title: Preferential processing of threatening facial expressions using the repetition blindness paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroanatomical evidence suggests that the human brain has dedicated pathways to rapidly process threatening stimuli. This processing bias for threat was examined using the repetition blindness (RB) paradigm. RB (i.e., failure to report the second instance of an identical stimulus rapidly following the first) has been established for words, objects and faces but not, to date, facial expressions.
  
  
  METHODS
  78 (Study 1) and 62 (Study 2) participants identified repeated and different, threatening and non-threatening emotional facial expressions in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, repeated facial expressions produced more RB than different expressions. RB was attenuated for threatening expressions. In Study 2, attenuation of RB for threatening expressions was replicated. Additionally, semantically related but non-identical threatening expressions reduced RB relative to non-threatening stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the threat bias is apparent in the temporal processing of facial expressions, and expands the RB paradigm by demonstrating that identical facial expressions are susceptible to the effect.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mowszowski
authors.forename: Skye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bornhofen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D060865:Repetition Priming / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology