title: Functional analysis to identify genes in wine yeast adaptation to low-temperature fermentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify genes and proteins involved in adaptation to low-temperature fermentations in a commercial wine yeast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine proteins were identified as representing the most significant changes in proteomic maps during the first 24 h of fermentation at low (13°C) and standard temperature (25°C). These proteins were mainly involved in stress response and in glucose and nitrogen metabolism. Transcription analysis of the genes encoding most of these proteins within the same time frame of wine fermentation presented a good correlation with proteomic data. Knockout and overexpressing strains of some of these genes were constructed and tested to evaluate their ability to start the fermentation process. The strain overexpressing ILV5 improved its fermentation activity in the first hours of fermentation. This strain showed a quicker process of mitochondrial degeneration, an altered intracellular amino acid profile and laxer nitrogen catabolite repression regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proteomic and transcriptomic analysis is useful to detect key molecular adaptation mechanisms of biotechnological interest for industrial processes. ILV5 gene seems to be important in wine yeast adaptation to low-temperature fermentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides information that might help improve the future performance of wine yeast, either by genetic modification or by adaptation during industrial production.
authors.affiliation: Biotecnologia Enològica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Salvadó
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiva
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rozès
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cordero-Otero
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guillamón
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005285:Fermentation; D017353:Gene Deletion; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D059467:Transcriptome; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D009584:Nitrogen