title: Reprogramming human endometrial fibroblast into induced pluripotent stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recent breakthrough demonstrated that ectopic expression of four genes is sufficient to reprogram human fibroblasts into inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, it remains unknown whether human endometrial fibroblasts (EMFs) are capable of being reprogrammed into EMF-derived iPSCs (EMF-iPSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  EMFs were obtained from donors in their third and fourth decade of life and were reprogrammed into iPSCs using retroviral transduction with Oct-4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EMF-iPSCs displayed the accelerated expression of endogenous Nanog and OCT-4 during reprogramming compared with EMFs. As a result, EMF-iPSC colonies that could be subcultured and propagated were established as early as 12 days after transduction. After 2 weeks of reprogramming, the human endometrial cells yielded significantly higher numbers of iPSC colonies and formed more 3D spheroid bodies than the EMFs. We have shown that human EMF-iPSCs are able to differentiate into neuronal-like cells, adipocytes, and osteocyte-like cells that express specific osteogenic genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human EMFs can undergo reprogramming to establish pluripotent stem cell lines in female donors by the retroviral transduction of Oct-4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ying-Jay
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: Chia-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Hsin-Yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chih-Yao
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Nae-Fang
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Twu
authors.forename: Ming-Shyen
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Yuh-Lih
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chi-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Shih-Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Chih-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kuan-Chong
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000328:Adult; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming; D004717:Endometrium; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D059785:Karyotype; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000166:cytology; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; C489427:MYC protein, human; C486780:NANOG protein, human; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; C527782:SOX2 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors