title: Naive T cells sense the cysteine protease allergen papain through protease-activated receptor 2 and propel TH2 immunity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sensitization to protease allergens, such as papain, or helminth infection is associated with basophil recruitment to draining lymph nodes (LNs). Basophils have the capacity to present antigen to naive T cells and promote T(H)2 differentiation directly or indirectly through IL-4 production.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied how papain induces basophil migration to LNs and the contribution of various leukocytes to papain-induced immune responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We immunized mice in the footpad with papain and studied leukocyte recruitment and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the draining popliteal LNs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Papain directly activated naive T cells through protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 to initiate a chemokine/cytokine program that includes CCL17, CCL22, and IL-4. Papain-triggered innate immune responses were dependent on both CD4 T cells and PAR2 and were strongly reduced in the absence of CCR4, the primary receptor for CCL17/CCL22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results elucidate a novel innate allergen-recognition pathway mediated by naive T cells through PAR2, which provide an immediate source of chemokines and IL-4 upstream of basophils and antigen-restricted T(H)2 differentiation. PAR2 antagonism might thus hold promise for the treatment of allergic disease.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Genqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Kirk M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Druey
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D001491:Basophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D057056:Cysteine Proteases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D007109:Immunity; D007114:Immunization; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010206:Papain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D054398:Receptors, CCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; C515355:Ccr4 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D054398:Receptors, CCR4; D057056:Cysteine Proteases; D010206:Papain