title: Klippel-Feil syndrome in a boy exposed inadvertently to cyclophosphamide during pregnancy: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. Its teratogenic effect has been well studied in different experimental mammalian and non-mammalian animal models. In humans, 11 cases of CPA teratogenesis have been documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a case of a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome inadvertently exposed to CPA and prednisone in utero during the first trimester. CONCLUSIONS This case of possible cyclophosphamide embryopathy provides evidence of teratogenesis as an etiologic agent in developmental field defects such as Klippel-Feil syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango, Dgo., México. brissial@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Brissia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lazalde
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grijalva-Flores
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Romero
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007714:Klippel-Feil Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D013723:Teratogens; D003520:Cyclophosphamide