title: Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Febrile seizures occurring in a child older than one month during an episode of fever affect 2% to 4% of children in Great Britain and the United States and recur in 30%. Rapid-acting antiepileptics and antipyretics given during subsequent fever episodes have been used to avoid the adverse effects of continuous antiepileptic drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of antiepileptic and antipyretic drugs used prophylactically to treat children with febrile seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011. Issue 3); MEDLINE (1966 to May 2011); EMBASE (1966 to May 2011); Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) (May 2011). No language restrictions were imposed. We also contacted researchers in the field to identify continuing or unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials using randomised or quasi-randomised patient allocation that compared the use of antiepileptic or antipyretic agents with each other, placebo or no treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors (RN and MO) independently applied pre-defined criteria to select trials for inclusion and extracted the pre-defined relevant data, recording methods for randomisation, blinding and exclusions. Outcomes assessed were seizure recurrence at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 months and at age 5 to 6 years in the intervention and non-intervention groups, and adverse medication effects. The presence of publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six articles describing 26 randomised trials with 2740 randomised participants were included. Thirteen interventions of continuous or intermittent prophylaxis and their control treatments were analysed. Methodological quality was moderate to poor in most studies. We could not do a meta-analysis for eight of the 13 comparisons due to insufficient numbers of trials. No significant benefit for valproate, pyridoxine, intermittent phenobarbitone or ibuprofen versus placebo or no treatment was found; nor for diclofenac versus placebo followed by ibuprofen, acetominophen or placebo; nor for intermittent rectal diazepam versus intermittent valproate, nor phenobarbitone versus intermittent rectal diazepam.There was a significant reduction of recurrent febrile seizures with intermittent oral diazepam versus placebo with a relative risk (RR) of  0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48 to 0.94) at 24 months), RR of 0.61 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.89) at 48 months, with no benefit at 6, 12 or 72 months. Phenobarbitone versus placebo or no treatment reduced seizures at 6, 12 and 24 months but not at 18 or 72 month follow up (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.84 at 6 months; RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.75 at 12 months; and RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.88 at 24 months). Intermittent rectal diazepam versus no treatment or placebo also reduced seizures (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.86 at 6 months; RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.87 at 12 months; RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.39 at 18 months; RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.71 at 36 months), with no benefit at 24 months. Intermittent clobazam compared to placebo at 6 months resulted in a RR of 0.09 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.30), an effect found against an extremely high (83.3%) recurrence rate in the controls and which is a result that needs replication.The recording of adverse effects was variable. Lower comprehension scores in phenobarbitone treated children were found in two studies. In general, adverse effects were recorded in up to some 30% of children in the phenobarbitone treated group and in up to 36% in benzodiazepine treated groups. Evidence of publication bias was found in the meta analyses of comparisons for phenobarbitone versus placebo (8 studies) at 12 months but not at 6 months (6 studies); and valproate versus placebo (4 studies) at 12 months; with too few studies to identify publication bias for the other comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No clinically important benefits for children with febrile seizures were found for intermittent oral diazepam, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, intermittent rectal diazepam, valproate, pyridoxine, intermittent phenobarbitone or intermittent ibuprofen, nor for diclofenac versus placebo followed by ibuprofen, acetominophen or placebo. Adverse effects were reported in up to 30% of children. Apparent benefit for clobazam treatment in one recent trial needs to be replicated to be judged reliable. Given the benign nature of recurrent febrile seizures, and the high prevalence of adverse effects of these drugs, parents and families should be supported with adequate contact details of medical services and information on recurrence, first aid management and, most importantly, the benign nature of the phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: ChildHealth Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. martin.offringa@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Offringa
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058633:Antipyretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D058633:Antipyretics