title: Trends in Chinese snacking behaviors and patterns and the social-demographic role between 1991 and 2009.
abstract: This study investigates the dynamic shifts in snacking behaviors and patterns in China. Using four waves (1991, 2004, 2006, and 2009) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), with full socioeconomic and demographic data and 3-day, 24-hour dietary recall data, 45,402 individuals age two and older were studied. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to examine the association of social-demographic factors on snacking behaviors. Results show that snacking prevalence, frequency of daily snacking occasions, and percentage of total daily energy intake (EI) from snacks increased significantly across all ages between 1991 and 2009, with a dramatic increase after 2004. Snacking was much more prevalent among children and higher-income, urban, and educated populations over time. Evening was the preferred snacking occasion, and the proportion of total daily EI from snacks varied between 4.1% and 12.3% for all snackers. Fruits, grains, and beverages were the most popular snacks and the highest contributors to snacking EI over all age groups. A marked transition from a tradition of two or three meals per day toward meals combined with snacks is underway. Further research is needed to develop a better understanding of the nutritional implications of Chinese snacking behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fengying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000639:trends; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult