title: Landscape analysis of adult codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) distribution and dispersal within typical agroecosystems dominated by apple production in central Chile.
abstract: We analyzed the spatial distribution and dispersal of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), adults within two heterogeneous agroecosystems typical of central Chile: commercial apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, orchards surrounded by various unmanaged host plants. Both a geostatistical analysis of catches of adult males with a grid of sex pheromone-baited traps and an immunological self-marking technique combined with traps baited with a male and female attractant were used. The spatial analyses identified the key sources of moths within these diverse landscapes. Codling moth catches in traps were spatially associated within distances of ≈ 150-300 m. Similarly, the mean distance from the immunological self-marking plots within the commercial apple orchard to the traps that captured marked adults was 282 m. In contrast, the mean distance in the capture of marked moths from unmanaged self-marking plots to a commercial orchard was 828 m. These data suggest that the success of any future area-wide management programs for codling moth in Chilean pome fruit must include a component for managing or removing noncommercial hosts that surround orchards. This analysis also suggests that the selection pressure for resistance imposed by insecticide sprays within managed orchards is likely dampened by the influx of susceptible moths from unmanaged sites common in central Chile.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Basoalto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Contreras
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D002677:Chile; D004777:Environment; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D007300:Insect Control; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012724:Sex Attractants