title: Evolving definitions of hope in oncology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review updates the literature on hope and oncology following a prior review of studies up until 2009. It particularly focusses on the evolution of the definition of hope in the light of the clinical experience of patients with cancer, their carers and health professionals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hope creates meaning for patients and is an important coping mechanism. Clinicians are wary of communicating bad news because it may deprive patients of hope, but work with decision aids suggests that this communication can be managed successfully. Hope and optimism negatively correlate with anxiety and depression. Maintaining hope may result in patients with incurable cancer accepting treatments or trials with little chance of benefit. Hope also needs to be maintained by palliative care nurses who harmonize their hopes with the different degrees and constructs of hope around them. Hope interventions can be successful in increasing hope and decreasing psychological distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More research is required into how to communicate about active anticancer treatment withdrawal and prognosis without depriving patients with cancer of hope, given how important hope is in alleviating psychological distress. The optimal intervention to increase levels of hope needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Council Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ian.olver@cancer.org.au
authors.forename: Ian N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Olver
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D010166:Palliative Care; D026443:Spiritual Therapies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology