title: Patterns and correlates of grip strength change with age in Afro-Caribbean men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  muscle strength is essential for physical functions and an indicator of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Among the factors associated with muscle strength loss with age, ethnicity has been shown to play an important role.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to examine the patterns and correlates of muscle strength change with age in a population-based cohort of middle-aged and older Afro-Caribbean men.
  
  
  METHODS
  handgrip strength and body composition were measured in 1,710 Afro-Caribbean men. Data were also collected for demographic variables, medical history and lifestyle behaviours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the age range of the study population was 29-89 years. Grip strength increased below age 50 years, and decreased after age 50 years over 4.5-year follow-up. The average loss in grip strength was 2.2% (0.49% per year) for ages 50 years or older and 3.8% (0.64% per year) for ages 65 years or older. The significant independent predictors of grip strength loss included older age, a greater body mass index, lower initial arm lean mass and greater loss of arm lean mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Afro-Caribbean men experience a significant decline in muscle strength with advanced age. The major independent factors associated with strength loss were similar to other ethnic groups, including age, body weight and lean mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Social Work, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA. kimberly.forrest@sru.edu
authors.forename: Kimberly Y Z
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Clareann H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bunker
authors.forename: Yahtyng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zmuda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014300:Trinidad and Tobago / Q000453:epidemiology