title: An analysis of occupational factors related to shoulder discomfort in diagnostic medical sonographers and vascular technologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-fourths of diagnostic medical sonographers (DMS) and vascular technologists (VT) experiencing discomfort due to job demands indicate having discomfort in the shoulder region. An analysis of factors related to shoulder discomfort highlighted salient factors requiring further investigation and intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The respondents were a convenient sample of DMS and VT that answered a survey, hosted on a secure website.
  
  
  METHODS
  The responses of 2,163 DMS and VT from a survey of a representative sample were analyzed to determine personal factors, work demands, and workstation design characteristics of those experiencing discomfort in the shoulder region. Frequencies and response distributions were calculated and cross tabulation with chi-square analysis was completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority of respondents with shoulder discomfort have co-morbid reports of discomfort in other locations. While overall sonographer discomfort is linked to age and years of experience, shoulder discomfort was also noted to be linked to specific workstation characteristics. A lack of adjustability in equipment, picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workstations, and positions required to complete bedside exams contributes to discomfort due to sustained and repetitive shoulder abduction and twisting of the neck and trunk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for studies investigating redesign of equipment and workstations or interventions with DMS and VT specifically focused on improving adjustability and improved positioning of sonographers in order to reduce shoulder discomfort while performing job demands.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. sroll@usc.edu
authors.forename: Shawn C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Cristina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Hutmire
authors.forename: Joan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017056:Medical Laboratory Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011361:Professional Competence; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology