title: Anxiety as predictor of the cortisol awakening response in patients with coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety is associated with worse outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). A dysregulation of the HPA axis is a potential mechanism linking psychological factors and coronary disease. No study has yet investigated the relationship between anxiety and cortisol among patients with established CHD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the association between anxiety and the cortisol awakening response in patients with CHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four salivary cortisol samples were used to assess two measures of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in 47 patients with established CHD. Anxiety was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher anxiety values were associated with a higher total output of cortisol in the first hour after awakening (AUCg, area under the curve with respect to ground) (p = 0.04) and a nonsignificant trend towards a more pronounced increase (AUCi, area under the curve with respect to increase) (p = 0.08). In patients who had a history of myocardial infarction (MI), the cortisol output was lower compared to patients who had no previous MI (p = 0.02). In linear regression analyses, anxiety emerged as significant predictor of AUCg and AUCi after controlling for MI, ejection fraction (LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction), and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide further indications for an association between anxiety and a dysregulation of the HPA axis. History of MI emerged as second predictor of cortisol output in the morning.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic, Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany, melanie.merswolken@charite.de.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merswolken
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Deter
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siebenhuener
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orth-Gomér
authors.forename: Cora Stefanie
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone