title: Interventions in sports settings to reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm: a systematic review protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol consumption is a primary cause of physical, psychological and social harm to both the user and others. At both the professional and non-professional level, sports players and fans report consuming alcohol at greater levels than people not involved in sports. Limited systematic reviews have been conducted assessing interventions targeting alcohol consumption behaviour and related harms in the sporting context.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review aims to determine if interventions implemented in the sport setting decrease alcohol consumption and related harms. Participants may include all persons regardless of age or other characteristics. Studies will be included which have implemented interventions within the sport setting and have either measured: alcohol consumption, excessive alcohol consumption or intoxication or alcohol-related injury or violence. Randomised controlled trials, staggered enrolment trials, stepped-wedged trials, quasi-randomised trials, quasi-experimental trials and natural experiments will be included. Studies without a parallel comparison group will be excluded. Data will be sourced from a range of electronic databases and sources of grey literature. Two authors will independently screen all titles and abstracts of papers identified through the search strategy. Two authors will independently examine the full text of all remaining papers to determine eligibility. Two authors will independently extract data from eligible studies and independently assess risk of bias by assessing the adequacy of study characteristics. Where studies are sufficiently homogeneous, trial results will be synthesised using a fixed-effects meta-analysis. Standardised mean differences will be used for continuous outcomes and RRs will be used for binary outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings of this study will be disseminated widely through mechanisms including peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kingsland
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiggers
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolfenden