title: Cytological findings in routine voided urine samples with hematuria from a tertiary care center in south India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regardless of the availability of newer and more sophisticated modalities of investigation, urinary tract cytology still remains the most commonly used non-invasive test for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As hematuria is the commonest presenting symptom in patients with malignancy of urinary tract, we undertook this study to know the usefulness of urine cytology in evaluation of the hematuric patients for malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21,557 fresh voided urine samples received at our tertiary care referral centre over a period of three years were included in the study. Of these, 1428 cases had hematuria, criteria of either gross or microscopic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these hematuric cases included in the study, 32.5% (464 cases) were found to have positive finding of atypical cells. In these cases with atypia, 9.5% (136 cases) were proved to have malignancy both with the histopathological biopsy and cystoscopic findings. Other cases of atypia were found to be of reactive origin, either due to instrumentation or foreign body. A large number of hematuric cases, that is, 964 cases (67.5%) were negative for atypical cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limited ability of urine cytology to detect low grade bladder tumors, its subjectivity and lack of uniformity in reporting, all render urine cytology a less than perfect tool. With added collaboration between clinician and cytopathologist, urine cytology can be used an adjunct tool in evaluation of patients with hematuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Nephro Urology, Victoria Hospital Campus, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Sujatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddappa
authors.forename: Km
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mythri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kowsalya