title: Interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in pregnancy: aspects of interest in clinical obstetrics.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to review the literature regarding the action of the cytokines interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in pregnancy and to emphasize the factors that are of interest to clinical obstetrics. The literature highlights several actions of IL-10 and TNF-α during pregnancy. The actions of these cytokines seem to be antagonistic and dependent on the balance between them, which is orchestrated by the specific immunosuppressive action of IL-10. TNF-α has a characteristic inflammatory action, and it is an additional diabetogenic factor in pregnancy. The loss of the control of the production of these cytokines, with increase of TNF-α, is related to the risk for developing obstetric complications, particularly recurrent fetal loss, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive syndromes, and fetal growth restriction. However, study results are controversial and are not clearly defined. These issues are attributed to the heterogeneity of the studies, particularly regarding their sample sizes and sources, the evaluation methods, and the multiplicity of factors and conditions that influence cytokine production. These questions are fundamental and should be addressed in future investigations to obtain more consistent results that can be applied to obstetric practice.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Botucatu Medical School, (UNESP) São Paulo State University, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jusciele
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brogin Moreli
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cirino Ruocco
authors.forename: Joice Monaliza
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vernini
authors.forename: Marilza Vieira Cunha
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: Iracema Mattos Paranhos
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Calderon