title: Relation of chemokines to BMI and insulin resistance at ages 18-21.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In obesity, adipose tissue becomes a significant source of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines that are associated with chronic systemic low-grade inflammation and may lead to insulin resistance. Studies in children have mainly focused on inflammatory cytokines and there are limited data for chemokines in adolescents and young adults. We studied the relation of chemokines to cardiovascular (CV)-risk factors, insulin resistance and adipocytokines in 18-21-year-old individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data collected in a cohort originally enrolled at mean age 13, with data for the present study obtained from 252 examined at age 18.7±0.1 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations among chemokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), visfatin and interleukin-8 (IL-8)) and between chemokines and body mass index (BMI), glucose, lipids, blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance (euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp) and adipocytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and adiponectin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemokine levels were significantly intercorrelated. Significant associations (P<0.05) with adjustment for age, race and sex included: MIP-1β with waist circumference and IL-6, IL-8 with systolic BP and visfatin with IL-6. No other significant relations were found between the chemokines and the other variables. Further adjustment for BMI did not alter these conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considered in the context of prior studies in children and adults, these results suggest that in large part, the association between chemokines and CV risk or inflammatory factors does not appear to develop until adult life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 255455, USA. ognja001@umn.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ognjanovic
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinberger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sinaiko
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000097:blood; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008055:Lipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase