title: Loading rate patterns in scoliotic children during gait: the impact of the schoolbag carriage and the importance of its position.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Concerns have been raised regarding the effects of schoolbag carriage on adolescent schoolchildren and particularly those with a pre-existing spinal deformity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of school backpack loads in scoliotic and healthy school-age children during walking, in terms of peak vertical ground reaction forces and loading rates. We hypothesized that walking with a loaded backpack would have a greater effect on gait kinetics of scoliotic compared to healthy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight children with idiopathic scoliosis and eight healthy children were assessed. Kinetic data were collected using two AMTI OR6-7 force-plates, while the subjects walked freely along a 6-m walkway under three walking conditions: (1) without a schoolbag, (2) carrying a schoolbag bilaterally (over both shoulders-symmetrical load) and (3) carrying a schoolbag unilaterally (over each shoulder-asymmetrical load). Kinetic data were collected and four parameters were calculated; peak ground reaction force at the first maximum force peak (F1), time needed to reach F1 (T1), loading rate of F1 (LRF1) and total contact time (T2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no significant differences between the scoliotic and healthy children for any of the kinetic variables examined. In addition, the position of the bag did not seem to have any effect on loading rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that in terms of kinetic parameters during normal gait, the schoolbag load (symmetrical or asymmetrical) does not have a different effect on children with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared to normal controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Neohoropoulo, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Gelalis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ristanis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Politis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rigas
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xenakis
mesh_terms: D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing