title: Beyond working hours:  part I. Genesis and current difficulties.
abstract: The roots of the working hours mandate and controversy are outlined, the effect on resident education is described, and the service versus education equation is defined.
authors.affiliation: Memphis, Tenn. From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Tennessee.
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Luce
mesh_terms: D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D061214:Patient Safety; D016526:Workload