title: Sacral neuromodulation therapy:  a promising treatment for adolescents with refractory functional constipation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sacral neuromodulation therapy has been successfully applied in adult patients with urinary and fecal incontinence and in adults with constipation not responding to intensive conservative treatment. No data, however, are available on sacral neuromodulation therapy as a treatment option in adolescents with refractory functional constipation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to describe the short-term results of sacral neuromodulation in adolescents with chronic functional constipation refractory to intensive conservative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study took place at the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients (all girls, age 10-18 years) with functional constipation according to the ROME III criteria not responding to intensive oral and rectal laxative treatment were assigned for sacral neuromodulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  When improvement of symptoms was observed during the testing phase, a permanent stimulator was implanted. Patients were prospectively followed up to at least 6 months after implantation of the permanent stimulator by interviews, bowel diaries, and Cleveland Clinic constipation score. Improvement was defined as spontaneous defecation ≥ 2 times a week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At presentation, none of the patients had spontaneous defecation or felt the urge to defecate. All patients had severe abdominal pain. Regular school absenteeism was present in 10 patients. After the testing phase, all but 2 patients had spontaneous defecation ≥ 2 times a week with a reduction in abdominal pain. After implantation, 11 (of 12) had a normal spontaneous defecation pattern of ≥ 2 times a week without medication, felt the urge to defecate, and perceived less abdominal pain without relapse of symptoms until 6 months after implantation. The average Cleveland Clinic constipation score decreased from 20.9 to 8.4. One lead revision and 2 pacemaker relocations were necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is limited by its small sample size, single-institution bias, and retrospective nature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sacral neuromodulation appears to be a promising new treatment option in adolescents with refractory functional constipation not responding to intensive conservative therapy. Larger randomized studies with long-term follow-up are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. b.van.wunnik@mumc.nl
authors.forename: Bart P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: van Wunnik
authors.forename: Babette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Govaert
authors.forename: Fred H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nieman
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Benninga
authors.forename: Cor G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Baeten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003672:Defecation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit; D006801:Humans; D058542:Implantable Neurostimulators; D008365:Manometry