title: Verbal and spatial functions during different phases of the menstrual cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that high levels of sex hormones improve the efficiency in tasks which are usually better performed by females. In contrast, in tasks which are usually better performed by males, the best efficiency corresponds to low levels of sex hormones. The aim of this study was to examine changes of efficiency in tasks of verbal fluency and mental rotations, as well as changes in masculinity and femininity during the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen female subjects with a regular menstrual cycle took part in the study. For assesssments of masculinity and femininity, the subjects filled the Bem's Sex Roles Inventory. Endler's Anxiety Scale was used for determining the autonomic-emotional and cognitive-worry components of anxiety. Subjects performed the verbal fluency task and mental rotations tasks during the menstrual and the early follicular phase, as well as during the pre-ovulation and the midluteal phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed the best performance in mental rotation tasks which included rotations of three-dimensional objects along x and y axis during the phases of menstrual cycle, which are characterized by a low level of sex hormones. The most pronounced during these phases was also the masculinity. Furthermore, the best performance in verbal fluency task occurred during the menstrual and midluteal phase. Anxiety and femininity did not change across the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of sex hormones potentiated the typical male cognitive profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Croatia. nsimic@unizd.hr
authors.forename: Nataša
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simić
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014825:Vocabulary
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone