title: Short form of the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire: translation and validation of the Chinese version.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (CiOQ) is a self-report instrument designed to measure both positive and negative changes following the experience of severely stressful events. Previous research has focused on the Western context. The aim of this study is to translate the short form of the measure (CiOQ-S) into simplified Chinese and examine its validity and reliability in a sample of Chinese earthquake survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The English language version of the 10-item CiOQ was translated into simplified Chinese and completed along with other measures in a sample of earthquake survivors (n = 120). Statistical analyses were performed to explore the structure of the simplified Chinese version of CiOQ-S (CiOQ-SCS), its reliability and validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to test the structure of the CiOQ-SCS. The reliability and convergent validity were also assessed. The CiOQ-SCS demonstrated a similar factor structure to the English version, high internal consistency and convergent validity with measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety and depression, coping and social support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data are comparable to those reported for the original version of the instrument indicating that the CiOQ-SCS is a reliable and valid measure assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of adversity. However, the sampling method cannot permit us to know how representative our samples were of the earthquake survivor population.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK. lwxyyz@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Yinyin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Nigel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055866:Earthquakes; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D014175:Translating