title: The Fremantle Primary Prevention Study: a multicentre randomised trial of absolute cardiovascular risk reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality. Risk factor management in clinical practice often relies on relative risk modification rather than the more appropriate absolute risk assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether  patients receiving more-frequently designated GP visits had increased benefit in terms of their absolute CVD risk assessment, as compared with patients in receipt of their usual GP care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, open, pragmatic block randomised study in a 1:1 group  allocation ratio in three Western Australian general practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample (n = 1200) of patients aged 40-80 years were randomised to 3-monthly GP visits (five in total for the intensive) or usual GP care (two in total for the opportunistic),  with 12 months' follow-up. The main outcome was absolute CVD risk scores based on the New Zealand Cardiovascular Risk Calculator. Others outcome measures were weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting blood lipids and glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There  were 600 patients per group at baseline. At 12 months' analysis there were 543 in the intensive group and 569 in the opportunistic group. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) absolute CVD risk reduced significantly between baseline and 12 months in the intensive group (6.28% [5.11] to 6.10%  [4.94]) but not in the opportunistic group (6.27% [5.10] to 6.24% [5.38]). There was a significant reduction between baseline and 12 months in mean (SD) total cholesterol (5.28 mmol/l [0.94] to 5.08 mmol/l [0.96]); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.08 mmol/l [0.87] to 2.95 mmol/l [0.89]);  triglyceride (1.45 mmol/l [0.86] to 1.36 mmol/l [0.84]); and in mean (SD) waist circumference in men (98.74 cm [10.70] to 97.13 cm [10.20]) and females (90.64 cm [14.62] to 88.96 cm [14.00]) in the intensive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A targeted approach using absolute risk calculators  can be used in primary care to modify global CVD risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: General Practice and Primary Care Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Freemantle, Western Australia. tom.brett@nd.edu.au
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnold-Reed
authors.forename: Cam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cadden
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Manea-Walley
authors.forename: Noelene
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulsara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055105:Waist Circumference; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol