title: Ultrasonography: Ariadne's Thread in the Diagnosis of the Cardiorenal Syndrome.
abstract: The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes a broad spectrum of clinical conditions with four combinations of acute and chronic heart and kidney failure. Based on the pathophysiological primum movens, the actual classification recognizes five CRS types: in type I and II CRS, the initiating event is heart failure (acute or chronic), while it is kidney failure in type III and IV CRS; type V is linked to systemic diseases. Ultrasound techniques (echocardiography and ultrasonography of the kidney, inferior vena cava and chest) can be extremely helpful in establishing a prompt diagnosis and a correct CRS classification. Basic echocardiography allows evaluation of ventricular diastolic and systolic functions, investigates pulmonary congestion and pericardial effusion, and describes volume overload. On the other hand, renal ultrasound helps clinicians to distinguish between acute and chronic renal failure, excludes urinary tract dilation or pathological bladder repletion, and provides crucial information regarding kidney volume or echogenicity. Applying basic knowledge of echocardiography and renal ultrasound, nephrologists may be in a better position for patient treatment and management, bearing in mind that doctors can properly use a stethoscope although not being a cardiologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, S. Giovanni Evangelista Hospital, Tivoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Lullo
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Floccari
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Amelio
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiorini
authors.forename: Moreno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malaguti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timio