title: ADHD and nicotine use in schizophrenia or Asperger syndrome: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine ADHD prevalence, rating scales, and relationship to nicotine use in adults with schizophrenia or Asperger syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five individuals, 41 with schizophrenia and 54 with Asperger syndrome, were included. Self-rating of adult ADHD symptoms with the Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Diagnostic Rating Scale (WRAADDS), parent rating of proband's ADHD childhood and adult life symptoms using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAP), and report of clinical ADHD diagnosis were included as ADHD measures. Nicotine use data were compared with data from a population sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 10% of the schizophrenia group and 30% of the Asperger syndrome group had a clinical ADHD diagnosis. Nicotine dependency in the whole sample was closely linked to ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of comorbid ADHD was high in schizophrenia and Asperger syndrome. The WRAADDS self-rating scale for ADHD can be one useful tool for assessing comorbid ADHD in these patient groups.
authors.affiliation: Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden University of Gothenburg, Sweden maria.hallerback@liv.se.
authors.forename: Maria Unenge
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Hallerbäck
authors.affiliation: Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tove
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lugnegård
authors.affiliation: Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gillberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020817:Asperger Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine