title: Impact of laminar flow velocity of different acids on enamel calcium loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of flow velocity under laminar flow conditions of different acidic solutions on enamel erosion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 240 bovine enamel specimens were prepared and allocated to 30 groups (n = 8 each). Samples of 18 groups were superfused in a flow chamber system with laminar flow behavior using 1 ml of citric acid or hydrochloric acid (HCl) of pH 2.0, 2.6 or 3.0. Flow rates in the sample chamber were adjusted to 10, 60 or 100 μl/min. To simulate turbulent flow behavior, samples of six groups were immersed in 1 ml of the respective solution, which was vortexed (15 min, 600 rpm). For simulating non-agitated conditions, specimens of the remaining six groups were immersed in 1 ml of the respective solution without stirring. Calcium in the solutions, released from the enamel samples, was determined using Arsenazo III method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For acidic solutions of pH 2.6 and 3.0, erosive potential of citric acid was equivalent to that of HCl at a flow of 100 μl/min. The same observation was made for the samples subjected to turbulent conditions at pH 3. At all other conditions, citric acid induced a significantly higher calcium loss than HCl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that under slow laminar flow conditions, flow rate variations lead to higher erosive impact of citric acid compared to hydrochloric acid at pH 2.0, but not at pH ≥ 2.6 and increasing laminar flow or turbulent conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Erosive enamel dissolution under laminar flow conditions is a complex issue influenced by flow rate and acidic substrate.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland, thomas.attin@zzm.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tauböck
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wegehaupt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001150:Arsenazo III; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D002417:Cattle; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D011897:Random Allocation; D012212:Rheology; D013997:Time Factors; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D001150:Arsenazo III; D019343:Citric Acid; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D002118:Calcium