title: Psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate on Nigerians: the Ikeja-Lagos experience.
abstract: We studied 116 patients who presented with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and were seen during a state-wide screening exercise for people with orofacial deformities in Ikeja-Lagos, Nigeria between May 2006 and July 2007. Detailed histories were taken and physical examinations made. The following psychometric instruments: General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ28), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y1 (STAI-Y1), STAI-Y2, and Self rating Depression Scale (SDS) were given on the respondents by a clinical psychologist. The respondents comprised 57 men and 59 women with a male:female ratio of 1:1.04. There were 42 (36%) adults and 74 (64%) children. Fifty-four (47%) patients had cleft lip (CL), 27 (23%) had cleft lip and palate (CLP), and 35 (30%) had cleft palate alone. Forty-five (39%) of the respondents were parents and guardians who responded to the presence of the deformity on behalf of children who were less than 6 years old, and assessed the reactions of those who were aged 6-12 years old. Older patients replied directly to the psychometric instruments. The outcome of the assessment of the Mental Health Profile of the participants showed high incidence of anxiety, depression, and impairment of general wellbeing. The effects were most pronounced in the 6-12 year age group. We recommend that the psychosocial impacts of CLP on the patients, parents, and relations should be managed together with the reconstructive procedures.
authors.affiliation: Burns and Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos State University/Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja-Lagos. idowufad@37.com
authors.forename: Idowu O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Fadeyibi
authors.forename: Olurotimi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Coker
authors.forename: Matthiew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zacchariah
authors.forename: Adedolapo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fasawe
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ademiluyi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011584:Psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012649:Self Concept; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult