title: Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) polymorphisms are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and disease severity in lupus nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with their receptors (RAGE) plays an important role in inflammation in auto-immune diseases. Several functional polymorphisms of RAGE have been described. In this study we analysed the role of RAGE polymorphisms in disease susceptibility for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, we investigated whether these polymorphisms in SLE are associated with serum levels of soluble RAGE (sRAGE), renal involvement (lupus nephritis (LN)) and its outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this cross-sectional study DNA samples of 97 SLE patients, 114 LN patients and 429 healthy controls (HC) were genotyped for four RAGE polymorphisms: -429 T/C, -374 T/A, 2184 A/G and Gly82Ser. Differences in genotype frequencies and allele frequencies were tested between patients and HCs. In SLE patients, sRAGE was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, association of genotypes with sRAGE and disease severity in LN was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The C allele of -429 T/C, the T allele of -374 T/A and the G allele of 2184 A/G were significantly more prevalent in SLE and LN compared with HC. In LN, the C allele of RAGE -429 T/C, the A allele of -374 T/A and the G allele of RAGE 2184 A/G polymorphism were significantly associated with more proteinuria and worse renal function during the first two years of treatment. No association of genotype with sRAGE was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAGE polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to SLE and LN. In addition, some of these polymorphisms are likely to be associated with disease severity and initial response to treatment in LN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. h.martens@maartenskliniek.nl
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: H L A
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nienhuis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Steege
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: J H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Berden
authors.forename: R G L
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: de Sévaux
authors.forename: R H W M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Derksen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Voskuyl
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Navis
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: C G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bijl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic