title: Laparoscopic management of pediatric renal and ureteric stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of laparoscopy in the treatment of pediatric urolithiasis, we report our experience with the transperitoneal laparoscopic removal of stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal pelvic stones of size ≥1 cm on ultrasound were included for laparoscopic pyelolithotomy while smaller stones were managed with shock-wave lithotripsy monotherapy. Intrarenal stones, calyceal stones, complete staghorn stones, multiple stones and kidneys with intrarenal pelvis were excluded. Ureteric stones included for laparoscopic ureterolithotomy were of size ≥1 cm in the upper, mid or lower ureter, and smaller stones not responding to non-operative treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 procedures were performed: 12 pyelolithotomies, and 8 lower and 2 upper ureterolithotomies. Complete removal of calculi was accomplished in 21 (95.45%) procedures. Complications associated with laparoscopic lithotomy included urinoma (4.54%), failure (4.54%) and omental prolapse (4.54%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic lithotomy is safe and feasible in pediatric urolithiasis with pyelic and ureteric stones, with minimal complications and failure rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, NSCB Government Medical College, Jabalpur 482003, India. drvikeshagrawal@gmail.com
authors.forename: Vikesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Jitin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chanchalani
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy