title: Detection of calcifications in vivo and ex vivo after brain injury in rat using SWIFT.
abstract: Calcifications represent one component of pathology in many brain diseases. With MRI, they are most often detected by exploiting negative contrast in magnitude images. Calcifications are more diamagnetic than tissue, leading to a magnetic field disturbance that can be seen in phase MR images. Most phase imaging studies use gradient recalled echo based pulse sequences. Here, the phase component of SWIFT, a virtually zero acquisition delay sequence, was used to detect calcifications ex vivo and in vivo in rat models of status epilepticus and traumatic brain injury. Calcifications were detected in phase and imaginary SWIFT images based on their dipole like magnetic field disturbances. In magnitude SWIFT images, calcifications were distinguished as hypointense and hyperintense. Hypointense calcifications showed large crystallized granules with few surrounding inflammatory cells, while hyperintense calcifications contained small granules with the presence of more inflammatory cells. The size of the calcifications in SWIFT magnitude images correlated with that in Alizarin stained histological sections. Our data indicate that SWIFT is likely to better preserve signal in the proximity of a calcification or other field perturber in comparison to gradient echo due to its short acquisition delay and broad excitation bandwidth. Furthermore, a quantitative description for the phase contrast near dipole magnetic field inhomogeneities for the SWIFT pulse sequence is given. In vivo detection of calcifications provides a tool to probe the progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, it appears to provide a surrogate marker for inflammatory cells around the calcifications after brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Lauri Juhani
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Curtis Andrew
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Corum
authors.forename: Jinjin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Djaudat
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Idiyatullin
authors.forename: Asla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garwood
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gröhn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology