title: The physical chemistry of mass-independent isotope effects and their observation in nature.
abstract: Historically, the physical chemistry of isotope effects and precise measurements in samples from nature have provided information on processes that could not have been obtained otherwise. With the discovery of a mass-independent isotopic fractionation during the formation of ozone, a new physical chemical basis for isotope effects required development. Combined theoretical and experimental developments have broadened this understanding and extended the range of chemical systems where these unique effects occur. Simultaneously, the application of mass-independent isotopic measurements to an extensive range of both terrestrial and extraterrestrial systems has furthered the understanding of events such as solar system origin and evolution and planetary atmospheric chemistry, present and past.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA. mthiemens@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Thiemens
authors.forename: Subrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dominguez