title: Cost-effective screening for acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected men who have sex with men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We used a Monte Carlo computer simulation to estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-time screening for prevalent HCV infection was performed at the time of enrollment in care, followed by either symptom-based screening, screening with liver function tests (LFTs), HCV antibody (Ab) screening, or HCV RNA screening in various combinations and intervals. We considered both treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PEG/RBV) alone and with an HCV protease inhibitor. Outcome measures were life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, direct medical costs, and cost-effectiveness, assuming a societal willingness to pay $100000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All strategies increased life expectancy (from 0.49 to 0.94 life-months), quality-adjusted life expectancy (from 0.47 to 1.00 quality-adjusted life-months), and costs (from $1900 to $7600), compared with symptom-based screening. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of screening with 6-month LFTs and a 12-month HCV Ab test, compared with symptom-based screening, was $43 700/QALY (for PEG/RBV alone) and $57 800/QALY (for PEG/RBV plus HCV protease inhibitor). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of screening with 3-month LFTs, compared with 6-month LFTs plus a 12-month HCV Ab test, was $129 700/QALY (for PEG/RBV alone) and $229 900/QALY (for PEG/RBV plus HCV protease inhibitor). With HCV protease inhibitor-based therapy, screening with 6-month LFTs and a 12-month HCV Ab test was the optimal strategy when the HCV infection incidence was ≤1.25 cases/100 person-years. The 3-month LFT strategy was optimal when the incidence was >1.25 cases/100 person-years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for acute HCV infection in HIV-infected MSM prolongs life expectancy and is cost-effective. Depending on incidence, regular screening with LFTs, with or without an HCV Ab test, is the optimal strategy.
authors.affiliation: HIV Epidemiology and Outcomes Research Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Benjamin.Linas@BMC.org
authors.forename: Benjamin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Linas
authors.forename: Angela Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Schackman
authors.forename: Arthur Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Freedberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000191:economics; D007372:Interferons / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008111:Liver Function Tests / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012254:Ribavirin; D007372:Interferons