title: Sacral nerve stimulation during pregnancy:  case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of sacral nerve stimulation during pregnancy is not recommended because of the unknown effects on the offspring. There is a paucity of literature on the subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 25-year-old woman who had a sacral nerve stimulator for severe interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome had 2 successful pregnancies. Against medical advice, she kept the stimulator activated for symptom control during the pregnancies. The first child was later diagnosed with chronic motor tic disorder, and the second had a pilonidal sinus at birth. Whether this outcome is related to the neurostimulator is unknown. The efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation decreased after each pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The safety of sacral nerve stimulation in pregnancy has not been well established. Until further research is done, we recommend that women of reproductive age with a sacral nerve stimulator be advised about contraception and that the device should be deactivated before or as soon as pregnancy is confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. dominique.el-khawand@drexelmed.edu
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: El-Khawand
authors.forename: Owen C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Salim A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wehbe
authors.forename: Kristene E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Whitmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058542:Implantable Neurostimulators / Q000009:adverse effects; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D010864:Pilonidal Sinus / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D019233:Retreatment; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology