title: Neurocognitive outcomes in the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess neurocognitive outcomes following antipsychotic intervention in youth enrolled in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-funded Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurocognitive functioning of youth (ages 8 to 19 years) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder was evaluated in a four-site, randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing molindone, olanzapine, and risperidone. The primary outcomes were overall group change from baseline in neurocognitive composite and six domain scores after 8 weeks and continued treatment up to 52 weeks. Age and sex were included as covariates in all analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 116 TEOSS participants, 77 (66%) had post-baseline neurocognitive data. No significant differences emerged in the neurocognitive outcomes of the three medication groups. Therefore, the three treatment groups were combined into one group to assess overall neurocognitive outcomes. Significant modest improvements were observed in the composite score and in three of six domain scores in the acute phase, and in four of six domain scores in the combined acute and maintenance phases. Partial correlation analyses revealed very few relationships among Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) baseline or change scores and neurocognition change scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antipsychotic intervention in youth with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOSS) led to modest improvement in measures of neurocognitive function. The changes in cognition were largely unrelated to baseline symptoms or symptom change. Small treatment effect sizes, easily accounted for by practice effects, highlight the critical need for the development of more efficacious interventions for the enduring neurocognitive deficits seen in EOSS. Clinical trial registry information-Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS); http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00053703.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Jean.Frazier@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Jean A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yakutis
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Youngstrom
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Breiger
authors.forename: Linmarie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sikich
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Findling
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Benedetto
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vitiello
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008972:Molindone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000077152:Olanzapine; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine; D008972:Molindone