title: Measuring health literacy in individuals with diabetes: a systematic review and evaluation of available measures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify instruments used to measure health literacy and numeracy in people with diabetes; evaluate their use, measurement scope, and properties; discuss their strengths and weaknesses; and propose the most useful, reliable, and applicable measure for use in research and practice settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the instruments. Nutbeam's domains of health literacy and a diabetes health literacy skill set were used to evaluate the measurement scope of the identified instruments and to evaluate their applicability in people with diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six studies were included, from which one diabetes-specific (LAD) and eight generic measures of health literacy (REALM, REALM-R, TOFHLA, s-TOFHLA, NVS, 3-brief SQ, 3-level HL Scale, SILS) and one diabetes-specific (DNT) and two generic measures of numeracy (SNS, WRAT) were identified. These instruments were categorized into direct measures, that is, instruments that assess the performance of individuals on health literacy skills and indirect measures that rely on self-report of these skills. The most commonly used instruments measure selective domains of health literacy, focus mainly on reading and writing skills, and do not address other important skills such as verbal communication, health care system navigation, health-related decision making, and numeracy. The structure, mode, and length of administration and measurement properties were found to affect the applicability of these instruments in clinical and research settings. Indirect self- or clinician-administered measures are the most useful in both clinical and research settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides an evaluation of available health literacy measures and guidance to practitioners and researchers for selecting the appropriate measures for use in clinical settings and research applications.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al Sayah
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000592:standards; D057220:Health Literacy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards