title: The effect of music-based listening interventions on the volume, fat content, and caloric content of breast milk-produced by mothers of premature and critically ill infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal breast milk is considered the nutritional "gold standard" for all infants, especially premature infants. However, preterm mothers are at risk of not producing adequate milk. Multiple factors affect the production of milk, including stress, fatigue, and the separation of the breastfeeding dyad-for example, when mother or infant is hospitalized. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening and visual interventions on the quantity and quality of breast milk produced by mothers using a double electric breast pump.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers of 162 preterm infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The control group received standard nursing care, whereas mothers in the 3 experimental groups additionally listened to a recording of 1 of 3 music-based listening interventions while using the pump.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers in the experimental groups produced significantly more milk (P < .0012). Mothers in these groups also produced milk with significantly higher fat content during the first 6 days of the study.
authors.affiliation: Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, 31061, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vogel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009147:Music Therapy; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000379:methods; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D005223:Fats