title: Cognitive domains that predict time to diagnosis in prodromal Huntington disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prodromal Huntington's disease (prHD) is associated with a myriad of cognitive changes but the domains that best predict time to clinical diagnosis have not been studied. This is a notable gap because some domains may be more sensitive to cognitive decline, which would inform clinical trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study sought to characterise cognitive domains underlying a large test battery and for the first time, evaluate their ability to predict time to diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included gene negative and gene positive prHD participants who were enrolled in the PREDICT-HD study. The CAG-age product (CAP) score was the measure of an individual's genetic signature. A factor analysis of 18 tests was performed to identify sets of measures or latent factors that elucidated core constructs of tests. Factor scores were then fit to a survival model to evaluate their ability to predict time to diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six factors were identified: (1) speed/inhibition, (2) verbal working memory, (3) motor planning/speed, (4) attention-information integration, (5) sensory-perceptual processing and (6) verbal learning/memory. Factor scores were sensitive to worsening of cognitive functioning in prHD, typically more so than performances on individual tests comprising the factors. Only the motor planning/speed and sensory-perceptual processing factors predicted time to diagnosis, after controlling for CAP scores and motor symptoms. Conclusions The results suggest that motor planning/speed and sensory-perceptual processing are important markers of disease prognosis. The findings also have implications for using composite indices of cognition in preventive Huntington's disease trials where they may be more sensitive than individual tests.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Psychiatry Research, Iowa City, IA 52242-1000, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah Lynn
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Noelle E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Carlozzi
authors.forename: Jane S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013997:Time Factors; D019680:Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics