title: Prognostic significance of subgroup classification for infant patients with crying disorders: A prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few convincing treatment options have been identified for the excessively crying infant. One explanation may be a lack of identification of patient subgroups. This study used a clinically plausible categorization protocol to subgroup infants and compared changes in symptoms between these subgroups during treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort design was employed. All infants presenting with excessive infant crying between July 2007 and March 2008 were categorized into three subgroups, (A) infant colic, (B) irritable infant syndrome of musculoskeletal origin (IISMO) and (C) inefficient feeding crying infants with disordered sleep (IFCIDS) based on history and physical findings. Mothers completed questionnaires which rated their own and their child's characteristics prior to and at the end, of a course of manual therapy. Independent associations between infant subgroups and changes in continuous outcomes (crying, stress, sleep, and consolability) were assessed. Multivariable analysis of covariance was used to identify and control for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 158 infants were enrolled. There was no significant difference in demographic profile between groups or any significant difference in infant crying or level of maternal stress at the start. Only the putative subgroups were significantly associated with differences in outcomes. In general, colic babies improved the most in consolability and crying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Babies with excessive crying should not be viewed as a homogenous group. Treatment outcomes may be improved by targeting appropriate subgroups prior to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Anglo-European College of Chiropractic (Bournemouth University), 3-15 Parkwood Road, Bournemouth, Dorset BH5 2DF, UK.
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Newell