title: Fixation control and eye alignment in children treated for dense congenital or developmental cataracts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many children treated for cataracts develop strabismus and nystagmus; however, little is known about the critical period for adverse ocular motor outcomes with respect to age of onset and duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children who had undergone extraction of dense cataracts by the age of 5 years were enrolled postoperatively. Ocular alignment was assessed regularly throughout follow-up. Fixation stability and associated ocular oscillations were determined from eye movement recordings at ≥5 years old. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate whether laterality (unilateral vs bilateral), age at onset, and/or duration of visual deprivation were associated with adverse ocular motor outcomes and to determine multivariate odds ratios (ORs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 children were included. Of these, 27 (66%) developed strabismus; 29 (71%) developed nystagmus. Congenital onset was associated with significant risk for strabismus (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.1-34.1); infantile onset was associated with significant risk for nystagmus (OR, 13.6; 95% CI, 1.6-302). Duration >6 weeks was associated with significant risk for both strabismus (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 1.9-54.2) and nystagmus (OR, 46.2; 95% CI, 6.0-1005). Congenital onset was associated with significant risk for interocular asymmetry in severity of nystagmus (OR, 25.0; 95% CI, 2.6-649), as was unilateral cataract (OR, 58.9; 95% CI, 5.1-2318).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laterality (unilateral vs bilateral) and age at onset were significant nonmodifiable risk factors for adverse ocular motor outcomes. Duration of deprivation was a significant modifiable risk factor for adverse ocular motor outcomes. The current study demonstrated that reduced risk for nystagmus and strabismus was associated with deprivation ≤6 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA. ebirch@retinafoundation.org
authors.forename: Eileen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Jingyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Felius
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Stager
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hertle
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001036:Aphakia, Postcataract / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002386:Cataract / Q000151:congenital* / Q000235:genetics; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003261:Contact Lenses; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D008297:Male; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology