title: Quorum sensing activity in Ophiostoma ulmi: effects of fusel oils and branched chain amino acids on yeast-mycelial dimorphism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) ulmi, the ability to undergo morphological change is a crucial factor for its virulence. To gain an understanding of quorum-sensing activity in O. ulmi as it relates to yeast-mycelium dimorphism control, this study examines the effects of branched-chain amino acids as well as their fusel alcohols and fusel acids as quorum sensing molecules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a defined medium containing glucose, proline and salts, O. ulmi grew as yeasts when the culture was inoculated with a high density of spores (2 × 10(7)  CFU ml(-1) ) and as mycelia when inoculated with a low spore density (4 × 10(5)  CFU ml(-1) ). The cultures displaying yeast morphology secreted a quorum-sensing factor that shifted the morphology from mycelia to yeast. This quorum-sensing molecule was lipophilic and extractable by organic solvents from the spent medium. Using GC/MS analysis, it was determined that the major compound in the extract was 2-methyl-1-butanol. A similar effect was observed when the branched-chain amino acids (fusel alcohol precursors) were used as the nitrogen source. E, E-farnesol had no effect on the morphology of O. ulmi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of the branched-chain amino acids or one of the compounds detected in the spent medium, 2-methyl-1-butanol or 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, or methylvaleric acid, decreased germ tube formation by more than 50%, thus demonstrating a quorum sensing molecule behaviour in O. ulmi cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents advances in the investigation of dimorphism in O. ulmi, complementing the existing scientific basis, for studying, understanding and controlling this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 5-C, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berrocal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oviedo
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Nickerson
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism*; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005204:Farnesol / Q000378:metabolism; D025282:Mycelium / Q000502:physiology; D055156:Ophiostoma / Q000502:physiology*; D000439:Pentanols / Q000378:metabolism; D010648:Phenylacetates; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C553994:2-methylbutanol; D000438:Alcohols; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D003470:Culture Media; D000439:Pentanols; D010648:Phenylacetates; C007807:fusel oil; C008070:4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; D005204:Farnesol