title: Somnolence and stuttering as the primary manifestations of a midbrain stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke can occasionally manifest with non-lateralizing findings such as somnolence and stuttering. We describe a case and discuss the anatomical and physiological implications of this rare combination of symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 51-year-old woman presented with 3 days of "feeling drunk". She could further specify her symptoms as blurry vision, slurred speech, and gait instability. She had a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Her examination at presentation was remarkable only for marked somnolence. Over the next several hours she developed mild upgaze limitation and vertical nystagmus. Non-enhanced computed tomography of the brain was normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 5 mm acute infarct in the caudal midbrain. The first week the patient remained somnolent and manifested marked stuttering. The patient improved gradually with speech therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strokes affecting the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction can manifest with stuttering. Defective projections of the reticular formation to the supplementary motor area, damaged extrapyramidal circuits, and/or aberrant propioceptive feedback due to involvement of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms. Somnolence can also be part of the presentation and is likely due to disruptions of sleep pathways subserved by the reticular activating system. The accurate diagnosis of these cases depends on careful clinical assessment and high index of suspicion for stroke, especially in lieu of preexisting vascular risk factors and lack of an alternative explanation such as toxic-metabolic encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA (IK, JRR); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain (GRR); Human Motor Control Section of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (AE).
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karakis
authors.forename: Aviva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ellenstein
authors.forename: Gemma R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Roselló
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Romero