title: Evaluation of the effects of venlafaxine and pregabalin on the carbon dioxide inhalation models of Generalised Anxiety Disorder and panic.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that subjective and objective symptoms of anxiety induced by 7.5% CO(2) inhalation can be attenuated by anxiolytics such as lorazepam and, to a lesser extent, paroxetine. Venlafaxine and pregabalin, two other licensed treatments for Generalised Anxiety Disorder, were used to further investigate the 7.5% and 35% CO(2) models of anxiety in healthy volunteers. Fifty-four participants were randomised to receive either placebo, venlafaxine or pregabalin. Study treatments were dosed incrementally over a three week period, to reach daily doses of 150 mg venlafaxine and 200mg pregabalin by the CO(2) challenge test day. Participants inhaled air 7.5% CO(2) for 20 minutes (single-blind presentation), and a non-blinded single vital capacity of 35% CO(2). Subjective ratings were recorded before and after each inhalation. Both 7.5% and 35% CO(2) inhalations produced the expected effects of increased ratings of symptoms of panic and anxiety, with increased blood pressure and heart rate. No significant treatment effects were found, although there were trends towards a reduction in feeling tense and nervous by both drugs compared with placebo during the 7.5% CO(2) challenge, and a reduction in alertness generally in the venlafaxine group compared with the pregabalin group. In contrast with the clear anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines reported in several previous CO(2) studies, these findings suggest that the anxiogenic effects of CO(2) challenges are not significantly influenced by these serotonergic and GABAergic anxiolytics. This may be due to a lack of sensitivity of the CO(2) challenges in healthy volunteers to these drug types.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. alison_diaper@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaper
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Osman-Hicks
authors.forename: Ann S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Colin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dourish
authors.forename: Gerard R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.forename: Jayne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010200:Panic / Q000187:drug effects*; D000069583:Pregabalin; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; D055815:Young Adult; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003511:Cyclohexanols; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000069583:Pregabalin; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride