title: Effects of screening and partner notification on Chlamydia positivity in the United States:  a modeling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Model impact of increasing screening and partner notification (PN) on chlamydia positivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a stochastic simulation model describing pair formation and dissolution in an age-structured heterosexual population. The model accounts for steady, casual, and concurrent partnerships and a highly sexually active core group. The model used existing sexual behavior data from the United States and was validated using chlamydia positivity data from Region X (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington). A screening program with a coverage rate of 20% was implemented among women aged 15 to 24 years. After 10 years, we increased screening coverage to 35%, 50%, and 65% and partner treatment rates from 20% to 40% and 55%. Finally, we included male screening (aged 15-24, screening coverage: 20% and 35%, partner treatment: 25% and 40%). We analyzed the effects on chlamydia positivity in women and the frequency of reinfection 6 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model described the decline in positivity observed from 1988 to 1997 in Region X, given screening coverage of 20% and a 25% partner treatment rate. Increasing screening coverage from 35% to 65% resulted in incremental decreases in positivity as did increasing the PN rate; a 23% reduction in positivity was achieved by either increasing screening by 3-fold or PN by 2-fold. Adding male screening to the program had less impact than increasing screening coverage or PN among women. Increased PN and treatment reduced reinfection rates considerably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing efforts in PN may contribute at least as much to control of chlamydia infection as increasing screening coverage rates.
authors.affiliation: Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. mirjam.kretzschmar@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Satterwhite
authors.forename: Jami
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leichliter
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016358:Contact Tracing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult