title: Update on complex nonpharmacological interventions for breathlessness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study provides a review of current evidence about the role of complex nonpharmacological strategies in managing the multidimensional components of the breathlessness experience for individuals with life-limiting conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence continues to demonstrate the significant impact of breathlessness on patients' quality of life, day-to-day activity, and physical and psychosocial functioning. Recent evidence also confirms that patients draw on a number of self-initiated actions to cope with breathlessness, although many do not use strategies that are supported by a growing body of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Current literature supports the use of multicomponent, nonpharmacological interventions comprising strategies to improve breathing efficiency and reducing psychological distress to manage breathlessness. However trials of these approaches have mostly been conducted among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer, and few studies have investigated the benefits of nonpharmacological for patients in later stages of disease. Further investigation of interventions is required across a broader range of chronic life-limiting conditions. Addressing breathlessness and its co-occurring symptoms (symptom clusters) is also an area for future enquiry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experience of breathlessness and strategies adopted by patients to manage the experience highlight the importance of multidimensional approaches to improve outcomes for patients with life-limiting conditions. There is good evidence to support the role of multicomponent, nonpharmacological interventions in reducing breathlessness for patients with COPD and lung cancer, although further studies are required to understand the particular clinical contexts in which such interventions are appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. p.yates@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Patsy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy