title: Describing Intravenous Extravasation in Children (DIVE Study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extravasation, the inadvertent leakage of intravenous (IV) medication from the vein into the surrounding tissue, is a iatrogenic cause of patient injury. Extravasation has been reported to occur in 0.1% to 6.5% of hospital inpatients. The incidence may be higher among children because they have multiple risk factors, including small and fragile veins, decreased peripheral circulation, capillary leakage, and flexible subcutaneous tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence of extravasation at a pediatric tertiary care hospital, to identify the agents causing extravasation, and to describe the use of antidotes to manage identified cases. A secondary objective was to describe adverse drug effects associated with the antidotes administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of pediatric patients with documented extravasation of an IV medication between January 1, 2006, and August 31, 2008, were analyzed retrospectively. The appropriateness of antidote use was determined in terms of adherence to the institution's protocol for treatment of extravasation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 42 patients had documented extravasation, for an overall incidence of 0.04% per patient-day. Of the 40 cases in which location was documented, 12 (30%) occurred on the general pediatric wards, 10 (25%) on the surgical ward, 9 (22%) in the neonatal intensive care unit, 5 (12%) in the pediatric intensive care unit, 3 (8%) in day care, and 1 (2%) in the emergency department. The most common medications involved were fluids for IV administration (18 [43%]), potassium chloride (11 [26%]), antibiotics (8 [19%]), total parenteral nutrition (8 [19%]), calcium chloride (2 [5%]), and epinephrine (2 [5%]). Multiple drugs were involved in some cases of extravasation. The decision to administer an antidote and the choice of antidote (if required) were appropriate in 50% of the cases. No adverse drug effects were reported with use of antidotes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of extravasation was low. The medications most commonly involved were similar to those reported in the literature. Antidotes were well tolerated but were appropriately used in only half of the events. Prospective trials are needed to determine the clinical severity of injury and to assess the effectiveness and safety of antidotes.
authors.affiliation: , BSc(Pharm), ACPR, is a Clinical Pharmacist, Neonatal Critical Care, in the Department of Pharmacy, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, and a Clinical Instructor in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paquette
authors.forename: Rumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McGloin
authors.forename: Tracie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Northway
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dezorzi
authors.forename: Avash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Roxane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carr