title: The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a review to examine current literature on the effects of interpersonal and institutional racism and discrimination occurring within health care settings on the health care received by racial/ethnic minority patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PsychNet, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles on US populations published between January 1, 2008 and November 1, 2011. We used various combinations of the following search terms: discrimination, perceived discrimination, race, ethnicity, racism, institutional racism, stereotype, prejudice or bias, and health or health care. Fifty-eight articles were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient perception of discriminatory treatment and implicit provider biases were the most frequently examined topics in health care settings. Few studies examined the overall prevalence of racial/ethnic discrimination and none examined temporal trends. In general, measures used were insufficient for examining the impact of interpersonal discrimination or institutional racism within health care settings on racial/ethnic disparities in health care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better instrumentation, innovative methodology, and strategies are needed for identifying and tracking racial/ethnic discrimination in health care settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, MD, USA. shaversv@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Vickie L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Shavers
authors.forename: Pebbles
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: Dionne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: William M P
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyington
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moten
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rorie
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D011287:Prejudice; D044469:Racial Groups; D012107:Research Design; D013240:Stereotyping