title: Effects of bovine sperm cryopreservation using different freezing techniques and cryoprotective agents on plasma, acrosomal and mitochondrial membranes.
abstract: The success of semen cryopreservation is influenced by several factors, such as freezing curves and cryoprotectants. These two factors are of special interest once they may lead to many important physical-chemical changes resulting in different degrees of damage in spermatozoa structure. This experiment was designed to compare the effect of bull semen cryopreservation using two freezing techniques: conventional (CT--cooling rate of -0.55 °C min(-1) and freezing rate of -19.1 °C min(-1) and automated (AT--cooling rate of -0.23 °C min(-1) and freezing rate of -15 °C min(-1)), performed with different curves, and with three cryoprotectants (glycerol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl formamide) on bovine sperm motility and integrity of plasma, acrosomal and mitochondrial membranes. These variables were simultaneously evaluated using the fluorescence probes propidium iodide, fluorescein-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin and MitoTracker Green FM. The effects of freezing techniques, as well as of different cryoprotectants were analysed by the analysis of variance. The means were compared by Fisher's test. There were no significant differences between freezing techniques (P > 0.05). Glycerol showed higher percentages of motility, vigour and integrity of plasma, acrosomal and mitochondrial membranes than other two cryoprotectants (P < 0.05). Ethylene glycol preserved higher motility and integrity of plasma and mitochondrial membranes than dimethyl formamide (P < 0.05). Sperm motility with glycerol was 30.67 ± 1.41% and 30.50 ± 1.06%, with ethylene glycol was 21.17 ± 1.66% and 21.67 ± 1.13% and with dimethyl formamide was 8.33 ± 0.65% and 9.17 ± 0.72% to CT and AT curves, respectively. The percentage of spermatozoa with simultaneously intact plasma membrane, intact acrosome and mitochondrial function (IPIAH) was 14.82 ± 1.49% (CT) and 15.83 ± 1.26% (AT) to glycerol, 9.20 ± 1.31% (CT) and 9.92 ± 1.29% (AT) to ethylene glycol 4.65 ± 0.93% (CT) and 5.17 ± 0.87% (AT) to dimethyl formamide. Glycerol provided the best results, although nearly 85% of spermatozoa showed some degree of injury in their membranes, suggesting that further studies are required to improve the results of cryopreservation of bovine semen.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Semen Biotechnology and Andrology, Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Forero-Gonzalez
authors.forename: E C C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Celeghini
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Raphael
authors.forename: A F C
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Arruda
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005615:Freezing; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria; D012662:Semen Preservation