title: Estimation of immunization providers' activities cost, medication cost, and immunization dose errors cost in Iraq.
abstract: The immunization status of children is improved by interventions that increase community demand for compulsory and non-compulsory vaccines, one of the most important interventions related to immunization providers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the activities of immunization providers in terms of activities time and cost, to calculate the immunization doses cost, and to determine the immunization dose errors cost. Time-motion and cost analysis study design was used. Five public health clinics in Mosul-Iraq participated in the study. Fifty (50) vaccine doses were required to estimate activities time and cost. Micro-costing method was used; time and cost data were collected for each immunization-related activity performed by the clinic staff. A stopwatch was used to measure the duration of activity interactions between the parents and clinic staff. The immunization service cost was calculated by multiplying the average salary/min by activity time per minute. 528 immunization cards of Iraqi children were scanned to determine the number and the cost of immunization doses errors (extraimmunization doses and invalid doses). The average time for child registration was 6.7 min per each immunization dose, and the physician spent more than 10 min per dose. Nurses needed more than 5 min to complete child vaccination. The total cost of immunization activities was 1.67 US$ per each immunization dose. Measles vaccine (fifth dose) has a lower price (0.42 US$) than all other immunization doses. The cost of a total of 288 invalid doses was 744.55 US$ and the cost of a total of 195 extra immunization doses was 503.85 US$. The time spent on physicians' activities was longer than that spent on registrars' and nurses' activities. Physician total cost was higher than registrar cost and nurse cost. The total immunization cost will increase by about 13.3% owing to dose errors.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Penang, Malaysia. omarallela@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Omer Qutaiba B
authors.initials: OQ
authors.lastname: Al-lela
authors.forename: Mohd Baidi
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bahari
authors.forename: Mustafa G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Al-abbassi
authors.forename: Muhannad R M
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.forename: Amena Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Basher
mesh_terms: D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007493:Iraq; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors