title: Prepregnancy consumption of fruits and fruit juices and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the association of prepregnancy habitual consumption of fruits and fruit juices and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study among women with at least one singleton pregnancy in the Nurses' Health Study II from 1991 to 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 13,475 women, 860 reported a first diagnosis of GDM. The adjusted relative risks (RRs) for GDM from the lowest to highest quintile of whole fruit consumption were 1.00 (referent), 0.80 (95% CI 0.65-0.98), 0.90 (0.73-1.10), 0.80 (0.64-1.00), and 0.93 (0.76-1.16), respectively. The corresponding RRs for fruit juice were 1.00, 0.82 (0.66-1.01), 0.78 (0.63-0.96), 0.84 (0.68-1.04), and 1.00 (0.81-1.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that prepregnancy higher consumption of whole fruits is not associated with an increased GDM risk. The association between fruit juices and GDM risk appears to be nonlinear.
authors.affiliation: Program of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Edwina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Deirdre K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Cuilin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult