title: Linguistic adaptation, validation and comparison of 3 routinely used neuropathic pain questionnaires.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropathic pain questionnaires are efficient diagnostic tools for neuropathic pain and play an important role in neuropathic pain epidemiologic studies in China. No comparison data was available in regards to the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), the Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) and ID Pain within and among the same population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To achieve a linguistic adaptation, validation, and comparison of Chinese versions of the 3 neuropathic pain questionnaires (LANSS, NPQ and ID Pain).
  
  
  METHODS
  A nonrandomized, controlled, prospective, multicenter trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten pain centers in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two forward translations followed by comparison and reconciliation of the translations. Comparison of the 2 backward translations with the original version was made to establish consistency and accuracy of the translations. Pilot testing and pain specialists' evaluations were also required. A total of 140 patients were enrolled in 10 centers throughout China: 70 neuropathic pain patients and 70 nociceptive pain patients. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients and Guttman split-half coefficients) and validity (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curves and the area under the ROC curves) of the 3 questionnaires were determined. ROC curves and the area under the ROC curves of the 3 questionnaires were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chinese versions of LANSS, NPQ and ID Pain had a good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients and Guttman split-half coefficients were greater than 0.7). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the Chinese versions of LANSS and ID Pain were considerably high (  > 80%). The area under the ROC curves of LANSS and ID Pain was significantly higher than that of NPQ (P   < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the area under the ROC curves of LANSS and ID Pain (P   > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was based on patients with a high school degree or above, which limited the application of the 3 neuropathic pain questionnaires to patients with lower educational levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Chinese versions of LANSS and ID Pain developed and validated by this study can be used as a diagnostic tool in differentiating neuropathic pain in patients whose native language is Chinese (Mandarin).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital of Beijing, 11 South Street Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Jisheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Bifa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Dasheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Daying
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dongping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jiashuang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008037:Linguistics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations