title: Thyroid exposure to scattered radiation and associated second cancer risk from paediatric radiotherapy for extracranial tumours.
abstract: This study was conducted to estimate the scattered thyroid dose and relevant second cancer risk from radiotherapy for extracranial tumours during childhood.  Anteroposeterior and posteronaterior field irradiations employed during the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, neuroblastoma and Wilms' tumour were simulated on two humanoid phantoms representing 5- and 10-y-old patients. Measurements were performed using thermoluminescent dosemeters. Practical thyroid lead shields with thicknesses of 2-10 mm were placed in the phantoms' neck region. The lifetime risk for cancer induction was assessed using sex- and age-specific risk factors. Thyroid dose per monitor unit varied from 28.1 to 492.4 μGy by the primary irradiation site and patient's age. The 10-mm-thick lead shield led to a dose reduction up to 28.9 %. For typical prescribed tumour doses, the total risks for thyroid cancer development after radiotherapy of 5- and 10-y-old male patients were 0.05-0.99  and 0.03-0.48 %, respectively. The corresponding risks for females increased to 0.29-5.51 and 0.17-2.94 %.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Iraklion Crete 71003, Greece. mazonak@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazonakis
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kourinou
authors.forename: Efrossini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyraraki
authors.forename: Haralambos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Varveris
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*