title: Schizophrenia and the immune system: pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Published evidence on established and theoretical connections between immune system dysfunction and schizophrenia is reviewed, with a discussion of developments in the search for immunologically-targeted treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A growing body of evidence indicates that immunologic influences may play an important role in the etiology and course of schizophrenia. A literature search identified more than 100 articles pertaining to suspected immunologic influences on schizophrenia published over the past 15 years. Schizophrenia researchers have explored a wide range of potential immune system-related causal or contributory factors, including neurobiological and neuroanatomical disorders, genetic abnormalities, and environmental influences such as maternal perinatal infection. Efforts to establish an immunologic basis for schizophrenia and identify reliable immune markers continue to be hindered by sampling challenges and methodological problems. In aggregate, the available evidence indicates that at least some cases of schizophrenia have an immunologic component, suggesting that immune-focused prevention strategies (e.g., counseling of pregnant women to avoid immune stressors) and close monitoring of at-risk children are appropriate. While antipsychotics remain the standard treatments for schizophrenia, a variety of drugs with immunologic effects have been investigated as adjunctive therapies, with variable and sometimes conflicting results; these include the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib, immune-modulating agents (e.g., azathioprine and various anticytokine agents such as atlizumab, anakinra, and tumor necrosis factor-α blockers), and an investigational anti-interferon-γ agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The published evidence indicates that immune system dysfunction related to genetic, environmental, and neurobiological influences may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia in a subset of patients.
authors.affiliation: Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Brahm
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators