title: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of benzyl, alkyl and glycosyl [2-(arylamino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-cyclohex-1-ene]carbodithioates, as potential immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents.
abstract: The immunomodulating properties of functionalized [2-(arylamino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-cyclohex-1-ene] carbodithioates and 6,6-dimethyl-4-(2-(propan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl)-6,7-dihydro-2H-indazole-3(5H)-thione compounds have been investigated. Four of them, 13, 18, 19 and 20 inhibited PBMC proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in a dose dependent manner with an IC(50) of ≤ 20 μM. The Th-1 cytokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2) in PHA/PMA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is significantly inhibited by 13, 19 and 20 with an IC(50) of 8.4 ± 0.4, 5.34 ± 0.15 and 4.9 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. They also inhibited the PMA/lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α production in human monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1), by 86%, 46% and 59.2% for IL-1β and by 83.8%, 48.2% and 58.7% for TNF-α, respectively. Only 20 showed significant suppressive activity against the phagocyte oxidative burst in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) of 23.8 μM. LPS-induced nitrites in mouse macrophages were found to be inhibited by compounds 6, 8, 13-15 and 19 with an IC(50), which range between 7.7 and 63 μM. The cytotoxicity for the active compounds was also studied on Rat Wistar Hepatocyte cell line, CC1 and the Mouse Fibroblast cell line 3T3 NIH in the presence of compounds using a standard MTT assay. Furthermore, structural-activity relationship using automated docking software revealed that active compounds 7, 13 and 19, adapted the same binding mode, however the most active compound 20 is found deeply inserted within the ligand binding site of IL-2, as multiple hydrophobic and hydrophilic key interactions stabilize the compound inside the binding site, thus contributing higher activity.
authors.affiliation: HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan. eelashry60@hotmail.com
authors.forename: El Sayed H
authors.initials: el SH
authors.lastname: El Ashry
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.forename: Omer M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: Aly A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Aly
authors.forename: Samreen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soomro
authors.forename: Almas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jabeen
authors.forename: Sobia Ahsan
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Halim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed Mesaik
authors.forename: Zaheer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ul-Haq
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D013871:Thiones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D007093:Imidazoles; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007376:Interleukin-2; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D013871:Thiones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C052568:cyclohexene