title: Effect of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes on the oropharyngeal oxygen and volatile anesthetic agent concentration in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past 5 years, there has been a change in the clinical practice of pediatric anesthesiology with a transition to the use of cuffed instead of uncuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) in infants and children. As the trachea is sealed, one advantage is to eliminate the contamination of the oropharynx with oxygen which should be advantageous during adenotonsillectomy where there is a risk of airway fire. The current study prospectively assesses the oropharyngeal oxygen and volatile anesthetic agent concentration during adenotonsillectomy in infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following the induction of general anesthesia in patients scheduled for adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy, the trachea was intubated. The use of a cuffed or uncuffed ETT and the use of spontaneous (SV) or positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were at the discretion of the anesthesia team. The oxygen concentration was kept at 100% oxygen until the study was completed. Following placement of the mouth gag, the otolaryngolist placed into the oropharynx a small bore catheter, which was attached to a standard anesthesia gas monitoring device which sampled the gas at 150mL/min. The concentration of the oxygen and the concentration of the anesthetic agent in the oropharynx were measured for 5 breaths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort for the study included 200 patients ranging in age from 1 to 18 years. With the use of a cuffed ETT and either SV or PPV, the oxygen concentration in the oropharynx was 20-21% and the volatile agent concentration was 0% in all 118 patients. With the use of an uncuffed ETT and the administration of 100% oxygen, there was significant contamination of the oropharynx noted during both PPV and SV. The mean oxygen concentration was 71% during PPV with an uncuffed ETT and 65% during SV with an uncuffed ETT. In these patients, the oropharyngeal oxygenation concentration exceeded 30% in 73 of the 82 patients (89%). The oropharyngeal oxygen and agent concentration was greater when the leak around the uncuffed ETT was ≥10cmH(2)O versus less than 10cmH(2)O and when the leak around the uncuffed ETT was ≥15cmH(2)O versus less than 15cmH(2)O.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the use of an uncuffed ETT and the administration of 100% oxygen, there was significant contamination of the oropharynx noted during both PPV and SV. The oropharyngeal concentration of oxygen is high enough to support combustion in the majority of patients. The use of a cuffed ETT eliminates oropharyngeal contamination with oxygen during the administration of anesthesia and may be useful in limiting the incidence of an airway fire.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jatana
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elmaraghy
authors.forename: D Richard
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000379:methods; D000367:Age Factors; D058109:Airway Management / Q000379:methods; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061214:Patient Safety; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000379:methods; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D010100:Oxygen