title: Thermal inactivation of Bacillus anthracis surrogate spores in a bench-scale enclosed landfill gas flare.
abstract: A bench-scale landfill flare system was designed and built to test the potential for landfilled biological spores that migrate from the waste into the landfill gas to pass through the flare and exit into the environment as viable. The residence times and temperatures of the flare were characterized and compared to full-scale systems. Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus, nonpathogenic spores that may serve as surrogates for Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, were investigated to determine whether these organisms would be inactivated or remain viable after passing through a simulated landfill flare. High concentration spore solutions were aerosolized, dried, and sent through a bench-scale system to simulate the fate of biological weapon (BW)-grade spores in a landfill gas flare. Sampling was conducted downstream of the flare using a bioaerosol collection device containing sterile white mineral oil. The samples were cultured, incubated for seven days, and assessed for viability. Results showed that the bench-scale system exhibited good similarity to the real-world conditions of an enclosed standard combustor flare stack with a single orifice, forced-draft diffusion burner. All spores of G. stearothermophilus and B. atrophaeus were inactivated in the flare, indicating that spores that become re-entrained in landfill gas may not escape the landfill as viable, apparently becoming completely inactivated as they exit through a landfill flare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Tufts.Jenia@epa.gov
authors.forename: Jenia A McBrian
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tufts
authors.forename: Jacky A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rosati
mesh_terms: D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000502:physiology*; D001411:Geobacillus stearothermophilus / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D050296:Microbial Viability; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*