title: Profile of antibiotic consumption, sensitivity and resistance in an urban area of Andhra Pradesh, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotics are an important category of drugs in which indiscriminate use can affect the susceptibility patterns among infectious organisms, resulting in antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on antibiotic usage and susceptibility patterns were collected from public and private health centres in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India, through the use of questionnaires. The data collected were then coded, tabulated, computed and evaluated using statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The consumption profile of the different categories of drugs used in public and private hospitals was as follows: nutrition and metabolism products 19.0%; gastrointestinal disorder-related drugs 18.5%; antibiotics 16.8%; anti-pyretics and anti-analgesics 20.6%. These drugs were found to be in high demand. Among the antibiotics, aminoglycosides (amikacin), quinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), tetracyclines (doxycycline), penicillin (ampicillin) and sulphonamides (co-trimoxazole) were the most commonly prescribed drugs for antibiotic therapy. 46% of the culture laboratory reports were positive with the following organism profile: Escherichia coli (36%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%), Staphylococcus aureus (29%), Enterococcus faecalis (9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%). In terms of the sensitivity profile of antibacterials, amikacin (66.9%) was the only antibiotic showing sensitivity patterns, while the majority of antibiotics, such as cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, gentamycin and norfloxacin, had acquired a resistance rate of 55.1%-80.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that indiscriminate prescription and consumption of new broad-spectrum antibiotics against sensitive organisms results in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to curb the excessive use of antibiotics in local hospitals in order to control the trend of increasing antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Montessori Mahila Kalasala, Vijayawada, India.
authors.forename: Sunita Bhargavi
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Peripi
authors.forename: Venu Gopala Rao
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Thadepalli
authors.forename: Mukkanti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khagga
authors.forename: Prasanna Krishna
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tripuraribhatla
authors.forename: Dinesh Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bharadwaj
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents