title: Building information for systematic improvement of the prevention of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers with statistical process control charts and regression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate complementary results of regression and statistical process control (SPC) chart analyses for hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs), and identify possible links between changes and opportunities for improvement between hospital microsystems and macrosystems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ordinary least squares and panel data regression of retrospective hospital billing data, and SPC charts of prospective patient records for a US tertiary-care facility (2004-2007). A prospective cohort of hospital inpatients at risk for HAPUs was the study population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 337 HAPU incidences hospital wide among 43 844 inpatients. A probit regression model predicted the correlation of age, gender and length of stay on HAPU incidence (pseudo R(2)=0.096). Panel data analysis determined that for each additional day in the hospital, there was a 0.28% increase in the likelihood of HAPU incidence. A p-chart of HAPU incidence showed a mean incidence rate of 1.17% remaining in statistical control. A t-chart showed the average time between events for the last 25 HAPUs was 13.25 days. There was one 57-day period between two incidences during the observation period. A p-chart addressing Braden scale assessments showed that 40.5% of all patients were risk stratified for HAPUs upon admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPC charts complement standard regression analysis. SPC amplifies patient outcomes at the microsystem level and is useful for guiding quality improvement. Macrosystems should monitor effective quality improvement initiatives in microsystems and aid the spread of successful initiatives to other microsystems, followed by system-wide analysis with regression. Although HAPU incidence in this study is below the national mean, there is still room to improve HAPU incidence in this hospital setting since 0% incidence is theoretically achievable. Further assessment of pressure ulcer incidence could illustrate improvement in the quality of care and prevent HAPUs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Padula
authors.forename: Manish K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Taygan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Splaine
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States