title: Prophylactic swallowing exercises in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing chemoradiation: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of prophylactic swallowing exercises on swallowing function in patients undergoing chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for head and neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care, academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with head and neck cancer receiving CRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients performed 5 targeted swallowing exercises throughout their CRT and participated in weekly swallowing therapy sessions to promote adherence and accurate technique. Controls had no prophylactic exercises and were referred for swallowing treatment after completion of CRT if indicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swallowing function was assessed with the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients (PSS-H&N) at baseline, immediately after CRT, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after CRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in FOIS scores between intervention and control patients immediately after CRT (immediately after CRT: intervention group median score, 3 [range, 1-7], vs median control score, 4 [range, 1-6] (P = .88). However, intervention patients had significantly better scores at months 3 and 6 (median 3-month intervention score, 7 [range, 5-7], vs median control score, 5 [range, 3-7] [P = .03]; median 6-month intervention score, 7 [range, 6-7], vs median control score, 6 [range, 3-7] [P = .009]). There was no significant difference in scores at months 9 and 12 (P = .24 and P = .93, respectively). The same pattern between intervention and control patients was observed for scores on the PSS-H&N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who performed prophylactic swallowing exercises had improved swallowing function at 3 and 6 months after CRT but not immediately after CRT or at 9 and 12 months after CRT. The small sample size may have limited our ability to detect significant differences beyond 6 months of observation as well as additional significant differences in our study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 5 E 98th St, New York, NY 10029, USA. tamar.kotz@mountsinai.org
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotz
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Lyudmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milman
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Coral
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez-Prieto
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Forsythe
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Genden
mesh_terms: D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome