title: Identification of nasal blood by real-time RT-PCR.
abstract: A new approach for the identification of body fluid stains by comparing specific mRNA expression levels has been extensively studied in recent years. Here, we examine whether nasal blood, which is regarded as one of the most difficult types of blood to identify, can be identified by comparing mRNA expression levels of target genes specific to saliva, nasal secretion, and blood. The saliva-specific statherin gene (STATH) was found to be expressed at high levels in not only saliva (dCt value: 1.32±1.39, n=5), but also nasal secretions (dCt value: 0.90±1.14, n=5), while the histatin gene (HTN3) was only expressed at high levels in saliva (dCt value: 1.08±2.35, n=5). We also confirmed that the hemoglobin-beta gene (HBB) showed high expression levels in blood (dCt value: -9.51±0.40, n=5). Four nasal blood stains were found to highly express STATH (dCt value: 5.65±3.98) and HBB (dCt value: -8.79±1.67) but not HTN3, suggesting that the stain samples contained both nasal secretions and blood and can therefore be identified as nasal blood stains. Although menstrual blood showed the same expression pattern as nasal blood, the menstrual blood-specific protein matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7) was not expressed in all nasal blood stain samples. Therefore, its expression levels could be used to discriminate between nasal and menstrual blood. In conclusion, real-time RT-PCR was able to identify nasal blood, although the stability of gene expression in nasal blood stains was low over time, suggesting that this assay may not be effective for older stains. Future work should examine the usefulness of this assay under various environmental conditions.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan. sakurada@nrips.go.jp
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakurada
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akutsu
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Mineo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D054808:Histatins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008598:Menstruation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009666:Nose / Q000098:blood supply*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055544:beta-Globins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C068075:HTN3 protein, human; D054808:Histatins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C018149:STATH protein, human; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D055544:beta-Globins; C060932:MMP7 protein, human; D020783:Matrix Metalloproteinase 7