title: Review article: intestinal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia in children--the relationship to food hypersensitivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphoid aggregates are normally found throughout the small and large intestine. Known as lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (LNH), these aggregates are observed especially in young children and are not associated with clinical symptoms being considered 'physiological'. In children presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms the number and size of the lymphoid follicles are increased. Patients suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms (i.e. recurrent abdominal pain) should systematically undergo gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. With these indications LNH, especially of the upper but also of the lower gastrointestinal tract has been diagnosed, and in some children it may reflect a food hypersensitivity (FH) condition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature about the relationship between LNH and FH, particularly focusing on the diagnostic work-up for LNH related to FH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed literature using Pubmed and Medline, with the search terms 'lymphoid nodular hyperplasia', 'food hypersensitivity', 'food allergy' and 'food intolerance'. We overall examined 10 studies in detail, selecting articles about the prevalence of LNH in FH patients and of FH in LNH patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collected data showed a median of 49% (range 32-67%) LNH in FH patients and a median of 66% (range 42-90%) FH in LNH patients. Literature review pointed out that the most important symptom connected with LNH and/or FH was recurrent abdominal pain, followed by diarrhoea and growth retardation. Both LNH and FH are associated with an increase in lamina propria γ/δ+ T cells, but the mechanisms by which enhanced local immune responses causing gastrointestinal symptoms still remain obscure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When assessing FH, we rely on clinical evaluation, including elimination diet and challenge tests, and endoscopic and immunohistochemical findings. Considering the possible co-existence of duodenal and ileo-colonic LNH, upper endoscopy can be recommended in children with suspected FH, especially in those presenting with additional upper abdominal symptoms (i.e. vomiting). Likewise, lower endoscopy might be additionally performed in patients with suspected FH and LNH of the duodenal bulb, also presenting with lower abdominal symptoms (i.e. recurrent abdominal pain).
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Policlinico University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mansueto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seidita
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Alcamo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sprini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carroccio
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology*; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D015995:Prevalence