title: Normal tibiofibular relationships at the syndesmosis on axial CT imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Computed tomography (CT) is reported to be superior to plain radiography for imaging the syndesmosis, but CT criteria differentiating normal from abnormal tibiofibular relationships do not exist. The purpose of this study was to define normal tibiofibular relationships at the syndesmosis on axial CT imaging and to report the reliability of these measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy volunteers underwent CT evaluation of bilateral ankles. Axial CT measurements consisted of tibiofibular clear space, tibiofibular overlap, anterior tibiofibular interval, and fibular rotation (θ(fib)). To assess reliability, 3 investigators independently made each CT measurement on 2 separate occasions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty ankles were included for analysis. CT measurements demonstrated excellent intrarater and interrater reliability. There was significant anatomic variability between individuals. Specifically, statistically significant gender differences were discovered in CT measurements of tibiofibular overlap and anterior tibiofibular interval. Variance between ankles of each subject was calculated. In an uninjured population, tibiofibular intervals do not vary by more than 2.3 mm, and the rotation of the fibula does not vary by more than 6.5° between ankles of the same person.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements of tibiofibular relationships made on axial CT images are reliable. Because of significant anatomic variation between individuals, using a patient's contralateral ankle for comparison provides a precise definition of normal tibiofibular relationships. These criteria allow for the detection of subtle variations in the tibiofibular relationships indicating instability and provide a tool for postoperatively assessing the reduction of the injured syndesmosis.
authors.affiliation: OrthoIndy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Dikos
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heisler
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Choplin
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult