title: Left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease. An echocardiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed left ventricular structural alterations associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Congolese patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of a case series. We obtained anthropometric, clinical, biological and echocardiographic measurements in 60 consecutive type 2 diabetes patients (37 females, 62% ) aged 20 years or older from the diabetes outpatient clinic, University of Kinshasa Hospital, DRC. We computed creatinine clearance rate according to the MDRD equation and categorised patients into mild (CrCl > 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), moderate (CrCl 30-60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) and severe CKD (< 30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was indicated by a LV mass index (LVMI) > 51 g/m(2.7) and LV geometry was defined as normal, or with concentric remodelling, eccentric or concentric hypertrophy, using relative wall thickness (RWT) and LVMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to patients with normal kidney function, CKD patients had higher uric acid levels (450 ± 166 vs 306 ± 107 µmol/l; p ≤ 0.001), a greater proportion of LVH (37 vs 14%; p ≤ 0.05) and longstanding diabetes (13 ± 8 vs 8 ± 6 years; p ≤ 0.001). Their left ventricular internal diameter, diastolic (LVIDD) was (47.00 ± 6.00 vs 43.00 ± 7.00 mm; p ≤ 0.001), LVMI was (47 ± 19 vs 36.00 ± 15 g/m2.7; p ≤ 0.05) and proportions of concentric (22 vs 11%; p ≤ 0.05) or eccentric (15 vs 3%; p ≤ 0.05) LVH were also greater. Severe CKD was associated with increased interventricular septum, diastolic (IVSD) (12.30 ± 3.08 vs 9.45 ± 1.94 mm; p ≤ 0.05), posterior wall thickness, diastolic (PWTD) (11.61 ± 2.78 vs 9.52 ± 1.77 mm; p ≤ 0.01), relative wall thickness (RWT) (0.52 ± 0.17 vs 0.40 ± 0.07; p ≤ 0.01) rate of LVH (50 vs 30%; p ≤ 0.05), and elevated proportions of concentric remodelling (25 vs 15%; p ≤ 0.05) and concentric LVH (42 vs 10%; p ≤ 0.05) in comparison with patients with moderate CKD. In multivariable adjusted analysis, hyperuricaemia emerged as the only predictor of the presence of LVH in patients with CKD (adjusted OR 9.10; 95% CI: 2.40-33.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In keeping with a higher rate of cardiovascular events usually reported in patients with impaired renal function, CKD patients exhibited LVH and abnormal LV geometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Kinshasa Hospital, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bayauli
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lepira
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kayembe
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: M'buyamba-Kabangu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling