title: Prevention mechanisms of glucose intolerance and obesity by cacao liquor procyanidin extract in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice.
abstract: In this study, we investigated whether cacao liquor procyanidin (CLPr) extract, which consists of 4.3% catechin, 6.1% epicatechin, 39.4% procyanidins and others, ameliorated hyperglycemia and obesity in C57BL/6 mice fed a control or high-fat diet for 13 weeks. CLPr suppressed high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and fat accumulation in white adipose tissue. CLPr also promoted translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Phosphorylation of AMPKα was also enhanced in the liver and white adipose tissue. CLPr up-regulated the gene and protein expression levels of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in brown adipose tissue and UCP-3 in skeletal muscle. These results indicate that CLPr is a beneficial food material for the prevention of hyperglycemia and obesity. Activation of AMPKα, translocation of GLUT4 and up-regulation of UCP expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue are involved in the molecular mechanisms by which CLPr prevents hyperglycemia and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Natsume
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashida
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D044946:Biflavonoids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C000604372:Ucp1 protein, mouse; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases