title: The double burden of malnutrition and cardiometabolic risk widens the gender and socio-economic health gap: a study among adults in Burkina Faso (West Africa).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the double burden of malnutrition and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in adults and its occurrence according to different sociodemographic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional observational study. We first randomly selected 330 households stratified by tertile of the income levels proxy as low, middle and high income.
  
  
  METHODS
  Northern district of Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso.
  
  
  METHODS
  In each income stratum, 110 individuals aged 25-60 years and who had lived permanently in Ouagadougou for at least 6 months were randomly selected, followed with collection of anthropometric, socio-economic and clinical data, and blood samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall obesity/overweight prevalence was 24.2 % and it was twice as high in women as in men (34.1 % v. 15.5 %, P < 0.001). Hypertension, hyperglycaemia and low HDL cholesterol prevalence was 21.9 %, 22.3 % and 30.0 %, respectively, without gender difference. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 10.3 %. Iron depletion and vitamin A deficiency affected 15.7 % and 25.7 % of participants, respectively, with higher rates in women. Coexistence of at least one nutritional deficiency and one CMRF was observed in 23.5 % of participants, and this 'double burden' was significantly higher in women than in men (30.4 % v. 16.1 %, P = 0.008) and in the low income group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CMRF are becoming a leading nutritional problem in adults of Ouagadougou, while nutritional deficiencies persist. The double nutritional burden exacerbates health inequities and calls for action addressing both malnutrition and nutrition-related chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Augustin N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Zeba
authors.forename: Hélène F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Delisle
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renier
authors.forename: Boubacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Savadogo
authors.forename: Banza
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL