title: New anthranilic acid derivative, EAntS-GS, attenuates Freund's complete adjuvant-induced acute pain in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute and chronic pain commonly accompany various clinical conditions such as contusion, fracture, osteoarthritis, peripheral neuropathy, and postherpetic neuralgia. Recent studies have found that antioxidative drugs can have analgesic effects. The present study tested the hypothesis that a new anthranilic acid derivative, EAntS-GS, exerts antinociceptive effects on inflammatory pain in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We induced subacute pain with a plantar injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in Sprague-Dawley rats. EAntS-GS (1 mg/kg subcutaneous injection or 1% application) was administered every 12 h beginning 24 h after FCA administration, and the plantar test was used to determine its effect on pain. Levels of myeloperoxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) were measured to elucidate the mechanism of action of EAntS-GS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EAntS-GS significantly reduced FCA-induced pain and myeloperoxidase, iNOS, and PAR2 levels. Our findings suggest that the new anthranilic acid derivative, EAntS-GS, exerts antinociceptive effects, and that the mechanism involves iNOS and PAR2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that EAntS-GS should be considered a new therapeutic tool to treat acute and chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu City, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Naozumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takatani
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchino
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006614:Hindlimb; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000975:Antioxidants; C573441:EAntS-GS; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C031385:anthranilic acid; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D009195:Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II