title: Benefits of two mitigation strategies for container vessels: cleaner engines and cleaner fuels.
abstract: Emissions from ocean-going vessels (OGVs) are a significant health concern for people near port communities. This paper reports the emission benefits for two mitigation strategies, cleaner engines and cleaner fuels, for a 2010 container vessel. In-use emissions were measured following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) protocols. The overall in-use nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emission factor was 16.1 ± 0.1 gkW(-1) h(-1), lower than the Tier 1 certification (17 gkW(-1) h(-1)) and significantly lower than the benchmark value of 18.7 gkW(-1) h(-1) commonly used for estimating emission inventories. The in-use particulate matter (PM(2.5)) emission was 1.42 ± 0.04 gkW(-1) h(-1) for heavy fuel oil (HFO) containing 2.51 wt % sulfur. Unimodal (∼30 nm) and bimodal (∼35 nm; ∼75 nm) particle number size distributions (NSDs) were observed when the vessel operated on marine gas oil (MGO) and HFO, respectively. First-time emission measurements during fuel switching (required 24 nautical miles from coastline) showed that concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and particle NSD took ∼55 min to reach steady-state when switching from MGO to HFO and ∼84 min in the opposite direction. Therefore, if OGVs commence fuel change at the regulated boundary, then vessels can travel up to 90% of the distance to the port before steady-state values are re-established. The transient behavior follows a classic, nonlinear mixing function driven by the amount of fuel in day tank and the fuel consumption rate. Hence, to achieve the maximum benefits from a fuel change regulation, fuel switch boundary should be further increased to provide the intended benefits for the people living near the ports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
authors.forename: M Yusuf
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asa-Awuku
authors.forename: J Wayne
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cocker
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000465:Algorithms; D005648:Fuel Oils; D010316:Particle Size; D012767:Ships; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D005648:Fuel Oils; D001335:Vehicle Emissions