title: The South-to-North Water Diversion Project: effect of the water diversion pattern on transmission of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) is the largest national water conservancy project in China. However, the Eastern Route Project (ERP) of SNWDP will refer to the habitats of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of some factors relating to the water diversion pattern on the spread north of O. hupensis and transmission of S. japonicum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Marked snails were attached to the floating debris, and then placed on the water surface, the passage of snails through water pumps was observed. Some marked living adult snails were placed under water in the 5 spots, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days later, their survival and transfer under water were investigated. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 juvenile snails, with a male: female ratio of about 1, were caged, 1 year later, their reproductions were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The snails attached on the floating debris at 100-, 50- and 20-cm-distance from the inlet pipe of the big pump (with a diameter of 80 cm), could be absorbed into the pumps, with passing rates of 2.45%, 3.93% and 43.46%, respectively, compared with 72.07% and 91.00% for the snails at 20 cm and 10 cm-distance from the inlet pipe of the small pump (with a diameter of 20 cm). A total of 36,600 marked living snails were put into 5 ponds and ditches, with the water depths of 1-1.6 m, 15-120 days later, no marked ones were found along the ponds and ditches or in the straw packages. The juvenile snails did not reproduce until their density reached up to 8 snails (ratio of male: female of 1)/0.16 m2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the construction of ERP of SNWDP, the risk of northward spread of schistosomiasis japonica will be decreased or eliminated as long as long-term reliable interventions for snail control are implemented.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Meiyuan, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. wxliangyousheng@yahoo.cn
authors.forename: You-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xue-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yong-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jian-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D012549:Schistosoma japonicum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012908:Snails / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology