title: The complete mitogenome of Cylindrus obtusus (Helicidae, Ariantinae) using Illumina next generation sequencing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study describes how the complete mitogenome of a terrestrial snail, Cylindrus obtusus (Draparnaud, 1805) was sequenced without PCRs from a collection specimen that had been in 70% ethanol for 8 years. The mitogenome was obtained with Illumina GAIIx shot gun sequencing. Although the used specimen was collected relatively recently and kept in a DNA-friendly preservative (not formalin as frequently used with old museum specimens), we believe that the exclusion of PCRs as facilitated by NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) removes a great obstacle in DNA sequencing of collection specimens. A brief comparison is made between our Illumina GAIIx approach and a similar study that made use of the Roche 454-FLX platform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mtDNA sequence of C. obtusus is 14,610 bases in length (about 0.5 kb larger than other stylommatophoran mitogenomes reported hitherto) and contains the 37 genes (13 protein coding genes, two rRNAs and 22 tRNAs) typical for metazoans. Except for a swap between the position of tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Ala, the gene arrangement of C. obtusus is identical to that reported for Cepaea nemoralis. The 'aberrant' rearrangement of tRNA-Thr and COIII compared to that of other Sigmurethra (and the majority of gastropods), is not unique for C. nemoralis (subfamily Helicinae), but is also shown to occur in C. obtusus (subfamily Ariantinae) and might be a synapomorphy for the family Helicidae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Natural history collections potentially harbor a wealth of information for the field of evolutionary genetics, but it can be difficult to amplify DNA from such specimens (due to DNA degradation for instance). Because NGS techniques do not rely on primer-directed amplification (PCR) and allow DNA to be fragmented (DNA gets sheared during library preparation), NGS could be a valuable tool for retrieving DNA sequence data from such specimens. A comparison between Illumina GAIIx and the Roche 454 platform suggests that the former might be more suited for de novo sequencing of mitogenomes.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, PO Box 9517, Leiden RA 2300, The Netherlands. Dick.Groenenberg@ncbnaturalis.nl
authors.forename: Dick S J
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Groenenberg
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pirovano
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gittenberger
authors.forename: Menno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schilthuizen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D012908:Snails / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012343:RNA, Transfer