title: A systematic review of clinical studies of electrical stimulation for treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this manuscript was to provide a systematic literature review of clinical trial evidence for a range of electrical stimulation therapies in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The databases MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, Inside Conferences, and EMBASE were searched. Original clinical studies with greater than 15 subjects were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three studies were included, representing implanted sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), and transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) therapy modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Median mean reductions in incontinence episodes and voiding frequency were similar for implanted SNS and PTNS. However, long-term follow-up data to validate the sustained benefit of PTNS are lacking. Despite a substantial body of research devoted to SNS validation, it is not possible to definitively define the appropriate role of this therapy owing largely to study design flaws that inhibited rigorous intention to treat analyses for the majority of these studies.
authors.affiliation: Princess Anne Hospital, Urodynamics Unit, Level G, Coxford Road, Southampton S016 5YA, UK. ashmonga@aol.com
authors.forename: Ash K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Monga
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tracey
authors.forename: Jeyakumar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subbaroyan
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology