title: Antihypertensive drugs in patients treated with antiretrovirals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature for information regarding pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals and antihypertensive agents, evaluate the clinical significance of these interactions, and analyze the effect of antihypertensive drugs on the metabolic complications frequently observed in HIV-infected patients to emphasize the advantages and inconveniences of every class of antihypertensive drugs in association with antiretrovirals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted via PubMed and MEDLINE (1950-November 2011) using the search terms drug interactions, cytochrome P450, names of antiretrovirals, names of commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs, pharmacokinetics, and metabolic complications. Reference citations from relevant publications, manufacturers' product information, and www.HIV-druginteractions.org were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONS: All articles with an English abstract identified through the data search were examined. Of these, pharmacologic reviews, studies, and case reports were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antihypertensive drugs interact with several antiretroviral drugs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) in particular. Pharmacokinetic interactions are less expected with diuretics, β-blockers excreted by the kidney, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) other than losartan and irbesartan. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are metabolized by CYP3A4, with the potential for interaction with NNRTIs and PIs. Because CCBs do not adversely affect glucose or lipid metabolism or renal function, they may be preferred in patients with such complications. ACE inhibitors and ARBs may exert favorable effects on glucose homeostasis. In addition, they may significantly reduce protein excretion and further slow the progression of renal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The choice of antihypertensive drugs in HIV-infected patients is complex and must take into account the metabolic pathways of antiretroviral drugs and antihypertensive drugs with the potential of pharmacokinetic interactions, as well as the effect of antihypertensive drugs on some biological parameters.
authors.affiliation: Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, UMI233 TransVIHMI, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. h-peyriere@chu-montpellier.fr
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peyriere
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eiden
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Macia
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reynes
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D005947:Glucose