title: Intranasal drug delivery: an efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: focus on opioids.
abstract: Intranasal administration is a non-invasive route for drug delivery, which is widely used for the local treatment of rhinitis or nasal polyposis. Since drugs can be absorbed into the systemic circulation through the nasal mucosa, this route may also be used in a range of acute or chronic conditions requiring considerable systemic exposure. Indeed, it offers advantages such as ease of administration, rapid onset of action, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, which consequently offers for example an interesting alternative to intravenous, subcutaneous, oral transmucosal, oral or rectal administration in the management of pain with opioids. Given these indisputable interests, fentanyl-containing formulations have been recently approved and marketed for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. This review will outline the relevant aspects of the therapeutic interest and limits of intranasal delivery of drugs, with a special focus on opioids, together with an in-depth discussion of the physiological characteristics of the nasal cavity as well as physicochemical properties (lipophilicity, molecular weight, ionisation) and pharmaceutical factors (absorption enhancers, devices for application) that should be considered for the development of nasal drugs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, UPRES EA220, Hôpital Foch, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, 92150 Suresnes, France. s.grassindelyle@hopital-foch.org
authors.forename: Stanislas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grassin-Delyle
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buenestado
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Naline
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faisy
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blouquit-Laye
authors.forename: Louis-Jean
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Couderc
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Guen
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischler
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Devillier
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D000281:Administration, Intranasal / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid