title: Optimization of the double pump-probe technique: decoupling the triplet yield and cross section.
abstract: The double pump-probe technique (DPP), first introduced by Swatton et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997, 71, 10], is a variant of the standard pump-probe method but uses two pumps instead of one to create two sets of initial conditions for solving the rate equations, allowing a unique determination of singlet- and triplet-state absorption parameters and transition rates. We investigate the advantages and limitations of the DPP theoretically and experimentally and determine the influence of several experimental parameters on its accuracy. The accuracy with which the DPP determines the triplet-state parameters improves when the fraction of the population in the triplet state relative to the ground state is increased. To simplify the analysis of the DPP, an analytical model is presented, which is applicable to both the reverse saturable and the saturable absorption regimes. We show that the DPP is optimized by working in the saturable absorption regime. Although increased accuracy is in principle achievable by increasing the pump fluence in the reverse saturable absorption range, this can cause photoinduced decomposition in photochemically unstable molecules. Alternatively, we can tune the excitation wavelength to the spectral region of larger ground-state absorption, to achieve similar accuracy. This results in an accurate separation of triplet yield and excited-state absorption cross section. If the cross section at another wavelength is then desired, a second pump-probe experiment at that wavelength can be utilized given the previously measured triplet yield under the usually valid assumption that the triplet yield is independent of excitation wavelength.
authors.affiliation: CREOL: College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA.
authors.forename: Davorin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peceli
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Dmitry A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Claudiu M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cirloganu
authors.forename: Honghua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Przhonska
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Kurdyukov
authors.forename: Yurii L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Slominsky
authors.forename: Alexey I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Tolmachev
authors.forename: Alexey D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kachkovski
authors.forename: Raghunath R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dasari
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Van Stryland