title: The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) still needs to be determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to provide a quantitative analysis (meta-analysis) of the efficacy and harms of antidepressants in the management of adult FMS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data sources used were the databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (until December 30, 2010), the reference lists of included articles, and the websites of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design comparing any types of antidepressants with pharmacological placebo or head-to-head comparisons of different types of antidepressants in FMS patients were included. RCTs in which antidepressants were combined with any other defined treatment or antidepressants were tested against anything but drug placebo were excluded. Patients diagnosed with FMS according to predefined criteria of any age were included. To be included, studies had to assess at least one key domain of FMS (pain, sleep, fatigue, health-related quality of life [HRQOL]) as outcomes of efficacy and report total treatment discontinuation rates and/or dropout rates due to adverse events as outcomes for harms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted according to protocols of previous systematic reviews on antidepressants in FMS. Methodology quality was assessed by the van Tulder score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated for continuous outcomes by means and standard deviations and relative risks (RR) for 30% pain reduction and total dropout rate for comparisons of antidepressants with placebo. Examination of the combined results was performed by a random effects model. We used Cohen's categories to evaluate the magnitude of the effect size, calculated by SMD. Heterogeneity was tested by the I2 statistic. Thirty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. The SMDs of serotonin noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) on pain, sleep, fatigue, depression and HRQOL were significant. Based on Cohen's categories, the effect size on pain was small and the ones on sleep, fatigue, depression and HRQOL were not substantial. 1481/3528 (42.0%) patients with SNRIs and 737/2304 (32.0%) patients with placebo reported a 30% pain reduction (number needed to treat [NNT] 10.0; 95% CI 8.00, 13.4; I2 = 4%). The RR of dropouts due to adverse events was 1.83 (95% CI 1.53, 2.18; I2 = 33%). The SMDs of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on pain, sleep, depression and HRQOL were significant. Based on Cohen's categories, the effect sizes on pain, depression and HRQOL were small and the one on sleep not substantial. 72/198 (36.4%) patients with SSRIs and 40/194 (20.6%) patients with placebo reported a 30% pain reduction (NNT 6.3; 95% CI 4.1, 14.1). The RR of dropouts due to adverse events was 1.60 (95% CI 0.84, 3.04; I2 = 0%). The SMDs of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) on pain, sleep, fatigue and HRQOL were significant. Based on Cohen's categories, the effect sizes on pain and sleep were moderate and the ones on fatigue and HRQOL were small. 140/290 (48.3%) patients with TCAs and 70/252 (27.8%) patients with placebo reported a 30% pain reduction (NNT 4.9; 95% CI 3.5, 8.0). The RR of dropouts due to adverse events was 0.84 (95% CI 0.46, 1.52; I2 = 0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TCA amitriptyline and the SNRIs duloxetine and milnacipran are first-line options for the treatment of FMS patients. Physicians and patients should be realistic about the potential benefits of antidepressants in FMS. A small number of patients experience a substantial symptom relief with no or minor adverse effects. However, a remarkable number of patients dropout of therapy because of intolerable adverse effects or experience only a small relief of symptoms, which does not outweigh the adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Clinical Center Saarbrcken, Saarbrcken, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Häuser
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tölle
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uçeyler
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents