title: Intravenous secretin for autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1998 secretin, a gastrointestinal hormone, was suggested as an effective treatment for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) based on anecdotal evidence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether intravenous secretin improves the core features of ASD, other aspects of behaviour or function such as self-injurious behaviour, and the quality of life of affected individuals and their carers. We also assessed whether secretin causes harm. This is an updated version of our review of this topic originally published in 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL (2010 Issue 1), MEDLINE (1950 to January 2010) , EMBASE (1980 to 2010 Week 2), PsycINFO (1806 to 2010 Week 2), CINAHL (1938 to January 2010), ERIC (1966 to January 2010), Sociological Abstracts (1952 to January 2010). Sociofile and HealthStar were searched in March 2005 when this review was first published, but were not available for this update. Records were limited to studies published since 1998 as this is when secretin was first proposed as a possible treatment for ASD. We searched reference lists of trials and reviews; we also contacted experts and trialists to find unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of intravenous secretin compared to a placebo treatment in children or adults diagnosed with ASD, where at least one standardised outcome measure was reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria but for two of these, conducted by Repligen, the only available multisite data were reported in press releases. All outcome data from the other 14 trials were continuous. Where trials used cross-over designs, we conducted analysis on results from the first treatment phase. Where mean change from baseline was reported, we used this in preference to post-treatment scores for meta-analyses or forest plots. Meta-analysis was able to be attempted for only one outcome (Childhood Autism Rating Scale). Insufficient data were available to conduct sensitivity or subgroup analyses to assess the impact of study quality, clinical differences in the intervention or clinically relevant differences between groups, such as age or presence of gastrointestinal symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 900 children were recruited for the secretin trials. Twenty-five established standardised outcome measures were reported to assess core features of ASD, communication, behaviour, visuospatial skills, affect and adverse events. One standardised measure of global impression was also used. No more than four studies used any one outcome measure similarly. When duration from the start of the intervention to outcome assessment was known, outcomes were reported at between three and six weeks. Meta-analysis of data was not possible but there is now consistency of findings, with RCTs of the efficacy of secretin in autism not showing improvements for core features of ASD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence that single or multiple dose intravenous secretin is effective and as such currently it should not be recommended or administered as a treatment for ASD. Further experimental assessment of secretin's effectiveness for ASD can only be justified if there is new high-quality and replicated scientific evidence that either finds that secretin has a role in neurotransmission in a way that could benefit all children with ASD or identifies important subgroups of children with ASD who could benefit from secretin because of a proven link between the action of secretin and the known cause of their ASD, or the type of problems they are experiencing.
authors.affiliation: Department of DevelopmentalMedicine, Royal Children’sHospital, Parkville, Australia. katrina.williams@rch.org.au.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003142:Communication; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006728:Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012633:Secretin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D006728:Hormones; D012633:Secretin