title: International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The behaviours of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and deliberate self-harm (DSH) are prevalent among adolescents, and an increase of rates in recent years has been postulated. There is a lack of studies to support this postulation, and comparing prevalence across studies and nations is complicated due to substantial differences in the methodology and nomenclature of existing research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of current (2005 - 2011) empirical studies reporting on the prevalence of NSSI and DSH in adolescent samples across the globe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were obtained for analysis. No statistically significant differences were found between NSSI (18.0% SD = 7.3) and DSH (16.1% SD = 11.6) studies. Assessment using single item questions led to lower prevalence rates than assessment with specific behaviour checklists. Mean prevalence rates have not increased in the past five years, suggesting stabilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSSI and DSH have a comparable prevalence in studies with adolescents from different countries. The field would benefit from adopting a common approach to assessment to aide cross-cultural study and comparisons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, UW-Eau Claire, 105 Garfield Ave, Eau Claire, WI 54702, USA. muehlejj@uwec.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Muehlenkamp
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Havertape
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Plener