title: The body adiposity index (hip circumference ÷ height(1.5)) is not a more accurate measure of adiposity than is BMI, waist circumference, or hip circumference.
abstract: Based on cross-sectional analyses, it was suggested that hip circumference divided by height(1.5) -18 (the body adiposity index (BAI)), could directly estimate percent body fat without the need for further correction for sex or age. We compared the prediction of percent body fat, as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (PBF(DXA)), by BAI, BMI, and circumference (waist and hip) measurements among 1,151 adults who had a total body scan by DXA and circumference measurements from 1993 through 2005. After accounting for sex, we found that PBF(DXA) was related similarly to BAI, BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference. In general, BAI underestimated PBF(DXA) among men (2.5%) and overestimated PBF(DXA) among women (4%), but the magnitudes of these biases varied with the level of body fatness. The addition of covariates and quadratic terms for the body size measures in regression models substantially improved the prediction of PBF(DXA), but none of the models based on BAI could more accurately predict PBF(DXA) than could those based on BMI or circumferences. We conclude that the use of BAI as an indicator of adiposity is likely to produce biased estimates of percent body fat, with the errors varying by sex and level of body fatness. Although regression models that account for the nonlinear association, as well as the influence of sex, age, and race, can yield more accurate estimates of PBF(DXA), estimates based on BAI are not more accurate than those based on BMI, waist circumference, or hip circumference.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. dxf1@CDC.gov
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Pi-Sunyer
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Heymsfield
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Blanck
authors.forename: Dympna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio