title: Prenatal stress causes alterations in the morphology of microglia and the inflammatory response of the hippocampus of adult female mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress during fetal life increases the risk of affective and immune disorders later in life. The altered peripheral immune response caused by prenatal stress may impact on brain function by the modification of local inflammation. In this study we have explored whether prenatal stress results in alterations in the immune response in the hippocampus of female mice during adult life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were subjected three times/day during 45 minutes to restraint stress from gestational Day 12 to delivery. Control non-stressed pregnant mice remained undisturbed. At four months of age, non-stressed and prenatally stressed females were ovariectomized. Fifteen days after surgery, mice received an i.p. injection of vehicle or of 5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice were sacrificed 20 hours later by decapitation and the brains were removed. Levels of interleukin-1β (IL1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ-inducible protein 10 (IP10), and toll-like receptor 4 mRNA were assessed in the hippocampus by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Iba1 immunoreactivity was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Statistical significance was determined by one-way or two-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal stress, per se, increased IL1β mRNA levels in the hippocampus, increased the total number of Iba1-immunoreactive microglial cells and increased the proportion of microglial cells with large somas and retracted cellular processes. In addition, prenatally stressed and non-stressed animals showed different responses to peripheral inflammation induced by systemic administration of LPS. LPS induced a significant increase in mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IP10 in the hippocampus of prenatally stressed mice but not of non-stressed animals. In addition, after LPS treatment, prenatally stressed animals showed a higher proportion of Iba1-immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus with morphological characteristics of activated microglia compared to non-stressed animals. In contrast, LPS induced similar increases in expression of IL1β and toll-like receptor 4 in both prenatally stressed and non-stressed animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that prenatal stress induces long-lasting modifications in the inflammatory status of the hippocampus of female mice under basal conditions and alters the immune response of the hippocampus to peripheral inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cajal, CSIC, E-28002, Madrid, Spain. ydiz@cajal.csic.es.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Diz-Chaves
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pernía
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carrero
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Garcia-Segura
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators