title: Dissolution of explosive compounds TNT, RDX, and HMX under continuous flow conditions.
abstract: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) are common contaminants around active military firing ranges. Dissolution of these compounds is usually the first step prior to their spreading in subsurface environments. Nevertheless, dissolution of individual TNT, RDX, and HMX under continuous flow conditions has not been well investigated. This study applied spectral confocal microscopy to observe and quantify the dissolution of TNT, RDX, and HMX (<100 μm crystals) in micromodel channels. Dissolution models were developed to describe the changes of their radii, surface areas, volumes, and specific surface areas as a function of time. Results indicated that a model incorporating a resistance term that accounts for the surface area in direct contact with the channel surfaces (and hence, was not exposed to the flowing water) described the dissolution processes well. The model without the resistance term, however, could not capture the observed data at the late stage of TNT dissolution. The model-fitted mass transfer coefficients were in agreement with the previous reports. The study highlights the importance of including the resistance term in the dissolution model and illustrates the utility of the newly developed spectral imaging method for quantification of mass transfer of TNT, RDX, and HMX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D001392:Azocines / Q000737:chemistry*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D053834:Explosive Agents; D014227:Triazines; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C007950:octogen; C009160:cyclonite