title: Schistosomicidal evaluation of flavonoids from two species of Styrax against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schistosomiasis is a major health problem worldwide. Thus, the search for new schistosomicidal agents from natural sources can provide prototypes for drug discovery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the chemical composition of the EtOAc fractions of Styrax pohlii Pohl (Styracaceae) (EF-SP) aerial parts and S. camporum A. DC. leaves (EF-SC), as well as schistosomicidal activities against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms, which have not yet been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The crude ethanol extracts of S. camporum leaves and S. pohlii aerial parts (EE-SC and EE-SP) were partitioned with n-hexane, EtOAc, and n-BuOH. The EtOAc fractions were purified by preparative HPLC. The crude extracts, EtOAc fractions and pure compounds were tested against S. mansoni adult worms in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The purification procedure resulted in the isolation of kaempferol-3-O-(2'',4''-di-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol-3-O-(2'',6''-di-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), quercetin (3), and kaempferol (4). The bioassay results indicated that EE-SC, EF-SC, EF-SP, and compounds 2 and 4 are able to separate coupled S. mansoni adult worms. Additionally, EE-SC, EF-SP, and compound 4 killed the adult schistosomes in vitro at 100 µg/mL and 100 µM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first time that the presence of compounds 1-2 in S. pohlii and 3-4 in S. camporum has been reported. Additionally, biological results indicated that S. pohlii and S. camporum have great potential as a source of active compounds.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Franca, Av Dr Armando Salles de Oliveira, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caio Guedes
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Braguine
authors.forename: Camila Spereta
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bertanha
authors.forename: Ubirajara Oliveira
authors.initials: UO
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Lizandra Guidi
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Vanderlei
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Valéria Maria
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Melleiro Gimenez
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groppo
authors.forename: Márcio Luis Andrade E
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Wilson Roberto
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Ana Helena
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Januário
authors.forename: Patrícia Mendonça
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pauletti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012556:Schistosomicides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D032362:Styrax
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012556:Schistosomicides