title: Antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and phenolics of different solvent extracts from bark, leaves and seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre.
abstract: This study appraises the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of various solvent extracts (absolute methanol, aqueous methanol, absolute ethanol, aqueous ethanol, absolute acetone, aqueous acetone, and deionized water) from bark, leaves and seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Maximum extraction yield of antioxidant components from bark (16.31%), leaves (11.42%) and seeds (21.51%) of P. pinnata was obtained using aqueous methanol (20:80). Of the extracts tested, the bark extract, obtained with aqueous methanol, exhibited greater levels of total phenolics [6.94 g GAE/100 g dry weight (DW)], total flavonoids (3.44 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (69.23%) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC(50) value, 3.21 μg/mL), followed by leaves and seeds extracts. Bark extract tested against a set of bacterial and fungal strains also revealed the strongest antimicrobial activity with the largest inhibition zone and lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). HPLC analysis of aqueous methanol extracts from bark, leaves and seeds indicated the presence of protocatechuic, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, gentisic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and 4-hydroxycinnamic acids in bark (1.50-6.70 mg/100 g DW); sorbic, ferulic, gallic, salicylic and p-coumaric acids in leaves (1.18-4.71 mg/100 g DW); vanillic, gallic and tannic acids in seeds (0.52-0.65 mg/100 g DW) as the main phenolic acids. The present investigation concludes that the tested parts of P. pinnata, in particular the bark, have strong potential for the isolation of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for functional food and pharmaceutical uses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan. zi_sajid@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Zahid Iqbal
authors.initials: ZI
authors.lastname: Sajid
authors.forename: Farooq
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shabir
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rasul
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alkharfy
authors.forename: Anwarul-Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gilani
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000737:chemistry; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D033641:Millettia / Q000737:chemistry*; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D019787:Linoleic Acid; C017616:phenolic acid