title: X-ray phase contrast for CO2 microangiography.
abstract: We demonstrate a laboratory method for imaging small blood vessels using x-ray propagation-based phase-contrast imaging and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) gas as a contrast agent. The limited radiation dose in combination with CO(2) being clinically acceptable makes the method promising for small-diameter vascular visualization. We investigate the possibilities and limitations of the method for small-animal angiography and compare it with conventional absorption-based x-ray angiography. Photon noise in absorption-contrast imaging prevents visualization of blood vessels narrower than 50 µm at the highest radiation doses compatible with living animals, whereas our simulations and experiments indicate the possibility of visualizing 20 µm vessels at radiation doses as low as 100 mGy. Experimental computed tomography of excised rat kidney shows blood vessels of diameters down to 60 µm with improved image quality compared to absorption-based methods. With our present prototype x-ray source, the acquisition time for a tomographic dataset is approximately 1 h, which is long compared to the 1-20 min common for absorption-contrast micro-CT systems. Further development of the liquid-metal-jet microfocus x-ray sources used here and high-resolution x-ray detectors shows promise to reduce exposure times and make this high-resolution method practical for imaging of living animals.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova, Stockholm, Sweden. ulf.lundstrom@biox.kth.se
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lundström
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burvall
authors.forename: P A C
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Takman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brismar
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hertz
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003287:Contrast Media; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D008954:Models, Biological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D051381:Rats; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide