title: Carotid-cavernous fistulas.
abstract: Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are vascular shunts allowing blood to flow from the carotid artery into the cavernous sinus. The characteristic clinical features seen in patients with CCFs are the sequelae of hemodynamic dysfunction within the cavernous sinus. Once routinely treated with open surgical procedures, including carotid ligation or trapping and cavernous sinus exploration, endovascular therapy is now the treatment modality of choice in many cases. The authors provide a review of CCFs, detailing the current classification and clinical management of these lesions. Therapeutic options including conservative management, open surgery, endovascular intervention, and radiosurgical therapy are presented. The complications and treatment results as reported in the contemporary literature are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. jae2109@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: E Sander
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Meyers
mesh_terms: D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans