title: Animal models.
abstract: Five well-established animal models in influenza research are discussed in a schematic fashion. Although there are clear parallels between these models, like viruses used, housing and handling conditions under biosafety conditions, routes of virus inoculation, sampling strategies, and necropsy techniques (mostly elaborated on in Subheading 4), each of these models involves specific differences in their practical applicability that need thorough assessment depending on the scientific question raised. In other words, there is no universal animal model for influenza and depending on the actual question to be answered the model and the experimental conditions should be carefully selected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edwin J B Veldhuis
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kroeze
authors.forename: Thijs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuiken
authors.forename: Albert D M E
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001344:Autopsy; D002460:Cell Line; D002645:Chickens; D004285:Dogs; D004372:Ducks; D005065:Euthanasia; D005289:Ferrets; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines