title: Systematic intraoperative application of confocal endomicroscopy for early detection and resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use intraoperative confocal endomicroscopy for early detection and resection of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. A preliminary report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen consecutive patients with SCC of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, and larynx were included from the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, HSK Dr Horst Schmidt Kliniken GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany
  
  
  METHODS
  Confocal endomicroscopy was performed during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures with a prototype of a rigid laser endoscope in combination with the already available technology of autofluorescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time visualization of cellular and subcellular details during endoscopy. Diagnostic scores were applied to differentiate dysplastic and malignant mucosal changes of SCC of the head and neck from normal squamous cell mucosa using this method. Results were correlated with the well-established gold standard, histologic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dysplastic and malignant changes of head and neck squamous cell mucosa were endoscopically determined by this unique in vivo application of confocal laser endomicroscopy using a rigid probe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present preliminary and descriptive data using this novel technology in vivo. Considering the impact of a virtual real-time histologic analysis, this technology points to a very promising development. It may carry potential for quicker intraoperative diagnosis, less need for multiple frozen sections, and more precise resection margins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, HSK Dr Horst Schmidt Kliniken GmbH, Ludwig-Erhard-Strasse 100, 65199 Wiesbaden, Germany. benjamin.pogorzelski@hsk-wiesbaden.de
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pogorzelski
authors.forename: Uli
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hanenkamp
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kiesslich
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gosepath
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003287:Contrast Media; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019793:Fluorescein; D005858:Germany; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019793:Fluorescein