title: Severe disease in children hospitalized with a diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax in south-eastern Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection by Plasmodium vivax has been considered rarely threatening to life, but recent studies challenge this notion. This study documented the frequency and character of severe illness in paediatric patients admitted to a hospital in south-eastern Pakistan with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of vivax malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study of all 180 paediatric patients admitted with any diagnosis of malaria during 2010 was conducted: 128 P. vivax; 48 Plasmodium falciparum; and four mixed infections of these species. Patients were classified as having severe illness with any of the following indicators: Glascow coma scale <11; ≥2 convulsions; haemoglobin <5g/dL; thrombocytes <50,000/mL; blood glucose <45mg%; >70 breaths/min; or intravenous anti-malarial therapy. Additionally, 64 patients with a diagnosis of vivax malaria were treated during 2009, and the 21 of these having severe illness were included in analyses of the frequency and character of severe illness with that diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2010, 39 (31%) or 37 (77%) patients with a diagnosis of P. vivax or P. falciparum were classified as having severe disease. Including the 2009 records of 64 patients having vivax malaria, a total of 60 (31%) patients with severe illness and a diagnosis of P. vivax were available. Altered mental status (Glascow coma scale score <11; or ≥2 convulsions) dominated at 54% of the 83 indicators of severe illness manifest among the patients with vivax malaria, as was true among the 37 children with a diagnosis of falciparum malaria and being severely ill; 58% of the 72 indicators of severe disease documented among them. No statistically significant difference appeared in frequencies of any other severe disease indicators between patients diagnosed with vivax or falciparum malaria. Despite such similarities, a diagnosis of falciparum malaria nonetheless came with 3.8-fold (95% CI = 1.8-8.1) higher risk of presenting with severe illness, and 8.0-fold (95% CI = 2.1-31) greater likelihood of presenting with three or more severe disease indicators. Two patients did not survive hospitalization, one each with a diagnosis of falciparum or vivax malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vivax malaria caused a substantial burden of potentially life-threatening morbidity on a paediatric ward in a hospital in south-eastern Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, Hyderabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Hafeezullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.forename: Bhagchand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iohano
authors.forename: Amna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: J Kevin
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index