title: GB virus type C infection polarizes T-cell cytokine gene expression toward a Th1 cytokine profile via NS5A protein expression.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression is associated with a helper T cell 1 (Th1) to helper T cell 2 (Th2) cytokine profile switch. Persistent GB virus type C (GBV-C) infection is associated with survival and a serum Th1 cytokine profile in HIV-infected individuals. We found that GBV-C infection increased gene expression of Th1 cytokines and decreased Th2 cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, expression of GBV-C NS5A protein in a CD4(+) cell line resulted in upregulation of Th1 cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α) and downregulation of Th2 cytokines (interleukin 4, interleukin 5, interleukin 10, interleukin 13). GBV-C-induced modulation in T-cell cytokines may contribute to the beneficial effect of GBV-C in HIV-infected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Doris Duke Scholars Program, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. .
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Rydze
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McLinden
authors.forename: Jack T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Stapleton
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D018178:Flaviviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D029407:GB virus C / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; C532378:nonstructural phosphoprotein 5A, GB virus type C