title: Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to neonicotinoid insecticides news.
abstract: Calypso (thiacloprid), Poncho (clothianidin), Gaucho (imidacloprid), and Jade (imidacloprid) are commercial neonicotinoid insecticides, a new class of agrochemicals in México. However, genotoxic and cytotoxic studies have not been performed. In the present study, human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed in vitro to different concentrations of the four insecticides. The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated using the alkaline comet and trypan blue dye exclusion assays. DNA damage was evaluated using two genotoxicity parameters: tail length and comet frequency. Exposure to 9.5 × 10(-6) to 5.7 × 10(-5) M Jade; 2.8 × 10(-4) to 1.7 × 10(-3) M Gaucho; 0.6 × 10(-1) to 1.4 × 10(-1) M Calypso; 1.2 × 10(-1) to 9.5 × 10(-1) M Poncho for 2 h induced a significant increase DNA damage with a concentration-dependent relationship. Jade was the most genotoxic of the four insecticides studied. Cytotoxicity was observed in cells exposed to 18 × 10(-3) M Jade, 2.0 × 10(-3) M Gaucho, 2.0 × 10(-1) M Calypso, 1.07 M Poncho, and cell death occurred at 30 × 10(-3) M Jade, 3.3 × 10(-3) M Gaucho, 2.8 × 10(-1) M Calypso, and 1.42 M Poncho. This study provides the first report of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in PBL following in vitro exposure to commercial neonicotinoid insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Citogenética y Mutagénesis Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, 04510 México city, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Calderón-Segura
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Arroyo
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villalobos-Pietrini
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Valenzuela
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carbajal-López
authors.forename: María Del Carmen
authors.initials: Mdel C
authors.lastname: Calderón-Ezquerro
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cortés-Eslava
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Martínez
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flores-Ramírez
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Romero
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Méndez-Pérez
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bañuelos-Ruíz