title: Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water.
abstract: Water from wastewater-polluted streams and dug-outs is the most commonly used water source for irrigation in urban farming in Ghana, but helminth parasite eggs in the water represent health risks when used for crop production. Conventional water treatment is expensive, requires advanced technology and often breaks down in less developed countries so low cost interventions are needed. Field and laboratory based trials were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extracts in reducing helminh eggs and turbidity in irrigation water, turbid water, wastewater and tap water. In medium to high turbid water MO extracts were effective in reducing the number of helminth eggs by 94-99.5% to 1-2 eggs per litre and the turbidity to 7-11 NTU which is an 85-96% reduction. MO is readily available in many tropical countries and can be used by farmers to treat high turbid water for irrigation, however, additional improvements of water quality, e.g. by sand filtration, is suggested to meet the guideline value of ≤ 1 helminth egg per litre and a turbidity of ≤ 2 NTU as recommended by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water intended for irrigation. A positive correlation was established between reduction in turbidity and helminth eggs in irrigation water, turbid water and wastewater treated with MO. This indicates that helminth eggs attach to suspended particles and/or flocs facilitated by MO in the water, and that turbidity and helminth eggs are reduced with the settling flocs. However, more experiments with water samples containing naturally occurring helminth eggs are needed to establish whether turbidity can be used as a proxy for helminth eggs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Groennegaardsvej 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mita E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keraita
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Osei K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Boateng
authors.forename: Stig M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thamsborg
authors.forename: Guðný R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Pálsdóttir
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001200:Ascaris / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D005869:Ghana; D006376:Helminths / Q000187:drug effects*; D029588:Moringa oleifera; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014258:Trichuris / Q000187:drug effects; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water