title: A soil ingestion pilot study of a population following a traditional lifestyle typical of rural or wilderness areas.
abstract: The relatively few soil ingestion studies underpinning the recommended soil ingestion rates for contaminated site human health risk assessments (HHRAs) that have been conducted to date assessed soil ingestion in children living in urban or suburban areas of the United States, and to a lesser extent, Europe. However, the lifestyle of populations living in North American urban and suburban environments is expected to involve limited direct contact with soil. Conversely, many populations, such as indigenous and Aboriginal peoples residing in rural and wilderness areas of North America and worldwide, participate in activities that increase the frequency of direct contact with soil. Qualitative exposure of Aboriginal populations inhabiting wilderness areas suggest that high levels of soil ingestion may occur that are many times greater than those recommended by regulatory agencies for use in HHRAs. Accordingly, a study of subjects selected from a wilderness community in Canada was conducted using mass balance tracer methods to estimate soil ingestion and the results compared with previous soil ingestion studies and regulatory guidelines for the soil ingestion rates used in HHRA of contaminated sites. A pilot study of 7 subjects living in the Nemiah Valley of British Columbia was conducted over a 3-week period. The mean soil ingestion rate estimated in this study using the 4 elemental tracers with the lowest food-to-soil ratios (i.e., Al, Ce, La, Si), was observed to be approximately 75 mg d(-1) (standard deviation 120 mg d(-1)), the median soil ingestion rate was 50 mg d(-1), and the 90th percentile was 211 mg d(-1). These soil ingestion rate estimates are higher than the soil ingestion estimates currently recommended for HHRAs of adults, and higher than those obtained in most previous studies of adults. However, the estimates are lower than the earlier qualitative assessments of subsistence lifestyles.
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. jamiedoyle@sympatico.ca
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet / Q000145:classification*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology*; D010842:Pica / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D055814:Wilderness