title: Mechanisms of traumatic shoulder injury in elite rugby players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shoulder injuries in rugby players are common, but the mechanisms of injury are less well understood. This study aims to elucidate common mechanisms of injury and identify the patterns of injury they produce.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four elite rugby players, referred to the senior author for diagnosis and management of shoulder injuries, were selected. Videos of the injuries were independently reviewed by rugby-medical experts to describe the mechanisms of injury. The mechanisms reported were collated and analysed to determine the level of agreement between reviewers and conclude an overall description of injury mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors identified three mechanisms of shoulder injury from the video analysis. These are the 'Try-Scorer', characterised by hyperflexion of the outstretched arm such as when scoring a try; the 'Tackler', extension of the abducted arm behind the player while tackling; and the 'Direct Impact', a direct blow to the arm or shoulder when held by the side in neutral or slight adduction. The Try Scorer and Tackler mechanisms both involve a levering force on the glenohumeral joint (GHJ). These mechanisms predominantly cause GHJ dislocation, with Bankart, reverse Bankart and superior labrum anterior-posterior tears. The Try-Scorer Mechanism also caused the majority (83%) of rotator cuff tears. The Direct Hit mechanism resulted in GHJ dislocation and labral injury in 37.5% of players and was most likely to cause acromioclavicular joint dislocation and scapula fractures, injuries that were not seen with the other mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in rugby shoulder injury is useful in understanding the pathological injuries, guiding treatment and rehabilitation and aiding the development of injury-prevention methods.
authors.affiliation: The University of Manchester School of Medicine, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. jcicrichton@googlemail.com
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.forename: Doug R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Lennard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Funk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000209:etiology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult