title: Thrombus growth and embolism on tissue factor-bearing collagen surfaces under flow: role of thrombin with and without fibrin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At sites of vascular injury, thrombin is an important mediator in thrombus growth and stability. Using microfluidic flow devices as well as patterned surfaces of collagen and tissue factor (TF), we sought to determine the role that fibrin plays in clot stability without interfering with the production of thrombin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We deployed an 8-channel microfluidic device to study coagulation during corn trypsin inhibitor-treated (XIIa-inhibited) whole blood perfusion over lipidated TF linked to a fibrillar collagen type 1 surface. Clot growth and embolization were measured at initial inlet venous (200 s(-1)) or arterial (1000 s(-1)) wall shear rates under constant flow rate or pressure relief mode in the presence or absence of Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (GPRP) to block fibrin polymerization. Numerical calculations for each mode defined hemodynamic forces on the growing thrombi. In either mode at inlet venous flow, increasing amounts of TF on the surface led to a modest dose-dependent increase (up to 2-fold) in platelet deposition, but resulted in massive fibrin accumulation (>50-fold) only when exceeding a critical TF threshold. At a venous inlet flow, GPRP led to a slight 20% increase in platelet accumulation (P<0.01) in pressure relief mode with thrombi resisting ≈1500 s(-1) before full channel occlusion. GPRP-treated thrombi were unstable under constant flow rate, where shear forces caused embolization at a maximum shear rate of ≈2300 s(-1) (69 dynes/cm2). In constant flow rate mode, the nonocclusive platelet-fibrin deposits (no GPRP) withstood maximum shear rates of ≈29 000 s(-1) (870 dyne/cm2) at ≈95% of full channel occlusion. For arterial inlet shear rate, embolization was marked for either mode with GPRP present when shear forces reached 87 dynes/cm2 (≈2900 s(-1)). Under constant flow rate, platelet-fibrin deposits (no GPRP) withstood maximums of 2400 dynes/cm2 (80,000 s(-1)) at ≈90% of full channel occlusion prior to embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fibrin increased clot strength by 12- to 28-fold. Under pressure relief mode, ≈2-fold more fibrin was produced under venous flow (P<0.001). These studies define embolization criteria for clots formed with surface TF-triggered thrombin production (±fibrin) under venous and arterial flows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Colace
authors.forename: Ryan W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Muthard
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004617:Embolism / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015956:Factor XIIa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008954:Models, Biological; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D024042:Collagen Type I; D008081:Liposomes; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010940:Plant Proteins; C052160:trypsin inhibitor, Zea mays; C034585:glycyl-prolyl-arginyl-proline; D005337:Fibrin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D015956:Factor XIIa; D013917:Thrombin