title: Effect of polyethylene glycol modification of TiO₂nanoparticles on cytotoxicity and gene expressions in human cell lines.
abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) are tiny materials used in a wide range of industrial and medical applications. Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is a type of nanoparticle that is widely used in paints, pigments, and cosmetics; however, little is known about the impact of TiO(2) on human health and the environment. Therefore, considerable research has focused on characterizing the potential toxicity of nanoparticles such as TiO(2) and on understanding the mechanism of TiO(2) NP-induced nanotoxicity through the evaluation of biomarkers. Uncoated TiO(2) NPs tend to aggregate in aqueous media, and these aggregates decrease cell viability and induce expression of stress-related genes, such as those encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heat shock protein 70B' (HSP70B'), indicating that TiO(2) NPs induce inflammatory and heat shock responses. In order to reduce their toxicity, we conjugated TiO(2) NPs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to eliminate aggregation. Our findings indicate that modifying TiO(2) NPs with PEG reduces their cytotoxicity and reduces the induction of stress-related genes. Our results also suggest that TiO(2) NP-induced effects on cytotoxicity and gene expression vary depending upon the cell type and surface modification.
authors.affiliation: Cell-Materials Interaction Group, Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Bio Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.|Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Sharmy Saimon
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mano
authors.affiliation: TOTO Ltd. Research Institute, Nakashima 2-1-1, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 802-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanehira
authors.affiliation: TOTO Ltd. Research Institute, Nakashima 2-1-1, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 802-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonezaki
authors.affiliation: Cell-Materials Interaction Group, Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Bio Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.|Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D018869:Heat-Shock Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014025:Titanium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C009495:titanium dioxide; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D014025:Titanium