title: Assessment of protective effects of methylprednisolone and pheniramine maleate on reperfusion injury in kidney after distant organ ischemia: a rat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of tissues is a common problem that cardiovascular surgeons are faced with. Suppression of inflammation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of I/R injury, may reduce this damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of methylprednisolone (MP)--a potent anti-inflammatory agent--and pheniramine maleate (FM)--an antihistamine that also has some anti-inflammatory effects--on reperfusion injury of kidneys developing after ischemia of the left lower extremity of rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight randomly selected male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 320 to 370 g were divided into four groups, each consisting of seven rats. Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 was the sham group. Rats in group 3 were subjected to I/R and given FM, and rats in group 4 were subjected to I/R and given MP. A tourniquet was applied at the level of the left groin to subjects in group 2 after induction of anesthesia. One hour of ischemia was performed, and no drug was administered. In group 3, half of a total dose of 10 mg/kg FM was administered before ischemia, and the remaining half was given intraperitoneally before reperfusion. In group 4, subjects received a single dose of 50 mg/kg MP intraperitoneally in the 30th minute of ischemia. Kidneys of all subjects were removed after 24 hours. Extracted tissues were investigated regarding histological and biochemical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malondialdehyde--the end product of lipid peroxidation as an important indicator of I/R injury--levels were significantly lower in group 3 than in group 2 (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels were also lower in group 4 than in group 2, but this difference was insignificant (P > 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities were found to be significantly higher in group 3 than in group 2 (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference between group 4 and group 2 in terms of these activities. Histological examination demonstrated that both MP and FM had protective effects against I/R injury, but this effect was more potent for FM than for MP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FM has a protective effect against reperfusion injury in rat kidney after distant organ ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Izmir Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayrak
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yurekli
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gokalp
authors.forename: Muge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiray
authors.forename: Mehmet Senel
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bademci
authors.forename: Barcin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozcem
authors.forename: Yuksel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Besir
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yilik
authors.forename: Mert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kestelli
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gurbuz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010632:Pheniramine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D010632:Pheniramine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D008775:Methylprednisolone