title: How do alternative ways of responding influence 3- and 4-year-olds' performance on tests of executive function and theory of mind?
abstract: A total of 69 preschool children were tested on measures of false belief understanding (the Unexpected Transfer task), inhibitory control (the Grass/Snow task), and strategic reasoning (the Windows task). For each task, children indicated their response either by pointing with their index finger or by using a nonstandard response mode (pointing with a rotating arrow). The means of responding had no effect on children's performance on the Grass/Snow task or on the Unexpected Transfer task, although children performed better on the Unexpected Transfer task when the key object in the story was removed. In contrast, performance on the Windows task was significantly better when children pointed with the rotating arrow. A follow-up experiment with 79 preschoolers found that this improved performance on the Windows task was sustained even after the nonstandard response mode was removed and children again pointed with their finger. These findings together suggest that nonstandard response modes do not help children to inhibit prepotent pointing responses but may help them to formulate response strategies on reasoning tasks by discouraging unreflective impulsive responding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. d.carroll@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Apperly
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Ceara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geoghegan
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D056345:Theory of Mind