title: Cost effective and time efficient measurement of CD4, CD8, major histocompatibility complex Class II, and macrophage antigen expression in the lungs of chickens.
abstract: Cells expressing CD4, CD8, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II, and macrophage biomarkers in lungs of chickens were quantified by measuring total area of antigen expressed using imageJ, a software program developed at the National Institutes of Health and available at no cost. The procedures reported here were rapid, and reproducible. Total area of antigen expressed had positive correlation with manual counts of cells expressing CD4 and CD8 biomarkers after inoculation with serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV) vaccines. Visual inspection and overlays prepared from outlines of cells counted by imageJ confirmed agreement between antigen expression and area measured. Total area measured was not dependent on time of image acquisition from randomly selected fields from the same slides. Total area values were not computer specific, but acquisition of the original images required standardization of microscope used and camera setup. All steps in the process from sample collection through sectioning, staining, and image acquisition must be standardized as much as possible. Chickens infected with a very virulent+ (vv(+)) isolate of MDV (648A) had increased CD4, CD8, MHC Class II, and macrophage biomarker expression compared to noninfected control chickens at 10 days post infection, but variable responses depending on the specific biomarker measured at 3 and 5 days post infection. The procedure described here is faster and more reproducible than manual counting in cases (CD4 and CD8) where the number of positive cells is low enough for manual counts. Manual counting is not possible with MHC Class II and macrophage antigens nor when CD4(+) cells are present in large numbers following proliferation to tumors, thus subjective systems are used for scoring in these conditions. Using imageJ as described eliminates the need for subjective and less reproducible methods for measuring expression of these antigens.
authors.affiliation: Poultry Health Management Team, Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, United States. Oscar_Fletcher@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Oscar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gimeno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002645:Chickens; D008381:Herpesvirus 2, Gallid / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D008380:Marek Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D012367:RNA, Viral