title: Toxicity of energy drinks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  'Energy drinks', 'energy shots' and other energy products have exploded in popularity in the past several years; however, their use is not without risk. Caffeine is the main active ingredient in energy drinks, and excessive consumption may acutely cause caffeine intoxication, resulting in tachycardia, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and death. The effects of chronic high-dose caffeine intake in children and adolescents are unknown. Caffeine may raise blood pressure, disrupt adolescent sleep patterns, exacerbate psychiatric disease, cause physiologic dependence, and increase the risk of subsequent addiction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coingestion of caffeine and ethanol has been associated with increased risk-taking behaviors, harm to adolescent users, impaired driving, and increased use of other illicit substances. The toxicity of ingredients often present in energy drinks, such as taurine, niacin, and pyridoxine, is less well defined. Recent and significant literature describing adverse events associated with energy drink use are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although prior studies have examined the effects of caffeine in adolescents, energy drinks should be considered a novel exposure. The high doses of caffeine, often in combination with ingredients with unknown safety profiles, mandates urgent research on the safety of energy drink use in children and adolescents. Regulation of pediatric energy drink use may be a necessary step once the health effects are further characterized.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganetsky
authors.forename: Kavita M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Babu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D004347:Drug Interactions; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D000431:Ethanol