title: Clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder with hoarding symptoms: a multicenter study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factor analyses indicate that hoarding symptoms constitute a distinctive dimension of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), usually associated with higher severity and limited insight. The aim was to compare demographic and clinical features of OCD patients with and without hoarding symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study was conducted with 1001 DSM-IV OCD patients from the Brazilian Research Consortium of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (CTOC), using several instruments. The presence and severity of hoarding symptoms were determined using the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Statistical univariate analyses comparing factors possibly associated with hoarding symptoms were conducted, followed by logistic regression to adjust the results for possible confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately half of the sample (52.7%, n = 528) presented hoarding symptoms, but only four patients presented solely the hoarding dimension. Hoarding was the least severe dimension in the total sample (mean score: 3.89). The most common lifetime hoarding symptom was the obsessive thought of needing to collect and keep things for the future (44.0%, n = 440). After logistic regression, the following variables remained independently associated with hoarding symptoms: being older, living alone, earlier age of symptoms onset, insidious onset of obsessions, higher anxiety scores, poorer insight and higher frequency of the symmetry-ordering symptom dimension. Concerning comorbidities, major depressive, posttraumatic stress and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, compulsive buying and tic disorders remained associated with the hoarding dimension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCD hoarding patients are more likely to present certain clinical features, but further studies are needed to determine whether OCD patients with hoarding symptoms constitute an etiologically discrete subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu (SP), Brazil. torresar@fmb.unesp.br
authors.forename: Albina R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Leonardo F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fontenelle
authors.forename: Ygor A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Ferrão
authors.forename: Maria Conceição
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: do Rosário
authors.forename: Ricardo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Torresan
authors.forename: Eurípedes C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.forename: Roseli G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Shavitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D000067836:Hoarding Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult