title: US-guided percutaneous microwave coagulation of small breast cancers: a clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility of percutaneous microwave coagulation (PMC) for the treatment of small solitary breast cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  With approval of the institutional ethics committee and written informed consent, 41 patients with core-needle-biopsy-proved breast cancers 3.0 cm or less in diameter accessed by using ultrasonography (US) were recruited. US-guided PMC was performed with general anesthesia, followed immediately by mastectomy. Histochemical staining with α-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH)-diaphorase was used to determine cell viability and the extent of PMC lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean tumor volume was 5.26 cm(3) ± 3.80 (standard deviation), with a range from 0.09 to 14.14 cm(3). PMC was successfully performed in all cases, with complete tumor ablation as assessed by using US. The mean time to reach complete ablation was 4.48 minutes, ranging from 3 to 10 minutes. With microscopic examination, 37 of 41 cases (90%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 76.9%, 97.3%) showed complete tumor coagulation, as observed by using α-NADH-diaphorase staining. Of 38 cases diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma, 36 cases (95%; 95% CI: 82.3%, 99.4%) showed complete tumor coagulation. Slight thermal injuries to the skin and pectoralis major muscle, which proved reversible, were found in three cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US-guided PMC of small solitary breast cancers is feasible. Nevertheless, larger-scale clinical trials are still needed to validate PMC for adoption into a standard clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery and Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wenbin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: Xiaoan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yicheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Yifen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods*