title: Long-term functional outcome following intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of femoral shaft fractures using intramedullary nailing is a popular method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term functional outcome after antegrade or retrograde intramedullary nailing of traumatic femoral shaft fractures. We further determined predictors of these functional outcome scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, patients with a femoral shaft fracture but no other injuries to the lower limbs or pelvis were included. A total of 59 patients met the inclusion criteria. Functional outcome scores (Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA), Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index, Harris Hip Score (HHS) and the Lysholm knee function scoring scale) were measured at a mean of 7.8 years (± 3.5 years) postoperatively. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to determine pain complaints of the lower limb.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of motion (ROM) of the hip and knee joints was comparable between the injured and uninjured leg, regardless of the nailing technique. Correlation between ROM and the final outcome scores was found to be fair to moderate. Even years after surgery, 17% of the patients still reported moderate to severe pain. A substantial correlation was observed between VAS and the patient-reported outcome scores. The most significant predictor of functional outcome was pain in the lower limb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the ROM of hip and knee returns to normal over time, regardless of the nailing method used. However, pain in the lower limb is an important predictor and source of disability after femoral shaft fractures, even though most patients achieved good functional outcome scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.el.moumni@chir.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el Moumni
authors.forename: Emma Heather
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Voogd
authors.forename: Henk Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: ten Duis
authors.forename: Klaus Wilhelm
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Wendt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome