title: Spatial pain propagation over time following painful glutamate activation of latent myofascial trigger points in humans.
abstract: The aim of this present study was to test the hypothesis that tonic nociceptive stimulation of latent myofascial trigger points (MTPs) may induce a spatially enlarged area of pressure pain hyperalgesia. Painful glutamate (.2 mL, 1M) stimulation of latent MTPs and non-MTPs in the forearm was achieved by an electromyography-guided procedure. Pain intensity (as rated on the visual analog scale [VAS]) and referred pain area following glutamate injections were recorded. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured over 12 points in the forearm muscles and at the mid-point of tibialis anterior muscle before and at .5 hour, 1 hour, and 24 hours after glutamate injections. The results showed that maximal pain intensity, the area under the VAS curve, and referred pain area were significantly higher and larger following glutamate injection into latent MTPs than non-MTPs (all, P < .05). A significantly lower PPT level was detected over time after glutamate injection into latent MTPs at .5 hour (at 4 points), 1 hour (at 7 points), and 24 hours (at 6 points) in the forearm muscles. However, a significantly lower PPT was observed only at 24 hours after glutamate injection into non-MTPs in the forearm muscles (at 4 points, P < .05) when compared to the pre-injection PPT. PPT at the mid-point of the tibialis anterior was significantly decreased at 1 hour only as compared to the pre-injection PPT in both groups (< .05). The results of the present study indicate that nociceptive stimulation of latent MTPs is associated with an early onset of locally enlarged area of mechanical hyperalgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that MTPs are associated with an early occurrence of a locally enlarged area of pressure hyperalgesia associated with spreading central sensitization. Inactivation of MTPs may prevent spatial pain propagation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong-You
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: José Miota
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.forename: Shou-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madeleine
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009209:Myofascial Pain Syndromes / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D053591:Referred Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D061028:Trigger Points / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid