title: Exposure to potentially toxic hydrocarbons and halocarbons released from the dialyzer and tubing set during hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although much is known about the effect of chronic kidney failure and dialysis on the composition of solutes in plasma, little is known about their impact on the composition of gaseous compounds in exhaled breath. This study was designed to explore the effect of uremia and the hemodialysis (HD) procedure on the composition of exhaled breath. Breath samples were collected from 10 dialysis patients immediately before, during, and after a dialysis session. To determine the potential introduction of gaseous compounds from dialysis components, gasses emitted from dialyzers, tubing set, dialysate, and water supplies were collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 HD patients and 10 age-matched healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predictors include the dialyzers, tubing set, dialysate, and water supplies before, during, and after dialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in the composition of exhaled breath.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5-column/detector gas chromatography system was used to measure hydrocarbon, halocarbon, oxygenate, and alkyl nitrate compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of 14 hydrocarbons and halocarbons in patients' breath rapidly increased after the onset of the HD treatment. All 14 compounds and 5 others not found in patients' breath were emitted from the dialyzers and tubing sets. Contrary to earlier reports, exhaled breath ethane concentrations in our dialysis patients were virtually unchanged during the HD treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-center study with a small sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study documented the release of several potentially toxic hydrocarbons and halocarbons to patients from the dialyzer and tubing sets during the HD procedure. Because long-term exposure to these compounds may contribute to the morbidity and mortality in dialysis population, this issue should be considered in the manufacturing of the new generation of dialyzers and dialysis tubing sets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA.
authors.forename: Hyun Ji Julie
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meinardi
authors.forename: Madeleine V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Pahl
authors.forename: Nostratola D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Vaziri
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Blake
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons