title: Percentage of patients with preventable adverse drug reactions and preventability of adverse drug reactions--a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous observational studies suggest that preventable adverse drug reactions are a significant burden in healthcare, but no meta-analysis using a standardised definition for adverse drug reactions exists. The aim of the study was to estimate the percentage of patients with preventable adverse drug reactions and the preventability of adverse drug reactions in adult outpatients and inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified through searching Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, IPA, Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science in September 2010, and by hand searching the reference lists of identified papers. Original peer-reviewed research articles in English that defined adverse drug reactions according to WHO's or similar definition and assessed preventability were included. Disease or treatment specific studies were excluded. Meta-analysis on the percentage of patients with preventable adverse drug reactions and the preventability of adverse drug reactions was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analysed from 16 original studies on outpatients with 48797 emergency visits or hospital admissions and from 8 studies involving 24128 inpatients. No studies in primary care were identified. Among adult outpatients, 2.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-3.2%) had preventable adverse drug reactions and 52% (95% CI: 42-62%) of adverse drug reactions were preventable. Among inpatients, 1.6% (95% CI: 0.1-51%) had preventable adverse drug reactions and 45% (95% CI: 33-58%) of adverse drug reactions were preventable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis corroborates that preventable adverse drug reactions are a significant burden to healthcare among adult outpatients. Among both outpatients and inpatients, approximately half of adverse drug reactions are preventable, demonstrating that further evidence on prevention strategies is required. The percentage of patients with preventable adverse drug reactions among inpatients and in primary care is largely unknown and should be investigated in future research.
authors.affiliation: Nordic School of Public Health, NHV, Gothenburg, Sweden. katja.hakkarainen@nhv.se
authors.forename: Katja M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hakkarainen
authors.forename: Khadidja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hedna
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hägg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015982:Bias; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016208:Databases, Factual; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D010045:Outpatients