title: Intraosseous venous malformations of the facial bone: a retrospective study in 11 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical symptoms, computed tomography (CT) features and treatments of intraosseous venous malformations (IVM) that occur in the facial bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients with facial IVM were treated with two surgical techniques, excision (n = 4) or curettage (n = 7). No recurrence was encountered at follow-up (45.8 ± 16.0 months). Postoperative deformities were left in two paediatric patients who were treated with excision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of IVM can be difficult and is mainly based on clinical symptoms and CT features. IVM should be differentiated from other lesions, including ameloblastoma, odontogenic cysts, osteosarcoma, aneurysmal bone cysts and arteriovenous malformations, among others. Conventional block biopsy should be replaced by fine needle aspiration cytology for further diagnosis. Curettage is a more appropriate method for IVM compared with excessive en-bloc osteotomy, while transosseous embolo-sclerotherapy may be a promising alternative method. Finally, the terminological confusion between 'intraosseous haemangioma' and 'intraosseous venous malformation' should be avoided according to the binary classification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult