title: Analysis of oropharyngeal dysphagia through fibroendoscopy evaluation of swallowing in patients with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease (PD) has a high incidence in Mexico and is estimated at approximately 500,000 patients. One of the main clinical manifestations of PD is dysphagia, which is the difficult passage of food from the mouth to the stomach. The aim of this study was to assess oropharyngeal dysphagia through fibroendoscopy evaluation of swallowing in patients with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a census sample of patients with PD: 17 males and 10 females, aged >49 years. Clinical history, physical examination and neurological evaluation of swallowing fibroendoscopy were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the symptomatic patients, 16 patients (59.25%) reported dysphagia. Fibroendoscopic evaluation demonstrated swallowing disorders in 25 patients (92.59%). The main findings were poor bolus control in 19 patients (70.37%), deficits in bolus propulsion in 25 patients (92.59%), impaired swallowing in 14 patients (51.85%), fractional swallowing in 11 patients (40.74%), reduced epiglottic tilting in 11 patients (48.14%), food residue in vallecula in 24 patients (88.88%) and piriform sinus in 19 patients (70.37%). There was no correlation between duration of PD and degree of involvement of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with PD is a common symptom and can range from the oral cavity to the upper esophageal sphincter. Early onset of severe dysphagia is exceptional in this disease and should alert the clinician to the diagnostic possibility of parkinsonism.
authors.affiliation: Servicio Foniatría, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico, DF, Mexico. melissa_correa_flores@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Correa-Flores
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arch-Tirado
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villeda-Miranda
authors.forename: Karina Elizabeth
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rocha-Cacho
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verduzco-Mendoza
authors.forename: Xochiquetzal
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hernández-López
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D049489:Stroboscopy / Q000379:methods*