title: Combination therapy of antiandrogen and XIAP inhibitor for treating advanced prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR) and anti-apoptotic genes including X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) provide tumors with a proliferative advantage. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether novel antiandrogen (CBDIV17) and XIAP inhibitor based combination therapy can treat advanced prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  CBDIV17 and embelin-6g were synthesized and their effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and AR and XIAP gene silencing determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CBDIV17 was more potent than bicalutamide and inhibited proliferation of C4-2 and LNCaP cells, IC(50) for CBDIV17 was ≈ 12 μM and ≈ 21 μM in LNCaP and C4-2 cells, respectively, whereas bicalutamide had IC(50) of ≈ 46 μM in LNCaP cells and minimal effect in C4-2 cells. CBDIV17 induced apoptosis more effectively compared to bicalutamide and significantly inhibited DNA replication. Combination of CBDIV17 and embelin resulted in supra-additive antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. Embelin downregulated AR expression and decreased androgen-mediated AR phosphorylation at Ser(81). These hydrophobic drugs were solubilized using micelles prepared with polyethylene glycol-b-poly (carbonate-co-lactide) (PEG-b-p(CB-co-LA)) copolymer. Combination therapy inhibited prostate tumor growth more effectively compared to control or monotherapy in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that CBDIV17 in combination with embelin can potentially treat advanced prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19 South Manassas, CRB RM 226, Memphis, 38103-3308, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danquah
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: Renukadevi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Duane D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Ram I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Mahato
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000813:Anilides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008823:Micelles; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014105:Tosyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000813:Anilides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016227:Benzoquinones; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D008823:Micelles; C576344:N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-((4-cyanophenyl)(methyl)amino)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide; D009570:Nitriles; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; C053541:bicalutamide; C010945:embelin