title: Advances in ocular drug delivery.
abstract: Eye drops have long been the primary ocular drug delivery dosage form used to treat ocular disorders ranging from superficial conditions to intravitreal diseases. The ocular anatomical structure and physiological protective mechanisms are one of the most formidable barriers to drug penetration that have significantly reduced the drug's efficacy and target selectivity while sometimes causing ocular tissue damage. There are many new and innovative advances in ocular drug delivery due to better understanding of the structure and function of the eye, the nature of its diseases, and how to overcome or utilize its protective barrier(s), which resulted in increased bioavailability and longer duration of action of the administered drugs, therefore, more effective disease management. We seek in this article to present a comprehensive overview of the basic required knowledge about the barriers for drug delivery to the eye and the major breakthroughs and advances in ocular drug delivery to the anterior, posterior and intravitreal segments of the eye.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA. mr1250@nova.edu
authors.forename: Mutasem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rawas-Qalaji
authors.forename: Cheryl-Ann
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000869:Anterior Eye Segment; D003228:Conjunctiva; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections / Q000379:methods; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D057972:Posterior Eye Segment
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D004655:Emulsions; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions