title: Abnormal vital signs are strong predictors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality in adults triaged in the emergency department - a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment and treatment of the acutely ill patient have improved by introducing systematic assessment and accelerated protocols for specific patient groups. Triage systems are widely used, but few studies have investigated the ability of the triage systems in predicting outcome in the unselected acute population. The aim of this study was to quantify the association between the main component of the Hillerød Acute Process Triage (HAPT) system and the outcome measures; Admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and in-hospital mortality, and to identify the vital signs, scored and categorized at admission, that are most strongly associated with the outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HAPT system is a minor modification of the Swedish Adaptive Process Triage (ADAPT) and ranks patients into five level colour-coded triage categories. Each patient is assigned a triage category for the two main descriptors; vital signs, T(vitals), and presenting complaint, T(complaint). The more urgent of the two determines the final triage category, T(final). We retrieved 6279 unique adult patients admitted through the Emergency Department (ED) from the Acute Admission Database. We performed regression analysis to evaluate the association between the covariates and the outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The covariates, T(vitals), T(complaint) and T(final) were all significantly associated with ICU admission and in-hospital mortality, the odds increasing with the urgency of the triage category. The vital signs best predicting in-hospital mortality were saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO(2)), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (BP) and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS). Not only the type, but also the number of abnormal vital signs, were predictive for adverse outcome. The presenting complaints associated with the highest in-hospital mortality were 'dyspnoea' (11.5%) and 'altered level of consciousness' (10.6%). More than half of the patients had a T(complaint) more urgent than T(vitals), the opposite was true in just 6% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HAPT system is valid in terms of predicting in-hospital mortality and ICU admission in the adult acute population. Abnormal vital signs are strongly associated with adverse outcome, while including the presenting complaint in the triage model may result in over-triage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hillerød Hospital, Denmark. cbar@hih.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barfod
authors.forename: Marlene Mauson Pankoke
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lauritzen
authors.forename: Jakob Klim
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Danker
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sölétormos
authors.forename: Jakob Lundager
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Forberg
authors.forename: Peter Anthony
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Berlac
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.forename: Lars Hyldborg
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lundstrøm
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Antonsen
authors.forename: Kai Henrik Wiborg
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003718:Denmark; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055986:Vital Signs; D055815:Young Adult