title: Colloidal interactions in liquid CO2--a dry-cleaning perspective.
abstract: Liquid CO(2) is a viable alternative for the toxic and environmentally harmful solvents traditionally used in dry-cleaning industry. Although liquid CO(2) dry-cleaning is being applied already at a commercial scale, it is still a relatively young technique which poses many challenges. The focus of this review is on the causes of the existing problems and directions to solve them. After presenting an overview of the state-of-the-art, we analyze the detergency challenges from the fundamentals of colloid and interface science. The properties of liquid CO(2) such as dielectric constant, density, Hamaker constant, refractive index, viscosity and surface tension are presented and in the subsequent chapters their effects on CO(2) dry-cleaning operation are delineated. We show, based on theory, that the van der Waals forces between a model soil (silica) and model fabric (cellulose) through liquid CO(2) are much stronger compared to those across water or the traditional dry-cleaning solvent PERC (perchloroethylene). Prevention of soil particle redeposition in liquid CO(2) by electrostatic stabilization is challenging and the possibility of using electrolytes having large anionic parts is discussed. Furthermore, the role of different additives used in dry-cleaning, such as water, alcohol and surfactants, is reviewed. Water is not only used as an aid to remove polar soils, but also enhances adhesion between fabric and soil by forming capillary bridges. Its role as a minor component in liquid CO(2) is complex as it depends on many factors, such as the chemical nature of fabrics and soil, and also on the state of water itself, whether present as molecular solution in liquid CO(2) or phase separated droplets. The phenomena of wicking and wetting in liquid CO(2) systems are predicted from the Washburn-Lucas equation for fabrics of various surface energies and pore sizes. It is shown that nearly complete wetting is desirable for good detergency. The effect of mechanical action and fluid dynamic conditions on dry-cleaning is analyzed theoretically. From this it follows that in liquid CO(2) an order of magnitude higher Reynold's number is required to exceed the binding forces between fabric and soil as opposed to PERC or water, mainly due to the strong van der Waals forces and the low viscosity of CO(2) at dry-cleaning operational conditions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Dreijenplein 6, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Soumi.Banerjee@wur.nl
authors.forename: Soumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Stevia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutanto
authors.forename: J Mieke
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kleijn
authors.forename: Maaike J E
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Roosmalen
authors.forename: Geert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Witkamp
authors.forename: Martien A Cohen
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D003020:Clothing; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D003902:Detergents; D012987:Soil; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene