title: Safety and efficacy of primary metallic biliary stent placement with tract embolization in patients with massive ascites: a retrospective analysis of 16 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of primary metallic biliary stent placement with tract embolization in patients with massive ascites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with malignant biliary obstruction and massive ascites (age range, 44-79 y; median age, 59 y) were treated with primary percutaneous stent placement with tract embolization. These patients were unsuitable candidates for endoscopic intervention. Etiologies of biliary obstruction were gastric cancer with hilar nodal metastases (n = 9), pancreatic carcinoma (n = 5), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 1), and gallbladder carcinoma (n = 1). Eight patients had nonhilar lesions and the remaining eight had hilar lesions. Percutaneous accesses to the biliary system and stent placements were performed in a one-step procedure, and catheters were removed with tract embolization with metallic coils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stent placement and tract embolization were successful in all patients, without external drainage catheters left in place. Significant reduction of serum bilirubin level was observed in 14 patients (87.5%). No bile peritonitis or intraperitoneal hemorrhage occurred. Major complications included postprocedural cholangitis (12.5%), bloody bowel discharge (6.2%), and right pleural effusion (25.0%). One patient who died 19 days after intervention was deemed to represent a procedure-related mortality. During the survival period (range, 19-175 d; median, 66 d), stent occlusion was noted in two patients at 6 and 159 days after the procedure. Primary stent patency was achieved in 14 patients (87.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary biliary stent placement with tract embolization is technically safe and offers an effective palliative treatment option for patients with malignant biliary obstruction and massive ascites when endoscopic intervention is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. ksofue@ncc.go.jp
authors.forename: Keitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sofue
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokue
authors.forename: Kazuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001201:Ascites / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008670:Metals