title: Epilepsy surgery trends in the United States, 1990-2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine national time trends of resective surgery for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy before and after Class I evidence demonstrating its efficacy and subsequent practice guidelines recommending early surgical evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a population-based cohort study with time trends of patients admitted to US hospitals for medically refractory focal epilepsy between 1990 and 2008 who did or did not undergo lobectomy, as reported in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weighted data revealed 112,026 hospitalizations for medically refractory focal epilepsy and 6,653 resective surgeries (lobectomies and partial lobectomies) from 1990 to 2008. A trend of increasing hospitalizations over time was not accompanied by an increase in surgeries, producing an overall trend of decreasing surgery rates (F = 13.6, p < 0.01). Factors associated with this trend included a decrease in epilepsy hospitalizations at the highest-volume epilepsy centers, and increased hospitalizations to lower-volume hospitals that were found to be less likely to perform surgery. White patients were more likely to have surgery than racial minorities (relative risk [RR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.17), and privately insured individuals were more likely to receive lobectomy than those with Medicaid or Medicare (RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.25-1.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite Class I evidence and subsequent practice guidelines, the utilization of lobectomy has not increased from 1990 to 2008. Surgery continues to be heavily underutilized as a treatment for epilepsy, with significant disparities by race and insurance coverage. Patients who are medically refractory after failing 2 antiepileptic medications should be referred to a comprehensive epilepsy center for surgical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Epilepsy Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Englot
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D038481:Anterior Temporal Lobectomy / Q000639:trends*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000639:trends*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007350:Insurance, Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data