title: Environmental impact of toxic elements in red mud studied by fractionation and speciation procedures.
abstract: Aluminum (Al) is mostly produced from bauxite ore, which contains up to 70% of Al(2)O(3) (alumina). Before alumina is refined to aluminum metal, it is purified by hot alkaline extraction. As a waste by-product red mud is formed. Due to its high alkalinity and large quantities, it represents a severe disposal problem. In Kidričevo (Slovenia), red mud was washed with water before disposal, and after drying, covered with soil. In Ajka (Hungary), the red mud slurry was collected directly in a containment structure, which burst caused a major accident in October 2010. In the present work the environmental impact of toxic elements in red mud from Kidričevo and Ajka were evaluated by applying a sequential extraction procedure and speciation analysis. The predominant red mud fraction was the insoluble residue; nevertheless, environmental concern was focused on the highly mobile water-soluble fraction of Al and Cr. Al in the water-soluble Ajka mud fraction was present exclusively in form of toxic [Al(OH)(4)](-), while Cr existed in its toxic hexavalent form. Comparative assessment to red mud from Kidričevo (Slovenia) with a lower alkalinity (pH 9) with that from Ajka demonstrated significantly lower Al solubility and the presence of only trace amounts of Cr(VI), confirming that disposal of neutralized mud is environmentally much more acceptable and carries a smaller risk of ecological accidents. Since during the Ajka accident huge amounts of biologically available Al and moderate Cr(VI) concentrations were released into the terrestrial and aquatic environments, monitoring of Al and Cr(VI) set free during remedial actions at the contaminated site is essential. Particular care should be taken to minimize the risk of release of soluble Al species and Cr(VI) into water supplies and surface waters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. radmila.milacic@ijs.si
authors.forename: Radmila
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milačič
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zuliani
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ščančar
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006814:Hungary; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017524:Slovenia; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002857:Chromium; D000535:Aluminum