title: Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are associated with cirrhosis related to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Changes in the time trends of HCC and most variations in its age-, sex-, and race-specific rates among different regions are likely to be related to differences in hepatitis viruses that are most prevalent in a population, the timing of their spread, and the ages of the individuals the viruses infect. Environmental, host genetic, and viral factors can affect the risk of HCC in individuals with HBV or HCV infection. This review summarizes the risk factors for HCC among HBV- or HCV-infected individuals, based on findings from epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses, as well as determinants of patient outcome and the HCC disease burden, globally and in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. hasheme@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Hashem B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: El-Serag
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000506:poisoning; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005838:Genotype; D014943:Global Health; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens; D016604:Aflatoxin B1