title: A high-fat diet enhances proliferation of prostate cancer cells and activates MCP-1/CCR2 signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary patterns including high-fat diet (HFD) and high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) play an important role in prostate cancer progression. However, which of these diets have the greatest effect on tumor progression and its underlying mechanisms remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effects of different diets on prostate cancer cell growth and the relevant circulating factors including serum insulin, growth factors, and inflammatory cytokines using the in vivo and ex vivo model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tumor growth of prostate cancer LNCaP xenograft was significantly higher in the HFD group than in the HCD and control diet (CD) groups (P = 0.01; HFD vs. HCD, P = 0.025; HFD vs. CD, P = 0.003). The mean level of the serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the HFD group was significantly higher than that in the HCD and CD groups (P = 0.024; HFD vs. HCD, P = 0.033; HFD vs. CD, P = 0.001). The mRNA levels of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), which is an MCP-1 receptor, and the expression of activated Akt were the highest in the HFD group. Furthermore, serum from HFD-fed mice enhanced the proliferation of two PCa cells and CCR2 knockdown inhibited HFD-induced proliferation of LNCaP cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An HFD enhanced prostate cancer cell growth more strongly than an HCD or CD. MCP-1/CCR2 signaling may be involved in an HFD-induced prostate cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
authors.forename: Mingguo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Numakura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuruta
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Habuchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I