title: Association among vitamin D, oral candidiasis, and calprotectinemia in HIV.
abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with negative health outcomes, including infections. Vitamin D modulates inflammation and down-regulates the expression of calprotectin, a molecule which influences neutrophil functions and which has been linked to oral candidiasis (OC), the most prevalent oral lesion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We hypothesized a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and OC, and that this effect was partially modulated by calprotectinemia. Plasma calprotectin and serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels were measured in stored samples from 84 HIV-seropositive Chicago women enrolled in the Oral Substudy of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). OC and vitamin D deficiency were diagnosed in, respectively, 14 (16.7%) and 46 (54.8%) of those studied. Vitamin D deficiency was positively associated with OC (p = 0.011) and with higher calprotectinemia (p = 0.019) in univariate analysis. After adjustment for CD4, HIV viral load, HIV treatment, and tobacco and heroin/methadone use, vitamin D deficiency remained a significant predictor of OC (OR 5.66; 95% confidence interval 1.01-31.71). This association weakened after adjustment for calprotectinemia, supporting a role for calprotectinemia as a moderator of this effect. These findings support studies to examine the effect of vitamin D status on calprotectinemia, neutrophil functions, and opportunistic mucosal infections in HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina, M/C 838, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. sroussih@uic.edu
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sroussi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burke-Miller
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Adeyemi
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D014807:Vitamin D