title: Orally administered heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 alters respiratory immune responses and intestinal microbiota of diet-induced obese mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 on changes in respiratory immune function and intestinal microbiota in a diet-induced obese mouse model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After 8 weeks, the high-fat-diet-induced obese mice (DIO mice) were randomly divided into two 0067roups, the DIO and DIO0356 groups. DIO0356 group mice were orally fed with heat-killed TMC0356 every day for 8 weeks, while DIO group mice were exposed to 0·85% NaCl over the same time period as controls. After intervention, the pulmonary mRNA expression of cytokines and other immune molecules in DIO0356 mice compared to those in DIO group mice was significantly increased (P < 0·05, P < 0·01). In faecal bacterial profiles, analysed using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) method, T-RFLP patterns in 75% of the DIO0356 group mice were apparently changed compared with those in control group mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that inactive lactobacilli may stimulate the respiratory immune responses of obese host animals to enhance their natural defences against respiratory infection, partially associating with their potent impact on intestinal microbiota.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that oral administration of inactive lactobacilli may protect host animals from the lung immune dysfunction caused by obesity.
authors.affiliation: Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyazawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger