title: Glycopyrrolate for chronic drooling in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sialorrhea, or drooling, is seen in the pediatric population, especially in patients with cerebral palsy and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. If medication use is warranted, anticholinergic agents are the drug of choice; however, adverse effects limit their use. Glycopyrrolate, a synthetic anticholinergic that acts at peripheral muscarinic receptors, has been used off-label for excessive drooling in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities for years. Product formulations restricted the use of glycopyrrolate. However, an oral solution was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for children ages 3 to 16 years with neurologic disorders for chronic severe drooling in 2010; it became available for use in 2011.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article provides an overview of the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of glycopyrrolate when used for sialorrhea in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of glycopyrrolate for the treatment of sialorrhea in children, a comprehensive search was performed of the MEDLINE database (1966-February 25, 2012) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts as well as references from additional review articles identified. Searches were conducted using the terms glycopyrrolate, sialorrhea, drooling, secretion, and pediatrics. The terms drug-induced and Parkinson disease-associated sialorrhea were excluded from the search. The pharmaceutical manufacturer of the oral solution was contacted for medical and study information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral bioavailability of glycopyrrolate varies widely, with a median of 3.3%. Mean C(max) in children was determined to be 0.37 μg/mL, and mean T(max) was 3.1 hours. The clearance in children ranges from 0.6 to 1.43 L/kg/h. The t(½) ranges from 22 to 130 minutes and 19 to 99 minutes in infants and children, respectively. Six studies describing the use of glycopyrrolate for drooling in children were identified. A double-blind, crossover trial of 27 patients (age range, 4-19 years) demonstrated a reduced mean drooling score (modified Teacher's Drooling Scale [1 = never drools to 9 = clothing, hands, and objects frequently become wet]) for glycopyrrolate (mean highest tolerated dose, 0.11 mg/kg) compared with placebo of 1.85 versus 6.33 (P < 0.001). In a parallel study of 36 patients (age range, 3-16 years), 14 of 20 patients randomized to receive glycopyrrolate solution showed improvement in the mean modified Teacher's Drooling Scale score compared with only 3 patients receiving placebo (-3.5 vs -0.1, respectively). Glycopyrrolate was initiated at 0.02 mg/kg per dose orally TID (Max dose: 3 mg) and titrated over a 4-week period. Adverse effects identified in studies include dry mouth (9%-41%), constipation (9%-39%), and behavioral changes (18%-36%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycopyrrolate is effective in decreasing sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy or other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Adverse effects did occur, more frequently at higher doses, and should be monitored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Huntsville, AL 35801, USA. eilanls@auburn.edu
authors.forename: Lea S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Eiland
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D006024:Glycopyrrolate