title: Electromagnetic tracking for registration and navigation in endovascular aneurysm repair: a phantom study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of using an electromagnetic tracking for both registration and navigation in endovascular aneurysm repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A registration process was implemented to align computed tomography (CT) data and electromagnetic tracking data. Two abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) phantoms were used, a rigid plastic AAA model (phantom A) and a soft silicon AAA model (phantom B). A pre-procedural CT volume was acquired for each phantom. Intra-operative simulation was performed by placing each phantom in the magnetic field of the tracking device. Using a modified electromagnetic catheter, a set of three-dimensional positions was acquired in the phantom's aortic lumen. Pre-procedural CT images and intra-procedural tracked positions were registered. Four reference points were used to calculate the registration accuracy of phantom A. Three surgeons simulated catheterisation of the left renal artery with phantom B using only image-guided procedure software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean registration error was 1.3 mm (range 0.88-1.89). The median time for left renal catheterisation was 22 s (range 15-59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Registration of CT data and electromagnetic tracking data is feasible using catheter positions in the aorto-iliac structure as landmark. This navigation system could reduce X-ray exposure time and the use of contrast medium injections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France. adelambert@chu-grenoble.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Lambert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esneault
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haigron
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cinquin
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Magne
mesh_terms: D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D001027:Aortography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation; D057785:Catheters; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*