title: Decreased sensitivity of NMDA receptors on dopaminergic neurons from the posterior ventral tegmental area following chronic nondependent alcohol consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system mediates the reinforcing effects of salient stimuli, including drugs of abuse. Nondependent chronic alcohol consumption modifies this system, resulting in an increased number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in the posterior ventral tegmental area (VTA) of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Enhanced responses of postsynaptic glutamate receptors may contribute to the increase in active dopamine neurons. Thus, excitations of putative dopamine neurons to locally applied N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA; glutamate receptor subtype agonist) were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  P rats were assigned to alcohol naïve (water only) or alcohol drinking (continuous access to 15% alcohol and water for 8 consecutive weeks) groups. Responses of 23 putative dopamine neurons from naïve rats and 19 putative dopamine neurons from drinking rats were assessed in vivo using microiontophoretically applied NMDA. Current-response curves for firing frequency and burst activity were constructed using nonlinear mixed effects models. Between-group comparisons were made for EC(50)  (effective current producing a half maximal excitatory response), E(max)  (maximal excitatory effect), and C(DB)  (the current at which depolarization block-marked decrease in neuronal activity-occurred).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drinking P rats steadily consumed alcohol over the 8-week protocol and did not exhibit signs of dependence or withdrawal. Putative dopamine neurons from drinking rats exhibited resistance to depolarization block (higher C(DB)  values) and required larger doses of NMDA to elicit moderate excitatory responses (higher EC(50)  values), consistent with decreased receptor affinity. Maximal excitatory responses (E(max) ) did not differ between the groups, consistent with no change in receptor number. Blood alcohol was at undetectable levels at the time of experimentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMDA receptor sensitivity is decreased on posterior VTA putative dopamine neurons in P rats on a nondependent schedule of alcohol consumption. Mechanisms underlying increased spontaneous dopamine neuron activity may be independent of changes in NMDA receptor function. Decreased NMDA receptor sensitivity may precede the development of dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-4887, USA.
authors.forename: Griffin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Morzorati
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D000431:Ethanol