title: Going to the source: creating a citizenship outcome measure by community-based participatory research methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study used participatory methods and concept-mapping techniques to develop a greater understanding of the construct of citizenship and an instrument to assess the degree to which individuals, particularly those with psychiatric disorders, perceive themselves to be citizens in a multifaceted sense (that is, not in a simply legal sense).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were persons with recent experience of receiving public mental health services, having criminal justice charges, having a serious general medical illness, or having more than one of these "life disruptions," along with persons who had not experienced any of these disruptions. Community-based participatory methods, including a co-researcher team of persons with experiences of mental illness and other life disruptions, were employed. Procedures included conducting focus groups with each life disruption (or no disruption) group to generate statements about the meaning of citizenship (N = 75 participants); reducing the generated statements to 100 items and holding concept-mapping sessions with participants from the five stakeholder groups (N = 66 participants) to categorize and rate each item in terms of importance and access; analyzing concept-mapping data to produce citizenship domains; and developing a pilot instrument of citizenship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed seven primary domains of citizenship: personal responsibilities, government and infrastructure, caring for self and others, civil rights, legal rights, choices, and world stewardship. Forty-six items were identified for inclusion in the citizenship measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Citizenship is a multidimensional construct encompassing the degree to which individuals with different life experiences perceive inclusion or involvement across a variety of activities and concepts.
authors.affiliation: Program for Recovery and Community Health, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 319 Peck St, Building 6W, Suite 1C, New Haven, CT 06513, USA. michael.rowe@yale.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: Chyrell
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Connell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003256:Community Participation; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D003210:Concept Formation; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D058992:Social Participation