title: Increased oxidative stress condition found in different stages of HIV disease in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy in Umuahia (Nigeria).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective diagnostic tools for management of HIV disease progression in Sub-Saharan Africa is inadequate considering the endemic nature of the infection in the region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the clinical implication of oxidative stress (measured as Malondialdehyde, MDA) as additional biomarker of HIV disease progression and its implication in HIV clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 250 individuals were recruited for the study. FACScan cytometry and spectrophotometric methods were employed in assessing T-lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8) and MDA respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDA concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) subjects by 12.72% in category 1, 9.75% in III and in category II (4.63%) on comparison with non-HAART subjects. In subjects taking HAART, 22.2%, 56.3%, and 22.2% were found to be in category I, II and III, respectively, with a corresponding non-HAART values of 15.6%, 45.6% and 38.9%. However, Spearman's rank correlation (P < 0.001) statistics of MDA and HIV categories showed a negative correlation in all the categories (I, II and III).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that MDA may be an additional clinical factor in assessing progression of HIV disease; however, necessary fortification of regimen with antioxidant may help reduce the high MDA concentration in the disease progression of the infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Michael Okpara, University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria. barthokeyibeh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Bartholomew Okechukwu
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Ibeh
authors.forename: Ijeoma Kalu
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Emeka-Nwabunnia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008315:Malondialdehyde