title: Effect of palate re-repairs and hynes pharyngoplasties on pediatric airways: an analysis of preoperative and postoperative cardiorespiratory sleep studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVES : To determine whether Sommerlad palate re-repairs and Hynes pharyngoplasties cause obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea or increased upper airway resistance. DESIGN : Prospective before-and-after study. SETTING : Tertiary cleft unit. PATIENTS : A total of 44 patients undergoing a Sommerlad palate re-repair or a Hynes pharyngoplasty. Interventions :  Preoperative and postoperative multichannel cardiorespiratory sleep studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : The main outcome measures were mean arterial oxygen saturation, desaturation index, percentage of time spent with arterial oxygen saturation <90%, mean pulse rate, number of pulse rate rises (arousals) per hour, inspiratory effort derived from pulse transit time, pulse transit time arousals, and snoring. RESULTS : No patient in either group required intervention for airway obstruction or obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea. Re-repairs caused no significant change in any parameter. Hynes caused an increase in inspiratory effort (P = .04) and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea grading (P = .002). All other parameters showed no significant deterioration. No patient developed more than mild/moderate obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea. Snoring and arterial oxygen saturation levels were not reliable indicators of increased inspiratory effort. CONCLUSIONS : A palate re-repair had no significant adverse effect on the airway. A Hynes, in patients with optimized velar function, caused a significant increase in inspiratory effort and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea grade. However, compared with studies on midline flaps and on sphincter pharyngoplasties, a Hynes appears to be less obstructive. Failure to study changes in inspiratory effort in patients undergoing velopharyngeal incompetence surgery may underestimate the obstructive effect of pharyngoplasties.
authors.affiliation: Cleft Lip and Palate Service, East of Scotland, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, EH9 1LF, UK. felicity.mehendale@gmail.com
authors.forename: Felicity V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Mehendale
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Aidan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laverty
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dinwiddie
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sommerlad
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery; D017286:Polysomnography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000601:surgery