title: Protective effect of grape seed extract against oxidative stress-induced cell death in a staurosporine-differentiated retinal ganglion cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Grape seed extract (GSE) is a potent antioxidant. We examined the effect of GSE on oxidative stress-induced cell death in a transformed retinal ganglion cell line, RGC-5.
  
  
  METHODS
  Staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 (ssdRGC-5) cells obtained by treating RGC-5 cells with 1 µM staurosporine were incubated with GSE for 2 h and then exposed to buthionine sulfoximine plus glutamate (B/G) for 24 h. Cell death was detected using the LIVE/DEAD viability assay and the type of cell death was evaluated using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining. To investigate the mechanism underlying cell death, we determined the caspase-3 activity and level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of ssdRGC-5 cells with B/G increased intracellular ROS and induced apoptosis (not necrosis) with increasing caspase-3 activity. GSE rescued the ssdRGC-5 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death by inhibiting both intracellular ROS production and caspase-3 activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSE had a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic death in ssdRGC-5 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hongseok
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Bo Kyung
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Koung Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kook
authors.forename: Yi-Sook
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jaehong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D003470:Culture Media; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005470:Fluorometry; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003470:Culture Media; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D053148:Caspase 3; D019311:Staurosporine