title: Imaging of pregnant and lactating patients: part 1, evidence-based review and recommendations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this article are to discuss the current evidence-based recommendations regarding radiation dose concerns, the use of iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents, and the comparative advantages of multimodality imaging (ultrasound, CT, and MRI) during pregnancy and lactation. We also discuss the use of imaging to evaluate pregnant trauma patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal and fetal radiation exposure and dose are affected by gestational age, anatomic site, modality, and technique. The use of iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents during pregnancy and lactation has not been well studied in human subjects. Imaging should be used to evaluate pregnant trauma patients only when the benefits outweigh the risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: Page I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Suzanne T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Ania Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Kielar
authors.forename: Aine M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Ursula D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Knoepp
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: Mitchell M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goodsitt
mesh_terms: D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D061214:Patient Safety; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media