title: Incidence and risk factors of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in newborn infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and risk factors of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) in neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1 year prospective cohort study was carried out at the neonatal intensive care unit and sick neonatal wards, Chiang Mai University Hospital. Newborns >1000 g, receiving >7 days of parenteral nutrition (PN), were enrolled. Liver function tests were done by the end of first, second, and fourth week, and then every 4 weeks until the PN was discontinued and the jaundice resolved. The diagnosis of PNALD relied on a history of PN, direct bilirubin >2 mg/dL, and exclusion of other causes of neonatal cholestasis. Selected patient factors and PN compositions were analyzed to determine the risks for development of PNALD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 infants with a mean gestational age and birthweight of 32.5 weeks and 1840 g were enrolled. Eight of the 24 developed PNALD. Compared to those without PNALD, gastrointestinal surgery, duration of enteral starvation, duration of PN, maximum PN caloric intake, and maximum carbohydrate intake were significantly associated with the development of liver disease. Despite the lack of statistical significance, there was a trend towards cholestasis in patients with sepsis. Elevation of direct bilirubin was the earliest biochemical change, observed in the first week after PN, followed by increased transaminases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrointestinal surgery, duration of enteral starvation, duration of PN, maximum caloric and carbohydrate intake in PN were significant risks of PNALD in newborn infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Photchanaphorn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koseesirikul
authors.forename: Somporn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chotinaruemol
authors.forename: Nuthapong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ukarapol
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors