title: Children and adolescents' understandings of family resemblance: a study of naïve inheritance concepts.
abstract: This paper aims to provide developmental data on two connected naïve inheritance concepts and to explore the coherence of children's naïve biology knowledge. Two tasks examined children and adolescents' (4, 7, 10, and 14 years) conceptions of phenotypic resemblance across kin (in physical characteristics, disabilities, and personality traits). The first task required participants to predict and explain feature outcomes in both an offspring and a sibling, in a modified version of the phenotypic similarity task. In the second task, participants offered explanations for instances of parent-offspring dissimilarity and grandparent-offspring resemblance (phenotypic difference task). The inclusion of two tasks and a broad age range revealed significant age trends between 4 and 10 years in naïve inheritance concepts. However, there was little consistency in children's inheritance explanations within or across tasks. The findings are discussed with reference to debates concerning the development and structure of naïve biology concepts.
authors.affiliation: Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, UK. Jo.Williams@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension; D003210:Concept Formation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D040941:Heredity; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality; D010641:Phenotype; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis