title: Bioefficacy evaluation of controlled release formulations based on amphiphilic nano-polymer of carbofuran against Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato.
abstract: In the present investigation, the bioefficacy of developed carbofuran formulations, with PEG-600 (7a, CP1) & PEG-900 (7b, CP2) @ 5, 10 and 20 ppm, along with commercial formulation of carbofuran 3G (CP0) were evaluated against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato (cv. Pusa Ruby) in pot and field conditions. The bioefficacy data indicated that the formulations developed by utilizing polymers having PEG - 900 (7b) as hydrophilic segment were effective even at 14 days post inoculation (dpi) as evident from shoot and root length. Also, the reduction in penetration was found to be maximum with CP2 (3.6 - 4.6 J2s) at all concentrations compared to CP1 (6.6-16.4 J2s) and CP0 (29.3-32.6 J2s). Overall, CP2 was more effective in reducing the number of nematodes up to 14 days, compared to CP1 and CP0. Both the CR formulations (CP1 and CP2) in general significantly reduced the number of galls, when compared to CP0. However, under field conditions, lower concentrations (5, and 10 ppm) of CP2, were less effective in controlling the gall formation whereas, CP2 at 20 ppm, was most effective than other treatments. The study revealed that the developed CR formulations of carbofuran have the potential for effective management of M. incognita in tomato under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. pankaj nema@yahoo.com
authors.lastname: Pankaj
authors.forename: Najam Akhtar
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shakil
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Khajan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000469:parasitology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010575:Pesticides; D011108:Polymers; D002235:Carbofuran