title: Prostate specific antigen levels and prostate cancer detection rates in patients with end stage renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with end stage renal disease plus prostate cancer are ineligible to receive a renal transplant at most centers until an acceptable cancer-free period is demonstrated. To our knowledge previously established prostate specific antigen reference ranges have not been validated in patients with end stage renal disease. We determined age stratified 95th percentile prostate specific antigen reference ranges and the prostate cancer detection rate at specific prostate specific antigen intervals for patients with end stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 775 male patients with end stage renal disease on the waiting list for a renal transplant who had undergone a serum prostate specific antigen test. Prostate specific antigen was stratified by age at the time of the blood test and 95th percentile reference ranges were calculated for each decade. A total of 80 patients underwent prostate biopsy for increased prostate specific antigen and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. The cancer detection rate was calculated for specific prostate specific antigen reference ranges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age specific 95th percentile prostate specific antigen references ranges were 0 to 4.0 ng/ml for ages 40 to 49 in 137 patients, 0 to 5.3 ng/ml for ages 50 to 59 in 257, 0 to 10.5 ng/ml for ages 60 to 69 in 265 and 0 to 16.6 ng/ml for ages 70 to 79 years in 69. The cancer detection rate was 44%, 38% and 67% for prostate specific antigen 2.5 to 4.0, 4 to 10 and greater than 10 ng/ml, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study population of patients with end stage renal disease age stratified prostate specific antigen was higher than in the general population. The cancer detection rate was increased in our patients with end stage renal disease compared to that in patients with normal renal function at specific prostate specific antigen intervals. Lower prostate specific antigen cutoffs may be appropriate to recommend prostate biopsy in patients with end stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Heldt
authors.forename: Kirk M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Herbert C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ruckle
authors.forename: Gautum
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Damien L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Schlaifer
authors.forename: Gideon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: D Duane
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014850:Waiting Lists
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen