title: Comparisons of exercise dose and symptom severity between exercisers and nonexercisers in women during and after cancer treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although numerous studies of the efficacy of exercise are reported, few studies have evaluated changes in characteristics of exercise dose in women with cancer both during and after cancer treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the characteristics of exercise dose (i.e., frequency, duration, and intensity) and evaluate for differences in symptom severity (i.e., fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, and pain) between women who did and did not exercise during and after cancer treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a sample of 119 women, two groups were classified: exercisers and nonexercisers. Exercisers were defined as women who met specific criteria for frequency (three times per week), duration (20 minutes/session), intensity (moderate), and mode (aerobic). Nonexercisers were defined as women who did not meet all these criteria. Evaluation of exercise dose was completed at baseline (T1: the week before chemotherapy cycle 2), at the end of cancer treatment (T2), and at the end of the study (T3: approximately one year after the T1 assessment) using self-report exercise questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 50% of the participants exercised during treatment and 70% exercised after treatment. At T1, exercisers had lower total fatigue, lower behavioral and sensory subscale fatigue scores, and lower depression scores (P = 0.038) than nonexercisers. No significant differences in sleep disturbance or pain were found between groups. At T2, exercisers had lower cognitive/mood subscale fatigue and depression scores than nonexercisers (P = 0.047). At T3, no significant differences were found between groups in any symptom severity scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both during and after cancer treatment, achieving or maintaining exercise guideline levels were met by most patients. Further study is needed to examine the link between exercise dose and symptom severity.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, California 94609, USA. mcho@samuelmerritt.edu
authors.forename: Maria H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Marylin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women