title: A longitudinal analysis of the relations among stress, depressive symptoms, leisure satisfaction, and endothelial function in caregivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stress and depressive symptoms have been associated with impaired endothelial function as measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), possibly through repeated and heightened activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral correlates of depression, such as satisfaction with leisure activities (i.e., leisure satisfaction), may also be associated with endothelial function via their association with depressive symptoms. This study examined the longitudinal associations between stress, depressive symptoms, leisure satisfaction, and endothelial function as measured by FMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 116 older Alzheimer's caregivers (M age = 74.3 ± 8.1; 68% women; 87% white) who underwent 3 yearly assessments of FMD, stress, depressive symptoms, and leisure satisfaction. Mixed-regression analyses were used to examine longitudinal relationships between constructs of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant and positive association was found between leisure satisfaction and FMD (p = .050), whereas a negative relationship was found for stress (p = .017). Depressive symptoms were not associated with FMD (p = .432). Time (p < .001) and the number of years caregiving (p = .027) were also significant predictors of FMD, suggesting that FMD decreased over time and was worse the longer a participant had been a caregiver prior to study enrollment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that behavioral correlates of depression (i.e., engagement in pleasurable activities) may be related to endothelial function in caregivers, and behavioral treatments for depression may be particularly useful in improving cardiovascular outcomes in caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0680, USA. bmausbach@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Brent T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Mausbach
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chattillion
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Roepke
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Milos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milic
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Känel
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dimsdale
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ancoli-Israel
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D044465:White People