title: Depression and neurocognitive performance after concussion among male and female high school and collegiate athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively examine the relationship of sport-related concussion with depression and neurocognitive performance and symptoms among male and female high school and college athletes. A secondary objective was to explore age and sex differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pretest, multiple posttest, repeated-measures design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  High school and collegiate athletes (N=75) with a diagnosed concussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beck Depression Inventory-II and computerized neurocognitive test battery (Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test), which includes concussion symptoms (Post-concussion Symptom Scale) at baseline and at 2, 7, and 14 days postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concussed athletes exhibited significantly higher levels of depression from baseline at 2 days (P≤.001), 7 days (P=.006), and 14 days postconcussion (P=.04). Collegiate athletes demonstrated a significant increase in depression at 14 days postconcussion than did high school athletes (P=.03). There were no sex differences in depression levels. Neurocognitive decrements at 14 days were supported for reaction time (P=.001) and visual memory (P=.001). Somatic depression at 7 days postconcussion was related to slower reaction time at 7 days postconcussion. Somatic depression at 14 days postinjury was related to lower visual memory scores at 14 days postinjury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not clinically significant, athletes experienced increased depression scores up to 14 days after concussion that coincided with neurocognitive decrements in reaction time and visual memory. Somatic depression appears to be most salient with regard to lower neurocognitive performance. Mood assessments after concussion are warranted to help monitor and enhance recovery.
authors.affiliation: UPMC Sports Medicine Concussion Program, UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. akontos@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Covassin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Elbin
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult