title: Measuring driver impairments: sleepiness, distraction, and workload.
abstract: Snow was falling heavily when Sarah was driving on a slippery road to her cousin's country cottage. It was dark outside, and the visibility was poor. She had planned to arrive before sunset, but the rental service had made a mistake, and it took hours before she got her rental car at the airport. It was past midnight now, and after a long day of traveling, Sarah was starting to get sleepy. Fortunately, there were only 15 km to go, but her eyelids were starting to feel heavy. To stay awake, she put her favorite CD on, turned up the volume, and started to sing along. This seemed to help a little-good-only 10 km to go. This was when Sarah's phone started ringing, and she awkwardly tried to find the mute button for the car stereo while answering the phone. As she looked up again, she barely caught a glimpse of the red brake lights of the car in front of her as she smashed into it.
authors.affiliation: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linköping, Sweden. christer.ahlstrom@vti.se
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahlstrom
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kircher
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fors
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dukic
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anund
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000465:Algorithms; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000592:standards*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004585:Electrooculography; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D016526:Workload