title: Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by degeneration of anterior horn cells, which leads to progressive muscle weakness. Children with SMA type II do not develop the ability to walk without support and have a shortened life expectancy, whereas children with SMA type III develop the ability to walk and have a normal life expectancy. There are no known efficacious drug treatments that influence the disease course of SMA. This is an update of a review first published in 2009.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether drug treatment is able to slow or arrest the disease progression of SMA types II and III and to assess if such therapy can be given safely. Drug treatment for SMA type I is the topic of a separate updated Cochrane review.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (8 March 2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 1), MEDLINE (January 1991 to February 2011), EMBASE (January 1991 to February 2011) and ISI Web of Knowledge (January 1991 to March 8 2011). We also searched clinicaltrials.gov to identify as yet unpublished trials (8 March 2011).
  
  
  METHODS
  We sought all randomised or quasi-randomised trials that examined the efficacy of drug treatment for SMA types II and III. Participants had to fulfil the clinical criteria and have a deletion or mutation of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene (5q11.2-13.2) that was confirmed by genetic analysis.The primary outcome measure was to be change in disability score within one year after the onset of treatment. Secondary outcome measures within one year after the onset of treatment were to be change in muscle strength, ability to stand or walk, change in quality of life, time from the start of treatment until death or full time ventilation and adverse events attributable to treatment during the trial period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently reviewed and extracted data from all potentially relevant trials. Pooled relative risks and pooled standardised mean differences were to be calculated to assess treatment efficacy. Risk of bias was systematically analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six randomised placebo-controlled trials on treatment for SMA types II and III were found and included in the review: the four in the original review and two trials added in this update. The treatments were creatine (55 participants), phenylbutyrate (107 participants), gabapentin (84 participants), thyrotropin releasing hormone (9 participants), hydroxyurea (57 participants), and combination therapy with valproate and acetyl-L-carnitine (61 participants). None of these studies were completely free of bias. All studies had adequate blinding, sequence generation and reports of primary outcomes.None of the included trials showed any statistically significant effects on the outcome measures in participants with SMA types II and III. One participant died due to suffocation in the hydroxyurea trial and one participant died in the creatine trial. No participants in any of the other four trials died or reached the state of full time ventilation. Serious side effects were infrequent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no proven efficacious drug treatment for SMA types II and III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. r.i.wadman@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Renske I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Wadman
authors.forename: Wendy M J
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bosboom
authors.forename: W Ludo
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: van der Pol
authors.forename: Leonard H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: John H J
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wokke
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Iannaccone
authors.forename: Alexander F J E
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Vrancken
mesh_terms: D000108:Acetylcarnitine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000588:Amines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003401:Creatine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010654:Phenylbutyrates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014897:Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010654:Phenylbutyrates; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D000108:Acetylcarnitine; D003401:Creatine; D006918:Hydroxyurea