title: Rye bread consumption in early life and reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether consumption of whole-grain rye bread, oatmeal, and whole-wheat bread, during different periods of life, is associated with risk of prostate cancer (PCa).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2002 to 2006, 2,268 men, aged 67-96 years, reported their dietary habits in the AGES-Reykjavik cohort study. Dietary habits were assessed for early life, midlife, and current life using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Through linkage to cancer and mortality registers, we retrieved information on PCa diagnosis and mortality through 2009. We used regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) for PCa according to whole-grain consumption, adjusted for possible confounding factors including fish, fish liver oil, meat, and milk intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,268 men, 347 had or were diagnosed with PCa during follow-up, 63 with advanced disease (stage 3+ or died of PCa). Daily rye bread consumption in adolescence (vs. less than daily) was associated with a decreased risk of PCa diagnosis (OR = 0.76, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.98) and of advanced PCa (OR = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.27-0.84). High intake of oatmeal in adolescence (≥5 vs. ≤4 times/week) was not significantly associated with risk of PCa diagnosis (OR = 0.99, 95 % CI: 0.77-1.27) nor advanced PCa (OR = 0.67, 95 % CI: 0.37-1.20). Midlife and late life consumption of rye bread, oatmeal, or whole-wheat bread was not associated with PCa risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that rye bread consumption in adolescence may be associated with reduced risk of PCa, particularly advanced disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Stapi v/Hringbraut 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. jet1@hi.is
authors.forename: Johanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Torfadottir
authors.forename: Unnur A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Valdimarsdottir
authors.forename: Lorelei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mucci
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kasperzyk
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.forename: Laufey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tryggvadottir
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aspelund
authors.forename: Orn
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Olafsson
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Eirikur
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Hrafn
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tulinius
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Vilmundur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
authors.forename: Laufey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steingrimsdottir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001939:Bread / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012306:Risk; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012434:Secale; D055815:Young Adult