title: Comparison of molecular tests for the diagnosis of malaria in Honduras.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Honduras is a tropical country with more than 70% of its population living at risk of being infected with either Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum. Laboratory diagnosis is a very important factor for adequate treatment and management of malaria. In Honduras, malaria is diagnosed by both, microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests and to date, no molecular methods have been implemented for routine diagnosis. However, since mixed infections, and asymptomatic and low-parasitaemic cases are difficult to detect by light microscopy alone, identifying appropriate molecular tools for diagnostic applications in Honduras deserves further study. The present study investigated the utility of different molecular tests for the diagnosis of malaria in Honduras.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 138 blood samples collected as part of a clinical trial to assess the efficacy of chloroquine were used: 69 microscopically confirmed P. falciparum positive samples obtained on the day of enrollment and 69 follow-up samples obtained 28 days after chloroquine treatment and shown to be malaria negative by microscopy. Sensitivity and specificity of microscopy was compared to an 18 s ribosomal RNA gene-based nested PCR, two single-PCR reactions designed to detect Plasmodium falciparum infections, one single-PCR to detect Plasmodium vivax infections, and one multiplex one-step PCR reaction to detect both parasite species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 69 microscopically positive P. falciparum samples, 68 were confirmed to be P. falciparum-positive by two of the molecular tests used. The one sample not detected as P. falciparum by any of the molecular tests was shown to be P. vivax-positive by a reference molecular test indicating a misdiagnosis by microscopy. The reference molecular test detected five cases of P. vivax/P. falciparum mixed infections, which were not recognized by microscopy as mixed infections. Only two of these mixed infections were recognized by a multiplex test while a P. vivax-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected three of them. In addition, one of the day 28 samples, previously determined to be malaria negative by microscopy, was shown to be P. vivax-positive by three of the molecular tests specific for this parasite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular tests are valuable tools for the confirmation of Plasmodium species and in detecting mixed infections in malaria endemic regions.
authors.affiliation: MEIZ-Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fontecha
authors.forename: Meisy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Engels
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Banegas
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poorak
authors.forename: Alexandre M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mancero
authors.forename: Venkatachalam
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Udhayakumar
authors.forename: Naomi W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Lucchi
authors.forename: Rosa E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mejia
mesh_terms: D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D006721:Honduras; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000175:diagnosis*; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S