title: Anethole suppressed cell survival and induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells independent of estrogen receptor status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many traditional Chinese medicines target the treatment of inflammation which is emerging to be a critical component to cancer development and progression. The key aromatic compound in star anise anethole has demonstrated both anti and pro-cancerous effects depending on the estrogen receptor statuses in individual cell lines. In this study, we investigated the effect of anethole on the physiological responses and specific apoptotic pathways in human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells that are well-characterized to represent estrogen receptor (ER) positivity and its counterpart in breast cancer respectively. How anethole affects the activity and expression of apoptotic caspases, the function of transcriptional factor NF-kB and the relative influence ER exerts on these events are areas of significant research relevance and results may impact the pharmaceutical development of anethole and its use as dietary supplementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial analyses of physiological responses using MTT and colony formation assays had demonstrated a preferentially suppression of cell survival to cell proliferation in both ER+ and ER- cells when cells were exposed to anethole. Western blot analysis has demonstrated induction of caspase 9 and PARP1/2 cleavage in parallel with elevated expression of c-FLIP (s) and p53. The transcriptional activity of NF-kB, an upstream activator of p53 is suppressed in both cell lines when treated with anethole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, anethole in an ER independent manner suppresses cell survival and induces apoptotic events in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 at an optimal concentration of 1 × 10(-3)M. In search of alternative compounds for therapeutic development, this study has demonstrated that anethole may be viable as an anti-cancer agent through the modulation of apoptosis, cell survival and proliferation in breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Human Ecology, the University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Ching Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: deGraffenried
mesh_terms: D000081248:Allylbenzene Derivatives; D000840:Anisoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000081248:Allylbenzene Derivatives; D000840:Anisoles; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C006578:anethole