title: Growth hormone secretagogues protect mouse cardiomyocytes from in vitro ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulation of intracellular calcium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of mortality. To study this disease, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) models are widely used to mimic the process of transient blockage and subsequent recovery of cardiac coronary blood supply. We aimed to determine whether the presence of the growth hormone secretagogues, ghrelin and hexarelin, would protect/improve the function of heart from I/R injury and to examine the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated hearts from adult male mice underwent 20 min global ischemia and 30 min reperfusion using a Langendorff apparatus. Ghrelin (10 nM) or hexarelin (1 nM) was introduced into the perfusion system either 10 min before or after ischemia, termed pre- and post-treatments. In freshly isolated cardiomyocytes from these hearts, single cell shortening, intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) transients and caffeine-releasable sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) were measured. In addition, RT-PCR and Western blots were used to examine the expression level of GHS receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), and phosphorylated phospholamban (p-PLB), respectively. Ghrelin and hexarelin pre- or post-treatments prevented the significant reduction in the cell shortening, [Ca(2+)](i) transient amplitude and caffeine-releasable SR Ca(2+) content after I/R through recovery of p-PLB. GHS-R1a antagonists, [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (200 nM) and BIM28163 (100 nM), completely blocked the effects of GHS on both cell shortening and [Ca(2+)](i) transients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through activation of GHS-R1a, ghrelin and hexarelin produced a positive inotropic effect on ischemic cardiomyocytes and protected them from I/R injury probably by protecting or recovering p-PLB (and therefore SR Ca(2+) content) to allow the maintenance or recovery of normal cardiac contractility. These observations provide supporting evidence for the potential therapeutic application of ghrelin and hexarelin in patients with cardiac I/R injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Launikonis
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015870:Gene Expression; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000099211:Phospholamban
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D002118:Calcium; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D054439:Ghrelin; D009842:Oligopeptides; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; D000099211:Phospholamban; C492347:BIM28163; C520836:GHRP-6, Lys(3)-; C086184:hexarelin