title: Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a cohort study to identify the risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in predialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study of 135 outpatients with stage 3-5 CKD was undertaken. Clinical and biochemical parameters were analyzed in terms of nutritional status, inflammation, and mineral metabolism in relation to serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Levels of 25(OH)D lower than 15 ng/mL were considered to be deficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 25(OH)D-deficient group had a higher body mass index (24.1±4.2 kg/m(2) vs. 22.5±4.0 kg/m(2), p=0.0322), and had more diabetic patients (27.9% vs. 3.6%, p=0.0003). The multivariate analysis revealed that body mass index (odds ratio=2.758; 95% CI, 1.048-7.721; p=0.0398), the presence of diabetes (odds ratio=7.792; 95% CI, 1.808-55.439; p=0.0043), lower hemoglobin concentration (odds ratio=0.297; 95% CI, 0.099-8.732; p=0.821), higher serum levels of non-HDL cholesterol (odds ratio=3.570; 95% CI, 1.449-9.442; p=0.0053) and triglyceride (odds ratio=2.447; 95% CI, 0.779-1.776; p=0.0258) were the factors associated with low 25(OH)D levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency was common among the predialysis CKD patients, and the factors identified as being associated with vitamin D deficiency were diabetes and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Echida
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Kosaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nitta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D