title: Analgosedation: a paradigm shift in intensive care unit sedation practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically evaluate the use of analgosedation in the management of agitation in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1948-November 2011) and Cochrane Library (2011, issue 1) using the terms analgosedation, analgosedation, or analgesia-based sedation alone or in combination with intensive care unit or critically ill. Reference lists of related publications were also reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles published in English were evaluated. Randomized controlled trials examining critically ill mechanically ventilated patients older than 18 years were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Limitations of current sedation practices include serious adverse drug events, prolonged mechanical ventilation time, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Studies have demonstrated that analgosedation, a strategy that manages patient pain and discomfort first, before providing sedative therapy, results in improved patient outcomes compared to standard sedative-hypnotic regimens. Nine randomized controlled trials comparing remifentanil-based analgosedation to other commonly used agents (fentanyl, midazolam, morphine, and propofol) for ICU sedation and 1 trial comparing morphine to daily sedation interruption with propofol or midazolam were reviewed. Remifentanil is an ideal agent for analgosedation due to its easy titratability and organ-independent metabolism. When compared to sedative-hypnotic regimens, remifentanil-based regimens were associated with shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, more rapid weaning from the ventilator, and shorter ICU length of stay. Compared to fentanyl-based regimens, remifentanil had similar efficacy with the exception of increased pain requirements upon remifentanil discontinuation. Analgosedation was well tolerated, with no significant differences in hemodynamic stability compared to sedative-hypnotic regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analgosedation is an efficacious and well-tolerated approach to management of ICU sedation with improved patient outcomes compared to sedative-hypnotic approaches. Additional well-designed trials are warranted to clarify the role of analgosedation in the management of ICU sedation, including trials with nonopioid analgesics.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. sdevabha@rx.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devabhakthuni
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Armahizer
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dasta
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kane-Gill
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil