title: Accuracy of abbreviated indirect calorimetry protocols for energy expenditure measurement in critically ill children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) using indirect calorimetry (IC) facilitates optimal energy prescription. Steady-state (SS) REE obtained using a 5-minute protocol (SS5) has been used as a surrogate for 24-hour REE measurement. However, SS5 conditions are difficult to achieve in critically ill children on mechanical ventilatory support.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors prospectively examined factors associated with successful IC testing using the standard SS5 protocol in mechanically ventilated children. They examined the agreement of REE between SS5 and 2 abbreviated SS protocols: 4-minute (SS4) and 3-minute (SS3) protocols as well as the Schofield prediction equation, using Bland-Altman analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IC testing (n = 45) was completed in 34 children. SS was achieved during 25 (56%), 31 (69%), and 42 (93%) tests, using the SS5, SS4, and SS3 protocols, respectively. Intratest variability in respiratory rate, endotracheal tube leak, and inspiratory time was associated with failed IC by the SS5 protocol. The mean bias (limits of agreement) for REE was 2.8 (-47 to 65), 5.8 (-71 to 72), and -127 (-418 to 1176) kcal/d using SS4, SS3, and Schofield, respectively. A stronger agreement was observed when means of all abbreviated SS REE values during a 30-minute test were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In mechanically ventilated children, 4-minute and 3-minute SS protocols allowed REE measurements to be obtained in most patients with reasonable accuracy. Abbreviated protocols may decrease the need to rely on inaccurate equations when assessing energy expenditure in children who fail IC testing by standard SS criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Care at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Smallwood
authors.forename: Nilesh M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D001481:Basal Metabolism; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013997:Time Factors