title: Early local functional changes in the human diabetic retina: a global flash multifocal electroretinogram study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate early functional changes of local retinal defects in type II diabetic patients using the global flash multifocal electroretinogram (MOFO mfERG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight diabetic patients and 14 age-matched controls were recruited. Nine of the diabetics were free from diabetic retinopathy (DR), while the remainder had mild to moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The MOFO mfERG was performed at high (98 %) and low (46 %) contrast levels. MfERG responses were grouped into 35 regions for comparison with DR classification at those locations. Z-scores of the regional mfERG responses were compared across different types of DR defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mfERG waveform consisted of the direct component (DC) and the induced component (IC). Local reduction in DC and IC amplitudes were found in diabetic patients with and without DR. With increasing severity of retinopathy, there was a further deterioration in amplitude of both components. Under MOFO mfERG paradigm, amplitude was a useful screening parameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MOFO mfERG can help in detecting early functional anomalies before the appearance of visible signs, and may assist in monitoring further functional deterioration in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jenny C Y
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lung
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Swann
authors.forename: Henry H L
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004596:Electroretinography; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose