title: Anticipating spring: wild populations of great tits (Parus major) differ in expression of key genes for photoperiodic time measurement.
abstract: Measuring day length is critical for timing annual changes in physiology and behavior in many species. Recently, rapid changes in several photoperiodically-controlled genes following exposure to a single long day have been described. Components of this 'first day release' model have so far only been tested in highly domesticated species: quail, sheep, goats and rodents. Because artificial selection accompanying domestication acts on genes related to photoperiodicity, we must also study this phenomenon in wild organisms for it to be accepted as universal. In a songbird, the great tit (Parus major), we tested whether a) these genes are involved in photoperiodic time measurement (PTM) in a wild species, and b) whether predictable species and population differences in expression patterns exist. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we compared gene expression after a single long day in male great tits from Sweden (57°42'N) with that from a German (47°43'N) population. Hypothalamic gene expression key for PTM changed only in the northern population, and occurred earlier after dawn during the single long day than demonstrated in quail; however, gonadotropins (secretion and synthesis) were stimulated in both populations, albeit with different timing. Our data are the first to show acute changes in gene expression in response to photostimulation in any wild species not selected for study of photoperiodism. The pronounced differences in gene expression in response to a single long day between two populations raise exciting new questions about potential environmental selection on photoperiodic cue sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America. nperfito@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perfito
authors.forename: Sun Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Silverin
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Calisi
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017440:Photoperiod; D020308:Songbirds / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097564:Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
chemical_list: D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D000097564:Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II; C117274:iodothyronine deiodinase type III