title: Nanowires precisely grown on the ends of microwire electrodes permit the recording of intracellular action potentials within deeper neural structures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nanoelectrodes are an emerging biomedical technology that can be used to record intracellular membrane potentials from neurons while causing minimal damage during membrane penetration. Current nanoelectrode designs, however, have low aspect ratios or large substrates and thus are not suitable for recording from neurons deep within complex natural structures, such as brain slices.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe a novel nanoelectrode design that uses nanowires grown on the ends of microwire recording electrodes similar to those frequently used in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that these nanowires can record intracellular action potentials in a rat brain slice preparation and in isolated leech ganglia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanoelectrodes have the potential to revolutionize intracellular recording methods in complex neural tissues, to enable new multielectrode array technologies and, ultimately, to be used to record intracellular signals in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.forename: Joshua G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Puhl
authors.forename: Tyler W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Stigen
authors.forename: Jadin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Crisp
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mesce
authors.forename: Theoden I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Netoff
authors.forename: A David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Redish
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D005724:Ganglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D007865:Leeches / Q000502:physiology*; D008839:Microelectrodes; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D053770:Nanowires / Q000737:chemistry*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans