title: How the timberline formed: altitudinal changes in stand structure and dynamics around the timberline in central Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Altitudinal timberlines are thought to move upward by global warming, a crucial topic in ecology. Tall tree species (the conifer Abies mariesii and the deciduous broad-leaved Betula ermanii) dominate the sub-alpine zone between 1600 and 2500 m a.s.l., the timberline, on Mount Norikura in central Japan. Dwarf pine Pinus pumila dominates above the timberline to near the summit (3026 m a.s.l.). This study evaluated how the timberline formed on Mount Norikura by examining altitudinal changes in stand structure and dynamics around the timberline.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-five plots of 10 m × 10 m were established around the timberline (2350-2600 m a.s.l.). Trunk diameter growth rate during 6 years was examined for A. mariesii, B. ermanii and P. pumila. Mortality during this period and mechanical damage scars on the trunks and branches due to strong wind and snow were examined for A. mariesii only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The density, maximum trunk height and diameter of A. mariesii in plots decreased with altitude. The maximum trunk height of B. ermanii decreased with altitude, but density and maximum trunk diameter did not decrease. In contrast, the density of P. pumila abruptly increased from around the timberline. A strong negative correlation was found between the densities of P. pumila and tall tree species, indicating their interspecific competition. Trunk diameter growth rates of A. mariesii and B. ermanii did not decrease with altitude, suggesting that these two tall tree species can grow at the timberline. The ratio of trees with mechanical damage scars increased with altitude for A. mariesii, a tendency more conspicuous for larger trees. The mortality of larger A. mariesii was also greater at higher altitude. Tall tree species may not increase their trunk height and survive around the timberline because of mechanical damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the altitudinal location of the timberline is mainly affected by mechanical damage due to strong wind and snow rather than by growth limitation due to low temperature. Therefore, the timberline would not move upward even under global warming if these growth and mortality characteristics do not change for a long time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan. koichit@shinshu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tatsuru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirosawa
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morishima
mesh_terms: D028202:Abies / Q000254:growth & development*; D000531:Altitude; D029662:Betula / Q000254:growth & development*; D057231:Climate Change; D003080:Cold Temperature; D017753:Ecosystem; D007564:Japan; D028223:Pinus / Q000254:growth & development*; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development*