title: ["Scores of Independence for Neurologic and Geriatric Rehabilitation (SINGER)" - development and validation of a new assessment instrument].
abstract: In the context of developing and testing a procedure for "Outcome-oriented payment for rehabilitation after stroke", we found that the instruments commonly used to measure the outcomes  of rehabilitation after stroke (e. g., Barthel-Index or FIM) were not meeting the special requirements  of the new payment system. Therefore the "Scores of Independence for Neurologic and Geriatric Rehabilitation" (SINGER) was developed as a new assessment instrument. This instrument is based on the ICF and measures 20 aspects of "independence in activities of daily living". The characteristic feature of the SINGER is, above all, the way all items are graded in 6 steps: the gradation does not refer to the degree of disability but to the kind and amount of help required for the respective activity, i. e.: 0 = totally dependent on professional help; 1 = professional contact help needed; 2 = contact help by (instructed) lay persons sufficient; 3 = preparation or supervision by lay persons still needed; 4 = independent with assistive device or still slow; 5 = independent without assistive device. For experienced personnel in neurologic rehabilitation, these gradations are "intuitively plausible". A manual moreover describes each grade in detail for each item so that the instrument can be used in rehabilitation facilities without extensive training. The SINGER has been tested and validated in a pilot study (n = 100) and in 2 subsequent studies with large case numbers in neurologic rehabilitation (n = 1058 and n = 700 patients after stroke in all categories of severity). Factor analyses showed that the instrument contains 2 dimensions which can be interpreted as "physical activities" and "activities of communication and cognition". Each of these 2 dimensions can be split into 2 sub-dimensions that can be assigned to the tasks of therapeutical professions in care/Occupational Therapy, physiotherapy, logopedics, and neuro- psychology. The test criteria of reliability, sensitivity, convergent validity, floor and ceiling effects as well as sensitivity to change show good to very good results. Particular emphasis can be given to the high degree of interrater reliability and the wide range of possible applications in clinical practice as well as in research. A limitation of the instrument to be taken into account is the fact that the SINGER has not yet been tested and validated in geriatric rehabilitation facilities.
authors.affiliation: Hochrhein-Institut am RehaKlinikum, Bad Säckingen. nikogerdes@web.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.forename: U-N
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schüwer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Themann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meffert
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome