title: Verification of DICOM GSDF in complex backgrounds.
abstract: While previous research has determined the contrast detection threshold in medical images, it has focused on uniform backgrounds, has not used calibrated monitors, or has involved a low number of readers. With complex clinical images, how the Grayscale Standard Display Function (GSDF) affects the detection threshold and whether the median background intensity shift has been minimized by GSDF remains unknown. We set out to determine if the median background affected the detection of a low-contrast object in a clustered lumpy background, which simulated a mammography image, and to define the contrast detection threshold for these complex images. Clustered lumpy background images were created of different median intensities and disks of varying contrasts were inserted. A reader study was performed with 17 readers of varying skill level who scored with a five-point confidence scale whether a disk was present. The results were analyzed using reader operating characteristic (ROC) methodology. Contingency tables were used to determine the contrast detection threshold. No statistically significant difference was seen in the area under the ROC curve across all of the backgrounds. Contrast detection fell below 50 % between +3 and +2 gray levels. Our work supports the conclusion that Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine GSDF calibrated monitors do perceptually linearize detection performance across shifts in median background intensity. The contrast detection threshold was determined to be +3 gray levels above the background for an object of 1° visual angle.
authors.affiliation: Analogic Corporation, 8 Centennial Drive, Peabody, MA 01960, USA. dleong@analogic.com
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rainford
authors.forename: Tamara Miner
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Haygood
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Whitman
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Tchou
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Geiser
authors.forename: Selin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carkaci
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D016477:Artifacts; D002138:Calibration; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D003626:Data Display; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050866:Liquid Crystals; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D012372:ROC Curve; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011873:Radiology Information Systems / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards