title: The sex determination gene shows no founder effect in the giant honey bee, Apis dorsata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All honey bee species (Apis spp) share the same sex determination mechanism using the complementary sex determination (csd) gene. Only individuals heterogeneous at the csd allele develop into females, and the homozygous develop into diploid males, which do not survive. The honeybees are therefore under selection pressure to generate new csd alleles. Previous studies have shown that the csd gene is under balancing selection. We hypothesize that due to the long separation from the mainland of Hainan Island, China, that the giant honey bees (Apis dorsata) should show a founder effect for the csd gene, with many different alleles clustered together, and these would be absent on the mainland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We sampled A. dorsata workers from both Hainan and Guangxi Provinces and then cloned and sequenced region 3 of the csd gene and constructed phylogenetic trees. We failed to find any clustering of the csd alleles according to their geographical origin, i.e. the Hainan and Guangxi samples did not form separate clades. Further analysis by including previously published csd sequences also failed to show any clade-forming in both the Philippines and Malaysia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study and those from previous studies did not support the expectations of a founder effect. We conclude that because of the extremely high mating frequency of A. dorsata queens, a founder effect does not apply in this species.
authors.affiliation: Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Zhi Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zi Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei Yu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Xiao Bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhi Jiang
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Zachary Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004171:Diploidy; D005260:Female; D018703:Founder Effect; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D019849:Sex Determination Processes