title: Typhoid fever & vaccine development: a partially answered question.
abstract: Typhoid fever is a systemic disease caused by the human specific Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). The extra-intestinal infections caused by Salmonella are very fatal. The incidence of typhoid fever remains very high in impoverished areas and the emergence of multidrug resistance has made the situation worse. To combat and to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by typhoid fever, many preventive measures and strategies have been employed, the most important being vaccination. In recent years, many Salmonella vaccines have been developed including live attenuated as well as DNA vaccines and their clinical trials have shown encouraging results. But with the increasing antibiotic resistance, the development of potent vaccine candidate for typhoid fever is a need of the hour. This review discusses the latest trends in the typhoid vaccine development and the clinical trials which are underway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Sandhya A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Marathe
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lahiri
authors.forename: Vidya Devi
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Negi
authors.forename: Dipshikha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakravortty
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; C057664:Vi polysaccharide vaccine, typhoid