title: Ectopic ureters in dogs: clinical features, surgical techniques and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare clinical features of ectopic ureter (EU) in male and female dogs and outcome after neoureterostomy with resection restricted to the intravesical part of the ureter for intramural ectopic ureter (iEU) or of ureteroneocystostomy for extramural ectopic ureter (eEU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female dogs (n = 26) with 32 iEU and 8 eEU; male dogs (n = 24) with 25 iEU and 18 eEU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from medical records (1992-2008). Long-term follow-up information after surgical correction by modified neoureterostomy or ureteroneocystostomy was gathered by owner questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age at first occurrence of UI was significantly lower in females (<2 months) than in males with EU (8 months; P = 0.0015). Bilateral occurrence and an extramural course of the ureter were more common in males (n = 19 and n = 20, respectively) compared with females (14 and 12, respectively), but the outcome of surgical treatment was comparable in both genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis after surgery is fair with a success rate of 72% and a complication rate of 26%. Resection of only the intravesicular ectopic ureter resulted in resolution of incontinence in a high percentage of dogs and thus is an acceptable alternative to removal of the entire ureteral remnant.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, University Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, Zurich Switzerland. ireichler@vetclinics.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Reichler
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eckrich Specker
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hubler
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haessig
authors.forename: Susi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*