title: Mapping of RBE-weighted doses between HIMAC- and LEM-Based treatment planning systems for carbon ion therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A method was developed to convert clinically prescribed RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness)-weighted doses from the approach used at the Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator (HIMAC) at the National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba, Japan, to the LEM (Local Effect Model)-based TReatment planning for Particles (TRiP98) approach used in the pilot project at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum, Darmstadt, and the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed conversion method is based on a simulation of the fixed spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) depth dose profiles as used for the irradiation at HIMAC by LEM/TRiP98 and a recalculation of the resulting RBE-weighted dose distribution. We present data according to the clinical studies conducted at GSI in the past decade (LEM I), as well as data used in current studies (refined LEM version: LEM IV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found conversion factors (RBE-weighted dose LEM/RBE-weighted dose HIMAC) reaching from 0.4 to 2.0 for prescribed carbon ion doses from 1 to 60 Gy (RBE) for SOBP extensions ranging from 20 to 120 mm according to the HIMAC approach. A conversion factor of 1.0 was found for approximately 5 Gy (RBE). The conversion factor decreases with increasing prescribed dose. Slightly smaller values for the LEM IV-based data set compared with LEM I were found. A significant dependence of the conversion factor from the SOBP width could be observed in particular for LEM IV, whereas the depth dependence was found to be small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the interpretation and comparison of clinical trials performed at HIMAC and GSI/HIT, it is of extreme importance to consider these conversion factors because according to the various methods to determine the RBE-weighted dose, similar dose values might not necessarily be related to similar clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Biophysik, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany. o.steinstraeter@gsi.de
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Steinsträter
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grün
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durante
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000528:radiation effects; D005858:Germany; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007564:Japan; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness