title: Production of TNF-α, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide by macrophages from mice with paracoccidioidomycosis that were fed a linseed oil-enriched diet.
abstract: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can modulate the immune system and their primary effect is on macrophage function. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America that is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb). Macrophages are the main defence against this pathogen and have microbicidal activity that is dependent on interferon-Γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These cytokines stimulate the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), leading to the death of the fungus. To study the effect of n-3 PUFA on the host immune response during experimental PCM, macrophages that were obtained from animals infected with Pb18 and fed a diet enriched by linseed (LIN) oil were cultured and challenged with the fungus in vitro. The macrophage function was analysed based on the concentrations of TNF-α, NO and H₂O₂. LIN oil seems to influence the production of TNF-α during the development of disease. A diet enriched with LIN oil influences the microbicidal activity of the macrophages by inducing the production of cytokines and metabolites such as NO and H₂O₂, predominantly in the chronic phase of infection.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: Sheisa Cyléia
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sargi
authors.forename: Márcia Machado de Oliveira
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dalalio
authors.forename: Jesuí Vergílio
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Visentainer
authors.forename: Rafael Campos
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.forename: João Ângelo de Lima
authors.initials: JÂ
authors.lastname: Perini
authors.forename: Flávia Braidotti
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Stevanato
authors.forename: Jeane Eliete Laguila
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Visentainer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010229:Paracoccidioidomycosis / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008043:Linseed Oil; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide