title: Risk factors for positive depression screens in hospitalized cardiac patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is common in patients with cardiac illness and is independently associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. There are screening guidelines for depression in cardiac patients, but the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of screening all cardiac patients is controversial. This process may be improved if a subset of cardiac patients at high risk for depression could be identified using information readily available to clinicians and screened.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for a positive depression screen at the time of admission in hospitalized cardiac patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 561 consecutively screened cardiac inpatients underwent the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). A prospective chart review was performed to assess potential risk factors for depression that would be readily available to front-line clinicians. Rates of risk factors were compared between patients with positive and negative PHQ-2 depression screens, and multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess whether specific risk factors were independently associated with positive screens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 561 patients screened, 13.5% (n=76) had a positive depression screen (PHQ-2≥2). In the univariate analyses, several variables were associated with a positive depression screen. On multivariate analysis, an elevated white blood cell (WBC) count (>10×10(9) cells per liter) and prescription of an antidepressant on admission were independently associated with a positive depression screen, while current smoking showed a trend toward significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information on these three identified risk factors (WBC count, antidepressant use, and smoking) is readily available to clinicians, and patients with these diagnoses may represent a cohort who would benefit from targeted depression screening in certain settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: Gillian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Sowden
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mastromauro
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahnks
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Januzzi
authors.forename: Jeff C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huffman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents