title: Long-term survival following partial vs radical nephrectomy among older patients with early-stage kidney cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although partial nephrectomy is the preferred treatment for many patients with early-stage kidney cancer, recent clinical trial data, which demonstrate better survival for patients treated with radical nephrectomy, have generated new uncertainty regarding the comparative effectiveness of these treatment options.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare long-term survival after partial vs radical nephrectomy among a population-based patient cohort whose treatment reflects contemporary surgical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries with clinical stage T1a kidney cancer treated with partial or radical nephrectomy from 1992 through 2007. Using an instrumental variable approach to account for measured and unmeasured differences between treatment groups, we fit a 2-stage residual inclusion model to estimate the treatment effect of partial nephrectomy on long-term survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall and kidney cancer-specific survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 7138 Medicare beneficiaries with early-stage kidney cancer, we identified 1925 patients (27.0%) treated with partial nephrectomy and 5213 patients (73.0%) treated with radical nephrectomy. During a median follow-up of 62 months, 487 (25.3%) and 2164 (41.5%) patients died following partial or radical nephrectomy, respectively. Kidney cancer was the cause of death for 37 patients (1.9%) treated with partial nephrectomy, and 222 patients (4.3%) treated with radical nephrectomy. Patients treated with partial nephrectomy had a significantly lower risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.85). This corresponded with a predicted survival increase with partial nephrectomy of 5.6 (95% CI, 1.9-9.3), 11.8 (95% CI, 3.9-19.7), and 15.5 (95% CI, 5.0-26.0) percentage points at 2, 5, and 8 years posttreatment (P < .001). No difference was noted in kidney cancer-specific survival (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.19-3.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among Medicare beneficiaries with early-stage kidney cancer who were candidates for either surgery, treatment with partial rather than radical nephrectomy was associated with improved survival.
authors.affiliation: Dow Division of Health Services Research, Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA.
authors.forename: Hung-Jui
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Zaojun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Khaled S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D018426:SEER Program / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States