title: Protecting health care workers from tuberculosis in China: a review of policy and practice in China and the United States.
abstract: Tuberculosis causes >1.7 million deaths worldwide each year and is frequently transmitted in hospitals. Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have led to illness and death among health care workers (HCWs) in many countries. Some countries, such as the United States, implemented occupational health policies that substantially reduced tuberculosis rates among HCWs. Inadequate tuberculosis infection control in China may contribute to its high burden of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, which are both the second highest worldwide. Occupational health policies in China for tuberculosis control can be strengthened. We reviewed the development and content of tuberculosis infection control policies in the United States and China. Sources included published academic literature, Chinese Ministry of Health policies, US government agency reports, legal databases, personal observations of hospitals, review of internet discussion sites, and discussions with HCWs and health care and law experts. In the United States, slow acceptance of the tuberculosis problem in HCWs resulted in decades of inaction. Tuberculosis infection control policies, based mostly on expert opinion, were implemented only after tuberculosis resurged in the 1980s. Effective evidence-based policies were developed only after multiple cycles of policy implementation, evaluation and revision. These policies have now substantially reduced occupational tuberculosis. In China, tuberculosis has not been formally recognized as an occupational disease, and data regarding the burden in HCWs are sparse. Vagueness of current labour laws and suboptimal alignment of infection control authority and expertise result in varied and sometimes absent protection of HCWs against tuberculosis. Formal evaluations of occupational tuberculosis policies have not been reported. By collecting data on its current HCW tuberculosis burden and infection control practices, refining policies, continually evaluating its policies based on accumulated evidence and rapidly identifying unsuspected tuberculosis cases, China can develop a more comprehensive strategy to ensure the health of HCWs and reduce transmission of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Shua J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mattingly
authors.forename: Jay K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Varma
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration