title: [Clinical diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous urinary extravasation caused by primary lower ureteral tumor].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the clinical characteristics of spontaneous urinary extravasation caused by primary lower ureteral cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cases of spontaneous urinary extravasation caused by the obstruction of primary ureteral cancer from January 2005 to June 2010 from Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, were reported. There were 5 males and 3 females with an age range of 56-81 years old. Six cases presented with an onset of acute flank pains and 2 cases complained of flank discomforts with a lower fever. All cases had peripelvic fluid collection of varying levels on computed tomography (CT) scan and extravasation of contrast medium was found in delayed enhanced CT. The tumors of ureter were detected in 6 cases through preoperative imaging examinations while another 2 cases had no evidence of tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unilateral nephroureterectomy was performed in 6 cases, including 5 cases undergoing retroperitoneal laproscopic surgery and 1 case with open surgery. In 5 laproscopic operations, the mean operative duration was 152 (120 - 235) minutes and the mean estimated intraoperative blood loss 130 (100 - 430) ml. The patient of open nephroureterectomy had an operative duration of 175 minutes and an intraoperative blood loss of 200 ml respectively. One patient underwent a local resection of ureteral carcinoma. A 81-year-old patient was diagnosed of tumor by ureteroscopic biopsy and accepted neither surgery or adjunctive therapy. All patients had a pathological diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. One patient received local radiotherapy and chemotherapy with gemcitabine after nephroureterectomy while another one had local radiotherapy only. During a follow-up period of 6-36 months, CT showed that five cases undergoing nephroureterectomy were free of recurrence. One patient with local lymphatic metastasis had a local recurrence, developed multiple metastases at Month 3 and died of exhaustion at Month 8 post-operation. The patient with a local resection had a local bladder recurrence at Month 6 and underwent unilateral nephroureterectomy and radical cystectomy after local radiotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor progression was found in the patient without surgery. No implantation metastasis was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous urinary extravasation caused by the obstruction of primary lower ureteral cancer is rare and mostly peripelvic. Biopsy may exclude tumors for those patients with no obvious cause of ureteral obstruction. And radical operation is a preferred option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Han-zhong
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhi-gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*