title: Improved quantitative PCR protocols for adenovirus and CMV with an internal inhibition control system and automated nucleic acid isolation.
abstract: With the establishment of routine virus load (DNAemia) screening for Human adenovirus (HAdV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in post-transplant care quality standards for quantitative PCR-assays are increasing. Established real-time PCR assays were improved with a fully automated DNA-extraction and with a competitive internal control DNA packaged into a lambda phage which serves as an extraction and amplification control in each sample. HAdV and CMV DNA were detected and quantified simultaneously in various types of diagnostic samples like blood, feces or respiratory tract materials. Inhibition was observed in 0.33-0.66% of over 14,000 diagnostic samples, an infrequent but nevertheless not negligible event, which is observed mainly in stool samples. CMV viral load in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) ranged between positive but below the quantitation limit of 1,000 copies/ml up to 1.8 × 10(7) copies/ml with a median of 6.0 × 10(3) copies/ml. Forty-one (4.7%) BALF samples had a viral load above 5.0 × 10(5) copies/ml, which was proposed as a threshold for the diagnosis of pneumonia. HAdV viral loads ranged between positive but below the quantitation limit of 1,000 copies/ml to a very high concentration of 1.3 × 10(11) copies/ml in stool and BALF samples. A HAdV-DNAemia of >10(4) copies/ml was found only in patients with stool viral load of above 10(5) copies/ml. These data support the hypothesis that quantitation in diagnostic materials other than blood may give valuable diagnostic information and that further evaluation of this approach is reasonable.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Henke-Gendo.Cornelia@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henke-Gendo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ganzenmueller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kluba
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harste
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raggub
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heim
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001331:Automation / Q000379:methods*; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000821:virology; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral