title: Inhibition of connective tissue growth factor by small interfering ribonucleic acid prevents increase in extracellular matrix molecules in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a profibrotic factor that induces extracellular matrix (ECM) production and angiogenesis, two processes involved in diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, we examined whether insulin therapy or a CTGF-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) administered to diabetic rats decreased the levels of CTGF and of selected putative downstream genes in the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were used. Animals received either no treatment for 12 weeks or were administered constant insulin therapy. MRNA and protein levels of CTGF and select ECM genes were determined using real-time PCR and western blotting of the retina. Localization of CTGF in the retina was visualized using immunohistochemistry. A group of diabetic rats received intravitreal injection of CTGF siRNA, and the retinas were examined three days later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CTGF mRNA and protein significantly increased in the retinas of diabetic rats. Immunohistochemistry indicated that retinal Müller cells of diabetic rats expressed CTGF. Hyperglycemia upregulated mRNA levels of fibronectin, laminin β1, collagen IVα3, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and this increase was prevented by insulin therapy. Treatment of diabetic rats with CTGF siRNA decreased laminin β1, collagen IVα3 mRNA, and CTGF mRNA and protein but did not affect fibronectin or vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that CTGF and ECM genes can be regulated using insulin. Importantly, these results also suggest that CTGF regulates changes in ECM molecules in DR.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Mamdouh H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kedees
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guz
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teitelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C526316:CCN2 protein, rat; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor