title: The surgical anatomy of the small saphenous vein and adjacent nerves in relation to endovenous thermal ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thermal damage to peripheral nerves is a known complication of endovenous thermal ablation (EVA) of the small saphenous vein (SSV). Therefore, the main objective of this anatomic study was to define a safe zone in the lower leg where EVA of the SSV can be performed safely.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anatomy of the SSV and adjacent nerves was studied in 20 embalmed human specimens. The absolute distances between the SSV and the sural nerve (SN) (closest/nearest branch) were measured over the complete length of the leg (>120 data points per leg), and the presence of the interlaying deep fascia was mapped. The distance between the SSV and the tibial nerve (TN) and the common peroneal nerve was assessed. A new analysis method, computer-assisted surgical anatomy mapping, was used to visualize the gathered data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distance between the SSV and the SN was highly variable. In the proximal one-third of the lower leg, the distance between the vein and the nerve was <5 mm in 70% of the legs. In 95%, the deep fascia was present between the SSV and the SN. In the distal two-thirds of the lower leg, the distance between the vein and the nerve was <5 mm in 90% of the legs. The deep fascia was present between both structures in 15%. In 19 legs, the SN partially ran beneath the deep fascia. In the saphenopopliteal region, the average shortest distance between the SSV and the TN was 4.4 mm. In 20%, the distance was <1 mm. The average, shortest distance between the SSV and the common peroneal nerve was 14.2 mm. The distance was <1 mm in one leg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the saphenopopliteal region, the TN is at risk during EVA. In the distal two-thirds of the lower leg, the SN is at risk for (thermal) damage due to the small distance to the SSV and the absence of the deep fascia between both structures. The proximal one-third of the lower leg is the optimal region for EVA of the SSV to avoid nerve damage; the fascia between the SSV and the SN is a natural barrier in this region that could preclude (thermal) damage to the nerve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. antonkerver@gmail.com
authors.forename: Anton L A
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kerver
authors.forename: Arie C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van der Ham
authors.forename: Hilco P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Theeuwes
authors.forename: Paul H C
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Eilers
authors.forename: Alex R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Poublon
authors.forename: Albertus J H
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kerver
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kleinrensink
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D012984:Software; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology