title: Flowering asynchrony and mating system effects on reproductive assurance and mutualism persistence in fragmented fig-fig wasp populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plants and animals may experience reproductive Allee effects in fragmented populations, and obligate pollination mutualisms may be especially sensitive to extinction risk via this density-dependent process. In this study we examine how a shift from within-crown reproductive synchrony to asynchrony influences reproductive assurance through contributions to selfing and outcrossing in small, spatially isolated populations of Ficus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research focuses on the monoecious fig F. petiolaris and consists of phenological analyses and genetic assessments of selfing and outcrossing for populations located in Baja California's Sonoran Desert.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phenological censuses of eight populations revealed within-crown asynchrony in 44% of reproducing trees, with 16% having sufficient overlap of male and female flowering phases to permit selfing via the cycling of pollinating fig wasps within natal trees. In mating system analyses of two of these populations, however, multilocus outcrossing rates (t(m)) were indistinguishable from 1. This result, combined with low levels of inbreeding, indicates selfing to be absent or at best a minor contributor to reproductive assurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the fitness benefits of within-crown asynchrony lie not with selfing, as commonly asserted, but with increased opportunities for outcross pollen transmission and receipt, changing our understanding of the mechanisms by which reproduction is facilitated and extinction risk minimized in naturally fragmented Ficus populations. Given the role of fig fruit as a keystone food resource in many tropical environments, trait variation leading to reproductive assurance in figs, such as within-crown asynchrony, has broader ecosystem-level implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D030681:Ficus / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D005843:Geography; D007178:Inbreeding; D008800:Mexico; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012098:Reproduction; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D014197:Trees / Q000502:physiology; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*