title: Patterned direct-write and screen-printing of NIR-to-visible upconverting inks for security applications.
abstract: Two methods of direct-write printing for producing highly resolved features of a polymer impregnated with luminescent upconversion phosphors for security applications are presented. The printed polymer structures range in shape from features to text. The thin polymer features were deposited by direct-write printing of atomized material as well as by screen-printing techniques. These films contain highly luminescent lanthanide-doped, rare-earth nanocrystals, β-NaYF₄:3%Er, 17%Yb, which are capped with oleic acid. This capping agent allows the nanocrystals to disperse throughout the films for full detailing of printed features. Upconversion of deposited features was obtained using a 980 nm wavelength laser with emission of upconverted light in the visible region at both 540 and 660 nm. Features were deposited onto high bond paper, Kapton®, and glass to demonstrate possible covert and forensic security printing applications, as they are printed in various features and invisible to 'naked-eye' viewing at low concentrations of nanocrystals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 St Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Jeevan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meruga
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stanley May
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kellar
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Krishnamraju
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ankireddy
authors.forename: Swathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vunnam
authors.forename: Quocanh N
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: Luu