title: A novel method for infecting Drosophila adult flies with insect pathogenic nematodes.
abstract: Drosophila has been established as an excellent genetic and genomic model to investigate host-pathogen interactions and innate immune defense mechanisms. To date, most information on the Drosophila immune response derives from studies that involve bacterial, fungal or viral pathogens. However, immune reactions to insect parasitic nematodes are still not well characterized. The nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora live in symbiosis with the entomopathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens, and they are able to invade and kill insects. Interestingly, Heterorhabditis nematodes are viable in the absence of Photorhabdus. Techniques for infecting Drosophila larvae with these nematodes have been previously reported. Here, we have developed a method for infecting Drosophila adult flies with Heterorhabditis nematodes carrying (symbiotic worms) or lacking (axenic worms) their associated bacteria. The protocol we present can be readily adapted for studying parasitic strategies of other insect nematodes using Drosophila as the host infection model.
authors.affiliation: Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Julio Cesar
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Upasana
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shokal
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eleftherianos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000469:parasitology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D023421:Models, Animal; D020637:Photorhabdus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D017172:Rhabditoidea / Q000472:pathogenicity*