title: Links between metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes (T2D) might occur within metabolic syndrome (MbS). One of the complications of T2D is an impaired (imp) cardiovascular autonomic function (CAF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In subjects with T2D and age ≤ 55 years, the prevalence of impCAF and its relationship with BMI, waist, HbA(1c) values, MbS, hypertension, and family history of T2D and/or hypertension were analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  180 subjects consecutively undergoing a day hospital for T2D were studied. The IDF criteria were used to diagnose MbS. To detect impCAF, 5 tests for the evaluation of CAF were performed with Cardionomic (Meteda, Italy). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of impCAF and MbS were 33.9% and 67.8%, respectively. Among diabetics with impCAF, 86.9% had MbS. ImpCAF was significantly associated with MbS, overweight, and HbA(1c) > 7%. Both logistic (P = 0.0009) and Poisson (P = 0.0113) models showed a positive association between impCAF and MbS. The degree of ImpCAF showed a positive linear correlation with BMI and HbA(1c) values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that glycaemic control and overweight influence CAF and that T2D + MbS is more strongly associated with impCAF than isolated T2D. We suggest that MbS not only increases the cardiovascular risk of relatively young subjects with T2D but is also associated with impCAF.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari A. Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy. g.garruti@endo.uniba.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garruti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giampetruzzi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lagioia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stefanelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellomo-Damato
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giorgino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose