title: [Club drugs].
abstract: Club drugs are the following substances: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); Methamphetamine; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD); Ketamine; Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and Flunitrazepam. These substances are mainly used by adolescents and young adults, mostly in recreational settings like dance clubs and rave parties. These drugs have diverse psychotropic effects, are associated with several degrees of toxicity, dependence and long term adverse effects. Some have been used for several decades, while others are relatively recent substances of abuse. They have distinct pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, are not easy to detect and, many times, the use of club drugs is under diagnosed. Although the use of these drugs is increasingly common, few health professionals feel comfortable with the diagnosis and treatment. The authors performed a systematic literature review, with the goal of synthesising the existing knowledge about club drugs, namely epidemiology, mechanism of action, detection, adverse reactions and treatment. The purpose of this article is creating in Portuguese language a knowledge data base on club drugs, that health professionals of various specialties can use as a reference when dealing with individual with this kind of drug abuse.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Diogo Frasquilho
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.forename: Ana Lisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carmo
authors.forename: Joaquim Alves
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Góis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008694:Methamphetamine; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D007649:Ketamine; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine