title: Cockroach allergens induce biphasic asthma-like pulmonary inflammation in outbred mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to define the kinetics of the pulmonary inflammatory response in cockroach allergen (CRA) sensitized and challenged outbred mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Asthma-like pulmonary inflammation was induced with three pulmonary exposures to CRA, without the use of adjuvants. Mice were sacrificed at multiple time points and asthma-like pulmonary inflammation quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several pulmonary parameters showed a pronounced biphasic inflammatory response with an early stage (1.5 hours post challenge) and late stage (24 hours). The initial phase was characterized by the production of multiple inflammatory mediators, including CXC chemokines, and the recruitment of neutrophils to the lung. The number of pulmonary eosinophils decreased in the early phase but quickly rebounded. Both the early and late phases had increases in TNF production in addition to airways hyperreactivity. The model also demonstrated early production of mucin with clearance by 12 hours followed by new accumulation of mucin in the pulmonary epithelial cells. Eotaxins within the lung peaked at about 12 hours and the numbers of eosinophils in the lung remained constant throughout the 48 hours of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pulmonary inflammatory parameters in response to a clinically relevant allergen define a biphasic response. These data may be used to investigate the pathogenesis of the disease and develop targeted therapies for the distinct phases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Vaickus
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Jiyoun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Remick
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D054413:Chemokine CCL11 / Q000276:immunology; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009077:Mucins / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; C515457:Ccl11 protein, mouse; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D009077:Mucins; C060835:allergen CRa, cockroach