title: Toward global standards for comparator pharmaceutical products: case studies of amoxicillin, metronidazole, and zidovudine in the Americas.
abstract: This study compared in vitro dissolution characteristics and other quality measures of different amoxicillin, metronidazole, and zidovudine products purchased in the Americas to a comparator pharmaceutical product (CPP). These three drugs are classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class I drugs with the possibility that dissolution findings might be used to document bioequivalence. All investigated zidovudine products were found to be in vitro equivalent to the CPP. Only 3 of 12 tested amoxicillin products were found to be in vitro equivalent to the CPP. None of the tested metronidazole products were in vitro equivalent to the CPP. These findings suggest but do not confirm bioinequivalence where in vitro comparisons failed, given that an in vivo blood level study might have confirmed bioequivalence. At times, identifying a CPP in one of the selected markets proved difficult. The study demonstrates that products sold across national markets may not be bioequivalent. When coupled with the challenge of identifying a CPP in different countries, the results of this study suggest the value of an international CPP as well as increased use of BCS approaches as means of either documenting bioequivalence or signaling the need for further in vivo studies. Because of increased movement of medicines across national borders, practitioners and patients would benefit from these approaches.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. raimar@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Raimar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Löbenberg
authors.forename: Nadia B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Chacra
authors.forename: Erika S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Stippler
authors.forename: Vinod P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: DeStefano
authors.forename: Walter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: Roger L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D008795:Metronidazole; D015215:Zidovudine; D000658:Amoxicillin