title: Unrealistic optimism is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unrealistic optimism-typically conceptualized as underestimation of comparative risk-has been previously associated with poorer health behaviors and outcomes, but no research to date has examined the association between unrealistic optimism and subclinical or clinical disease endpoints. Here, cross-sectional data from one time point in the Pittsburgh Healthy Heart study are used to examine whether unrealistic optimism about risk of heart disease is associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), a subclinical marker of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 148 adults aged 57-77. Objective risk score was calculated using the Framingham calculator, and IMT was regressed on risk score and perceived risk. Controlling for the Framingham risk score effectively equated risk across the sample, meaning that lower risk perceptions represented unrealistic optimism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When controlling for the risk score, risk perceptions were negatively associated with IMT (β = -.21, p < .01, t = -2.79, d = .46), a finding that was not moderated by gender. The risk score was also associated with IMT (β = .42, p < .001, t = 5.55, d = .91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unrealistic optimism was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Future longitudinal research is necessary to evaluate the temporal sequence as well as to examine putative explanatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. ferrerra@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: William M P
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Zajac
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Muldoon
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kamarck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment