title: Regenerative therapies for diabetic microangiopathy.
abstract: Hyperglycaemia occurring in diabetes is responsible for accelerated arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis, affecting the macro- and the microcirculatory system. Vessel injury is mainly related to deregulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin/insulin-precursors production, generation of advanced glycation end-products, reduction in nitric oxide synthesis, and oxidative and reductive stress. It occurs both at extracellular level with increased calcium and matrix proteins deposition and at intracellular level, with abnormalities of intracellular pathways and increased cell death. Peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, and ischemic stroke are the main causes of morbidity/mortality in diabetic patients representing a major clinical and economic issue. Pharmacological therapies, administration of growth factors, and stem cellular strategies are the most effective approaches and will be discussed in depth in this comprehensive review covering the regenerative therapies of diabetic microangiopathy.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trevisani
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tezza
authors.forename: Moufida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ben Nasr
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vergani
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fiorina
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin