title: Considerations in the rationale, design and methods of the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by progressive depletion of CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4) count leading to the development of opportunistic diseases (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)), and more recent data suggest that HIV is also associated with an increased risk of serious non-AIDS (SNA) diseases including cardiovascular, renal, and liver diseases and non-AIDS-defining cancers. Although combination antiretroviral treatment (ART) has resulted in a substantial decrease in morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV infection, viral eradication is not feasible with currently available drugs. The optimal time to start ART for asymptomatic HIV infection is controversial and remains one of the key unanswered questions in the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this article, we outline the rationale and methods of the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study, an ongoing multicenter international trial designed to assess the risks and benefits of initiating ART earlier than is currently practiced. We also describe some of the challenges encountered in the design and implementation of the study and how these challenges were addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4000 study participants who are HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infected, ART naïve with CD4 count > 500 cells/µL are to be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to start ART immediately (early ART) or defer treatment until CD4 count is <350 cells/µL (deferred ART) and followed for a minimum of 3 years. The primary outcome is time to AIDS, SNA, or death. The study had a pilot phase to establish feasibility of accrual, which was set as the enrollment of at least 900 participants in the first year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Challenges encountered in the design and implementation of the study included the limited amount of data on the risk of a major component of the primary endpoint (SNA) in the study population, changes in treatment guidelines when the pilot phase was well underway, and the complexities of conducting the trial in a geographically wide population with diverse regulatory requirements. With the successful completion of the pilot phase, more than 1000 participants from 100 sites in 23 countries have been enrolled. The study will expand to include 237 sites in 36 countries to reach the target accrual of 4000 participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  START is addressing one of the most important questions in the clinical management of ART. The randomization provided a platform for the conduct of several substudies aimed at increasing our understanding of HIV disease and the effects of antiretroviral therapy beyond the primary question of the trial. The lessons learned from its design and implementation will hopefully be of use to future publicly funded international trials.
authors.affiliation: MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK. a.babiker@ctu.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Abdel G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Babiker
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fätkenheuer
authors.forename: Fred M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gordin
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: Jens D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neaton
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pett
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Giota
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Touloumi
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vjechaj
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D026661:Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006075:Governing Board; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents