title: The changing limits and incidence of malaria in Africa: 1939-2009.
abstract: Understanding the historical, temporal changes of malaria risk following control efforts in Africa provides a unique insight into what has been and might be archived towards a long-term ambition of elimination on the continent. Here, we use archived published and unpublished material combined with biological constraints on transmission accompanied by a narrative on malaria control to document the changing incidence of malaria in Africa since earliest reports pre-second World War. One result is a more informed mapped definition of the changing margins of transmission in 1939, 1959, 1979, 1999 and 2009.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Public Health & Epidemiology Group, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Punam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amratia
authors.forename: Caroline W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kabaria
authors.forename: Abdisalan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae; D005843:Geography; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000502:physiology; D014887:Weather