title: Targets and delivery methods for therapeutic angiogenesis in peripheral artery disease.
abstract: Therapeutic angiogenesis utilizing genetic and cellular modalities in the treatment of arterial obstructive diseases continues to evolve. This is, in part, because the mechanism of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis (the three processes by which the body responds to obstruction of large conduit arteries) is a complex process that is still under investigation. To date, the majority of human trials utilizing molecular, genetic, and cellular modalities for therapeutic angiogenesis in the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) have not shown efficacy. Consequently, the current available knowledge is yet to be translated into novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PAD. The aim of this review is to discuss relevant scientific and clinical advances in therapeutic angiogenesis and their potential application in the treatment of ischemic diseases of the peripheral arteries. Additionally, this review article discusses past and recent developments, such as some unconventional approaches that have the potential to be applied as therapeutic targets. The article also includes advances in the delivery of genetic, cellular, and bioactive endothelial growth factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vascular Medicine Section, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. geoffrey.ouma@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Geoffrey O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Ouma
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: M Haris U
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Usman
authors.forename: Emile R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mohler
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins