title: Experimental evidence for the ancestry of allotetraploid Trifolium repens and creation of synthetic forms with value for plant breeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  White clover (Trifolium repens) is a ubiquitous weed of the temperate world that through use of improved cultivars has also become the most important legume of grazed pastures world-wide. It has long been suspected to be allotetraploid, but the diploid ancestral species have remained elusive. Putative diploid ancestors were indicated by DNA sequence phylogeny to be T. pallescens and T. occidentale. Here, we use further DNA evidence as well as a combination of molecular cytogenetics (FISH and GISH) and experimental hybridization to test the hypothesis that white clover originated as a hybrid between T. pallescens and T. occidentale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T. pallescens plants were identified with chloroplast trnL intron DNA sequences identical to those of white clover. Similarly, T. occidentale plants with nuclear ITS sequences identical to white clover were also identified. Reciprocal GISH experiments, alternately using labeled genomic DNA probes from each of the putative ancestral species on the same white clover cells, showed that half of the chromosomes hybridized with each probe. F1 hybrids were generated by embryo rescue and these showed strong interspecific chromosome pairing and produced a significant frequency of unreduced gametes, indicating the likely mode of polyploidization. The F1 hybrids are inter-fertile with white clover and function as synthetic white clovers, a valuable new resource for the re-incorporation of ancestral genomes into modern white clover for future plant breeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from DNA sequence analyses, molecular cytogenetics, interspecific hybridization and breeding experiments supports the hypothesis that a diploid alpine species (T. pallescens) hybridized with a diploid coastal species (T. occidentale) to generate tetraploid T. repens. The coming together of these two narrowly adapted species (one alpine and the other maritime), along with allotetraploidy, has led to a transgressive hybrid with a broad adaptive range.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. warren.williams@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: Warren M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Helal A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Isabelle M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Verry
authors.forename: S Wajid
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001947:Breeding; D002678:Chimera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D023902:Chromosome Pairing; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004171:Diploidy; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics; D011058:Pollen / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D057891:Tetraploidy; D029921:Trifolium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D018744:DNA, Plant; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer