title: Validity and reliability of a sensor-enabled intubation trainer: a focus on patient-centered data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior work using simulation for assessing intubation skills has largely focused on the use of observer-generated performance measures in the form of checklists and global ratings scales.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our work was to investigate whether patient-centered simulation data could be used to quantify learner's performance during direct laryngoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a pretest/posttest prospective intervention study of residents' (n = 25) intubation skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When assessing validity, all of the patient-centered simulation variables showed significant correlations with the previously validated observer-generated performance measures (r = 0.331-0.463, P ≤ 0.001). When assessing reliability, there were significant correlations between all of the sensor variables, confirming moderate to high inter-item reliability (r = 0.259-0.794, P ≤ 0.05). The observer-generated performance measures showed significant improvement in use of the Macintosh blade (T1 = 2.10/5.00, T2 = 3.64/5.00, P = 0.001). However, this was not the case for the Miller blade (T1 = 1.30/5.00, T2 = 1.75/5.00, P = 0.119). Overall, the patient-centered simulation variables provided a high level of detail regarding performance improvement areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents a multilevel analysis of sensor-generated simulation data. As the sensors provide sound, formative data regarding patient contact, the outputs may be used for specific criterion measures and detailed performance feedback.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Department of Surgery, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2908, USA.
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salud
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Kyra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pugh
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000592:standards*; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D008348:Manikins; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results