title: Understanding how brass ball valves passing certification testing can cause elevated lead in water when installed.
abstract: The lead leaching potential of new brass plumbing devices has come under scrutiny as a significant source of lead in drinking water (>300 μg/L) of new buildings around the world. Experiments were conducted using ball valves that were sold as certified and known to have caused problems in practice, in order to better understand how installed products could create such problems, even if they passed "leaching tests" such as National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) Standard 61 Section 8. Diffusion of lead from within the device into water when installed can increase lead leaching by orders of magnitude relative to results of NSF testing, which once only required exposure of very small volumes of water within the device. "Normalization" of the lead-in-water result tended to produce estimates of lead concentration that were much lower than actual lead measured at the tap. Finally, the presence of flux could also dramatically increase lead leaching, whereas high water velocity had relatively little effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Simoni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Triantafyllidou
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raetz
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification / Q000379:methods*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D004560:Electricity; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D012015:Reference Standards; D012212:Rheology; D012498:Sanitary Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C048399:brass; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc