title: Hepatitis B virus genotypes from European origin explains the high endemicity found in some areas from southern Brazil.
abstract: Southern Brazil is considered an area of low Hepatitis B endemicity, but some areas of higher endemicity have been described in the Southwest of Paraná and Santa Catarina states. The aim of this study was to evaluate viral genotypes circulating throughout Paraná state. PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the S gene was carried out in 228 samples from HBsAg positive candidate blood donors. Samples have been collected in seven different counties (Cascavel, Curitiba, Foz do Iguaçu, Francisco Beltrão, Maringá, Londrina and Paranaguá). The most common HBV genotype in Paraná state was D (82.9%; 189/228), followed by A (14.1%; 32/228). Genotypes F (1.3%; 3/228), C (1.3%; 3/228) and H (0.4%; 1/228) were also found. Distribution of genotypes was different in the studied counties, but genotype D was the most frequent in all of them. In Francisco Beltrão, all studied samples belonged to genotype D. The high prevalence of HBV genotype D in South of Brazil is explained by the intense migration of settlers from Europeans countries. Subgenotypes A1 and A2 were identified circulating in all cities where HBV/A was found. As observed in other areas of Brazil, HBV/A1 is more frequent than the HBV/A2 in Paraná state and its presence was significantly larger in black and mulatto individuals. Genotype C was found only in individuals with Asian ancestry from Londrina and Maringá. Most HBV/F sequences identified in this study were classified as subgenotype F2a that was previously described in Brazil. The sole case of subgenotype F4 was from Foz do Iguaçu city, near to Northern Argentina, where F4 is highly prevalent. The single genotype H sample was from Curitiba. This is the first case of this genotype described in Brazil. Further studies should be carried out to determine if more genotype H samples can be found in other populations from Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. dabertolini@uem.br
authors.forename: Dennis Armando
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Michele Soares
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gomes-Gouvêa
authors.forename: Isabel Maria Vicente
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Guedes de Carvalho-Mello
authors.forename: Isabel Maria Vicente Guedes de
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Mello
authors.forename: Cláudia Patara
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Saraceni
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sitnik
authors.forename: Felipe Gobbi
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Grazziotin
authors.forename: Jomar Pereira
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Laurino
authors.forename: Jomar Pereira
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Laurindo
authors.forename: Nelson Jurandi Rosa
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fagundes
authors.forename: Flair José
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Carrilho
authors.forename: João Renato Rebello
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pinho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001782:Blood Donors; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny