title: Enhancement of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of red ginseng extract by fermentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work aimed to compare some pharmacological properties of red ginseng extract (RG) and fermented red ginseng extract (FRG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Antinociceptive activity was analysed using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced inflammation in the air pouch, and analysed through the measurement of nitrite content in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells. Anti-angiogenic activity was determined using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of FRG was stronger than that of RG in two animal models, vascular permeability and air-pouch models. In the vascular permeability model, the doses of RG and FRG required for half-maximal inhibition (IC50) were 181 and 59mg/kg, respectively. FRG exhibited significantly stronger antinociceptive activity than RG. In the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response, the IC50 values of RG and FRG were 153 and 27mg/kg, respectively. Although both RG and FRG were able to suppress production of nitric oxide in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, the suppressive activity of FRG appeared to be stronger than that of RG. However, RG and FRG showed similar anti-angiogenic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FRG possesses enhanced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity but similar anti-angiogenic activity than RG.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Hojin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hye-Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Daehyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Hacksoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Chang-Jin
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D005285:Fermentation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D005894:Panax; D010539:Permeability; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D028321:Plant Preparations; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid