title: Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in Chongqing pre-diabetes patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and relative risk factors among Chongqing pre-diabetes patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 750 participants were recruited in this cross-sectional study. All participants underwent a complete physical examination and an oral glucose-tolerance test. In all, 110 of the 125 newly diagnosed pre-diabetics and their healthy spouses as controls were examined with fluorescence fundus angiographies, and their blood with biochemical analyses. All the pre-diabetics with DR (23 subjects), 23 normal controls and 23 pre-diabetics without DR were compared for serum concentrations of regulated upon activation, normal T-expressed and secreted (RANTES). Student's t-test was used to compare continuous variables, and χ (2) test and analysis of variance to compare proportions among groups. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors for DR in pre-diabetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 20.91% of the 110 pre-diabetics showed mild non-proliferative DR (NPDR). There was a statistically significant difference in serum concentrations of RANTES between pre-diabetics with and without DR (P<0.01), and also between pre-diabetics with DR and normal controls (P<0.01). However, age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-C, low-density lipoprotein-C, blood urea nitrogen, blood creatinine, and urine albumin excretion rate seemed to have no reliable relationship with DR in pre-diabetics (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of DR in Chongqing pre-diabetes patients in the study was about 20.91% and only mild NPDR was found. It seems that RANTES is one possible risk factor associated with DR in pre-diabetics, not age, TG and TC, and others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018946:Chemokine CCL5