title: KERMA ratios in pediatric CT dosimetry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient organ doses may be estimated from CTDI values. More accurate estimates may be obtained by measuring KERMA (Kinetic Energy Released in Matter) in anthropomorphic phantoms and referencing these values to free-in-air X-ray intensity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure KERMA ratios (R(K)) in pediatric phantoms at CT.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT scans produce an air KERMA K in a phantom and an air KERMA K(CT) at isocenter. KERMA ratios (R(K)) are defined as (K/K(CT)), measured using TLD chips in phantoms representing newborns to 10-year-olds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  R(K) in the newborn is approximately constant. For the other phantoms, there is a peak R(K) value in the neck. The median R(K) values for the GE scanner at 120 kV were 0.92, 0.83, 0.77 and 0.76 for newborns, 1-year-olds, 5-year-olds and 10-year-olds, respectively. Organ R(K) values were 0.91 ± 0.04, 0.84 ± 0.07, 0.74 ± 0.09 and 0.72 ± 0.10 in newborns, 1-year-olds, 5-year-olds and 10-year-olds, respectively. At 120 kV, a Siemens Sensation 16 scanner had R(K) values 5% higher than those of the GE LightSpeed Ultra.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KERMA ratios may be combined with air KERMA measurements at the isocenter to estimate organ doses in pediatric CT patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huda
authors.forename: Kent M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lavallee
authors.forename: Marsha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Roskopf
authors.forename: Ernest M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Scalzetti
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed