title: In vitro evaluation of surface roughness, adhesion of periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and Streptococcus gordonii following root instrumentation with Gracey curettes and subsequent polishing with diamond-coated curettes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of an additional usage of a diamond-coated curette on surface roughness, adhesion of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts, and of Streptococcus gordonii in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test specimens were prepared from extracted teeth and exposed to instrumentation with conventional Gracey curettes with or without additional use of diamond-coated curettes. Surface roughness (Ra and Rz) was measured before and following treatment. In addition, the adhesion of PDL fibroblasts for 72 h and adhesion of S. gordonii ATCC 10558 for 2 h have been determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instrumentation with conventional Gracey curettes reduced surface roughness (median Ra before: 0.36 μm/after: 0.25 μm; p < 0.001; median Rz before: 2.34 μm/after: 1.61 μm; p < 0.001). The subsequent instrumentation with the diamond-coated curettes resulted in a median Ra of 0.31 μm/Rz of 2.06 μm (no significance in comparison to controls). The number of attached PDL fibroblasts did not change following scaling with Gracey curettes. The additional instrumentation with the diamond-coated curettes resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of attached PDL fibroblasts but not in the numbers of adhered bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of root surfaces with conventional Gracey curettes followed by subsequent polishing with diamond-coated curettes may result in a root surface which provides favorable conditions for the attachment of PDL fibroblasts without enhancing microbial adhesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improved attachment of PDL fibroblasts and the limited microbial adhesion on root surfaces treated with scaling with conventional Gracey curettes followed by subsequent polishing with diamond-coated curettes may favor periodontal wound healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. sigrun.eick@zmk.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eick
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flury
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lussi
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003475:Curettage / Q000295:instrumentation; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis / Q000295:instrumentation; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology*; D016745:Root Planing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D054773:Streptococcus gordonii / Q000502:physiology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003764:Dental Materials; D018130:Diamond