title: Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics for prediction of gastric damage induced by indomethacin in rats.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have side effects including gastric erosions, ulceration and bleeding. In this study, pattern recognition analysis of the (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of urine was performed to develop surrogate biomarkers related to the gastrointestinal (GI) damage induced by indomethacin in rats. Urine was collected for 5 h after oral administration of indomethacin (25 mg kg(-1)) or co-administration with cimetidine (100 mg kg(-1)), which protects against GI damage. The (1)H-NMR urine spectra were divided into spectral bins (0.04 ppm) for global profiling, and 36 endogenous metabolites were assigned for targeted profiling. The level of gastric damage in each animal was also determined. Indomethacin caused severe gastric damage; however, indomethacin administered with cimetidine did not. Simultaneously, the patterns of changes in their endogenous metabolites were different. Multivariate data analyses were carried out to recognize the spectral pattern of endogenous metabolites related to indomethacin using partial least square-discrimination analysis. In targeted profiling, a few endogenous metabolites, 2-oxoglutarate, acetate, taurine and hippurate, were selected as putative biomarkers for the gastric damage induced by indomethacin. These metabolites changed depending on the degree of GI damage, although the same dose of indomethacin (10 mg kg(-1)) was administered to rats. The results of global and targeted profiling suggest that the gastric damage induced by NSAIDs can be screened in the preclinical stage of drug development using a NMR based metabolomics approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, 643 Yeonje-ri, Gangoe-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: So Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Um
authors.forename: Jung Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Myeon Woo
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Kyu-Bong
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seon Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ki Hwan
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hwa Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007213:Indomethacin