title: The objectives of the U.S. Exploring Expedition's circumnavigation (1838-1842): longitude, nautical charting and the establishment of modern geographic coordinates.
abstract: This article analyzes the main objectives of the scientific voyage to circumnavigate the earth, undertaken by the United States from 1838 to 1842. Charting was one of the most important of the scientific and strategic goals of the exploratory voyage. The initiative for the undertaking was the search for exact positioning on the high seas after the establishment of the longitude system, when nautical charts and maps from various countries were compared, and other, new ones were drawn. The United States participated in this international effort, leading to the creation of its own cartographic system.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de História, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 05413-000, maryjunq@usp.br.
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Junqueira