title: Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and implantation failure among women undergoing in vitro fertilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins found in numerous consumer products. In experimental animals, BPA increases embryo implantation failure and reduces litter size.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the association of urinary BPA concentrations with implantation failure among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry to measure urinary BPA concentrations in 137 women in a prospective cohort study among women undergoing IVF at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center in Boston, Massachusetts. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association of cycle-specific urinary BPA concentrations with implantation failure, accounting for correlation among multiple IVF cycles in the same woman using generalized estimating equations. Implantation failure was defined as a negative serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin test (β-hCG < 6 IU/L) 17 days after egg retrieval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 137 women undergoing 180 IVF cycles, urinary BPA concentrations had a geometric mean (SD) of 1.53 (2.22) µg/L. Overall, 42% (n = 75) of the IVF cycles resulted in implantation failure. In adjusted models, there was an increased odds of implantation failure with higher quartiles of urinary BPA concentrations {odds ratio (OR) 1.02 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.35, 2.95}, 1.60 (95% CI: 0.70, 3.78), and 2.11 (95% CI: 0.84, 5.31) for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively, compared with the lowest quartile (p-trend = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a positive linear dose-response association between BPA urinary concentrations and implantation failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Paige L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Missmer
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flaws
authors.forename: Katharine F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Petrozza
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Russ
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds