title: High and low throughput screens with root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp.
abstract: Root-knot nematodes (genus Meloidogyne) are obligate plant parasites. They are extremely polyphagous and considered one of the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes. The microscopic second-stage juvenile (J2), molted once in the egg, is the infective stage. The J2s hatch from the eggs, move freely in the soil within a film of water, and locate root tips of suitable plant species. After penetrating the plant root, they migrate towards the vascular cylinder where they establish a feeding site and initiate feeding using their stylets. The multicellular feeding site is comprised of several enlarged multinuclear cells called 'giant cells' which are formed from cells that underwent karyokinesis (repeated mitosis) without cytokinesis. Neighboring pericycle cells divide and enlarge in size giving rise to a typical gall or root knot, the characteristic symptom of root-knot nematode infection. Once feeding is initiated, J2s become sedentary and undergo three additional molts to become adults. The adult female lays 150-250 eggs in a gelatinous matrix on or below the surface of the root. From the eggs new infective J2s hatch and start a new cycle. The root-knot nematode life cycle is completed in 4-6 weeks at 26-28°C.    Here we present the traditional protocol to infect plants, grown in pots, with root-knot nematodes and two methods for high-throughput assays. The first high-throughput method is used for plants with small seeds such as tomato while the second is for plants with large seeds such as cowpea and common bean. Large seeds support extended seedling growth with minimal nutrient supplement. The first high throughput assay utilizes seedlings grown in sand in trays while in the second assay plants are grown in pouches in the absence of soil. The seedling growth pouch is made of a 15.5 x 12.5cm paper wick, folded at the top to form a 2-cm-deep trough in which the seed or seedling is placed. The paper wick is contained inside a transparent plastic pouch. These growth pouches allow direct observation of nematode infection symptoms, galling of roots and egg mass production, under the surface of a transparent pouch. Both methods allow the use of the screened plants, after phenotyping, for crossing or seed production. An additional advantage of the use of growth pouches is the small space requirement because pouches are stored in plastic hanging folders arranged in racks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nematology, University of California-Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Atamian
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Isgouhi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaloshian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification