title: Associations of infant nutrition with insulin resistance measures in early adulthood: evidence from the Barry-Caerphilly Growth (BCG) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that over-nutrition in early infancy may programme long-term susceptibility to insulin resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of breast milk and quantity of infant formula and cows' milk intake during infancy with insulin resistance measures in early adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-term follow-up of the Barry Caerphilly Growth cohort, into which mothers and their offspring had originally been randomly assigned, between 1972-1974, to receive milk supplementation or not. Participants were the offspring, aged 23-27 years at follow-up (n = 679). Breastfeeding and formula/cows' milk intake was recorded prospectively by nurses. The main outcomes were insulin sensitivity (ISI(0)) and insulin secretion (CIR(30)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  573 (84%) individuals had valid glucose and insulin results and complete covariate information. There was little evidence of associations of breastfeeding versus any formula/cows' milk feeding or of increasing quartiles of formula/cows' milk consumption during infancy (<3 months) with any outcome measure in young adulthood. In fully adjusted models, the differences in outcomes between breastfeeding versus formula/cows' milk feeding at 3 months were: fasting glucose (-0.07 mmol/l; 95% CI: -0.19, 0.05); fasting insulin (8.0%; -8.7, 27.6); ISI(0) (-6.1%; -11.3, 12.1) and CIR(30) (3.8%; -19.0, 32.8). There was also little evidence that increasing intakes of formula/cows' milk at 3 months were associated with fasting glucose (increase per quartile of formula/cows' milk intake = 0.00 mmol/l; -0.03, 0.03); fasting insulin (0.8%; -3.2, 5.1); ISI (0) (-0.9%; -5.1, 3.5) and CIR(30) (-2.6%; -8.4, 3.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that increasing consumption of formula/cows' milk in early infancy was associated with insulin resistance in young adulthood.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. dylan.williams@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dylan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.forename: K G M M
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001942:Breast Feeding; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D052756:Nutritional Sciences; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin