title: Adherence to gastroprotection during cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor treatment and the risk of upper gastrointestinal tract events: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Guidelines recommend coprescription of gastroprotective agents (GPAs) in patients receiving cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors (coxibs) who are at high risk of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract complications (i.e., patients with a previous complicated ulcer or with multiple risk factors). Suboptimal GPA adherence has been shown to diminish the gastroprotective effect during use of nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, but little is known about the effect of GPA adherence during coxib treatment. We undertook this study to determine the association between GPA adherence and UGI tract events among patients receiving coxibs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using primary care data from 3 databases, we conducted a case-control study in a cohort of patients age ≥50 years who were newly starting treatment with coxibs and concomitantly taking GPAs. Patients who had a UGI tract event (bleeding or symptomatic ulcer) were matched to event-free controls for age, sex, database, and calendar date. Coxib treatment intervals were defined as consecutive coxib prescriptions with intervening gaps not exceeding the duration of the previous coxib prescription. Adherence to GPAs was calculated as the proportion of days of coxib treatment covered by a GPA prescription. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coxib plus GPA-treated cohort consisted of 14,416 coxib-treated patients who received GPAs for at least 1 day, yielding 16,442 coxib treatment intervals in which a GPA was coprescribed. Most patients were treated with coxibs for <30 days. Seventy-four patients had a UGI tract event during or shortly after a coxib treatment interval in which a GPA was coprescribed, with an incidence rate of 11.9 (95% CI 9.4-14.8) per 1,000 years of coxib treatment. The risk of UGI tract events was 1.97 (95% CI 0.84-4.60) for patients with <20% adherence to GPAs compared to patients with >80% adherence to GPAs. For every 10% decrease in GPA adherence, the risk of UGI tract events increased by 9% (OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.00-1.18]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreasing GPA adherence among coxib-treated patients is associated with an increased risk of UGI tract events.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. v.valkhoff@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Vera E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Valkhoff
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Soest
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzaglia
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molokhia
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trifiro
authors.forename: Jay L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Diaz
authors.forename: Ernst J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Miriam C J M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sturkenboom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010349:Patient Compliance; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006113:United Kingdom; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors