title: Degradation kinetics of 4-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid by a biofilm-forming bacterial consortium under carbon and nitrogen limitations.
abstract: By decolorization of azo dyes, caused by reductive cleavage of the azo linkage, toxic or recalcitrant amines are generated. The present study deals with the effect of the inflowing medium composition (C:N ratio) on the kinetic behavior of a bacterial biofilm-forming consortium, able to use as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur source, the molecule of 4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (4ANS), which is one of the most recalcitrant byproducts generated by decolorization of azo dyes. All the experiments were carried out at room temperature in a lab-scale packed-bed biofilm reactor. Because environmental conditions affect the bioreactor performance, two mineral salts media containing 4ANS, with distinct C:N ratios; 0.68 (carbon as the limiting nutrient) and 8.57 (nitrogen as the limiting nutrient) were used to evaluate their effect on 4ANS biodegradation. By HPLC and COD measurements, the 4ANS removal rates and removal efficiencies were determined. The cultivable bacterial strains that compose the consortium were identified by their 16S rDNA gene sequence. With the enrichment technique used, a microbial consortium able to use efficiently 4ANS as the sole carbon source and energy, nitrogen and sulfur, was selected. The bacterial strains that constitute the consortium were isolated and identified. They belong to the following genera: Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Microbacterium, Nocardioides, and Oleomonas. The results obtained with this consortium showed, under nitrogen limitation, a remarkable increase in the 4ANS removal efficiency η(ANS), and in the 4ANS volumetric removal rates R                         (V,4ANS), as compared to those obtained under carbon limitation. Differences observed in bioreactor performance after changing the nutrient limitation could be caused by changes in biofilm properties and structure.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col Santo Tomás, CP 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juárez-Ramírez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velázquez-García
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Ordaz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galíndez-Mayer
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ramos Monroy
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D002244:Carbon; C023356:naphthionic acid; D009584:Nitrogen