title: Scheduling observational and physical practice: influence on the coding of simple motor sequences.
abstract: The main purpose of the present experiment was to determine the coordinate system used in the development of movement codes when observational and physical practice are scheduled across practice sessions. The task was to reproduce a 1,300-ms spatial-temporal pattern of elbow flexions and extensions. An intermanual transfer paradigm with a retention test and two effector (contralateral limb) transfer tests was used. The mirror effector transfer test required the same pattern of homologous muscle activation and sequence of limb joint angles as that performed or observed during practice, and the non-mirror effector transfer test required the same spatial pattern movements as that performed or observed. The test results following the first acquisition session replicated the findings of Gruetzmacher, Panzer, Blandin, and Shea (2011) . The results following the second acquisition session indicated a strong advantage for participants who received physical practice in both practice sessions or received observational practice followed by physical practice. This advantage was found on both the retention and the mirror transfer tests compared to the non-mirror transfer test. These results demonstrate that codes based in motor coordinates can be developed relatively quickly and effectively for a simple spatial-temporal movement sequence when participants are provided with physical practice or observation followed by physical practice, but physical practice followed by observational practice or observational practice alone limits the development of codes based in motor coordinates.
authors.affiliation: IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ellenbuerger
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boutin
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Blandin
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D019370:Observation; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012691:Serial Learning; D013997:Time Factors; D014163:Transfer, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult