title: The effects of sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles on inflammatory and stress genes in human macrophages using cDNA microarray analysis.
abstract: Because of the limited information on size-dependent particle-mediated effects, the present study was conducted to determine if the changes in induced protein expression between 5 nm silver nanoparticles and 100 nm particles after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations. A total of 28,000 cDNA profiles were screened using 5 nm silver nanoparticles and 100 nm silver nanoparticles in a macrophage cell line. Based on results obtained from cDNA microarray we also assessed protein levels of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), which were shown to significantly increase. Together with results obtained using N-acetylcystein (NAC), we were able to clearly show that low level and early stage exposure to 5 nm silver nanoparticles, but not 100 nm, induces expression of IL-8 as well as stress genes against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, we provide important data to understand and identify the early effects of silver nanoparticles on the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Hyoun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Seungjae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Taegyeong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Kangtaek
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: In-Hong
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012834:Silver / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012834:Silver; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1