title: A plant virus substrate induces early upregulation of BMP2 for rapid bone formation.
abstract: Many nanoscale materials have been developed to investigate the effects on stem cell differentiations via topographical and chemical cues for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The use of plant viruses as cell supporting substrates has been of particular interest due to the rapid induction of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) towards osteogenic cells. In this study, the role of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and its early effects on osteoinduction with particular emphasis on the regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) was examined. We observed that the cells on the virus substrate immediately aggregated and formed bone-like nodules within 24 hours. An immediate increase in BMP2 gene and protein expression for cells on the TMV substrate was observed within 8 hours of osteoinduction. Moreover, BMP2 expression was highly localized to cells within the cell aggregates. This enhanced differentiation only occurred when TMV was coated on a solid support but not upon adding the virus to the media solution. Taken together, the results from this study highlight the potential of virus-based nanomaterials to promote endogenous BMP2 production which may prove to be a unique approach to studying the regulatory mechanisms involved in early osteoblastic differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Pongkwan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sitasuwan
authors.forename: L Andrew
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D014027:Tobacco Mosaic Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; C546872:Ibsp protein, mouse; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D012313:RNA; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase