title: Sevoflurane inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and blocks cell cycle progression of lung carcinoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sevoflurane, an inhalational anesthetic, is used extensively during lung cancer surgery. However, the effect of sevoflurane on growth of lung carcinoma cells remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycling in the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  A549 cells were treated with 1.7%, 3.4%, and 5.1 % sevoflurane for 2, 4, and 6 hours. Cell proliferation was evaluated by the MTT assay and colony formation assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), survivin, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cdc2 was measured by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis were found in A549 cells after sevoflurane treatment. Simultaneously, expression of XIAP and survivin was supressed, while that of caspase-3 increased significantly, but Bcl-2 and Bax were not altered. Sevoflurane caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. At the same time, data revealed that cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cdc2 expression was down-regulated after sevoflurane treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that sevoflurane inhibited proliferation, and induced apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, associated with down-regulated expression of XIAP and suvivin, and activating caspase-3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou China. lhlh2003@126.com
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Miao-Ning
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Cheng-Xiang
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Han-Bing
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xian-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Qiao-Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077149:Sevoflurane