title: A cross-sectional analysis of the association between diet and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 in men in the United Kingdom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence of associations between insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, insulin-like binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), IGFBP-3, and prostate cancer risk. This study examines the association between dietary factors associated with prostate cancer and serum levels of these peptides.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of self-reported 12-month dietary intake with serum IGF and IGFBP levels was performed using data from 1,798 subjects screened negative for prostate cancer as part of a UK multicenter trial comparing treatments for this condition. Multivariable linear regression models tested associations of diet with IGFs and IGFBPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a one standard deviation (SD) increase in dairy product and dairy protein intake, IGF-I increased by 5.28 ng/mL (95 % confidence interval: 2.64, 7.92 ng/mL) and 6.02 ng/mL (3.34, 8.71 ng/mL), respectively. A 25 % increase in calcium and selenium intake was associated with an increase in IGF-I of 5.92 ng/mL (3.77, 8.07 ng/mL) and 2.61 ng/mL (1.10, 4.13 ng/mL), respectively. A one SD increase in animal protein was associated with a decrease in IGFBP-2 of 6.20 % (-8.91, -3.41 %), and there was some evidence of an inverse association with dairy protein and calcium. There was no evidence of any dietary associations with IGFBP-3 or IGF-II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet is associated with IGF-I and IGFBP-2 levels in men in the UK, and these peptides warrant further investigation as part of randomized trials of dietary interventions to reduce the risk or progression of prostate cancer. There is no evidence that IGF-II or IGFBP-3 are mediators of dietary associations with prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK. nick.young@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gunnell
authors.forename: Mari-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: J Athene
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Kerry N L
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Freddie C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hamdy
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jeff M P
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holly
mesh_terms: D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 / Q000097:blood*; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D018971:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D012643:Selenium