title: Restoration of menses with nonpharmacologic therapy in college athletes with menstrual disturbances: a 5-year retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is common among female athletes and may be difficult to treat. Restoration of menses (ROM) is crucial to prevent deleterious effects to skeletal and reproductive health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the natural history of menstrual disturbances in female college athletes managed with nonpharmacologic therapies including increased dietary intake and/or decreased exercise expenditure and to identify factors associated with ROM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5-yr retrospective study of college athletes at a major Division I university.
  
  
  METHODS
  373 female athletes' charts were reviewed. For athletes with menstrual disturbances, morphometric variables were noted. Months to ROM were recorded for each athlete.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one female athletes (19.7%) had menstrual disturbances (14.7% oligomenorrheic, 5.0% amenorrheic). In all, 17.6% of oligo-/amenorrheic athletes experienced ROM with nonpharmacologic therapy. Mean time to ROM among all athletes with menstrual disturbances was 15.6 ± 2.6 mo. Total absolute (5.3 ± 1.1 kg vs. 1.3 ± 1.1 kg, p < .05) and percentage (9.3% ± 1.9% vs. 2.3% ± 1.9%, p < .05) weight gain and increase in body-mass index (BMI; 1.9 ± 0.4 kg/m2 vs. 0.5 ± 0.4 kg/m2, p < .05) emerged as the primary differentiating characteristics between athletes with ROM and those without ROM. Percent weight gain was identified as a significant positive predictor of ROM, OR (95% CI) = 1.25 (1.01, 1.56), p < .05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonpharmacologic intervention in college athletes with menstrual disturbances can restore regular menstrual cycles, although ROM may take more than 1 yr. Weight gain or an increase in BMI may be important predictors of ROM.
authors.affiliation: Arthur Ashe Student Health and Wellness Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arends
authors.forename: Min-Yuen C
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Michelle T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Barrack
authors.forename: Aurelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nattiv
mesh_terms: D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D056352:Athletes; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus; D008598:Menstruation; D009839:Oligomenorrhea / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014495:Universities; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*