title: Self-reported snoring frequency and incidence of cardiovascular disease: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although associations between snoring and cardiovascular disease have been reported in several prospective studies, there is limited evidence from Asian populations. The objective of this study was to determine if there is an association between self-reported snoring frequency and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in Japanese.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 2350 men and 4163 women aged 40 to 69 years who lived in 3 communities in Japan. All subjects were participants in the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS) and were followed for 6 years. Incidence of cardiovascular disease during the follow-up period comprised events of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, sudden cardiac death and stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 6-year follow-up period, 97 participants (56 men and 41 women) had cardiovascular events. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, self-reported snoring frequency was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events among women but not men. The hazard ratios (95% CI) for cardiovascular events were 0.9 (0.4-2.0) for sometimes snoring and 2.5 (1.0-6.1) for everyday snoring in women and 0.7 (0.3-1.3) and 1.0 (0.5-2.1), respectively, in men. Further adjustment for body mass index attenuated the association in women; the respective hazard ratios for cardiovascular events were 0.9 (0.4-1.9) and 2.1 (0.9-5.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported habitual snoring was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events among Japanese women. Overweight may partly mediate this association.
authors.affiliation: Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Mako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagayoshi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiyama
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imano
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology*