title: Can expectation enhance response to suggestion? De-automatization illuminates a conundrum.
abstract: Disparate theoretical viewpoints construe hypnotic suggestibility either as a stable trait, largely determined by underlying cognitive aptitude, or as a flexible skill amenable to attitudinal factors including beliefs and expectations. Circumscribed findings support both views. The present study attempted to consolidate these orthogonal perspectives through the lens of expectancy modification. We surreptitiously controlled light and sound stimuli to convince participants that they were responding strongly to hypnotic suggestions for visual and auditory hallucinations. Extending our previous findings, we indexed hypnotic suggestibility by de-automatizing an involuntary audiovisual phenomenon-the McGurk effect. Here we show that, regardless of expectancy modification, the experimental procedure led to heightened expectations concerning future hypnotic response. We found little effect of expectation, however, on actual response to suggestion. Our findings intimate that, at least in the present experimental context, expectation hardly correlates with--and is unlikely to be a primary determinant of--high hypnotic suggestibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lifshitz
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Howells
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raz
mesh_terms: D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D001077:Aptitude Tests; D001288:Attention; D001290:Attitude; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013404:Suggestion