title: The benefit of enhanced contractility in the infarct borderzone: a virtual experiment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contractile function in the normally perfused infarct borderzone (BZ) is depressed. However, the impact of reduced BZ contractility on left ventricular (LV) pump function is unknown. As a consequence, there have been no therapies specifically designed to improve BZ contractility. We tested the hypothesis that an improvement in borderzone contractility will improve LV pump function.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a previously reported study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images with non-invasive tags were used to calculate 3D myocardial strain in five sheep 16 weeks after anteroapical myocardial infarction. Animal-specific finite element (FE) models were created using MRI data and LV pressure obtained at early diastolic filling. Analysis of borderzone function using those FE models has been previously reported. Chamber stiffness, pump function (Starling's law) and stress in the fiber, cross fiber, and circumferential directions were calculated. Animal-specific FE models were performed for three cases: (a) impaired BZ contractility (INJURED); (b) BZ-contractility fully restored (100% BZ IMPROVEMENT); or (c) BZ-contractility partially restored (50% BZ IMPROVEMENT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  100% BZ IMPROVEMENT and 50% BZ IMPROVEMENT both caused an upward shift in the Starling relationship, resulting in a large (36 and 26%) increase in stroke volume at LVP(ED) = 20 mmHg (8.0 ml, p < 0.001). Moreover, there were a leftward shift in the end-systolic pressure volume relationship, resulting in a 7 and 5% increase in LVP(ES) at 110 mmHg (7.7 ml, p < 0.005). It showed that even 50% BZ IMPROVEMENT was sufficient to drive much of the calculated increase in function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved borderzone contractility has a beneficial effect on LV pump function. Partial improvement of borderzone contractility was sufficient to drive much of the calculated increase in function. Therapies specifically designed to improve borderzone contractility should be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saloner
authors.forename: Arthur W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Julius M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guccione
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe