title: Effect on adherence to nicotine replacement therapy of informing smokers their dose is determined by their genotype: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested. We tested two hypotheses concerning the behavioural impact of informing smokers their oral dose of NRT is tailored to analysis of DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted an RCT with smokers in smoking cessation clinics (N = 633). In combination with NRT patch, participants were informed that their doses of oral NRT were based either on their mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) genotype, or their nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). The proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following quitting was not significantly different between groups: (68.5% of prescribed NRT consumed in genotype vs 63.6%, phenotype group, difference = 5.0%, 95% CI -0.9,10.8, p = 0.098). Motivation to make another quit attempt among those (n = 331) not abstinent at six months was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.23). Abstinence at 28 days was not different between groups (p = 0.67); at six months was greater in genotype than phenotype group (13.7% vs 7.9%, difference = 5.8%, 95% CI 1.0,10.7, p = 0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Informing smokers their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype not phenotype had a small, statistically non-significant effect on 28-day adherence to NRT. Among those still smoking at six months, there was no evidence that saying NRT was tailored to genotype adversely affected motivation to make another quit attempt. Higher abstinence rate at six months in the genotype arm requires investigation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN14352545.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department at Guy's, Health Psychology Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. theresa.marteau@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Marteau
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aveyard
authors.forename: Marcus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Munafò
authors.forename: A Toby
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hollands
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Chloe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Ann Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kinmonth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C485764:OPRM1 protein, human; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009538:Nicotine