title: Complications of high grade liver injuries: management and outcomewith focus on bile leaks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although liver injury scale does not predict need for surgical intervention, a high-grade complex liver injury should alert the physician to expect an increased risk of hepatic complications following trauma. The aim of the current study was to define hepatic related morbidity in patients sustaining high-grade hepatic injuries that could be safely managed non-operatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of patients with liver injury admitted to Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre over a 10-year period. Grade 3-5 injuries were considered to be high grade. Collected data included the number and types of liver-related complications. Interventions which were required for these complications in patients who survived longer than 24 hours were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 398 patients with liver trauma, 64 (16%) were found to have high-grade liver injuries. Mechanism of injury was blunt trauma in 43 cases, and penetrating in 21. Forty patients (62%) required operative treatment. Among survivors 22 patients (47.8%) developed liver-related complications which required additional interventional treatment. Bilomas and bile leaks were diagnosed in 16 cases post-injury. The diagnosis of bile leaks was suspected with abdominal CT scan, which revealed intraabdominal collections (n = 6), and ascites (n = 2). Three patients had continuous biliary leak from intraabdominal drains left after laparotomy. Nine patients required ERCP with biliary stent placement, and 2 required percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. ERCP failed in one case. Four angioembolizations (AE) were performed in 3 patients for rebleeding. Surgical treatment was found to be associated with higher complication rate. AE at admission was associated with a significantly higher rate of biliary complications. There were 24 deaths (37%), the majority from uncontrolled haemorrhage (18 patients). There were only 2 hepatic-related mortalities due to liver failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high complication rate following high-grade liver injuries should be anticipated. In patients with clinical evidence of biliary complications, CT scan is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool. AE, ERCP and temporary internal stenting, together with percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal or intrahepatic bile collections, represents a safe and effective strategy for the management of complications following both blunt and penetrating hepatic trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Trauma Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Kiriat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. mikloshbala@gmail.com
authors.forename: Miklosh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bala
authors.forename: Samir Abu
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gazalla
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faroja
authors.forename: Allan I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zamir
authors.forename: Avraham I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Rivkind
authors.forename: Gidon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Almogy
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D001646:Bile; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult