title: Age and gender differences in motivational manifestations of the Big Five from age 16 to 60.
abstract: The present cross-sectional study investigated age and gender differences in motivational manifestations of the Big Five in a large German-speaking Internet sample (N = 19,022). Participants ranging in age from 16 to 60 years completed the Five Individual Reaction Norms Inventory (FIRNI; Denissen & Penke, 2008a), and two traditional Big Five measures. Age differences were found suggesting that mean levels of neuroticism and extraversion are negatively associated with age, whereas agreeableness and conscientiousness are positively associated. Openness to experience demonstrated a curvilinear association with age, with the highest mean levels in midlife. Gender differences were found suggesting that women, on average, have higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness, while men are more open to experience. Neither the main effect of gender nor Age × Gender interactions were significant in the case of conscientiousness. In comparison to the 2 traditional Big Five measures, age differences in the motivational manifestations of the Big Five as assessed by the FIRNI were more pronounced, which might be explained by the greater developmental plasticity of flexible motivational processes or the intraindividual phrasing of the items of the FIRNI, compared to the kinds of behavioral descriptions that are emphasized in traditional Big Five items. The further study of such motivational processes might contribute to a better understanding of personality development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Division of Gerontopsychology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. regula.lehmann@gmail.com
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Jaap J A
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Denissen
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allemand
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Penke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D003243:Consciousness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009862:Online Systems; D010551:Personality; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult