title: Blaming for a better future: future orientation and associated intolerance of personal uncertainty lead to harsher reactions toward innocent victims.
abstract: People are often encouraged to focus on the future and strive for long-term goals. This noted, the authors argue that this future orientation is associated with intolerance of personal uncertainty, as people usually cannot be certain that their efforts will pay off. To be able to tolerate personal uncertainty, people adhere strongly to the belief in a just world, paradoxically resulting in harsher reactions toward innocent victims. In three experiments, the authors show that a future orientation indeed leads to more negative evaluations of an innocent victim (Study 1), enhances intolerance of personal uncertainty (Study 2), and that experiencing personal uncertainty leads to more negative evaluations of a victim (Study 3). So, while a future orientation enables people to strive for long-term goals, it also leads them to be harsher toward innocent victims. One underlying mechanism causing these reactions is intolerance of personal uncertainty, associated with a future orientation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.bal@uu.nl
authors.forename: Michèlle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bal
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van den Bos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001290:Attitude; D019548:Crime Victims; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009949:Orientation; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011589:Psychology, Experimental / Q000379:methods; D011908:Rationalization; D012539:Scapegoating; D012649:Self Concept; D012935:Social Justice / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult