title: Exploring the relevance of autonomy and relatedness for mental health in healthy and depressed women from two different cultures: when does culture matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well known that the absence of both autonomy and social support (relatedness) are two important etiologic pathways to major depressive disorder (MDD). However, cross-cultural researchers state that the implications of autonomy and relatedness for mental health vary across cultures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test these assumptions, the current study investigated the relevance of autonomy and relatedness for mental health in healthy and depressed women from two different cultures (Germans and Turkish immigrants in Germany).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eight (108) women were evaluated for their levels of autonomy/relatedness satisfaction, for overall psychopathological complaints including depression, for affectivity and for perceived loneliness through self-report measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among healthy groups, relatedness satisfaction predicted better mental health in Turkish women, whereas in German women, autonomy satisfaction was the better mental health predictor. Within depressed groups however, cultural differences in mental health outcomes regarding autonomy were no longer evident. Autonomy was associated with higher levels of mental health in Turkish as well as in German patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the relationship between autonomy and mental health is culture-specific in healthy women, but disappears in depressed women. These findings are discussed with consideration of clinical implications and an outlook regarding further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. nazli.balkir@psychologie.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Nazli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balkir
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Arens
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barnow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011599:Psychopathology; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology; D016387:Women's Health