title: Depressive symptoms among the medically hospitalized older individuals -- a 1-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present follow-up study of older medically hospitalized patients from a rural area in Norway assessed the prevalence of depressive symptoms at 1-year follow-up and furthermore explored whether depressive symptoms at follow-up was associated with change in the medical, functional or emotional situation between baseline and follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1-year follow-up study included 363 (175 men) older medical inpatients with age range 65-98 (mean = 80.2; standard deviation (SD) = 7.5) years. Information was collected at baseline and follow-up using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD), the Mini-Mental State Examination, Lawton and Brody's scales for physical self-maintenance and performance of the instrumental activities of daily living.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depressive symptoms, as defined by a score ≥ 8 at HAD-D, was 10% at baseline and 7% at follow-up. Of those with depressive symptoms at baseline, 78% had experienced remission. The incidence of depressive symptoms at follow-up was 5%. In logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, and depressive symptoms at baseline, becoming or being in need of assistance from nursing or social services (odds ratio (OR) = 8.1, 95% CI: 1.9-34.2 and OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 1.1-17.4, respectively), having a cognitive decline (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3), and exhibiting poorer physical self-maintenance (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3), becoming vision impaired (OR = 8.3, 95% CI: 2.8-25.0), and with increased anxiety (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3) during follow-up was associated with depressive symptoms at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 1-year follow-up study of older medical inpatients contributes to the research body regarding risk factors of depression in older people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. Anne-Sofie.Helvik@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Anne-Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Helvik
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Selbaek
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data