title: Oral care and oropharyngeal and tracheal colonization by Gram-negative pathogens in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critical care nursing interventions to oral care can reduce microorganisms in the oropharynx available for translocation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the effect of 0·12% chlorhexidine digluconate on the colonization of oropharyngeal and tracheal secretions by Gram-negative pathogens in mechanically ventilated children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, controlled and double-blinded study was performed in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a Brazilian university hospital. Exclusion criteria included child age under 28 days, pneumonia diagnosis at admission, use of tracheostomy, PICU length of stay (LOS) less than 48 h and refusal to participate. Children were randomly allocated to the interventional group (IG), in which oral care with chlorhexidine was administered, or to the placebo group (PG), which received oral care without antiseptic use. The data were analysed through Pearson's χ(2) test, Fisher's exact and ANOVA tests with significance levels set at 0·05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The demographic characteristics of the 74 children were not statistically different between groups. No between-group differences in oropharyx colonization by Gram-negative pathogens were identified (p = 0·316). Pathogens were isolated in the tracheal secretions of two (10·0%) children in the PG and four (19·0%) children in the IG (p = 0·355).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of chlorhexidine did not significantly influence the colonization of oropharyngeal and tracheal secretions by Gram-negative pathogens of the studied sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated no influence of a specific antiseptic agent on colonization profile of mechanically ventilated children in PICU. Further research in this field is necessary to promote evidence-based nursing practice on oral care of critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nursing Department, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. dkusahara@unifesp.br
authors.forename: Denise Miyuki
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kusahara
authors.forename: Lais Tambelli
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Maria Angélica Sorgini
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peterlini
authors.forename: Mavilde Luz Gonçalves
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pedreira
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009055:Mouth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000517:prevention & control; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002710:Chlorhexidine