title: Eating habits and total and abdominal fat in Spanish adolescents: influence of physical activity. The AVENA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between specific dietary habits and body fatness in Spanish adolescents, and to analyze the role of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 1,978 adolescents (1,017 girls) aged 13.0-18.5 years from the AVENA (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional en Adolescentes) study were included. Particular dietary habits (breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner, and nighttime snack, as well as time spent eating, number of meals, consumption of soft drinks, and ready-to-eat foods) and LTPA were self-reported and analyzed as dichotomic variables (yes/no). The sum of six skinfold thicknesses and waist circumference (WC) values were the main body fatness variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skinfolds and WC values were lower in adolescents who reported consumption of mid-morning snack, afternoon snack, more than four meals per day, and an adequate speed of eating, independently of participation in LTPA. Moreover, a beneficial influence of breakfast consumption on skinfolds and WC values was observed in those adolescent boys who did not participate in LTPA (p for interactions = .044 and .040, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Spanish adolescents, certain healthy dietary habits (i.e., mid-morning snack, afternoon snack, > 4 meals per day, adequate eating speed) are associated with lower body fatness, independently of engaging in LTPA. In addition, among boys with non-LTPA, those who skipped breakfast showed the highest body fatness values, indicating a beneficial influence of daily breakfast on body fat in this particular group.
authors.affiliation: Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain. sgomez@ictan.csic.es
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Martínez
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gómez
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perez de Heredia
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-Garcia
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín-Matillas
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Juan-Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rey-López
authors.forename: German
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicente-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Ascensión
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain