title: The importance of HbA1c and glucose variability in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: outcome of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).
abstract: Glucose variability has recently been investigated in diabetic patients in several studies, but most of them considered only a few variability indicators and did not systematically correlate them with patients' HbA1c levels and other important characteristics. In thus study, the correlations between HbA1c levels and metabolic control (average glucose, AG), glucose variability (SD, CONGA, MAGE, MODD, BG ROC), hyperglycemia (HBGI), hypoglycemia (LBGI) and postprandial (AUC PP) indices were investigated in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The study involved 68 patients divided into 3 groups as follows: 35 patients had type 1 diabetes (group 1); 17 had type 2 diabetes and were taking multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin (group 2); and 16 patients had type 2 diabetes treated with OHA and/or basal insulin (group 3). The indicators were obtained over at least 48 h using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system. HbA1c levels were measured at the baseline and after CGM. HbA1c correlated significantly with AG (r = 0.74), AUC PP (r = 0.69) and HBGI (r = 0.74), but only in type 1 diabetic patients. Patients with longstanding disease and type 1 diabetes had a greater glucose variability, irrespective of their HbA1c levels. Insulin therapy with MDI correlated strongly with HbA1c, but not with glucose variability. HbA1c levels identify states of sustained hyperglycemia and seem to be unaffected by hypoglycemic episodes or short-lived glucose spikes, consequently revealing shortcomings as a "gold standard" indicator of metabolic control. Glucose variability indicators describe the glucose profile of type 1 diabetic patients and identify any worsening glycemic control (typical of longstanding diabetes) more accurately than HbA1c tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani n 2, 35128 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartore
authors.forename: Nino Cristiano
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chilelli
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burlina
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piarulli
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fedele
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Annunziata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapolla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin