title: Patulin reduction in apple juice from concentrate by UV radiation and comparison of kinetic degradation models between apple juice and apple cider.
abstract: Patulin, a mycotoxin produced by several genera of fungi, including Byssochlamys, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, has been an important concern in apple cider and apple juice due to its toxicity and health consequences. In this study, the effects of UV on the patulin level,  physical and chemical properties, and sensory attributes in apple juice from concentrate were investigated. Kinetic modeling of patulin reduction by UV radiation in apple juice from concentrate was calculated and compared with the degradation rate observed previously in apple cider. From an  initial patulin contamination of approximately 1,000 ppb (μg/liter), the UV exposure, ranging from 14.2 mJ/cm(2) (one pass) to 99.4 mJ/cm(2) (seven passes), was successful in reducing patulin levels by 72.57% ± 2.76% to 5.14% ± 0.70%, respectively. Patulin  reduction by UV radiation followed first-order kinetic modeling in a fashion similar to first-order microbial inactivation. An exponential correlation between UV exposure and the percentage of patulin remaining was observed, giving an r(2) value of 0.9950. Apple juice was repeatedly  exposed to 14.2 mJ/cm(2) for each treatment, and patulin levels were significantly decreased when compared with the level obtained with the previous UV exposure treatment. While there were no significant differences in the percentages of titratable acidity and ascorbic acid (P  > 0.05), there were minor yet random sampling differences in pH and degrees Brix (1 °Brix is 1 g of sucrose in 100 g of solution; the °Brix represents the soluble solids content of the solution as percentage by weight [%, wt/wt]) (P ≤ 0.05). A significant difference (P  ≤ 0.05) in sensory perception for the finished apple juice was detected between the control and the full seven-pass UV radiation treatment using an experienced consumer panel and a triangle test. Patulin reduction by UV radiation from both the current study and a previous study involving  apple cider was compared, which showed that both matrices strongly fit a first-order kinetic degradation model. However, the kinetic constant for degradation in apple juice was approximately 5.5 times greater than that observed in an apple cider matrix.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
authors.forename: Kitipong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Assatarakul
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Churey
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: Randy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Worobo
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005514:Food Irradiation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D010365:Patulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013649:Taste; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D010365:Patulin