title: Caffeine gum and cycling performance:  a timing study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the most efficacious time to administer caffeine (CAF) in chewing gum to enhance cycling performance. Eight male cyclists participated in 5 separate laboratory sessions. During the first visit, the subjects underwent a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O(2)max). During the next 4 visits, 3 pieces of chewing gum were administered at 3 time points (120-minute precycling, 60-minute precycling, and 5-minute precycling). In 3 of the 4 visits, at 1 of the time points mentioned previously, 300 mg of CAF was administered. During the fourth visit, placebo gum was administered at all 3 time points. The experimental trials were defined as follows: trial A (-120), trial B (-60), trial C (-5), and trial D (Placebo). After baseline measurements, time allotted for gum administration, and a standard warm-up, the participants cycled at 75% V[Combining Dot Above]O(2)max for 15 minutes then completed a 7-kJ·kg(-1) cycling time trial. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Cycling performance was improved in trial C (-5), but not in trial A (-120) or trial B (-60), relative to trial D (Placebo). CAF administered in chewing gum enhanced cycling performance when administered immediately prior, but not when administered 1 or 2 hours before cycling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA. eryan@chatham.edu
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Chul-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Fickes
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Mathew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Jacob E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barkley
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunstad
authors.forename: Ellen L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Glickman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002638:Chewing Gum; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005080:Exercise Test; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D010919:Placebos; D002110:Caffeine