title: Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI): a 2-D virtual wheelchair control based on event-related desynchronization/synchronization and state control.
abstract: This study aims to propose an effective and practical paradigm for a brain-computer interface (BCI)-based 2-D virtual wheelchair control. The paradigm was based on the multi-class discrimination of spatiotemporally distinguishable phenomenon of event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) in electroencephalogram signals associated with motor execution/imagery of right/left hand movement. Comparing with traditional method using ERD only, where bilateral ERDs appear during left/right hand mental tasks, the 2-D control exhibited high accuracy within a short time, as incorporating ERS into the paradigm hypothetically enhanced the spatiotemoral feature contrast of ERS versus ERD. We also expected users to experience ease of control by including a noncontrol state. In this study, the control command was sent discretely whereas the virtual wheelchair was moving continuously. We tested five healthy subjects in a single visit with two sessions, i.e., motor execution and motor imagery. Each session included a 20 min calibration and two sets of games that were less than 30 min. Average target hit rate was as high as 98.4% with motor imagery. Every subject achieved 100% hit rate in the second set of wheelchair control games. The average time to hit a target 10 m away was about 59 s, with 39 s for the best set. The superior control performance in subjects without intensive BCI training suggested a practical wheelchair control paradigm for BCI users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 843067, USA. huangd2@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Ding-Yu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: Wenchuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Xuedong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ou
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D058407:Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D009068:Movement; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018910:Video Games; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult