title: Influenza serological studies to inform public health action: best practices to optimise timing, quality and reporting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serological studies can detect infection with a novel influenza virus in the absence of symptoms or positive virology, providing useful information on infection that goes beyond the estimates from epidemiological, clinical and virological data. During the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic, an impressive number of detailed serological studies were performed, yet the majority of serological data were available only after the first wave of infection. This limited the ability to estimate the transmissibility and severity of this novel infection, and the variability in methodology and reporting limited the ability to compare and combine the serological data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify best practices for conduct and standardisation of serological studies on outbreak and pandemic influenza to inform public policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An international meeting was held in February 2011 in Ottawa, Canada, to foster the consensus for greater standardisation of influenza serological studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Best practices for serological investigations of influenza epidemiology include the following: classification of studies as pre-pandemic, outbreak, pandemic or inter-pandemic with a clearly identified objective; use of international serum standards for laboratory assays; cohort and cross-sectional study designs with common standards for data collection; use of serum banks to improve sampling capacity; and potential for linkage of serological, clinical and epidemiological data. Advance planning for outbreak studies would enable a rapid and coordinated response; inclusion of serological studies in pandemic plans should be considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimising the quality, comparability and combinability of influenza serological studies will provide important data upon emergence of a novel or variant influenza virus to inform public health action.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, North Melbourne, Vic. 3051, Australia. karen.laurie@influenzacentre.org
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Laurie
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huston
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Willison
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Mounts
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoschler
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kaat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vandemaele
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Broberg
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Van Kerkhove
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoll
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods*; D012698:Serologic Tests