title: Engineering of oriented myocardium on three-dimensional micropatterned collagen-chitosan hydrogel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface topography and electrical field stimulation are important guidance cues that aid the organization and contractility of cardiomyocytes in vivo. We report here on the use of these biomimetic cues in vitro to engineer an implantable contractile cardiac tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photocrosslinkable collagen-chitosan hydrogels with microgrooves of 10 µm, 20 µm and 100 µm in width were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds. The hydrogels were seeded with cardiomyocytes, placed into a bioreactor array with the microgrooves aligned with the electrical field lines, and stimulated with biphasic square pulses at 1 Hz and 2.5 V/cm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At Day 6, cardiomyocytes were aligned in the direction of the microgrooves. When cultivated without electrical stimulation, the excitation threshold of engineered cardiac tissues using micropatterned hydrogels was significantly lower than using smooth hydrogels, thus showing the importance of cell alignment to cardiac function. The success rate of achieving beating constructs was higher with the application of electrical stimulation. In addition, formation of dense contractile cardiac organoids was observed in groups with both biomimetic cues. The cultivation of cardiomyocytes on hydrogels with 10 µm grooves yielded 100% beating tissues with or without electrical stimulation, thus suggesting a smaller groove width is necessary for cells to communicate and form proper gap junctions. However, electrical field stimulation further increased cell density and enhanced tissue morphology which may be essential for the integration of the tissue construct to the native heart tissue upon implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biodegradability of the hydrogel substrate allows for the rapid translation of the engineered, oriented cardiac tissue to clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON - Canada.
authors.forename: Loraine L Y
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janic
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radisic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan; D003094:Collagen; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D020100:Hydrogels; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D003094:Collagen; D048271:Chitosan