title: Distinct cytokine profiles of circulating mononuclear cells stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in vitro during early and late episodes of chronic osteomyelitis.
abstract: We investigated the cytokine profile of peripheral mononuclear cells from chronic osteomyelitis (OST) patients following in vitro stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). We demonstrate that stimulation with SEA induced prominent lymphocyte proliferation and high levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 secretion in both OST and non-infected individuals (NI). Even though stimulation with SEA had no impact on IL-6 production in either patient group, the baseline level of IL-6 production by cells from OST patients was always significantly less than that produced by cells from NI. After classifying the osteomyelitic episodes based on the time after the last reactivation event as "early" (1-4 months) or "late" osteomyelitis (5-12 months), we found that increased levels of TNF-α and IL-4 in combination with decreased levels of IL-6 were observed in the early episodes. By contrast, increased levels of IL-10, IL-2 and IL-6 were hallmarks of late episodes. Our data demonstrate that early osteomyelitic episodes are accompanied by an increased frequency of "high producers" of TNF-α and IL-4, whereas late events are characterised by increased frequencies of "high producers" of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2. These findings demonstrate the distinct cytokine profiles in chronic osteomyelitis, with a distinct regulation of IL-6 production during early and late episodes.
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Imunologia, Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Governador Valadares, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: Gabriella Freitas
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Cícero
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Alda Maria Soares da
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Correa-Oliveira
authors.forename: Andréa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teixeira-Carvalho
authors.forename: Olindo Assis
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Martins-Filho
authors.forename: Elizabeth Castro
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Luiz Simeão
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: do Carmo
authors.forename: Lucia Alves de Oliveira
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: Luiz Cosme Cotta
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Malaquias
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C026066:enterotoxin A, Staphylococcal