title: Pseudopolarography of copper complexes in seawater using a vibrating gold microwire electrode.
abstract: Copper (Cu) in seawater can be determined by anodic stripping voltammetry using a vibrating gold microwire electrode (VGME) with a much lower limit of detection than using a mercury electrode, enabling detection of labile Cu at trace level. The possibility of pseudopolarography of Cu using the VGME is investigated here and is calibrated against known chelating agents. The sensitivity much (15-fold) improved by application of a desorption step to remove adsorbed organic substances and excess anions. The notorious tendency of solid electrodes to be affected by memory effects was overcome by a conditioning interval between measurements that stabilized the electrode response. Model ligands, including EDTA, humic substances (HS), and glutathione (examples of natural ligands) were analyzed to calibrate the half-wave shift to complex stability. The half-wave shift on the VGME is much greater (~2×) than that on the mercury drop electrode which is attributed to several parameters including a much (5-fold) thinner diffusion layer on the VGME. Experiments showed that the same procedure is suitable for pseudopolarography of zinc. Application of the new method to samples from the Irish Sea showed Cu occurring in several complexes, all strongly bound, and some occurring in the electrochemically reversible region of the pseudopolarogram. The humic substance complex of Cu was also found to occur in the reversible region of the pseudopolarogram. The pseudopolarograms of Cu in seawater were unaffected by sample filtration and did not require purging to remove dissolved oxygen, suggesting that this method can be readily used as part of an in situ measuring system.
authors.affiliation: Ocean Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK.
authors.forename: Kristoff
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gibbon-Walsh
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salaün
authors.forename: Constant M G
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van den Berg
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D004566:Electrodes; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006046:Gold; D003300:Copper