title: Screening for mild cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure: Montreal cognitive assessment versus mini mental state exam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive impairments occur frequently in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), resulting in worse health outcomes than expected. These impairments can remain undetected unless specifically screened. There are limited sensitive screening measures available in nursing practice to identify mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) with the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) in screening for MCI in CHF patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MMSE and MoCA were administered to 93 hospitalized CHF patients (70±11 years), without a history of neurocognitive problems. Patients with low MoCA scores (<26) were compared to those with low MMSE scores (<27). Two different parameters were examined between the MoCA and the MMSE: level of MCI agreement (Kappa coefficient) and task errors on assessed cognitive domains (χ2 test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically more patients had low MoCA scores compared with low MMSE scores (66 vs. 30, p=0.02). The MoCA classified 38 (41%) patients as cognitively impaired that were not classified by the MMSE. A significantly low level of agreement was found (κ=0.25, p=0.001) between the MMSE and MoCA in identifying patients with scores suggestive of MCI. More task errors were observed on the MoCA cognitive domains compared with the MMSE cognitive domains. In 68% of patients with low cognitive scores, visuospatial task errors were observed on tasks from the MoCA compared with 22% on a similar task of the MMSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MoCA, a screening tool for MCI, identified subtle but potentially clinically relevant cognitive dysfunctions with greater frequency than MMSE.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia. jan.cameron@acu.edu.au
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Worrall-Carter
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Chantal F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis