title: Smoking and supplement use among men in a rural population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have investigated supplement use in relation to smoking among men in a rural population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed responses about the use of supplements from a cross-sectional, population-based sample of 4,502 North Dakota men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  48% of respondents reported supplement use. After adjustment for confounders, supplement users were significantly more likely to be nonsmokers or former smokers than smokers (p < .0001) and to consume five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables (p = .0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to nonsmoking rural men, supplement use is significantly less common among rural smokers. Rural smokers also are less likely to consume five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables and may be at greater risk of vitamin deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, North Fargo, ND 58102, USA. asahmoun@medicine.nodak.edu
authors.forename: Abe E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sahmoun
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009658:North Dakota; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult