title: Effects of Plantago major L. leaf extracts on oral epithelial cells in a scratch assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects from different leaf extracts of the traditional medicinal herb Plantago major L. (plantain) on cell proliferation and migration in vitro, as a test for potential wound healing properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water and ethanol-based extracts were prepared from Plantago major fresh and dried leaves, and tested in vitro in a scratch assay with oral epithelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scratch assay produced reliable results after 18 h. Most of the tested extracts increased the proliferation/migration of the oral epithelial cells compared to the negative control. A concentration of 1.0 mg/mL (on dry weight basis) appears to be optimal regardless of type of extract, and among the alternatives, 0.1 mg/mL was always better than 10 mg/mL. Ethanol-based extracts with a concentration of 10 mg/mL had very detrimental effects on cell proliferation/migration. At the other two concentrations, ethanol-based extracts had the most beneficial effect, followed by water extracts of fresh leaves, ethanol plus water extracts of dried leaves and, finally, water extracts of dried leaves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that both the water extracts and the more polyphenol-rich ethanol-based extracts of Plantago major leaves have medicinal properties. Further research is, however, needed to determine what compounds are responsible for the wound healing effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Balsgård, Fjälkestadsvägen 459, 291 94 Kristianstad, Sweden. muhammad.zubair@slu.se
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zubair
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekholm
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nybom
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renvert
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Widen
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rumpunen
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010943:Plantago; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol