title: Crowding follows the binding of relative position and orientation.
abstract: Crowding--the deleterious influence of clutter on object recognition--disrupts the identification of visual features as diverse as orientation, motion, and color. It is unclear whether this occurs via independent feature-specific crowding processes (preceding the feature binding process) or via a singular (late) mechanism tuned for combined features. To examine the relationship between feature binding and crowding, we measured interactions between the crowding of relative position and orientation. Stimuli were a target cross and two flanker crosses (each composed of two near-orthogonal lines), 15 degrees in the periphery. Observers judged either the orientation (clockwise/counterclockwise) of the near-horizontal target line, its position (up/down relative to the stimulus center), or both. For single-feature judgments, crowding affected position and orientation similarly: thresholds were elevated and responses biased in a manner suggesting that the target appeared more like the flankers. These effects were tuned for orientation, with near-orthogonal elements producing little crowding. This tuning allowed us to separate the predictions of independent (feature specific) and combined (singular) models: for an independent model, reduced crowding for one feature has no effect on crowding for other features, whereas a combined process affects either all features or none. When observers made conjoint judgments, a reduction of orientation crowding (by increasing target-flanker orientation differences) increased the rate of correct responses for both position and orientation, as predicted by our combined model. In contrast, our independent model incorrectly predicted a high rate of position errors, since the probability of positional crowding would be unaffected by changes in orientation. Thus, at least for these features, crowding is a singular process that affects bound position and orientation values in an all-or-none fashion.
authors.affiliation: UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. john.greenwood@parisdescartes.fr
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bex
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dakin
mesh_terms: D003441:Crowding; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*