title: Iron biomarkers in plasma, HFE genotypes, and the risk for colorectal cancer in a prospective setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High iron levels can increase the formation of noxious oxygen radicals, which are thought to promote carcinogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether iron biomarkers and HFE genotypes, which influence iron regulation, constitute risk factors for colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective nested case-referent study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed within the population-based Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 226 cases of colorectal cancer and 437 matched referents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conditional regression analysis was performed. Adjustments for smoking, smoking and BMI, and HFE C282Y and H63D were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest quintile of total iron-binding capacity showed significantly higher risk for colorectal cancer, unadjusted OR 2.35 (95% CI 1.38-4.02). When stratified by sex, the findings were only present in women (OR 3.34 (95% CI 1.59-7.02)). Ferritin was associated with reduced risk throughout quintiles 2 to 5 both in univariate and multivariate models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colorectal cancer may influence iron markers because of occult bleeding. Homozygotes for HFE C282Y were too few to make conclusions for this group. The relatively short follow-up time might be insufficient to detect risk of iron biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High iron levels do not increase the risk of colorectal cancer. HFE genotypes influencing iron uptake had no effect on colorectal cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. kim.ekblom@medbio.umu.se
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ekblom
authors.forename: Stefan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Marklund
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palmqvist
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Guelpen
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinehall
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hultdin
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005838:Genotype; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C103673:HFE protein, human; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014168:Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron