title: Effect of Epimedium pubescen flavonoid on bone mineral density and biomechanical properties of femoral distal end and femoral diaphysis of passively smoking male rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based on a rat model of human relatively high exposure to cigarette smoke, this study aimed to estimate whether Epimedium pubescen flavonoid (EPF) may prevent a smoke-induced decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and weakening of the biomechanical properties of bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: controls, passively smoking groups and passively smoking rats administered EPF at three dosage levels (75, 150 or 300 mg/kg/day) in drinking water for 4 months. A rat model of passive cigarette smoking was prepared by breeding male rats in a cigarette-smoking box for 4 months. Bone metabolic makers, BMD and biomechanical properties of the femoral distal end and femoral diaphysis were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to cigarette smoke decreased the BMD, affected bone turnover (inhibited bone formation and stimulated its resorption) and weakened the biomechanical properties of the femur at its distal end and diaphysis. EPF supplementation during cigarette smoke exposure prevented the decrease in BMD, accelerated bone turnover and weakened the biomechanical properties of bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that EPF supplementation can prevent the adverse effects of smoke exposure on BMD and biomechanical properties by inhibiting bone turnover and preventing bone resorption, and in this way it can decrease the risk of bone fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Shu-guang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kang-hua
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wen-he
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Li-cheng
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Fang-Jie
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Wen-feng
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Guang-hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D034181:Epimedium; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution