title: Integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis of voriconazole in children, adolescents, and adults.
abstract: To further optimize the voriconazole dosing in the pediatric population, a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on pooled data from 112 immunocompromised children (2 to <12 years), 26 immunocompromised adolescents (12 to <17 years), and 35 healthy adults. Different maintenance doses (i.e., 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 mg/kg of body weight intravenously [i.v.] every 12 h [q12h]; 4 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 200 mg orally q12h) were evaluated in these children. The adult dosing regimens (6 mg/kg i.v. q12h on day 1, followed by 4 mg/kg i.v. q12h, and 300 mg orally q12h) were evaluated in the adolescents. A two-compartment model with first-order absorption and mixed linear and nonlinear (Michaelis-Menten) elimination adequately described the voriconazole data. Larger interindividual variability was observed in pediatric subjects than in adults. Deterministic simulations based on individual parameter estimates from the final model revealed the following. The predicted total exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h [AUC(0-12)]) in children following a 9-mg/kg i.v. loading dose was comparable to that in adults following a 6-mg/kg i.v. loading dose. The predicted AUC(0-12)s in children following 4 and 8 mg/kg i.v. q12h were comparable to those in adults following 3 and 4 mg/kg i.v. q12h, respectively. The predicted AUC(0-12) in children following 9 mg/kg (maximum, 350 mg) orally q12h was comparable to that in adults following 200 mg orally q12h. To achieve voriconazole exposures comparable to those of adults, dosing in 12- to 14-year-old adolescents depends on their weight: they should be dosed like children if their weight is <50 kg and dosed like adults if their weight is ≥ 50 kg. Other adolescents should be dosed like adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: Patanjali
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravva
authors.forename: Mats O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D065819:Voriconazole
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles; D065819:Voriconazole