title: Endoscopic anatomy of the middle ear.
abstract: Good knowledge of anatomy is fundamental for every surgeon. Middle ear anatomy is really complex and sometimes is challenging for otologists, who need to explore every single compartment for a radical removal of pathology. With introduction of the endoscope in middle ear surgery, anatomy of middle ear spaces has become wider and clearer due to a better magnification and to the possibility to look "behind the corner". This article is a review of the state-of-art of endoscopic middle ear anatomy with description of every compartment, with particular attention to ventilation pathways and middle ear folds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marchioni
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Molteni
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Presutti