title: Periodontal status of HIV-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy compared to HIV-therapy naive patients: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although severe oral opportunistic infections decreased with the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, periodontitis is still a commonly described problem in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of the present investigation was to determine possible differences in periodontal parameters between antiretroviral treated and untreated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 80 patients infected with HIV divided into two groups. The first group was receiving antiretroviral therapy while the second group was therapy naive. The following parameters were examined: probing pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, papilla bleeding score, periodontal screening index and the index for decayed, missed and filled teeth. A questionnaire concerning oral hygiene, dental care and smoking habits was filled out by the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences regarding the periodontal parameters between the groups except in the clinical marker for inflammation, the papilla bleeding score, which was twice as high (P < 0.0001) in the antiretroviral untreated group (0.58 ± 0.40 versus 1.02 ± 0.59). The participants of this investigation generally showed a prevalence of periodontitis comparable to that in healthy subjects. The results of the questionnaire were comparable between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no indication for advanced periodontal damage in HIV-infected versus non-infected patients in comparable age groups. Due to their immunodeficiency, HIV-infected patients should be monitored closely to prevent irreversible periodontal damage. Periodontal monitoring and early therapy is recommended independent of an indication for highly active antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fricke
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Geurtsen
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Staufenbiel
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003771:Dental Papilla / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult