title: A caprine herpesvirus 1 vaccine adjuvanted with MF59™ protects against vaginal infection and interferes with the establishment of latency in goats.
abstract: The immunogenicity and the efficacy of a beta-propiolactone-inactivated caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) vaccine adjuvanted with MF59™ were tested in goats. Following two subcutaneous immunizations, goats developed high titers of CpHV-1-specific serum and vaginal IgG and high serum virus neutralization (VN) titers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with inactivated CpHV-1 produced high levels of soluble IFN-gamma and exhibited high frequencies of IFN-gamma producing cells while soluble IL-4 was undetectable. On the other hand, control goats receiving the inactivated CpHV-1 vaccine without adjuvant produced only low serum antibody responses. A vaginal challenge with virulent CpHV-1 was performed in all vaccinated goats and in naïve goats to assess the efficacy of the two vaccines. Vaginal disease was not detected in goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ and these animals had undetectable levels of infectious challenge virus in their vaginal washes. Goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant exhibited a less severe disease when compared to naïve goats but shed titers of challenge virus that were similar to those of naïve goats. Detection and quantitation of latent CpHV-1 DNA in sacral ganglia in challenged goats revealed that the inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ vaccine was able to significantly reduce the latent viral load when compared either to the naïve goats or to the goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant. Thus, a vaccine composed of inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ as adjuvant was strongly immunogenic and induced effective immunity against vaginal CpHV-1 infection in goats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. mary_marinaro@libero.it
authors.forename: Mariarosaria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marinaro
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rezza
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Giudice
authors.forename: Valeriana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Colao
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tarsitano
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camero
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Losurdo
authors.forename: Canio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buonavoglia
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tempesta
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006041:Goats; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013185:Squalene / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D018140:Varicellovirus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017735:Virus Latency
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C089950:MF59 oil emulsion; D011136:Polysorbates; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D013185:Squalene