title: Secretory products of multiple sclerosis B cells are cytotoxic to oligodendroglia in vitro.
abstract: B cells are important in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and some of the effects are not dependent on maturation of B cells into immunoglobulin (Ig) producing plasmablasts and plasma cells. B cells present antigen, activate T cells, and are involved in immunoregulation and cytokine secretion. To determine if B cells from MS patients secrete products that have deleterious effects on glial cells not mediated by Ig, and to compare effects with secretory products of normal controls (NC), we isolated B cells from 7 patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and 4 NC. B cells were cultured alone or after stimulation with CD40 ligand (CD40L), CD40L+cross-linking of the B cell antigen receptor (xBCR) and CD40L+xBCR+stimulation of toll like receptor 9 (TLR9). Supernatants were harvested and incubated with mixed central nervous system (CNS) neonatal rat glial cells. Supernatants from unstimulated NC B cells induced on average death of 7% (range 0-24%) of differentiated oligodendrocytes (OL); in contrast, supernatants from unstimulated B cells from RRMS patients induced death of 57% (range 35-74%) of OL. Supernatants of stimulated B cells from NC did not increase the minimal OL death whereas stimulation of B cells from RRMS had variable results compared to unstimulated B cells. Supernatants from both NC and RRMS induced microglial enlargement and loss of normal resting bipolar morphology. OL death did not correlate with levels of tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), lymphotoxin alpha (LT-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) or any combination or ratio of these cytokines. Analysis of 26 supernatants from NC and RRMS patients failed to detect IgM. There were very low levels of IgG in 8 of the 26 supernatants, and no correlation between of OL death and presence or absence of IgG. Sera used in both the B cell and glial cell cultures were heated, which inactivates complement. The effects of B cell supernatants on OL could be direct and/or indirect involving either microglia and/or astrocytes. The identity of the toxic factor(s) is as yet unknown. Thus we have demonstrated that B cells from patients with RRMS but not NC secrete one or more factors toxic to OL. It is possible that such factors produced by peripheral blood B cells when within the CNS could contribute to demyelination in MS patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. rlisak@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lisak
authors.forename: Joyce A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Benjamins
authors.forename: Liljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nedelkoska
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barger
authors.forename: Samia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ragheb
authors.forename: Boli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ouamara
authors.forename: Trina A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sathyanath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajasekharan
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bar-Or
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000276:immunology*; D002474:Cell-Free System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats