title: Investigation of three home-applied bleaching agents on enamel structure and mechanical properties: an in situ study.
abstract: The safety of at-home tooth bleaching, based upon carbamide peroxide (CP) or hydrogen peroxide (HP) as the active agent, has been questioned. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of three differently concentrated home-applied bleaching agents on human enamel under in situ conditions. Sixty specimens were divided randomly into four groups and treated with 10% CP, 15% CP, 20% CP, and distilled water, respectively. Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), microhardness, and fracture toughness (FT) measurements were conducted to determine variations on enamel structure and mechanical properties before and after the bleaching process. Raman revealed little variation of Raman relative intensity after treatment with CP, which was consistent with the results of ATR-IR, AFM, and microhardness analyses. In addition, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) intensity, and FT showed significant decreases on CP-treated specimens. These findings suggested there were minimal demineralization effects of the three at-home bleaching agents on enamel in situ. However, the decrease of LIF intensity and FT on enamel seemed to be inevitable.
authors.affiliation: Wuhan University, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan 430079, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sa
authors.forename: Zhejun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yining
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006244:Hardness / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010545:Peroxides; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide