title: The effect of surface treatment of the interfacial surface on fatigue-related microtensile bond strength of milled zirconia to veneering porcelain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The success of zirconia-reinforced all-ceramic crowns depends on the formation of a stable bond between the zirconia core and the veneering porcelain. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of liner application and airborne particle abrasion of a postsintered Y-TZP core on the bond strength between the zirconia core and veneering porcelain with or without cyclic loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kavo Everest® Y-TZP blank disks were sintered and divided into three treatment groups: airborne particle abrasion, IPS e.max® Ceram Zirliner application, or no surface treatment. The disks were then veneered with IPS e.max® ZirPress veneering porcelain. Half the veneered disks from each group were cyclically loaded. This created six experimental groups: three surface treatment groups cyclically loaded and three not loaded. The disks were then sectioned into microbars for microtensile bond strength (MTBS) testing (40 specimens per group). Specimens were luted to a fixture mount and loaded to failure using a universal testing machine (MTS Insight). The maximum force was measured and bond strength computed. Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α= 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Airborne particle abrasion significantly decreased MTBS values (p= 0.043), and ZirLiner application did not have a significant effect on MTBS values compared to control. Cyclic loading did not have a significant effect on MTBS values. The predominant failure mode in all groups was mixed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Airborne particle abrasion of the interfacial surface of the Everest® Y-TZP core significantly decreased the MTBS to ZirPress veneering porcelain when compared to no interfacial surface treatment. Application of ZirLiner to the interfacial surface of the Everest® Y-TZP core did not significantly increase or decrease the MTBS to ZirPress veneering porcelain, compared to the other surface treatments. Cyclic loading did not affect bond strengths in any of the groups, regardless of surface treatment. Neither cyclic loading nor surface treatment affected the failure mode of the specimens.
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, United States Air Force Postgraduate Dental School, San Antonio, TX, USA. aaron.harding.dmd@gmail.com
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Barry K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Norling
authors.forename: Erica C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D002072:Butylene Glycols; D003764:Dental Materials; C508050:IPS e.max Press; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015019:Yttrium; C023506:Glass ceramics; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C025105:fluorapatite