title: Role of magnetic resonance imaging in bladder cancer: current status and emerging techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the current status of magnetic resonance imaging (MR) as a staging tool for bladder cancer. To investigate the role of MR in assessing chemotherapeutic response in bladder cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Pubmed/MEDLINE search was conducted to identify original articles, review articles, and editorials regarding the use of MR in bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast-enhanced MR and diffusion weighted MR (DW-MRI) can likely distinguish between non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle invasive cancer with >80% accuracy. Some advantages of DW-MRI are the differentiation of benign versus malignant tissue involvement without the need for intravenous contrast, and the possibility of obtaining information on histologic grade and T stage. Traditional MR sequence have low sensitivity for identifying small lymph node metastases but MR lymphography (MRL) using ultra-small paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) may enhance their detectin. There may be a role for DW-MRI in the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response in bladder cancer patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, sample sizes and study designs are insufficient to clearly establish the role of MR in bladder cancer management, and to this end, well designed prospective trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gumpeni
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rink
authors.forename: Eugene K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Scherr
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C097921:ferumoxtran-10