title: Postcraniotomy function of the temporal muscle in skull base surgery: technical note based on a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients undergoing craniotomies necessitating preparation of the temporal muscle (TM) may experience postoperative functional impairment of the temporomandibular joint. This topic has not been thoroughly discussed in the literature so far. In the present study, the authors propose a questionnaire as an evaluation tool to assess to what degree different TM preparation techniques correlate with postoperative temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2004 and 2006, 286 patients underwent either pterional or temporal craniotomies in the department of craniotomies at the University of Münster in Germany. Intraoperatively the TM was prepared either interfascial, submuscular, or subfascial. A patient-based questionnaire was designed and validated (Kendalls-τ = +1) in order to evaluate the patients' postoperative temporomandibular functional outcome. Based on strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, 69 patients were eligible for the application of the questionnaire in this preliminary study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen percent of the patients complained of either temporomandibular joint pain (3%) or restricted mouth opening (13%) postoperatively in a follow-up period between 3 and 12 months. In 92% postoperative complaints were reported within the first 3 months and in 58% of the patients with complaints the pain eased off. In 34% a therapy was required for the pain to be controlled. In one patient (8%) a postoperative arthroscopy has been necessary. Of the patients who experienced postoperative complaints, 67% had undergone temporal and 33% pterional craniotomy. In the group where postoperatively there were issues of temporomandibular pain/dysfunction, 42% had had the TM dissected, in 25% incised, and in 8% transected. For 25% of the patients, the type of intraoperative manipulation remained unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For postoperative quality control, the questionnaire showed to be a suitable evaluation tool. Concerning the different preparation techniques, subfascial preparation of the TM tends to result in less postoperative complaints and is thus recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdulazim
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filis
authors.forename: Pooyan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sadr-Eshkevari
authors.forename: Fried
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sandu
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology*