title: A retrospective and prospective study of megaesophagus in the parma wallaby (Macropus parma) at the San Diego Zoo, California, USA.
abstract: At the San Diego Zoo (California, USA), 22 cases of megaesophagus were diagnosed in the parma wallaby (Macropus parma); a prevalence of 21.1%. Parma wallabies often have no clinical signs until severe and chronic dilation of the esophagus is present. Clinical signs of advanced disease include weight loss, swelling of the cervical region, regurgitation without reswallowing of ingesta, short flight distance, depression, collapse, dyspnea, and sudden death. Retrospective and prospective studies at the San Diego Zoo and a multi-institutional survey in the United States were used to try to determine the cause of megaesophagus. The retrospective study did not identify an etiology. The prospective study revealed megaesophagus and severely delayed esophageal transit time in eight of eight animals. Myasthenia gravis, lead toxicosis, toxoplasmosis, and thyroid disease were eliminated as possible causes. Of 286 living and dead parma wallabies surveyed at other institutions, three cases of esophageal diverticulum and one case of megaesophagus were reported. The cause of megaesophagus in parma wallabies was not determined.
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo, P.O. Box 120551, San Diego, California 92112, USA. aburgdorf@sandiegozoo.org
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burgdorf-Moisuk
authors.forename: Geoffrey W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Pye
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Papendick
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ivy
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamlin-Andrus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D004936:Diverticulum, Esophageal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008394:Marsupialia; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology