title: Impact of metals in surface matrices from formal and informal electronic-waste recycling around Metro Manila, the Philippines, and intra-Asian comparison.
abstract: We report concentrations, enrichment factors, and hazard indicators of 11 metals (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soil and dust surface matrices from formal and informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling sites around Metro Manila, the Philippines, referring to soil guidelines and previous data from various e-waste recycling sites in Asia. Surface dust from e-waste recycling sites had higher levels of metal contamination than surface soil. Comparison of formal and informal e-waste recycling sites (hereafter, "formal" and "informal") revealed differences in specific contaminants. Formal dust contained a mixture of serious pollutant metals (Ni, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and Cd (polluted modestly), quite high enrichment metals (Ag and In), and crust-derived metals (As, Co, Fe, and Mn). For informal soil, concentration levels of specific metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were similar among Asian recycling sites. Formal dust had significantly higher hazardous risk than the other matrices (p<0.005), excluding informal dust (p=0.059, almost significant difference). Thus, workers exposed to formal dust should protect themselves from hazardous toxic metals (Pb and Cu). There is also a high health risk for children ingesting surface matrices from informal e-waste recycling sites.
authors.affiliation: Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan. fujimori.takashi@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimori
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takigami
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Agusa
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Kanae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bekki
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terazono
authors.forename: Florencio C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004581:Electronics; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D010679:Philippines; D011786:Quality Control; D059027:Recycling; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals; D012989:Soil Pollutants