title: Crop to wild introgression in lettuce: following the fate of crop genome segments in backcross populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After crop-wild hybridization, some of the crop genomic segments may become established in wild populations through selfing of the hybrids or through backcrosses to the wild parent. This constitutes a possible route through which crop (trans)genes could become established in natural populations. The likelihood of introgression of transgenes will not only be determined by fitness effects from the transgene itself but also by the crop genes linked to it. Although lettuce is generally regarded as self-pollinating, outbreeding does occur at a low frequency. Backcrossing to wild lettuce is a likely pathway to introgression along with selfing, due to the high frequency of wild individuals relative to the rarely occurring crop-wild hybrids. To test the effect of backcrossing on the vigour of inter-specific hybrids, Lactuca serriola, the closest wild relative of cultivated lettuce, was crossed with L. sativa and the F(1) hybrid was backcrossed to L. serriola to generate BC(1) and BC(2) populations. Experiments were conducted on progeny from selfed plants of the backcrossing families (BC(1)S(1) and BC(2)S(1)). Plant vigour of these two backcrossing populations was determined in the greenhouse under non-stress and abiotic stress conditions (salinity, drought, and nutrient deficiency).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the decreasing contribution of crop genomic blocks in the backcross populations, the BC(1)S(1) and BC(2)S(1) hybrids were characterized by a substantial genetic variation under both non-stress and stress conditions. Hybrids were identified that performed equally or better than the wild genotypes, indicating that two backcrossing events did not eliminate the effect of the crop genomic segments that contributed to the vigour of the BC(1) and BC(2) hybrids. QTLs for plant vigour under non-stress and the various stress conditions were detected in the two populations with positive as well as negative effects from the crop.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As it was shown that the crop contributed QTLs with either a positive or a negative effect on plant vigour, we hypothesize that genomic regions exist where transgenes could preferentially be located in order to mitigate their persistence in natural populations through genetic hitchhiking.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uwimana
authors.forename: Marinus J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smulders
authors.forename: Danny A P
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hooftman
authors.forename: Yorike
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: van Tienderen
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Leah K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McHale
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Michelmore
authors.forename: Richard G F
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Clemens C M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van de Wiel
mesh_terms: D008040:Genetic Linkage; D018745:Genome, Plant; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D007178:Inbreeding; D018545:Lactuca / Q000235:genetics*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci