title: Specific biomarkers of receptors, pathways of inhibition and targeted therapies: pre-clinical developments.
abstract: A deeper understanding of the role of specific genes, proteins, pathways and networks in health and disease, coupled with the development of technologies to assay these molecules and pathways in patients, promises to revolutionise the practice of clinical medicine. Especially the discovery and development of novel drugs targeted to disease-specific alterations could benefit significantly from non-invasive imaging techniques assessing the dynamics of specific disease-related parameters. Here we review the application of imaging biomarkers in the management of patients with brain tumours, especially malignant glioma. In our other review we focused on imaging biomarkers of general biochemical and physiological processes related with tumour growth such as energy, protein, DNA and membrane metabolism, vascular function, hypoxia and cell death. In this part of the review, we will discuss the use of imaging biomarkers of specific disease-related molecular genetic alterations such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell membrane receptors and signalling pathways and their application in targeted therapies.
authors.affiliation: European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Waerzeggers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monfared
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Viel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kopka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tavitian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winkeler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional; D015398:Signal Transduction; D050863:Synaptotagmin I / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016023:Integrins; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases