title: Antioxidant micronutrients in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critical illness is characterized by oxidative stress, which is a major promoter of systemic inflammation and organ failure due to excessive free radical production, depletion of antioxidant defenses, or both. We hypothesized that exogenous supplementation of trace elements and vitamins could restore antioxidant status, improving clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched computerized databases, reference lists of pertinent articles and personal files from 1980 to 2011. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in critically ill adult patients that evaluated relevant clinical outcomes with antioxidant micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) supplementation versus placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 RCTs met inclusion criteria. When the results of these studies were statistically aggregated (n = 20), combined antioxidants were associated with a significant reduction in mortality (risk ratio (RR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 0.93, P = 0.002); a significant reduction in duration of mechanical ventilation (weighed mean difference in days = -0.67, 95% CI -1.22 to -0.13, P = 0.02); a trend towards a reduction in infections (RR= 0.88, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.02, P = 0.08); and no overall effect on ICU or hospital length of stay (LOS). Furthermore, antioxidants were associated with a significant reduction in overall mortality among patients with higher risk of death (>10% mortality in control group) (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.92, P = 0.003) whereas there was no significant effect observed for trials of patients with a lower mortality in the control group (RR = 1.14, 95% 0.72 to 1.82, P = 0.57). Trials using more than 500 μg per day of selenium showed a trend towards a lower mortality (RR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.02, P = 0.07) whereas trials using doses lower than 500 μg had no effect on mortality (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.33, P = 0.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with high dose trace elements and vitamins may improve outcomes of critically ill patients, particularly those at high risk of death.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Universidad de República, Hospital de Clínicas (University Hospital), Faculty of Medicine, Avda Italia s/n 14th Floor, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Manzanares
authors.forename: Rupinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: Xuran
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murch
authors.forename: Daren K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Heyland
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018977:Micronutrients