title: Modification of Salmonella Typhimurium motility by the probiotic yeast strain Saccharomyces boulardii.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motility is an important component of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) pathogenesis allowing the bacteria to move into appropriate niches, across the mucus layer and invade the intestinal epithelium. In vitro, flagellum-associated motility is closely related to the invasive properties of ST. The probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii BIOCODEX (S.b-B) is widely prescribed for the prophylaxis and treatment of diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria or antibiotics. In case of Salmonella infection, S.b-B has been shown to decrease ST invasion of T84 colon cell line. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of S.b-B on ST motility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments were performed on human colonic T84 cells infected by the Salmonella strain 1344 alone or in the presence of S.b-B. The motility of Salmonella was recorded by time-lapse video microscopy. Next, a manual tracking was performed to analyze bacteria dynamics (MTrackJ plugin, NIH image J software). This revealed that the speed of bacterial movement was modified in the presence of S.b-B. The median curvilinear velocity (CLV) of Salmonella incubated alone with T84 decreased from 43.3 µm/sec to 31.2 µm/sec in the presence of S.b-B. Measurement of track linearity (TL) showed similar trends: S.b-B decreased by 15% the number of bacteria with linear tract (LT) and increased by 22% the number of bacteria with rotator tract (RT). Correlation between ST motility and invasion was further established by studying a non-motile flagella-deficient ST strain. Indeed this strain that moved with a CLV of 0.5 µm/sec, presented a majority of RT and a significant decrease in invasion properties. Importantly, we show that S.b-B modified the motility of the pathogenic strain SL1344 and significantly decreased invasion of T84 cells by this strain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals that S.b-B modifies Salmonella's motility and trajectory which may account for the modification of Salmonella's invasion.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U895, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Equipe Inflammation, Cancer, Cellules Souches Cancéreuses, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pontier-Bres
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prodon
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rampal
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lemichez
authors.forename: Jean François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peyron
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czerucka
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D019936:Probiotics; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000378:metabolism*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000378:metabolism*