title: Pattern of bear maul maxillofacial injuries in Kashmir.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bears are strong and agile wild animals that defend themselves, their young ones and their territory, if they feel threatened. Conflicts between humans and bears are common in bear-prevalent areas of the world. Our valley, which is surrounded all around by forests, is a habitat for black bears (U. thiabetanus) only. Maulings inflicted by these black bears are catastrophic events and such attacks have increased considerably in the recent past due to merciless deforestation. The rising incidences of such attacks, especially in maxillofacial region, have urged our department to undertake a study of such attacks and injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study is both a retrospective and prospective study of 200 patients of bear maulings who were admitted and treated in the Department of OMFS, Govt. Dental College, Srinagar, from January 2005 to October 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Majority of the patients were from villages. Most of them belonged to fourth decade and majority was males. Black bears only were involved in all the encounters. Claws, paws and combination of both, were the used for attack. In majority of cases, no defense was used for the termination of attack. All the patients had soft tissue injury, deep lacerations, facial viscera, eyes, salivary glands and facial nerve commonly involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Ajaz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.forename: Irshad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Suhail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Latoo
authors.forename: Ashaq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Babar Ali
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Shah