title: The efficacy of arm node preserving surgery using axillary reverse mapping for preventing lymphedema in patients with breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The axillary reverse mapping (ARM) technique to identify and preserve arm nodes during sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was developed to prevent lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to investigate the location and metastatic rate of the arm node, and to evaluate the short term incidence of lymphedema after arm node preserving surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2009 to October 2010, 97 breast cancer patients who underwent ARM were included. Blue-dye (2.5 mL) was injected into the ipsilateral upper-inner arm. At least 20 minutes after injection, SLNB or ALND was performed and blue-stained arm nodes and/or lymphatics were identified. Patients were divided into two groups, an arm node preserved group (70 patients had ALND, 10 patients had SLNB) and an unpreserved group (13 patients had ALND, 4 patients had SLNB). The difference in arm circumference between preoperative and postoperative time points was checked in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean number of identified blue stained arm nodes was 1.4±0.6. In the majority of patients (92%), arm nodes were located between the lower level of the axillary vein and just below the second intercostobrachial nerve. In the arm node unpreserved group, 2 patients had metastasis in their arm node. Among ALND patients, in the arm node preserved group, the difference in arm circumference between preoperative and postoperative time points in ipsilateral and contralateral arms was 0.27 cm and 0.07 cm, respectively, whereas it was 0.47 cm and -0.03 cm in the unpreserved group; one case of lymphedema was found after 6 months. No difference was found between arm node preserved and unpreserved group among SLNB patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arm node preserving was possible in all breast cancer patients with identifiable arm nodes, during ALND or SLNB, except for those with high surgical N stage, and lymphedema did not develop in patients with arm node preserving surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yu Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Su Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Young Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Soo Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee