title: Electrophysiological correlates of respiratory failure in acute organophosphate poisoning: evidence for differential roles of muscarinic and nicotinic stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory failure in acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning can occur early and also relatively late in the clinical course, and the pathophysiology of respiratory failure at these different phases may have important clinical implications. Objective. To compare the electrophysiological findings in patients with early and late respiratory failure following acute OP poisoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational case series of consenting symptomatic patients with acute OP poisoning were assessed with daily physical examinations and repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) studies. RNS was done on right and left median and ulnar nerves at 1, 3, 10, 15, 20, and 30 Hz. Outcomes such as need for ventilation and development of intermediate syndrome (IMS) were noted. Early respiratory failure was defined as occurring within 24 hours of ingestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight patients were recruited for the clinical and electrophysiological study and of those 59 (75.6%) patients had ingested chlorpyrifos. Seven patients developed respiratory failure within 24 hours of ingestion with overt muscarinic signs. They had no electrophysiological abnormalities at median and ulnar nerves before intubation. Three of them later developed "forme fruste" IMS. Five other patients developed late respiratory failure after 24 hours of ingestion, and all of them showed progressive RNS changes indicating severe IMS prior to intubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The normal RNS in all patients developing early respiratory failure suggests that it is due to a central nervous system (CNS) and muscarinic effect. This emphasizes the need for early rapid atropinisation as a priority, combating the nicotinic effects being less urgent. This is in contrast with the late respiratory failure, which has been shown to be associated with neuromuscular dysfunction. Further studies are needed to quantify CNS and muscarinic dysfunction to assist in the development of better treatments for the severe and early OP poisoning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. pradeepajayawardane@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Pradeepa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayawardane
authors.forename: Nimal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senanayake
authors.forename: Nick A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000502:physiology*; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000502:physiology*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic