title: Adiposity in 277 young adult male offspring of women with diabetes compared with controls: a Danish population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of maternal diabetes, overall and stratified according to treatment of diabetes, with weight-related outcomes at the time of military conscription, at age 18-20 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study of 277 Danish male offspring of mothers with recognized pre-gestational or gestational diabetes. As population-based controls we selected 870 men matched from the Civil Registration Office.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on weight-related outcomes were retrieved from the Danish military conscription registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Military rejection due to adiposity and body mass index (BMI) at conscription.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Army rejection rate due to adiposity was 5.8% (n= 16) among 277 diabetes mellitus-exposed men compared with 3.1% (n= 27) in 870 controls (risk difference 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.3-5.7)) and mean BMI at conscription was 1.4 kg/m(2) (95%CI 0.8-2.0) higher among those diabetes mellitus-exposed men. In analyses adjusted for birthweight and gestational age, compared with controls, the BMI was 0.6 kg/m(2) (95%CI -0.3-1.5) higher in sons of mothers with pre-gestational and 2.7 kg/m(2) (95% (CI): 0.9-4.5) higher with gestational diabetes. The greatest BMI difference was in offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes in whom insulin was initiated during pregnancy. We found no difference in conscript height.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with controls, male offspring of women with diabetes had a higher rejection rate due to adiposity and higher adult BMI. Subgroup analyses showed that the association was most pronounced in sons of mothers with gestational diabetes, whereas pre-gestational diabetes was only weakly associated with higher offspring BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Himmerland Hospital, Farsø, Denmark. guln@rn.dk
authors.forename: Gunnar Lauge
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dethlefsen
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lundbye-Christensen
authors.forename: Jan Fog
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mølsted-Pedersen
authors.forename: Matt W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D010560:Personnel Selection; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin