title: Concentrations and correlations of disinfection by-products in municipal drinking water from an exposure assessment perspective.
abstract: Although disinfection by-products (DBPs) occur in complex mixtures, studies evaluating health risks have been focused in few chemicals. In the framework of an epidemiological study on cancer in 11 Spanish provinces, we describe the concentration of four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAA), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), four haloacetonitries, two haloketones, chloropicrin and chloral hydrate and estimate correlations. A total of 233 tap water samples were collected in 2010. Principal component analyses were conducted to reduce dimensionality of DBPs. Overall median (range) level of THMs and HAAs was 26.4 (0.8-98.1) and 26.4 (0.9-86.9) μg/l, respectively (N=217). MX analysed in a subset (N=36) showed a median (range) concentration of 16.7 (0.8-54.1)ng/l. Haloacetonitries, haloketones, chloropicrin and chloral hydrate were analysed in a subset (N=16), showing levels from unquantifiable (<1 μg/l) to 5.5 μg/l (dibromoacetonitrile). Spearman rank correlation coefficients between DBPs varied between species and across areas, being highest between dibromochloromethane and dibromochloroacetic acid (r(s)=0.87). Principal component analyses of 13 DBPs (4 THMs, 9 HAAs) led 3 components explaining more than 80% of variance. In conclusion, THMs and HAAs have limited value as predictors of other DBPs on a generalised basis. Principal component analysis provides a complementary tool to address the complex nature of the mixture.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003-Barcelona, Spain. cvillanueva@creal.cat
authors.forename: Cristina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castaño-Vinyals
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Glòria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Turigas
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aragonés
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boldo
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ardanaz
authors.forename: Estefanía
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Jone M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Altzibar
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zaldua
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Azpiroz
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goñi
authors.forename: Adonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tardón
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Rojo
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Moleón
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capelo
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gómez-Acebo
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peiró
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ripoll
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gracia-Lavedan
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhujsen
authors.forename: Panu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rantakokko
authors.forename: Emma H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Goslan
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pollán
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000032:analysis; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000032:analysis; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013030:Spain; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D060766:Drinking Water; D005663:Furans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002697:Chloral Hydrate; C054121:3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone; C100187:chloropicrin; C051715:dibromoacetonitrile