title: Long-term improvement of oxidative stress via kidney transplantation ameliorates serum sulfatide levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress (OS) is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The incidence of CVD is lower among kidney transplantation (KT) recipients than hemodialysis patients, and the reduction in OS may be one reason for this difference. Recently, serum sulfatides were recognized as a candidate inhibitory factor of CVD affected by OS. However, the long-term changes in OS and serum sulfatide levels in KT recipients are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the long-term changes in a serum OS marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the serum sulfatide levels in 17 KT recipients. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the factors correlated with serum sulfatide levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high serum levels of MDA in the KT recipients decreased dramatically but were still high 1 year after KT surgery. MDA levels decreased further and reached near-normal levels more than 3 years after the surgery. Similarly, over the same 3 years, the low serum sulfatide levels increased to near-normal levels, reaching saturation. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most significant factors influencing serum sulfatide levels were MDA and total cholesterol content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results show that over the long term, the internal improvement brought about by successful KT can normalize OS. Oxidative normalization was significantly correlated with the restoration of serum sulfatide levels, which were also influenced by lipoprotein metabolism. The amelioration of serum sulfatide levels might contribute to the low incidence of CVD in KT recipients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan. yujibeat@shinshu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamijo
authors.forename: Lixuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Takero
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyogashima
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013433:Sulfoglycosphingolipids / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013433:Sulfoglycosphingolipids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002784:Cholesterol