title: Novel approach to in vitro drug susceptibility assessment of clinical strains of Leishmania spp.
abstract: Resistance to antimonial drugs has been documented in Leishmania isolates transmitted in South America, Europe, and Asia. The frequency and distribution of resistance to these and other antileishmanial drugs are unknown. Technical constraints have limited the assessment of drug susceptibility of clinical strains of Leishmania. Susceptibility of experimentally selected lines and 130 clinical strains of Leishmania panamensis, L. braziliensis, and L. guyanensis to meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine was determined on the basis of parasite burden and percentage of infected U-937 human macrophages. Reductions of infection at single predefined concentrations of meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine and 50% effective doses (ED(50)s) were measured and correlated. The effects of 34°C and 37°C incubation temperatures and different parasite-to-host cell ratios on drug susceptibility were evaluated at 5, 10, and 20 parasites/cell. Reduction of the intracellular burden of Leishmania amastigotes in U-937 cells exposed to the predefined concentrations of meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine discriminated sensitive and experimentally derived resistant Leishmania populations and was significantly correlated with ED(50) values of clinical strains (for meglumine antimoniate, ρ = -0.926 and P < 0.001; for miltefosine, ρ = -0.906 and P < 0.001). Incubation at 37°C significantly inhibited parasite growth compared to that at 34°C in the absence of antileishmanial drugs and resulted in a significantly lower ED(50) in the presence of drugs. Susceptibility assessment was not altered by the parasite-to-cell ratio over the range evaluated. In conclusion, measurement of the reduction of parasite burden at a single predetermined drug concentration under standardized conditions provides an efficient and reliable strategy for susceptibility evaluation and monitoring of clinical strains of Leishmania.
authors.affiliation: Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médica, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Yira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Diaz-Toro
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.forename: Clemencia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ovalle
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Nancy Gore
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Saravia
mesh_terms: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007891:Leishmania / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000469:parasitology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000469:parasitology; D008536:Meglumine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059208:Parasite Load; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; C039128:miltefosine; D008536:Meglumine; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate