title: Interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive weight gain during pregnancy is associated with multiple maternal and neonatal complications. However, interventions to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy have not been adequately evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy and associated pregnancy complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (20 October 2011) and MEDLINE (1966 to 20 October 2011).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials of interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed for inclusion all potential studies we identified as a result of the search strategy. At least two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We resolved discrepancies through discussion. We have presented results using risk ratio (RR) for categorical data and mean difference for continuous data. We analysed data using a fixed-effect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 28 studies involving 3976 women; 27 of these studies with 3964 women contributed data to the analyses. Interventions focused on a broad range of interventions. However, for most outcomes we could not combine data in a meta-analysis, and where we did pool data, no more than two or three studies could be combined for a particular intervention and outcome. Overall, results from this review were mainly not statistically significant, and where there did appear to be differences between intervention and control groups, results were not consistent. For women in general clinic populations one (behavioural counselling versus standard care) of three interventions examined was associated with a reduction in the rate of excessive weight gain (RR 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.95); for women in high-risk groups no intervention appeared to reduce excess weight gain. There were inconsistent results for mean weight gain (reported in all but one of the included studies). We found a statistically significant effect on mean weight gain for five interventions in the general population and for two interventions in high-risk groups.Most studies did not show statistically significant effects on maternal complications, and none reported significant effects on adverse neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is not enough evidence to recommend any intervention for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy, due to the significant methodological limitations of included studies and the small observed effect sizes. More high-quality randomised controlled trials with adequate sample sizes are required to evaluate the effectiveness of potential interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. bmuktabhant@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Benja
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muktabhant
authors.forename: Pisake
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lumbiganon
authors.forename: Chetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngamjarus
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dowswell
mesh_terms: D003376:Counseling; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015430:Weight Gain