title: Recent developments in buccal and sublingual delivery systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been several advances in the delivery of drugs through the buccal mucosa over the last 5 years, which have resulted in a number of new buccal delivery products appearing on the market.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review discusses the most recent developments in the area of buccal and sublingual drug delivery, with a focus on marketed drugs. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The future potential of buccal and sublingual delivery systems looks favorable. It is envisaged that in the future, buccal and sublingual delivery technologies will provide a platform for the successful delivery of vaccines and antigens. It is also foreseen that physical means of enhancing drug uptake (e.g., sonophoresis, iontophoresis and electroporation) will be commercialized for buccal delivery, thereby expanding the current drug candidate list for this area. The formulation of delivery systems for photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy is a potential emerging area, while buccal and sublingual delivery, in general, is attractive for the development of intellectual property.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Turkey. ssenel@hacettepe.edu.tr
authors.forename: Sevda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Şenel
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rathbone
authors.forename: Merve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cansız
authors.forename: Indiran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pather
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000818:Animals; D002610:Cheek; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends; D018274:Electroporation; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D014612:Vaccines
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines