title: Rationale for cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Raising HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) has become an attractive therapeutic target to lower cardiovascular risk in addition to statins. Inhibition of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to apolipoprotein B-containing particles, leads to a substantial increase in HDL-C levels. Various CETP inhibitors are currently being evaluated in phase II and phase III clinical trials. However, the beneficial effect of CETP inhibition on cardiovascular outcome remains to be established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Torcetrapib, the first CETP inhibitor tested in a phase III clinical trial (ILLUMINATE), failed in 2006 because of an increase in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events that subsequently were attributed to nonclass-related off-target effects (particularly increased blood pressure and low serum potassium) related to the stimulation of aldosterone production. Anacetrapib, another potent CETP inhibitor, raises HDL-C levels by approximately 138% and decreases LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by approximately 40%, without the adverse off-targets effects of torcetrapib (DEFINE study). The CETP modulator dalcetrapib raises HDL-C levels by approximately 30% (with only minimal effect on LDL-C levels) and proved safety in the dal-VESSEL and dal-PLAQUE trials involving a total of nearly 600 patients. Evacetrapib, a relatively new CETP inhibitor, exhibited favorable changes in the lipid profile in a phase II study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two ongoing outcome trials, dal-OUTCOMES (dalcetrapib) and REVEAL (anacetrapib), will provide more conclusive answers for the concept of reducing cardiovascular risk by raising HDL-C with CETP inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Preventive Cardiology), Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hewing
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides; D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004952:Esters; D006801:Humans; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D004952:Esters; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D011804:Quinolines; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D001569:Benzodiazepines; C411602:dalcetrapib; C483909:torcetrapib; C568301:evacetrapib; C530884:anacetrapib