title: A synopsis on the role of tyrosine hydroxylase in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder in elderly people. A consistent neurochemical abnormality in PD is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a reduction of striatal dopamine (DA) levels. As tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyses the formation of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of DA, the disease can be considered as a TH-deficiency syndrome of the striatum. Problems related to PD usually build up when vesicular storage of DA is altered by the presence of either α-synuclein protofibrils or oxidative stress. Phosphorylation of three physiologically-regulated specific sites of N-terminal domain of TH is vital in regulating its kinetic and protein interaction. The concept of physiological significance of TH isoforms is another interesting aspect to be explored further for a comprehensive understanding of its role in PD. Thus, a logical and efficient strategy for PD treatment is based on correcting or bypassing the enzyme deficiency by the treatment with L-DOPA, DA agonists, inhibitors of DA metabolism or brain grafts with cells expressing a high level of TH. Neurotrophic factors are also attracting the attention of neuroscientists because they provide the essential neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties to the nigrostriatal DA system. PPAR-γ, a key regulator of immune responses, is likewise a promising target for the treatment of PD, which can be achieved by the use of agonists with the potential to impact the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at the transcriptional level in immune cells via expression of TH. Herein, we review the primary biochemical and pathological features of PD, and describe both classical and developing approaches aimed to ameliorate disease symptoms and its progression.
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shams
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabrez
authors.forename: Nasimudeen R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jabir
authors.forename: Shazi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakil
authors.forename: Nigel H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Greig
authors.forename: Qamre
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abuzenadah
authors.forename: Ghazi A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Damanhouri
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000628:therapy; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D004298:Dopamine