title: High degree of Plasmodium vivax diversity in the Peruvian Amazon demonstrated by tandem repeat polymorphism analysis.
abstract: Molecular tools to distinguish strains of Plasmodium vivax are important for studying the epidemiology of malaria transmission. Two sets of markers-tandem repeat (TR) polymorphisms and MSP3α-were used to study Plasmodium vivax in patients in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Of 110 patients, 90 distinct haplotypes were distinguished using 9 TR markers. An MSP3α polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using HhaI and AluI revealed 8 and 9 profiles, respectively, and 36 profiles when analyzed in combination. Combining TR and PCR-RFLP markers, 101 distinct molecular profiles were distinguished among these 110 patients. Nine TR markers arrayed along a 100 kB stretch of a P. vivax chromosome containing the gene for circumsporozoite protein showed non-linear linkage disequilibrium (I(SA) = 0.03, P = 0.001). These findings demonstrate the potential use of TR markers for molecular epidemiology studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. mkosek@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosek
authors.forename: Pablo P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Yori
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.forename: Maritza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimic
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chuquiyauri
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeri
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinedo-Cancino
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matthias
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llanos-Cuentas
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vinetz
mesh_terms: D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015800:Protozoan Proteins