title: The inner segment/outer segment junction:  what have we learnt so far?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The advancement of optical coherence tomography has improved the resolution of in-vivo images of the retina. This has led to a wealth of novel knowledge regarding the microstructures of the photoreceptor layer and its relationship with visual functions under different pathological diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Identification of the hyperreflective lines in the photoreceptor layer has been made possible by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The inner segment/outer segment junction, external limiting membrane, cone outer segment tips, and the retinal pigment epithelium were thought to be the origins of the four hyperreflective lines seen in the photoreceptor layer. Integrity of these lines has been linked with visual functions in various retinopathies, and has been suggested to carry prognostic implications. Recovery of initially interrupted lines has been documented following successful treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of these hyperreflective lines may have clinical implications as visual function was found to correlate closely with their integrity. Restoration of these lines may indicate treatment response and potential visual recovery.
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute, University of Hong Kong, China. ianyhwong@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ian Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Lawrence P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Iu
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Wico W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055211:Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Inner Segment / Q000473:pathology*; D055214:Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology