title: Photobiomodulation of aqueous interfaces as selective rechargeable bio-batteries in complex diseases: personal view.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this personal view, we propose that the modulation of the structure and function of water by light may come to embody a new mechanistic approach for the treatment of complex diseases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Long considered an innocuous medium, water has increasingly been found to be a key player in numerous mechanisms, including first-contact events in which cells decide between survival and apoptosis. Consequently, externally applied electromagnetic energy (light) may selectively target the organization of water to steer biological function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We survey light-water research with particular emphasis on the quasi-crystalline exclusion zone (EZ), part of the cell's aqueous interface that is just now beginning to be decoded. The current state of research, the technical challenges involved in obtaining evidence in biological systems, and some potential uses and implications of EZ water in medicine are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Though existing data have not yet proven the role of EZ water in photobiomodulation, research shows that EZ water can store charge and can later return it in the form of current flow, with as much as 70% of the input charge being readily obtainable. Macroscopic separation of charges can be stable for days to weeks and has unusual electric potential. Water is, thus, an unexpectedly effective charge separation and storage medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that the EZ may be selectively targeted in photobiomodulation as an efficient energy reservoir, which cells can use expeditiously to fuel cellular work, triggering signaling pathways and gene expression in the presence of injury-induced redox potentials.
authors.affiliation: Fundalas, Foundation for Interdisciplinary Research and Development, Caracas, Venezuela. luissantanablank@msn.com
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santana-Blank
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Santana
authors.forename: Karin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Santana-Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D018462:Photobiology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water