title: Very low birth weight hospital volume and mortality: an instrumental variables approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of very low birth weight (VLBW) hospital volume effects on in-hospital mortality have used standard risk-adjusted models that only account for observable confounders but not for self-selection bias due to unobservable confounders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of hospital volume of VLBW infants on in-hospital mortality while explicitly accounting for unobservable confounders and self-selection bias using an instrumental variables (IV) model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample includes 4553 VLBW infants born in 63 hospitals in 2000-2004 in New Jersey. We use IV analysis with the differences between the patient's distances to the nearest low (<50 VLBW infants annually), moderate (51-100 infants annually), and high (>100 VLBW infants annually)-volume hospitals as instruments. We evaluate several volume measures and adjusted for observable infant and hospital characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find beneficial volume effects on survival that are significantly underestimated in classic risk-adjusted models, under which low and moderate volumes compared with high volumes increase mortality odds by 1.8 and 1.88 times, respectively (risk ratios of 1.4 and 1.5, respectively). However, using the IV approach, we find that low and moderate volumes increase mortality odds by 5.42 and 3.51 times, respectively (risk ratios of 2.76 and 2.21, respectively). These findings suggest unobservable confounders that increase the selection of infants at a greater mortality risk into higher-volume hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accounting for unobserved self-selection bias reveals large survival benefits from delivering and treating VLBW infants at high-volume hospitals. This supports policies regionalizing the delivery and care for pregnancies at risk for VLBW at high-volume hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. george-wehby@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wehby
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D015983:Selection Bias