title: [Psychological effects of emotional crying in adults: events that elicit crying and social reactions to crying].
abstract: This research focused on both the psychological benefits and costs of crying. We investigated the relationships of intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of crying. Female nurses (N = 300) were requested to describe one of the most impressive negative episodes where they had cried. Then, they were asked to complete a questionnaire including a scale of their psychological changes after the crying episode and the social reactions when they cried. Factor analysis revealed five components of the psychological changes scale. Solitary crying had greater effects for both psychological benefits and costs after crying than crying in front of others. Factor analysis revealed three components of the scale of social reactions. When they cried in front of others, "catharsis", "positive attitude", and "recognition of the relationship with others" after crying were associated with "empathy and social support" from others. The factors of "recognition of negative reality" and "negative attitude" were associated with "criticism and slander" from others. These results were discussed in terms of the communicative functions and the reflective functions of adult crying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takoda, Tobe-cho, Iyo-gun, Ehime 791-2101, Japan. sawada@epu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D003448:Crying / Q000523:psychology*; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008875:Middle Aged; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires