title: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two Spondias species from Northeastern Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The leaves of Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam. (Anacardiaceae) and Spondias mombin L. have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes. Some studies reveal their antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Spondias species to justify its ethnopharmacological use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spondias species extracts were prepared with methanol:water 80:20 and analyzed by silica gel column chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by scavenging the radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) and measuring antimicrobial activity (agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HPLC analysis of Spondias extracts demonstrated the occurrence of high yield of flavonoids. Found in S. mombin were quercetin (2.36 ± 0.01 mg/g) and ellagic acid (41.56 ± 0.01 mg/g) and in S. tuberosa species rutin (53.38 ± 1.71 mg/g), quercetin (24.46 ± 0.87 mg/g), and ellagic acid (169.76 ± 0.17 mg/g). The antibacterial activity of the extracts against the various bacteria strains varied from 8.8 to 20.1 mm. MIC values from 62.5 to 125 µg/mL were satisfactory when compared with other plant products. Medium DPPH scavenging activity IC₅₀ for Spondias extracts varied from 0.042 to 0.558 mg/mL and for ABTS from 0.089 to 0.465 mg/mL. DPPH scavenging activity for constituent ellagic acid IC₅₀ = 0.042 mg/mL and for quercetin IC₅₀ = 0.081 mg/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chemical study of Spondias leaf extracts showed the occurrence of quercetin, rutin and ellagic acid, substances with relevant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Raquel Araújo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Selene Maia
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.forename: Márcia Maria Mendes
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Danielle Ferreira
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Caroline Costa
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Raimundo Rafael
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Ícaro Gusmão Pinto
authors.initials: ÍG
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Maria Izabel Florindo
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Guedes
mesh_terms: D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004610:Ellagic Acid