title: Therapeutic stratagems for vascular degenerative disorders of the posterior eye.
abstract: In this review we discuss insights into therapeutic stratagems that can selectively target the choroid, retinal cells and vitreoretinal space for the treatment of vision-threatening vascular degenerative disorders of the posterior eye. Despite the relative success of these novel drugs, new problems related to its delivery remain. Systems carrying drugs to the target site, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, vectosomes, spanlastics, micelles, dendrimers and implants are also discussed. Further, we also consider drug penetration enhancement approaches along with cutting-edge strategies for regaining vision during vision-threatening vascular degenerative disorders of the eye. Finally, challenges, such as ocular or even systemic complications associated with use of prolonged therapies and future prospects, such as combination of approaches with multidisciplinary integration to optimize delivery to the posterior eye are also addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India. drgkjain@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gaurav K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Musarrat H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Warsi
authors.forename: Jayabalan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nirmal
authors.forename: Vaidehi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Shadab A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pathan
authors.forename: Farhan J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Roop K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Khar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001766:Blindness / Q000517:prevention & control; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D055808:Drug Discovery; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A