title: [The development of self-esteem of children in Germany between 1989 and 2009].
abstract: While establishing new norms for the questionnaire Aussagen-Liste zum Selbstwertgefühl für Kinder und Jugendliche (ALS; Schauder, 1991, 1996, 2011) data from the year 1989 were compared to the new data from 2009. The expected differences in the areas school, leisure and family and a certain trend during puberty towards a decrease of self-esteem between the agegroups 10/11 and 12/13 could be shown for both times of examination. The difference in experiencing their self-esteem for boys and girls is not relevant anymore in 2009. Girls show higher scores today and express an equally high self-esteem as boys. Changes in the self-esteem over the period of times can be seen as follows: overall the tested children in 2009 express a higher self-esteem than in 1989. This applies to all age groups and boys and girls for all tested areas and is partly statistically very significant. Girls show the most obvious improvement in self-esteem.
authors.affiliation: schauder.kanthak@t-online.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schauder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012574:Schools; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires