title: Cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastasis from gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: true incidence and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence, clinical importance, and optimal management of cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastasis from gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETS) are largely unknown. Historically, cervical nodes have been regarded as asymptomatic and ignored. We hypothesized that these lesions have clinical implications and should be removed surgically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive (111)In pentetreotide scans (OctreoScan) performed at our institution from May 2008 to October 2010 were reviewed to determine the incidence of cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastases among patients with gastrointestinal and pancreatic NETs. The charts of surgically treated patients were reviewed to evaluate the clinical importance of these metastases and the subsequent outcomes of their surgical treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 161 NET patients presented with positive OctreoScans. Fourteen patients (8.7%) scanned positive for cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Nine patients underwent surgical exploration; 8 had successful removal of their metastatic nodes. Seven had clinical symptoms that resolved after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical and upper mediastinal lymph node metastases from gastrointestinal and pancreatic NETs were seen in up to 8.7% of patients. In the past, these metastases were assumed to be insignificant and ignored. Our study clearly demonstrates that most, if not all, such metastases are symptomatic and their clinical implications should not be overlooked. Notably, these metastases can be easily and safely resected using radioguided surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. ywang@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Yi-Zarn
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mayhall
authors.forename: Lowell B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Campeau
authors.forename: J Philip
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boudreaux
authors.forename: Eugene A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Woltering
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology