title: Diaphragm ultrasonography to estimate the work of breathing during non-invasive ventilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasonography allows the direct observation of the diaphragm. Its thickness variation measured in the zone of apposition has been previously used to diagnose diaphragm paralysis. We assessed the feasibility and accuracy of this method to assess diaphragmatic function and its contribution to respiratory workload in critically ill patients under non-invasive ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a preliminary physiological study in the intensive care unit of a university hospital. Twelve patients requiring planned non-invasive ventilation after extubation were studied while spontaneously breathing and during non-invasive ventilation at three levels of pressure support (5, 10 and 15 cmH(2)O). Diaphragm thickness was measured in the zone of apposition during tidal ventilation and the thickening fraction (TF) was calculated as (thickness at inspiration - thickness at expiration)/thickness at expiration. Diaphragmatic pressure-time product per breath (PTP(di)) was measured from oesophageal and gastric pressure recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTP(di) and TF both decreased as the level of pressure support increased. A significant correlation was found between PTP(di) and TF (ρ = 0.74, p < 0.001). The overall reproducibility of TF assessment was good but the coefficient of repeatability reached 18% for inter-observer reproducibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonographic assessment of the diaphragm TF is a non-invasive method that may prove useful in evaluating diaphragmatic function and its contribution to respiratory workload in intensive care unit patients.
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Henri Mondor, 51, avenue du Mal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94 010, Créteil Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vivier
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mekontso Dessap
authors.forename: Saoussen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimassi
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Aissam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyazidi
authors.forename: Arnaud W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Thille
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brochard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014939:Work of Breathing / Q000502:physiology*