title: Active surveillance for prostate cancer:  past, present and future.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews recent developments in the use of active surveillance for localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment of localized prostate cancer continues to be a major challenge for urologic oncologists. Screening with prostate-specific antigen has resulted in increased numbers of low-risk prostate cancers being detected. Aggressive whole-gland therapy with surgery, or radiation therapy is associated with potentially life-altering treatment-related side effects such as urinary incontinence, bowel toxicity and erectile dysfunction. The goal of active surveillance is to avoid or delay the adverse events associated with prostate cancer therapy while still allowing for curative intervention in the future, if needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active surveillance is a reasonable treatment option for many men with low-risk, and some men with intermediate-risk, prostate cancer. Additional research is needed to determine the optimal active surveillance inclusion criteria, monitoring schedule, and treatment triggers. It is hoped that advances in prostate imaging, biomarkers, and focal therapy will foster greater use of active surveillance in appropriately selected men to optimize quality-of-life without compromising cancer outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Aradhana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couvillon
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Parnes
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D057832:Watchful Waiting
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen