title: Skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationships among skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation, intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL), and insulin sensitivity were evaluated in nine insulin-sensitive (IS), 13 insulin-resistant (IR), and 10 adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp [glucose disposal rate (GDR)]. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-protein adducts and general oxidative stress by protein carbonyl content. All patients were sedentary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein-HNE adducts were elevated 1.6-fold in T2DM compared with IS adults, whereas IR showed intermediate levels of HNE-modified proteins. Protein-HNE adducts correlated with GDR, waist circumference, and body mass index. IMCL was increased by 4.0- and 1.9-fold in T2DM and IR patients, respectively, compared with IS, and was correlated with GDR and waist circumference but not BMI. Protein carbonyls were not different among groups and did not correlate with any of the measured variables. Correlations were detected between IMCL and protein-HNE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show for the first time that skeletal muscle protein-HNE adducts are related to the severity of insulin resistance in sedentary adults. These results suggest that muscle lipid peroxidation could be involved in the development of insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3360, USA. khingram@uab.edu
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Helliner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Moellering
authors.forename: Bradford G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lara-Castro
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Newcomer
authors.forename: L Jerome
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brandon
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ingalls
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penumetcha
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.forename: W Timothy
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Garvey
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D001786:Blood Glucose; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal