title: The publication of ethically uncertain research: attitudes and practices of journal editors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Publication of ethically uncertain research occurs despite well-published guidelines set forth in documents such as the Declaration of Helsinki. Such guidelines exist to aide editorial staff in making decisions regarding ethical acceptability of manuscripts submitted for publication, yet examples of ethically suspect and uncertain publication exist. Our objective was to survey journal editors regarding practices and attitudes surrounding such dilemmas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Editor-in-chief of each of the 103 English-language journals from the 2005 Abridged Index Medicus list publishing original research were asked to complete a survey sent to them by email between September-December 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A response rate of 33% (n = 34) was obtained from the survey. 18% (n = 6) of respondents had published ethically uncertain or suspect research within the last 10 years. 85% (n = 29) of respondents stated they would always reject ethically uncertain articles submitted for publication on ethical grounds alone. 12% (n = 4) of respondents stated they would approach each submission on a case-by-case basis. 3% (n = 1) stated they would be likely to publish such research, but only with accompanying editorial. Only 38% (n = 13) give reviewers explicit instruction to reject submissions on ethical grounds if found wanting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Editorial compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki in rejecting research that is conducted unethically was difficult to ascertain because of a poor response rate despite multiple attempts using different modalities. Of those who did respond, the majority do reject ethically suspect research but few explicitly advise reviewers to do so. In this study editors did not take advantage of the opportunity to describe their support for the rejection of the publication of unethical research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. angelski@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angelski
authors.forename: Conrad V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weijer
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000941:ethics; D035081:Editorial Policies; D032984:Ethics, Research; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006381:Helsinki Declaration; D006801:Humans; D017712:Peer Review, Research / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D018401:Sample Size; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035501:Uncertainty