title: Late (≥ 7 days) inhalation corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), defined as oxygen dependence at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), remains an important complication of prematurity. Pulmonary inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of BPD. Attenuating pulmonary inflammation with postnatal systemic corticosteroids reduces the incidence of BPD in preterm infants but may be associated with an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Local administration of corticosteroids via inhalation might be an effective and safe alternative.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if administration of inhalation corticosteroids after the first week of life to preterm infants at high risk of developing BPD is effective and safe in reducing the incidence of death and BPD as separate or combined outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified randomised, controlled trials by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), PubMed (from 1966), EMBASE (from 1974), CINAHL (from 1982), references from retrieved trials and handsearches of journals, all assessed to February 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing inhalation corticosteroids, started ≥ 7 days postnatal age (PNA) but before 36 weeks PMA, to placebo in ventilated and non-ventilated infants at risk of BPD were included. Trials investigating systemic corticosteroids versus inhalation corticosteroids were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on patient characteristics, trial methodology, and inhalation regimens were collected. The primary outcomes were death or BPD, or both, at 28 days PNA or 36 weeks PMA. Secondary outcomes were short-term respiratory outcomes, such as failure to extubate, total days of mechanical ventilation and oxygen use, and the need for systemic corticosteroids. The original trialists were contacted to verify the validity of extracted data and to provide missing data. All data were analysed using RevMan 5.0.24. When possible, meta-analysis was performed using typical risk ratio (TRR) for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous outcomes along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Ventilated and non-ventilated participants were analysed separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight trials randomising 232 preterm infants were included in this review. Inhalation corticosteroids did not reduce the separate or combined outcomes of death or BPD. Furthermore, inhalation steroids did not impact short-term respiratory outcomes such as failure to extubate and total duration of mechanical ventilation or oxygen dependency. There was a trend to a reduced use of systemic corticosteroids in favour of inhalation corticosteroids (TRR 0.51; 95% CI 0.26 to 1.00). There was a paucity of data on short-term and long-term adverse effects. These results should be interpreted with caution because the total number of randomised patients is relatively small and most trials differed considerably in patient characteristics, inhalation therapy and outcome definitions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of the currently available evidence, inhalation corticosteroids initiated at ≥ 7 days of life for preterm infants at high risk of developing BPD cannot be recommended at this point in time. More and larger randomised, placebo-controlled trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of inhalation corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Emma Childrens’ Hospital AMC,University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Netherlands.W.Onland@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Wes
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Onland
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Offringa
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Kaam
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001507:Beclomethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000068298:Fluticasone; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide; D019819:Budesonide; C007734:flunisolide; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000068298:Fluticasone; D001507:Beclomethasone