title: Ape conservation physiology: fecal glucocorticoid responses in wild Pongo pygmaeus morio following human visitation.
abstract: Nature-based tourism can generate important revenue to support conservation of biodiversity. However, constant exposure to tourists and subsequent chronic activation of stress responses can produce pathological effects, including impaired cognition, growth, reproduction, and immunity in the same animals we are interested in protecting. Utilizing fecal samples (N = 53) from 2 wild habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) (in addition to 26 fecal samples from 4 wild unhabituated orangutans) in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, we predicted that i) fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations would be elevated on the day after tourist visitation (indicative of normal stress response to exposure to tourists on the previous day) compared to samples taken before or during tourist visitation in wild, habituated orangutans, and ii) that samples collected from habituated animals would have lower fecal glucocorticoid metabolites than unhabituated animals not used for tourism. Among the habituated animals used for tourism, fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels were significantly elevated in samples collected the day after tourist visitation (indicative of elevated cortisol production on the previous day during tourist visitation). Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels were also lower in the habituated animals compared to their age-matched unhabituated counterparts. We conclude that the habituated animals used for this singular ecotourism project are not chronically stressed, unlike other species/populations with documented permanent alterations in stress responses. Animal temperament, species, the presence of coping/escape mechanisms, social confounders, and variation in amount of tourism may explain differences among previous experiments. Acute alterations in glucocorticoid measures in wildlife exposed to tourism must be interpreted conservatively. While permanently altered stress responses can be detrimental, preliminary results in these wild habituated orangutans suggest that low levels of predictable disturbance can likely result in low physiological impact on these animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America. mpm1@indiana.edu
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Muehlenbein
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ancrenaz
authors.forename: Rosman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakong
authors.forename: Laurentius
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ambu
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prall
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raghanti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis*; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014195:Travel
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids