title: Hypertrophied cruciate ligament in high performance weightlifters observed in magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a group of high performance weightlifters increased values of the cruciate ligaments (CLs) cross-sectional areas were observed. The purpose of this research was to investigate if repeated heavy workouts increase the volume of those structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The knee examinations were performed with an 1,5T MRI system. The area of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) midsubstance cross-section were evaluated in T1-weighted images with administration of contrast medium in a group of nine athletes. A control group of 19 participants was also examined using the same protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences of the ACL and the PCL midsubstance cross-sectional areas were observed between groups. The area of the CLs' midsubstance and the onset of training were strongly negatively correlated and the PCL cross-sectional area was strongly positively correlated with the duration of training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research is the first description of the CLs hypertrophy, which is probably caused by heavy training that was started about the age of puberty. The age of training onset seems to have a greater impact on the hypertrophy process than the training duration. Knowledge of the phenomenon of cruciate ligament overgrowth is vital for orthopaedics because, possible changes of the CLs mechanical properties and three-dimensional orientation, may affect the incidence of trauma and reconstruction procedures technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego Street, 90-153, Lodz, Poland. piotr.grzelak@umed.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grzelak
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Podgorski
authors.forename: Ludomir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stefanczyk
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krochmalski
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domzalski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology*; D056352:Athletes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology*; D055070:Resistance Training; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media