title: Combining nitrous oxide with carbon dioxide decreases the time to loss of consciousness during euthanasia in mice--refinement of animal welfare?
abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is the most commonly used euthanasia agent for rodents despite potentially causing pain and distress. Nitrous oxide is used in man to speed induction of anaesthesia with volatile anaesthetics, via a mechanism referred to as the "second gas" effect. We therefore evaluated the addition of Nitrous Oxide (N(2)O) to a rising CO(2) concentration could be used as a welfare refinement of the euthanasia process in mice, by shortening the duration of conscious exposure to CO2. Firstly, to assess the effect of N(2)O on the induction of anaesthesia in mice, 12 female C57Bl/6 mice were anaesthetized in a crossover protocol with the following combinations: Isoflurane (5%)+O(2) (95%); Isoflurane (5%)+N(2)O (75%)+O(2) (25%) and N(2)O (75%)+O(2) (25%) with a total flow rate of 3 l/min (into a 7 l induction chamber). The addition of N(2)O to isoflurane reduced the time to loss of the righting reflex by 17.6%. Secondly, 18 C57Bl/6 and 18 CD1 mice were individually euthanized by gradually filling the induction chamber with either: CO(2) (20% of the chamber volume.min-1); CO(2)+N(2)O (20 and 60% of the chamber volume.min(-1) respectively); or CO(2)+Nitrogen (N(2)) (20 and 60% of the chamber volume.min-1). Arterial partial pressure (P(a)) of O(2) and CO(2) were measured as well as blood pH and lactate. When compared to the gradually rising CO(2) euthanasia, addition of a high concentration of N(2)O to CO(2) lowered the time to loss of righting reflex by 10.3% (P<0.001), lead to a lower P(a)O(2) (12.55 ± 3.67 mmHg, P<0.001), a higher lactataemia (4.64 ± 1.04 mmol.l(-1), P = 0.026), without any behaviour indicative of distress. Nitrous oxide reduces the time of conscious exposure to gradually rising CO(2) during euthanasia and hence may reduce the duration of any stress or distress to which mice are exposed during euthanasia.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biology Centre, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom. aurelie.thomas@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Aurelie A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Flecknell
authors.forename: Huw D R
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Golledge
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000941:ethics; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D057897:Reflex, Righting / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen