title: Evaluation of anemia management by algorithms in patients with chronic kidney disease who are not receiving dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia commonly develops in patients with chronic kidney disease and is strongly associated with adverse clinical outcomes. There are currently no published studies evaluating the efficacy of a nurse-driven anemia-management protocol for patients with chronic kidney disease who are not receiving dialysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of an anemia-management protocol in terms of achieving hemoglobin and transferrin saturation levels within the target range, as well as associated utilization of medications, relative to individualized dosing of medications by nephrologists.
  
  
  METHODS
  An algorithm for nurse-driven management of anemia was introduced in April 2009 at a kidney function clinic in a large urban centre. The charts of patients with chronic kidney disease who were not undergoing dialysis were reviewed before (July to December 2007) and after (July to December 2009) implementation of the protocol. Patients' data for hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, and doses of iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents were collected for each of the 6-month study periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 390 patients were treated for anemia before and 434 patients after introduction of the protocol. The anemia-management protocol was non-inferior to individualized dosing for maintenance of hemoglobin levels within the target range of 110-120 g/L: percentage of measured levels within target range 33.3% (485/1456) before versus 34.2% (504/1472) after (absolute difference 0.9 percentage points, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.5 to 4.4). The criteria for non-inferiority were not met for maintenance of transferrin saturation within the target range of 22%-50%: percentage of levels within target range 58.8% (374/636) before versus 56.9% (403/708) after (absolute difference 1.9 percentage points, 95% CI -3.4 to 7.2). There were no statistically significant differences in mean doses of epoetin alfa, darbepoetin, or iron before and after introduction of the protocol. Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences in number of dose changes for epoetin alfa, darbepoetin, or iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nurse-driven anemia-management protocol was non-inferior to dosing by nephrologists in terms of managing hemoglobin levels. It would be reasonable to use an anemia-management protocol for patients with chronic kidney disease who are not receiving dialysis.
authors.affiliation: , BScChem, BScPharm, ACPR, is a Clinical Pharmacist, St Paul's Hospital, Providence Healthcare, Vancouver, British Columbia.
authors.forename: Jenelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: Adeera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zienkiewicz