title: Hydroxyapatite effect on photopolymerization of self-etching adhesives with different aggressiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the correlation of the acidic monomer/hydroxyapatite (HAp) reaction with the photopolymerization behaviour of self-etching adhesives with different aggressiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two commercial self-etching adhesives the strong Adper Prompt L-Pop (APLP, pH ~ 0.8) and the mild Adper Easy Bond (AEB, pH ~ 2.5) were used. HAp powders were incorporated into both adhesives to acquire solutions with concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt%. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FT-IR) technique was employed to collect the in situ spectra during light-curing, from which the degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization rate (PR) were calculated. The pH of each tested solution was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without HAp incorporation, the DC and PR of the strong APLP (7.8% and 0.12%/s, respectively) were much lower than those of the mild AEB (85.5% and 5.7%/s, respectively). The DC and PR of APLP displayed an apparent increasing trend with the HAp content. For example, the DC increased from 7.8% to 58.4% and the PR increased from 0.12 to 3.8%/s when the HAp content increased from 0 to 7 wt%. In contrast, the DC and PR of AEB were much less affected by the HAp content. The observations were correlated well with the spectral and pH changes, which indicated that APLP underwent a higher extent of chemical reaction with HAp than AEB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results disclosed the important role of the acidic monomer/HAp chemical reaction in improving the photopolymerization of the strong (low-pH) self-etching adhesives such as APLP. The phenomenon of polymerization improvement strongly depended on the adhesive aggressiveness.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D058105:Polymerization; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; C408584:Prompt L-Pop; D019279:Resin Cements; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; D002244:Carbon; D017886:Durapatite; D010100:Oxygen