title: Association between helicopter vs ground emergency medical services and survival for adults with major trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicopter emergency medical services and their possible effect on outcomes for traumatically injured patients remain a subject of debate. Because helicopter services are a limited and expensive resource, a methodologically rigorous investigation of its effectiveness compared with ground emergency medical services is warranted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between the use of helicopter vs ground services and survival among adults with serious traumatic injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study involving 223,475 patients older than 15 years, having an injury severity score higher than 15, and sustaining blunt or penetrating trauma that required transport to US level I or II trauma centers and whose data were recorded in the 2007-2009 versions of the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transport by helicopter or ground emergency services to level I or level II trauma centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival to hospital discharge and discharge disposition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 61,909 patients were transported by helicopter and 161,566 patients were transported by ground. Overall, 7813 patients (12.6%) transported by helicopter died compared with 17,775 patients (11%) transported by ground services. Before propensity score matching, patients transported by helicopter to level I and level II trauma centers had higher Injury Severity Scores. In the propensity score-matched multivariable regression model, for patients transported to level I trauma centers, helicopter transport was associated with an improved odds of survival compared with ground transport (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.14-1.17; P < .001; absolute risk reduction [ARR], 1.5%). For patients transported to level II trauma centers, helicopter transport was associated with an improved odds of survival (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.13-1.17; P < .001; ARR, 1.4%). A greater proportion (18.2%) of those transported to level I trauma centers by helicopter were discharged to rehabilitation compared with 12.7% transported by ground services (P < .001), and 9.3% transported by helicopter were discharged to intermediate facilities compared with 6.5% by ground services (P < .001). Fewer patients transported by helicopter left level II trauma centers against medical advice (0.5% vs 1.0%, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with major trauma admitted to level I or level II trauma centers, transport by helicopter compared with ground services was associated with improved survival to hospital discharge after controlling for multiple known confounders.
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Galvagno
authors.forename: Elliott R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Haut
authors.forename: S Nabeel
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Millin
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Efron
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pronovost
authors.forename: Adil H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Haider
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057216:Propensity Score; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000145:classification; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult