title: A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in youth, there are few data to guide treatment. We compared the efficacy of three treatment regimens to achieve durable glycemic control in children and adolescents with recent-onset type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients 10 to 17 years of age were treated with metformin (at a dose of 1000 mg twice daily) to attain a glycated hemoglobin level of less than 8% and were randomly assigned to continued treatment with metformin alone or to metformin combined with rosiglitazone (4 mg twice a day) or a lifestyle-intervention program focusing on weight loss through eating and activity behaviors. The primary outcome was loss of glycemic control, defined as a glycated hemoglobin level of at least 8% for 6 months or sustained metabolic decompensation requiring insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 699 randomly assigned participants (mean duration of diagnosed type 2 diabetes, 7.8 months), 319 (45.6%) reached the primary outcome over an average follow-up of 3.86 years. Rates of failure were 51.7% (120 of 232 participants), 38.6% (90 of 233), and 46.6% (109 of 234) for metformin alone, metformin plus rosiglitazone, and metformin plus lifestyle intervention, respectively. Metformin plus rosiglitazone was superior to metformin alone (P=0.006); metformin plus lifestyle intervention was intermediate but not significantly different from metformin alone or metformin plus rosiglitazone. Prespecified analyses according to sex and race or ethnic group showed differences in sustained effectiveness, with metformin alone least effective in non-Hispanic black participants and metformin plus rosiglitazone most effective in girls. Serious adverse events were reported in 19.2% of participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monotherapy with metformin was associated with durable glycemic control in approximately half of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. The addition of rosiglitazone, but not an intensive lifestyle intervention, was superior to metformin alone. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; TODAY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00081328.).
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zeitler
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pyle
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Silva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arslanian
authors.forename: Leona
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cuttler
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Sherida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tollefsen
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilfley
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D016019:Survival Analysis; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones