title: Clusters of iron-rich cells in the upper beak of pigeons are macrophages not magnetosensitive neurons.
abstract: Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate magnetosensation in vertebrates is a formidable scientific problem. One hypothesis is that magnetic information is transduced into neuronal impulses by using a magnetite-based magnetoreceptor. Previous studies claim to have identified a magnetic sense system in the pigeon, common to avian species, which consists of magnetite-containing trigeminal afferents located at six specific loci in the rostral subepidermis of the beak. These studies have been widely accepted in the field and heavily relied upon by both behavioural biologists and physicists. Here we show that clusters of iron-rich cells in the rostro-medial upper beak of the pigeon Columbia livia are macrophages, not magnetosensitive neurons. Our systematic characterization of the pigeon upper beak identified iron-rich cells in the stratum laxum of the subepidermis, the basal region of the respiratory epithelium and the apex of feather follicles. Using a three-dimensional blueprint of the pigeon beak created by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, we mapped the location of iron-rich cells, revealing unexpected variation in their distribution and number--an observation that is inconsistent with a role in magnetic sensation. Ultrastructure analysis of these cells, which are not unique to the beak, showed that their subcellular architecture includes ferritin-like granules, siderosomes, haemosiderin and filopodia, characteristics of iron-rich macrophages. Our conclusion that these cells are macrophages and not magnetosensitive neurons is supported by immunohistological studies showing co-localization with the antigen-presenting molecule major histocompatibility complex class II. Our work necessitates a renewed search for the true magnetite-dependent magnetoreceptor in birds.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph Daniel
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: Marion Claudia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Salzer
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riegler
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sugar
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breuss
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pichler
authors.forename: Herve
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cadiou
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lythgoe
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: David Anthony
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Keays
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001502:Beak / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology*; D010856:Columbidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005241:Feathers / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005295:Ferrocyanides / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009949:Orientation; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012677:Sensation; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D005295:Ferrocyanides; D007501:Iron; C000170:ferric ferrocyanide