title: Effect of thymol or diphenyliodonium chloride on performance, gut fermentation characteristics, and campylobacter colonization in growing swine.
abstract: Food producing animals can be reservoirs of Campylobacter, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness. Campylobacter spp. utilize amino acids as major carbon and energy substrates, a process that can be inhibited by thymol and diphenyliodonium chloride (DIC).  To determine the effect of these potential additives on feed intake, live weight gain, and gut Campylobacter levels, growing pigs were fed standard grower diets supplemented with or without 0.0067 or 0.0201% thymol or 0.00014 or 0.00042% DIC in a replicated study design. Diets were  offered twice daily for 7 days, during which time daily feed intake (mean ± SEM, 2.39 ± 0.06 kg day(-1)) and daily gain (0.62 ± 0.04 kg day(-1)) were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Pigs treated with DIC but not thymol tended  to have lower rectal Campylobacter levels (P ∼ 0.07) (5.2 versus 4.2 and 4.4 log CFU g(-1) rectal contents for controls and 0.00014% DIC and 0.00042% DIC, respectively; SEM ∼ 0.26). However, DIC or thymol treatments did not affect (P > 0.05) ileal  or cecal Campylobacter (1.6 ± 0.17 and 4.5 ± 0.26 log CFU g(-1), respectively), cecal total culturable anaerobes (9.8 ± 0.10 log CFU g(-1)), or accumulations of major fermentation end products within collected gut contents. These results  suggest that thymol and DIC were appreciably absorbed, degraded, or otherwise made unavailable in the proximal alimentary tract and that encapsulation technologies will likely be needed to deliver effective concentrations of these compounds to the lower gut to achieve in vivo reductions of  Campylobacter.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA. robin.anderson@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Thaddeus B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Edrington
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: Anddavid J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002432:Cecum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D013943:Thymol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D009861:Onium Compounds; C031291:diphenyliodonium; D013943:Thymol