title: Cervical epidural depth: correlation between needle angle, cervical anatomy, and body surface area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior to performing a cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (CIESI), knowledge of the depth from lamina to epidural space may assist in preventing cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective analysis of data including gender, age, weight, height, previous surgery, neck circumference, distances from tip of chin to sternal notch, occiput to C7 vertebral prominence, and ear lobe to tip of shoulder, pain score, angle from C7 vertebral prominence to the back, depth at which the Tuohy needle contacted T1 vertebral lamina and depth at which the epidural space was entered was conducted with 92 subjects, average age (± standard deviation [SD]) 41.3 ± 13.2 years underwent fluoroscopically guided C7-T1 intralaminar epidural steroid injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depth to lamina was the best individual predictor with an r value of 0.86. Weight, neck circumference, and body mass index (BMI) positively correlated with depth to epidural space with r values of 0.66, 0.62, and 0.61, respectively. A linear regression model of depth to lamina for predicting depth to epidural space was accurate to within ± 0.5 cm of the actual depth in 69% of subjects. However, when comparing predicted with actual depth to epidural space for individual subjects, the prediction was inaccurate by as much as 1.6 cm deep or 1.7 cm shallow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While statistically significant correlations do exist between both quantitative external body characteristics and depth to cervical epidural space and T1vertebral lamina to depth of cervical epidural space for fluoroscopically guided interlaminar epidural steroid injections at C7-T1, even the most optimal regression models do not permit clinical confidence in predicted depth to epidural space.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037-1300, USA.
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Fujinaka
authors.forename: Erin F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Gery
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulteis
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001830:Body Surface Area; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009339:Needles; D059408:Pain Management; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult