title: Assessment of diurnal systemic dose of agrochemicals in regulatory toxicity testing--an integrated approach without additional animal use.
abstract: Integrated toxicokinetics (TK) data provide information on the rate, extent and duration of systemic exposure across doses, species, strains, gender, and life stages within a toxicology program. While routine for pharmaceuticals, TK assessments of non-pharmaceuticals are still relatively rare, and have never before been included in a full range of guideline studies for a new agrochemical. In order to better understand the relationship between diurnal systemic dose (AUC(24h)) and toxicity of agrochemicals, TK analyses in the study animals is now included in all short- (excluding acute), medium- and long-term guideline mammalian toxicity studies including reproduction/developmental tests. This paper describes a detailed procedure for the implementation of TK in short-, medium- and long-term regulatory toxicity studies, without the use of satellite animals, conducted on three agrochemicals (X11422208, 2,4-D and X574175). In these studies, kinetically-derived maximum doses (KMD) from short-term studies instead of, or along with, maximum tolerated doses (MTD) were used for the selection of the high dose in subsequent longer-term studies. In addition to leveraging TK data to guide dose level selection, the integrated program was also used to select the most appropriate method of oral administration (i.e., gavage versus dietary) of test materials for rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies. The integrated TK data obtained across toxicity studies (without the use of additional/satellite animals) provided data critical to understanding differences in response across doses, species, strains, sexes, and life stages. Such data should also be useful in mode of action studies and to improve human risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, Midland, MI 48674, USA. ssaghir@dow.com
authors.forename: Shakil A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Saghir
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rick
authors.forename: Alene T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.forename: Reza J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rasoulpour
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ellis-Hutchings
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sue Marty
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Billington
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bus
mesh_terms: D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D023401:Animal Use Alternatives / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals