title: Spanish translation and cross-language validation of a sleep habits questionnaire for use in clinical and research settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To translate, back-translate and cross-language validate (English/Spanish) the Sleep Heart Health Study Sleep Habits Questionnaire for use with Spanish-speakers in clinical and research settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following rigorous translation and back-translation, this cross-sectional cross-language validation study recruited bilingual participants from academic, clinic, and community-based settings (N = 50; 52% women; mean age 38.8 ± 12 years; 90% of Mexican heritage). Participants completed English and Spanish versions of the Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans II one week apart in randomized order. Psychometric properties were assessed, including internal consistency, convergent validity, scale equivalence, language version intercorrelations, and exploratory factor analysis using PASW (Version18) software. Grade level readability of the sleep measure was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All sleep categories (duration, snoring, apnea, insomnia symptoms, other sleep symptoms, sleep disruptors, restless legs syndrome) showed Cronbach α, Spearman-Brown coefficients and intercorrelations ≥ 0.700, suggesting robust internal consistency, correlation, and agreement between language versions. The Epworth correlated significantly with snoring, apnea, sleep symptoms, restless legs, and sleep disruptors) on both versions, supporting convergent validity. Items loaded on 4 factors accounted for 68% and 67% of the variance on the English and Spanish versions, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Spanish-language Sleep Habits Questionnaire demonstrates conceptual and content equivalency. It has appropriate measurement properties and should be useful for assessing sleep health in community-based clinics and intervention studies among Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans. Both language versions showed readability at the fifth grade level. Further testing is needed with larger samples.
authors.affiliation: Center for World Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Arizona State University, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, 500 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA. carol.baldwin@asu.edu
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Myunghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Darya Bonds
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McClain
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celaya
authors.forename: Stuart F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Quan
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D014175:Translating; D014851:Wakefulness; D055815:Young Adult