title: Small molecule screening platform for assessment of cardiovascular toxicity on adult zebrafish heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular toxicity is a major limiting factor in drug development and requires multiple cost-effective models to perform toxicological evaluation. Zebrafish is an excellent model for many developmental, toxicological and regenerative studies. Using approaches like morpholino knockdown and electrocardiogram, researchers have demonstrated physiological and functional similarities between zebrafish heart and human heart. The close resemblance of the genetic cascade governing heart development in zebrafish to that of humans has propelled the zebrafish system as a cost-effective model to conduct various genetic and pharmacological screens on developing embryos and larvae. The current report describes a methodology for rapid isolation of adult zebrafish heart, maintenance ex vivo, and a setup to perform quick small molecule throughput screening, including an in-house implemented analysis script.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adult zebrafish were anesthetized and after rapid decapitation the hearts were isolated. The short time required for isolation of hearts allows dissection of multiple fishes, thereby obtaining a large sample size. The simple protocol for ex vivo culture allowed maintaining the beating heart for several days. The in-house developed script and spectral analyses allowed the readouts to be presented either in time domain or in frequency domain. Taken together, the current report offers an efficient platform for performing cardiac drug testing and pharmacological screens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new methodology presents a fast, cost-effective, sensitive and reliable method for performing small molecule screening. The variety of readouts that can be obtained along with the in-house developed analyses script offers a powerful setup for performing cardiac toxicity evaluation by researchers from both academics and industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden. satish.kitambi@ki.se
authors.forename: Satish Srinivas
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kitambi
authors.forename: Erik S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sekyrova
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.forename: Gilbert Nyah
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Tekeoh
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andäng
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ernfors
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Uhlén
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*