title: Influence of root canal instrumentation and obturation techniques on  intra-operative pain during endodontic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the influence of root canal instrumentation and obturation techniques on intra-operative pain experienced by patients during endodontic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Ponferrada and Sevilla, Spain, including 80 patients (46 men and 34 women), with ages ranged from 10 to 74 years, randomly recruited. Patient gender and age, affected tooth, pulpal diagnosis, periapical status, previous NSAID or antibiotic (AB) treatment, and root canal instrumentation and obturation techniques were recorded. After root canal treatment (RCT), patients completed a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) that ranked the level of pain. Results were analysed statistically using the Chi-square and ANOVA tests and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pain level during root canal treatment was 2.9±3.0 (median=2) in a VAS between 0 and 10. Forty percent of patients experienced no pain. Gender, age, arch, previous NSAIDs or AB treatment and anaesthetic type did not influence significantly the pain level (p>0.05). Pain during root canal treatment was significantly greater in molar teeth (OR=10.1; 95% C.I.=1.6-63.5; p=0.013). Root canal instrumentation and obturation techniques did not affect significantly patients' pain during root canal treatment (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients feel more pain when RCT is carried out on molar teeth. The root canal instrumentation and obturation techniques do not affect significantly the patients' pain during RCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Facultad de Odontología, C/ Avicena s/n, 41009-Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martín-González
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Echevarría-Pérez
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Domínguez
authors.forename: Maria-Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tarilonte-Delgado
authors.forename: Lizett
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castellanos-Cosano
authors.forename: Francisco-Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: López-Frías
authors.forename: Juan-Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Segura-Egea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult