title: Discriminating clinical features of heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction in the community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart failure (HF) is a major public health burden worldwide. Of patients presenting with HF, 30-55% have a preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) rather than a reduced ejection fraction (HFREF). Our objective was to examine discriminating clinical features in new-onset HFPEF vs. HFREF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 712 participants in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) hospitalized for new-onset HF between 1981 and 2008 (median age 81 years, 53% female), 46% had HFPEF (EF >45%) and 54% had HFREF (EF ≤45%). In multivariable logistic regression, coronary heart disease (CHD), higher heart rate, higher potassium, left bundle branch block, and ischaemic electrocardiographic changes increased the odds of HFREF; female sex and atrial fibrillation increased the odds of HFPEF. In aggregate, these clinical features predicted HF subtype with good discrimination (c-statistic 0.78). Predictors were examined in the Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment (EFFECT) study. Of 4436 HF patients (median age 75 years, 47% female), 32% had HFPEF and 68% had HFREF. Distinguishing clinical features were consistent between FHS and EFFECT, with comparable discrimination in EFFECT (c-statistic 0.75). In exploratory analyses examining the traits of the intermediate EF group (EF 35-55%), CHD predisposed to a decrease in EF, whereas other clinical traits showed an overlapping spectrum between HFPEF and HFREF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple clinical characteristics at the time of initial HF presentation differed in participants with HFPEF vs. HFREF. While CHD was clearly associated with a lower EF, overlapping characteristics were observed in the middle of the left ventricular EF range spectrum.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Philimon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gona
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pencina
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Kannel
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium