title: Rapid release of tissue enzymes into blood after blast exposure: potential use as biological dosimeters.
abstract: Explosive blast results in multiple organ injury and polytrauma, the intensity of which varies with the nature of the exposure, orientation, environment and individual resilience. Blast overpressure alone may not precisely indicate the level of body or brain injury after blast exposure. Assessment of the extent of body injury after blast exposure is important, since polytrauma and systemic factors significantly contribute to blast-induced traumatic brain injury. We evaluated the activity of plasma enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) at different time points after blast exposure using a mouse model of single and repeated blast exposures to assess the severity of injury. Our data show that activities of all the enzymes in the plasma were significantly increased as early as 1 h after blast exposure. The elevated enzyme activity remained up to 6 h in an overpressure dose-dependent manner and returned close to normal levels at 24 h. Head-only blast exposure with body protection showed no increase in the enzyme activities suggesting that brain injury alone does not contribute to the systemic increase. In contrast to plasma increase, AST, ALT and LDH activity in the liver and CK in the skeletal muscle showed drastic decrease at 6 h after blast exposures. Histopathology showed mild necrosis at 6 h and severe necrosis at 24 h after blast exposures in liver and no changes in the skeletal muscle suggesting that the enzyme release from the tissue to plasma is probably triggered by transient cell membrane disruption from shockwave and not due to necrosis. Overpressure dependent transient release of tissue enzymes and elevation in the plasma after blast exposure suggest that elevated enzyme activities in the blood can be potentially used as a biological dosimeter to assess the severity of blast injury.
authors.affiliation: Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peethambaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arun
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oguntayo
authors.forename: Yonas
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alamneh
authors.forename: Cary
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Honnold
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Manojkumar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valiyaveettil
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Madhusoodana P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nambiar
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005107:Explosions; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D003402:Creatine Kinase