title: Systemic therapy for bone metastases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accelerated bone loss in patients with cancer is a frequent problem that may result from invasion of the cancer to bone, paraneoplastic tumor proteins, and/or hormonal therapies utilized for cancer treatment. Patients with osteolytic bone disease from multiple myeloma and bone metastases from solid tumors may develop a vicious cycle of bone destruction involving both osteolytic and osteoblastic effects. Consequently, a variety of skeletal-related events (SREs) may occur, including pathological fractures, hypercalcemia, spinal cord compression, and the need for surgical intervention and radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the results of trials that investigated the safety and efficacy of pharmacologic agents, including bisphosphonates and denosumab, for treatment of bone metastases. This analysis is derived from an assessment of the medical literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beneficial systemic therapies for bone metastases have been developed to decrease SREs. Possible antitumor effects of the bisphosphonates are explored. In addition, the utility of markers of bone turnover in relation to response to therapy and survival, the safety and toxicity of bone-targeted therapies, treatment guidelines, and economic considerations are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective systemic therapies for metastatic bone disease are available. Ongoing and future research projects in this field are also presented.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Breast Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Loretta.Loftus@moffitt.org
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Loftus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edwards-Bennett
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Sokol
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D006801:Humans