title: Microfluorescence analysis of nanostructuring inhomogeneity in optical fibers with embedded gallium oxide nanocrystals.
abstract: A spectroscopic protocol is proposed to implement confocal microfluorescence imaging to the analysis of microinhomogeneity in the nanocrystallization of the core of fibers belonging to a new kind of broadband fiber amplifier based on glass with embedded nanocrystals. Nanocrystallization, crucial for achieving an adequate light emission efficiency of transition metal ions in these materials, has to be as homogeneous as possible in the fiber to assure optical amplification. This requirement calls for a sensitive method for monitoring nanostructuring in oxide glasses. Here we show that mapping microfluorescence excited at 633 nm by a He-Ne laser may give a useful tool in this regard, thanks to quasi-resonant excitation of coordination defects typical of germanosilicate materials, such as nonbridging oxygens and charged Ge-O-Ge sites, whose fluorescence are shown to undergo spectral modifications when nanocrystals form into the glass. The method has been positively checked on prototypes of optical fibers--preventively characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy--fabricated from preforms of Ni-doped Li₂O-Na₂O-Sb₂O₃-Ga₂O₃-GeO₂-SiO₂ glass in silica cladding and subjected to heat treatment to activate gallium oxide nanocrystal growth. The method indeed enables not only the mapping of the crystallization degree but also the identification of drawing-induced defects in the fiber cladding.
authors.affiliation: Fiber Optics Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Str., 119333 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Valery M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Mashinsky
authors.forename: Nikita M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Karatun
authors.forename: Vladimir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Bogatyrev
authors.forename: Vladimir N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Sigaev
authors.forename: Nikita V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Golubev
authors.forename: Elena S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ignat'eva
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorenzi
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mozzati
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paleari
authors.forename: Evgeny M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dianov