title: ARNT controls the expression of epidermal differentiation genes through HDAC- and EGFR-dependent pathways.
abstract: Previously we showed that spatial and developmental modulation of ARNT (HIF1β) expression in mouse epidermis is essential for maintenance of keratinocyte differentiation, proper formation of the barrier and normal desquamation. Here, using lentiviral suppression or induction of ARNT in TERT-immortalized (N-TERT) and HaCaT cells we assessed the nature and mechanisms of ARNT involvement in control of differentiation in human epidermal keratinocytes. ARNT depletion did not affect the levels of basal keratins K5 and K14, but significantly induced expression of several key differentiation markers (an effect abolished by EGF supplementation). Furthermore, ARNT deficiency resulted in the downregulation of amphiregulin (AREG) - the most highly expressed EGFR ligand in human keratinocytes - whereas upregulation of ARNT showed the opposite. In ARNT-deficient monolayer cultures and 3D epidermal equivalents, the downregulation of AREG was concurrent with a decline of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. TSA, a potent suppressor of HDAC activity, abolished the effects of ARNT deficiency, implying a role for HDACs in ARNT-dependent modulation of the AREG-EGFR pathway and downstream epidermal genes. Total HDAC activity was significantly increased in ARNT-depleted cells and decreased with ARNT overexpression. ARNT-dependent shifts in HDAC activity were specifically attributed to significant changes in the levels of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 proteins (but not mRNA) in both monolayer and 3D cultures. Collectively, our results suggest that ARNT controls AREG expression and the downstream EGFR-ERK pathway in keratinocytes, at least in part, by modulating HDAC activity. This novel regulatory pathway targeting advanced stages of epidermal differentiation might have important implications for skin pathology such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and cancer.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee,  UK.
authors.forename: E Douglas
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romanowska
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.forename: Andrey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Panteleyev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C497396:ARNT protein, human; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D007633:Keratins; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D006655:Histone Deacetylases