title: Effects of submental neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pharyngeal pressure generation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the immediate and late effects of submental event-related neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on pharyngeal pressure generation during noneffortful and effortful saliva swallows.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-after trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swallowing rehabilitation research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sex-matched (N=20) healthy research volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received 80Hz NMES of 4-second duration to floor of mouth muscles that was time-locked to 60 volitional saliva swallows.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manometry measures of peak pressures and duration of pressure events in the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) were derived during execution of noneffortful and effortful saliva swallows. Measures were taken at baseline, during stimulation, and at 5-, 30-, and 60-minutes poststimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline pharyngeal and UES pressures did not differ between stimulated and nonstimulated swallows. At 5- and 30-minutes poststimulation, peak pressure decreased at the hypopharyngeal and at the UES sensor during noneffortful swallows. The effect lasted up to an hour only in the hypopharynx. No changes in duration of pressure events were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this treatment paradigm, decreased peak amplitude in the hypopharynx up to an hour after treatment indicates a potential risk of decreased bolus flow associated with NMES. On the other hand, decreased UES relaxation pressure may facilitate bolus transit into the esophagus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, University of Canterbury, Van der Veer Institute for Parkinson's and Brain Research, Christchurch, New Zealand. fraukeheck@t-online.de
authors.forename: Frauke M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Sebastian H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Doeltgen
authors.forename: Maggie-Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Huckabee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D049631:Esophageal Sphincter, Upper / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D012463:Saliva