title: The upper band of the subscapularis tendon in the rat has altered mechanical and histologic properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The subscapularis is an important mover and stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint. Since the advent of shoulder arthroscopy, partial tears are found in 43% of rotator cuff patients. While partial tears to the upper band occur more commonly, little is known about the structure and mechanical behavior of the individual bands. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure tensile mechanical properties, corresponding collagen fiber alignment, and histology in the upper and lower bands of the rat subscapularis tendon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were euthanized and subscapularis tendons dissected out for mechanical organization (n = 24) and histologic assessment (n = 6). Collagen organization was measured with a custom device during mechanical testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear-region modulus at the insertion site was significantly lower in the upper band compared to the lower band, while no differences were found at the midsubstance location. The upper band was found to be significantly less aligned and demonstrated a more rounded cell shape than the lower band at the insertion site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that the 2 bands of the subscapularis tendon have differential mechanical, organizational, and histological properties, which suggests a functional deficit exists to the upper band of the subscapularis and may be contributing to the prevalence of partial subscapularis tears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware that the upper band of the subscapularis tendon may be at higher risk of developing tears, based on decreased mechanical properties and a more disorganized collagen fiber distribution.
authors.affiliation: McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Soslowsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology