title: Real-time cell analysis of the cytotoxicity of orthodontic mini-implants on human gingival fibroblasts and mouse osteoblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of orthodontic mini-implants on gingival fibroblasts and osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The orthodontic mini-implants used in this study were Orthodontic Mini Implant (Leone, Florence, Italy), MTN (MTN, Istanbul, Turkey), AbsoAnchor (Dentos, Daegu, South Korea), IMTEC Ortho (3M Unitek, IMTEC, Ardmore, Okla), VectorTAS (Ormco, Glendora, Calif). The materials were incubated in Dulbecco's modified eagle's culture medium for 72 hours according to ISO 10993-5 standards (surface area-to-volume ratio of the specimen to cell-culture medium, 3 cm(2)/mL). A real-time cell analyzer (xCELLigence, Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany; ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, Calif) was used to evaluate cell survival. After seeding 200 μL of the cell suspensions into the wells of the E-plate 96, gingival fibroblasts were treated with bioactive components released by the metallic materials and monitored every 15 minutes for 190 hours. For the proliferation experiments, the statistical analyses used were 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant differences between the human gingival fibroblast cell indexes of the control and study groups (P >0.05). When evaluated at 27 and 96 hours, only the VectorTAS mini-implants showed statistically significant decreases in the M3T3 cell index (P <0.001) compared with the control group. No significant differences were found among the control and all study groups (P >0.05). Furthermore, the Leone and MTN mini-implants showed statistically significant decreases (P <0.001) at 190 hours. Also, the VectorTAS mini-implants demonstrated a significant decline (P <0.05) at the same time in the M3T3 cell index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide fundamental knowledge and new insights for future design and development of new biocompatible titanium alloys for orthodontic mini-implants and temporary anchorage devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey. siddikmalkoc@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Siddik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malkoç
authors.forename: Firat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.forename: Bayram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Çörekçi
authors.forename: Buket S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Sema S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hakki
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000633:toxicity; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000633:toxicity*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium