title: The mode of death in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator patients: results from routine clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although data on the mode of death of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) patients have been examined in randomized clinical trials, in routine clinical practice data are scarce. To provide reasonable expectations and prognosis for patients and physicians, this study assessed the mode of death in routine clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the mode of death in ICD/CRT-D recipients in routine clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent an ICD or CRT-D implantation at the Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands, between 1996 and 2010 were included. Patients were divided into primary prevention ICD, secondary prevention ICD, and CRT-D patients. For patients who died during follow-up, the mode of death was retrieved from hospital and general practitioner records and categorized according to a predetermined classification: heart failure death, other cardiac death, sudden death, noncardiac death, and unknown death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2859 patients were included in the analysis. During a median follow-up of 3.4 years (interquartile range 1.7-5.7 years), 107 (14%) primary prevention ICD, 253 (28%) secondary prevention ICD, and 302 (25%) CRT-D recipients died. The 8-year cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 39.9% (95% confidence interval 37.0%-42.9%). Heart failure death and noncardiac death were the most common modes of death for all groups. Sudden death accounted for approximately 7%-8% of all deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For all patients, heart failure and noncardiac death are the most common modes of death. The proportion of patients who died suddenly was low and comparable for primary and secondary ICD and CRT-D patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Rees
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Venlet
authors.forename: C Jan Willem
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Borleffs
authors.forename: Ulas
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Höke
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Putter
authors.forename: Enno T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.forename: Lieselot
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Erven
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002423:Cause of Death; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention