title: Relationship between microstructure of the skin surface and surface reflection based on geometric optics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The behavior of reflected light in skin affects skin appearance and provides clues as to the internal condition of the skin. Surface topography is one of the central physical factors contributing to surface reflection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tried to clarify the relationship between microstructure of the skin surface and surface reflection based on geometric optics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microstructures and surface reflections in the left cheeks of adult females were evaluated. Skin topography was acquired measuring replicas using confocal laser microscopy. Surface topography was used to calculate arithmetical mean deviation of the surface (S(a)), and geometric index from gradient of the surface (S(grad)), which is expected to correlate with the directionality of surface reflection (DoSR) based on geometric optics. A surface reflection image was acquired from differently polarized pictures of a face, and the index of surface reflection (I(obs)) was calculated as the average pixel value of the area of shine. Correlations between indices were then evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S(grad) and S(a) showed significant correlation (p<0.01) with I(obs). However, S(grad) showed a higher correlation with the simulated surface reflection from the reflection model than S(a). In addition, S(grad) can explain differences in DoSR for some panelists even in the case of an identical S(a).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The topographic element involved in DoSR was extracted from height mapping. S(grad) reflects the ratio of flat area, offering a more effective indicator than S(a) for distinguishing topographic characteristics with respect to surface reflection.
authors.affiliation: Beauty Research Center, Kao Corporation, Japan. yoshida.kenichiro@kao.co.jp
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyaki
authors.forename: Nobutoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ojima
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwata
mesh_terms: D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008027:Light; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000379:methods*; D012828:Silicones; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones