title: Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The last nationally representative assessment of kidney stone prevalence in the United States occurred in 1994. After a 13-yr hiatus, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reinitiated data collection regarding kidney stone history.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe the current prevalence of stone disease in the United States, and identify factors associated with a history of kidney stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of responses to the 2007-2010 NHANES (n=12 110).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported history of kidney stones. Percent prevalence was calculated and multivariable models were used to identify factors associated with a history of kidney stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of kidney stones was 8.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1-9.5). Among men, the prevalence of stones was 10.6% (95% CI, 9.4-11.9), compared with 7.1% (95% CI, 6.4-7.8) among women. Kidney stones were more common among obese than normal-weight individuals (11.2% [95% CI, 10.0-12.3] compared with 6.1% [95% CI, 4.8-7.4], respectively; p<0.001). Black, non-Hispanic and Hispanic individuals were less likely to report a history of stone disease than were white, non-Hispanic individuals (black, non-Hispanic: odds ratio [OR]: 0.37 [95% CI, 0.28-0.49], p<0.001; Hispanic: OR: 0.60 [95% CI, 0.49-0.73], p<0.001). Obesity and diabetes were strongly associated with a history of kidney stones in multivariable models. The cross-sectional survey design limits causal inference regarding potential risk factors for kidney stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidney stones affect approximately 1 in 11 people in the United States. These data represent a marked increase in stone disease compared with the NHANES III cohort, particularly in black, non-Hispanic and Hispanic individuals. Diet and lifestyle factors likely play an important role in the changing epidemiology of kidney stones.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. cscales@med.net.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Scales
authors.forename: Alexandria C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Saigal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American