title: Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
abstract: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V (SS)/V (T)-V (SS), the volume of stock solution; V (T), the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P < 0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V (SS)/V (T)) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C. frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V (SS)/V (T) of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P < 0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China. feiling@nwsuaf.edu.cn
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Gao-Xue
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yong-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: Xiao-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002212:Capsicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000187:drug effects*; D016770:Ciliophora Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D006054:Goldfish; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts