title: Schmorl's nodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  First described in 1927, a Schmorl's node (SN) is the herniation of nucleus pulposus (NP) through the cartilaginous and bony end plate into the body of the adjacent vertebra. SNs are common findings on imaging, and although most SNs are asymptomatic, some have been shown to become painful lesions. In this manuscript, we review the literature regarding the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, imaging, and management of SNs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using databases from the US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health, relevant articles were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While several theories regarding the pathogenesis of SNs have been proposed, an axial load model appears to have the greatest supporting evidence. Symptomatic SNs are thought to be due to the inflammatory response solicited by the herniation of NP into the well-vascularized vertebral body. Management options for symptomatic SNs vary, ranging from medical management to surgical fusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNs are common lesions that are often asymptomatic. In certain cases, SNs can cause back pain. No consensus on pathogenesis exists. There is no established treatment modality for symptomatic SNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 3552 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5338, USA.
authors.forename: Kwaku A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kyere
authors.forename: Khoi D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Than
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shayan U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Valdivia-Valdivia
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: La Marca
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement