title: The management of pain in metastatic bone disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastatic bone disease is a common cause of pain in cancer patients. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is often necessary because simplified analgesic regimens may fail in the face of complex pain generators, especially those involved in the genesis of neuropathic pain. From the origins of formalized guidelines by the World Health Organization (WHO) to recent developments in implantable therapies, great strides have been made to meet the needs of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors review the existing literature on the pathophysiology and treatment options for pain generated by metastatic bone disease and summarize classic and new approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relatively recent animal models of malignant bone disease have allowed a better understanding of the intimate mechanisms involved in the genesis of pain, resulting in a mechanistic approach to its treatment. Analgesic strategies can be developed with specific targets in mind to complement the classic, opioid-centered WHO analgesic ladder obtaining improved outcomes and quality of life. Unfortunately, high-quality evidence is difficult to produce in pain medicine, and these concepts are evolving slowly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment options are expanding for the challenging clinical problem of painful metastatic bone disease. Efforts are concentrated on developing alternative nonopioid approaches that appear to increase the success rate and improve patients' quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Psychosocial and Palliative Care Program (BS) and the Anesthesiology Program (JES) at the H. Lee Moffi tt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buga
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sarria
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology