title: A potent plant-derived antifungal acetylenic acid mediates its activity by interfering with fatty acid homeostasis.
abstract: 6-Nonadecynoic acid (6-NDA), a plant-derived acetylenic acid, exhibits strong inhibitory activity against the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. In the present study, transcriptional profiling coupled with mutant and biochemical analyses were conducted using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate its mechanism of action. 6-NDA elicited a transcriptome response indicative of fatty acid stress, altering the expression of genes that are required for yeast growth in the presence of oleate. Mutants of S. cerevisiae lacking transcription factors that regulate fatty acid β-oxidation showed increased sensitivity to 6-NDA. Fatty acid profile analysis indicated that 6-NDA inhibited the formation of fatty acids longer than 14 carbons in length. In addition, the growth inhibitory effect of 6-NDA was rescued in the presence of exogenously supplied oleate. To investigate the response of a pathogenic fungal species to 6-NDA, transcriptional profiling and biochemical analyses were also conducted in C. albicans. The transcriptional response and fatty acid profile of C. albicans were comparable to those obtained in S. cerevisiae, and the rescue of growth inhibition with exogenous oleate was also observed in C. albicans. In a fluconazole-resistant clinical isolate of C. albicans, a fungicidal effect was produced when fluconazole was combined with 6-NDA. In hyphal growth assays, 6-NDA inhibited the formation of long hyphal filaments in C. albicans. Collectively, our results indicate that the antifungal activity of 6-NDA is mediated by a disruption in fatty acid homeostasis and that 6-NDA has potential utility in the treatment of superficial Candida infections.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Siddharth K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Marsha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Melanie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mask
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Baerson
authors.forename: Xing-Cong
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Ameeta K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000480:Alkynes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C479851:6-nonadecynoic acid; D000480:Alkynes; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; C031203:2-hexadecynoic acid; D015725:Fluconazole