title: Enhancing self-efficacy for optimized patient outcomes through the theory of symptom self-management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In today's world, greater patient empowerment is imperative because 90 million Americans live with 1 or more chronic conditions such as cancer. Evidence reveals that healthy behaviors such as effective symptom self-management can prevent or reduce much of the suffering from cancer. Oncology nurses play a pivotal role in developing a symptom self-management plan that is critical to optimizing a patient's symptom self-management behaviors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article uses exemplars to describe how oncology nurses can apply a tested middle-range theory, the Theory of Symptom Self-management, to clinical practice by incorporating interventions to increase a patient's perceived self-efficacy to optimize patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Theory of Symptom Self-management provides a means to understand the dynamic aspects of symptom self-management and provides a tested framework for the development of efficacy-enhancing interventions for use by oncology nurses in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exemplars based on the Theory of Symptom Self-management depict how oncology nursing can use perceived self-efficacy-enhancing symptom self-management interventions to improve the functional status and quality of life of their patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guided by a theoretical approach, oncology nurses can have a significant positive impact on the lives of their patients by reducing the symptom burden associated with cancer and its treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncology nurses can partner with their patients to design tailored approaches to symptom self-management. These tailored approaches provide the ability to implement patient-specific behaviors that recognize, prevent, relieve, or decrease the timing, intensity, distress, concurrence, and unpleasant quality of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. ahoffman32@aol.com
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009742:Nursing Theory; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D020377:Self Efficacy