title: Bladder injuries after external trauma: 20 years experience report in a population-based cross-sectional view.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Report 20 years experience of bladder injuries after external trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gender, age, mechanism/location of damage, associated injuries, systolic blood pressure (SBP), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS), complications, and length of stay (LOS) were analyzed in a prospective collected bladder injuries AAST-OIS grade ≥ II database (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scaling) from 1990 to 2009 in a trauma reference center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2,575 patients experiencing laparotomy for trauma, 111 (4.3 %) presented bladder ruptures grade ≥ II, being 83.8 % (n = 93) males, mean age 31.5 years old (± 11.2). Blunt mechanism accounted for 50.5 % (n = 56)-motor vehicle crashes 47.3 % (n = 26), pedestrians hit by a car (29.1 %). Gunshot wounds represented 87.3 % of penetrating mechanism. The most frequent injury was grade IV (51 patients, 46 %). The mean ISS was 23.8 (± 11.2), TRISS 0.90 (± 0.24), and RTS 7.26 (± 1.48). Severity (AAST-OIS), mechanism (blunt/penetrating), localization of the bladder injury (intra/extraperitoneal, associated), and neither concomitant rectum lesion were related to complications, LOS, or death. Mortality rate was 10.8 %. ISS > 25 (p = 0.0001), SBP <90 mmHg (p = 0.0001), RTS <7.84 (p = 0.0001), and pelvic fracture (p = 0.0011) were highly associated with grim prognosis and death with hazard ratios of 5.46, 2.70, 2.22, and 2.06, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trauma scores and pelvic fractures impact survival in bladder trauma. The mortality rate has remained stable for the last two decades.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Monteiro Tavares
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Caio César Citatini
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: de Campos
authors.forename: Thiago Rodrigues Araujo
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Calderan
authors.forename: Leonardo Oliveira
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Gustavo Pereira
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fraga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000293:injuries; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality