title: The effects of clopidogrel (Plavix) and other oral anticoagulants on early hip fracture surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk for bleeding complications during and after early hip fracture surgery for patients taking clopidogrel and other anticoagulants have not been defined. The purpose of this study is to assess the perioperative bleeding risks and clinical outcome after early hip fracture surgery performed on patients taking clopidogrel (Plavix) and other oral anticoagulants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study design is a retrospective cohort analysis using data extracted from hospital records and state death records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional medical center (level II trauma).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 1118 patients ≥60 years of age who had surgical treatment for a hip fracture between 2004 and 2008 were reviewed. Eighty-two patients undergoing late surgery (>3 days after admission) were excluded. Patients taking clopidogrel were compared against those not taking clopidogrel. In addition, patients taking clopidogrel only were compared against cohorts of patients taking both clopidogrel and aspirin, aspirin only, warfarin only, or no anticoagulant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four of 1036 patients (7%) were taking clopidogrel, although control groups included 253 patients on aspirin alone, 90 patients on warfarin, and 619 taking no anticoagulants. No significant differences were noted between patients taking clopidogrel and those not taking clopidogrel in estimated blood loss, transfusion requirement, final blood count, hematoma evacuation, hospital length of stay (LOS), or mortality while in hospital or at 1 year. A higher American Society of Anesthesiologists score was seen in the clopidogrel and warfarin groups (P = 0.05 each), increased LOS in the clopidogrel group (P = 0.05), and higher rate of deep vein thrombosis seen in those patients taking warfarin (P = 0.05). Clopidogrel only versus aspirin versus both aspirin and clopidogrel, versus no anticoagulant versus warfarin showed no significant differences in estimated blood loss, transfusion requirement, final blood count, bleeding or perioperative complications, or mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients undergoing early hip fracture surgery who are taking clopidogrel, aspirin, or warfarin (with regulated international normalized ratio) are not at substantially increased risk for bleeding, bleeding complications, or mortality. Comorbidities and American Society of Anesthesiologists scores were significantly higher in the clopidogrel group, which may have resulted in the increased postoperative LOS in this group.
authors.affiliation: Harris Methodist Fort Worth Hospital/John Peter Smith Orthopedic Surgery Residency, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA. ccollinge@msn.com
authors.forename: Cory A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Collinge
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Schuster
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin