title: Cardiovascular defense challenges at the basic, clinical, and population levels.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Particularly in low and middle income countries, rapid urbanization and secondary factors, such as increasing obesity, poor diet, and lack of exercise, have combined to propel CVD into this position. Given the enormous scope of this problem and the complex cultural, societal, and political issues that are involved, an equally sophisticated and multipronged approach is required to combat CVD at the global level. In this review, we outline the basic, clinical, and population level challenges that we face in defending ourselves against this disease.
authors.affiliation: Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute.|Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kovacic
authors.affiliation: Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute.|Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.affiliation: Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute.|Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.|Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuster
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D014943:Global Health; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL