title: Tourette syndrome in youth with and without obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Chronic tic disorders (TD) are consistently found to have high rates of comorbidity with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study is to compare the severity of TD only to TD with comorbid OCD or ADHD based on severity of tics, measures of psychopathology and additional comorbid diagnoses. Baseline data from 158 youth with a chronic TD who participated in two longitudinal studies were examined. Fifty-three percent (N = 85) of the youth also met criteria for a diagnosis of OCD, 38.6 % (n = 61) met criteria for ADHD and 24.1 % (N = 38) met criteria for both. Measures of interest addressed severity of tics, symptoms of anxiety, depression, ADHD, psychosocial stress, global functioning and the presence of comorbid diagnoses. Youth with comorbid TD and OCD were characterized by more severe tics, increased levels of depressive and anxious symptoms, heightened psychosocial stress and poorer global functioning. Youth with comorbid TD and ADHD did not differ from those with TD alone on measures of tic severity, but experienced greater psychosocial stress and poorer global functioning. Subjects with comorbid TD and OCD had more internalizing disorders than those without OCD, while those with comorbid ADHD were more likely to meet criteria for oppositional defiant disorder. TD with OCD is a more severe subtype of TD than TD without OCD. TD with ADHD is associated with higher psychosocial stress and more externalizing behaviors. Further research is needed into the underlying relationships between these closely associated conditions.
authors.affiliation: Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. eli.lebowitz@yale.edu
authors.forename: Eli R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lebowitz
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Motlagh
authors.forename: Liliya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Katsovich
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lombroso
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grantz
authors.forename: Haiqun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Harvey S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kurlan
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leckman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology