title: Consumption of red meat and whole-grain bread in relation to biomarkers of obesity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of red meat and whole-grain bread consumption with plasma levels of biomarkers related to glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our cross-sectional study was based on 2,198 men and women who were selected as a sub-cohort for an investigation of biological predictors of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study. Circulating levels of glycated hemoglobin, adiponectin, hs-CRP, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine-aminotransferase, fetuin-A, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were measured from random blood samples. Diet and lifestyle data were assessed by questionnaires, and anthropometric data were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After multivariable adjustment, higher consumption of whole-grain bread was significantly (P trend <0.05) associated with lower levels of GGT, ALT and hs-CRP, whereas higher consumption of red meat was significantly associated with higher levels of GGT and hs-CRP when adjusted for potential confounding factors related to lifestyle and diet. Further adjustment for body mass index and waist circumference attenuated the association between red meat and hs-CRP (P = 0.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that high consumption of whole-grain bread is related to lower levels of GGT, ALT and hs-CRP, whereas high consumption of red meat is associated with higher circulating levels of GGT and hs-CRP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montonen
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.forename: Hans-Georg
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Joost
authors.forename: Matthias B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pischon
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase