title: GLP-1 receptor agonists: a clinical perspective on cardiovascular effects.
abstract: The active incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is a 30-amino acid peptide that exerts glucoregulatory and insulinotropic actions by functioning as an agonist for the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). In addition to its anti-diabetic effects, GLP-1 has demonstrated cardioprotective actions. Here we review the cardiovascular effects of the GLP-1 analogues currently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, namely exenatide and liraglutide. We discuss their anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy, and offer a clinical perspective of their effects on cardiovascular risk factors such as body weight, blood pressure, heart rate and lipid profiles, as well as their potential consequences on cardiovascular events, such as arrhythmias, heart failure, myocardial infarction and death. Lastly, we briefly review additional GLP-1R agonists in clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Dhanwantee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mundil
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cameron-Vendrig
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015195:Drug Design; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D000077270:Exenatide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069450:Liraglutide; D010455:Peptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014688:Venoms / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D000077270:Exenatide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000069450:Liraglutide; D010455:Peptides; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D014688:Venoms; C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human