title: Current treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis: an update.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are becoming increasingly important. A growing number of patients with underlying conditions that make them prone to diseases caused by NTM. These diseases include the appearance of new syndromes, such as mesotherapy and other cosmetic-related infections, or diseases that affect patients who are being treated with tumor necrosis factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search has been performed for each mycobacterium species. An introduction to the different aspects of the species and the diseases is provided, along with a review of the current therapeutic options; special emphasis is put on new research and discoveries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of the current role of NTM isolates remains the key step in the management of NTM infections. After recognition, treatment must be guided by attending to the isolated species, the specific syndromes, clinical experience and - for some species - the results of in-vitro susceptibility tests. Surgical therapy is also important for some species (Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum) and for localized infections. The treatment of uncommon species is not yet well defined and recent research on resistance mechanisms has described their importance. The role of biofilms is currently of special concern for various specific infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040-Madrid, Spain. jestebanmoreno@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Pedrazuela
authors.forename: María Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Egea
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alcaide
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents