title: The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 exerts anti-inflammatory effects in hippocampus of aged rats and restores an age-related deficit in long-term potentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several factors contribute to the deterioration in synaptic plasticity which accompanies age and one of these is neuroinflammation. This is characterized by increased microglial activation associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In aged rats these neuroinflammatory changes are associated with a decreased ability of animals to sustain long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus. Importantly, treatment of aged rats with agents which possess anti-inflammatory properties to decrease microglial activation, improves LTP. It is known that endocannabinoids, such as anandamide (AEA), have anti-inflammatory properties and therefore have the potential to decrease the age-related microglial activation. However, endocannabinoids are extremely labile and are hydrolyzed quickly after production. Here we investigated the possibility that inhibiting the degradation of endocannabinoids with the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, could ameliorate age-related increases in microglial activation and the associated decrease in LTP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young and aged rats received subcutaneous injections of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 every second day and controls which received subcutaneous injections of 30% DMSO-saline every second day for 28 days. Long-term potentiation was recorded on day 28 and the animals were sacrificed. Brain tissue was analyzed for markers of microglial activation by PCR and for levels of endocannabinoids by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data indicate that expression of markers of microglial activation, MHCII, and CD68 mRNA, were increased in the hippocampus of aged, compared with young, rats and that these changes were associated with increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) which were attenuated by treatment with URB597. Coupled with these changes, we observed an age-related decrease in LTP in the dentate gyrus which was partially restored in URB597-treated aged rats. The data suggest that enhancement of levels of endocannabinoids in the brain by URB597 has beneficial effects on synaptic function, perhaps by modulating microglial activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Dublin 2, Ireland. niamh.murphy@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Niamh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Thelma R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cowley
authors.forename: Christoph W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: Colin N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.forename: Janis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Aoife
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gowran
authors.forename: Riffat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanveer
authors.forename: Weredeselam M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Olango
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: Veronica A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Marina A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
chemical_list: D000581:Amidohydrolases; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001549:Benzamides; D002219:Carbamates; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C500528:cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester