title: ASPN and GJB2 Are Implicated in the Mechanisms of Invasion of Ductal Breast Carcinomas.
abstract: The mechanism of progression from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) remains largely unknown. We compared gene expression in tumors with simultaneous DCIS and IDC to decipher how diverse proteins participate in the local invasive process.Twenty frozen tumor specimens with concurrent, but separated, DCIS and IDC were microdissected and evaluated. Total RNA was extracted and microarray analysis was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene 1.0 ST Arrays. Microarray data were validated by quantitative real time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Controls included seven pure in situ carcinomas, eight fragments from normal breast tissue, and a series of mouse breast carcinomas (MMTV-PyMT).Fifty-six genes were differentially expressed between DCIS and IDC samples. The genes upregulated in IDC samples, and probably associated with invasion, were related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (ASPN, THBS2, FN1, SPARC, and COL11A1), cellular adhesion (GJB2), cell motility and progression (PLAUR, PLAU, BGN, ADAMTS16, and ENPP2), extracellular matrix degradation (MMP11, MMP13, and MMP14), and growth/proliferation (ST6GAL2). qRT-PCR confirmed the expression patterns of ASPN, GJB2, ENPP2, ST6GAL2, and TMBS10. Expression of the ASPN and GJB2 gene products was detected by immunohistochemistry in invasive carcinoma foci. The association of GJB2 protein expression with invasion was confirmed by qRT-PCR in mouse tumors (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The upregulation of ASPN and GJB2 may play important roles in local invasion of breast ductal carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: 1. Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Bàrbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castellana
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Escuin
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peiró
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garcia-Valdecasas
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.forename: Maitane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Olabarria
authors.forename: Agustí
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barnadas
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lerma