title: Development of prolonged standing strain index to quantify risk levels of standing jobs.
abstract: Many occupations in industry such as metal stamping workers, electronics parts assembly operators, automotive industry welders, and lathe operators require working in a standing posture for a long time. Prolonged standing can contribute to discomfort and muscle fatigue particularly in the back and legs. This study developed the prolonged standing strain index (PSSI) to quantify the risk levels caused by standing jobs, and proposed recommendations to minimize the risk levels. Risk factors associated with standing jobs, such as working posture, muscles activity, standing duration, holding time, whole-body vibration, and indoor air quality, were the basis for developing the PSSI. All risk factors were assigned multipliers, and the PSSI was the product of those multipliers. Recommendations for improvement are based on the PSSI; however, extensive studies are required to validate their effectiveness. multipliers, and the PSSI was the product of those multipliers. Recommendations for improvement are based on the PSSI; however, extensive studies are required to validate their effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka, Malaysia. isahalim@gmail.com
authors.forename: Isa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Halim
authors.forename: Abdul Rahman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Omar
mesh_terms: D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009790:Occupations; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology