title: Ultrasound-guided lateral approach for needle insertion into the subscapularis for treatment of spasticity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and accuracy of ultrasound (US)-guided needle insertion into the subscapularis using fresh cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A needle was inserted into the subscapularis of adult human cadavers under US guidance using a lateral approach from the posterior axillary fold. An anatomist dissected the cadavers to evaluate the effectiveness of this injection method.
  
  
  METHODS
  University dissecting room.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh cadavers (N=5).
  
  
  METHODS
  US-guided dye injections targeting the motor points of the subscapularis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy of the injections and prevalence of complications. The presence of dye within 1.0cm of the motor points was defined as reaching the target. The injection procedure was considered a success if two-thirds of the injected dye reached the target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We did not identify any neurovascular structures at risk of injury in the injection route. All subscapularis muscles were injected successfully using the US-guided lateral approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US-guided needle insertion into the subscapularis using this lateral approach was accurate and had the minimal risk of neurovascular or lung injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rha
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung-Yoon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Sang Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional