title: Molecular profiling of oral microbiota in jawbone samples of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infection has been hypothesized as a contributing factor to bisphosphonate (BP)-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). The objective of this study was to determine the bacterial colonization of jawbone and identify the bacterial phylotypes associated with BRONJ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Culture-independent 16S rRNA gene-based molecular techniques were used to determine and compare the total bacterial diversity in bone samples collected from 12 patients with cancer (six, BRONJ with history of BP; six, controls without BRONJ, no history of BP but have infection).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile and Dice coefficient displayed a statistically significant clustering of profiles, indicating different bacterial population in BRONJ subjects and control. The top three genera ranked among the BRONJ group were Streptococcus (29%), Eubacterium (9%), and Pseudoramibacter (8%), while in the control group were Parvimonas (17%), Streptococcus (15%), and Fusobacterium (15%). H&E sections of BRONJ bone revealed layers of bacteria along the surfaces and often are packed into the scalloped edges of the bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study using limited sample size indicated that the jawbone associated with BRONJ was heavily colonized by specific oral bacteria and there were apparent differences between the microbiota of BRONJ and controls.
authors.affiliation: New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pushalkar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Estilo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farooki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bohle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huryn
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saxena
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D018441:Biofilms; D059266:Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw / Q000382:microbiology*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D005673:Fusobacterium / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification; D008297:Male; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000145:classification; D010802:Phylogeny; D017861:Porphyromonas / Q000145:classification; D018720:Prevotella / Q000145:classification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S