title: Dietary phosphate binding and loading alter kidney angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA and protein content in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol can modulate the transcription of renin-angiotensin system components in the surgical 5/6 nephrectomy rat model (5/6 NX) of chronic renal insufficiency. We tested the hypothesis whether dietary modification of phosphate influences kidney renin-angiotensin system gene expression at the mRNA level in 5/6 NX rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen weeks after surgery, rats were given control diet (0.3% calcium, 0.5% phosphate), phosphate-lowering diet (3% calcium as carbonate) or high-phosphate diet (1.5%) for 12 weeks. Sham-operated rats were on control diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure, plasma phosphate, parathyroid hormone, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial damage, and FGF-23 were increased in remnant kidney rats, whereas creatinine clearance was decreased. Phosphate, parathyroid hormone, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial damage, and FGF-23 were further elevated by the high-phosphate diet, but were reduced by the phosphate-lowering diet. Plasma calcium was increased with the phosphate-lowering diet and decreased with the high-phosphate diet. Remnant kidney rats on control diet showed upregulated kidney angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin (Ang) IV receptor (AT(4)) transcription, while ACE2, Ang II type 2 receptor and renin receptor transcription were downregulated in comparison with sham rats. Phosphate-lowering diet reduced whereas high-phosphate diet increased kidney ACE, and these effects were observed at both mRNA and protein levels. Dietary phosphate loading also resulted in lower AT(1a) gene transcription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary phosphate loading was associated with elevated kidney ACE expression, increased tissue damage and lower AT(1a) transcription in 5/6 NX rats. Phosphate binding with 3% calcium carbonate had opposite effects on ACE and kidney damage.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Arttu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eräranta
authors.forename: Asko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riutta
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lakkisto
authors.forename: Onni
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Niemelä
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parkkinen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pörsti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D015153:Blotting, Western; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A