title: Metabolic dysfunction in late-puberty adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes: relationship to physical activity and dietary intakes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At puberty, type 1 diabetes (T1D) among young girls can lead to excess body weight, insulin resistance, deterioration of glycaemic control and dyslipidaemia. Although biological factors contribute largely to such metabolic dysfunction, little is known of the role of behavioural factors such as physical activity and diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated the association between metabolic dysfunction measured after a 12-h overnight fast and behavioural factors, including diet (4-day diary) and physical activity (validated questionnaire), in 19 postmenarchal adolescent girls with T1D compared with 19 healthy girls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T1D girls displayed higher levels of fat mass, insulin resistance (higher plasma glucose, serum leptin and waist-to-hip ratios) and dyslipidaemia (higher LDL-C and apolipoprotein B levels, lower HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-1 levels). Also, contrary to what is usually observed in T1D adults, serum adiponectin, an important vessel protector, was not raised in T1D adolescent girls compared with healthy controls. Quantity and quality of dietary macronutrient intakes as well as physical activity levels were comparable in both groups, although the T1D girls with the poorest metabolic profiles reported having the healthiest diets (fewer total calories, more protein and less carbohydrates). However, in T1D girls, less physical activity and more time spent watching television were associated with poorer metabolic profiles (higher waist-to-hip ratios, fat mass and leptin levels, and lower adiponectin, HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-1 levels).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these data suggest that physical inactivity is linked to metabolic dysfunction to a greater extent than unhealthy dietary habits in postmenarchal T1D adolescent girls.
authors.affiliation: Université Lille Nord-de-France, EA4488 Activité physique, Muscle, Santé, 59000 Lille, France. elsa.heyman@univ-lille2.fr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berthon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delamarche
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Briard
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Gamelin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delamarche
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Kerdanet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008572:Menarche; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D020738:Leptin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human