title: Difficulties with defining lymphoedema after axillary dissection for breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Axillary lymph node dissection(AND) is a common treatment for breast cancer. An important side effect of the surgery is lymphoedema (LO). The primary aims of this study were to assess the local prevalence of LO in patients who had undergone AND and how the subjective symptoms described by patients compare with objective measurements. Secondary aims were to investigate the relationship between risk factors and the prevalence of LO and to establish an easy and convenient way to detect LO patients in surgical clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible women after AND for breast cancer underwent three circumference measurements on the operated and non operated (control) arm. LO was defined as one or more measurements with an increase ≥7.5% than control after dominant arm correction. Questionnaires were used to assess severity of symptoms related to lymphoedema. 73 patients also had serial measurements in arms and change in arm volume in operated arm was calculated using Casley-Smith method and LO was defined as ≥20% increase in volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  193 women with AND were analysed. Mean age was 61 years and mean time since surgery was 56 months. The overall prevalence of LO was 23.3%. LO prevalence by arm volume was 8.2%. Using volume as the standard, an arm circumference increase of ≥7.5% and ≥10% showed a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 81%, and 66% and 89% respectively. Significant risk factors for LO were age, radiotherapy and infection to the operated arm
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circumference measures are a simple office method of screening for LO. A patient history and ≥10% increase in any circumference is optimal for determining LO after AND.
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland. aasim166@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asim
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cham
authors.forename: Sharmana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nancekivell
authors.forename: Gaelle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dutu
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lawrenson
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires