title: Long-term consumption of high energy-dense snack foods on sensory-specific satiety and intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sensory attributes of foods may have an important influence on intake because of sensory-specific satiety (SSS). Foods with high SSS may aid in body weight maintenance as a result of termination of consumption before metabolic satiety. No studies have investigated whether long-term exposure to a food might change SSS or how this affects food intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to compare the effects of daily consumption of 3 energy-dense snack foods (hazelnuts, chocolate, and potato chips) for 12 wk on SSS and ad libitum intake during a tasting session.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighteen participants took part in this randomized, controlled, parallel study with 4 arms: control group (no additional food) or ∼1100 kJ/d for each snack. SSS, food intake, and body composition were measured at baseline and at week 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily consumption of snacks for 12 wk resulted in a statistically significant reduction in SSS in all 3 snack groups (P = 0.015). However, no such changes were seen in the control group (P = 0.608). Ad libitum energy intake increased over the study during the tasting sessions for the snack food across all groups, including the control group (P = 0.039). Inverse associations were found between baseline SSS and BMI (P = 0.039), percentage body fat (P = 0.013), and fat mass (P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habitual consumption of a high energy-dense snack food results in a decrease in SSS, which could lead to a higher energy intake of the snack. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12609000265279.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Siew Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tey
authors.forename: Rachel C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Alexandra W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Conor M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Delahunty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult