title: Real-time scintillation array dosimetry for radiotherapy: the advantages of photomultiplier detectors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this paper, a photomultiplier tube (PMT) array dosimetry system has been developed and tested for the real-time readout of multiple scintillation signals from fiber optic dosimeters. It provides array dosimetry with the advantages in sensitivity provided by a PMT, but without the need for a separate PMT for each detector element.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PMT array system consisted of a multianode PMT, a multichannel data acquisition system, housing and optic fiber connections suitable for clinical use. The reproducibility, channel uniformity, channel crosstalk, acquisition speed, and sensitivity of the PMT array were quantified using a constant light source. Its performance was compared to other readout systems used in scintillation dosimetry. An in vivo HDR brachytherapy treatment was used as an example of a clinical application of the dosimetry system to the measurement of dose at multiple sites in the rectum. The PMT array system was also tested in the pulsed beam of a linear accelerator to test its response speed and its application with two separate methods of Cerenkov background removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PMT array dosimetry system was highly reproducible with a measurement uncertainty of 0.13% for a 10 s acquisition period. Optical crosstalk between neighboring channels was accounted for by omitting every second channel. A mathematical procedure was used to account for the crosstalk in next-neighbor channels. The speed and sensitivity of the PMT array system were found be superior to CCD cameras, allowing for measurement of more rapid changes in dose rate. This was further demonstrated by measuring the dose delivered by individual photon pulses of a linear accelerator beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PMT array system has advantages over CCD camera-based systems for the readout of scintillation light. It provided a more sensitive, more accurate, and faster response to meet the demands of future developments in treatment delivery.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia. pliu@physics.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Paul Z Y
authors.initials: PZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Natalka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suchowerska
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abolfathi
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McKenzie
mesh_terms: D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D003199:Computer Systems; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D010783:Photometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012588:Scintillation Counting / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity