title: Levels and predictors of exercise referral scheme uptake and adherence: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of exercise referral schemes (ERS) is influenced by uptake and adherence to the scheme. The identification of factors influencing low uptake and adherence could lead to the refinement of schemes to optimise investment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the levels of ERS uptake and adherence and to identify factors predictive of uptake and adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ISI WOS, SPORTDiscus and ongoing trial registries were searched (to October 2009) and included study references were checked. Included studies were required to report at least one of the following: (1) a numerical measure of ERS uptake or adherence and (2) an estimate of the statistical association between participant demographic or psychosocial factors (eg, level of motivation, self-efficacy) or programme factors and uptake or adherence to ERS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 14 observational studies. The pooled level of uptake in ERS was 66% (95% CI 57% to 75%) across the observational studies and 81% (95% CI 68% to 94%) across the RCTs. The pooled level of ERS adherence was 49% (95% CI 40% to 59%) across the observational studies and 43% (95% CI 32% to 54%) across the RCTs. Few studies considered anything other than gender and age. Women were more likely to begin an ERS but were less likely to adhere to it than men. Older people were more likely to begin and adhere to an ERS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial heterogeneity was evident across the ERS studies. Without standardised definitions, the heterogeneity may have been reflective of differences in methods of defining uptake and adherence across studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To enhance our understanding of the variation in uptake and adherence across ERS and how these variations might affect physical activity outcomes, future trials need to use quantitative and qualitative methods.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. toby.pavey@pcmd.ac.uk
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pavey
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hillsdon
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moxham
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mutrie
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Searle
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015397:Program Evaluation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors