title: Serum profiling by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool for domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are currently no reliable markers of acute domoic acid toxicosis (DAT) for California sea lions. We investigated whether patterns of serum peptides could diagnose acute DAT. Serum peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from 107 sea lions (acute DAT n = 34; non-DAT n = 73). Artificial neural networks (ANN) were trained using MALDI-TOF data. Individual peaks and neural networks were qualified using an independent test set (n = 20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No single peak was a good classifier of acute DAT, and ANN models were the best predictors of acute DAT. Performance measures for a single median ANN were: sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 60%; positive predictive value, 71%; negative predictive value, 100%. When 101 ANNs were combined and allowed to vote for the outcome, the performance measures were: sensitivity, 30%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value, 100%; negative predictive value, 59%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that MALDI-TOF peptide profiling and neural networks can perform either as a highly sensitive (100% negative predictive value) or a highly specific (100% positive predictive value) diagnostic tool for acute DAT. This also suggests that machine learning directed by populations of predictive models offer the ability to modulate the predictive effort into a specific type of error.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. janechmg@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Neely
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Soper
authors.forename: Denise J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Greig
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Favre
authors.forename: Frances Md
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gulland
authors.forename: Jonas S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Janech