title: National trends in carotid artery revascularization surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several randomized trials have emerged with conflicting data on the overall safety of carotid artery stenting (CAS) in comparison with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The authors hypothesize that changes in national trends correspond to publication of randomized trials, including an increase in utilization of CAS after publication of trials favorable to CAS (for example, Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study [CAVATAS] and Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy [SAPPHIRE]) and decrease in utilization of CAS after publication of trials favorable to CEA (for example, Endarterectomy versus Stenting in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis [EVA3-S] and Stent-Supported Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid Artery versus Endarterectomy [SPACE]).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was obtained for the years 1998-2008. Individual cases were isolated for principal diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis or occlusion undergoing CEA or CAS. The percentage of CAS for all carotid revascularization procedures was calculated for each year. Perioperative inpatient morbidity, including stroke or death, were calculated and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of patients undergoing CAS increased yearly from the start of the observed period to the end, with the exception of a decrease in 2007. The peak utilization of CAS for carotid artery revascularization procedures was 15% of all cases in 2006. The stroke or death rate was consistent at 5% among all patients undergoing CEA for all years, while the incidence of stroke or death decreased among patients undergoing CAS from 9% in 1998 to 5% in 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practice of CAS in the US is expanding, from less than 3% of all carotid artery revascularization procedures to 13% in 2008. The utilization of CAS was seen to correlate with publication of randomized trials. Utilization nearly doubled in 2005 after publication of the CAS-favorable SAPPHIRE in 2004, and decreased by 22% after publication of the CEA-favorable EVA-3S and SPACE in 2007. With the publication of Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST), the authors predict a resultant increase in the rate of CAS for carotid artery disease in the upcoming years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA. travisdumont@gmail.com
authors.forename: Travis M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: Anand I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Rughani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002423:Cause of Death; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000639:trends; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014600:Utilization Review