title: What constitutes patient safety culture in Chinese hospitals?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a patient safety culture instrument for use in Chinese hospitals, we assessed the appropriateness of existing safety culture questionnaires used in the USA and Japan for Chinese respondents and identified new items and domains suitable to Chinese hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus group study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four physicians, nurses and other health-care workers from 11 hospitals in three Chinese cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three focus groups were conducted in 2010 to elicit information from hospital workers about their perceptions of the appropriateness and importance of each of 97 questionnaire items, derived from a literature review and an expert panel, characterizing hospital safety culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  understood the concepts of patient safety and safety culture and identified features associated with safe care. They judged that numerous questions from existing surveys were inappropriate, including 39 items that were dropped because they were judged unimportant, semantically redundant, confusing, ambiguous or inapplicable in Chinese settings. Participants endorsed eight new items and three additional dimensions addressing staff training, mentoring of new hires, compliance with rules and procedures, equipment availability and leadership walk-rounds they judged appropriate to assessing safety culture in Chinese hospitals. This process resulted in a 66-item instrument for testing in cognitive interviews, the next stage of survey development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focus group participants provided important insights into the refinement of existing items and the construction of new items for measuring patient safety culture in Chinese hospitals. This is a necessary first step in producing a culturally appropriate instrument applicable to specific local contexts.
authors.affiliation: Center for Patient Safety, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA. junya_zhu@dfci.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Junya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Meiyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Deborah W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Garnick
authors.forename: Saul N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Weingart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002681:China; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States