title: Effect of [6]-gingerol on myofibroblast differentiation in transforming growth factor beta 1-induced nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  [6]-Gingerol is one of the major pungent principles of ginger and has diverse effects, including anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are released during the phenotypic transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a process  that is involved in the growth of nasal polyps by inducing extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of [6]-gingerol on myofibroblast differentiation and collagen production of nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and to determine  if the effect of [6]-gingerol is linked to an antioxidant effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPDFs were incubated and treated with transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1. The ROS generated by NPDFs were determined using 2″,7″-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate. The fluorescence was  captured by a fluorescent microscope and measured using a fluorometer. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and collagen type IV mRNA was determined by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of α-SMA protein and pSmad2/3 was determined by immunofluorescence  microscopy and or Western blotting. The amount of total soluble collagen production was analyzed by the SirCol collagen dye-binding assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta 1 stimulation increased ROS production by NPDFs. [6]-Gingerol decreased the production of ROS in TGF-beta 1-induced  NPDFs. Myofibroblast differentiation, collagen production, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 were prevented by [6]-gingerol and inhibition of ROS generation with antioxidant such as diphenyliodonium, N-acetylcysteine, and ebselen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest the  possibility that [6]-gingerol may play an important role in inhibiting the production of the ECM in the development of nasal polyps through an antioxidant effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sook A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Il-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jung-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: You-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Seung Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tae Hoon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Hag
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Heung-Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D058628:Myofibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C541116:ACTA2 protein, human; D000199:Actins; D000975:Antioxidants; D002396:Catechols; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051785:Smad Proteins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C007845:gingerol