title: Enrichment of extruded snack products with coproducts from chestnut mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) production: interactions between dietary fiber, physicochemical characteristics, and glycemic load.
abstract: Mushrooms are a common vegetable product that have also been linked to pharmaceutical and medicinal uses. However, the production of the fruiting bodies of mushrooms results in a large quantity of food waste in the form of spent compost. Hyphae and the base of fruit bodies from  Agrocybe aegerita  were retrieved from spent mushroom compost and refined as a freeze-dried powder. This fiber-rich ingredient was used in the manufacture of ready-to-eat extruded cereal snack products. Inclusions rates were 0, 5, 10, and 15% w/w replacement levels for wheat flour from a control recipe. Inclusion of mushroom coproduct material (MCM) was significantly correlated to increased product expansion (r = 0.848) and density (r = 0.949) but negatively correlated to water absorption index (WAI; r = -0.928) and water solubility index (WSI; r = -0.729). Fiber content could not be correlated to differences in pasting properties of extruded snacks even though snack products with MCM showed significantly lower final viscosity values compared to the control. The potential glycemic response of foods was significantly lowered by including MCM (p < 0.05) with a negative correlation between fiber content and overall AUC following a standardized in vitro digestion method (r = -0.910). Starch content, WAI, and WSI were positively correlated to AUC of extruded snacks (r = 0.916, 0.851, and 0.878. respectively). The results illustrate a reduction in the potential glycemic response from including 5% (w/w) of MCM in extruded snacks exceeds 20%. Thus, the incorporation of MCM in ready-to-eat snack foods may be of considerable interest to the food industry in trying to regulate the glycemic response of foods.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Metropolitan University, Old Hall Lane, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Derbyshire
authors.forename: Brijesh K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D055362:Agrocybe / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D002523:Edible Grain; D005433:Flour; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D048690:Fruiting Bodies, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009753:Nutritive Value; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014867:Water