title: Robotic resistance treadmill training improves locomotor function in human spinal cord injury: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cable-driven robotic resistance treadmill training can improve locomotor function in humans with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated assessment of the same patients with crossover design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research units of rehabilitation hospitals in Chicago.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with chronic incomplete SCI (N=10) were recruited to participate in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. One group received 4 weeks of assistance training followed by 4 weeks of resistance training, while the other group received 4 weeks of resistance training followed by 4 weeks of assistance training. Locomotor training was provided by using a cable-driven robotic locomotor training system, which is highly backdrivable and compliant, allowing patients the freedom to voluntarily move their legs in a natural gait pattern during body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT), while providing controlled assistance/resistance forces to the leg during the swing phase of gait.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures were evaluated for each participant before training and after 4 and 8 weeks of training. Primary measures were self-selected and fast overground walking velocity and 6-minute walking distance. Secondary measures included clinical assessments of balance, muscle tone, and strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant improvement in walking speed and balance in humans with SCI was observed after robotic treadmill training using the cable-driven robotic locomotor trainer. There was no significant difference in walking functional gains after resistance versus assistance training, although resistance training was more effective for higher functioning patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cable-driven robotic resistance training may be used as an adjunct to BWSTT for improving overground walking function in humans with incomplete SCI, particularly for those patients with relatively high function.
authors.affiliation: Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. w-ming@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schmit
authors.forename: T George
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hornby
authors.forename: Sheng-Che
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D004856:Postural Balance; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*