins
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A