title: Examining the interrelationships between social anxiety, smoking to cope, and cigarette craving.
abstract: Smokers with symptoms of social anxiety often report smoking as a way to cope with negative affect. These individuals have lower success rates when attempting cessation compared with the general population. However, there is a paucity of research examining the role of social anxiety in nicotine dependence. The present study explored the relationships between symptoms of social anxiety, smoking to cope with these symptoms during social situations (STC), and cigarette craving. Thirty-eight participants completed measures of social anxiety and STC at baseline. Cigarette craving was subsequently assessed pre and post exposure to smoking-related images during periods of nicotine satiation and deprivation. Regression analyses revealed that greater symptoms of social anxiety predicted the frequency of STC behaviors and the number of cigarettes participants thought they would need in order to feel more comfortable in social situations. Symptoms of social anxiety and several behaviors associated with STC (e.g., avoiding social situations in which smoking is not permitted) predicted increases in craving during nicotine deprivation, but not satiation. These findings suggest that symptoms of social anxiety and STC behaviors may play a role in the maintenance of smoking behaviors. Further, targeting symptoms of social anxiety within the context of smoking cessation treatment may be particularly helpful and may improve the rates of smoking cessation among individuals with symptoms of social anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2051, United States. noreen.watson@ttu.edu
authors.forename: Noreen L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: VanderVeen
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: DeMarree
authors.forename: Holly E R
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Morrell
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult