title: Practical guidelines for the high-sensitivity detection and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clones by flow cytometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a life-threatening disorder caused by an inability to make glyco-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchors. While flow cytometry is the method of choice to detect the loss of GPI-linked proteins, the development and validation of sensitive, standardized, methodologies have been hampered by the rarity of this disease and by technical difficulties in the accurate identification of PNH cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of PNH by flow cytometry were recently published by the International Clinical Cytometry Society (ICCS). However, specific reagent cocktails, and associated detailed analytic strategies were not directly addressed therein. In this supporting document based on the ICCS guidelines, we provide concise practical protocols for the high-sensitivity detection of PNH RBCs and WBCs (both granulocytes and monocytes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CD235aFITC/CD59PE assay described was capable of detecting as few as 20 Type III PNH RBCs per million cells. Frequencies of Type III PNH cells in 10 normal samples were in the 0-6 per million RBCs. The high-resolution granulocyte/neutrophil assays described in this study could detect PNH phenotypes consistently at a level of 0.01% sensitivity. Frequencies of PNH phenotypes in normal individuals were in the 0-10 per million granulocytes/neutrophils range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The careful screening and selection of specific antibody conjugates has allowed the development of reagent cocktails suitable for high-sensitivity flow cytometric detection of PNH RBCs and PNH WBCs. The reagent cocktails described herein can be used on a variety of clinical flow cytometers equipped with four or more photo multiplier tubes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Medicine Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. rob.sutherland@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: D Robert
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keeney
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Illingworth
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002469:Cell Separation; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000737:chemistry; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006021:Glycophorins / Q000378:metabolism; D006457:Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C409972:GYPA protein, human; D006021:Glycophorins; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate