title: PET/MR imaging of bone lesions--implications for PET quantification from imperfect attenuation correction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accurate attenuation correction (AC) is essential for quantitative analysis of PET tracer distribution. In MR, the lack of cortical bone signal makes bone segmentation difficult and may require implementation of special sequences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the need for accurate bone segmentation in MR-based AC for whole-body PET/MR imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 22 patients undergoing sequential PET/CT and 3-T MR imaging, modified CT AC maps were produced by replacing pixels with values of >100 HU, representing mostly bone structures, by pixels with a constant value of 36 HU corresponding to soft tissue, thereby simulating current MR-derived AC maps. A total of 141 FDG-positive osseous lesions and 50 soft-tissue lesions adjacent to bones were evaluated. The mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) was measured in each lesion in PET images reconstructed once using the standard AC maps and once using the modified AC maps. Subsequently, the errors in lesion tracer uptake for the modified PET images were calculated using the standard PET image as a reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substitution of bone by soft tissue values in AC maps resulted in an underestimation of tracer uptake in osseous and soft tissue lesions adjacent to bones of 11.2 ± 5.4% (range 1.5-30.8%) and 3.2 ± 1.7% (range 0.2-4%), respectively. Analysis of the spine and pelvic osseous lesions revealed a substantial dependence of the error on lesion composition. For predominantly sclerotic spine lesions, the mean underestimation was 15.9 ± 3.4% (range 9.9-23.5%) and for osteolytic spine lesions, 7.2 ± 1.7% (range 4.9-9.3%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT data simulating treating bone as soft tissue as is currently done in MR maps for PET AC leads to a substantial underestimation of tracer uptake in bone lesions and depends on lesion composition, the largest error being seen in sclerotic lesions. Therefore, depiction of cortical bone and other calcified areas in MR AC maps is necessary for accurate quantification of tracer uptake values in PET/MR imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. andsam@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samarin
authors.forename: Cyrill
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wollenweber
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: Irene A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Gustav K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: von Schulthess
authors.forename: Felix P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Kuhn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18