title: Anthelmintic effects of citrus peels ethanolic extracts against Ascaridia galli.
abstract: The use of phytogenic bioactive compounds to control poultry helminthes is increasing in different production systems. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of citrus peels against Ascaridia galli was investigated. Ethanolic extracts of three citrus peels species were suspended in 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to form an experimental composition (EC). EC was mainly composed of Limonene (96%), followed by β-Pinene (1.5%), α-Pinene (0.5%), and Sabinene (0.3%). For in vitro investigation, adult A. galli worms (n=225) were collected from naturally infected chickens and distributed to 3 equal groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were exposed to Fenbendazole (0.5mg/ml), EC (50mg/ml), and 0.5% DMSO, respectively. For in vivo investigation, 200 Lohmann Selected Leghorns chicks were infected at 1-day old with 250 embryonated A. galli eggs. At 6 weeks of age, 150 A. galli infected birds were randomly allocated into 5 equal groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were treated with 300, 600, and 1200 mg EC kg(-1) body weight, respectively. Group 4 was treated with Fenbendazole (50 mg kg(-1)). Group 5 was left as control. Birds were euthanized 2-weeks post-treatment, and all worms were collected from their intestines. EC possessed significant (P<0.001) in vitro anthelmintic properties on live worms. No significant (P>0.05) difference was quantified between number of motile worms exposed either to EC or Fenbendazole 7h post-exposure. A significant (P<0.0001) reduction in fecal egg count was observed 14 days post-treatment with 1200 mg kg(-1) EC. No significant differences were observed in worm burden of the 300 mg EC-treated group compared to the controls. In contrast, the 600 and 1200 mg EC-treated groups showed significant (P<0.0001) reduction in worm burden. Fenbendazole was the most effective in reducing A. galli burden (Efficacy=97%) followed by 1200 mg EC kg(-1) (68%), 600 mg EC kg(-1) (66%), and 300 mg EC kg(-1) (5%). It is concluded that citrus peels extracts have potential anthelmintic properties against A. galli.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Research, Training, Extension and Education, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan. a.abdelqader@ju.edu.jo
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdelqader
authors.forename: Bassam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qarallah
authors.forename: Diya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Al-Ramamneh
authors.forename: Gürbüz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daş
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001197:Ascaridia / Q000187:drug effects*; D001198:Ascaridiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D002645:Chickens; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol