title: The influence of gender, ethnicity, class, race, the women's and labour movements on the development of nursing in Sri Lanka.
abstract: The paper reveals that historically various socio-political factors, including gender, class, ethnicity, race, waves of colonization, decolonization, the civil and ethnic wars, the women's and labour movements, have influenced the development of nursing in Sri Lanka. However, literature presenting the development of nursing in Sri Lanka is sparse. All relevant journals and books published in the English and Sinhalese languages on nursing in Sri Lanka between the years 1878-2011 were examined. Because there are no nursing journals currently produced in Sri Lanka, CINAHL and Medline databases were accessed and relevant literature published in the English language on Sri Lanka was examined. Government, nurses' union and association reports, other unpublished reports and websites such as Google were also searched to access information related to the influence of gender, race, class, ethnicity, women's and labour movements in Sri Lanka. Poor pay, shortages of resources, failure in recruitment and retention and limited opportunity for career progression have acted as deterrents to persons entering and remaining in the nursing profession. Being non-British was a key issue in terms of race. Further, the shift from a colonized state to a welfare state resulted in a class shift from upper middle class to middle and lower class persons entering into nursing. Although there is a paucity of information available in the nursing literature, this analysis offers an intriguing insight into an angle that may be used to examine the influence of gender, ethnicity, class, race and the women's and labour movements in other contextual situations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. aluwihar@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Dilmi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aluwihare-Samaranayake
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity / Q000266:history; D005260:Female; D006676:History of Nursing; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class / Q000266:history; D013188:Sri Lanka; D014857:Warfare; D014933:Women's Rights / Q000266:history