title: Transport temperatures observed during the commercial transportation of animals.
abstract: Current temperature standards and those proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) were compared with the actual practices of commercial transport in the European Union. Temperature and humidity records recorded for a year on 21 vehicles over 905 journeys were analysed. Differences in temperature and humidity recorded by sensors at four different positions in the vehicles exceeded 10°C between the highest and lowest temperatures in nearly 7% of cases. The number and position of temperature sensors are important to ensure the correct representation of temperature conditions in the different parts of a vehicle. For all journeys and all animal categories, a relatively high percentage of beyond threshold temperatures can be observed in relation to the temperature limits of 30°C and 5°C. Most recorded temperature values lie within the accepted tolerance of ±5°C stipulated in European Community Regulation (EC) 1/2005. The temperature thresholds proposed by EFSA would result in a higher percentage of non-compliant conditions which are more pronounced at the lower threshold, compared to the thresholds laid down in Regulation (EC) 1/2005. With respect to the different animal categories, the non-compliant temperature occurrences were more frequent in pigs and sheep, in particular with regard to the thresholds proposed by EFSA.
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy. gianluca.fiore@jrc.ec.europa.eu
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofherr
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mainetti
authors.forename: Espedito
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruotolo
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D003132:Commerce; D005062:European Union; D006813:Humidity; D013696:Temperature; D014186:Transportation / Q000592:standards*