title: Effect of head and neck position on intrathoracic pressure and arterial blood gas values in Dutch Warmblood riding horses during moderate exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of various head and neck positions on intrathoracic pressure and arterial oxygenation during exercise in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  7 healthy Dutch Warmblood riding horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The horses were evaluated with the head and neck in the following predefined positions: position 1, free and unrestrained; position 2, neck raised with the bridge of the nose aligned vertically; position 4, neck lowered and extremely flexed with the nose pointing toward the pectoral muscles; position 5, neck raised and extended with the bridge of the nose in front of a vertical line perpendicular to the ground surface; and position 7, neck lowered and flexed with the nose pointing towards the carpus. The standard exercise protocol consisted of trotting for 10 minutes, cantering for 4 minutes, trotting again for 5 minutes, and walking for 5 minutes. An esophageal balloon catheter was used to indirectly measure intrathoracic pressure. Arterial blood samples were obtained for measurement of Pao(2), Paco(2), and arterial oxygen saturation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with when horses were in the unrestrained position, inspiratory intrathoracic pressure became more negative during the first trot (all positions), canter and second trot (position 4), and walk (positions 4 and 5). Compared with when horses were in position 1, intrathoracic pressure difference increased in positions 4, 2, 7, and 5; Pao(2) increased in position 5; and arterial oxygen saturation increased in positions 4 and 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Position 4 was particularly influential on intrathoracic pressure during exercise in horses. The effects detected may have been caused by a dynamic upper airway obstruction and may be more profound in horses with upper airway disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sleutjens
authors.forename: Esmee
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smiet
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Weeren
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Kolk
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Back
authors.forename: Inge D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Wijnberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen