title: Characterization of buried glands before and after radiofrequency ablation by using 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography (with videos).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an endoscopic technique used to eradicate Barrett's esophagus (BE). However, such ablation can commonly lead to neosquamous epithelium overlying residual BE glands not visible by conventional endoscopy and may evade detection on random biopsy samples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the capability of endoscopic 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3D-OCT) for the identification and characterization of buried glands before and after RFA therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six male and 1 female white patients with BE undergoing RFA treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D-OCT was performed at the gastroesophageal junction in 18 patients before attaining complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (pre-CE-IM group) and in 16 patients after CE-IM (post-CE-IM group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence, size, and location of buried glands relative to the squamocolumnar junction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3D-OCT provided an approximately 30 to 60 times larger field of view compared with jumbo and standard biopsy and sufficient imaging depth for detecting buried glands. Based on 3D-OCT results, buried glands were found in 72% of patients (13/18) in the pre-CE-IM group and 63% of patients (10/16) in the post-CE-IM group. The number (mean [standard deviation]) of buried glands per patient in the post-CE-IM group (7.1 [9.3]) was significantly lower compared with the pre-CE-IM group (34.4 [44.6]; P = .02). The buried gland size (P = .69) and distribution (P = .54) were not significantly different before and after CE-IM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single-center, cross-sectional study comparing patients at different time points in treatment. Lack of 1-to-1 coregistered histology for all OCT data sets obtained in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buried glands were frequently detected with 3D-OCT near the gastroesophageal junction before and after radiofrequency ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Tsung-Han
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Hsiang-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tejas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirtane
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Yuankai K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Osman O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ahsen
authors.forename: Desmond C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mashimo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000473:pathology*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence