title: Immune responses in pigs vaccinated with adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm/09 influenza vaccines used in human immunization programmes.
abstract: Following the emergence and global spread of a novel H1N1 influenza virus in 2009, two A(H1N1)pdm/09 influenza vaccines produced from the A/California/07/09 H1N1 strain were selected and used for the national immunisation programme in the United Kingdom: an adjuvanted split virion vaccine and a non-adjuvanted whole virion vaccine. In this study, we assessed the immune responses generated in inbred large white pigs (Babraham line) following vaccination with these vaccines and after challenge with A(H1N1)pdm/09 virus three months post-vaccination. Both vaccines elicited strong antibody responses, which included high levels of influenza-specific IgG1 and haemagglutination inhibition titres to H1 virus. Immunisation with the adjuvanted split vaccine induced significantly higher interferon gamma production, increased frequency of interferon gamma-producing cells and proliferation of CD4(-)CD8(+) (cytotoxic) and CD4(+)CD8(+) (helper) T cells, after in vitro re-stimulation. Despite significant differences in the magnitude and breadth of immune responses in the two vaccinated and mock treated groups, similar quantities of viral RNA were detected from the nasal cavity in all pigs after live virus challenge. The present study provides support for the use of the pig as a valid experimental model for influenza infections in humans, including the assessment of protective efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Animal Health, Compton near Newbury, United Kingdom. eric.lefevre@iah.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lefevre
authors.forename: B Veronica
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Charlotte F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prentice
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcon
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Munir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Elderfield
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gubbins
authors.forename: Mick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charleston
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004285:Dogs; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D058501:Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005452:Fluoresceins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013388:Succinimides; D034421:Sus scrofa; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C087165:5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005452:Fluoresceins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D013388:Succinimides