title: Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence for the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemia, insulin resistance, progression to diabetes and complications of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials comparing vitamin D or analogues with placebo. We extracted data on fasting glucose, glycaemic control, insulin resistance, insulin/C-peptide levels, micro- and macrovascular outcomes and progression from non-diabetes to diabetes. Studies were assessed independently by two reviewers according to a pre-specified protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen trials were included in the systematic review. Trial reporting was of moderate, variable quality. Combining all studies, no significant improvement was seen in fasting glucose, HbA(1c) or insulin resistance in those treated with vitamin D compared with placebo. For patients with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, meta-analysis showed a small effect on fasting glucose (-0.32 mmol/l, 95%CI -0.57 to -0.07) and a small improvement in insulin resistance (standard mean difference -0.25, 95%CI -0.48 to -0.03). No effect was seen on glycated haemoglobin in patients with diabetes and no differences were seen for any outcome in patients with normal fasting glucose. Insufficient data were available to draw conclusions regarding micro- or macrovascular events; two trials failed to show a reduction in new cases of diabetes in patients treated with vitamin D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is currently insufficient evidence of beneficial effect to recommend vitamin D supplementation as a means of improving glycaemia or insulin resistance in patients with diabetes, normal fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Witham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014807:Vitamin D; D014815:Vitamins; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D