title: Perfluorooctane sulfonate increases β-oxidation of palmitic acid in chicken liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) belongs to a group of chemicals called perfluoroalkyl acids that have been extensively used in various applications such as stain and oil resistant treatments for fabrics, fire-fighting foams, and insecticides. These chemicals present an environmental and health risk being present in many samples both in wildlife and humans. In this study, we investigate the effect of PFOS on fatty acid β-oxidation in developing chicken embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fertilized chicken eggs were exposed in ovo to PFOS at day 4 of incubation. On day 10, the eggs were dissected and livers were incubated in vitro with (3)H-palmitic acid for 2 h. The media were collected, and after clean up, the amount of tritiated water was measured with liquid scintillation counting to determine the rate of palmitic acid β-oxidation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PFOS was found to induce fatty acid β-oxidation at doses starting from a lowest observed effect level (LOEL) of 0.1 μg/g egg weight. Maximum induction of 77% compared to control was seen at 0.3 μg/g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administered doses in which effects are seen are around and even lower than the levels that can be found in wild populations of birds. General population human levels are a factor of two to three times lower than the LOEL value of this study. The environmental contamination of PFOS therefore presents a possibility of effects in wild populations of birds.
authors.affiliation: MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordén
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Westman
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Venizelos
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engwall
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D019308:Palmitic Acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid