title: Cardiovascular health behavior and health factor changes (1988-2008) and projections to 2020: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American Heart Association's 2020 Strategic Impact Goals target a 20% relative improvement in overall cardiovascular health with the use of 4 health behavior (smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass) and 3 health factor (plasma glucose, cholesterol, blood pressure) metrics. We sought to define current trends and forward projections to 2020 in cardiovascular health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 35 059 cardiovascular disease-free adults (aged ≥20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994 and subsequent 2-year cycles during 1999-2008. We calculated population prevalence of poor, intermediate, and ideal health behaviors and factors and also computed a composite, individual-level Cardiovascular Health Score for all 7 metrics (poor=0 points; intermediate=1 point; ideal=2 points; total range, 0-14 points). Prevalence of current and former smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension declined, whereas prevalence of obesity and dysglycemia increased through 2008. Physical activity levels and low diet quality scores changed minimally. Projections to 2020 suggest that obesity and impaired fasting glucose/diabetes mellitus could increase to affect 43% and 77% of US men and 42% and 53% of US women, respectively. Overall, population-level cardiovascular health is projected to improve by 6% overall by 2020 if current trends continue. Individual-level Cardiovascular Health Score projections to 2020 (men=7.4 [95% confidence interval, 5.7-9.1]; women=8.8 [95% confidence interval, 7.6-9.9]) fall well below the level needed to achieve a 20% improvement (men=9.4; women=10.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The American Heart Association 2020 target of improving cardiovascular health by 20% by 2020 will not be reached if current trends continue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capewell
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shay
authors.forename: Earl S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000572:American Heart Association; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000639:trends*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology