title: Influence of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on the gut microbiota ecology and biochemical biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have investigated the effect of dietary polyphenols on the complex human gut microbiota, and they focused mainly on single polyphenol molecules and select bacterial populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate the effect of a moderate intake of red wine polyphenols on select gut microbial groups implicated in host health benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy male volunteers underwent a randomized, crossover, controlled intervention study. After a washout period, all of the subjects received red wine, the equivalent amount of de-alcoholized red wine, or gin for 20 d each. Total fecal DNA was submitted to polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative PCR to monitor and quantify changes in fecal microbiota. Several biochemical markers were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dominant bacterial composition did not remain constant over the different intake periods. Compared with baseline, the daily consumption of red wine polyphenol for 4 wk significantly increased the number of Enterococcus, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides uniformis, Eggerthella lenta, and Blautia coccoides-Eubacterium rectale groups (P < 0.05). In parallel, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, changes in cholesterol and C-reactive protein concentrations were linked to changes in the bifidobacteria number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that red wine consumption can significantly modulate the growth of select gut microbiota in humans, which suggests possible prebiotic benefits associated with the inclusion of red wine polyphenols in the diet. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN88720134.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Queipo-Ortuño
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boto-Ordóñez
authors.forename: Mora
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murri
authors.forename: Juan Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gomez-Zumaquero
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clemente-Postigo
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cardona Diaz
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrés-Lacueva
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tinahones
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004463:Ecology; D002149:Energy Intake; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005243:Feces; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D008875:Middle Aged; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D059808:Polyphenols; D000431:Ethanol; D002097:C-Reactive Protein