title: Risk factors for depressive symptom changes in Indonesian geriatric outpatient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to determine risk factors for depressive symptom changes in geriatric outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  a prospective cohort study was conducted on 106 geriatric outpatients at Integrated Geriatric Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta in 2010. A structured questionnaire was applied to obtain independent variable such as age, sex, educational level, chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney diseases, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and osteoarthritis), functional status (WHO-Unescap score), nutritional status (body mass index), health related quality of life (Eq5D score), hospitalization within 6 months, and total calorie intake. Depressive symptom as dependent variable was assessed using Geriatric Depression Scale. The association between aforementioned various factors with depressive symptom changes were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  most of subjects were women (63.2%), aged 70 years old and older (71.0%) and had hypertension (82.1%). There were 22.6% subjects with increase in GDS score during 6-month follow-up. Bivariable analysis showed that diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney diseases were significantly associated with depressive symptom changes. Multiple logistic regression showed that variable which independently associated with depressive symptom changes was uncontrolled chronic kidney disease (OR 3.390; 95% CI 1.07-10.76.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  uncontrolled chronic kidney disease is risk factor for depressive symptom changes in geriatric outpatients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. er_wahyudi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Edy R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wahyudi
authors.forename: Siti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Setiati
authors.forename: Kuntjoro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harimurti
authors.forename: Esthika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dewiasty
authors.forename: Rahmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Istanti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007214:Indonesia; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires