title: Heparin enhances protamine disulfide bond reduction during in vitro decondensation of human spermatozoa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human sperm nuclear decondensation in vivo involves protamine disulfide bond reduction by glutathione (GSH) and protamine/histone exchange, presumably with heparan sulfate (HS) as the protamine acceptor. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that these two events occur simultaneously rather than sequentially, as has been hitherto accepted, and to test for the presence of HS in the human oocyte.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spermatozoa and isolated sperm nuclei obtained from normal volunteers were exposed in vitro to heparin, the functional analogue of HS and either GSH or dithiothreitol (DTT) as the disulfide reducing agent. Decondensing reagents were added either simultaneously or sequentially. Percentage sperm nuclear decondensation was assayed by phase contrast microscopy. Thiol reduced status of isolated sperm nuclei was evaluated both indirectly [acridine orange (AO) staining of acid-denatured DNA] and directly [monobromobimane (mBBr) staining of protamine-free thiols]. The presence of HS in mature metaphase II (MII) human oocytes was analyzed by immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequential addition of reagents always resulted in significantly lower decondensation if GSH was used as the disulfide bond reducer (P < 0.05 for sperm and P < 0.001 for nuclei), but only when heparin was used first, when DTT was the disulfide reducing agent (P < 0.05 for sperm and P < 0.01 for nuclei). Both AO staining of DNA and mBBr staining of protamines revealed that the addition of heparin to GSH but not to DTT significantly increased the thiol reduced status of sperm chromatin. HS was detected in the ooplasm of zona-free MII human oocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented in this paper clearly show that heparin enhances the sperm chromatin thiol reducing activity of GSH in vitro, suggesting that in vivo thiol reduction and protamine/histone exchange could occur as simultaneous, rather than sequential, events. We also demonstrate for the first time the presence of HS in the human oocyte.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN,  Argentina.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Julianelli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Farrando
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez Sedó
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romanato
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Calvo
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004220:Disulfides; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast / Q000379:methods; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology; D011479:Protamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D011479:Protamines; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D006493:Heparin; D005978:Glutathione; D004229:Dithiothreitol