title: Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes: insights from infections.
abstract: Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors are critical regulators of adaptive immune cell function. These pathways regulate the initiation and termination of effective immune responses to infections while limiting autoimmunity and/or immunopathology. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of inhibitory receptor pathways and their roles in different diseases and/or infections, emphasizing potential clinical applications and important unanswered mechanistic questions. Although significant progress has been made in defining the influence of inhibitory receptors at the cellular level, relatively little is known about the underlying molecular pathways. We discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms for key inhibitory receptor pathways, highlight major gaps in knowledge, and explore current and future clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Odorizzi
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wherry
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000276:immunology; D008024:Ligands; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D005810:Multigene Family; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008024:Ligands; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases