title: How much can we gain from improved efficiency? An examination of performance of national HIV/AIDS programs and its determinants in low- and middle-income countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The economic downturn exacerbates the inadequacy of resources for combating the worldwide HIV/AIDS pandemic and amplifies the need to improve the efficiency of HIV/AIDS programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate efficiency of national HIV/AIDS programs in transforming funding into services and implemented a Tobit model to identify determinants of the efficiency in 68 low- and middle-income countries. We considered the change from the lowest quartile to the average value of a variable a "notable" increase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the average efficiency in implementing HIV/AIDS programs was moderate (49.8%). Program efficiency varied enormously among countries with means by quartile of efficiency of 13.0%, 36.4%, 54.4% and 96.5%. A country's governance, financing mechanisms, and economic and demographic characteristics influence the program efficiency. For example, if countries achieved a notable increase in "voice and accountability" (e.g., greater participation of civil society in policy making), the efficiency of their HIV/AIDS programs would increase by 40.8%. For countries in the lowest quartile of per capita gross national income (GNI), a notable increase in per capita GNI would increase the efficiency of AIDS programs by 45.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There may be substantial opportunity for improving the efficiency of AIDS services, by providing more services with existing resources. Actions beyond the health sector could be important factors affecting HIV/AIDS service delivery.
authors.affiliation: Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Heller School, MS 035, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA. Wuzengcn@Brandeis.edu
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chilingerian
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Avila-Figueroa
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D003906:Developing Countries; D015981:Epidemiologic Factors; D033161:Government Regulation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006292:Health Priorities / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000592:standards*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D012941:Social Responsibility