title: Effect of long-term thoracic epidural analgesia on refractory angina pectoris: a 10-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with refractory angina, the adjuvant effects of long-term home self-treatment with thoracic epidural analgesia on angina, quality of life, and safety were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, consecutive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1998 and August 2007, 152 consecutive patients with refractory angina began treatment with thoracic epidural analgesia by intermittent injections of bupivacaine (139 home treatment and 13 palliative). Data were collected until August 2008; therefore, the follow-up for each patient was between 1 and 9 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but 7 of the patients improved symptomatically, and the improvement was maintained throughout the period of treatment (median = 19 months; range, 1 month-8.9 years). After 1 to 2 weeks, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class decreased from 4.0 (3.0-4.0) to 2.0 (1.0-2.0), the mean ± standard deviation frequency of anginal attacks decreased from 36 ± 19 to 4.4 ± 6.8 a week, the nitroglycerin intake decreased from 27.7 ± 15.7 to 2.7 ± 4.9 a week, and the median (IQR) overall self-rated quality of life assessed by the visual analog scale increased from 25 (20-30) to 70 (50-75) (all p < 0.001). About one-third of the patients had a dislodgement of the epidural catheter. Apart from 1 epidural hematoma that appeared in 1 patient with a previously undiagnosed bleeding defect, no other serious catheter-related complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term self-administered home treatment with thoracic epidural analgesia is a safe, widely available adjuvant treatment for patients with severe refractory angina. It produces symptomatic relief of angina and improves quality of life. The technical development of the method to protect the catheter against dislodgement is needed.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. arina.richter@liu.se
authors.forename: Arina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cederholm
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fredrikson
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mucchiano
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Träff
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Janerot-Sjoberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine