title: Chemotherapy of drug-resistant malaria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the impact of drug-resistant malaria on current management of plasmodial infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search of the English-language medical literature from 1985 to 1995; bibliographies of selected papers; international malaria advisory experts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combinations of artemisinin derivatives and mefloquine or atovaquone plus proguanil appear to be the most active drug regimens against multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria from Southeast Asia. The optimal therapy for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax is unknown, but recent data indicate that halofantrine or chloroquine plus high doses of primaquine are efficacious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of drug-resistant malaria continues to increase at a rate that exceeds new drug development. Ultimately the control of malaria will require more creative approaches than just the development of additional inhibitory drugs. These might include the identification of biochemical pathways unique to the parasite (such as drug efflux and heme polymerization), making it possible to design new classes of antimalarial agents that are selectively toxic to the parasite; methods to block parasite development in the mosquito vector; and multistage vaccines against asexual and sexual stages to block both the pathophysiology and the transmission of disease.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kain