title: Peri-implant bone formation and surface characteristics of rough surface zirconia implants manufactured by powder injection molding technique in rabbit tibiae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate osseointegration in rabbit tibiae and to investigate surface characteristics of novel zirconia implants made by powder injection molding (PIM) technique, using molds with and without roughened inner surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 rabbits received three types of external hex implants with identical geometry on the tibiae: machined titanium implants, PIM zirconia implants without mold etching, and PIM zirconia implants with mold etching. Surface characteristics of the three types of implant were evaluated. Removal torque tests and histomorphometric analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The roughness of PIM zirconia implants was higher than that of machined titanium implants. The PIM zirconia implants exhibited significantly higher bone-implant contact and removal torque values than the machined titanium implants (P < 0.001). The PIM zirconia implants using roughened mold showed significantly higher removal torque values than PIM zirconia implants without using roughened mold (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the osseointegration of PIM zirconia implant is promising and PIM using roughened mold etching technique can produce substantially rough surfaces on zirconia implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Shin-Hye
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Won-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015921:Dental Implants; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011208:Powders; D011817:Rabbits; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*; D014025:Titanium; D019415:Torque; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D011208:Powders; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide