title: [Prostate cancer: promising biomarkers related to aggressive disease].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although a rapidly growing number of candidate biological markers of prognosis and/or response to specific treatments in prostate cancer, none have to date showed ability to completely prognosticate prostate cancer on evidence based urology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the pertinent literature on the issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review of the current literature was done focusing on promising biomarkers related to aggressive prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined with the heterogeneous nature of the disease, mixed case series are the most common study design, impeding robust results and the development of an effective therapeutic strategy. Improvement in prostate cancer patient survival requires not only the identification of new therapeutic target based on detailed understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in metastatic dissemination and tumor growth but strong clinical studies as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better study design involving potential markers and including well-classified and staged patients with robust methodology and adequate outcomes (mainly survival) are necessary to the field evolution.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Urología, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Unicamp, Brasil.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ribeiro da Silva
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tobias-Machado
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lima-Pompeo
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: da Silva Pinhal
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers