title: Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in neuropathic pain: influence of theta burst stimulation priming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  'Conventional' protocols of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to M1 can produce analgesia. Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a novel rTMS paradigm, is thought to produce greater changes in M1 excitability than 'conventional' protocols. After a preliminary experiment showing no analgesic effect of continuous or intermittent TBS trains (cTBS or iTBS) delivered to M1 as single procedures, we used TBS to prime a subsequent session of 'conventional' 10 Hz-rTMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 14 patients with chronic refractory neuropathic pain, navigated rTMS was targeted over M1 hand region, contralateral to painful side. Analgesic effects were daily assessed on a visual analogue scale for the week after each 10 Hz-rTMS session, preceded or not by TBS priming. In an additional experiment, the effects on cortical excitability parameters provided by single- and paired-pulse TMS paradigms were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain level was reduced after any type of rTMS procedure compared to baseline, but iTBS priming produced greater analgesia than the other protocols. Regarding motor cortex excitability changes, the analgesic effects were associated with an increase in intracortical inhibition, whatever the type of stimulation, primed or non-primed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results show that the analgesic effects of 'conventional' 10 Hz-rTMS delivered to M1 can be enhanced by TBS priming, at least using iTBS. Interestingly, the application of cTBS and iTBS did not produce opposite modulations, unlike previously reported in other systems. It remains to be determined whether the interest of TBS priming is to generate a simple additive effect or a more specific process of cortical plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, France. jean-pascal.lefaucheur@hmn.aphp.fr
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lefaucheur
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ayache
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sorel
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Farhat
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zouari
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ciampi de Andrade
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahdab
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ménard-Lefaucheur
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brugières
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goujon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome