title: Quantitative estimation of urate transport in nephrons in relation to urinary excretion employing benzbromarone-loading urate clearance tests in cases of hyperuricemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A four-component system for urate transport in nephrons has been proposed and widely investigated by various investigators studying the mechanisms underlying urinary urate excretion. However, quantitative determinations of urate transport have not been clearly elucidated yet.
  
  
  METHODS
  The equation C(ua) = {C(cr)(1 - R(1)) + TSR}(1 - R(2)) was designed to approximate mathematically urate transport in nephrons, where R(1) = urate reabsorption ratio; R(2) = urate postsecretory reabsorption ratio; TSR = tubular secretion rate; C(ua) = urate clearance, and C(cr) = creatinine clearance. To investigate relationships between the three unknown variables (R(1), R(2), and TSR), this equation was expressed as contour lines of one unknown on a graph of the other two unknowns. Points at regular intervals on each contour line for the equation were projected onto a coordinate axis and the high-density regions corresponding to high-density intervals of a coordinate were investigated for three graph types. For benzbromarone (BBR)-loading C(ua) tests, C(ua) was determined before and after oral administration of 100 mg of BBR and C(ua)BBR(∞) was calculated from the ratio of C(ua)BBR(100)/C(ua).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before BBR administration, points satisfying the equation on the contour line for R(1) = 0.99 were highly dense in the region R(2) = 0.87-0.92 on all three graphs, corresponding to a TSR of 40-60 ml/min in hyperuricemia cases (HU). After BBR administration, the dense region was shifted in the direction of reductions in both R(1) and R(2), but TSR was unchanged. Under the condition that R(1) = 1 and R(2) = 0, urate tubular secretion (UTS) was considered equivalent to calculated urinary urate excretion (U(ex)) in a model of intratubular urate flow with excess BBR; C(ua)BBR(∞) = TSR was deduced from the equation at R(1) = 1 and R(2) = 0. In addition, TSR of the point under the condition that R(1) = 1 and R(2) = 0 on the graph agreed with TSR for the dense region at excess BBR. TSR was thus considered approximately equivalent to C(ua)BBR(∞), which could be determined from a BBR-loading C(ua) test. Approximate values for urate glomerular filtration, urate reabsorption, UTS, urate postsecretory reabsorption (UR(2)), and U(ex) were calculated as 9,610; 9,510; 4,490; 4,150, and 440 μg/min for HU and 6,890; 6,820; 4,060; 3,610, and 520 μg/min for normal controls (NC), respectively. The most marked change in HU was the decrease in TSR (32.0%) compared to that in NC, but UTS did not decrease. Calculated intratubular urate contents were reduced more by higher UR(2) in HU than in NC. This enhanced difference resulted in a 15.4% decrease in U(ex) for HU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased UR(2) may represent the main cause of urate underexcretion in HU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Tuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda