title: CAPRISA 004 tenofovir microbicide trial: no impact of tenofovir gel on the HIV transmission bottleneck.
abstract: Alterations of the genital mucosal barrier may influence the number of viruses transmitted from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected source host to the newly infected individual. We used heteroduplex tracking assay and single-genome sequencing to investigate the effect of a tenofovir-based microbicide gel on the transmission bottleneck in women who seroconverted during the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial. Seventy-seven percent (17 of 22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 56%-90%) of women in the tenofovir gel arm were infected with a single virus compared with 92% (13 of 14; 95% CI, 67%->99%) in the placebo arm (P = .37). Tenofovir gel had no discernable impact on the transmission bottleneck.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology,  University of Cape Town,  Cape Town.
authors.forename: Ziyaad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Valley-Omar
authors.forename: Sengeziwe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sibeko
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goodier
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arney
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naranbhai
authors.forename: Florette
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Treurnicht
authors.forename: Melissa-Rose
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abrahams
authors.forename: Gama
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bandawe
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swanstrom
authors.forename: Quarraisha Abdool
authors.initials: QA
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Salim S Abdool
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000821:virology; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000068698:Tenofovir
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D005782:Gels; D063065:Organophosphonates; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine