title: Three-dimensional in vivo motion analysis of normal knees employing transepicondylar axis as an evaluation parameter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transepicondylar axis (TEA) has been used as a flexion axis of the knee and a reference of the rotational alignment of the femoral component. However, no study has showed dynamic normal knee kinematics employing TEA as the evaluation parameter throughout the full range of motion in vivo. The purpose of this study was to analyze dynamic kinematics of the normal knee through the full range of motion via the 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional registration technique employing TEA as the evaluation parameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic motion of the right knee was analyzed in 20 healthy volunteers (10 female, 10 male; mean age 37.2 years). Knee motion was observed as subjects squatted from standing with knee fully extended to maximum flexion. The following parameters were determined: (1) Anteroposterior translations of the medial and lateral ends of the TEA; and (2) changes in the angle of the TEA on the tibial axial plane (rotation angle).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The medial end of the TEA demonstrated anterior translation (3.6 ± 3.0 mm) from full extension to 30° flexion and demonstrated posterior translation (18.1 ± 3.7 mm) after 30°, while the lateral end of the TEA demonstrated consistent posterior translation (31.1 ± 7.3 mm) throughout knee flexion. All subjects exhibited femoral external rotation (16.9 ± 6.2°) relative to the tibia throughout knee flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to previously used parameters, the TEA showed bicondylar posterior translation from early flexion phase. These results provide control data for dynamic kinematic analyses of pathologic knees in the future and will be useful in the design of total knee prostheses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, 757 Asahimachi-dori 1, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan, tanifuji06242000@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tanifuji
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Tomoharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamagiwa
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Omori
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Endo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation