title: High coffee intake is associated with lower grade nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the role of peripheral antioxidant activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some phytochemicals present in coffee have a potential antioxidant role which seems to protect the human body against cardiovascular diseases, liver disease and malignancies. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common disease with limited therapeutic options. This study investigated the antioxidant effect of coffee by measuring antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-control study at the University Hospital, Mexico City. Anthropometric, metabolic, dietary and biochemical variables of all patients were determined and compared. The presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was established by ultrasonography. All patients completed a dietary questionnaire in order to determine their of coffee consumption. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured in all of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three subjects with and 57 without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were included. Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease had significantly higher body mass index, blood glucose, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance and insulin values in comparison to patients without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. On the one hand, there was a significant difference in coffee intake between the groups (p < 0.05, for all comparisons). There was no significant difference between groups in catalase (0.39 ± 0.74 vs. 0.28 ± 0.69 nM/min/mL), superoxide dismutase (5.4 ± 3.45 vs. 4.7 ± 2.1 U/mL) or thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (4.05 ± 1.87 vs. 3.94 ± 1.59 µM/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high intake of coffee has a protective effect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease however there was no significant difference in the antioxidant variables analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ylse
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Grobe
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chávez-Tapia
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Valle
authors.forename: Juan Gabriel
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gavilanes-Espinar
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponciano-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Misael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Nahum
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Méndez-Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D003069:Coffee; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003069:Coffee; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase