title: Implantable enzyme amperometric biosensors.
abstract: The implantable enzyme amperometric biosensor continues as the dominant in vivo format for the detection, monitoring and reporting of biochemical analytes related to a wide range of pathologies. Widely used in animal studies, there is increasing emphasis on their use in diabetes care and management, the management of trauma-associated hemorrhage and in critical care monitoring by intensivists in the ICU. These frontier opportunities demand continuous indwelling performance for up to several years, well in excess of the currently approved seven days. This review outlines the many challenges to successful deployment of chronically implantable amperometric enzyme biosensors and emphasizes the emerging technological approaches in their continued development. The foreign body response plays a prominent role in implantable biotransducer failure. Topics considering the approaches to mitigate the inflammatory response, use of biomimetic chemistries, nanostructured topographies, drug eluting constructs, and tissue-to-device interface modulus matching are reviewed. Similarly, factors that influence biotransducer performance such as enzyme stability, substrate interference, mediator selection and calibration are reviewed. For the biosensor system, the opportunities and challenges of integration, guided by footprint requirements, the limitations of mixed signal electronics, and power requirements, has produced three systems approaches. The potential is great. However, integration along the multiple length scales needed to address fundamental issues and integration across the diverse disciplines needed to achieve success of these highly integrated systems, continues to be a challenge in the development and deployment of implantable amperometric enzyme biosensor systems.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips (C3B), Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, 100 Technology Drive, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Christian N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Kotanen
authors.affiliation: Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, West London, UB83PH, UK.
authors.forename: Francis Gabriel
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Moussy
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), C ISIM LSI1 - INF 338 (Bâtiment INF) Station 14 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carrara
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips (C3B), Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, 100 Technology Drive, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; ABTECH Scientific, Inc., Biotechnology Research Park, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA. Electronic address: guiseppi@clemson.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guiseppi-Elie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D040761:Biomimetic Materials; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001709:Biotechnology; D004343:Drug Implants; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D018511:Systems Integration
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants