title: Global catastrophizing vs catastrophizing subdomains: assessment and associations with patient functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objectives of the current study were to 1) confirm the three-factor model of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) items in a Japanese sample and 2) identify the catastrophizing subdomain(s) most closely associated with measures of pain and functioning in a sample of individuals with chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was based on a cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in a university-based clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty outpatients with chronic pain participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients completed the PCS, the Brief Pain Inventory, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; 30 patients completed the PCS again between 1 and 4 weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure of the Japanese version of the PCS, and univariate and multivariate associations with validity criterion supported the validity of the measure. Catastrophic helplessness was shown to make a unique contribution to the prediction of pain intensity, pain interference and depression, and catastrophic magnification made a unique contribution to the prediction of anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the cross-cultural generalizability of the three-factor structure of the PCS and indicate that the PCS-assessed catastrophizing subdomains provide greater explanatory power than the PCS total score for understanding pain-related functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iwaki
authors.forename: Tatsuyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arimura
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Tomoyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosoi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index