title: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease: detection of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to explore the association between coronary artery disease and genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway. In addition, we examined the interactions between demographic and lifestyle risk factors (environmental factors including age, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake) and RAAS polymorphisms on disease risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1089 subjects who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. Eight RAAS polymorphisms were genotyped in this population: the G2350A (rs4343) polymorphism in exon 17 of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, 1166A→C (rs5186) and 573C/T (rs5182) in the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) gene, the -344C→T transversion (rs1799998) in the aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene, and the G-217A (rs5049), G-6A (rs5051), M235T (rs699; T4072C), and T174M (rs4762; C3889T) polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene. Subjects with coronary heart disease were defined as those with at least 50% stenosis in at least one major coronary artery, and, the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was defined by the Gensini scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the subjects with AA genotype, the subjects with AG + GG genotype of rs1799998 had significant lower gensini score (p=0.029). After adjusting for age, gender, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake status, the AG genotype (OR 0.717 95%CI 0.541-0.950, p=0.021) and the AG + GG genotype (OR 0.730 95%CI 0.559-0.954, p=0.021) distributions of rs1799998 were significantly different between the cases and controls compare to the AA genotype. Subjects with three at-risk loci had increased risk of coronary artery disease compared to subjects carrying 0 or 1 risk-associated polymorphism (OR [95% CI]:1.579 [1.077-2.316], p=0. 019), and the significance of the association was not reduced after adjusting for age, sex, cigarette smoking, or alcohol intake (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 1.673 [1.116-2.507], p=0.013). The results of multifactor-dimensionality reduction analysis revealed an interaction effect of CYP11B2 -344C→T, age, and smoking status on the risk of coronary heart disease (training OR [95% CI]: 3.7685 [2.8463-4.9895], p<0.0001; testing OR [95% CI]: 2.7583 [1.2038-6.3203], p=0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects who carried the G allele of the rs1799998 polymorphism significantly associated with coronary heart disease and severity of coronary atherosclerosis estimated by the Gensini score in the whole population of the study. And, multiple RAAS gene polymorphisms are associated with coronary artery disease. The interaction of the CYP11B2 -344C→T polymorphism (rs1799998), age, and smoking status is also associated with enhanced risk of coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. enzhijia@yahoo.cn
authors.forename: En-Zhi
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Zhen-Xia
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Chang-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Tie-Bing
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Lian-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ke-Jiang
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Wen-Zhu
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Zhi-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000473:pathology; D000483:Alleles; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019405:Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2 / Q000235:genetics*; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: C534931:AGT protein, human; C544065:AGTR1 protein, human; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D000808:Angiotensinogen; D019405:Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2; C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A