title: Effects of common beverage colorants on color stability of dental composite resins: the utility of a thermocycling stain challenge model in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the color stability of dental composite resins using a thermocycling stain challenge model accounting for the complex effects of oral environment and tooth brushing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Composite resin discs were made from Filtek Supreme Ultra (FiltekSU), TPH3 and Renamel, and subjected to thermocycling challenges in warm coffee (55 °C/pH 5.2) and a cold tea and fruit juice mixtures (5 °C/pH 3.6) for a total of 1000 cycles with 30 seconds dwell time in each solution per cycle. Color was assessed in the CIELAB color space using a Crystaleye dental spectrophotometer before and after thermocycling, and after brushing vigorously for 3 min. The thermocycling stain challenge was repeated for a second 1000 cycles and the discs were brushed again. Color changes were compared among the 3 groups using Kruskal-Wallis test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 groups showed statistically significant color changes after stain challenge, with ΔE* as 5.74 for FiltekSU, 3.21 for TPH3 and 2.52 for Renamel. Color change was more significant in FiltekSU than in TPH3 and Renamel (p<0.05). After brushing, color recovered mostly to its original CIELAB values in TPH3 and Renamel but less so in FiltekSU. The second round of thermocycling stain challenge resulted in color changes in FiltekSU that largely could not be removed by vigorous brushing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Color stability of FiltekSU is inferior to that of TPH3 and Renamel. The thermocycling stain challenge model can potentially differentiate surface staining that can be removed by brushing from true discoloration of the material that is refractory to oral hygiene procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Dentistry, University of Rochester Eastman Institute for Oral Health, Rochester, NY 14620, USA. Yanfang_ren@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Yan-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serban
authors.forename: Hans S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Malmstrom
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D003116:Color; D003188:Composite Resins; D003775:Dental Polishing; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D008956:Models, Chemical; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry; D014099:Toothbrushing
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D003188:Composite Resins; C000590992:Filtek Supreme Ultra; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D013662:Tea