title: Youth violence across multiple dimensions: a study of violence, absenteeism, and suspensions among middle school children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how multidimensional measures of violence correlate with school absenteeism and suspensions among middle school youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2004 with 28 882 sixth graders from an urban school district. Data were collected on role (witness, victim, perpetrator) and mode (verbal, physical, weapons) of past-year violence exposures, and absences and suspensions over 1 academic year. Associations between violence and absenteeism and suspension were estimated using generalized linear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ORs for suspension increased from witnessing to victimization to perpetration and then victimization-perpetration. Among those exposed to weapons, victims (OR(boys) = 1.45; OR(girls) = 1.38) had similar or slightly higher ORs for absenteeism than perpetrators (OR(boys) = 1.39; OR(girls) = 1.17). Boy victims and witnesses of physical violence had similar absenteeism patterns as those unexposed to physical violence. Of all exposed girls, victim-perpetrators had the highest ORs for absenteeism (OR = 1.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to violence correlated with absenteeism and suspension. The strength of these relationships depended on mode and role in exposure. Our cross-sectional data limits our ability to establish causality. Findings have implications for prevention.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Marizen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jingzhen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peek-Asa
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D019548:Crime Victims; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012923:Social Class; D013334:Students; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*