title: Efficient identification and referral of low-income women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer: a practice-based approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of low-income women with the rare but serious risk of hereditary cancer and their referral to appropriate services presents an important public health challenge. We report the results of formative research to reach thousands of women for efficient identification of those at high risk and expedient access to free genetic services. External validity is maximized by emphasizing intervention fit with the two end-user organizations who must connect to make this possible. This study phase informed the design of a subsequent randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized controlled pilot study (n = 38) to compare two intervention models for feasibility and impact. The main outcome was receipt of genetic counseling during a two-month intervention period. Model 1 was based on the usual outcall protocol of an academic hospital genetic risk program, and Model 2 drew on the screening and referral procedures of a statewide toll-free phone line through which large numbers of high-risk women can be identified. In Model 1, the risk program proactively calls patients to schedule genetic counseling; for Model 2, women are notified of their eligibility for counseling and make the call themselves. We also developed and pretested a family history screener for administration by phone to identify women appropriate for genetic counseling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant difference in receipt of genetic counseling between women randomized to Model 1 (3/18) compared with Model 2 (3/20) during the intervention period. However, when unresponsive women in Model 2 were called after 2 months, 7 more obtained counseling; 4 women from Model 1 were also counseled after the intervention. Thus, the intervention model that closely aligned with the risk program's outcall to high-risk women was found to be feasible and brought more low-income women to free genetic counseling. Our screener was easy to administer by phone and appeared to identify high-risk callers effectively. The model and screener are now in use in the main trial to test the effectiveness of this screening and referral intervention. A validation analysis of the screener is also underway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of intervention strategies and tools, and their systematic comparison for impact and efficiency in the context where they will ultimately be used are critical elements of practice-based research.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. gjoseph@cc.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luce
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasick
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011203:Poverty; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012306:Risk