title: Orthogonal inactivation of influenza and the creation of detergent resistant viral aggregates: towards a novel vaccine strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been previously shown that enveloped viruses can be inactivated using aryl azides, such as 1-iodo-5-azidonaphthalene (INA), plus UVA irradiation with preservation of surface epitopes in the inactivated virus preparations. Prolonged UVA irradiation in the presence of INA results in ROS-species formation, which in turn results in detergent resistant viral protein fractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Herein, we characterize the applicability of this technique to inactivate influenza. It is shown that influenza virus + INA (100 micromolar) + UVA irradiation for 30 minutes results in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in pelletablehemagglutinin after Triton X-100 treatment followed by ultracentrifugation. Additionally, characterization of the virus suspension by immunogold labeling in cryo-EM, and viral pellet characterization via immunoprecipitation with a neutralizing antibody, shows preservation of neutralization epitopes after this treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These orthogonally inactivated viral preparations with detergent resistant fractions are being explored as a novel route for safe, effective inactivated vaccines generated from a variety of enveloped viruses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute Frederick, Frederick, USA.
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Belanger
authors.forename: Yossef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Raviv
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viard
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baxa
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003902:Detergents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines