title: Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in elderly people in a northern Mexican city.
abstract: Whereas it is well-known that the seroprevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii increases with age, details of the seroepidemiology of infection in elderly people are largely unknown. Anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibody levels were determined in 483 subjects aged ≥60 years old in Durango City, Mexico, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Socio-demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics from each participant were also obtained. In total, 58 (12%) of 483 participants (mean age 70.35±6.63 years) had anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, and 14 (2.9%) also had anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies. Seroprevalence of infection varied significantly with age, birthplace, and educational level. Seroprevalence increased with age, especially in women (p=0.01), and was higher in subjects born outside of Durango State than those born within Durango State (p=0.008). Seroprevalence was higher in men with up to 12 years of education than in men with more than 12 years of education (p=0.01). Multivariate analysis of behavioral data showed a positive association of T. gondii infection with the presence of cats in the neighborhood, as well as consumption of boar, pigeon, iguana, and armadillo meats, and chorizo. Gender-specific analysis showed the described associations in women but not in men. In contrast, consumption of beef showed a negative association with T. gondii infection. This is the first report of the seroprevalence and contributing factors for T. gondii infection in elderly people, and of an association of the consumption of armadillo and iguana meats with T. gondii infection. Our results will provide the basis for the design of optimal preventive measures against T. gondii infection.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Dgo, México. alvaradocosme@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Cosme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Esquivel
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Liesenfeld
authors.forename: Blanca Delia
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Burciaga-López
authors.forename: Agar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos-Nevárez
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Estrada-Martínez
authors.forename: Sandra Margarita
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cerrillo-Soto
authors.forename: Francisco Antolín
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Carrete-Ramírez
authors.forename: María de Lourdes
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: López-Centeno
authors.forename: María Magdalena
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D001135:Armadillos; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D010856:Columbidae; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007076:Iguanas; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000469:parasitology*; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013552:Swine; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M