title: Combined astaxanthin and fish oil supplementation improves glutathione-based redox balance in rat plasma and neutrophils.
abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of daily (45 days) intake of fish oil (FO; 10mg EPA/kg body weight (BW) and 7 mg DHA/kg BW) and/or natural ASTA (1mg ASTA/kg BW) on oxidative stress and functional indexes of neutrophils isolated from Wistar rats by monitoring superoxide (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and nitric oxide (NO()) production compared to the progression of auto-induced lipid peroxidation and Ca(2+) release in activated neutrophils. Furthermore, phagocytic capacity, antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione-recycling system, and biomarkers of lipid and protein oxidation in neutrophils were compared to the redox status. Our results show evidence of the beneficial effects of FO+ASTA supplementation for immune competence based on the redox balance in plasma (significant increase in GSH-dependent reducing power), non-activated neutrophils (increased activity of the glutathione-recycling enzymes GPx and GR) and PMA-activated neutrophils (lower O(2)(-), H(2)O(2), and NO() generation, reduced membrane oxidation, but higher phagocytic activity). Combined application of ASTA and FO promoted hypolipidemic/hypocholesterolemic effects in plasma and resulted in increased phagocytic activity of activated neutrophils when compared with ASTA or FO applied alone. In PMA-activated neutrophils, ASTA was superior to FO in exerting antioxidant effects. The bulk of data reinforces the hypothesis that habitual consumption of marine fish (e.g. salmon, which is a natural source of both astaxanthin and fish oil) is beneficial to human health, in particular by improving immune response and lowering the risk of vascular and infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Paes
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Douglas Popp
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: Anaysa Paola
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bolin
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Cássia Santos Macedo
authors.forename: Thais Regina
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Campoio
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fineto
authors.forename: Beatriz Alves
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Tatiana Geraldo
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Polotow
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vardaris
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mattei
authors.forename: Rosemari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D024341:Xanthophylls; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C005948:astaxanthine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005978:Glutathione