title: Hysteroscopy in postmenopausal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To study the etiology of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). 2) To study the significance of hysteroscopy in evaluation of the etiopathogenic factors. 3) Correlating the diagnosis after transvaginal sonography (TVS), hysteroscopy and histopathologic diagnosis. 4) Feasibility of conservative management with hysteroscopy in PMB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study from January 2008 to June 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty postmenopausal women with complaint of bleeding per vaginum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and sonographic evaluation, followed by diagnostic and/or therapeutic hysteroscopy and guided biopsy. Hysteroscopic images were analyzed and compared with histopathologic results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On hysteroscopy, endometrium was classified as suggestive of normal, atrophic, endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial carcinoma. Histopathologic diagnosis is taken as a gold standard to determine the efficacy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing endometrial pathologies. The sensitivity and specificity of hysteroscopy in diagnosing endometrial pathologies was assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women with PMB, hysteroscopy is the basic tool that allows precise diagnosis of various endouterine pathologies. The average sensitivity of hysteroscopy was 97% in our study and the specificity was 98.66%. Hence, we can conclude that it is highly accurate for evaluating endometrial pathologies. For obvious benign lesions, it also provides treatment in the same sitting, therefore avoiding an extensive, morbid, and expensive procedure like hysterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Ruby Hall IVF & Endoscopy Center, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tandulwadkar
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lodha
authors.forename: Bhavana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Agarwal