title: Synthetic osteochondral grafting of ankle osteochondral lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of osteochondral lesions, especially those with a cystic component or those that have failed the standard arthroscopic procedures can be challenging. Synthetic grafts have several potential advantages over other second line treatments including the fact that only one operation is required and no other joint is violated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the results of the first series of synthetic grafts used in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the ankle with a minimum of one year follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hindfoot and Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) scores and all patients were satisfied with the results of surgery. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans at one year have demonstrated resolution of the bony cysts and surrounding bone marrow oedema but, worryingly, continued to show high signal on the T2 weighted images within the plugs themselves. Qualitative T2 mapping has suggested a fibrous rather than hyaline appearance of the cartilage portions of the plugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical results have been encouraging but more patients and longer follow up are required before firm conclusions can be drawn.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Egerton Road, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, UK. chris.pearce@doctors.net.uk
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Louise E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Calder
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008297:Male; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid