title: Angiogenesis and myogenesis in mouse tibialis anterior muscles during distraction osteogenesis: VEGF, its receptors, and myogenin genes expression.
abstract: Angiogenesis and myogenesis occur in the surrounding skeletal muscles following distraction osteogenesis, but their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated morphological features of lengthened muscles and the time course change of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its receptors (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) and myogenin gene expression profiles related to angiogenesis and myogenesis in tibialis anterior (TA) muscles with a mouse model of distraction osteogenesis, which involves 1 week of waiting period (latency phase), 2 weeks of intermittent distraction (distraction phase), and 5 weeks of remodeling period (consolidation phase). Macroscopic findings showed that lengthened TA muscles increased to approximately 42% longer and 10% heavier at the end of the process when compared to pre-surgery. During the distraction phase, VEGF and its receptors were induced in the vascular endothelial cells, myogenin-positive satellite cells and myocytes, and subsequently, capillary progression and myogenesis were increased. Real-time RT-PCR showed that Vegf, Vegfr-1, Vegfr-2, and myogenin genes expression was enhanced during the muscle lengthening. Vegf and Vegfr-1 were upregulated following the recession of angiogenesis at the consolidation phase. We conclude that upregulation of VEGF and its receptors by mechanical tension-stress could be involved in the process of angiogenesis and myogenesis in lengthened muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishisho
authors.forename: Kiminori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yukata
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Kosaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashino
authors.forename: Katsuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suganuma
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikawa
authors.forename: Natsuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yasui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018008:Myogenin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018008:Myogenin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor