title: Associations between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes and breast pain in women prior to breast cancer surgery.
abstract: The purposes of this study were to determine the occurrence rate for preoperative breast pain; describe the characteristics of this pain; evaluate for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics; and evaluate for variations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes between women who did and did not report pain. Patients (n = 398) were recruited prior to surgery and completed self-report questionnaires on a number of pain characteristics. Genotyping was done using a custom genotyping array. Women (28.2%) who reported breast pain were significantly younger (P < .001); more likely to be nonwhite (P = .032); reported significantly lower Karnofsky Performance Status scores (P = .008); were less likely to be postmenopausal (P = .012); and had undergone significantly more biopsies (P = .006). Carriers of the minor allele for a single nucleotide polymorphism in interleukin (IL)1-receptor 1 (IL1R1) (rs2110726) were less likely to report breast pain prior to surgery (P = .007). Carriers of the minor allele for a single nucleotide polymorphism in IL13 (rs1295686) were more likely to report breast pain prior to surgery (P = .019). Findings suggest that breast pain occurs in over a quarter of women who are about to undergo breast cancer surgery. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics found, inflammatory mechanisms contribute to preoperative breast pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women with breast cancer, preoperative pain may be associated with increases in inflammatory responses associated with an increased number of biopsies. In addition, differences in cytokine genes may contribute to this preoperative breast pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Birha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koetters
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baggott
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elboim
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamolsky
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rugo
authors.forename: Marylin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cataldo
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Aouizerat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D053727:Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000235:genetics; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D059373:Mastodynia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508572:IL18R1 protein, human; C508596:IL3 protein, human; D053727:Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit; D007377:Interleukin-3