title: The clinical value and histopathological correlation of lacrimal scintigraphy in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the lacrimal gland function in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) using lacrimal scintigraphy (LS) and to determine the relationship between clinicopathological stage of primary SS and LS findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy eyes from 35 patients with primary SS and 20 eyes from 10 healthy age-matched and sex-matched individuals who served as the control group were included in this study. The patients with primary SS were divided into two groups - early stage and advanced stage - according to the labial biopsy scores (23 patients in early stage and 12 in advanced stage). LS, the Schirmer-1 test, determination of break-up time (BUT), Rose bengal ocular surface vital staining and assessment of functional parameters including ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores were performed for all cases. LS was used to evaluate tear clearance. Lacrimal scintigrams were evaluated for the presence and severity of delayed tear clearance. Delay in clearance was also subclassified according to the severity of delay (mild, moderate, severe and very severe). LS findings and ophthalmological test results of patients in early stage of disease were compared with the results of those in advanced stage and with those of normal individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Schirmer-1 test and BUT values of patients in advanced stage of primary SS decreased significantly, whereas the Rose bengal and OSDI values increased significantly when compared with the values of patients in early stage of primary SS and with those of normal individuals (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Tear clearance of patients in advanced-stage disease was delayed significantly, compared with the tear delay in patients in early stage of disease and that of normal individuals (P<0.001). An inverse correlation existed between tear clearance and both the Schirmer-1 test and BUT value in all patients (P<0.001). However, there was a positive correlation between both the Rose bengal ocular surface staining values and OSDI scores and tear clearance in all cases (P<0.001). LS findings and ophthalmologic test results were significantly different between early-stage and advanced-stage primary SS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that LS, which is correlated closely with ophthalmological test results, may be a useful method for the assessment of the lacrimal gland function in patients with primary SS. LS findings and ophthalmological tests may be used for determining disease severity in primary SS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey. sevaler@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Seval
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erhamamci
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karalezli
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aktas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012395:Rose Bengal; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012395:Rose Bengal