title: Functional performance and inflammatory cytokines after squat exercises and whole-body vibration in elderly individuals with knee osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of squat exercises combined with whole-body vibration on the plasma concentration of inflammatory markers and the functional performance of elderly individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, prospective, randomized, single-blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exercise physiology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly subjects with knee OA (N=32) were divided into 3 groups: (1) squat exercises on a vibratory platform (platform group, n=11); (2) squat exercises without vibration (squat group, n=10); and (3) the control group (n=11).
  
  
  METHODS
  The structured program of squat exercises in the platform and squat groups was conducted 3 times per week, on alternate days, for 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptors 1 (sTNFR1) and 2 (sTNFR2) were measured using immunoassays (the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire was used to evaluate self-reported physical function, pain, and stiffness. The 6-minute walk test, the Berg Balance Scale, and gait speed were used to evaluate physical function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the platform group, there were significant reductions in the plasma concentrations of the inflammatory markers sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 (P<.001 and P<.05, respectively) and self-reported pain (P<.05) compared with the control group, and there was an increase in balance (P<.05) and speed and distance walked (P<.05 and P<.001, respectively). In addition, the platform group walked faster than the squat group (P<.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that whole-body vibration training improves self-perception of pain, balance, gait quality, and inflammatory markers in elderly subjects with knee OA.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriano P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Simão
authors.forename: Núbia C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Avelar
authors.forename: Rosalina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tossige-Gomes
authors.forename: Camila D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Vanessa A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.forename: Aline S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Mauro M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Antônio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: André P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Cândido C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.forename: Ana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lacerda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha