title: Surgery after intracranial investigation with subdural electrodes in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy: outcome and complications.
abstract: Video-EEG monitoring with intracranial subdural electrodes is a useful assessment tool for the localization of the epileptogenic zone in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. We aimed at assessing the morbidity related to electrode implantation and the surgical outcome in patients who underwent epilepsy surgery after intracranial EEG monitoring. All patients (N = 58) admitted to our Epilepsy Surgery Centre for drug-resistant focal epilepsy who underwent resective surgery after intracranial monitoring with subdural electrodes and were followed up for at least 2 years were included in the study. Their mean age was 30.4 years (range 8-60 years), 25 (43 %) were female, and 44 (76 %) had a preoperatively detected structural lesion. The mean duration of invasive recording was 2.3 days (range 1-14 days). Extraoperative ECoG allowed the identification of the epileptogenic focus in all cases. The temporal lobe was involved in 21 (36 %) patients, whereas extratemporal foci were identified in 24 (41 %) patients. Thirteen patients (23 %) had multilobar involvement. Functional brain mapping was performed in 15 (26 %) patients. Transient complications related to electrode implantation occurred in three patients. Among patients with evidence of lesion on preoperative MRI, lesionectomy alone was performed in 12 cases (27 %), while it was combined with tailored cortical resection in the remaining cases. Tailored cortical resection was also performed in patients without evidence of lesion on MRI. After resective surgery, transient neurological deficits occurred in five cases, while another patient experienced permanent lateral homonymous hemianopia. At the last follow-up observation, 34 (57 %) patients were seizure-free (Engel class I). This study suggests that invasive EEG recording with subdural electrodes may be useful and fairly safe for many candidates for epilepsy surgery.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Surgery Unit, Department of Neurological Sciences, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morace
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Gennaro
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picardi
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Quarato
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sparano
authors.forename: Addolorata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mascia
authors.forename: Giulio Nicolò
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Meldolesi
authors.forename: Liliana Graciela
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Grammaldo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Risi
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Esposito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D013355:Subdural Space; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult