title: Transient ischemic dilation ratio in 82Rb PET myocardial perfusion imaging: normal values and significance as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
abstract: In myocardial perfusion SPECT, transient ischemic dilation ratio (TID) is a well-established marker of severe ischemia and adverse outcome. However, its role in the setting of (82)Rb PET is less well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 265 subjects who underwent clinical rest-dipyridamole (82)Rb PET/CT. Sixty-two subjects without a prior history of cardiac disease and with a normal myocardial perfusion study had either a low or a very low pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease or negative CT angiography. These subjects were used to establish a reference range of TID. In the remaining 203 patients with an intermediate or high pretest likelihood, subgroups with normal and abnormal TID were established and compared with respect to clinical variables, perfusion defect scores, left ventricular function, and absolute myocardial flow reserve. Follow-up was obtained for 969 ± 328 d to determine mortality by review of the social security death index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the reference group, TID ratio was 0.98 ± 0.06. Accordingly, a threshold for abnormal TID was set at greater than 1.13 (0.98 + 2.5 SDs). In the study group, 19 of 203 patients (9%) had an elevated TID ratio. Significant differences between subgroups with normal and abnormal TID ratio were observed for ejection fraction reserve (5.0 ± 6.4 vs. 1.8 ± 7.9; P < 0.05), difference between end-systolic volume (ESV) at rest and stress (ΔESV[stress-rest]; 1.8 ± 7.4 vs. 12.3 ± 13.0 mL; P < 0.0001), difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) at rest and stress (ΔEDV[stress-rest]; 10.8 ± 11.5 vs. 23.8 ± 14.6 mL; P < 0.0001), summed rest score (1.8 ± 3.8 vs. 3.8 ± 7.6; P < 0.05), summed stress score (3.0 ± 5.4 vs. 7.5 ± 9.8; P < 0.002), summed difference score (1.3 ± 2.6 vs. 3.7 ± 5.3; P < 0.02), and global myocardial flow reserve (2.1 ± 0.8 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6; P < 0.02). Additionally, TID-positive patients had a significantly lower overall survival probability (P < 0.05). In a subgroup analysis of patients without regional perfusion abnormalities, TID-positive patients' overall survival probability was significantly smaller (P < 0.03), and TID was an independent predictor (exponentiation of the B coefficients [Exp(b)] = 6.22; P < 0.009) together with an ejection fraction below 45% (Exp[b] = 6.16; P < 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests a reference range of TID for (82)Rb PET myocardial perfusion imaging that is in the range of previously established values for SPECT. Abnormal TID in (82)Rb PET is associated with more extensive left ventricular dysfunction, ischemic compromise, and reduced global flow reserve. Preliminary outcome analysis suggests that TID-positive subjects have a lower overall survival probability.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rischpler
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Mehrbod S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Javadi
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Stephan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nekolla
authors.forename: Paco E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Bengel
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D004699:Endocardium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000592:standards*; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012414:Rubidium Radioisotopes; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012414:Rubidium Radioisotopes