title: A prospective study on employment outcome 3 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the employment outcome in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify which patients are at risk of unemployment 3 years after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with moderate and severe TBI discharged from the neurosurgery departments of 3 level 1 trauma centers in The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 18 to 65 years (N=113; mean age ± SD, 33.2±13.1y; 73% men) who were hospitalized with moderate (26% of patients) to severe (74% of patients) TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measure was employment status. Potential predictors included patient characteristics, injury severity factors, functional outcome measured at discharge from the acute hospital with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), Barthel Index (BI), and FIM, and cognitive functioning measured with the Functional Assessment Measure (FAM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-four patients (83%) completed the 3-year follow-up. The employment rate dropped from 80% preinjury to 15% at 3 months postinjury and gradually increased to 55% after 3 years. The employment rate significantly increased from 3 months up to 1 year, but it did not change significantly from 1 to 3 years postinjury. Age, length of hospital stay, discharge to a nursing home (vs home), psychiatric symptoms, and BI, GOS, FIM, and FAM scores were found to be significant univariate determinants for employment status. By using multiple logistic regression analysis, the FAM score (adjusted odds ratio 1.1; P<.000) and psychiatric symptoms (adjusted odds ratio .08; P<.019) were selected as independent predictors for employment status. A FAM cutoff score of less than 65 to identify patients at risk of long-term unemployment had a good diagnostic value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with TBI with psychiatric symptoms and impaired cognitive functioning at hospital discharge are at the highest risk of long-term unemployment. These factors should be the focus of vocational rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Rijndam Rehabilitation Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grauwmeijer
authors.forename: Majanka H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Heijenbrok-Kal
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Haitsma
authors.forename: Gerard M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ribbers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult