title: Effect of a tomato-rich diet on markers of cardiovascular disease risk in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in the United Kingdom. Epidemiologic studies suggest that consumption of tomato-based foods may lower CVD risk. Such potential benefits have been ascribed in part to high concentrations of lycopene in the tomatoes. However, these findings have not yet been validated by comprehensive intervention trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to conduct a single-blind, randomized controlled intervention trial with healthy middle-aged volunteers to assess whether the consumption of tomato-based foods affects recognized biomarkers of CVD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a 4-wk run-in period with a low-tomato diet, 225 volunteers (94 men and 131 women) aged 40-65 y were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 dietary intervention groups and asked to consume a control diet (low in tomato-based foods), a high-tomato-based diet, or a control diet supplemented with lycopene capsules (10 mg/d) for 12 wk. Blood samples were collected at baseline, at 6 wk, and after the intervention and were analyzed for carotenoid and lipid profiles and inflammatory markers. Blood pressure, weight, and arterial stiffness were also measured. Dietary intake was also determined during the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the systemic markers (inflammatory markers, markers of insulin resistance and sensitivity) changed significantly after the dietary intervention. Moreover, lipid concentrations and arterial stiffness were also unaffected by the interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that a relatively high daily consumption of tomato-based products (equivalent to 32-50 mg lycopene/d) or lycopene supplements (10 mg/d) is ineffective at reducing conventional CVD risk markers in moderately overweight, healthy, middle-aged individuals. This trial was registered at isrctn.org as ISRCTN34203810.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. f.thies@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thies
authors.forename: Lindsey F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brittenden
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duthie
authors.forename: Graham W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duthie
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D006113:United Kingdom; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene