title: The available time window for embryo transfer in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).
abstract: Much effort has been focused on improving assisted reproductive technology procedures in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, the pregnancy rate after embryo transfer (ET) has not been satisfactory, indicating that some barriers still need to be overcome in this important procedure. One of the key factors is embryo–uterine synchronicity, which is little known in NHPs. The objective of this study was to investigate the available ET time window in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Eighty-two adult female rhesus monkeys were superovulated with recombinant human FSH. Ovarian phases were identified according to estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels as well as ovarian examination by ultrasonography and laparoscopy. A total of 259 embryos were transferred by the laparoscopic approach into the oviducts of 63 adult female monkeys. Ovarian phases were divided into late follicular and early luteal phases. Similar pregnancy rates (30–36.4%) were obtained from recipients receiving ET either in their late follicular or early luteal phases, regardless of embryo developmental stages. This study indicates that the available time window for ET in rhesus monkeys is from the late follicular to early luteal phases.
authors.affiliation: Kumming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Yongchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yuyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Shihua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiechao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Shaohui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Xianghui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yunhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Weizhi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000662:veterinary*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D047108:Embryonic Development; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000662:veterinary*; D043373:Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005498:Follicular Phase; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000502:physiology*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000254:growth & development; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000662:veterinary*; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013480:Superovulation; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D043373:Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011374:Progesterone