title: Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Sleep disturbances are among the most frequent and incapacitating non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), and are increasingly recognized as an important determinant of impaired quality of life. Here we review several recent developments regarding the recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in PD. In addition, we provide a practical and easily applicable approach to the diagnostic process as a basis for tailored therapeutic interventions. This includes a stepwise scheme that guides the clinical interview and subsequent ancillary investigations. In this scheme, the various possible sleep disorders are arranged not in order of prevalence, but in a 'differential diagnostic' order. We also provide recommendations for the use of sleep registrations such as polysomnography. Furthermore, we point out when a sleep specialist could be consulted to provide additional diagnostic and therapeutic input. This structured approach facilitates early detection of sleep disturbances in PD, so treatment can be initiated promptly.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Medicine Centre 'Kempenhaeghe', Heeze, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maartje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Louter
authors.forename: Willemijn C C A
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Aarden
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lion
authors.forename: Bastiaan R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Overeem
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*