title: Treatment of cocaine withdrawal anxiety with guanfacine: relationships to cocaine intake and reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful treatment of cocaine addiction is severely impeded by the propensity of users to relapse. Withdrawal severity may serve as a key predictor of susceptibility to relapse. Therefore, the identification and treatment of cocaine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety may improve addiction treatment outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined the role of anxiety-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal and anxiolytic treatment in reinstatement of cocaine seeking in an animal model of relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats experienced daily IV cocaine self-administration. One group of animals received the norepinephrine α-2 agonist, guanfacine, or vehicle prior to anxiety testing 48 h after the last self-administration session. In the second group of rats, relationships between cocaine intake, anxiety-like behavior after withdrawal of cocaine, and reinstatement responding were investigated. The third and fourth groups of animals received guanfacine, yohimbine (norepinephrine α-2 antagonist), or vehicle once per day for 3 days 48 h after cessation of cocaine self-administration, followed by extinction and subsequent reinstatement induced by cocaine injections, cocaine-paired cues, and yohimbine administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocaine-withdrawn rats at 48 h demonstrated higher levels of anxiety-like behavior as measured on a defensive burying task when compared to yoked saline controls, an effect reversed by guanfacine treatment. Cocaine intake was positively correlated with measures of anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal, and this anxiety-like behavior was significantly correlated with subsequent cocaine-primed reinstatement. Yohimbine treatment during early withdrawal increased reinstatement to conditioned cues, while guanfacine treatment reduced reinstatement to yohimbine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest an important role for noradrenergic mediation of anxiety-like behavior that emerges after withdrawal of cocaine and potential risk of relapse as modeled by reinstatement, and suggest that treatment of anxiety symptoms during early abstinence may reduce the risk of relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Deanne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Buffalari
authors.forename: Chelsey K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: See
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D016316:Guanfacine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012008:Recurrence; D012646:Self Administration; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D016316:Guanfacine; D003042:Cocaine