title: Neuroimaging in patients referred to a neuro-ophthalmology service: the rates of appropriateness and concordance in interpretation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroimaging studies frequently are ordered to investigate neuro-ophthalmic symptoms. When misused, these studies are expensive and time consuming. This study describes the type and frequency of neuroimaging errors in patients referred to an academic neuro-ophthalmology service and measures how frequently these neuroimaging studies were reinterpreted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four consecutive patients referred to an academic neuro-ophthalmology practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 2009 through July 2010, 84 consecutive new patients who had undergone a neuroimaging study in the last 12 months specifically to evaluate their presenting neuro-ophthalmic symptoms were enrolled prospectively. Participants then underwent a complete neuro-ophthalmic evaluation, followed by a review of prior neuroimaging. Questions regarding appropriateness of the most recent imaging, concordance of radiologic interpretation, and re-evaluation of referring diagnoses were answered by the attending physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency and types of errors committed in the use of neuroimaging and the frequency of reinterpretation of prereferral neuroimaging studies after neuro-ophthalmic history and examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most study participants (84.5%; 71/84) underwent magnetic resonance imaging before referral; 15.5% (13/84) underwent only computed tomography. The rate of suboptimal neuroimaging studies was 38.1% (32/84). The 3 most common reasons for suboptimal studies were incomplete area of imaging (34.4%; 11/32), wrong study type (28.1%; 9/32), and poor image quality (21.9%; 7/32). Twenty-four of 84 subjects (28.6%) required additional neuroimaging. The authors agreed with the radiology interpretation of the prior neuroimaging studies in most patients (77.4%; 65/84). The most common anatomic locations for discordance in interpretation were the intraorbital optic nerve (35%; 7/20) and the brainstem (20%; 4/20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high rate of suboptimal neuroimaging studies performed in patients referred for neuro-ophthalmology examination. These findings have significant implications given the increasing attention to resource use currently and in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Van Stavern
authors.forename: J Banks
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Mae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huecker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult