title: Pesticide pressure and fish farming in barrage pond in northeastern France. Part III: how management can affect pesticide profiles in edible fish?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The quality of fish produced in ponds needs to be ensured. Indeed, pond is often strongly connected to an agricultural watershed, and pesticides are a main health and environmental issue of concern. In this context, the purpose of this study is to highlight the management practices which could impact the pesticide contamination profiles in edible fish and to give recommendations for better practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A principal component analysis, coupled to a hierarchical cluster analysis, was performed to evaluate temporal evolution of contamination profiles and to assess variability among fish species and among sites according to watershed characteristics. The explicative variables correspond to muscular concentrations of pesticides (azoxystrobin, clomazone, diflufenican, carbendazim, isoproturon, metazachlor, napropamid) in three species of fish (Perca fluviatilis, Cyprinus carpio and Rutilus rutilus), caught in five ponds during two sampling campaigns. Management data are added variables in order to discuss about parameters suspected to be implicated in the contamination profiles recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This work shows that high amounts of pesticides applied, short crop rotation durations and bare soil practices led to contamination of sediments and fish and were associated to a "bad" management of watershed. Breeding fish that had low masses and establishing the fishing period at the end of winter seemed to be "bad" management of pond. Aggravating topological parameters were big watershed coupled to small pond and high proportions of sand soils in the watershed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing amounts of pesticide used (e.g. policy agency plans, farmer acceptance), favouring long-term rotations and inter-cultures, adapting pond creation and fish farming practices to watershed management and topography all could reduce pesticide levels in edible fish and contribute to a better sustainability of the extensive fish farming in pond.
authors.affiliation: Nancy Université, INRA, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 172, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France. alazartigues@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Angélique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazartigues
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banas
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feidt
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brun-Bellut
authors.forename: Jean-Noël
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gardeur
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Roux
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005602:France; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D061005:Ponds / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical