title: Socioeconomic parameters and mortality in Turner syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Turner syndrome (TS) is characterized by hypogonadism, short adult height, increased morbidity and mortality, contrasted by self-reported normal quality of life and perception of health. Small studies have indicated a similar level of education compared with the background population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the socioeconomic profile in TS and the impact of these factors on mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Register study using Danish nationwide registries. Nine hundred and seventy-nine TS females and 94,850 controls were included. Information concerning cohabitation, motherhoods, level of education (bachelor degree), income, retirement, and death were obtained. One hundred and three TS and 5989 controls died during the study period. For the socioeconomic parameters, median age at first relevant episode was calculated. Income was analyzed using conditional logistic regression and the other parameters using Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with controls, TS had significantly fewer partnerships (hazard ratio (HR): 0.45), fewer motherhoods (HR: 0.18), and retired earlier (HR: 1.8). After the diagnosis of TS, the risk of retiring was increased. Educational attainment (HR: 1.0) as well as risk of unemployment was similar. Before the age of 30, low income was significantly more frequent; hereafter, it was similar to controls. Mortality was significantly increased (HR: 2.9) and slightly lower after adjustment for cohabitation and education (HR: 2.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A divergent socioeconomic profile is apparent, with a reduced proportion of TS persons finding a partner and becoming mothers. The educational level was similar to controls. The increased mortality in TS was not materially affected after adjustment for cohabitation and education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kirstine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stochholm
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hjerrild
authors.forename: Kristian Havmand
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Svend
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juul
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frydenberg
authors.forename: Claus Højbjerg
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gravholt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000235:genetics; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016015:Logistic Models; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010053:Ovary / Q000002:abnormalities; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012179:Retirement; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology