title: Patterns of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in Australian men: the influence of family history.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe how a family history of prostate cancer influences men's prostate cancer testing behaviours, information support preferences, and motives for testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with a first-degree family history (239 men) and a comparison sample from the general population of Queensland, Australia (289) aged 40-65 years, and no prior history of cancer. Cross-sectional, retrospective survey assessing: prevalence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination (DRE); discussion of prostate cancer risks and benefits with a physician; prostate cancer information needs and preferences; motivations for testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with a family history were more likely to report: having ever had a PSA test (odds ratio [OR] 4.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.16-7.85), more PSA tests in their lifetimes (b 1.04; se 0.40; 95% CI 0.26-1.82); to have had a DRE (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.54-3.23); to have spoken to a doctor about prostate cancer (OR 3.72; 95% CI 2.30-6.02); and to have instigated these discussions (OR 1.74; 95%CI 1.13-2.70). Most men from both groups did not recall any discussion of the 'cons' of prostate cancer testing with a doctor. Men with a family history reported a greater desire for information about prostate cancer prevention than did men without a family history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with a family history are more concerned about getting prostate cancer and are tested more often; however, information needs, discussions about prostate cancer, and motivations for testing are similar to those of all men. There appears to be a disparity between public health approaches that promote informed decision-making and what is happening in practice.
authors.affiliation: Griffith Health Institute, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia. M.McDowell@griffith.edu.au
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Occhipinti
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: Suzanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005190:Family; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen