title: Factor structure and psychometric properties of the trier inventory for chronic stress (TICS) in a representative German sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic stress results from an imbalance of personal traits, resources and the demands placed upon an individual by social and occupational situations. This chronic stress can be measured using the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS). Aims of the present study are to test the factorial structure of the TICS, report its psychometric properties, and evaluate the influence of gender and age on chronic stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TICS was answered by N = 2,339 healthy participants aged 14 to 99. The sample was selected by random-route sampling. Exploratory factor analyses with Oblimin-rotated Principal Axis extraction were calculated. Confirmatory factor analyses applying Robust Maximum Likelihood estimations (MLM) tested model fit and configural invariance as well as the measurement invariance for gender and age. Reliability estimations and effect sizes are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the exploratory factor analyses, both a two-factor and a nine-factor model emerged. Confirmatory factor analyses resulted in acceptable model fit (RMSEA), with model comparison fit statistics corroborating the superiority of the nine-factor model. Most factors were moderately to highly intercorrelated. Reliabilities were good to very good. Measurement invariance tests gave evidence for differential effects of gender and age on the factor structure. Furthermore, women and younger individuals, especially those aged 35 to 44, tended to report more chronic stress than men and older individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed nine-factor structure could be factorially validated, results in good scale reliability, and heuristically can be grouped by two higher-order factors: "High Demands" and "Lack of Satisfaction". Age and gender represent differentiable and meaningful contributors to the perception of chronic stress.
authors.affiliation: Dresden University of Technology, Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Dresden, Germany. katja.petrowski@tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petrowski
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albani
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brähler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance