title: Bactericidal efficiency and mode of action: a comparative study of photochemistry and photocatalysis.
abstract: In order to compare the disinfection potential of photocatalysis and photochemistry, the effects of these two processes on bacteria in water were investigated under exposure to UV-A and UV-C. The well-known bacterial model Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used as the experimental organism. Radiation exposure was produced with an HPK 125 W lamp and the standard TiO(2) Degussa P-25 was used as the photocatalyst. Firstly, the impact of photocatalysis and photochemistry on the cultivability of bacterial cells was investigated. UV-A radiation resulted in low deleterious effects on bacterial cultivability but generated colonies of size smaller than average. UV-C photocatalysis demonstrated a greater efficiency than UV-A photocatalysis in altering bacterial cultivability. From a cultivability point of view only, UV-C radiation appeared to be the most deleterious treatment. A rapid epifluorescence staining method using the LIVE/DEAD Bacterial Viability Kit was then used to assess the modifications in bacterial membrane permeability. UV-A radiation did not induce any alterations in bacterial permeability for 420 min of exposure whereas only a few minutes of exposure to UV-C radiation, with the same total radiance intensity, induced total loss of permeability. Moreover, after 20 and 60 min of exposure to UV-C and UV-A photocatalysis respectively, all bacteria lost their membrane integrity, suggesting that the bacterial envelope is the primary target of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated at the surface of TiO(2) photocatalyst. These results were further confirmed by the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) during the photocatalytic inactivation of bacterial cells and suggest that destruction of the cell envelope is a key step in the bactericidal action of photocatalysis. The oxidation of bacterial membrane lipids was also correlated with the monitoring of carboxylic acids, which can be considered as representatives of lipid peroxidation by-products. Finally, damages to bacterial morphology induced by UV-C photocatalysis and photochemistry were investigated through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacterial cells were observed on microscopy pictures at exposure durations corresponding to a loss of cultivability. After 90 min of exposure to UV-C radiation, bacterial cells showed little alteration of their outer membrane whereas they suffered deep deleterious damages under UV-C photocatalysis exposure.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pigeot-Rémy
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simonet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atlan
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lazzaroni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guillard
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D048168:Escherichia coli K12 / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007700:Kinetics; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000528:radiation effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010641:Phenotype; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D008315:Malondialdehyde