title: Mapping the social network: tracking lice in a wild primate (Microcebus rufus) population to infer social contacts and vector potential.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of host-parasite interactions have the potential to provide insights into the ecology of both organisms involved. We monitored the movement of sucking lice (Lemurpediculus verruculosus), parasites that require direct host-host contact to be transferred, in their host population of wild mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus). These lemurs live in the rainforests of Madagascar, are small (40 g), arboreal, nocturnal, solitary foraging primates for which data on population-wide interactions are difficult to obtain. We developed a simple, cost effective method exploiting the intimate relationship between louse and lemur, whereby individual lice were marked, without removal from their host, with an individualized code, and tracked throughout the lemur population. We then tested the hypotheses that 1) the frequency of louse transfers, and thus interactions, would decrease with increasing distance between paired individual lemurs; 2) due to host polygynandry, social interactions and hence louse transfers would increase during the onset of the breeding season; and 3) individual mouse lemurs would vary in their contributions to the spread of lice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that louse transfers involved 43.75% of the studied lemur population, exclusively males. Louse transfers peaked during the breeding season, perhaps due to increased social interactions between lemurs. Although trap-based individual lemur ranging patterns are restricted, louse transfer rate does not correlate with the distance between lemur trapping locales, indicating wider host ranging behavior and a greater risk of rapid population-wide pathogen transmission than predicted by standard trapping data alone. Furthermore, relatively few lemur individuals contributed disproportionately to the rapid spread of lice throughout the population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a simple method, we were able to visualize exchanges of lice in a population of cryptic wild primates. This method not only provided insight into the previously unseen parasite movement between lemurs, but also allowed us to infer social interactions between them. As lice are known pathogen vectors, our method also allowed us to identify the lemurs most likely to facilitate louse-mediated epidemics. Our approach demonstrates the potential to uncover otherwise inaccessible parasite-host, and host social interaction data in any trappable species parasitized by sucking lice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, PO Box 56, Helsinki FIN 00014, Finland. sarah.zohdy@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zohdy
authors.forename: Addison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Lance A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Durden
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jernvall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000854:Anoplura / Q000502:physiology*; D016565:Cheirogaleidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D010373:Lice Infestations / Q000662:veterinary*; D008270:Madagascar; D008297:Male; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D012919:Social Behavior