title: Is silent myocardial infarction more common in women with type 2 diabetes than in men?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine if silent myocardial infarction (MI) is more common in women with type 2 diabetes than in men. Our secondary aim was to examine the relationships between silent MI and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) database was used to determine if women had more silent MI on baseline electrocardiograms (ECGs) than did men with a similar unremarkable cardiovascular history. MI was diagnosed using ECG analysis according to the Minnesota code. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to compare demographic and clinical associations. Interactive effects of risk factors by gender were tested using a forward selection algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men were found to have a higher prevalence of silent MI on baseline ECGs than women (6% vs 4%, P = .001). Women had lower odds of silent MI than men after adjusting for other risk factors (OR = 0.80, P = .04). Race and ethnicity were significantly associated with silent MI (P = .02), with Asians having the highest and African Americans and Hispanics having lower odds relative to whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our main findings provide no evidence that silent MI, as detected by the Minnesota code, was more common in women than in men in the ACCORD cohort. If, as in the general population, the women in ACCORD are found to have a higher heart disease mortality rate than the men, it seems unlikely that failure to recognize clinically silent heart disease in the years before study enrollment could be a major cause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Monica C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stiles
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Seaquist
authors.forename: Jean Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Yale
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Lois Anne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kempainen
authors.forename: Laney S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Light
authors.forename: Patricia V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.forename: Zhu-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Elsayed Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American