title: Genome-wide linkage scan of antisocial behavior, depression, and impulsive substance use in the UCSF family alcoholism study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the rates of antisocial behavior, depression, and impulsive substance use are increased among individuals diagnosed with alcohol dependence relative to those who are not. Thus, the present study conducted genome-wide linkage scans of antisocial behavior, depression, and impulsive substance use in the University of California at San Francisco Family Alcoholism Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antisocial behavior, depressive symptoms, and impulsive substance use were assessed using three scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2nd ed.: the Antisocial Practices content scale, the Depression content scale, and the revised MacAndrew Alcoholism scale. Linkage analyses were carried out using a variance components approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suggestive evidence of linkage to three genomic regions independent of alcohol and cannabis dependence diagnostic status was observed: the Antisocial Practices content scale showed evidence of linkage to chromosome 13 at 11 cM, the MacAndrew Alcoholism scale showed evidence of linkage to chromosome 15 at 47 cM, and all three scales showed evidence of linkage to chromosome 17 at 57-58 cM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each of these regions has shown previous evidence of linkage and association to substance dependence as well as other psychiatric disorders such as mood and anxiety disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, thus suggesting potentially broad relations between these regions and psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. gizeri@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Gizer
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ehlers
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vieten
authors.forename: Heidi S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Feiler
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gilder
authors.forename: Kirk C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsen
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000235:genetics; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D008126:Lod Score; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012495:San Francisco; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D014495:Universities