title: Clinical indications for musculoskeletal ultrasound: a Delphi-based consensus paper of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop clinical guidelines for musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) referral in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen musculoskeletal radiologists from seven European countries participated in a consensus-based interactive process (Delphi method) using consecutive questionnaires and consensus procedure meetings at several European radiology meetings. The evaluation of musculoskeletal diseases was established by literature reviews, followed by consensus on clinical utility in three consensus meetings. This involved a thorough, transparent, iterative approach which including interview, questionnaire, Delphi and standard setting methodologies. European MSK radiologists with a special interest in MSKUS formed two different expert groups who worked on reaching a consensus in the first two meetings. The third meeting resolved questions that did not achieve a consensus level of 67% using the first two questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On expert consensus, the use of MSKUS is indicated to detect joint synovitis, fluid and septic effusion for potential aspiration, and poorly indicated to detect loose bodies. Recommendations for most appropriate use of musculoskeletal ultrasound are reported in six areas relevant to musculoskeletal ultrasound: hand/wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and ankle/foot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive evidence-based, expert consensus-defined educational framework on clinical ultrsound is presented. This should facilitate referrals for this important imaging technique throughout Europe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Musculoskeletal ultrasound is indicated for detecting joint synovitis, effusions and fluid collections. • Musculoskeletal ultrasound is poor at detecting loose bodies. • Musculoskeletal ultrasound is relevant for most joints.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Klauser
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagliafico
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boutry
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Court-Payen
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grainger
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guerini
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ostlere
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petroons
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reijnierse
authors.forename: Luca Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sconfienza
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinoli
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012219:Rheumatology / Q000592:standards*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards*