title: A reservoir species for the emerging Amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis thrives in a landscape decimated by disease.
abstract: Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is driving amphibian declines and extinctions in protected areas globally. The introduction of invasive reservoir species has been implicated in the spread of Bd but does not explain the appearance of the pathogen in remote protected areas. In the high elevation (>1500 m) Sierra Nevada of California, the native Pacific chorus frog, Pseudacris regilla, appears unaffected by chytridiomycosis while sympatric species experience catastrophic declines. We investigated whether P. regilla is a reservoir of Bd by comparing habitat occupancy before and after a major Bd outbreak and measuring infection in P. regilla in the field, monitoring susceptibility of P. regilla to Bd in the laboratory, examining tissues with histology to determine patterns of infection, and using an innovative soak technique to determine individual output of Bd zoospores in water. Pseudacris regilla persists at 100% of sites where a sympatric species has been extirpated from 72% in synchrony with a wave of Bd. In the laboratory, P. regilla carried loads of Bd as much as an order of magnitude higher than loads found lethal to sympatric species. Histology shows heavy Bd infection in patchy areas next to normal skin, a possible mechanism for tolerance. The soak technique was 77.8% effective at detecting Bd in water and showed an average output of 68 zoospores per minute per individual. The results of this study suggest P. regilla should act as a Bd reservoir and provide evidence of a tolerance mechanism in a reservoir species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America. ReederN@gmail.com
authors.forename: Natalie M M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: Allan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pessier
authors.forename: Vance T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Vredenburg
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000382:microbiology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D008411:Chytridiomycota; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000662:veterinary; D017753:Ecosystem; D006652:Histological Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015995:Prevalence; D013045:Species Specificity; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000302:isolation & purification