title: Ionotropic glutamate receptor mRNA editing in the prefrontal cortex: no alterations in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysfunction of glutamate neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and one mechanism by which glutamate signalling can be altered is through RNA editing of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the editing status of iGluRs in the human prefrontal cortex, determine whether iGluR editing is associated with psychiatric disease or suicide and evaluate a potential association between editing and alternative splicing in the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) iGluR subunits' pre-mRNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied specimens derived from patients with antemortem diagnoses of bipolar disorder (n = 31) or schizophrenia (n = 34) who died by suicide or other causes, and from psychiatrically healthy controls (n = 34) who died from causes other than suicide. The RNA editing at all 8 editing sites within AMPA (GluA2-4 subunits) and kainate (GluK1-2 subunits) iGluRs was analyzed using a novel real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in editing were detected among schizophrenia, bipolar or control groups or between suicide completers and patients who died from causes other than suicide. The editing efficiency was significantly higher in the flop than in the flip splicoforms of GluA3-4 AMPA subunits (all p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study is limited by the near absence of specimens from medicationnaive psychiatric patients and considerable variation in medication regimens among individuals, both of which introduce considerable uncertainty into the analysis of potential medication effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that iGluR RNA editing status was not associated with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or suicide. Differences in editing between flip and flop splicoforms suggest that glutamate sensitivity of receptors containing GluA3 and/or GluA4 flop subunits is moderated as a result of increased editing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lyddon
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navarrett
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dracheva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D017393:RNA Editing / Q000235:genetics*; D058468:Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013405:Suicide
chemical_list: D058468:Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate