title: Chemical and biological assessment for Egyptian surface freshwater environment with reference to human activities.
abstract: The Egyptian freshwater was assessed in the River Nile, branches, main canals and certain drainages in eight Governorates, over eight successive seasons starting from spring 2008. Chemical assessment was made through ten parameters and the biological one was made through macro-invertebrates information. Results showed that means of Cd, Pb, Cu, Hg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Na, K & Ca varied in watercourses seasonally within somewhat narrow ranges, which may exceed the level of concern but with some elevations in branches, Rayahs and canals during certain seasons. Sites showed chemical levels over the permissible one or those gain total points < or = 6.3 according to the biological assessment indicate that very poor habitat or those of Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) equal to 7-10 indicate that organic pollution were observed in all the studied watercourses reflecting hazard non point source pollution. Damietta branch in the region of Damietta city characterized with elevations in the concentration of most chemicals examined. The percentages of sites that showed chemical level over the permissible one were 70.56% for K, 54.08% for Cu, 50.08% for Na, 22.08% for Cd, 11.36% for Fe, 5.6% for Pb, 1.92% for Ni, 1.12% for Mn, 0.16% for Ca and at last 0.0736% for Hg. The biological assessment was more able to define more polluted sites than did the chemical one. Human activity data revealed that each of the drains, Giza and Qalyubia canals showed the highest item conduction (animal or plant waste, macroscopic pollution and presence of bridges or barriers) and this was co parallel with their highest pollution recordation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Research and Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, P.O. Box 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hanaa M M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: El-Khayat
authors.forename: Bayomy B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Mostafa
authors.forename: Fatma A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: El-Deeb
authors.forename: Fawzy M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ragab
authors.forename: Ahmed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tantawy
authors.forename: Nahed M M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Khalil M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: El-Said
authors.forename: Kadria M A
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D004534:Egypt; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006802:Human Activities; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical