title: HIV exposure does not worsen outcome in stage III necrotizing enterocolitis with current treatment protocols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The heavy burden of maternal HIV infection in developing countries such as South Africa has resulted in a high prevalence of premature birth and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers also demonstrate immune deficiencies. It is, therefore, essential to have a better understanding of how to mitigate HIV as an independent risk factor for surgically treated NEC and to evaluate the relevant contributing factors in the presence of an aggressive strategy of pasteurized breast milk feeding and antiretroviral prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants with stage IIIb NEC presenting over a 4-year period were retrospectively reviewed. HIV-exposed infants were compared with non-HIV-exposed infants. Contributing factors were evaluated and studied by systematic statistical methods to evaluate risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty percent (17/87) infants were HIV-exposed, and 80% (70/87), unexposed, whereas a further 10 (total, n = 97) had unknown HIV exposure status. Demographics and other perinatal risk factors between the 2 groups were not significantly different other than that HIV-exposed infants received pasteurized breast milk and nonexposed infants received unpasteurized breast milk. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to disease presentation or severity, surgical findings or type of surgery, postoperative complications, survival, or timing of death. Trends toward higher antenatal steroid exposure and increased postoperative sepsis in the HIV-exposed group (P = .03) were noted but were not related. All HIV-exposed infants received antiretrovirals; there were no significant differences on subanalysis between different antiretroviral regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-exposed infants do not have a more severe disease course nor more adverse outcomes in stage IIIb NEC than unexposed infants. Significant factors were antenatal steroids and post-NEC infective episodes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Surgery University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Samuel W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome