title: Complementarity in root architecture for nutrient uptake in ancient maize/bean and maize/bean/squash polycultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During their domestication, maize, bean and squash evolved in polycultures grown by small-scale farmers in the Americas. Polycultures often overyield on low-fertility soils, which are a primary production constraint in low-input agriculture. We hypothesized that root architectural differences among these crops causes niche complementarity and thereby greater nutrient acquisition than corresponding monocultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A functional-structural plant model, SimRoot, was used to simulate the first 40 d of growth of these crops in monoculture and polyculture and to determine the effects of root competition on nutrient uptake and biomass production of each plant on low-nitrogen, -phosphorus and -potassium soils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Squash, the earliest domesticated crop, was most sensitive to low soil fertility, while bean, the most recently domesticated crop, was least sensitive to low soil fertility. Nitrate uptake and biomass production were up to 7 % greater in the polycultures than in the monocultures, but only when root architecture was taken into account. Enhanced nitrogen capture in polycultures was independent of nitrogen fixation by bean. Root competition had negligible effects on phosphorus or potassium uptake or biomass production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that spatial niche differentiation caused by differences in root architecture allows polycultures to overyield when plants are competing for mobile soil resources. However, direct competition for immobile resources might be negligible in agricultural systems. Interspecies root spacing may also be too large to allow maize to benefit from root exudates of bean or squash. Above-ground competition for light, however, may have strong feedbacks on root foraging for immobile nutrients, which may increase cereal growth more than it will decrease the growth of the other crops. We note that the order of domestication of crops correlates with increasing nutrient efficiency, rather than production potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Johannes A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D028464:Cucurbita / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D011188:Potassium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen; D011188:Potassium