title: Clinical profile and complications of childhood- and adolescent-onset type 2 diabetes seen at a diabetes center in south India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes the clinical characteristics of childhood- and adolescent-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (CAT2DM) seen at a diabetes center in southern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1992 and December 2009, 368 CAT2DM patients were registered. Anthropometric measurements were done using standardized techniques. Biochemical investigations included C-peptide measurements and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody assay wherever feasible. Retinopathy was diagnosed by retinal photography; microalbuminuria, if urinary albumin excretion was between 30 and 299 mg/μg of creatinine; nephropathy, if urinary albumin excretion was ≥300 mg/μg; and neuropathy, if vibration perception threshold on biothesiometry was ≥20 V.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of CAT2DM patients, expressed as percentage of total patients registered at our center, rose from 0.01% in 1992 to 0.35% in 2009 (P<0.001). Among the 368 cases of CAT2DM, 96 (26%) were diagnosed before the age of 15 years. The mean age at first visit and age at diagnosis of the CAT2DM subjects were 22.2±9.7 and 16.1±2.5 years, respectively. Using World Health Organization growth reference charts, 56% of boys and 50.4% of girls were >85(th) percentile of body mass index for age. Prevalence rates of retinopathy, microalbuminuria, nephropathy, and neuropathy were 26.7%, 14.7%, 8.4%, and 14.2%, respectively. Regression analysis revealed female gender, body mass index >85(th) percentile, parental history of diabetes, serum cholesterol, and blood pressure to be associated with earlier age at onset of CAT2DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAT2DM appears to be increasing in urban India, and the prevalence of microvascular complications is high. Female predominance is seen at younger ages.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre & Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Anandakumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amutha
authors.forename: Manjula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.forename: Ranjit Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide