title: Psychopathology and special education enrollment in children with prenatal cocaine exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated how enrollment in special education services in 11-year-old children relates to prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), psychopathology, and other risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 498 children enrolled in The Maternal Lifestyle Study, a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study examining outcomes of children with PCE. Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of PCE and psychopathology on enrollment in an individualized education plan (IEP; a designation specific to children with special education needs), with environmental, maternal, and infant medical variables as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCE, an interaction of PCE and oppositional defiant disorder, child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, parent-reported internalizing behaviors, and teacher-reported externalizing behaviors, predicted enrollment in an IEP. Other statistically significant variables in the model were male gender, low birth weight, being small for gestational age, white race, caregiver change, low socioeconomic status, low child intelligence quotient, caregiver depression, and prenatal marijuana exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCE increased the likelihood of receiving an IEP with adjustment for covariates. Psychopathology also predicted this special education outcome, in combination with and independent of prenatal cocaine exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Alpert Brown Medical School and Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02905, USA. TLevine@wihri.org
authors.forename: Todd P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagasse
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: Henrietta S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Toni M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D004519:Education, Special / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011599:Psychopathology