title: Preemptive analgesic effect of diclofenac: experimental study in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preemptive analgesia is an antinociceptive treatment that prevents central sensitization. Antinociceptive effects of diclofenac are well-known. The aim of this study was to investigate preemptive analgesic effects of intraperitoneally administrated diclofenac, before and after acute and inflammatory induced pain in rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty eight male Sprague Dawley rats were included in the study. The rats are divided in five groups (n=8 per each group); Group A, diclofenac at 10 mg/kg given ip, 30 min before the nociceptive stimulus realized with hot plate test; Group B, diclofenac at 10 mg/kg given ip, 5 min after the nociceptive stimulus, realized with hot plate test; Group C, diclofenac at 10 mg/kg given ip, 30 min before the nociceptive stimulus realized with formalin test, and; Group D, diclofenac at 10 mg/kg given ip, 5 min after the nociceptive stimulus, realized with formalin test. Saline was used as a control. Paw movements in response to induced pain with hot plate test and formalin test were measured during 60 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preemptive analgesic effect was significant in both groups when diclofenac was administrated before the pain stimuli (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). The significant decrease in paw movements started in 15 min after pain stimuli in group A and in 25 min, in group C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraperitoneally administered diclofenac had preemptive analgesic effects on acute thermal, and inflammatory induced pain in rats. Our results contain the preemptive analgesic effect of systematically administrated diclofenac.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & Reanimation, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo. antigona.hasani@gmail.com
authors.forename: Antigona S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hasani
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soljakova
authors.forename: Muharrem H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jakupi
authors.forename: Serpil Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Ustalar-Ozgen
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D005557:Formaldehyde