title: Nurse-run, telephone-based outreach to improve lipids in people with diabetes.
abstract: There is a need for randomized, prospective trials of case management interventions with resource utilization analyses.
  
  
  
  To determine whether algorithm-driven telephone care by nurses improves lipid control in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  
  Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  
  Adults with diabetes at a federally funded community health center were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 381) or usual-care (n = 381) groups.
  
  
  
  Nurses independently initiated and titrated lipid therapy and promoted behavioral change through motivational interviewing and self-management techniques. Other parameters of diabetes care were addressed based on time constraints.
  
  
  
  The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) less than 100 mg/dL. Secondary outcomes included the number of hospital admissions, total hospital charges per patient, and the proportion of patients meeting other lipid, glycemic, and blood pressure guidelines.
  
  
  
  The percent of patients with an LDL < 100 mg/dL increased from 52.0% to 58.5% in the intervention group and decreased from 55.6% to 46.7% in the control group (P < .01). Average cost per patient to the healthcare system was less for the intervention group ($6600 vs $9033, P = .03). Intervention patients trended toward fewer hospital admissions (P = .06). The intervention did not affect glycemic and blood pressure outcomes.
  
  
  
  Nurses can improve lipid control in patients with diabetes in a primarily indigent population through telephone care using moderately complex algorithms, but a more targeted approach is warranted. Telephone-based outreach may decrease resource utilization, but more study is needed.
authors.affiliation: Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA. henry.fi scher@dhha.org
authors.forename: Henry H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Eisert
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Everhart
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Durfee
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soria
authors.forename: Diana I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Stell
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice-Peterson
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Raymond O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Estacio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019090:Case Management / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D003120:Colorado; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000191:economics; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D009042:Motivation; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000379:methods*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL