title: [Lifetime medical expenditures of smokers and nonsmokers].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine which of the two groups have higher lifetime medical expenditures; male smokers or male nonsmokers. We conducted this investigation using a Japanese single cohort database to calculate long-term medical expenditures and 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first constructed life tables for male smokers and male nonsmokers from the age of 40 years after analyzing their mortality rates. Next, we calculated the average annual medical expenditures of each of the two groups, categorized into survivors and deceased. Finally, we calculated long-term medical expenditures and performed sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that although smokers had generally higher annual medical expenditures than nonsmokers, the former's lifetime medical expenditure was slightly lower than the latter's because of a shorter life expectancy that resulted from a higher mortality rate. Sensitivity analyses did not reverse the order of the two lifetime medical expenditures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, although smoking may not result in an increase in lifetime medical expenditures, it is associated with diseases, decreased life expectancy, lower quality of life (QOL), and generally higher annual medical expenditures. It is crucial to promote further tobacco control strategically by maximizing the use of available data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics and Management, University Hospital of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyusyu, Fukuoka, Japan. kenshi@clnc.uoeh-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kenshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.forename: Genki
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imanaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking