title: Comparison of warm and cold contrast media for hysterosalpingography: a prospective, randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the use of warm medium and cold medium for alleviating pain and side effects during hysterosalpingography (HSG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred infertile women who needed HSG were recruited from January 2010 to June 2011. The exclusion criteria were acute low reproductive duct infection, known hypersensitivity to iodine, genital bleeding, or malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomized to undergo HSG using a medium prewarmed to 37°C or a medium at room temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of vasovagal episodes and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores during HSG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients' VAS pain scores during HSG were significantly lower in the warm media group initially but showed no statistical difference at 30 minutes after injection. Medium temperature showed a linear association with VAS score. The total number of vasovagal episodes was higher in the cold medium group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Warm contrast medium alleviates the pain associated with HSG and decreases the incidence of vasovagal episodes during HSG.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01339338.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical College, Linhai City, People's Republic of China. zuyy@tzhospital.com
authors.forename: Yi-Yang
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Ying-Zi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Wei-Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019462:Syncope, Vasovagal / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media