title: Nintendo wii sports and wii fit game analysis, validation, and application to stroke rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interactive video gaming has become ubiquitous in the practice of rehabilitation. The Nintendo Wii is one such system. Interactive gaming can promote intensive task-based therapy in a manner that is motivating for the user. Widespread enthusiasm for consoles and their games prompted us to analyze the games for their rehabilitation elements related to improving balance and mobility for individuals poststroke.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to provide a game analysis for clinical application and evaluation of the game elements for research on interactive video gaming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a team of game players and raters, 5 tables (1 for the Wii Sports and 4 for the Wii Fit) were developed and validated. The tables consist of 3 categories: game description, impairments targeted (strength, endurance, balance, and coordination), and feedback provided (knowledge of performance [KP] and knowledge of results [KR]). Two domain content experts established face validity. Construct validity was performed by 2 therapist-raters who had more than 15 years' clinical experience and postgraduate training in motor learning. Observations about the games including the fidelity of the interfaces, the nature of the feedback, and some of the challenges to adapting the games for rehabilitation are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An 80% agreement between raters set as the criterion for establishing the construct validity was met for feedback evaluation. There was 100% agreement on impairment ratings. Games provide a greater amount of KR compared with KP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the preponderance of KR, therapists will need to monitor motor performance. Adaptation of interactive video consoles for rehabilitation requires careful evaluation of the games' attributes using relevant rehabilitation construits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Arielle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brettler
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guarrera-Bowlby
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kafri
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D006801:Humans; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018910:Video Games