title: Luciferase-based protein denaturation assay for quantification of radiofrequency field-induced targeted hyperthermia: developing an intracellular thermometer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have reported targeted hyperthermia at the cellular level using remote activation of nanoparticles by radiofrequency waves. To date, methods to quantify intracellular thermal dose have not been reported. In this report we study the relationship between radio wave exposure and luciferase denaturation with and without intracellular nanoparticles. The findings are used to devise a strategy to quantify targeted thermal dose in a primary human liver cancer cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water bath or non-invasive external Kanzius RF generator (600 W, 13.56 MHz) was used for hyperthermia exposures. Luciferase activity was measured using a bioluminescence assay and viability was assessed using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining. Heat shock proteins were analysed using western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration-dependent luciferase denaturation was observed in SNU449 cells exposed to RF field that preceded measurable loss in viability. Loss of luciferase activity was higher in cetuximab-conjugated gold nanoparticle (C225-AuNP) treated cells. Using a standard curve from water bath experiments, the intracellular thermal dose was calculated. Cells treated with C225-AuNP accumulated 6.07 times higher intracellular thermal dose than the untreated controls over initial 4 min of RF exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer cells when exposed to an external RF field exhibit dose-dependent protein denaturation. Luciferase denaturation assay can be used to quantify thermal dose delivered after RF exposures to cancer cells with and without nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raoof
authors.forename: Cihui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Warna D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Kaluarachchi
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Curley
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000068818:Cetuximab; D006046:Gold / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D013821:Thermometers
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D006046:Gold; D008156:Luciferases; D000068818:Cetuximab