title: Antischistosomal effect of holothurin extracted from some Egyptian sea cucumbers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Holothuria polii (H. polii) Linnaeus (Holothuriidae), Actinopyga mauritiana (A. mauritiana) Quoy & Gaimard (Holothuriidae) and Bohadschia vitiensis (B. vitiensis) Semper (Holothuriidae) are sea cucumbers inhabiting the coasts of Egypt. Their tegument and the cuvierian gland contained a substance called holothurin that was used in traditional medicine. These three species are abundant in the Egyptian coast, however there are no reports about their efficacy as antiparasitic agent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The antischistosomal effect of the holothurin extracted from the three species of sea cucumber is investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ethanol extract was made from the tegument of both H. polii and A. mauritiana while it was made from the cuvierian gland of B. vitiensis. The body wall (or cuvierian gland) of the sea cucumber was blended with 95% ethanol in a volume = 4 × tissue weight. Extraction was done at room temperature for one day then filtered. The ethanol was removed by evaporation using Rotavapour (BÜCHI 461 water bath REIII) at 40°C. Later the aqueous residue was placed in a vacuum oven at 20°C for about 48 h to remove water. The resulting dried mass was then stored at -4°C until use. The percentage yield and the LD₅₀ were calculated for each extract. Each extract was administered orally to Shistosoma mansoni infected mice in acute and chronic phases of infection. The dose of one-tenth of LD₅₀ of each extract was administrated to mice (5.4, 62.2, and 10 mg/kg body weight/mouse for H. polii extract (HPE), A. mauritiana extract (AME), and cuvierian gland of B. vitiensis, respectively) for 24 h. The effects of each extract on the worm burden and total egg count was studied. The effects of each extract on the worm tegument using scanning electron microscope (SEM) were investigated in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage yield of cuvierian gland extract (CGE) was higher (70%) than the tegument AME (33.4%) and HPE (9.3%). The 24 h LD₅₀ of investigated sea cucumber ethanol extracts were 54.46, 627, and 100 mg/kg body weight/mouse for HPE, AME, and CGE. Oral administration of HPE caused decrease in male and female worm burden of 30-day infected mice to reach 60 and 90%, respectively. HPE decreased the egg count significantly in those mice with 30-day (1.75 egg counts/g tissue, p < 0.05) and 45-day (3.25 egg counts/g tissue, p < 0.05) infections. SEM studies of recovered worms from treated mice with all extracts showed different tegumental changes like formation of blebs, wrinkling, formation of numerous pores, and rupturing of some tubercles. These effects were more pronounced in those worms treated in vitro represented by severe shrinkage of the tegument, deformation of spines, rupturing, and collapsing of tubercles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the hypothesis that holothurin is a promising antischistosomal agent.
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohammed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mona
authors.forename: Nahla E E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Omran
authors.forename: Merveet A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.forename: Zainab M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: El-Fakharany
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D047332:Holothuria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D019156:Indian Ocean; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D051379:Mice; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D059208:Parasite Load; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012556:Schistosomicides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D012556:Schistosomicides