title: Distributional impact of rotavirus vaccination in 25 GAVI countries: estimating disparities in benefits and cost-effectiveness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Other studies have demonstrated that the impact and cost effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination differs among countries, with greater mortality reduction benefits and lower cost-effectiveness ratios in low-income and high-mortality countries. This analysis combines the results of a country level model of rotavirus vaccination published elsewhere with data from Demographic and Health Surveys on within-country patterns of vaccine coverage and diarrhea mortality risk factors to estimate within-country distributional effects of rotavirus vaccination. The study examined 25 countries eligible for funding through the GAVI Alliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each country we estimate the benefits and cost-effectiveness of vaccination for each wealth quintile assuming current vaccination patterns and for a scenario where vaccine coverage is equalized to the highest quintile's coverage. In the case of India, variations in coverage and risk proxies by state were modeled to estimate geographic distributional effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all countries, rates of vaccination were highest and risks of mortality were lowest in the top two wealth quintiles. However countries differ greatly in the relative inequities in these two underlying variables. Similarly, in all countries examined, the cost-effectiveness ratio for vaccination ($/Disability-Adjusted Life Year averted, DALY) is substantially greater in the higher quintiles (ranging from 2-10 times higher). In all countries, the greatest potential benefit of vaccination was in the poorest quintiles. However, due to reduced vaccination coverage, projected benefits for these quintiles were often lower. Equitable coverage was estimated to result in an 89% increase in mortality reduction for the poorest quintile and a 38% increase overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rotavirus vaccination is most cost-effective in low-income groups and regions. However in many countries, simply adding new vaccines to existing systems targets investments to higher income children, due to disparities in vaccination coverage. Maximizing health benefits for the poorest children and value for money require increased attention to these distributional effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for African Studies, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. rrheing@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rheingans
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atherly
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines