title: Oncologic outcome in surgical management of jugular paraganglioma and factors influencing outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that may influence the management outcome in patients with jugular paragangliomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgical records of 121 cases of jugular paraganglioma (Fisch classifications C and D) were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average follow-up was 88 months. Intracranial extension (ICE; Fisch classification De and Di) constitutes 55.4% of the cases. Two cases had a malignant jugular paraganglioma. Complete tumor resection was achieved in 81.8% of the cases, and there was evidence of recurrence in 4.0% from this group. Surgical tumor control was achieved in 96% of cases. Perioperative complications consisted mainly of cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 1.6% of the cases. The lower cranial nerve (CN) was preserved in 63% of the patients mainly in the cases without ICE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The infratemporal fossa approach type A allows for complete tumor resection with low perioperative morbidity and recurrence rates. The significant influential factors were the severity of ICE and internal carotid artery involvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, International Islamic University, Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia. rlrahmad@gmail.com
authors.forename: Raja Ahmad R
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lope Ahmad
authors.forename: Shailendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivalingam
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Donato
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005925:Glomus Jugulare Tumor / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult