title: Gene array of primary human osteoblasts exposed to enamel matrix derivative in combination with a natural bone mineral.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The application of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for regenerative periodontal surgery has been shown to promote formation of new cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. In intrabony defects with a complicated anatomy, the combination of EMD with various bone grafting materials has resulted in additional clinical improvements, but the initial cellular response of osteoblasts coming in contact with these particles have not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of EMD combined with a natural bone mineral (NBM) on a wide variety of genes, cytokines, and transcription factors and extracellular matrix proteins on primary human osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human osteoblasts were seeded on NBM particles pre-coated with versus without EMD and analyzed for gene differences using a human osteogenesis gene super-array (Applied Biosystems). Osteoblast-related genes include those transcribed during bone mineralization, ossification, bone metabolism, cell growth and differentiation, as well as gene products representing extracellular matrix molecules, transcription factors, and cell adhesion molecules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMD promoted gene expression of various osteoblast differentiation markers including a number of collagen types and isoforms, SMAD intracellular proteins, osteopontin, cadherin, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein. EMD also upregulated a variety of growth factors including bone morphogenetic proteins, vascular endothelial growth factors, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor, and their associated receptor proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from the present study demonstrate that EMD is capable of activating a wide variety of genes, growth factors, and cytokines when pre-coated onto NBM particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described in vitro effects of EMD on human primary osteoblasts provide further biologic support for the clinical application of a combination of EMD with NBM particles in periodontal and oral regenerative surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.forename: Dieter D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bosshardt
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000502:physiology*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein / Q000235:genetics; D008903:Minerals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000235:genetics; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000235:genetics; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D015820:Cadherins; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D008903:Minerals; D015676:Osteonectin; D051785:Smad Proteins; D013002:Somatomedins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; C109069:enamel matrix proteins; D053495:Osteopontin; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors; D003094:Collagen; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase