title: Challenges in global improvement of oral cancer outcomes: findings from rural Northern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In India, 72% of the population resides in rural areas and 30-40% of cancers are found in the oral cavity. The majority of Haryana residents live in villages where inadequate medical facilities, no proper primary care infrastructure or cancer screening tools and high levels of illiteracy all contribute to poor oral cancer (OC) outcomes. In this challenging environment, the objective of this study was to assess the association between various risk factors for OC among referrals for suscipious lesions and to design and pilot test a collaborative community-based effort to identify suspicious lesions for OC.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based cross sectional OC screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  With help from the Department of Health (DOH), Haryana and the local communities, we visited three villages and recruited 761 participants of ages 45-95 years. PARTICIPANTS received a visual oral cancer examination and were interviewed about their dental/medical history and personal habits. Pregnant women, children and males/females below 45 years old with history of OC were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of a suspicious oral lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 761 participants, 42 (5.5%) were referred to a local dentist for follow-up of suspicious lesions. Males were referred more than females. The referral group had more bidi and hookah smokers than non smokers as compared to non referral group. The logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking bidi and hookah (OR = 3.06 and 4.42) were statistically significant predictors for suspicious lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco use of various forms in rural, northern India was found to be quite high and a main risk factor for suspicious lesions. The influence of both the DOH and community participation was crucial in motivating people to seek care for OC.
authors.affiliation: Dept, of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard, Boston, MA. az2256@mail.cumc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dangi
authors.forename: Taru H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: Athanasios I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zavras