title: Early vaccination with Improvac®: effects on performance and behaviour of male pigs.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of giving a two-dose regimen of gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine, Improvac® (Pfizer Ltd), earlier than currently recommended, on performance and behaviour of growing/finishing pigs. Cross-bred male pigs (n = 192) were randomly allocated, within a litter, into four groups at birth: one group of pigs surgically castrated without anaesthesia before one week of age, a second group of early vaccinated pigs given Improvac at 10 and 14 weeks of age, a third group of standard vaccinated pigs given Improvac at 16 and 20 weeks of age, so that the second vaccination was given 4 to 6 weeks before slaughter as recommended by the manufacturer, and a fourth group of entire male pigs. The experiment started when the pigs were 12 weeks old and lasted until 25 weeks of age, when the pigs were slaughtered. The pigs were fed restrictedly. Daily weight gain and feed conversion during the entire raising period did not differ significantly between groups. Estimated lean meat content of early vaccinated and surgically castrated pigs was lower when compared with entire male pigs, whereas standard vaccinated pigs did not differ from entire males. Dressing percentage was higher in early vaccinated and surgically castrated pigs than in standard vaccinated and entire male pigs, partly because of lower size and weight of reproductive organs. For both groups of vaccinated pigs, both problematic and non-problematic behaviours decreased after their second injection, from the levels of entire males to those of surgically castrated pigs. After the second injection, pigs of both vaccination groups performed no mountings, in contrast with entire male pigs of the same age. Skin lesions at slaughter were fewer and less severe for vaccinated pigs compared with entire male pigs. No difference in income per carcass was observed for surgically castrated or vaccinated pigs. However, for entire male pigs the income was lower, as the payment system in Sweden also takes into consideration the additional cost for boar taint analyses and reduced payment for tainted carcasses. Under our experimental conditions, early vaccination with Improvac can be used as an alternative to the recommended schedule to minimise problematic behaviour with unaffected profitability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. kristina.andersson@slu.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunius
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zamaratskaia
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lundström
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000276:immunology*; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D012919:Social Behavior; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D022642:Vaccines, Contraceptive / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D022642:Vaccines, Contraceptive; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone