title: Evolution of mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance systems in Australia.
abstract: Control of arboviral disease is dependent on the sensitive and timely detection of elevated virus activity or the identification of emergent or exotic viruses. The emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in northern Australia revealed numerous problems with performing arbovirus surveillance in remote locations. A sentinel pig programme detected JEV activity, although there were a number of financial, logistical, diagnostic and ethical limitations. A system was developed which detected viral RNA in mosquitoes collected by solar or propane powered CO₂-baited traps. However, this method was hampered by trap-component malfunction, microbial contamination and large mosquito numbers which overwhelmed diagnostic capabilities. A novel approach involves allowing mosquitoes within a box trap to probe a sugar-baited nucleic-acid preservation card that is processed for expectorated arboviruses. In a longitudinal field trial, both Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses were detected numerous times from multiple traps over different weeks. Further refinements, including the development of unpowered traps and use of yeast-generated CO₂, could enhance the applicability of this system to remote locations. New diagnostic technology, such as next generation sequencing and biosensors, will increase the capacity for recognizing emergent or exotic viruses, while cloud computing platforms will facilitate rapid dissemination of data.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Virology, Communicable Diseases Unit, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia. andrew hurk@health.qld.gov.au
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: van den Hurk
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hall-Mendelin
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warrilow
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001102:Arbovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D001103:Arboviruses / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary*