title: Glucose oxidation modulates anoikis and tumor metastasis.
abstract: Cancer cells exhibit altered glucose metabolism characterized by a preference for aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect, and the cells resist matrix detachment-induced apoptosis, which is called anoikis, a barrier to metastasis. It remains largely unclear whether tumor metabolism influences anoikis and metastasis. Here we show that when detached from the matrix, untransformed mammary epithelial cells undergo metabolic reprogramming by markedly upregulating pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase 4 (PDK4) through estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ), thereby inhibiting PDH and attenuating the flux of glycolytic carbon into mitochondrial oxidation. To decipher the significance of this metabolic response, we found that depletion of PDK4 or activation of PDH increased mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress in suspended cells, resulting in heightened anoikis. Conversely, overexpression of PDKs prolonged survival of cells in suspension. Therefore, decreased glucose oxidation following cell detachment confers anoikis resistance. Unlike untransformed cells, most cancer cells demonstrate reduced glucose oxidation even under attached conditions, and thus they inherently possess a survival advantage when suspended. Normalization of glucose metabolism by stimulating PDH in cancer cells restores their susceptibility to anoikis and impairs their metastatic potential. These results suggest that the Warburg effect, more specifically, diminished glucose oxidation, promotes anoikis resistance and metastasis and that PDKs are potential targets for antimetastasis therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Sushama
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamarajugadda
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stemboroski
authors.forename: Qingsong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Sushrusha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D023102:Anoikis / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C490917:ESRRG protein, human; C000631432:PDK4 protein, human; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D005947:Glucose