title: Herbarium specimens, photographs, and field observations show Philadelphia area plants are responding to climate change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The global climate is changing rapidly and is expected to continue changing in coming decades. Studying changes in plant flowering times during a historical period of warming temperatures gives us a way to examine the impacts of climate change and allows us to predict further changes in coming decades. The Greater Philadelphia region has a long and rich history of botanical study and documentation, with abundant herbarium specimens, field observations, and botanical photographs from the mid-1800s onward. These extensive records also provide an opportunity to validate methodologies employed by other climate change researchers at a different biogeographical area and with a different group of species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 2539 flowering records from 1840 to 2010 were assessed to examine changes in flowering response over time and in relation to monthly minimum temperatures of 28 Piedmont species native to the Greater Philadelphia region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analysis of the date of flowering with year or with temperature showed that, on average, the Greater Philadelphia species studied are flowering 16 d earlier over the 170-yr period and 2.7 d earlier per 1°C rise in monthly minimum temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the species studied, woody plants with short flowering duration are the best indicators of a warming climate. For monthly minimum temperatures, temperatures 1 or 2 mo prior to flowering are most significantly correlated with flowering time. Studies combining herbarium specimens, photographs, and field observations are an effective method for detecting the effects of climate change on flowering times.
authors.affiliation: Longwood Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. zpanchen@udel.edu
authors.forename: Zoe A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Panchen
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Primack
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anisko
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lyons
mesh_terms: D001901:Botany; D057231:Climate Change; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D015143:Philadelphia; D010781:Photography; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D013696:Temperature