title: Dichloroacetate induces different rates of cell death in cancer and noncancer cell lines in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pyruvate mimetic dichloroacetate (DCA) has been shown to induce cell death in cancer cells. A number of studies in vitro and in vivo have suggested this molecule may serve as an anticancer agent, but some cells are resistant. Here we wanted to examine the effects of DCA on cancerous and noncancerous cells grown in culture for a prolonged period of exposure and at increasing concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cancer cell lines (A549, SK-HEP-1, HCT116, UPCI:SCC070, HeLa and MES-SA) and three noncancerous lines (RPE, GM03349B and HEK293) were exposed to 0.5 mM DCA for seven days and cell counts were taken every day to determine viability and cell cycle progression. The same cell lines were also exposed to higher doses of DCA up to 10 mM and viability was scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five cancer cell lines showed high levels of cell death early in the trial, but three of the lines showed a second delayed increase in cell death at later stages. HCT116 cells were unaffected by 0.5 mM DCA. GM03349B and RPE cells also died when treated with DCA. At high concentrations, all cell lines exhibited high rates of death. No specific cell cycle arrest of the cells was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that there is considerable difference in the way cancer cells are affected by DCA. Some have populations that are highly resistant to treatment, while others have stronger rates of death only after prolonged exposure. We also found noncancerous cells are not all resistant to DCA, a significant finding that has not previously been observed in other in vitro DCA trials.
authors.affiliation: Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
authors.forename: Jovonia T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Quintyne
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008940:Mitotic Index
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid; D020169:Caspases