title: A comparison on the metabolic profiling of the Mexican anxiolytic and sedative plant Galphimia glauca four years later.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galphimia glauca has a long traditional use, and continues to be used in Mexico as a natural tranquilizer for the treatment of Central Nervous System disorders as well as for other illnesses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In 2005 the initial use of metabolic profiling to populations of Galphimia glauca resulted in two of the six collected populations being producers for galphimines, the markers for sedative and anxiolytic activities. The aim of this investigation was to confirm the previously established metabolic profile, as well as the previous in vivo results on mice. Additionally in this study we wanted to investigate potential anti-inflammatory properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four years later, we collected samples in the five localities designated for the first-stage investigation in 2005, and in two new locations. Metabolic profiling was carried out by means of (1)H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis applied to crude extracts from wild plant specimens. HPLC analysis was performed to confirm and quantify the presence of galphimines. Two neuropharmacological in vivo assays on mice were employed to study anxiolytic (elevated plus maze test) and sedative (sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis model) activities in the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by using the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate-induced mouse ear inflammation model (TPA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results for the 2009 collected species were similar to the 2005 collection, confirming the metabolic profiles and that galphimines are consistent good markers for CNS activity. Galloylquinic acid levels varied between the years without, as of yet, known effects. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was similar for all plants and thus not linked with galphimines, requiring further studies to identify the active compound(s). Areas of collection affect neuropharmacological activities but not anti-inflammatory action.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardoso-Taketa
authors.forename: Young Hae
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verpoorte
authors.forename: María Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Villarreal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D031582:Galphimia; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010936:Plant Extracts