title: Involvement of alternative oxidase (AOX) in adventitious rooting of Olea europaea L. microshoots is linked to adaptive phenylpropanoid and lignin metabolism.
abstract: Alternative oxidase (AOX) has been proposed as a functional marker candidate in a number of events involving cell differentiation, including rooting efficiency in semi-hardwood shoot cuttings of olive (Olea europaea L.). To ascertain the general importance of AOX in olive rooting, the auxin-induced rooting process was studied in an in vitro system for microshoot propagation. Inhibition of AOX by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) significantly reduced rooting efficiency. However, the inhibitor failed to exhibit any effect on the preceding calli stage. This makes the system appropriate for distinguishing dedifferentiation and de novo differentiation during root induction. Metabolite analyses of microshoots showed that total phenolics, total flavonoids and lignin contents were significantly reduced upon SHAM treatment. It was concluded that the influence of alternative respiration on root formation was associated to adaptive phenylpropanoid and lignin metabolism. Transcript profiles of two olive AOX genes (OeAOX1a and OeAOX2) were examined during the process of auxin-induced root induction. Both genes displayed stable transcript accumulation in semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis during all experimental stages. In contrary, when the reverse primer for OeAOX2 was designed from the 3'-UTR instead of the ORF, differential transcript accumulation was observed suggesting posttranscriptional regulation of OeAOX2 during metabolic acclimation. This result confirms former observations in olive semi-hardwood shoot cuttings on differential OeAOX2 expression during root induction. It further points to the importance of future studies on the functional role of sequence and length polymorphisms in the 3'-UTR of this gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The manuscript reports the general importance of AOX in olive adventitious rooting and the association of alternative respiration to adaptive phenylpropanoid and lignin metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, ICAAM, University of Évora, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santos Macedo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sircar
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peixe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arnholdt-Schmitt
mesh_terms: D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D008031:Lignin / Q000378:metabolism*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D031658:Olea / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D020005:Propanols / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012457:Salicylamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099188:Alternative Oxidase
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D008031:Lignin; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020005:Propanols; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012457:Salicylamides; D000099188:Alternative Oxidase; C439395:1-phenylpropanol; C005703:salicylhydroxamic acid