title: Relationship between long working hours and depression in two working populations: a structural equation model approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that relationship reported between long working hours and depression was inconsistent in previous studies because job demand was treated as a confounder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural equation modeling was used to construct five models, using work-related factors and depressive mood scale obtained from 218 clerical workers, to test for goodness of fit and was externally validated with data obtained from 1160 sales workers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model that showed that long working hours increased depression risk when job demand was regarded as an intermediate variable was the best fitted model (goodness-of-fit index/root-mean-square error of approximation: 0.981 to 0.996/0.042 to 0.044). The odds ratio for depression risk with work that was high demand and 60 hours or more per week was estimated at 2 to 4 versus work that was low demand and less than 60 hours per week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long working hours increased depression risk, with job demand being an intermediate variable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. amagasa_t@tokyo-kinikai.com
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amagasa
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*