title: Halitosis and tongue coating in patients with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease versus nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with diagnosed erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (ERD) have an increased probability of halitosis and tongue coating compared to patients with nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients (33 males and 33 females) were recruited for the study and received an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The presence of ERD (n = 31) and NERD (n = 35) was classified based on the Los Angeles classification for erosive changes in the esophagus. Additionally, the patients filled in a questionnaire regarding their subjective assessment of halitosis, and an organoleptic assessment of halitosis, a measurement of oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) with the Halimeter, and a tongue coating index were performed. ERD and NERD subjects were compared with regard to Halitosis-related clinical and anamnestic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant difference could be found between ERD and NERD patients regarding tongue coating index, organoleptic scores, and VSC values as well as self-perceived bad taste, tongue coating, and bad breath.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that halitosis is not typically associated with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease and the presence of esophageal mucosal damage (ERD patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data of this investigation support the findings of interdisciplinary bad breath clinics that gastroesophageal reflux disease is not a leading cause for halitosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland. karin.kislig@zmk.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kislig
authors.forename: Clive H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lussi
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D062609:Electronic Nose; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D006209:Halitosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds