title: Using ultrasonography in evaluating the intramuscular injection techniques used for administering drug treatments to schizophrenic patients in Japan.
abstract: This study was conducted with six patients with schizophrenia, four of whom received the atypical antipsychotic risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI), and two patients receiving the typical depot injection (TDI). The purpose of this study was to determine the location (gluteus medius or maximus; deltoid muscles) and diffusion of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications administered intramuscularly using ultrasonography. When using the standardized depth of needle insertion, in some cases, the drug was injected into the gluteus maximus instead of the gluteus medius. Similarly, in some cases the TDI was not visible in the ultrasonographic images until sixteen days after the injection. This verifies how hard the injection site becomes when microspheres of RLAI is injected as compared to other muscle areas. These results confirmed that the gluteus muscle structure was the ideal muscle for depot injection as evidenced by the injection solution being dispersed and rendered not visible immediately after intramuscular injection (IM). With the use of ultrasonography, injection sites and drug dispersions were evaluated under a direct visual guidance, suggesting that ultrasonography is a useful method for establishing evidence for determining correct insertion of IM injection, diffusion of medications, and the effective administration of IM injections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Management, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasuhara
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: Sakiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakamaki
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanioka
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Motoki
authors.forename: Kensaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takase
authors.forename: Rozzano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Locsin
authors.forename: Chiemi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watari
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makiguchi
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002081:Buttocks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018967:Risperidone