title: Susceptibility status of malaria vectors to insecticides commonly used for malaria control in Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to monitor the insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors in 12 sentinel districts of Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  WHO standard methods were used to detect knock-down and mortality in the wild female Anopheles mosquitoes collected in sentinel districts. The WHO diagnostic doses of 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.05% lambdacyhalothrin, 0.75% permethrin and 4% DDT were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major malaria vectors in Tanzania, Anopheles gambiae s.l., were susceptible (mortality rate of 98-100%) to permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and DDT in most of the surveyed sites. However, some sites recorded marginal susceptibility (mortality rate of 80-97%); Ilala showed resistance to DDT (mortality rate of 65% [95% CI, 54-74]), and Moshi showed resistance to lambdacyhalothrin (mortality rate of 73% [95% CI, 69-76]) and permethrin (mortality rate of 77% [95% CI, 73-80]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sustained susceptibility of malaria vectors to pyrethroid in Tanzania is encouraging for successful malaria control with Insecticide-treated nets and IRS. However, the emergency of focal points with insecticide resistance is alarming. Continued monitoring is essential to ensure early containment of resistance, particularly in areas that recorded resistance or marginal susceptibility and those with heavy agricultural and public health use of insecticides.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania. bika72@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Bilali
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kabula
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tungu
authors.forename: Johnson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matowo
authors.forename: Jovin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kitau
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mweya
authors.forename: Basiliana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Emidi
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Masue
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sindato
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malima
authors.forename: Jubilate
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minja
authors.forename: Shandala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Msangi
authors.forename: Ritha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Njau
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosha
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magesa
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kisinza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D003634:DDT; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009570:Nitriles; D026023:Permethrin; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D026023:Permethrin; D003634:DDT; C037304:cyhalothrin