title: Development and validation of the cannabis refusal self-efficacy questionnaire (CRSEQ) in adult cannabis users in treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few valid clinical assessment instruments for cannabis. Self-efficacy, or the ability of users to resist temptation, is a central feature of social cognitive theory. This study outlines the development and validation of the cannabis refusal self-efficacy questionnaire (CRSEQ), which measures the situational confidence to refuse cannabis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand two hundred and forty-six patients referred for cannabis assessment completed the CRSEQ including measures of cannabis consumption and dependence severity (severity of dependence scale-cannabis, SDS-C). The CRSEQ was subject to independent exploratory (n=621, mean age 26.88, 78.6% male) and confirmatory (n=625, mean age 27.51, 76.8% male) factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three factors: Emotional Relief, Opportunistic and Social Facilitation were identified. They provided a good statistical and conceptual fit for the data. Emotional relief cannabis refusal self-efficacy was identified as most predictive of cannabis dependence, after controlling for cannabis consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CRSEQ is recommended as a psychometrically sound and clinically useful measure for cannabis misuse treatment planning and assessment.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross McD
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gullo
authors.forename: Gerald F X
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Feeney
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Connor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D003710:Demography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires