title: Hemodynamic conditions in a failing peripheral artery bypass graft.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms of restenosis in autogenous vein bypass grafts placed for peripheral artery disease are not completely understood. We investigated the role of hemodynamic stress in a case study of a revised bypass graft that failed due to restenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The morphology of the lumen was reconstructed from a custom three-dimensional ultrasound system. Scans were taken at 1, 6, and 16 months after a patch angioplasty procedure. Computational hemodynamic simulations of the patient-specific model provided the blood flow features and the hemodynamic stresses on the vessel wall at the three times studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vessel was initially free of any detectable lesions, but a 60% diameter-reducing stenosis developed during the 16-month study interval. As determined from the simulations, chaotic and recirculating flow occurred downstream of the stenosis due to the sudden widening of the lumen at the patch location. Curvature and a sudden increase in the lumen cross-sectional area induced these flow features that are hypothesized to be conducive to intimal hyperplasia. Favorable agreement was found between simulation results and in vivo Doppler ultrasound velocity measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transitional and chaotic flow occurs at the site of the revision, inducing a complex pattern of wall shear as computed with the hemodynamic simulations. This supports the hypothesis that the hemodynamic stresses in the revised segment, produced by the coupling of vessel geometry and chaotic flow, led to the intimal hyperplasia and restenosis of the graft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA. pmcgah@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McGah
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Leotta
authors.forename: Kirk W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: R Eugene
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Zierler
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliseda
mesh_terms: D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology