title: Antiviral effects of Psidium guajava Linn. (guava) tea on the growth of clinical isolated H1N1 viruses: its role in viral hemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition.
abstract: Rapid evolution of influenza RNA virus has resulted in limitation of vaccine effectiveness, increased emergence of drug-resistant viruses and occurrence of pandemics. A new effective antiviral is therefore needed for control of the highly mutative influenza virus. Teas prepared by the infusion method were tested for their anti-influenza activity against clinical influenza A (H1N1) isolates by a 19-h influenza growth inhibition assay with ST6Gal I-expressing MDCK cells (AX4 cells) using fluorogenic quantification and chromogenic visualization. Guava tea markedly inhibited the growth of A/Narita/1/2009 (amantadine-resistant pandemic 2009 strain) at an IC(50) of 0.05% and the growth of A/Yamaguchi/20/06 (sensitive strain) and A/Kitakyushu/10/06 (oseltamivir-resistant strain) at similar IC(50) values ranging from 0.24% to 0.42% in AX4 cells, being 3.4- to 5.4-fold more potent than green tea (IC(50) values: 0.27% for the 2009 pandemic strain and 0.91% to 1.44% for the seasonal strains). In contrast to both teas, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) demonstrated high potency against the growth of A/Narita/1/09 (IC(50) of 3.83nM) and A/Yamaguchi/20/06 (IC(50) of 11.57nM) but not against that of A/Kitakyushu/10/06 bearing a His274-to-Tyr substitution (IC(50) of 15.97μM). Immunofluorescence analysis under a confocal microscope indicated that both teas inhibited the most susceptible A/Narita/1/2009 virus at the initial stage of virus infection. This is consistent with results of direct inhibition assays showing that both teas inhibited viral hemagglutination at concentrations comparable to their growth inhibition concentrations but inhibited sialidase activity at about 8-times higher concentrations. Guava tea shows promise to be efficacious for control of epidemic and pandemic influenza viruses including oseltamivir-resistant strains, and its broad target blockage makes it less likely to lead to emergence of viral resistance.
authors.affiliation: Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nongluk
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sriwilaijaroen
authors.forename: Syuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: Takato
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Odagiri
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D004285:Dogs; D005470:Fluorometry / Q000379:methods; D006387:Hemagglutination, Viral / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031647:Psidium / Q000737:chemistry*; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013662:Tea; D009439:Neuraminidase