title: A comparison of extradural tramadol and extradural morphine for postoperative analgesia in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of the extradural tramadol or morphine in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen female dogs were randomly assigned to two groups of eight animals each and received morphine (0.1 mg kg(-1) M group) or tramadol (2 mg kg(-1) T group). The pre-anesthetic medication was intravenously (iv) acepromazine (0.05 mg kg(-1)). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg kg(-1)iv) and maintained with isoflurane. The degree of analgesia was evaluated using a numerical rating scale that included physiologic and behavior variables. Dogs were scored at one, three, six and 12 hours after surgery by one blinded observer. Dogs were treated with morphine (0.5 mg kg(-1)) if their scores were >6. Serum cortisol was measured before the pre-anesthetic medication was administered (basal), at the time of the ovarian pedicle clamping (T0), and at 1 (T1), 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) hours postoperative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain score did not differ between morphine and tramadol treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to one dog in the T treatment group. Serum cortisol did not differ between treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extradural administration of morphine or tramadol is a safe and effective method of inducing analgesia in female dogs undergoing ovariohyterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Program in Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celso Sawaya
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Juliana Andrea Osório
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: Diego Roberto
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Helaine
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stevanin
authors.forename: Renata Navarro
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Cassu
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D009020:Morphine