title: Influenza and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccinations during pregnancy.
abstract: Vaccinations in pregnancy are an important aspect of prenatal care and of improving not only maternal health but also neonatal outcomes. Only 2 vaccines are specifically recommended during pregnancy: influenza and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap). Because influenza illness disproportionately affects pregnant women compared with other populations, annual prevention of influenza illness is recommended for all women who will be pregnant during influenza season (October to May). Influenza vaccination has been recently reported to also result in decreased febrile respiratory illnesses in the newborn, likely through passive antibody transfer. Pertussis infection rates are rising in the United States as vaccine-induced immunity wanes, with the mortality burden primarily seen in infants aged <6 months. Pertussis immunization with Tdap is now recommended for all pregnant women during the late second (>20 weeks) or third trimester with the intent to both protect the pregnant woman and provide passive antibody to the infant before vaccination at 2 months of age. Provider support for these recommendations regarding both annual influenza vaccination and postpartum Tdap vaccination during pregnancy is critical to ensuring vaccine delivery and improving both maternal and fetal health. The article reviews the epidemiology and clinical aspects of influenza and pertussis infection with particular attention to pregnancy and recommendations for vaccination in these women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians and gynecologists, ophthalmologists, neurologists, family physicians, emergency room physicians
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completing this CME activity, obstetricians and gynecologists should be better able to analyze how influenza infection disproportionally affects pregnant women. Assess how influenza vaccination improves maternal and likely neonatal outcomes. Evaluate pertussis infection and immunity in adults, and counsel pregnant women as to the benefits of Tdap vaccination, particularly for the infant.
authors.affiliation: Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. Kimberly.fortner@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Kimberly B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Fortner
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Eleanor J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D022681:Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; D007252:Influenza Vaccines