title: Detection and characterization of Shigella species isolated from food and human stool samples in Nabeul, Tunisia, by molecular methods and culture techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to isolate Shigella spp. strains from food and stool samples by a combination of PCR and culture methods and characterize their serotypes, antibiotic resistance profiles, virulence genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns to investigate possible clonal relationships amongst strains circulating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six Shigella spp. strains were isolated from 280 food samples against 16 Shigella isolates from 236 stool samples of symptomatic patients and asymptomatic food handlers during the period from January 2007 to December 2009 in Public Health Regional Laboratory of Nabeul. The detection of ipaH, ipaBCD, ial, ShET-1 and ShET-2 was performed by a PCR technique with specific primers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of PCR technique improved the rate of detecting Shigella in stool samples from 6·7 to 14% and in food samples from 2·1 to 8·6%. Percentage of Shigella isolates and ipaH-specific PCR demonstrated a marked pattern of seasonality, increasing in summer and fall seasons for human and food isolates. Amongst the environmental strains, 50% of isolates were invasive. However, for the 16 clinical strains isolated, nine were found to be positive for both ial and ipaBCD gene and 11 were found to produce ShET-1 and/or ShET-2. XbaI PFGE analysis revealed the presence of a predominant clone amongst Shigella sonnei strains recovered from different sources circulating in Nabeul, Tunisia, throughout the years 2007-2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the existence of Shigella in food samples and dispersion of different virulence genes amongst these isolates, which appear to constitute an environmental source of epidemic spread. The clonal relationships amongst strains isolated from food elements and human stools indicate the incrimination of different kinds of foods as vehicle of transmission of Shigella, which are usually escaped from detection by traditional culture methods.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Régional de Santé Publique de Nabeul, 8 Rue Bab Ezzaouia,Nabeul, Tunisia.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mokhtari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nsaibia
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majouri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ben Hassen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gharbi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aouni
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology; D012621:Seasons; D012760:Shigella / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014416:Tunisia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial