title: Use of preoperative ultrasound in designing the true pectoralis major myocutaneous island flap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional techniques used for harvesting the pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap have accompanying disadvantages, such as the necessity for an upper chest skin incision, the bulkiness of myocutaneous tissue at the pedicle of the flap, and the risk of total or partial necrosis of flap tissue. The aim of this study was to develop a safe and fast method for preparing PMMC island flaps using preoperative ultrasonography for vessel detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one PMMC island flaps were used for one-stage reconstruction of head and neck defects, including 21 cases in the treatment group and 20 cases in the control group. In the treatment group, ultrasonography was used to mark out the course of the thoracic branches of the thoracoacromial artery and the lower end of this artery perforating from the fascia into the muscles, as well as the largest perforating branch of the fourth or fifth internal mammary artery entering the PMMC flap. A line, from the lower end of the thoracic branch to the largest perforating branch of the fourth or fifth internal mammary artery, was drawn to determine the axis of the PMMC flap. In the control group, PMMC island flaps were designed according to conventional methods without using ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the ultrasonic marks, the distance from lower end of thoracic branch to the midpoint of the margin of the inferior clavicular was (5.1 ± 1.2) cm. The time from designing to transferring the island flap was significantly shorter in the treatment group ((51.0 ± 10.5) minutes) compared with the control group ((78.0 ± 13.9) minutes, P < 0.01). The rate of partial necrosis was 4.7% (1/21) in the treatment group and 35.0% (7/20) in the control group. There was one case of flap failure in the control group due to vascular injury during vascular pedicle dissection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative vessel detection by ultrasonography facilitates easy and safe harvesting of the true PMMC island flap.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Han-xue
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ju-gao
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Zhen-kun
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhi-gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D057234:Preoperative Period; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*