title: Evolutionary origin of the structure and function of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone: insights from lampreys.
abstract: Gonadotropin (GTH)-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide that inhibits GTH secretion in mammals and birds by acting on gonadotropes and GnRH neurons within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. GnIH and its orthologs that have an LPXRFamide (X = L or Q) motif at the C terminus (LPXRFamide peptides) have been identified in representative species of gnathostomes. However, the identity of an LPXRFamide peptide had yet to be identified in agnathans, the most ancient lineage of vertebrates, leaving open the question of the evolutionary origin of GnIH and its ancestral function(s). In this study, we identified an LPXRFamide peptide gene encoding three peptides (LPXRFa-1a, LPXRFa-1b, and LPXRFa-2) from the brain of sea lamprey by synteny analysis and cDNA cloning, and the mature peptides by immunoaffinity purification and mass spectrometry. The expression of lamprey LPXRFamide peptide precursor mRNA was localized in the brain and gonad by RT-PCR and in the hypothalamus by in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry showed appositions of lamprey LPXRFamide peptide immunoreactive fibers in close proximity to GnRH-III neurons, suggesting that lamprey LPXRFamide peptides act on GnRH-III neurons. In addition, lamprey LPXRFa-2 stimulated the expression of lamprey GnRH-III protein in the hypothalamus and GTHβ mRNA expression in the pituitary. Synteny and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the LPXRFamide peptide gene diverged from a common ancestral gene likely through gene duplication in the basal vertebrates. These results suggest that one ancestral function of LPXRFamide peptides may be stimulatory compared with the inhibitory function seen in later-evolved vertebrates (birds and mammals).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osugi
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daukss
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gazda
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ubuka
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kosugi
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.forename: Stacia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sower
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007798:Lampreys / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones; C448022:gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid