title: Use of endovascular embolization to treat a ruptured arteriovenous malformation in a pregnant woman: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancy has been linked to increased rates of arteriovenous malformation rupture. This link remains a matter of debate and very few studies have addressed the management of arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy. Unruptured arteriovenous malformations in pregnant woman generally warrant conservative management due to the low rupture risk. When pregnant women present with ruptured arteriovenous malformation, however, surgery is often indicated due to the increased risk of re-rupture and associated mortality. Endovascular embolization is widely accepted as an important component of contemporary, multimodal therapy for arteriovenous malformations. Although rarely curative, embolization can facilitate subsequent surgical resection or radiosurgery. No previous reports have been devoted to the endovascular management of an arteriovenous malformation in a pregnant woman.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 23-year-old Caucasian woman presented with headache and visual disturbance after the rupture of a left parieto-occipital arteriovenous malformation in the 22nd week of her pregnancy. After involving high-risk obstetric consultants and taking precautions to shield the fetus from ionizing radiation, we proceeded with a single stage of endovascular embolization followed soon after by open surgical resection of the arteriovenous malformation. There were several goals for the angiography in this patient: to better understand the anatomy of the arteriovenous malformation, including the number and orientation of feeding arteries and draining veins; to look for associated pre-nidal or intra-nidal aneurysms; and to partially embolize the arteriovenous malformation via safely-accessible feeders to facilitate surgical resection and minimize blood loss and operative morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From our experience and review of the literature, we maintain that ruptured arteriovenous malformations in pregnancy may be managed in a similar manner to those in non-gravid women. Precautions should be taken to reduce the operative time and exposure of the fetus to ionizing radiation and contrast agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T-4224 Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2380, USA. walter.j.jermakowicz@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jermakowicz
authors.forename: Luke D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Tomycz
authors.forename: Mayshan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghiassi
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Singer