title: Presence of the resistance genes vanC1 and pbp5 in phenotypically vancomycin and ampicillin susceptible Enterococcus faecalis.
abstract: Ampicillin and vancomycin are important antibiotics for the therapy of Enterococcus faecalis infections. The ampicillin resistance gene pbp5 is intrinsic in Enterococcus faecium. The vanC1 gene confers resistance to vancomycin and serves as a species marker for Enterococcus gallinarum. Both genes are chromosomally located. Resistance to ampicillin and vancomycin was determined in 484 E. faecalis of human and porcine origin by microdilution. Since E. faecalis are highly skilled to acquire resistance genes, all strains were investigated for the presence of pbp5 (and, in positive strains, for the penicillin-binding protein synthesis repressor gene psr) and vanC1 (and, in positive strains, for vanXYc and vanT) by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One porcine and one human isolate were phenotypically resistant to ampicillin; no strain was vancomycin resistant. Four E. faecalis (3/1 of porcine/human origin) carried pbp5 (MIC=1 mg/L), and four porcine strains were vanC1 positive (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]=1 mg/L). Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR revealed that the genes were not expressed. The psr gene was absent in the four pbp5-positive strains; the vanXYc gene was absent in the four vanC1-positive strains. However, vanT of the vanC gene cluster was detected in two vanC1-positive strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of pbp5, identical with the "E. faecium pbp5 gene," and of vanC1/vanT in E. faecalis. Even if resistance is not expressed in these strains, this study shows that E. faecalis have a strong ability to acquire resistance genes-and potentially to spread them to other bacteria. Therefore, close monitoring of this species should be continued.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. karin.schwaiger@wzw.tum.de
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hörmansdorfer
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mölle
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Preikschat
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kämpf
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bauer-Unkauf
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hölzel
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000668:Ampicillin Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005838:Genotype; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C079914:VanC protein, Bacteria; D014640:Vancomycin; D000667:Ampicillin