title: Minimally invasive surgical cardiac resynchronization therapy: an intermediate-term follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  : Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves symptoms, quality of life, and ejection fraction in selected patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and interventricular conduction delay. Transvenous insertion of left ventricular (LV) pacing leads via the coronary sinus is unsuccessful in 8-10% of patients. This study describes intermediate-term follow up of minimally invasive surgical techniques for CRT as a viable alternative after failed transvenous lead insertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  : From March 2001 to October 2005, fifty-four patients with NYHA Class III-IV symptoms, QRS duration 181 ± 40 milliseconds, and LV ejection fraction 19.7 ± 8.0% underwent a total of 56 minimally invasive LV lead placements via thoracoscopic video assistance (n = 38) or minithoracotomy (n = 17). One patient required full thoracotomy after a previous video-assisted thoracoscopic procedure. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was used to assess changes in LV function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Acute thresholds for the active lead measured 1.10 ± 0.62 V, with R-wave amplitude of 12.3 ± 6.6 mV and impedance of 631 ± 185 Ohm. Thirty-day mortality was 5%. There were no perioperative myocardial infarctions or strokes. Five patients required transfusion, 3 had exacerbation of prior renal insufficiency, 5 had pulmonary complications, and 8 required inotropic support for more than 48 hours. Intermediate-term follow up (mean 20 ± 16 months, range 11 days to 55 months) revealed 3 patients with lead failure requiring additional surgical intervention. Hospitalization due to worsening CHF occurred in 5 patients, and 2 of these patients required intravenous inotropic support. QRS duration decreased to 146 ± 36 milliseconds postoperatively (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Minimally invasive surgical lead placement safely and effectively accomplishes cardiac resynchronization using either thoracoscopic or minithoracotomy techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center; Emory Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Corvera
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Puskas
authors.forename: Vinod H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Thourani
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Guyton
authors.forename: Omar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lattouf