title: Early repolarization pattern predicts cardiac death and fatal arrhythmia in patients with vasospastic angina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early repolarization (ER), which is characterized by an elevation of J-point, is sometimes associated with fatal arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in patients without structural heart disease. This study investigated the prevalence and prognostic significance of ER in patients with vasospastic angina (VA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the ER pattern in 281 VA patients (mean age, 50.5 ± 7.9 years), and the prognostic modulation of ER-associated risk by ST-segment variations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any type of ER ≥ 0.1 mV in inferior and/or lateral leads was persistently observed after chest pain in 60 (21.4%) VA patients. During the follow up period of 7.6 ± 4.7 years, patients with ER had higher incidence of cardiac events including cardiac death, aborted sudden cardiac death or fatal arrhythmia than those with no ER (20.0% vs. 5.4%, p=0.001). Patients with ER ≥ 0.1 mV and horizontal/descending ST variant (n=18) had an increased age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio of cardiac events (relative risk 8.12; 95% confidence interval 3.45-19.12). When modeled for ER in inferior leads and horizontal/descending ST-segment variant, the hazard ratio of cardiac events increased to 8.89 (95% confidence interval 3.78-20.91). However, in subjects with ascending ST variant, the relative risk for arrhythmic death was not significantly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ER was observed in a fifth of VA patients, and was associated with an increased risk of cardiac events in VA. However, it is also possible that, in patients with ER, VA might cause an adverse event or facilitate the diagnosis of ER.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Myung
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jaewon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Dong-Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Hye-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Byeong-Keuk
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hui-Nam
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: Moon-Hyoung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Boyoung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003329:Coronary Vasospasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors