title: The health outcomes and physical activity in preschoolers (HOPP) study: rationale and design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The early years are the period of growth for which we know the least about the impact of physical activity. In contrast, we know that more than 90 % of school-aged Canadian children, for example, are not meeting physical activity recommendations. Such an activity crisis is a major contributor to recent trends in childhood obesity, to which preschoolers are not immune. The World Health Organization estimated that more than 42 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight world-wide in 2010. If an activity crisis exists during the preschool years, we should also be concerned about its broader impact on health. Unfortunately, the relationship between physical activity and health during the early years is poorly understood. The goal of the Health Outcomes and Physical activity in Preschoolers (HOPP) study is to describe how the prevalence and patterns of physical activity in preschoolers are associated with indices of health.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HOPP study is a prospective cohort study. We aim to recruit 400 3- to 5-year-old children (equal number of boys and girls) and test them once per year for 3 years. Each annual assessment involves 2 laboratory visits and 7 consecutive days of physical activity monitoring with protocols developed in our pilot work. At visit 1, we assess body composition, aerobic fitness, short-term muscle power, motor skills, and have the parents complete a series of questionnaires related to their child's physical activity, health-related quality of life and general behaviour. Over 7 consecutive days each child wears an accelerometer on his/her waist to objectively monitor physical activity. The accelerometer is programmed to record movement every 3 s, which is needed to accurately capture the intensity of physical activity. At visit 2, we assess vascular structure and function using ultrasound. To assess the associations between physical activity and health outcomes, our primary analysis will involve mixed-effects models for longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HOPP study addresses a significant gap in health research and our findings will hold the potential to shape public health policy for active living during the early years.
authors.affiliation: Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. timmonbw@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Timmons
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Proudfoot
authors.forename: Maureen J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cairney
mesh_terms: D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires