title: Molecular cloning and characterization of the light-regulation and circadian-rhythm of the VDE gene promoter from Zingiber officinale.
abstract: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is prone to photoinhibition under intense sunlight. Excessive light can be dissipated by the xanthophyll cycle, where violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) plays a critical role in protecting the photosynthesis apparatus from the damage of excessive light. We isolated ~2.0 kb of ginger VDE (GVDE) gene promoter, which contained the circadian box, I-box, G-box and GT-1 motif. Histochemical staining of Arabidopsis indicated the GVDE promoter was active in almost all organs, especially green tissues. β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity driven by GVDE promoter was repressed rather than activated by high light. GUS activity was altered by hormones, growth regulators and abiotic stresses, which increased with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and decreased with abscisic acid, salicylic acid, zeatin, salt (sodium chloride) and polyethylene glycol. Interestingly, GUS activities with gibberellin or indole-3-acetic acid increased in the short-term (24 h) and decreased in the long-term (48 and 72 h). Analysis of 5' flank deletion found two crucial functional regions residing in -679 to -833 and -63 to -210. Northern blotting analysis found transcription to be regulated by the endogenous circadian clock. Finally, we found a region necessary for regulating the circadian rhythm and another for the basic promoter activity.                         Key message A novel promoter, named GVDE promoter, was first isolated and analyzed in this study. We have determined one region crucial for promoter activity and another responsible for keeping circadian rhythms.
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Wenchao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shaohui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: Zhenxian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C023290:violaxanthin de-epoxidase; D005966:Glucuronidase