title: Comparative effectiveness of statin plus fibrate combination therapy and statin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: use of propensity-score and instrumental variable methods to adjust for treatment-selection bias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The comparative effectiveness of statin plus fibrate combination therapy and statin monotherapy in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease in real-world settings is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective database analysis was performed using a large managed care claims database of patients identified with type 2 diabetes based on diagnosis codes from January 2002 through December 2003 and continuously enrolled for the entire study period, 5.5 years. A statin plus fibrate combination therapy group (patients who used statins less than 6 months and augmented with fibrates for more than 6 months) and a statin monotherapy group (patients who used statins persistently) among patients with type 2 diabetes were followed for 3 years to examine the relationship between the intervention and cardiovascular events using a multivariable logistic regression model, propensity score method, and instrumental variable approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statin plus fibrate combination therapy group of 318 and the statin monotherapy group of 9928 were identified from 75,515 diabetics. After adjusting for factors that can impact cardiovascular outcomes, the combination therapy group did not significantly experience a reduction in cardiovascular disease, as compared with the statin monotherapy group (OR = 0.77; p = 0.083). The statin plus fibrate combination therapy group was significantly associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events after propensity matching (OR = 0.53; p = 0.002). Using the physician prescribing preference instrument to adjust for unmeasured confounding, we did not find evidence that subjects in the statin plus fibrate combination therapy group versus stain monotherapy group experienced a significant reduction in cardiovascular events (p = 0.124).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find a difference in effectiveness regarding cardiovascular outcomes between the statin plus fibrate combination therapy and the statin monotherapy after controlling for hidden bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, CA, USA. haesun.suh@yonsei.ac.kr
authors.forename: Hae Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jason N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Doctor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D058607:Fibric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D057216:Propensity Score; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015983:Selection Bias
chemical_list: D058607:Fibric Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors