title: Mapping the cytokine profile of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis in human bladder and urine specimens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the cytokine profile in bladder tissue and urine of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiplex analysis of 23 cytokines was performed with a multiple antigen bead assay (Luminex 100 IS) on cold cup bladder biopsy and urine specimens collected during cystoscopy with hydrodistention (HD) under general anesthesia from 10 PBS/IC patients (ICS definition). Collected tissue specimens and urine from pre-HD and post-HD (mean 27 days) were compared to banked urine and tissue specimens (n = 10) collected from control subjects without PBS/IC symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate comparison of bladder tissue levels found significant elevation of IL-16, IL-18, CTACK, ICAM-1, MCP-3, SCGFβ, TRAIL, and VCAM-1 in PBS/IC relative to controls. Multivariate analysis revealed VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were responsible for the discrimination of both tissue and urine of PBS/IC from controls. Urine levels of MCP-3 and TRAIL were significantly reduced a month after HD in concert with improvement in standardized measures of clinical symptoms (pain, urgency, and frequency (PUF) overall score [mean 25.8 ± 5.5 vs. 20.3 ± 7, p = 0.04] and symptom score [mean 18.2 ± 3.2 vs. 12.2 ± 5.9; p = 0.009]). Post-HD urine levels of MCSF(r = 0.88; p = 0.003), MCP-3 (r = 0.81; p = 0.01), SDF1α (r = 0.82; p = 0.01), and IL-18 (r = 0.64; p = 0.08) positively correlated with improved symptom scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate significant elevation of cytokines in PBS/IC bladder tissue relative to controls. Significant reduction in post-HD urine levels of MCP-3 and TRAIL relative to pre-HD in PBS/IC was associated with clinical improvement (as measured by PBS/IC symptom scores) to qualify them as biomarker candidates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 700 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyagi
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism*; D014556:Urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines