title: A fiber-optic-based imaging system for nondestructive assessment of cell-seeded tissue-engineered scaffolds.
abstract: A major limitation in tissue engineering is the lack of nondestructive methods that assess the development of tissue scaffolds undergoing preconditioning in bioreactors. Due to significant optical scattering in most scaffolding materials, current microscope-based imaging methods cannot "see" through thick and optically opaque tissue constructs. To address this deficiency, we developed a fiber-optic-based imaging method that is capable of nondestructive imaging of fluorescently labeled cells through a thick and optically opaque scaffold, contained in a bioreactor. This imaging modality is based on the local excitation of fluorescent cells, the acquisition of fluorescence through the scaffold, and fluorescence mapping based on the position of the excitation light. To evaluate the capability and accuracy of the imaging system, human endothelial cells (ECs), stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), were imaged through a fibrous scaffold. Without sacrificing the scaffolds, we nondestructively visualized the distribution of GFP-labeled cells through a ~500 μm thick scaffold with cell-level resolution and distinct localization. These results were similar to control images obtained using an optical microscope with direct line-of-sight access. Through a detailed quantitative analysis, we demonstrated that this method achieved a resolution on the order of 20-30 μm, with 10% or less deviation from standard optical microscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the penetration depth of the imaging method exceeded that of confocal laser scanning microscopy by more than a factor of 2. Our imaging method also possesses a working distance (up to 8 cm) much longer than that of a standard confocal microscopy system, which can significantly facilitate bioreactor integration. This method will enable the nondestructive monitoring of ECs seeded on the lumen of a tissue-engineered vascular graft during preconditioning in vitro, as well as for other tissue-engineered constructs in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Bryce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Whited
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Criswell
authors.forename: Marissa Nichole
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rylander
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Rylander
authors.forename: Shay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soker
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008833:Microcirculation; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D015233:Models, Statistical; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins