title: Age-related changes in the control of perturbation-evoked and voluntary arm movements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined how handrail location predictability affects perturbation-evoked arm responses in young and older adults and whether age-related changes in perturbation-evoked arm responses are specific to mechanisms associated with reactive postural control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young and older adults reached for a handrail in response to a support surface translation (perturbation-evoked) or to a visual cue (voluntary). For both movement tasks, the handrail location was made predictable or unpredictable to the participant. Electromyographic (EMG) activity and kinematics of the reaching arm were recorded to quantify the arm response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posterior deltoid EMG activity during perturbation-evoked and voluntary movements were delayed by 15-74 ms (p<0.001) and 16% smaller (p=0.024) when the handrail was in an unpredictable compared to a predictable location. While ageing resulted in a 12-16 ms delayed initiation of EMG activity during perturbation-evoked reaching (p=0.003), the effects of handrail predictability and movement task did not interact with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-related differences in perturbation-evoked arm responses are independent of both handrail location predictability and movement task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-related differences in perturbation-evoked arm responses cannot be solely attributed to declines in reactive postural control. Rather, ageing leads to a deterioration of neural mechanisms common to both perturbation-evoked and voluntary arm movements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1.
authors.forename: Tyler B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tokuno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology