title: Conservation genetics of the rare Pyreneo-Cantabrian endemic Aster pyrenaeus (Asteraceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aster pyrenaeus (Asteraceae) is an endangered species, endemic to the Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountain ranges (Spain). For its long-term persistence, this taxon needs an appropriate conservation strategy to be implemented. In this context, we studied the genetic structure over the entire geographical range of the species and then inferred the genetic relationships between populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular diversity was analysed for 290 individuals from 12 populations in the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Bayesian-based analysis was applied to examine population structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of genetic similarity and diversity, based on 87 polymorphic ISSR markers, suggests that despite being small and isolated, populations have an intermediate genetic diversity level (P % = 52.8 %, H(E) = 0.21 ± 0.01, genetic similarity between individuals = 49.6 %). Genetic variation was mainly found within populations (80-84 %), independently of mountain ranges, whereas 16-18 % was found between populations and <5 % between mountain ranges. Analyses of molecular variance indicated that population differentiation was highly significant. However, no significant correlation was found between the genetic and geographical distances among populations (Rs = 0.359, P = 0.140). Geographical structure based on assignment tests identified five different gene pools that were independent of any particular structure in the landscape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that population isolation is probably relatively recent, and that the outbreeding behaviour of the species maintains a high within-population genetic diversity. We assume that some long-distance dispersal, even among topographically remote populations, may be determinant for the pattern of genetic variation found in populations. Based on these findings, strategies are proposed for genetic conservation and management of the species.
authors.affiliation: Université de Toulouse ,  Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique ,  UMR 5174, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse ,  France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Escaravage
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cambecèdes
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Largier
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pornon