title: Thyroid associated orbitopathy.
abstract: Thyroid associated orbitopathy, also known as Graves' orbitopathy, is typically a self-limiting autoimmune process associated with dysthyroid states. The clinical presentation may vary from very mild disease to severe irreversible sight-threatening complications. Despite ongoing basic science and clinical research, the pathogenesis and highly effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. The present article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of this common, yet poorly understood disease, which remains a challenge to the ophthalmologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Alexendra Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5H 3V9. rajat.oculoplasty@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rajat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.forename: Ezekiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weis
mesh_terms: D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans