title: Emergency department crowding: time for interventions and policy evaluations.
abstract: This paper summarises the consequences of emergency department crowding. It provides a comparison of the scales used to measure emergency department crowding. We discuss the multiple causes of crowding and present an up-to-date literature review of the interventions that reduce the adverse consequences of crowding. We consider interventions at the level of an individual hospital and a policy level.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Cambridge University Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beniuk
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Higginson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atkinson