title: Deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from six agro-climatic regions of India.
abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of synthetic pyrethroids (SP) resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in India. Twenty-seven areas located in six agro-climatic regions were selected for the collection of engorged ticks using two stage stratified sampling procedure. Adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT) were optimized using laboratory reared susceptible line of R.(B.) microplus (IVRI-I) for determination of 95% lethal concentration (LC(95)) of deltamethrin (29.6 ppm in AIT and 35.5 ppm in LPT) and cypermethrin (349.1 ppm in AIT and 350.7 ppm in LPT). The AIT with a discriminating dose (2 × LC(95)) was used to detect deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistance in the field isolates of R.(B.) microplus. On the basis of the data generated on three variables viz., mortality, egg masses and reproductive index, the resistance level was categorized as I, II, III and IV. The overall prevalence of SP-resistant R.(B.) microplus among the sampled farms was 66.6% (18/27). Out of these 18 areas, resistance to deltamethrin at level I was detected in 08 areas (resistance factor=2.0-4.9), at level II in 09 areas (RF=5.2-11.8), at level III in 01 area (RF=34.9) and at level IV in 01 area (RF=95.7). The resistance to cypermethrin was detected in 16 areas and level of resistance was detected at level I in 10 areas (RF=2.06-4.64) and at level II in 06 areas (RF=5.13-9.88). The middle-gangetic and trans-gangetic plains revealed higher density of resistant ticks where intensive cross bred cattle population are reared and the SP compounds are commonly used. The data generated on acaricide resistant status in ticks will help in formulating tick control strategy for the country.
authors.affiliation: Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
authors.forename: Anil Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rinesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagar
authors.forename: Nirbhay Kumar
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Sumer Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rawat
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dhakad
authors.forename: A K S
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rawat
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Srikant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015995:Prevalence; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; C017180:decamethrin