title: Helper effects on breeder allocations to direct care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mothers receive childcare and productive assistance from allomaternal helpers in many societies. Although much effort has been aimed toward showing helper effects on maternal reproductive success, less has been directed toward highlighting the full range of potential effects on breeder behavior. I present a model of optimal maternal care with helpers, and tests of derived hypotheses with data collected among the Karo Batak-a group of Indonesian agriculturalists.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the model's predictions I compared the effect of women receiving help from patrilateral versus matrilateral kin because those kin may provide help with different maternal responsibilities. The model predicts a decrease in maternal allocation to care that is substitutable with the helper contribution and the helper assists with that type of care; it predicts an increase in care that is nonsubstitutable with the helper contribution or substitutable care when the helper assists with other responsibilities. With the exception of one other, most models have failed to account for an increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analyses of time spent carrying children supported the model. With matrilateral helpers, women increased carrying; with patrilateral helpers, they decreased it. Time spent farmworking showed the opposite pattern, suggesting that matrilateral helpers effectively decrease costs, nudging optimal maternal care upward. Patterns of breastfeeding provided little support for the model. The results do, however, suggest potential proximate mechanisms by which helpers influence maternal reproductive success in cooperative breeding societies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3100, USA. kushnick@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kushnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007223:Infant; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008954:Models, Biological