title: Toxicity assessment of 45 pesticides to the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida.
abstract: This study was conducted to investigate comparative toxicity of 45 pesticides, including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and herbicides, toward the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. Results from a 48-h filter paper contact test indicated that clothianidin, fenpyroximate, and pyridaben were supertoxic to E. fetida with LC(50) values ranging from 0.28 (0.24-0.35) to 0.72 (0.60-0.94) μg cm(-2), followed by carbaryl, pyridaphenthion, azoxystrobin, cyproconazole, and picoxystrobin with LC(50) values ranging from 2.72 (2.22-0.3.19) to 8.48 (7.38-10.21) μg cm(-2), while the other pesticides ranged from being relatively nontoxic to very toxic to the worms. When tested in artificial soil for 14 d, clothianidin and picoxystrobin showed the highest intrinsic toxicity against E. fetida, and their LC(50) values were 6.06 (5.60-6.77) and 7.22 (5.29-8.68) mg kg(-1), respectively, followed by fenpyroximate with an LC(50) of 75.52 (68.21-86.57) mgkg(-1). However, the herbicides fluoroglycofen, paraquat, and pyraflufen-ethyl exhibited the lowest toxicities with LC(50) values>1000 mg kg(-1). In contrast, the other pesticides exhibited relatively low toxicities with LC(50) values ranging from 133.5 (124.5-150.5) to 895.2 (754.2-1198.0) mg kg(-1). The data presented in this paper provided useful information for evaluating the potential risk of these chemicals to soil invertebrates.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shenggan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Changxing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ruixian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil