title: Management of contaminated open fractures: a comparison of two types of irrigation in a porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of open fractures demands rapid intervention consisting of intravenous antibiotics, aggressive debridement, fracture immobilization, and soft tissue management including additional debridements and soft tissue coverage. Despite this approach, infection, particularly osteomyelitis, after open fracture continues to be a source of significant morbidity. Recent literature has provided several studies that performed clinical trials in superficial wounds. These investigations compared sterile solutions with tap water for wound decontamination. The results suggest that tap water washouts are cost-effective for these specific wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  An established protocol using sterile porcine hind limb tibias, as reported by Bhandari et al., was applied with modification. There were then 15 specimens and 5 controls (no irrigation) for each condition. The conditions were potable water and sterile water. A representative bacterium of gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus, or gram-negative, Escherichia coli, acted as the contaminant. Sectioned, sterile porcine hind limb tibias were inoculated with 1 mL of a known concentration (1 × 10(10)) of bacterium and incubated. Each specimen was then irrigated, with bulb irrigation at a standardized distance of 15 cm, with 500 mL of irrigation. The specimen, along with 0.5 mL of wash (irrigant collected after it was placed over the specimen), was placed in 5 mL of Brain Heart Infusion broth. All specimens were incubated in this broth at 37°C for 2 hours. At 2 hours, a 100-μL supernatant was plated on blood agar plates and incubated for 24 hours. Colony counts for each specimen and controls were then performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of colony forming units (CFUs) for each type of bacterium was different. The average CFUs from bone samples contaminated with E. coli was 5.18 × 10(8) after irrigation with sterile water and 6.24 × 10(8) after irrigation with tap water. The average CFUs from bone samples contaminated with S. aureus was 18 × 10(6) after irrigation with sterile water and 12 × 10(6) after irrigation with tap water. The average CFUs from the irrigation samples from E. coli contamination treated with sterile water was 1.3 × 10(6) and the CFUs from E. coli contamination treated with tap water was 2.2 × 10(6). The average CFUs from the irrigation samples from S. aureus contamination treated with sterile water was 1.57 × 10(6) and the CFUs from S. aureus contamination treated with tap water was 1.56 × 10(6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no significant difference between the CFUs for the sterile and potable water (p = 0.201) for each bacterium (p = 0.871).
authors.affiliation: Department of Bone and Joint Sports Medicine, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia 23708, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DeMaio
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasty
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D014867:Water