title: Bacillus atrophaeus inactivated spores as a potential adjuvant for veterinary rabies vaccine.
abstract: Rabies is a viral encephalitis, nearly always fatal, but preventable through vaccines. Rabid animal bite is the prime transmission act, while veterinary vaccination is one of the best strategies for rabies general prevention. Aluminum compounds and saponin are the commercial adjuvants used for this vaccine nowadays. Nevertheless, aluminum compounds can provoke undesired side effects and saponin has a narrow activity range without toxicity. B. atrophaeus inactivated spores (BAIS), with or without saponin, were then used as an alternative to boost the inactivated rabies virus response. BAIS was as effective as saponin in augmenting antibody titers, but combination of both adjuvants doubled the titers raised by them individually. The combined adjuvant formulation maintained viability for 21 months when stored at 4-8°C. Overall, BAIS was demonstrated as a viable alternative to commercial adjuvants, while its combination with saponin resulted in even higher vaccine potency with good stability.
authors.affiliation: University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 16, Sao Paulo, SP 0550-800, Brazil. lauraoliveira@usp.br
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Nascimento
authors.forename: A T P
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Caricati
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdulack-Lopes
authors.forename: L C M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Caricati
authors.forename: T C V
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Penna
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stephano
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001407:Bacillus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D004355:Drug Stability; D051379:Mice; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011819:Rabies Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated