title: Autoinducer-2 influences interactions amongst pioneer colonizing streptococci in oral biofilms.
abstract: Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus oralis are among the first bacterial species to colonize clean tooth surfaces. Both produce autoinducer-2 (AI-2): a family of inter-convertible cell-cell signal molecules synthesized by the LuxS enzyme. The overall aim of this work was to determine whether AI-2 alters interspecies interactions between S. gordonii DL1 and S. oralis 34 within dual-species biofilms in flowing human saliva. Based upon AI-2 bioluminescence assays, S. gordonii DL1 produced more AI-2 activity than S. oralis 34 in batch culture, and both were able to remove AI-2 activity from solution. In single-species, saliva-fed flowcell systems, S. oralis 34 formed scant biofilms that were similar to the luxS mutant. Conversely, S. gordonii DL1 formed confluent biofilms while the luxS mutant formed architecturally distinct biofilms that possessed twofold greater biovolume than the wild-type. Supplementing saliva with 0.1-10 nM chemically synthesized AI-2 (csAI-2) restored the S. gordonii DL1 luxS biofilm phenotype to that which was similar to the wild-type; above or below this concentration range, biofilms were architecturally similar to that formed by the luxS mutant. In dual-species biofilms, S. gordonii DL1 was always more abundant than S. oralis 34. Compared with dual-species, wild-type biofilms, the biovolume occupied by S. oralis 34 was reduced by greater than sevenfold when neither species produced AI-2. The addition of 1 nM csAI-2 to the dual-species luxS-luxS mutant biofilms re-established the biofilm phenotype to resemble that of the wild-type pair. Thus, this work demonstrates that AI-2 can alter the biofilm structure and composition of pioneering oral streptococcal biofilms. This may influence the subsequent succession of other species into oral biofilms and the ecology of dental plaque.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cuadra-Saenz
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Dhana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Sneha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Belapure
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Shawn R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Zhichao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tammariello
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rickard
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D006714:Homoserine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000378:metabolism*; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D054773:Streptococcus gordonii / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007783:Lactones; C091088:N-octanoylhomoserine lactone; D006714:Homoserine