title: Do children and adolescents with attention deficit  hyperactivity disorder have ocular abnormalities?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate visual function and ocular features in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one children underwent a detailed ophthalmologic evaluation. Thirty-two were diagnosed with ADHD, and 19 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD). The mean age was 9.9±3.1 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average best-corrected visual acuity of the better-seeing eye was 1 (range 0.9-1.25) and 0.96 (range 0.5-1.25) for the fellow eye. Eighteen percent (10) had amblyopia in one or both eyes (3 had strabismic and 7 had ametropic amblyopia). Heterotropia was found in 5 (10%), and absent stereo acuity was found in 3 (6%). Subnormal convergence amplitude was noted in 2 patients (4%). The mean spherical equivalent (SE) of the eyes in this study was 0.17±1.73 (range -5.5 to +7). Twenty-two subjects (43%) had a myopia of -0.50 D or higher. Hyperopia higher than 3.5 D was seen in 10 cases(20%), and astigmatism larger or equal to 1.0 D was observed in 10 patients (20%). With-the-rule a stigmatism was by far most common type in the 29 eyes with an astigmatic refractive error (59%).Significant ametropia was detected in 42 (83%) of the patients. In contrast to other studies, we did not find a higher rate of convergence insufficiency or heterotropia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children diagnosed with either ADHD or ADD can present with significant ametropia but infrequent heterotropia.
authors.forename: Eedy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mezer
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wygnanski-Jaffe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology