title: Newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy by calibrated short-amplicon melt profiling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management options for the autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are evolving; however, their efficacy may require presymptom diagnosis and continuous treatment. To identify presymptomatic SMA patients, we created a DNA-based newborn screening assay to identify the homozygous deletions of the SMN1 (survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric) gene observed in 95%-98% of affected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed primers that amplify a 52-bp PCR product from homologous regions in the SMN1 and SMN2 (survival of motor neuron 2, centromeric) genes that flank a divergent site at site c.840. Post-PCR high-resolution melt profiling assessed the amplification product, and we used a unique means of melt calibration to normalize profiles. Samples that we had previously characterized for the numbers of SMN1 and SMN2 copies established genotypes associated with particular profiles. The system was evaluated with approximately 1000 purified DNA samples, 100 self-created dried blood spots, and >1200 dried blood spots from newborn screening tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homozygous deletion of SMN1 exon 7 produced a distinctive melt profile that identified SMA patients. Samples with different numbers of SMN1 and SMN2 copies were resolved by their profiles. All samples with homozygous deletions were unambiguously recognized, and no normal sample was misidentified as a positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This assay has characteristics suitable for population-based screening. A reliable screening test will facilitate the identification of an SMA-affected cohort to receive early intervention to maximize the benefit from treatment. A prospective screening trial will allow the efficacy of treatment options to be assessed, which may justify the inclusion of SMA as a target for population screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. dobrowolskis@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dobrowolski
authors.forename: Ha T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Frances Pouch
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Downes
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: Edwin W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Swoboda
mesh_terms: D005091:Exons; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014897:Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D055533:Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D055540:Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D055533:Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein; D055540:Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein