title: Objective non-intrusive markers of sperm production and sexual activity.
abstract: Objective studies of men's reproductive function are hindered by their reliance on: (i) self-reporting to quantify sexual activity and (ii) masturbation to quantify sperm output rendering both types of estimate vulnerable to unverifiable subjective factors. We therefore examined whether detection of spermatozoa and measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in urine could provide objective semiquantitative estimates of sperm output and recent ejaculation, respectively, using widely available laboratory techniques. Of 11 healthy volunteers who provided urine samples before and at intervals for 5 days after ejaculation, sperm was present in 2/11 men before, and in all 11/11 samples immediately after ejaculation, but by the second and subsequent void, spermatozoa were present in ∼10%. PSA was detectable at high levels in all urine samples, peaking at the first post-ejaculatory sample but returning to baseline levels by the second post-ejaculatory void. We conclude that urinary spermatozoa and PSA are objective biomarkers for sperm production and sexual activity, but only for a short-time window until the first post-ejaculatory urine void. Hence, for a single urine specimen, the presence of spermatozoa and PSA are valid biomarkers, reflecting sperm production and recent ejaculation only until the next micturition, so their measurement should be restricted to the first morning urine void.
authors.affiliation: Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.
authors.forename: Thilee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sivananthan
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bathur
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Idan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Handelsman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004542:Ejaculation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000652:urine; D012746:Sexual Abstinence / Q000502:physiology*; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen