title: A study on voiding pattern of newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the difference of voiding pattern between newborns with and those without hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty hospitalized newborns aged 4-21 days were included in this study. Twenty-one were preterm newborns with HIE, and the remaining 19 preterm newborns were without HIE. The voided volume, postvoid residual (PVR) volume, consciousness at voiding, voiding time, voiding frequency, and quantity of intake milk and liquid within 4 hours from 8 am-12 pm were recorded. The liquid intake was the same in both groups according to standard protocol. The diaper weight difference before and after voiding was defined as voided volume. The PVR volume was determined by ultrasound. The state of consciousness at voiding was monitored by electroencephalography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Voided volume and rate of consciousness at voiding was significant lower in newborns with HIE compared with the control group ([10.8 ± 6.5 mL, 16.3 ± 17.1%] vs [14.1 ± 7.1 mL, 57.1 ± 21.0%], P <.05, respectively), whereas PVR volume and voiding frequency were significant higher ([1.6 ± 1.0 mL, 4.0 ± 1.1 times] vs [1.2 ± 0.9 mL, 3.2 ± 0.9 times] per 4 hours, P <.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences in voiding pattern supported the concept that the higher centers of the central nervous system were involved in the control of voiding. HIE had a significant effect on voiding pattern of preterm newborn.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urodynamic Center and Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. wenjg@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jian G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Ya L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chao N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014554:Urination