title: Update on systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancy.
abstract: Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) still face significant risks when embarking on a pregnancy. Improvements in the field of pathophysiology, in diagnosis and a greater number of therapeutic options in the treatment of SLE, have made the medical community regard these patients with less trepidation. Despite these advances, however, the risk of significant morbidity to both the mother and the fetus still exists. THE INTERACTION OF LUPUS AND PREGNANCY IS VERY COMPLEX: the consensus is that pregnancy can worsen the lupus disease process, even if this is not predictable, and pregnancy can mimic the clinical manifestations of lupus, particularly preeclampsia/eclampsia. More specifically, pregnancy is associated in 50 to 60% of cases with a clinical flare manifesting as renalor hematological symptoms. Severe flares are uncommon (10%) and the risk of maternal death is now2 to 3%. The risk of the fetus remains high, however with increased risk of spontaneous fetal wastage and premature births, by 4.8 and 6.8 times, respectively. It is well documented that antiphospholipid syndrome and antiphospholipid antibodies are strongly associated with fetal wastage. Low-dose aspirin orheparin improves fetal outcome in these cases.Timing a pregnancy to coincide with a period of disease quiescence for at least 6 months strongly increases the chances for a healthy and uneventful pregnancy for both mother and baby. Close surveillance, with monitoring of blood pressure, proteinuria and placental blood flow by doppler studies helps the early diagnosis and treatment of complications such as preeclampsia andfoetal distress. Women with SLE frequently need treatment throughout pregnancy based on hydroxychloroquine, lowdose steroids and azathioprine. This update, based on previous available literature, should inform rheumatologists, obstetricians and neonatologists who guide patients in their reproductive decisions.
authors.affiliation: Santo Bambino Hospital, Department of Microbiological and Gynecological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iozza
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cianci
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Natale
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Giacobbe
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giorgio
authors.forename: Maria Antonietta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De Oronzo
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Politi