title: Physical activity levels six months after a randomised controlled physical activity intervention for Pakistani immigrant men living in Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To our knowledge, no studies have aimed at improving the PA level in south Asian immigrant men residing in Western countries, and few studies have considered the relevance of SCT constructs to the PA behaviour of this group in the long term. The observed low physical activity (PA) level among south Asian immigrants in Western countries may partly explain the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in this group. We have shown previously in a randomised controlled trial, the Physical Activity and Minority Health study (PAMH) that a social cognitive based intervention can beneficially influence PA level and subsequently reduce waist circumference and insulin resistance in the short-term. In an extended follow-up of the PAMH study: we aimed 1) to determine if the intervention produced long-term positive effects on PA level six months after intervention (follow-up 2 (FU2)), and 2) to identify the social cognitive mediators of any intervention effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physically inactive Pakistani immigrant men (n = 150) who were free of CVD and T2D were randomly assigned to a five months PA intervention or a control group. Six months after the intervention ended, we telephoned all those who attended FU1 and invited them for a second follow-up test (FU2) (n = 133). PA was measured using ActiGraph accelerometers. Statistical differences between groups were determined by use of ANCOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences (baseline to FU2) between the groups were found for all PA variables (e.g., total PA level, sedentary time, PA intensity). Support from family and outcome expectancies increased more in the intervention group compared with the control group. Self-efficacy did not differ significantly between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that a multi component PA programme can increase PA over the short and long term in a group of immigrant Pakistani men. However, we could not identify the factors that mediated these changes in PA. PROTOCOL ID: 07112001326, NCT ID: NCT00539903.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevaal Stadium, Box 4014, 0806 Oslo, Norway. eivind.andersen@nih.no
authors.forename: Eivind
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Nicola W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Sigmund A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anderssen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference