title: Culture and end of life care: a scoping exercise in seven European countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Culture is becoming increasingly important in relation to end of life (EoL) care in a context of globalization, migration and European integration. We explore and compare socio-cultural issues that shape EoL care in seven European countries and critically appraise the existing research evidence on cultural issues in EoL care generated in the different countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We scoped the literature for Germany, Norway, Belgium, The Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Portugal, carrying out electronic searches in 16 international and country-specific databases and handsearches in 17 journals, bibliographies of relevant papers and webpages. We analysed the literature which was unearthed, in its entirety and by type (reviews, original studies, opinion pieces) and conducted quantitative analyses for each country and across countries. Qualitative techniques generated themes and sub-themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 868 papers were reviewed. The following themes facilitated cross-country comparison: setting, caregivers, communication, medical EoL decisions, minority ethnic groups, and knowledge, attitudes and values of death and care. The frequencies of themes varied considerably between countries. Sub-themes reflected issues characteristic for specific countries (e.g. culture-specific disclosure in the southern European countries). The work from the seven European countries concentrates on cultural traditions and identities, and there was almost no evidence on ethnic minorities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This scoping review is the first comparative exploration of the cultural differences in the understanding of EoL care in these countries. The diverse body of evidence that was identified on socio-cultural issues in EoL care, reflects clearly distinguishable national cultures of EoL care, with differences in meaning, priorities, and expertise in each country. The diverse ways that EoL care is understood and practised forms a necessary part of what constitutes best evidence for the improvement of EoL care in the future.
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. mhgysels@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gysels
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Arantza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meñaca
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Toscani
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finetti
authors.forename: H Roeline
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Pasman
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Higginson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pool
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*