title: The effect of the OPRM1 and DRD4 polymorphisms on the relation between attentional bias and alcohol use in adolescence and young adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incentive sensitization theory posits that in the transition from sporadic to problematic alcohol use, the incentive value of alcohol increases (wanting) while its hedonic effects (liking) do not change or decreases. The effect of the OPRM1 c.118A>G polymorphism, associated with liking and wanting, and the DRD4-VNTR polymorphism, related to wanting, on the relation between attentional bias and alcohol use was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 195 young adolescents (Study 1) and 86 young adult male heavy drinkers (Study 2) completed a visual probe test. Saliva samples were collected to test both polymorphisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, attentional bias was positively associated with adolescent alcohol use only for OPRM1 G-allele carriers. In Study 2, attentional bias was positively associated with problem drinking for carriers of a DRD4 long allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is tentatively proposed that an attentional bias for alcohol is related most strongly to liking and wanting in early adolescents, while in young adults, an attentional bias may reflect wanting. In addition, individual differences associated with two both genetic markers should be taken into account when examining the relation between attentional bias and alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Sarapieters@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: Haske
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Der Vorst
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Burk
authors.forename: Tim M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schoenmakers
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Den Wildenberg
authors.forename: Hubert J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lambrichs
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Reinout W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wiers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D000483:Alleles; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; C485764:OPRM1 protein, human; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4