title: Radiosurgery for unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations: long-term seizure outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To date, seizures in relation to arteriovenous malformations (AVM) have been a secondary target of most studies. The insufficient evaluation, in conjunction with the lack of consistent seizure outcome assessment, has made it been difficult to draw conclusions about seizure outcome after radiosurgery for AVM. This study aimed to determine the effect of radiosurgery on seizure outcome depending on AVM obliteration and on the development of new seizure in patients with AVM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2006, 161 consecutive patients underwent radiosurgery for unruptured AVM and were retrospectively assessed with a mean follow-up of 89.8 months by their medical records, updated clinical information, and, when necessary, direct patient contact. Seizure outcome was assessed using the Engel seizure frequency scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 86 patients with a history of seizure before radiosurgery, 76.7% (66/86) were seizure-free and 58.1% (50/86) were medication-free at the last follow-up visit. Of the patients who achieved AVM obliteration, 96.7% (58/60) were seizure-free while 30.8% (8/26) of those patients who did not achieve AVM obliteration were seizure-free (p = 0.001). The proportion of patients who were medication-free was 81.7% (49/60) of the patients with obliteration and 3.8% (1/26) of patients without obliteration (p < 0.001). Of the 75 patients with no history of seizure before radiosurgery, 10 had provoked seizures due to the direct and indirect radiosurgical influences after radiosurgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although radiosurgery tends to cause seizures temporarily, the radiosurgery may improve seizure outcomes in patients with AVM-related seizures, especially in patients with AVM obliteration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguk University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Yeob
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dong Gyu
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun-Tai
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sun Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Paek
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome