title: Circadian discrimination of reward: evidence for simultaneous yet separable food- and drug-entrained rhythms in the rat.
abstract: A unique extra-suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) oscillator, operating independently of the light-entrainable oscillator, has been hypothesized to generate feeding and drug-related rhythms. To test the validity of this hypothesis, sham-lesioned (Sham) and SCN-lesioned (SCNx) rats were housed in constant dim-red illumination (LL(red)) and received a daily cocaine injection every 24 h for 7 d (Experiment 1). In a second experiment, rats underwent 3-h daily restricted feeding (RF) followed 12 d later by the addition of daily cocaine injections given every 25 h in combination with RF until the two schedules were in antiphase. In both experiments, body temperature and total activity were monitored continuously. Results from Experiment 1 revealed that cocaine, but not saline, injections produced anticipatory increases in temperature and activity in SCNx and Sham rats. Following withdrawal from cocaine, free-running temperature rhythms persisted for 2-10 d in SCNx rats. In Experiment 2, robust anticipatory increases in temperature and activity were associated with RF and cocaine injections; however, the feeding periodicity (23.9 h) predominated over the cocaine periodicity. During drug withdrawal, the authors observed two free-running rhythms of temperature and activity that persisted for >14 d in both Sham and SCNx rats. The periods of the free-running rhythms were similar to the feeding entrainment (period = 23.7 and 24.0 h, respectively) and drug entrainment (period = 25.7 and 26.1 h, respectively). Also during withdrawal, the normally close correlation between activity and temperature was greatly disrupted in Sham and SCNx rats. Taken together, these results do not support the existence of a single oscillator mediating the rewarding properties of both food and cocaine. Rather, they suggest that these two highly rewarding behaviors can be temporally isolated, especially during drug withdrawal. Under stable dual-entrainment conditions, food reward appears to exhibit a slightly greater circadian influence than drug reward. The ability to generate free-running temperature rhythms of different frequencies following combined food and drug exposures could reflect a state of internal desynchrony that may contribute to the addiction process and drug relapse.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program, Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6520, USA. heiko@vetmed.wsu.edu
authors.forename: Heiko T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sergeeva
authors.forename: Gemaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sorg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000187:drug effects; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D017440:Photoperiod; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012201:Reward; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003042:Cocaine