title: Sodium tetrachloropalladate for diagnosing palladium sensitization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to palladium (Pd) may lead to clinical allergic reactions. With frequent nickel (Ni) exposure and cross-reactivity between Ni and Pd at the T cell recognition level, positive Pd reactions on patch testing are surprisingly uncommon. PdCl(2) is often used for epicutaneous patch testing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the sensitivity and specificity of sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na(2) PdCl(4)) and PdCl(2) for Pd patch testing in metal-allergic patients and non-allergic controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six metal-allergic patients and 26 non-allergic controls were selected on the basis of detailed medical histories. Patch test results were used to determine the diagnostic performance of the two Pd salts as compared with NiSO(4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With three outliers in both groups, the sensitivity/specificity were calculated to be 42%/96% for PdCl(2), 65%/92% for Na(2) PdCl(4) , and 77%/92% for NiSO(4). Furthermore, of all (n = 19) Na(2) PdCl(4) reactors, 17 (89%) also showed positive reactions to NiSO(4). Conversely, of all (n = 22) NiSO(4) reactors, 17 (77%) showed concomitant positive reactions to Na(2) PdCl(4) .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive test reactions to Na(2) PdCl(4) are confirmed by large-scale concordant reactions to PdCl(2) and NiSO(4). Although statistical significance was not reached, the increased sensitivity has important clinical relevance, as false-positive results are rare. Incorporation of Na(2) PdCl(4) into standard and/or dental screening patch test series is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.muris@acta.nl
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muris
authors.forename: Cornelis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kleverlaan
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rustemeyer
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: von Blomberg
authors.forename: Ingrid M W
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: van Hoogstraten
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Feilzer
authors.forename: Rik J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scheper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003429:Cross Reactions; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010165:Palladium / Q000009:adverse effects; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: C030174:tetrachloropalladium; D010165:Palladium