title: Changes in regional brain morphology in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition, reported to occur in 25%-70% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Brain imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging, is frequently used to diagnose or exclude overt cerebral pathologies such as edema, hemorrhage, and central thrombosis. More advanced imaging techniques have been applied to demonstrate subtle changes in regional cerebral blood flow and brain structure. We investigated changes in regional gray-matter (GM) volume in SLE patients without neurological manifestations and NPSLE patients at an acute stage of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using high-resolution structural images and voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we investigated regional GM volume in 20 NPSLE patients (within 2 weeks of the acute manifestation), 18 SLE patients without neurologic and/or psychiatric manifestations, and 18 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VBM analyses revealed several regions of GM atrophy in various parts of the brain in NPSLE and SLE patients. GM atrophy was seen in both groups in the temporal and parietal lobes and was most pronounced in the posterior thalamus bilaterally. Both groups showed an increase in regional GM volume in the posterior parahippocampal gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that changes in regional brain morphology are present in acute NPSLE, but also in SLE (as compared to controls), which might be indicative of a subclinical neurodegenerative process. Further research is needed to investigate whether specific neuropsychiatric symptoms are related to these changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Cagnoli
authors.forename: Pia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sundgren
authors.forename: Anson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kairys
authors.forename: Courtney C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Graft
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Clauw
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gebarski
authors.forename: W Joseph
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McCune
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Wilcke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020534:Parahippocampal Gyrus / Q000473:pathology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D020656:Posterior Thalamic Nuclei / Q000473:pathology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult