title: Factors influencing oncology nurses' use of hazardous drug safe-handling precautions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine relationships among factors affecting nurses' use of hazardous drug (HD) safe-handling precautions, identify factors that promote or interfere with HD precaution use, and determine managers' perspectives on the use of HD safe-handling precautions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, mixed methods; mailed survey to nurses who handle chemotherapy and telephone interviews with managers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mailed invitation to oncology centers across the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  165 nurses who reported handling chemotherapy and 20 managers of nurses handling chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instruments measured the use of HD precautions and individual and organizational factors believed to influence precaution use. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and hierarchical regression. Manager interview data were analyzed using content analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chemotherapy exposure knowledge, self-efficacy, perceived barriers, perceived risk, interpersonal influences, and workplace safety climate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses were well educated, experienced, and certified in oncology nursing. The majority worked in outpatient settings and administered chemotherapy to an average of 6.8 patients per day. Exposure knowledge, self-efficacy for using personal protective equipment, and perceived risk of harm from HD exposure were high; total precaution use was low. Nurse characteristics did not predict HD precaution use. Fewer barriers, better workplace safety climate, and fewer patients per day were independent predictors of higher HD precaution use. HD handling policies were present, but many did not reflect current recommendations. Few managers formally monitored nurses' HD precaution use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circumstances in the workplace interfere with nurses' use of HD precautions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions should include fostering a positive workplace safety climate, reducing barriers, and providing appropriate nurse-patient ratios.
authors.affiliation: Duke Oncology Network, Durham, NC, USA. martha.polovich@duke.edu
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polovich
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000633:toxicity*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017132:Workplace / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal