title: Leaching of azoxystrobin and its degradation product R234886 from Danish agricultural field sites.
abstract: The objective was to estimate leaching of the fungicide azoxystrobin (methyl (αE)-2-[[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]-α-(methoxymethylene)benzene-acetate) and one of its primary degradation products R234886 ([(E)-2-(2-[6-cyanophenoxy)-pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]-phenyl-3-methoxyacrylic acid], major fraction) at four agricultural research fields (one sandy and three loamy) in Denmark. Water was sampled from tile drains, suction cups and groundwater wells for a minimum period of two years after application of azoxystrobin. Neither azoxystrobin nor R234886 were detected at the sandy site, but did leach through loamy soils. While azoxystrobin was generally only detected during the first couple of months following application, R234886 leached for a longer period of time and at higher concentrations (up to 2.1μgL(-1)). Azoxystrobin is classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms and R234886 as very harmful. Our study shows that azoxystrobin and R234886 can leach through loamy soils for a long period of time following application of the pesticide and thereby pose a potential threat to vulnerable aquatic environments and drinking water resources. We thus recommend the inclusion of azoxystrobin and R234886 in pesticide monitoring programmes and further investigation of their long-term ecotoxicological effects.
authors.affiliation: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lisbeth Flindt
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kjær
authors.forename: Preben
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Annette Elisabeth
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rosenbom
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000383:Agriculture; D003718:Denmark; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012306:Risk; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C575081:2-(2-(6-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl)phenyl-3-methoxyacrylic acid; D000179:Acrylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008689:Methacrylates; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000073739:Strobilurins; C036658:acrylic acid; C087670:azoxystrobin