title: Insight into trade-off between wood decay and parasitism from the genome of a fungal forest pathogen.
abstract: Parasitism and saprotrophic wood decay are two fungal strategies fundamental for succession and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. An opportunity to assess the trade-off between these strategies is provided by the forest pathogen and wood decayer Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato. We report the annotated genome sequence and transcript profiling, as well as the quantitative trait loci mapping, of one member of the species complex: H. irregulare. Quantitative trait loci critical for pathogenicity, and rich in transposable elements, orphan and secreted genes, were identified. A wide range of cellulose-degrading enzymes are expressed during wood decay. By contrast, pathogenic interaction between H. irregulare and pine engages fewer carbohydrate-active enzymes, but involves an increase in pectinolytic enzymes, transcription modules for oxidative stress and secondary metabolite production. Our results show a trade-off in terms of constrained carbohydrate decomposition and membrane transport capacity during interaction with living hosts. Our findings establish that saprotrophic wood decay and necrotrophic parasitism involve two distinct, yet overlapping, processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åke
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecology, PO Box 27 Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Asiegbu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lassaad
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belbahri
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ourdia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bouzid
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Canbäck
authors.affiliation: AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalman
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland UK.
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deflorio
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Linda T A
authors.initials: LTA
authors.lastname: van Diepen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Surfaces and Plant Signalisation 24, University Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), UMR5546- CNRS, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617, Auzeville 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunand
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duplessis
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durling
authors.affiliation: Department of Exploitation and Protection of Agricultural and Forest Resources (Di. Va. P. R. A.) - Plant Pathology, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonthier
authors.affiliation: HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Huntsville, AL 35806, USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimwood
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Carl Gunnar
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fossdal
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.affiliation: AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henrissat
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hietala
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kajsa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Himmelstrand
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmeister
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Högberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France.
authors.forename: Annegret
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: Büsgen-Institute, Section Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kües
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Genomics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yao-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mårten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.affiliation: AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.affiliation: US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lundén
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murat
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors.forename: Jongsun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecology, PO Box 27 Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raffaello
authors.affiliation: VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Genomics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rouzé
authors.affiliation: US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Asaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salamov
authors.affiliation: HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Huntsville, AL 35806, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmutz
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Halvor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Solheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 590, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ståhlberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Heriberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vélëz
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.|CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiebenga
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland UK.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yakovlev
authors.affiliation: University of California, 338 Hilgard Hall Berkeley CA 94720 USA.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garbelotto
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Igor V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Grigoriev
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stenlid
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D014197:Trees / Q000382:microbiology*; D014934:Wood / Q000382:microbiology*