title: Resource utilization and costs following hospitalization of patients with chronic heart failure in the US.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite advances in its management and the identification of preventable risk factors, heart failure (HF) is a growing health problem in the US. The objective of this study was to describe treatment patterns, medical resource utilization and costs following hospitalization for chronic HF for patients stratified by age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with at least one hospitalization with chronic HF were identified in a US commercial insurance claims database from 2004-2008. Patients were followed from the 1st day of chronic HF hospitalization (index hospitalization) until disenrollment or end of data availability. Inpatient, outpatient and prescription drug utilization rates were calculated per person per month (PPPM). Costs included payments made by insurers and, where available, patient out-of-pocket payments and sick-leave costs were also calculated. Utilization rates and costs were stratified by patient age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 7814 patients included in the study. Index hospitalization was the most resource intensive and expensive ($31,023 age <65, $12,426 age ≥ 65). The rate of outpatient visits was the highest within 3 months following index hospitalization (3.6/PPPM age <65, 4.1/PPPM age ≥ 65). For the older age group, rate of re-hospitalizations was highest (0.06/PPPM) within 3-6 months following index hospitalization, while the younger group had its highest rate (0.08/PPPM) during the first 3 months following index hospitalization. Prescription dispensing rates were similar between age groups; average reimbursement PPPM for cardiovascular drugs did not exceed $92 (age <65) and $221 (age ≥ 65), which represents less than 3% of hospitalization costs for both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treating chronic HF patients is resource intensive. The greatest burden occurs within 6 months after index hospitalization for both age groups; patients continue to be burdened after hospitalization by high inpatient and outpatient visit rates. Outpatient cardiovascular drug costs account for a small proportion of total healthcare costs.
authors.affiliation: Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Korves
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eldar-Lissai
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McHale
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lafeuille
authors.forename: Siew
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hwa Ong
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheng Duh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult