title: Efficacy of preventing hemodialysis catheter infections with citrate lock.
abstract: Prevalent use of tunneled dialysis catheters can reach 30%. Infection remains the most serious catheter-related problem. Catheter locks are increasingly used for prevention, but are not yet recommended either by the Food and Drug Association or European Medicines Agency, on the basis of increasing bacterial resistance or lock toxicity. The aim was to test safety and effectiveness of citrate. A prospective, interventional study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of a 30% citrate lock in preventing catheter-related bacteremia (CRB). A total of 157 prevalent tunneled catheters were locked with citrate and prospectively followed during a 1-year period. The primary endpoint was first CRB diagnosed according to two of the diagnostic criteria for Catheter Infection of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), namely definite and probable infection. The CDC criterion of possible but not proved infection was not considered. This citrate lock cohort (n = 157) had 10 episodes of CRB. We observed 0.49 CRB episodes/1000 patient-days and the mean infection-free catheter day was 130.6 ± 100.9. No clinically relevant adverse events were observed. No proved tunnel or exit site infection was observed and no patients died because of CRB. Catheter obstruction episodes were reported on 69 occasions out of 14 catheters. These results were compared with an historical cohort from a previous study of catheter locking with low-dose gentamicin and did not show significant difference in efficacy. Citrate lock is effective in preventing CRB. No toxicity was observed. The use of citrate lock may have advantages over antibiotic locks: no reported bacterial resistance, lower industrial cost, and less manipulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hemodialysis, Nephrocare Grândola, Grândola, Portugal. jorgesilva1@sapo.pt
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Telmo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponce
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000382:microbiology; D002951:Citrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002951:Citrates; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D019343:Citric Acid