title: Longitudinal serological survey and herd-level risk factors for Leptospira spp. serovars Hardjo-bovis and Pomona on deer farms with sheep and/or beef cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. serovars Hardjo-bovis and Pomona on deer and mixed deer, sheep and/or beef cattle farms in the lower North Island of New Zealand and to examine associations between putative risk factors for seropositive deer herds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serological screening was conducted on 19 commercial deer farms, 16 with sheep and/or beef cattle, between August and October each year between 2006 and 2008. No leptospiral vaccination had been conducted on the farms. On each farm every year, serum samples were collected from a random sample of 20 or more rising 2-year-old replacement animals from each species. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to detect leptospiral antibodies against Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis and Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona. For both serovars, a titre of ≥1:48 was considered positive and a herd was considered seropositive if >3 of 20 serum samples were positive. Information on potential herd-level risk factors for deer herds being seropositive was obtained from a questionnaire completed by the farm owner or manager.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean percentage of deer, cattle and sheep herds seropositive for Hardjo-bovis alone over 3 years was 42%, 53% and 54%, respectively, and for serovar Pomona was 7%, 5% and 0%, respectively. Antibodies to both serovars were found in 23%, 16% and 10% of deer, cattle and sheep herds, respectively. At the individual animal level, 228/1,107 (21%) deer, 308/767 (40%) cattle and 369/1,244 (30%) sheep were seropositive for Hardjo-bovis, 102 (9%) deer, 51 (7%) cattle and 23 (2%) sheep were seropositive for Pomona, and 49 (4%) deer, 28 (4%) cattle and 18 (1%) sheep were seropositive for both serovars. Deer herds were more likely to be seropositive for Hardjo-bovis in 2006 than 2008 (p=0.008), when seropositive in the preceding year (p=0.016) and on hilly compared with flat topography (p<0.001). Deer herds were more likely to be seropositive for Pomona when seropositive in the preceding year (p=0.016), when co-grazing with sheep flocks that were seropositive for Pomona (p<0.001), and when herds had a closed- compared with open-herd replacement policy (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to Leptospira spp. was widely distributed in deer, sheep and beef cattle in the lower North Island of New Zealand. Co-grazing of deer with sheep that were seropositive was a potential risk factor for deer herds to be seropositive.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. art.subharat@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subharat
authors.forename: Pr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: Jm
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins-Emerson
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003670:Deer; D007919:Leptospira / Q000145:classification*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009520:New Zealand; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors