title: Sleep disordered breathing and depression among U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if symptoms of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) are associated with depression symptomology in a national sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S., 2005-2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  9,714 adults (≥ 18 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents were asked about frequency of snoring and snorting, gasping, or stopping breathing while asleep and completed the PHQ-9 (a 9-item depression screener). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for SDB symptom-associated probable major depression (defined as a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10) were obtained from sex-specific logistic regression analyses adjusted for body mass index, age, race/ethnicity, and education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among men, 6.0% reported physician-diagnosed sleep apnea, 37.2% snored ≥ 5 nights/week, 7.1% snorted/stopped breathing ≥ 5 nights/week, and 5.0% had PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10. Among women, 3.1% reported sleep apnea, 22.4% snored ≥ 5 nights/week, 4.3% snorted/stopped breathing ≥ 5 nights/week, and 8.4% had PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10. Sleep apnea was associated with probable major depression (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.5, 3.6 among men; OR = 5.2; 95% CI: 2.7, 9.9 among women). Snoring was not associated with depression symptoms in men or women. Snorting/stopping breathing ≥ 5 nights/week compared to never was strongly associated with probable major depression in men (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8, 5.2) and women (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.6, 5.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent snorting/stopping breathing was associated with probable major depression by the PHQ-9 in a national sample of adults. Additional research may be needed to determine whether regular screening for these conditions by mental health professionals and sleep specialists should be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. AWheaton@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Anne G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Wheaton
authors.forename: Geraldine S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Croft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult