title: Extracellular Ca2+ influx is crucial for the early embryonic development of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter.
abstract: The involvement of Ca(2+) in the activation of eggs and in the first steps of the embryonic development of several species is a well-known phenomenon. An association between Ca(2+) sources with the fate of the blastopore during embryonic development has been investigated by several authors. Ca(2+) influx mediated by voltage-gated channels and Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores are the major sources of Ca(2+) to egg activation and succeeding cell divisions. Studies on sea urchins embryonic development show that intracellular Ca(2+) stores are responsible for egg activation and early embryogenesis. In the present work we investigated the involvement of extracellular Ca(2+) in the first stages of the embryonic development of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Divalent cation chelators EDTA and EGTA strongly blocked the early embryonic development. Adding to this, we demonstrated the involvement of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels in E. lucunter embryogenesis since Ca(2+) channel blockers powerfully inhibited the early embryonic development. Our data also revealed that Ca(2+) influx is crucial for embryonic development during only the first 40 min postfertilization. However, intracellular Ca(2+) remains mandatory to embryonic development 40 min postfertilization, seen that both the intracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM and calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine inhibited the first stages of development when added to embryos culture 50 min postfertilization. Our work highlights the crucial role of extracellular Ca(2+) influx through voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels for the early embryonic development of the sea urchin E. lucunter and characterizes an exception in the phylum Echinodermata.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jocelmo Cássio
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Araújo Leite
authors.forename: Luis Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Marques-Santos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D004492:Edetic Acid; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005453:Fluorescence; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D017136:Ion Transport; D009550:Nigericin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000196:embryology*; D014634:Valinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D002147:Calmodulin; D014634:Valinomycin; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D010042:Ouabain; D004492:Edetic Acid; D014700:Verapamil; D009550:Nigericin; D002118:Calcium