title: Complete mitochondrial genome of Membranipora grandicella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) determined with next-generation sequencing: the first representative of the suborder Malacostegina.
abstract: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has proven a valuable platform for fast and easy obtaining of large numbers of sequences at relatively low cost. In this study we use shot-gun sequencing method on Illumina HiSeq 2000, to obtain enough sequences for the assembly of the bryozoan Membranipora grandicella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) mitochondrial genome, which is the first representative of the suborder Malacostegina. The complete mitochondrial genome is 15,861 bp in length, which is relatively larger than other studied bryozoans. The mitochondrial genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 20 transfer RNAs. To investigate the phylogenetic position and the inner relationships of the phylum Bryozoa, phylogenetic trees were constructed with amino acid sequences of 11 PCGs from 30 metazoans. Two superclades of protostomes, namely Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa, are recovered as monophyletic with strong support in both ML and Bayesian analyses. Somewhat to surprise, Bryozoa appears as the sister group of Chaetognatha with moderate or high support. The relationship among five bryozoans is Tubulipora flabellaris + (M. grandicella + (Flustrellidra hispida + (Bugula neritina + Watersipora subtorquata))), which supports for the view that Cheilostomatida is not a natural, monophyletic clade. NGS proved to be a quick and easy method for sequencing a complete mitochondrial genome.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology/College of Marine Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China. shenthin@163.com
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Huilian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hanliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Changbao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Fangqing
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002013:Bryozoa / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000378:metabolism; D023061:Gene Order / Q000235:genetics; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D017931:DNA Primers; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012343:RNA, Transfer