title: Nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine serum levels in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic syndrome (METS) increases after the menopause which may enhance cardiovascular risk in part explained by a pro-inflammatory state.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Measure nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) serum levels in postmenopausal women with and without the METS (Adult Treatment Panel III criteria).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyte levels were compared among those with and without the syndrome and each of its diagnostic components. Rho Spearman coefficients were also calculated to determine correlations between analyte levels and various numeric variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of all studied women (n = 88) was 54.4 years, 62.5% had abdominal obesity, 14.8% hyperglycemia, 59.1% high triglycerides (TG) and 44.3% hypertension. Women with the METS (n = 44) displayed higher body mass index values and higher rates of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and low HDL-C levels. Median NO and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in women with the METS as compared to controls (p < 0.05). Independent of presenting the METS, analytes were higher in those displaying abdominal obesity (IL-6), hypertension (IL-6 and TNF-α) and more METS diagnostic criteria and abnormal HDL-C, TG and glucose levels (NO). Both cytokines positively correlated with the number of METS criteria, age and time since menopause, IL-6 positively with waist circumference and TNF-α positively with blood pressure levels. NO levels inversely correlated with HDL-C values and positively with the number of METS criteria, glucose, and TG levels; correlation with the latter being the highest (r² = 0.65, p = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postmenopausal women with the METS displayed higher IL-6 and NO levels, with significant correlations found between studied analytes and some of the components of the syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, Catholic University of Santiago of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador. peter.chedraui@cu.ucsg.edu.ec
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chedraui
authors.forename: Gustavo S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Cecibel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Faustino R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mannella
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Genazzani
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simoncini
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000209:etiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications; D017698:Postmenopause; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide