title: Ethanol metabolism and osmolarity modify behavioral responses to ethanol in C. elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethanol (EtOH) is metabolized by a 2-step process in which alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) oxidizes EtOH to acetaldehyde, which is further oxidized to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Although variation in EtOH metabolism in humans strongly influences the propensity to chronically abuse alcohol, few data exist on the behavioral effects of altered EtOH metabolism. Here, we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to directly examine how changes in EtOH metabolism alter behavioral responses to alcohol during an acute exposure. Additionally, we investigated EtOH solution osmolarity as a potential explanation for contrasting published data on C. elegans EtOH sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a gas chromatography assay and validated a spectrophotometric method to measure internal EtOH in EtOH-exposed worms. Further, we tested the effects of mutations in ADH and ALDH genes on EtOH tissue accumulation and behavioral sensitivity to the drug. Finally, we tested the effects of EtOH solution osmolarity on behavioral responses and tissue EtOH accumulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only a small amount of exogenously applied EtOH accumulated in the tissues of C. elegans and consequently their tissue concentrations were similar to those that intoxicate humans. Independent inactivation of an ADH-encoding gene (sodh-1) or an ALDH-encoding gene (alh-6 or alh-13) increased the EtOH concentration in worms and caused hypersensitivity to the acute sedative effects of EtOH on locomotion. We also found that the sensitivity to the depressive effects of EtOH on locomotion is strongly influenced by the osmolarity of the exogenous EtOH solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that EtOH metabolism via ADH and ALDH has a statistically discernable but surprisingly minor influence on EtOH sedation and internal EtOH accumulation in worms. In contrast, the osmolarity of the medium in which EtOH is delivered to the animals has a more substantial effect on the observed sensitivity to EtOH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Alaimo
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Burnette
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grotewiel
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pierce-Shimomura
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Jill C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bettinger
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase