title: Bats host major mammalian paramyxoviruses.
abstract: The large virus family Paramyxoviridae includes some of the most significant human and livestock viruses, such as measles-, distemper-, mumps-, parainfluenza-, Newcastle disease-, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumoviruses. Here we identify an estimated 66 new paramyxoviruses in a worldwide sample of 119 bat and rodent species (9,278 individuals). Major discoveries include evidence of an origin of Hendra- and Nipah virus in Africa, identification of a bat virus conspecific with the human mumps virus, detection of close relatives of respiratory syncytial virus, mouse pneumonia- and canine distemper virus in bats, as well as direct evidence of Sendai virus in rodents. Phylogenetic reconstruction of host associations suggests a predominance of host switches from bats to other mammals and birds. Hypothesis tests in a maximum likelihood framework permit the phylogenetic placement of bats as tentative hosts at ancestral nodes to both the major Paramyxoviridae subfamilies (Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae). Future attempts to predict the emergence of novel paramyxoviruses in humans and livestock will have to rely fundamentally on these data.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn 53127, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Felix
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.forename: Victor Max
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Corman
authors.forename: Marcel Alexander
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Gael Darren
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Maganga
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vallo
authors.forename: Tabea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Binger
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gloza-Rausch
authors.forename: Veronika M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cottontail
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasche
authors.forename: Stoian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yordanov
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seebens
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knörnschild
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oppong
authors.forename: Yaw
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adu Sarkodie
authors.forename: Célestin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pongombo
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lukashev
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Chanasit
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stöcker
authors.forename: Aroldo José Borges
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erbar
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maisner
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fronhoffs
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buettner
authors.forename: Elisabeth K V
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kalko
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kruppa
authors.forename: Carlos Roberto
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kallies
authors.forename: Emmanuel R N
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Yandoko
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herrler
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reusken
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassanin
authors.forename: Detlev H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matthee
authors.forename: Rainer G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drosten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000821:virology*; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000821:virology*; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals / Q000821:virology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010252:Paramyxoviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny