title: [End of life non-therapeutic intensive care for organ preservation and donation: legal and ethical issues].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke is presently the first cause of brain death in France. In this context, the question of elective non-therapeutic ventilation and resuscitation arises, aiming at enabling the patients for whom a decision to stop all the therapeutics has been made to evolve towards brain death and organ donation. In 2010, the French society of intensive care has released guidelines regarding stroke management including strategy on this topic. The question has also been referred to the Ethics Committee of Nancy university hospital by a chief-nurse of our hospital and we report here its conclusions and propositions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A workgroup was appointed and has tackled the major issues: the justification, the risks for the patient and the society, the expression of the patient's consent, the legality of this care benefiting only a third party, and the practical details.
  Elective intensive care following decision to stop any treatment after severe stroke seems to be justified with regard to public health as well as individual or collective ethics, providing the patient has expressed his/her consent or his/her non-opposition before stroke occurrence. In France there is no legal frame regulating this practice, no information of the general public, and a public debate has yet to be initiated. Regarding the practical details, a priori agreement of the organ procurement organisation, patient's consent, and approval of the consultant required by the law of April 22, 2005 relating to Patients' rights and to the end of life to rule out any conflict of interest, have to be checked before referring the patient to ICU. Advance directives drafting must be developed and their scope extended to organ donation and elective resuscitation. Therefore, fair information of the general public and clarity and transparency of the procedures are needed. The prolongation of the French moratorium on Maastricht III type non-heart beating organ donation - grounded on fears of possible conflicts on interest - seems obsolete with regard to the increasing respect of the patient's autonomy and to the risk of harmfulness entailed by elective resuscitation before death.
authors.affiliation: CHU de Nancy, hôpital Central, service de réanimation neurochirurgicale, 54000 Nancy, France. antoine_baumann@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ducrocq
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Audibert
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coudane
authors.forename: Paul-Michel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mertes
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Claudot
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003422:Critical Care / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011634:Public Health / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016414:Resuscitation Orders / Q000941:ethics; D012306:Risk; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014019:Tissue Donors; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods