title: The role of hardship in the association between socio-economic position and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well established that socio-economic position is associated with depression. The experience of financial hardship, having to go without the essentials of daily living due to limited financial resources, may explain the effect. However, there are few studies examining the link between financial hardship and diagnosable depression at a population level. The current paper addresses this gap and also evaluates the moderating effect of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from 8841 participants aged 16-85 years in Australia's 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. The 12-month prevalence of depressive episode was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Measures of socio-economic position included: financial hardship, education, labour-force status, occupational skill, household income, main source of income, and area-level disadvantage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Financial hardship was more strongly associated with depression than other socio-economic variables. Hardship was more strongly associated with current depression than with prior history of depression. The relative effect of hardship was strongest in late adulthood but the absolute effect of hardship was greatest in middle age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the critical role of financial hardship in the association between socio-economic disadvantage and 12-month depressive episode, and suggest that social and economic policies that address inequalities in living standards may be an appropriate way to reduce the burden attributable to depression.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Peter.Butterworth@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.forename: Liana S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Leach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors