title: Population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in infants and young children in Bogotá, Colombia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In children <5 years of age, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is, globally, the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death. Surveillance conducted in Bogotá, Colombia estimated incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), clinical and chest radiograph-confirmed pneumonia (CXR+Pn); SP serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective population-based surveillance was conducted from 2006 to 2008 in children 28 days to <36 months of age seeking care at SaludCoop centers. We determined incidence rates of IPD and pneumonia (clinical and CXR+Pn). Eligibility criteria included: temperature ≥39.0°C within 24h and/or clinical suspicion of IPD or pneumonia. Blood was obtained for culture in all children. Other sterile site specimens were obtained per routine practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 8261 subjects enrolled, a total of 64 had invasive pneumococcal disease detected by isolation of SP from nonduplicative cultures (62) or detected solely by PCR and a clinical picture consistent with IPD (2). The overall IPD incidence rates for culture-positive only cases for children aged 28 days to <36 months was 76.4/100,000 per year for years 1 and 2 combined. Age stratification found the highest rates in children 6-12 and 12 to <24 months of age. IPD incidence rates were assessed for bacteremic pneumonia (54.2/100,000), bacteremia (17.2/100,000), meningitis (3.7/100,000), and sepsis (1.2/100,000). Most common serotypes causing IPD were: 14 (51.6%), 6B (9.7%), and 19F (9.7%). Coverage of IPD cases by pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 7, PCV10, and PCV13 was 77.4%, 85.5%, and 91.9%, respectively. Twenty-eight isolates (45.2%) were penicillin-nonsusceptible; PCV7 covered 96.3% of these; PCV10 covered 96.3% and PCV13 covered 100%. The overall incidence of clinical pneumonia and CXR+Pn was 6276/100,000 and 2120/100,000, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pneumococcal disease and pneumonia burden is considerable in children in Bogotá, Colombia. Vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has the potential to decrease this burden. Epidemiologic data are critical in assessing the potential impact of introduction of PCVs into national immunization schedules.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigación, Grupo SaludCoop, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.forename: Oscar Omar
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ovalle
authors.forename: Galo R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Isaacman
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines