title: Fragmented and delayed electrograms within fibrofatty scar predict arrhythmic events in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: results from a prospective risk stratification study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Islets of myocytes within fibrofatty scars represent the substrate for reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Electroanatomic mapping can reliably identify such areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively test the association between late and fragmented electrograms within scar and arrhythmic events in patients with ARVC.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-density right ventricle electroanatomic mapping was performed in 32 patients with ARVC without history of cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Standard definitions of electroanatomic scars and fragmented, isolated, and very late potentials were used. All patients received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for the primary prevention of sudden death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 25 ± 7 months, 12 (38%) patients received appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock for sustained ventricular arrhythmias. With the exception of a higher rate of previous syncope (P = .053), patients with arrhythmic events at follow-up did not differ from those who remained free from arrhythmic events in terms of other clinical variables, including cardiac magnetic resonance findings. Electroanatomic scars were present in all patients. The distribution and extent of electroanatomic scars were similar in the 2 groups (38 ± 25 cm(2) vs 33 ± 20 cm(2); P = .51). However, patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock had a higher prevalence of fragmented electrograms (92% vs 20%; P <.001), of isolated late potentials (75% vs 20%; P = .004), and of very late potentials (67% vs 25%; P = .030). Fragmented electrograms were the only variable independently associated with arrhythmic events at follow-up (hazard ratio 21; P = .015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of fragmented and delayed electrograms within the scar predicts arrhythmic events in ARVC.
authors.affiliation: Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David's Medical Center, Austin, Texas 78705, USA.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santangeli
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dello Russo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieroni
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Biase
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Dhanunjaya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lakkireddy
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carbucicchio
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zucchetti
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pelargonio
authors.forename: Sakis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Themistoclakis
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camporeale
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossillo
authors.forename: Salwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beheiry
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hongo
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellocci
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tondo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods