title: Biomarkers determining cardiovascular risk in patients with kidney disease.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of premature death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent evidence suggests that the interaction of "classic" and "non-classic" cardiovascular risk factors is an important contributor in excessive and accelerated CVD in patients with CKD. Indeed, the imposing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of CKD patients corresponds to a significant extent in endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular calcification and volume overload. In addition, the kidney's function decline is independently associated with CVD in patients with chronic kidney disease. Currently, there is a growing interest in the role of new biomarkers that are closely correlated with CVD in CKD population. In current review, we summarize the so far acquired knowledge of the most promising biomarkers and we discuss the major clinical correlations of novel risk factors and new biomarkers of CVD in CKD patients, their predictive value for future cardiovascular events and their use in the treatment monitoring of this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. gsiasos@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siasos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michalea
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kioufis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Synetos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vlasis
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D040901:Proteomics; D012306:Risk; D061205:Vascular Calcification
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers