title: Surgical approaches to facial nerve deficits.
abstract: The facial nerve is one of the most commonly injured cranial nerves. Once injured, the effects on form, function, and psyche are profound. We review the anatomy of the facial nerve from the brain stem to its terminal branches. We also discuss the physical exam findings of facial nerve injury at various levels. Finally, we describe various reconstructive options for reanimating the face and restoring both form and function.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birgfeld
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neligan