title: Reducing ammonia emissions from laying-hen houses through dietary manipulation.
abstract: Feed additives can change the microbiological environment of the animal digestive track, nutrient composition of feces, and its gaseous emissions. This 2-yr field study involving commercial laying-hen houses in central Iowa was conducted to assess the effects of feeding diets containing EcoCal and corn-dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) on ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions. Three high-rise layer houses (256,600 W-36 hens per house) received standard industry diet (Control), a diet containing 7% EcoCal (EcoCal) or a diet containing 10% DDGS (DDGS). Gaseous emissions were continuously monitored during the period of December 2007 to December 2009, covering the full production cycle. The 24-month test results revealed that mean NH3 emission rates were 0.58 +/- 0.05, 0.82 +/- 0.04, and 0.96 +/- 0.05 g/hen/day for the EcoCal, DDGS, and Control diet, respectively. Namely, compared to the Control diet, the EcoCal and DDGS diets reduced NH3 emission by an average of 39.2% and 14.3%, respectively. The concurrent H2S emission rates were 5.39 +/- 0.46, 1.91 +/- 0.13, and 1.79 +/- 0.16 mg/ hen/day for the EcoCal, DDGS, and Control diet, respectively. CO2 emission rates were similar for the three diets, 87.3 +/- 1.37, 87.4 +/- 1.26, and 89.6 +/- 1.6 g/hen/day for EcoCal, DDGS, and Control, respectively (P = 0.45). The DDGS and EcoCal houses tended to emit less CH4 than the Control house (0.16 and 0.12 vs. 0.20 g/hen/day) during the monitored summer season. The efficacy of NH3 emission reduction by the EcoCal diet decreased with increasing outside temperature, varying from 72.2% in February 2009 to -7.10% in September 2008. Manure of the EcoCal diet contained 68% higher ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and 4.7 times higher sulfur content than that of the Control diet. Manure pH values were 8.0, 8.9, and 9.3 for EcoCal, DDGS, and Control diets, respectively. This extensive field study verifies that dietary manipulation provides a viable means to reduce NH3 emissions from modern laying-hen houses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Shuhai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kliebenstein
authors.forename: Kristjan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bregendahl
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide