title: Dosimetric and thermal properties of a newly developed thermobrachytherapy seed with ferromagnetic core for treatment of solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of the curative effects of hyperthermia and radiation therapy on treatment of cancer show a strong evidence of a synergistic enhancement when both radiation and hyperthermia modalities are applied simultaneously. Varieties of tissue heating approaches developed up to date still fail to overcome such essential limitations as an inadequate temperature control, temperature nonuniformity, and prolonged time delay between hyperthermia and radiation treatments. The authors propose a new self-regulating thermobrachytherapy seed, which serves as a source of both radiation and heat for concurrent administration of brachytherapy and hyperthermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed seed is based on the BEST Medical, Inc., Seed Model 2301-I(125), where tungsten marker core and the air gap are replaced with a ferromagnetic material. The ferromagnetic core produces heat when subjected to alternating electromagnetic (EM) field and effectively shuts off after reaching the Curie temperature (T(C)) of the ferromagnetic material thus realizing the temperature self-regulation. The authors present a Monte Carlo study of the dose rate constant and other TG-43 factors for the proposed seed. For the thermal characteristics, the authors studied a model consisting of 16 seeds placed in the central region of a cylindrical water phantom using a finite-element partial differential equation solver package "COMSOL Multiphysics."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The modification of the internal structure of the seed slightly changes dose rate and other TG-43 factors characterizing radiation distribution. The thermal modeling results show that the temperature of the thermoseed surface rises rapidly and stays constant around T(C) of the ferromagnetic material. The amount of heat produced by the ferromagnetic core is sufficient to raise the temperature of the surrounding phantom to the therapeutic range. The phantom volume reaching the therapeutic temperature range increases with increase in frequency or magnetic field strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An isothermal distribution matching with the radiation isodose distribution can be achieved within a target volume by tuning frequency and intensity of the alternating magnetic field. The proposed combination seed model has a potential for implementation of concurrent brachytherapy and hyperthermia.
authors.affiliation: University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Bhoj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: E Ishmael
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Parsai
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shvydka
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feldmeier
authors.forename: Manny
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subramanian
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity