title: Aphid antixenosis in cotton is activated by the natural plant defence elicitor cis-jasmone.
abstract: Upon insect herbivory, plants can release blends of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that modify herbivore and natural enemy behaviour. We have shown recently that cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, emits a blend of defence VOCs that repels the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, upon herbivory by this notorious crop pest, including (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT). In this study, we investigated changes in the defence VOC profile of G. hirsutum induced by the naturally-occurring plant elicitor cis-jasmone (CJ) and whether these changes modify the behaviour of A. gossypii. In four-arm olfactometer assays, VOCs from untreated plants were significantly attractive (P<0.05), whilst VOCs from CJ-treated plants were significantly repellent (P<0.05). The VOCs induced by CJ appeared to comprise (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, DMNT, methyl salicylate and TMTT. In quantitative VOC collection studies, sustained release of DMNT and TMTT was observed in CJ-treated plants over a period of five days, with levels becoming statistically significantly higher than for control treated plants on the fifth day in most cases. Despite earlier indications, no statistically significant differences were observed in levels of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate or methyl salicylate between CJ and control treatments on any day. Furthermore, DMNT and TMTT emissions from CJ-treated plants were further enhanced by subsequent addition of A. gossypii. CJ treatment induced statistically significantly higher DMNT and TMTT expression levels as early as day three, when A. gossypii was present. The results in this study show that CJ can induce the production of A. gossypii-induced VOCs from G. hirsutum, with potential for deployment in novel crop protection strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Pin-580005, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mahabaleshwar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.forename: Janser N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Joao G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loza-Reyes
authors.forename: Ervino
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bleicher
authors.forename: Antonio E G
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayon
authors.forename: Sarah Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: Toby J A
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pickett
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Birkett
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000475:Alkenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003368:Gossypium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D060434:Herbivory; D015394:Molecular Structure; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012459:Salicylates / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: C500824:4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene; C411254:4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene; D000085:Acetates; D000475:Alkenes; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D012459:Salicylates; D013729:Terpenes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C425828:3-hexenylacetate; C033069:methyl salicylate; C086299:jasmone