title: [Mechanism of action of nasal glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Part 2: Practical aspects of application].
abstract: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the single most common allergic disease and one of the most common chronic diseases. It affects approximately 25-30% of the population, and can substantially worsen patients' medical conditions, reduce quality of life, and contribute to absenteeism from work or school. It is also responsible for substantial direct and indirect economic burdens on the health care system. The medical management of allergic rhinitis includes several available pharmacotherapies, such as α-sympathomimetics, anticholinergic drugs, natural saline or other nasal rinses, mast cell-stabilizing agents, topical and systemic antihistamines, topical and systemic glucocorticosteroids, leukotriene-receptor antagonists and the new monoclonal antibodies following a stepwise approach. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only treatment option that interferes with the natural course of the disease and, besides allergen elimination, is thought to be the only causative treatment option. Nasal glucocorticosteroids (nGCS) are thought to be the most effective treatment choice for controlling the symptoms of AR. Double-blind, randomized clinical trials have demonstrated greater efficacy of nGCSs versus placebo, antihistamines or montelukast for relief of all nasal symptoms, especially congestion. Therefore, especially in the management of AR-related nasal inflammation and congestion, nGCSs are considered the most appropriate treatment. Patients should be informed that symptom improvement can be expected after 2-4 days for intermittent rhinitis and after up to 2-3 weeks for persistent rhinitis. The medication has to be taken regularly and not as "on-demand" treatment. Adherence to treatment also affects outcomes, and this may be influenced by patient preferences for the sensory attributes of an individual drug and the awareness of possible side effects. More recently, safety studies have shown that the newer nGCS agents have improved safety profiles compared with older nGCS agents. The newer nGCS drugs have been found to have minimal adverse effects on growth and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function in children. This review will discuss the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa and the mechanism of action of nGCSs; also the efficacy and safety of nGCSs will be discussed by focusing on clinical evidence.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie, An den Quellen 10, 65183, Wiesbaden, Deutschland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: von Bernus
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Högger
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pfaar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klimek
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D018448:Models, Immunological; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids