title: External reshaping of the left ventricle in off-pump surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  : Dyskinetic areas of the lateral and inferior left ventricular (LV) wall are frequently encountered in patients with coronary artery disease. In clinical practice, all of the techniques described for the restoration of shape and function of the LV require cardiopulmonary bypass. A new technique of LV external reshaping that aims to obtain a near-normal ventricular conical shape is described. This technique is performed during an off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation. It is used mainly on the inferior and lateral walls of the ventricle, but also on the anterolateral wall when warranted. This technique can be considered an alternative to classic aneurysmectomy in high-risk cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  : All patients underwent total arterial revascularization without aortic manipulation. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was used in all cases to define the dilated akinetic/dyskinetic area. This area was effectively plicated using interrupted mattress sutures reinforced with Teflon felt or pericardial strips. This technique allows near normalization of the geometry of the ventricle and LV end-diastolic volume reduction. In cases of preexisting mitral regurgitation (MR), a reduction of the MR was observed after lateral wall restoration. From September 2002 to April 2005, the external reshaping technique was applied on 56 cases among 949 off-pump CABG cases (5.9%). A detailed transthoracic echocardiogram was obtained preoperatively. The mean ejection fraction of all enrolled patients was 31.2 ± 7%. The location of the plication was: lateral wall in 22, inferior wall in 16, and anterolateral wall in 18. The average number of coronary anastomoses was 2.6. Twelve patients were found to have 2-3+ MR. All patients were followed up during a period of 35 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : One patient died due to severe right ventricular dysfunction. Seven patients developed atrial fibrillation, and one had ventricular tachycardia. During the follow-up period, we observed a reduction of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and a parallel augmentation of ejection fraction (mean 42.2 ± 4%). The ventricular cavity's architecture was normalized. Among the 12 patients with MR, an improvement of regurgitation was noted in 10 (from 2-3+ to 1-2+). One patient died during the follow-up period, and 1 patient required reoperation due to persistent severe MR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : The external reshaping of the LV during beating heart surgery is technically feasible, has promising results, and can be performed without major complications.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of *Cardiac Surgery and †Anesthesiology, Henri Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece; and ‡Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sotirios N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Prapas
authors.forename: Demetrios A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Protogeros
authors.forename: Vassilios N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Kotsis
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Panagiotopoulos
authors.forename: Ioannis P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Raptis
authors.forename: Fotini N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Danou
authors.forename: Ioannis N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Linardakis
authors.forename: Dimitra C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Karatza
authors.forename: Constantinos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos