title: Associations between household and neighbourhood socioeconomic status and systolic blood pressure among urban South African adolescents.
abstract: Factors resulting in high risk for cardiovascular disease have been well studied in high income countries, but have been less well researched in low/middle income countries. This is despite robust theoretical evidence of environmental transitions in such countries which could result in biological adaptations that lead to increased hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk. Data from the South African Birth to Twenty cohort, Bone Health sub-sample (n = 358, 47% female), were used to model associations between household socioeconomic status (SES) in infancy, household/neighbourhood SES at age 16 years, and systolic blood pressure (multivariate linear regression) and risk for systolic pre-hypertension (binary logistic regression). Bivariate analyses revealed household/neighbourhood SES measures that were significantly associated with increased systolic blood pressure. These significant associations included improved household sanitation in infancy/16 years, caregiver owning the house in infancy and being in a higher tertile (higher SES) of indices measuring school problems/environment or neighbourhood services/problems/crime at 16 years of age. Multivariate analyses adjusted for sex, maternal age, birth weight, parity, smoking, term birth, height/body mass index at 16 years. In adjusted analyses, only one SES variable remained significant for females: those in the middle tertile of the crime prevention index had higher systolic blood pressure (β = 3.52, SE = 1.61) compared with the highest tertile (i.e. those with the highest crime prevention). In adjusted analyses, no SES variables were significantly associated with the systolic blood pressure of boys, or with the risk of systolic pre-hypertension in either sex. The lack of association between SES and systolic blood pressure/systolic pre-hypertension at age 16 years is consistent with other studies showing an equalization of adolescent health inequalities. Further testing of the association between SES and systolic blood pressure would be recommended in adulthood to see whether the lack of association persists.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
authors.forename: Paula L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Zoë A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Noël
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pettifor
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012923:Social Class; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013599:Systole; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult