title: Chemical exposure in occupational settings and related health risks: a neglected area of research in Pakistan.
abstract: In Pakistan a huge number of workers is routinely exposed to various types of chemical contaminants but there is a dearth of information as to the impact of these agents, due to a lack of a routine surveillance system and proper reporting. Prolonged and sometimes acute occupational exposures to varied organic chemicals may result in numerous health related problems. Studies from all over the world have shown adverse health outcomes of chemicals that are commonly used in various occupations. Such chemical exposures are not just confined to the workplace, but the residents surrounding industrial sites also face significant health risks due to indirect chemical exposure. Occupational exposure is a multidimensional risk factor that varies from one occupation to another, and is associated with health decline in workers. Common determinants of workplace hazards include improper, or lack of use of self-protective equipment, active and passive exposure to cigarette smoke as well as the socio-demographic and economic background of workers. There may be more than one cause of occupational stress and psychophysical disturbance among workers such as workload, lower salaries, and lack of social and medical facilities; indeed, their general health is poor. Therefore, in Pakistan, it is particularly important to focus on these issues and set rules and regulations to create occupational hazard awareness among workers, which will promote health safety at work places. If priorities are given to the correct use of self-protective equipment, adopting proper hygiene at the workplace and to avoid smoking, occupational exposures and consequent health risks may be minimized significantly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences (Environmental Biology Lab), Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. dr.atifkamal@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.forename: Riffat Naseem
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Noreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.forename: Audil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010154:Pakistan; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic