title: Fecal 20-oxo-pregnane concentrations in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) treated with porcine zona pellucida vaccine.
abstract: Because of overpopulation of African elephants in South Africa and the consequent threat to biodiversity, the need for a method of population control has become evident. In this regard, the potential use of the porcine zona pellucida (pZP) vaccine as an effective means for population control is explored. While potential effects of pZP treatment on social behavior of African elephants have been investigated, no examination of the influence of pZP vaccination on the endocrine correlates in treated females has been undertaken. In this study, ovarian activity of free-ranging, pZP-treated African elephant females was monitored noninvasively for 1 yr at Thornybush Private Nature Reserve, South Africa, by measuring fecal 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-on concentrations via enzyme immunoassay. A total of 719 fecal samples from 19 individuals were collected over the study period, averaging 38 samples collected per individual (minimum, maximum: 16, 52). Simultaneously, behavioral observations were made to record the occurrence of estrous behavior for comparison. Each elephant under study showed 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-on concentrations rising above baseline at some period during the study indicating luteal activity. Average 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-on concentrations were 1.61 ± 0.46 μg/g (mean ± SD). Within sampled females, 42.9% exhibited estrous cycles within the range reported for captive African elephants, 14.3% had irregular cycles, and 42.9% did not appear to be cycling. Average estrous cycle duration was 14.72 ± 0.85 wk. Estrous behavior coincided with the onset of the luteal phase and a subsequent rise in 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-on concentrations. Average 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-on levels positively correlated with rainfall. No association between average individual 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-on concentrations or cyclicity status with age or parity were detected. Earlier determination of efficacy was established via fecal hormone analysis with no pregnancies determined 22 mo post-treatment and onward. Results indicate the presence of ovarian activity amongst pZP-treated female African elephants in 2 yr after initial immunization. Further study should now be aimed toward investigating the long-term effects of pZP vaccination on the reproductive function of female African elephants.
authors.affiliation: Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa. melodie.ahlers@gmail.com
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ahlers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganswindt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Münscher
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bertschinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D004606:Elephants / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011155:Population Control / Q000379:methods; D011278:Pregnanes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013019:South Africa; D013552:Swine; D022642:Vaccines, Contraceptive / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C523861:20-oxo-pregnane; D011278:Pregnanes; D022642:Vaccines, Contraceptive