title: Bladder drainage during labor: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare two bladder draining methods during labor on time to delivery, cost and nursing preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  This trial randomized 139 women with singleton pregnancies in active labor or undergoing induction of labor. Eligibility required an anticipated vaginal delivery with a clinical indication for bladder catheterization (epidural). Participants were randomly assigned to either indwelling or intermittent catheterization. The primary outcome was time to delivery; secondary outcomes were nurse preference, cost and route of delivery. A sample size of 138 women would be needed for 80% power to detect a 30 min difference in the time to delivery interval with a 0.05 alpha error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome data was available for 138 patients (72 indwelling and 66 intermittent). The time to delivery was similar among the two groups (13.8 h for indwelling and 14.4 h for intermittent). Route of delivery and cost estimate was similar in both groups; however, nurses preferred the indwelling method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indwelling catheterization is recommended as the standard method for bladder drainage in laboring women with epidural.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA. clrivard@lumc.edu
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liebermann
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dejong
authors.forename: Sarita M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Massey
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinacore
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brubaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000451:nursing*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057928:Intermittent Urethral Catheterization; D009773:Obstetric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies