title: AZFa protein DDX3Y is differentially expressed in human male germ cells during development and in testicular tumours: new evidence for phenotypic plasticity of germ cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DDX3Y (DBY), located within AZoospermia Factor a (AZFa) region of the human Y chromosome (Yq11), encodes a conserved DEAD-box RNA helicase expressed only in germ cells and with a putative function at G1-S phase of the cell cycle. Deletion of AZFa results most often in germ cell aplasia, i.e. Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. To investigate the function of DDX3Y during human spermatogenesis, we examined its expression during development and maturation of the testis and in several types of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs), including the pre-invasive carcinoma in situ (CIS) precursor cells which are believed to originate from fetal gonocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  DDX3Y protein expression was analysed during development in different tissues by western blotting. The localization of DDX3Y in normal fetal and prepubertal testis tissue of different ages as well as in a series of distinct TGCT tissue samples (CIS, classical seminoma, spermatocytic seminoma, teratoma and embryonal carcinoma) was performed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Germ cell-specific expression of DDX3Y protein was revealed in fetal prospermatogonia but not in gonocytes and not before the 17th gestational week. After birth, DDX3Y was expressed at first only in the nuclei of Ap spermatogonia, then also in the cytoplasm similarly to that seen after puberty. In CIS cells, DDX3Y was highly expressed and located predominantly in the nuclei. In invasive TGCT, significant DDX3Y expression was found in seminomas of the classical and spermatocytic type, but not in somatically differentiated non-seminomas, consistent with its germ-cell specific function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fetal germ cell DDX3Y expression suggests a role in early spermatogonial proliferation and implies that, in men with AZFa deletion, germ cell depletion may begin prenatally. The strong expression of DDX3Y in CIS cells, but not in gonocytes, indicates phenotypic plasticity of CIS cells and suggests partial maturation to spermatogonia, likely due to their postpubertal microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gueler
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hilscher
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hilscher
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Græm
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rajpert-De Meyts
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Vogt
mesh_terms: D053713:Azoospermia / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000235:genetics; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015870:Gene Expression; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011627:Puberty; D018239:Seminoma / Q000235:genetics; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013093:Spermatogonia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D013724:Teratoma / Q000235:genetics; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D013737:Testis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; C492034:DDX3Y protein, human; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases