title: Associations of insulin resistance and glycemic control with the risk of kidney stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The associations of insulin resistance and glycemic control with the risk of kidney stones were explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Generally healthy Japanese (n=2,171) who visited Saiseikai Central Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) for a health check were included in a cross-sectional study. We calculated odds ratios (OR) of having kidney stones in terms of four measures: fasting serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), adjusting for possible risk factors for kidney stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting serum insulin and HOMA-IR were non-significantly associated with the risk of kidney stones, whereas FPG and HbA1c were significantly associated. Compared with those with an FPG of <100 mg/dL, the ORs in those with an FPG of 100 to <126 mg/dL and ≥126 mg/dL were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] =0.95-2.00) and 1.83 (95% CI =1.09-3.06) (p for trend =0.016). In relation to those with an HbA1c of <5.5%, the ORs in those with an HbA1c of 5.5 to <6.0%, 6.0% to <6.5% and ≥6.5% were 1.16 (95% CI =0.76-1.79), 1.25 (95% CI =0.70-2.23) and 1.98 (95% CI =1.11-3.52), respectively (p for trend =0.027). The significant associations between glycemic control measures and the risk of kidney stones were preserved even after the adjustment for factors related to insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycemic control could be an independent risk factor for kidney stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Japan. ykabeyan@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kabeya
authors.forename: Kiyoe
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Masuomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Atsumi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human