title: Cytotoxic effects of imidazolium ionic liquids on fish and human cell lines.
abstract: Ionic liquids bring a promise of a wide range of "green" applications that could replace conventional volatile solvents. However, before these applications become large-scale, their toxicity needs to be investigated in order to predict the impact on human health and environment. In this study we assessed the cytotoxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids (in the concentrations between 0.1 mmol L-1 and 10 mmol L-1) in the ovarian fish cell line CCO and the human tumour cell line HeLa using the MTT cell viability assay. Our results showed that the most cytotoxic ionic liquid was 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoro methylsulphonyl)imide, [BMIM][Tf2N], followed by 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4], 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6], and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [MMIM][PF6]. Generally, the effects were concentration-dependent. They also depended on the type of anion and the n-alkyl chain length. The comparison between the fish CCO and human HeLa cell lines suggests that CCO cells provide a good biological system for initial toxicity testing of ionic liquids that could replace in vivo bioassays.
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cvjetko
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radošević
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomica
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Slivac
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vorkapić-Furač
authors.forename: Višnja Gaurina
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Srček
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007059:Ictaluridae; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids