title: Effective analgesia using physical interventions for infant immunizations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To measure the analgesic effectiveness of the 5 S's (swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking) alone and combined with sucrose, during routine immunizations at 2 and 4 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 2- and 4-month-old infants during well-child visits. Patients were assigned into 4 groups (2 × 2) receiving either 2 mL of water or 2 mL of 24% oral sucrose and then either standard-of-care comfort measures by parents or intervention with the 5 S's immediately postvaccination. The Modified Riley Pain Score was used to score the infants' pain at 15-second intervals for 2 minutes, then every 30 seconds up to 5 minutes postvaccination. Repeated-measures analysis of variance examined between group differences and within-subject variability of treatment effect on overall pain scores and length of crying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred thirty infants were enrolled. Results revealed significantly different mean pain scores between study groups with the exception of the 5S's and 5S's with sucrose groups. These 2 groups had lower similar mean scores over time, followed by sucrose alone, then control. The same trend was found with the proportion of children crying as with the mean pain score outcome measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical intervention of the 5 S's (swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking) provided decreased pain scores on a validated pain scale and decreased crying time among 2- and 4-month-old infants during routine vaccinations. The use of 5S's did not differ from 5S's and sucrose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia , USA. John.Harrington@chkd.org
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harwell
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swingle
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D003448:Crying; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014768:Virginia
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose