title: Carbon nanotubes induce bone calcification by bidirectional interaction with osteoblasts.
abstract: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) promote calcification during hydroxyapatite (HA) formation by osteoblasts. Primary cultured osteoblasts are incubated with MWCNTs or carbon black. After culture for 3 weeks, the degree of calcification is very high in the 50 μg mL(-1)  MWCNT group. Transmission electron microscopy shows needle-like crystals around the MWCNTs, and diffraction patterns reveal that the peak of the crystals almost coincides with the known peak of HA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Nobuyo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haniu
authors.forename: Nobuhide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishigaki
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Masatomo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawakubo
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dohi
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taruta
authors.forename: Yoong Ahm
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Morinobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Udagawa
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon