title: A review of risk factors for stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at higher risk for stroke because of higher prevalence of traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an extensive literature review with pre-defined keywords. We summarized the results of the studies evaluating for risk factors predisposing to stroke in CKD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of stroke and stroke-related mortality is higher in CKD patients compared with the general population. Presence of anemia, hypoalbuminemia, malnutrition, uremia, and hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with CKD is associated with higher incidence of stroke. Hemodialysis and renal transplant patients are at higher risk of developing stroke compared with those who do not require renal replacement therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early recognition of risk factors associated with stroke in CKD population is imperative. Early interventions may potentially decrease the incidence and associated mortality of stroke in CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (FS, NK, KQ) and Neurology (TNL), Univerity of Illinois School of Medicine, Urbana Champaign, IL.
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kousar
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Laurence