title: Development of a cardiac surgery simulation curriculum: from needs assessment results to practical implementation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A paradigm shift in surgical training has led to national efforts to incorporate simulation-based learning into cardiothoracic residency programs. Our goal was to determine the feasibility of developing a cardiac surgery simulation curriculum using the formal steps of curriculum development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiothoracic surgery residents (n = 6) and faculty (n = 9) evaluated 54 common cardiac surgical procedures to determine their need for simulation. The highest scoring procedures were grouped into similarly themed monthly modules, each with specific learning objectives. Educational tools consisting of inanimate, animate, and cadaveric facilities and a newly created virtual operating room were used for curriculum implementation. Resident satisfaction was evaluated by way of a 5-point Likert scale. Perceived competency (scale of 1-10) and pre-/post-self-confidence (scale of 1-5) scores were collected and analyzed using cumulative mean values and a paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 23 highest scoring procedures (mean score, ≥ 4.0) on the needs assessment, 21 were used for curriculum development. These procedures were categorized into 12 monthly modules. The simulation curriculum was implemented using the optimal simulation tool available. Resident satisfaction (n = 57) showed an overwhelmingly positive response (mean score, ≥ 4.7). The perceived competency scores highlighted the procedures residents were uncomfortable performing independently. The pre-/post-self-confidence scores increased throughout the modules, and the differences were statistically significant (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to develop and implement a cardiac surgery simulation curriculum using a structured approach. High-fidelity, low-technology tools such as a fresh tissue cadaver laboratory and a virtual operating room could be important adjuncts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. cbaker@surgery.usc.edu
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Raina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Maura E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D020380:Needs Assessment; D016544:Patient Simulation; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000193:education*