title: Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorhexidine on macrophages in vitro.
abstract: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the most widely used antiseptic for wound, skin disinfection, and dental hygiene. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible correlation between CHX-induced cytogenotoxicity and alterations in normal cell cycle on RAW264.7 macrophages. The cytotoxicity, mechanism of cell death, mitotic activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined by tetrazolium bromide reduction assay, flow cytometry, cytokinesis-block proliferation index, and superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c, respectively. The genotoxicity was measured using comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The cytotoxicity of CHX in RAW264.7 cells presented a dose- and time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The mode of cell death shifted from apoptosis to necrosis when the dosage of CHX increased. The genotoxicity of CHX in RAW264.7 cells had shown DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Prolongation of cell cycle and the increase of ROS generation also expressed in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Taken together, the data suggested that CHX-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on macrophages may be via ROS generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu-Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kuan
authors.forename: Shiuan-Shinn
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Fu-Mei
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yu-Chao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009336:Necrosis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D045304:Cytochromes c; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002710:Chlorhexidine