title: Enhancement of anticancer efficacy of chemotherapeutics by gambogic acid against gastric cancer cells.
abstract: Gambogic acid (GA), the main active component of gamboge, is well known for its marked antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to assess the natural interaction between GA and chemotherapeutic agents, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin (Oxa), and docetaxel (Doc), which are widely used in gastric cancer treatment. This study also investigated the effect of GA on cell apoptosis and drug-associated gene expression for further mechanism research. Synergistic interaction on human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells and MKN-28 cells was evaluated using the combination index (CI) method. The double staining method with Annexin-V-FITC and PI was employed to distinguish the apoptotic cells from others. Expression of drug-associated genes, that is, thymidylate synthase (TS), excision repair cross-complementing (ERCC1), BRCA1, tau, and β-tubulin III, was measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. This study found that GA had a synergistic effect on the cytotoxity of chemotherapeutic agents against both cell lines. The combination of GA and chemotherapeutic agents could also induce apoptosis in a synergistic manner. The mRNA levels of TS, ERCC1, BRCA1, tau, and β-tubulin III were suppressed at 0.009, 0.075, 0.140, 0.267, and 0.624-fold, respectively, when cells were exposed to GA at the concentration of 0.25 μM. These data suggest that GA has a promising role in enhancing the efficacy of 5-FU, Oxa, and Doc in the treatment of gastric cancer. The potential mechanism would be their synergistic effects on apoptosis induction and the downregulation of chemotherapeutic agent-associated genes.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum-Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Yun
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Xiao-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li-Xia
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Bao-Rui
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000077143:Docetaxel; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D044004:Xanthones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D043823:Taxoids; D044004:Xanthones; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D000077143:Docetaxel; C052659:gambogic acid; D005472:Fluorouracil