title: The metabolism of histamine in the Drosophila optic lobe involves an ommatidial pathway: β-alanine recycles through the retina.
abstract: Flies recycle the photoreceptor neurotransmitter histamine by conjugating it to β-alanine to form β-alanyl-histamine (carcinine). The conjugation is regulated by Ebony, while Tan hydrolyses carcinine, releasing histamine and β-alanine. In Drosophila, β-alanine synthesis occurs either from uracil or from the decarboxylation of aspartate but detailed roles for the enzymes responsible remain unclear. Immunohistochemically detected β-alanine is present throughout the fly's entire brain, and is enhanced in the retina especially in the pseudocone, pigment and photoreceptor cells of the ommatidia. HPLC determinations reveal 10.7 ng of β-alanine in the wild-type head, roughly five times more than histamine. When wild-type flies drink uracil their head β-alanine increases more than after drinking l-aspartic acid, indicating the effectiveness of the uracil pathway. Mutants of black, which lack aspartate decarboxylase, cannot synthesize β-alanine from l-aspartate but can still synthesize it efficiently from uracil. Our findings demonstrate a novel function for pigment cells, which not only screen ommatidia from stray light but also store and transport β-alanine and carcinine. This role is consistent with a β-alanine-dependent histamine recycling pathway occurring not only in the photoreceptor terminals in the lamina neuropile, where carcinine occurs in marginal glia, but vertically via a long pathway that involves the retina. The lamina's marginal glia are also a hub involved in the storage and/or disposal of carcinine and β-alanine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax,  Canada, B3H 4J1.
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borycz
authors.forename: Jolanta A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Borycz
authors.forename: Tara N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Gabrielle L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Boulianne
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Meinertzhagen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D002336:Carnosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004596:Electroretinography; D006257:Head; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009899:Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D014316:Tritium; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D014316:Tritium; D015091:beta-Alanine; D006632:Histamine; D002336:Carnosine; C015055:carcinine