title: Prostate-specific antigen concentration in young men: new estimates and review of the literature.
abstract: Study Type--Diagnostic (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b. What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Although non-recommended PSA testing has been reported in men younger than 40 years of age, there are few recognized data on PSA in younger American men, particularly younger African-American men, to provide age- and race-specific references. Using data from an existing large study of young, male members of the US military, aged 28-36 years, the present study provides PSA reference distributions for young Caucasian-American men (median = 0.56, 95th percentile = 1.42, range: <0.01-3.34 ng/mL) and African-American men (median = 0.64, 95th percentile = 1.89, range: 0.12-6.45 ng/mL). Previous estimates from the literature are also summarized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  • To provide race-specific prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reference distributions for young men less than 40 years of age who might have undergone non-recommended PSA testing because of their family history of prostate cancer or inadvertently as part of a standard panel of tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  • We used data from a large existing study of young, male Caucasian- and African-American members of the US military with stored serum in the Department of Defense serum repository. • As part of this previous study, we selected a random sample of 373 Caucasian- and 366 African-American men aged 28-36 years with an archived serum specimen collected for standard military purposes from 2004 to 2006. • We measured serum total PSA concentration in this specimen using the Beckman Coulter Access Hybritech PSA assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  • The PSA level ranged from <0.01 to 3.34 ng/mL among Caucasian-American men, with a median of 0.56 ng/mL and a 95th percentile of 1.42 ng/mL. • The PSA level ranged from 0.12 to 6.45 ng/mL among African-American men, with a median of 0.64 ng/mL and 95th percentile of 1.89 ng/mL. • The PSA level was significantly higher in African- than in Caucasian-American men (P= 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • The PSA estimates, together with those summarized from the literature, provide age- and race-specific PSA reference distributions for young men who might have undergone non-recommended PSA testing. • Comparisons by race could also begin to inform the timing of divergence of prostate cancer risk by race.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. sutcliffes@wudosis.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Siobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
authors.forename: Ratna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pakpahan
authors.forename: Lori J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sokoll
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Remington L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nevin
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cersovsky
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D012016:Reference Values; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen