title: Mosquito bisection as a variable in estimates of PCR-derived malaria sporozoite rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods offer an alternative to the light microscopy examination of mosquito salivary glands for the determination of malaria sporozoite rates in wild caught female Anopheles. Removal of mosquito abdomens is assumed to eliminate false positives caused by malaria oocyst DNA in the midgut. This assumption has not been tested with current gold standard PCR assays, and for the variety of conditions that specimens could encounter in the laboratory and field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory Anopheles stephensi were used that had been infected with Plasmodium falciparum 6-7 days and 14 days post infection (p.i.), when oocysts only and oocysts + sporozoites, respectively, are developed. Mosquitoes were killed and immediately frozen, air dried before being frozen, or stored under humid conditions overnight before being frozen, to simulate a range of conditions in the field. Additionally, abdomens were removed anterior to, at, or posterior to the junction of the abdomen and thorax, and both portions were processed using a standard nested PCR of the small sub-unit nuclear ribosomal genes (ssrDNA) with products visualized on agarose gels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 4.1 % (4/97) of head + thorax samples that were 6-7 days p.i. gave apparent false positives for sporozoites, compared to 9.3 % (9/97) that were positive for abdomens. No positives (0/52) were obtained when similar specimens were bisected anterior to the junction of the thorax and abdomen, compared to 21.2 % (11/52) that were positive for posterior portions. Multiple bands were noted for positives from the 'Frozen' treatment and the rate of false negatives due to DNA degradation appears higher under the 'Humid' treatment. Reproducibility of results for the 'Frozen' treatment was 90 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the importance of specimen condition and the bisection step in determining sporozoite rates, little attention has been paid to them in the literature. Recommendations from this study are that: 1) care needs to be taken to reduce DNA degradation in the field; 2) mosquito abdomens be separated anterior to the junction of the thorax and abdomen; and 3) DNA sequencing of a subsample of positive results should be undertaken if possible.
authors.affiliation: Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. foleydes@si.edu
authors.forename: Desmond H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Genelle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Jittawadee R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dowler
authors.forename: Leopoldo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wilkerson
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000469:parasitology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology*; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033661:Oocysts; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D034101:Sporozoites