title: Computerized orders with standardized concentrations decrease dispensing errors of continuous infusion medications for pediatrics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of continuous infusion medications with individualized concentrations may increase the risk for errors in pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) for continuous infusions with standardized concentrations on frequency of pharmacy processing errors. In addition, time to process handwritten versus computerized infusion orders was evaluated and user satisfaction with CPOE as compared to handwritten orders was measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a crossover design, 10 pharmacists in the pediatric satellite within a university teaching hospital were given test scenarios of handwritten and CPOE order sheets and asked to process infusion orders using the pharmacy system in order to generate infusion labels. Participants were given three groups of orders: five correct handwritten orders, four handwritten orders written with deliberate errors, and five correct CPOE orders. Label errors were analyzed and time to complete the task was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using CPOE orders, participants required less processing time per infusion order (2 min, 5 sec ± 58 sec) compared with time per infusion order in the first handwritten order sheet group (3 min, 7 sec ± 1 min, 20 sec) and the second handwritten order sheet group (3 min, 26 sec ± 1 min, 8 sec), (p<0.01). CPOE eliminated all error types except wrong concentration. With CPOE, 4% of infusions processed contained errors, compared with 26% of the first group of handwritten orders and 45% of the second group of handwritten orders (p<0.03). Pharmacists were more satisfied with CPOE orders when compared with the handwritten method (p=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPOE orders saved pharmacists' time and greatly improved the safety of processing continuous infusions, although not all errors were eliminated. pharmacists were overwhelmingly satisfied with the CPOE orders.
authors.affiliation: Hashemite University, School of Nursing, Zarqa, Jordan.
authors.forename: Azizeh K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sowan
authors.forename: Vinay U
authors.initials: VU
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Soeken
authors.forename: Elora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hilmas