title: Simulation of enhanced deposition due to magnetic field alignment of ellipsoidal particles in a lung bifurcation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aerosolized chemotherapy has been recognized as a potential treatment for lung cancer. The challenge of providing sufficient therapeutic effects without reaching dose-limiting toxicity levels hinders the development of aerosolized chemotherapy. This could be mitigated by increasing drug-delivery efficiency with a noninvasive drug-targeting delivery method. The purpose of this study is to use direct numerical simulations to study the resulting local enhancement of deposition due to magnetic field alignment of high aspect ratio particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  High aspect ratio particles were approximated by a rigid ellipsoid with a minor diameter of 0.5 μm and fluid particle density ratio of 1,000. Particle trajectories were calculated by solving the coupled fluid particle equations using an in-house micro-macro grid finite element algorithm based on a previously developed fictitious domain approach. Particle trajectories were simulated in a morphologically realistic geometry modeling a symmetrical terminal bronchiole bifurcation. Flow conditions were steady inspiratory air flow due to typical breathing at 18 L/min. Deposition efficiency was estimated for two different cases: [1] particles aligned with the streamlines and [2] particles with fixed angular orientation simulating the magnetic field alignment of our previous in vitro study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The local enhancement factor defined as the ratio between deposition efficiency of Case [1] and Case [2] was found to be 1.43 and 3.46 for particles with an aspect ratio of 6 and 20, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that externally forcing local alignment of high aspect ratio particles can increase local deposition considerably.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roshchenko
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minev
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Finlay
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000465:Algorithms; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents