title: Three-dimensional subharmonic ultrasound imaging in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging techniques such as harmonic imaging (HI) have evolved to reduce tissue signals using the nonlinear properties of the contrast agent, levels of background suppression have been mixed. Subharmonic imaging (SHI) offers near complete tissue suppression by centering the receive bandwidth at half the transmitting frequency. The aims of this study were to demonstrate the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) SHI and to compare it to 3D HI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional HI and SHI were implemented on a Logiq 9 ultrasound scanner with a 4D10L probe. Four-cycle SHI was implemented to transmit at 5.8 MHz and receive at 2.9 MHz, while two-cycle HI was implemented to transmit at 5 MHz and receive at 10 MHz. The ultrasound contrast agent Definity was imaged within a flow phantom and the lower pole of two canine kidneys in both HI and SHI modes. Contrast-to-tissue ratios and rendered images were compared offline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SHI resulted in significant improvement in contrast-to-tissue ratios relative to HI both in vitro (12.11 ± 0.52 vs 2.67 ± 0.77, P< .001) and in vivo (5.74 ± 1.92 vs 2.40 ± 0.48, P = .04). Rendered 3D subharmonic images provided better tissue suppression and a greater overall view of vessels in a flow phantom and canine renal vasculature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The successful implementation of SHI in 3D allows imaging of vascular networks over a heterogeneous sample volume and should improve future diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, 3D SHI provides improved contrast-to-tissue ratios relative to 3D HI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 7 Main, Suite 763J, 132 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eisenbrey
authors.forename: Anush
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sridharan
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Hongjia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Valgerdur G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Halldorsdottir
authors.forename: Jaydev K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.forename: Ji-Bin
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Suhyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dianis
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Kai E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Thomenius
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forsberg
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*