title: Improvement of vitamin D status via daily intake of fortified yogurt drink either with or without extra calcium ameliorates systemic inflammatory biomarkers, including adipokines, in the subjects with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic inflammation is thought to have a central role in diabetic long-term complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D either with or without extra calcium on certain inflammatory biomarkers in the subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial conducted over 12 wk in 90 T2D subjects aged 30-60 yr from both sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups to receive two 250-ml bottles a day of plain Persian yogurt drink or doogh (PD, containing 150 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D(3)/250 ml), vitamin D-fortified doogh (DD, containing 500 IU vitamin D(3) and 150 mg calcium/250 ml), or calcium + vitamin D(3)-fortified doogh (CDD, containing 500 IU vitamin D(3) and 250 mg calcium/250 ml).
  
  
  METHODS
  The changes in inflammatory markers were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the baseline values, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, fibrinogen, and retinol binding protein-4 concentrations significantly decreased in both the DD and CDD groups. Although the decrement in highly sensitive C-reactive protein and fibrinogen was more in CDD compared to DD (-4.0 ± 8.5 vs. -1.3 ± 2.8 mg/liter, and -0.40 ± 0.74 and -0.20 ± 0.52 mg/liter, respectively), the differences were not significant. There was a significant increase in serum adiponectin in both the DD and CDD groups (51.3 ± 65.3 vs. 57.1 ± 33.8 μg/liter; P < 0.05). Mean adiponectin changes in CDD were significantly higher than in PD (P = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily intake of vitamin D-fortified doogh improved inflammatory markers in T2D subjects, and extra calcium conferred additional benefit only for the antiinflammatory adipokine, i.e. adiponectin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1981619573 Tehran, Iran. t.neyestani@nnftri.ac.ir
authors.forename: Tirang R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Neyestani
authors.forename: Bahareh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nikooyeh
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alavi-Majd
authors.forename: Nastaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shariatzadeh
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalayi
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tayebinejad
authors.forename: Soudabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heravifard
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salekzamani
authors.forename: Malihe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahedirad
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D016207:Cytokines; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D