title: Bolting and flowering control in sugar beet: relationships and effects of gibberellin, the bolting gene B and vernalization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bolting, the first visible sign of reproductive transition in beets (Beta vulgaris), is controlled by the dominant bolting gene B (B allele), which allows for flowering under long days (LDs, >14 h light) without prior vernalization. The B-locus carries recessive alleles (bb) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. spp. vulgaris), so that vernalization and LDs are required for bolting and flowering. Gibberellin growth hormones (GAs) control stem elongation and reproductive development, but their role during these processes in sugar beet is not defined. We aimed to investigate the involvement of GAs in bolting and flowering in sugar beet, and also its relationship with the vernalization requirement as defined by the B-gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plants segregating for the B allele were treated with exogenous GA(4) under inductive (16 h light) and non-inductive (8 h light) photoperiods, with and without prior vernalization treatment. A co-dominant polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker was used to genotype the B-gene locus. Bolting and flowering dates were scored, and bolt heights were measured as appropriate. Analysis of variance was used to determine the effects and interactions of GAs, the B allele and vernalization on bolting and flowering. The effects of the B allele on bolting were also verified in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of GAs or the B allele could initiate bolting independently. When the B allele was absent, the applied GAs promoted stem growth, but did so only in vernalized plants, irrespective of photoperiod. Under LDs, bolt height before flowering in plants carrying the B allele (BB; Bb) was not significantly influenced by GAs. The timing and frequency of flowering were influenced by the B allele without interactive effects from GAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In sugar beet, GA acts independently of the B allele and photoperiod to induce bolting. Vernalization enables GA action independently of the B allele; hence, the dominant B allele may not directly participate in vernalization-induced bolting.
authors.affiliation: Broom's Barn Research Centre ,  Higham, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6NP ,  UK.
authors.forename: Effie S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mutasa-Göttgens
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Wenying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gretel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulze-Buxloh
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hohmann
authors.forename: Andreas E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedden