title: Risk factors associated with epidural use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identify variables associated with intrapartum epidural use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios were calculated to quantify associations between selected variables and epidural use using a population-based case-control study of Washington State birth certificate data from 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-Whites had 10 - 45% lower odds of epidural use relative to Whites. Foreign-born women had 25 - 45% lower odds of epidural use compared to their US-born counterparts, except for Asians. Women who smoked or induced labor had higher roughly 2-fold higher odds of epidural use compared with non-smokers or women giving birth spontaneously, respectively. Women without a high school diploma or equivalent had lower odds of epidural use relative to those who graduated. Delivering at perinatal units, rural hospitals, or non-profit hospitals had ~50% lower odds of epidural use compared with secondary/teritiary perinatal units, urban hospitals or for-profit hospitals, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several individual and health service-related variables were associated with epidural use. These findings elucidate the clinical relevance of epidural use, and dispariaties in its utilization and in quality of care during delivery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Epidural use; Foreign birth; Labor; Racial disparities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: Ursula M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: Morwan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enquobahrie