title: Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri.
abstract: Potential immunostimulatory effects of orally administered β-glucan were investigated in combination with immersion vaccination against enteric redmouth disease caused by Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A linear, unbranched and pure (purity ≥98%) β-1,3-glucan (syn. paramylon) from the alga Euglena gracilis was applied at an inclusion level of 1% β-glucan in feed administered at a rate of 1% biomass day(-1) for 84 consecutive days. Fish were vaccinated after two weeks of experimental feeding and bath challenged with live Y. ruckeri six weeks post-vaccination. Blood and head kidney were sampled at day 0, 13 (1 day pre-vaccination), 15, 55, 59 (day 3 post-challenge (p.c.)), 70 and 84. Vaccination induced significantly increased survival p.c., whereas the β-glucan had no effect on survival in either unvaccinated or vaccinated fish. Expression in head kidney of genes related to the acute phase response, i.e. interleukin-1β (IL-1β), serum amyloid A (SAA), precerebellin, and hepcidin, was significantly different in vaccinated fish receiving β-glucan compared to vaccinated controls at day 3 p.c., while no effect of β-glucan was observed among unvaccinated fish. Significant interaction between β-glucan and vaccination was found for the regulation of IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, SAA, precerebellin and hepcidin p.c. For SAA, the significant effect of β-glucan in vaccinated fish persisted at day 14 p.c. and 28 p.c. The difference in gene expression among vaccinated fish was mainly observed as down-regulations in vaccinated, β-glucan fed fish compared to up-regulations or no regulation in vaccinated controls. Slightly increased levels of plasma lysozyme activity were found in fish (both unvaccinated and vaccinated) receiving β-glucan at day 3 p.c. compared to control fed groups. This was associated with a faster clearance of Y. ruckeri in unvaccinated fish receiving β-glucan. In contrast to the trend towards a beneficial effect of β-glucan on plasma lysozyme activity, a trend towards suppression of plasma antibodies was seen in both unvaccinated and vaccinated fish receiving β-glucan. However, the effects of β-glucan were not reflected in the survival curves, and the differences seen in plasma lysozyme activity and antibody levels may have counteracted and set off each other as well as counteracted any potential effect represented by the differences in gene expression found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. jask@life.ku.dk
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skov
authors.forename: Per Walter
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kania
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holten-Andersen
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fouz
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buchmann
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005056:Euglena gracilis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D007101:Immersion; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000097:blood; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000276:immunology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D044124:Yersinia ruckeri / Q000276:immunology; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D047071:beta-Glucans; C033363:beta-1,3-glucan; D009113:Muramidase