title: Rapidly upsloping ST-segment on exercise ECG: a marker of reduced coronary heart disease mortality risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prognostic value of an isolated J-point depression, or rapidly upsloping ST-segment, on an exercise ECG has long been assumed to be a benign variant. However, little or no data supporting this assumption may be found in the literature. Our task was to examine if a rapidly upsloping ST-segment on an exercise ECG is associated with changes in risk of dying from CHD in 2014 healthy middle-aged men followed for 35 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of healthy middle-aged men (n = 2014) participated in a cardiovascular survey. They underwent an examination programme including a symptom-limited ECG bicycle exercise test. Exercise induced ST-segments were categorised in three groups: normal ST-segment (n = 1383), rapidly upsloping (n = 401), and ST-depression (n = 230). Survival analyses were adjusted for smoking status, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, maximal heart rate, and physical fitness. The mean follow-up time was 35 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rapidly upsloping group had a 30% decreased risk of CHD death (hazard ratio, HR, 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.95) compared to the normal ST-segment group. The risk of CVD-death was numerically lower in the rapidly upsloping group (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.65-1.04) compared to the normal ST-segment group. The ST-depression group had a 1.45-fold (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.09-1.90) increased risk of CHD death compared to the normal ST-segment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rapidly upsloping ST-segment was a common finding (20%) on exercise ECG among healthy middle-aged men and was associated with a 30% reduced risk of dying from CHD compared to individuals with normal ST-segment. A rapidly upsloping ST-segment on exercise ECG may represent the true healthy state.
authors.affiliation: University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hodnesdal
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prestgaard
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Erikssen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gjesdal
authors.forename: Sverre E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kjeldsen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liestol
authors.forename: Per Torger
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Skretteberg
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erikssen
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bodegard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors