title: T-2 toxin induced Salmonella Typhimurium intoxication results in decreased Salmonella numbers in the cecum contents of pigs, despite marked effects on Salmonella-host cell interactions.
abstract: The mycotoxin T-2 toxin and Salmonella Typhimurium infections pose a significant threat to human and animal health. Interactions between both agents may result in a different outcome of the infection. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to investigate the effects of low and relevant concentrations of T-2 toxin on the course of a Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs. We showed that the presence of 15 and 83 μg T-2 toxin per kg feed significantly decreased the amount of Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria present in the cecum contents, and a tendency to a reduced colonization of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and colon contents was noticed. In vitro, proteomic analysis of porcine enterocytes revealed that a very low concentration of T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) affects the protein expression of mitochondrial, endoplasmatic reticulum and cytoskeleton associated proteins, proteins involved in protein synthesis and folding, RNA synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and regulatory processes. Similarly low concentrations (1-100 ng/mL) promoted the susceptibility of porcine macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells to Salmonella Typhimurium invasion, in a SPI-1 independent manner. Furthermore, T-2 toxin (1-5 ng/mL) promoted the translocation of Salmonella Typhimurium over an intestinal porcine epithelial cell monolayer. Although these findings may seem in favour of Salmonella Typhimurium, microarray analysis showed that T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) causes an intoxication of Salmonella Typhimurium, represented by a reduced motility and a downregulation of metabolic and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 genes. This study demonstrates marked interactions of T-2 toxin with Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenesis, resulting in bacterial intoxication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. Elin.verbrugghe@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verbrugghe
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vandenbroucke
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhaenens
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: Joline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eeckhout
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: D'Herde
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deforce
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boyen
authors.forename: Bregje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leyman
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Parys
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Backer
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebrouck
authors.forename: Siska
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croubels
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasmans
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D013605:T-2 Toxin