title: Agarose-gel electrophoresis for the quality assurance and purity of heparin formulations.
abstract: The adulteration of raw heparin (Hep) with a synthetic oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) not found in nature produced in 2007-2008 a global crisis giving rise to the development of additional, new and specific methods for its quality assurance and purity. In this study, a simple and sensitive agarose-gel electrophoresis method has been developed for the visualization of OSCS in Hep samples along with other natural glycosaminoglycans possibly present as "process-related impurities", in particular dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). Agarose-gel electrophoresis under non-conventional conditions is able to separate OSCS from Hep with its two components, the slow-moving and fast-moving species, DS and CS by performing separation for 15 h (overnight) and under high voltage (100 mA, ∼200 V). Densitometric scanning enabled us to calculate a limit of detection of ∼0.5 μg OSCS with a linear behaviour from 0.1 to 5 μg, comparable to CS/DS. Contaminated samples from Hep manufacturers were analyzed and quantitative data were found comparable to previous studies. Due to its capacity to process many samples in a single run and to the equipment commonly available in laboratories, this analytical method would be suitable for the identification and quantification of contamination by other polysaccharides, in particular OSCS and DS, within Hep preparations and formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41100 Modena, Italy. volpi@unimo.it
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volpi
authors.forename: Dania
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buzzega
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel / Q000379:methods*; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry*; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin