title: Pre-procambial cells are niches for pluripotent and totipotent stem-like cells for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the peach palm: a histological study.
abstract: The direct induction of adventitious buds and somatic embryos from explants is a morphogenetic process that is under the influence of exogenous plant growth regulators and its interactions with endogenous phytohormones. We performed an in vitro histological analysis in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) shoot apexes and determined that the positioning of competent cells and their interaction with neighboring cells, under the influence of combinations of exogenously applied growth regulators (NAA/BAP and NAA/TDZ), allows the pre-procambial cells (PPCs) to act in different morphogenic pathways to establish niche competent cells. It is likely that there has been a habituation phenomenon during the regeneration and development of the microplants. This includes promoting the tillering of primary or secondary buds due to culturing in the absence of NAA/BAP or NAA/TDZ after a period in the presence of these growth regulators. Histological analyses determined that the adventitious roots were derived from the dedifferentiation of the parenchymal cells located in the basal region of the adventitious buds, with the establishment of rooting pole, due to an auxin gradient. Furthermore, histological and histochemical analyses allowed us to characterize how the PPCs provide niches for multipotent, pluripotent and totipotent stem-like cells for vascular differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the peach palm. The histological and histochemical analyses also allowed us to detect the unicellular or multicellular origin of somatic embryogenesis. Therefore, our results indicate that the use of growth regulators in microplants can lead to habituation and to different morphogenic pathways leading to potential niche establishment, depending on the positioning of the competent cells and their interaction with neighboring cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the use of growth regulators in microplants can lead to habituation and to different morphogenic pathways leading to potential niche establishment, depending on the positioning of the competent cells and their interaction with neighboring cells.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas PPG em Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas e PPG em Recursos Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13.418-900, Brazil. malmeida@usp.br
authors.forename: Marcilio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Cristina Vieira
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mendes Graner
authors.forename: Gilvano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ebling Brondani
authors.forename: Monita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiori de Abreu-Tarazi
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology*; D058506:Cambium / Q000166:cytology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D038081:Organogenesis; D058526:Plant Vascular Bundle / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D055153:Stem Cell Niche; D039901:Totipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism