title: The anticancer activity of chloroquine-gold nanoparticles against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
abstract: In the present study, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid-modified gold nanoparticles (∼7 nm) were conjugated with chloroquine to explore their potential application in cancer therapeutics. The anticancer activity of chloroquine-gold nanoparticle conjugates (GNP-Chl) was demonstrated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The MCF-7 cells were treated with different concentrations of GNP-Chl conjugates, and the cell viability was assayed using trypan blue, resulting in an IC(50) value of 30 ± 5 μg/mL. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the major pathway of cell death was necrosis, which was mediated by autophagy. The drug release kinetics of GNP-Chl conjugates revealed the release of chloroquine at an acidic pH, which was quantitatively estimated using optical absorbance spectroscopy. The nature of stimuli-responsive drug release and the inhibition of cancer cell growth by GNP-Chl conjugates could pave the way for the design of combinatorial therapeutic agents, particularly nanomedicine, for the treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
authors.forename: Prachi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Soumyananda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborti
authors.forename: Jaime E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Vick
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Virendra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shanker
authors.forename: Pinak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Surinder P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006046:Gold; D002738:Chloroquine