title: Determining efficacy of monitoring devices on  ceramic bond to resin composite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of 3D nanoroughness and 2D microroughness evaluations, by their correlation with contact angle measurements and shear bond strength test, in order to evaluate the effect of two different acids conditioning on the bonding efficacy of a leucite-based glass-ceramic to a composite resin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ceramic (IPS Empress) blocks were treated as follows: 1) no treatment, 2) 37% phosphoric acid (H3PO4), 15 s, 3) 9% hydrofluoric acid (HF), 5 min. Micro- and nano-roughness were assessed with a profilometer and by means of an atomic force microscopy (AFM). Water contact angle (CA) measurements were determined to assess wettability of the ceramic surfaces with the asixymetric drop shape analysis contact diameter technique. Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested to a resin composite (Z100) with three different adhesive systems (Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus, Clearfil New Bond, ProBOND). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  nanoroughness values assesed in 50x50 µm areas showed differences between groups did not found by profilometer. HF treatment created the nano- roughest surfaces and the smallest CA (p<0.05), producing the highest SBS to the composite resin with all tested adhesive systems (p<0.05). No differences existed between the SBS produced by the adhesive systems evaluated with any of the surface treatments tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nano-roughness obtained in a 50x50 µm scan size areas was the most reliable data to evaluate the topographical changes produced by the different acid treatments on ceramic surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 1, 1B, 18014 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Estrella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: Fátima S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Godoy
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cabrerizo-Vilchez
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toledano
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D008422:Materials Testing; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins