title: Transmembrane interactions of HIV-1 Vpu and tetherin.
abstract: Tetherin is a type II membrane protein that bears a N-terminal transmembrane domain, an extracellular coiled-coil structure and a C-terminal GPI anchor. This unique topology allows tetherin to block the release of a wide range of enveloped viruses from the cell surface. In order to overcome this host restriction, viruses have evolved various counter measures. In the case of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the viral protein U (Vpu) is able to down-modulate cell surface tetherin, thus removing tetherin molecules from the site of virus budding. This activity of Vpu depends on its direct interaction with tetherin. In this review, we summarize the known molecular details of the interaction between Vpu and tetherin, and also discuss how tetherin is targeted by other viral antagonists. Following our summary, it is evident that each of the intracellular, transmembrane and extracellular domains of tetherin can become the target of viral antagonists for counteraction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D057074:Virus Release / Q000235:genetics; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins