title: Gene expression changes in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice following prenatal alcohol exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Not all women who consume alcohol during pregnancy have children with FASD and studies have shown that genetic factors can play a role in ethanol teratogenesis. We examined gene expression in embryos and placentae from C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice following prenatal alcohol exposure. B6 fetuses are susceptible to morphological malformations following prenatal alcohol exposure while D2 are relatively resistant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female B6 and D2 mice were mated for 2 hours in the morning, producing 4 embryonic genotypes: true-bred B6B6 and D2D2, and reciprocal B6D2 and D2B6. On gestational day 9, dams were intubated with 5.8 g/kg ethanol, an isocaloric amount of maltose dextrin, or nothing. Four hours later, dams were sacrificed and embryos and placentae were harvested. RNA was extracted, labeled and hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 v2 microarray chips. Data were normalized, subjected to analysis of variance and tested for enrichment of gene ontology molecular function and biological process using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several gene classes were differentially expressed in B6 and D2 regardless of treatment, including genes involved in polysaccharide binding and mitosis. Prenatal alcohol exposure altered expression of a subset of genes, including genes involved in methylation, chromatin remodeling, protein synthesis, and mRNA splicing. Very few genes were differentially expressed between maltose-exposed tissues and tissues that received nothing, so we combined these groups for comparisons with ethanol. While we observed many expression changes specific to B6 following prenatal alcohol exposure, none were specific for D2. Gene classes up- or down-regulated in B6 following prenatal alcohol exposure included genes involved in mRNA splicing, transcription, and translation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study identified several classes of genes with altered expression following prenatal alcohol exposure, including many specific for B6, a strain susceptible to ethanol teratogenesis. Lack of strain specific effects in D2 suggests there are few gene expression changes that confer resistance. Future studies will begin to analyze functional significance of the expression changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, USA. cdowning@pharmacy.isu.edu
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flink
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Florez-McClure
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tabakoff
authors.forename: Katerina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kechris
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000633:toxicity; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000235:genetics*; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D013723:Teratogens; D000431:Ethanol; D012313:RNA