title: Struggle in the flood: tree responses to flooding stress in four tropical floodplain systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the context of the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth in 1809, this study discusses the variation in structure and adaptation associated with survival and reproductive success in the face of environmental stresses in the trees of tropical floodplains.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide a comparative review on the responses to flooding stress in the trees of freshwater wetlands in tropical environments. The four large wetlands we evaluate are: (i) Central Amazonian floodplains in South America, (ii) the Okavango Delta in Africa, (iii) the Mekong floodplains of Asia and (iv) the floodplains of Northern Australia. They each have a predictable 'flood pulse'. Although flooding height varies between the ecosystems, the annual pulse is a major driving force influencing all living organisms and a source of stress for which specialized adaptations for survival are required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The need for trees to survive an annual flood pulse has given rise to a large variety of adaptations. However, phenological responses to the flood are similar in the four ecosystems. Deciduous and evergreen species respond with leaf shedding, although sap flow remains active for most of the year. Growth depends on adequate carbohydrate supply. Physiological adaptations (anaerobic metabolism, starch accumulation) are also required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data concerning the ecophysiology and adaptations of trees in floodplain forests worldwide are extremely scarce. For successful floodplain conservation, more information is needed, ideally through a globally co-ordinated study using reproducible comparative methods. In the light of climatic change, with increasing drought, decreased groundwater availability and flooding periodicities, this knowledge is needed ever more urgently to facilitate fast and appropriate management responses to large-scale environmental change.
authors.affiliation: Biocentre Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden ,  University of Hamburg ,  Department of Biology, Biodiversity of Plants, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg ,  Germany.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parolin
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wittmann