title: Increased relative wall thickness is a marker of  subclinical cardiac target-organ damage in African diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and covariates of abnormal left ventricular (LV) geometry in diabetic outpatients attending Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography was performed in 61 type 1 and 123 type 2 diabetes patients. LV hypertrophy was taken as LV mass/height(2.7) > 49.2 g/m(2.7) in men and > 46.7 g/m(2.7) in women. Relative wall thickness (RWT) was calculated as the ratio of LV posterior wall thickness to end-diastolic radius and considered increased if  ≥ 0.43. LV geometry was defined from LV mass index and RWT in combination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common abnormal LV geometries were concentric remodelling in type 1 (30%) and concentric hypertrophy in type 2 (36.7%) diabetes patients. Overall, increased RWT was present in 58% of the patients. In multivariate analyses, higher RWT was independently associated with hypertension, longer isovolumic relaxation time, lower stress-corrected midwall shortening and circumferential end-systolic stress, both in type 1 (multiple R(2) = 0.73) and type 2 diabetes patients (multiple R(2) = 0.66), both p < 0.001. These associations were independent of gender, LV hypertrophy or renal dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased RWT is common among diabetic sub-Saharan Africans and is associated with hypertension and LV dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway. pchillo2000@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Pilly
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chillo
authors.forename: Johnson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lwakatare
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lutale
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gerdts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013636:Tanzania; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers