title: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of novel oral aspirin-loaded nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion formulations generated using ultrasound cavitation.
abstract: The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of novel aspirin oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) nano multiple emulsion formulations generated using ultrasound cavitation techniques. The anti-inflammatory activities of nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion were determined using the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The analgesic activities of both nanoformulations were determined using acetic acid-induced writhing response and hot plate assay. For comparison, the effect of pretreatment with blank nanoemulsion and reference aspirin suspension were also studied for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The results showed that oral administration of nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion containing aspirin (60 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw edema induced by λ-carrageenan injection. Both nanoformulations decreased the number of abdominal constriction in acetic acid-induced writhing model. Pretreatment with nanoformulations led to a significant increase in reaction time in hot plate assay. Nanoemulsion demonstrated an enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to reference suspension while nano multiple emulsion exhibited a mild inhibitory effects in the three experimental animal model tests. The results obtained for nano multiple emulsion were relatively lower than reference. However, administration of blank nanoemulsion did not alter the nociceptive response significantly though it showed slight anti-inflammatory effect. These experimental studies suggest that nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion produced a pronounced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in rats and may be candidates as new nanocarriers for pharmacological NSAIDs in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and alleviating pains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siah Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Manickam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
authors.forename: Angela Min-Hwei
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Parthasarathy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shridharan
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004655:Emulsions; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D011108:Polymers; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid; D001241:Aspirin