title: Development of the brief inventory of perceived stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a measure of perceived stress that is psychometrically superior to existing instruments and novel in dimensionality.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 4-week intervals over 48 weeks, patients with multiple sclerosis (N = 138) completed 26 items from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extant factor analytic models of the PSS fit poorly. A new measure using nine PSS and PSQ items, the Brief Inventory of Perceived Stress (BIPS), demonstrated good fit, construct validity, and stability with 3 factors: Lack of Control, Pushed, and Conflict and Imposition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Items commonly used to measure perceived stress may have a more sophisticated underlying structure than previously thought. The BIPS's multidimensionality and longitudinal stability offer potential benefits in conceptualization and outcome prediction.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Michelle Nicole
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Emily C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Gagen
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult