title: Dietary intake of menaquinone-4 may determine hepatic and pancreatic menaquinone-4 in chickens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the biological effects of natural dietary intake of vitamin K as phylloquinone (K(1)) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and a control diet also containing menadione (K(3)) on levels of K(1) and total MK-4 (menaquinone-4) and menaquinone-4-2,3-epoxide (MK-4O)) in liver and pancreas, and on femur bending resistance in a fast-growing animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chickens were fed four wheat-based diets from day 11 to day 22 after hatching. The diets contained different combinations of fat sources: rapeseed oil, animal rendered fat, soybean oil and hydrogenated soybean oil. Concentration of K(1) in the three experimental diets was 120 ng/g whereas MK-4 levels were 23, 52 and 63 ng/g respectively. The control diet contained 157 ng K(1)/g, 75 ng MK-4/g and 2.250 ng K(3)/g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth rates and femur strength confirmed adequate supply of nutrients and vitamin K in the test groups. There were no significant differences in femur bending resistance among the test groups, but these were higher than the control. K(1), MK-4 and MK-4O were found in liver. In pancreas, mainly MK-4O was found with small amounts of MK-4, but none had content of K(1). In the test groups the hepatic levels of MK-4 and MK-4O reflected the dietary intake of MK-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chickens were in good health with good bone resistance without supplements of K(3) in the feed, but at least a natural content of 23 ng MK-4/g feed. Liver and pancreas appears to use MK-4 in different ways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College.
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Askim
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: Gaut
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gadeholt