title: Baseline characteristics of subjects enrolled in the Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCl Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) and other abnormalities associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder can contribute to dystrophic (including vascular) calcification. Dietary modification and variety of medications can be used to attenuate the severity of sHPT. However, it is unknown whether any of these approaches can reduce the high risks of death and cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCl Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE) trial was designed to test the hypothesis that treatment with the calcimimetic agent cinacalcet compared with placebo (on a background of conventional therapy including phosphate binders +/- vitamin D sterols) reduces time to death or non-fatal cardiovascular events (specifically myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure and peripheral arterial disease events) among patients on hemodialysis with sHPT. This report describes baseline characteristics of enrolled subjects with a focus on regional variation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 3883 subjects randomized from 22 countries, including the USA, Canada, Australia, three Latin American nations, Russia and 15 European nations. The burden of overt cardiovascular disease at baseline was high (e.g. myocardial infarction 12.4%, heart failure 23.3%). The median plasma parathyroid hormone concentration at baseline was 692 pg/mL (10%, 90% range, 363-1694 pg/mL). At baseline, 87.2% of subjects were prescribed phosphate binders and 57.5% were prescribed activated vitamin D derivatives. Demographic data, comorbid conditions and baseline laboratory data varied significantly across regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVOLVE enrolled 3883 subjects on hemodialysis with moderate to severe sHPT. Inclusion of subjects from multiple global regions with varying degrees of disease severity will enhance the external validity of the trial results.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. gchertow@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Correa-Rotter
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: Tilman B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Drueke
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Floege
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Gerard M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Mahaffey
authors.forename: Thomas-Christian
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mix
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moe
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Parfrey
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D057966:Calcimimetic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D000069449:Cinacalcet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012426:Russia; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D057966:Calcimimetic Agents; D008903:Minerals; D009281:Naphthalenes; D014807:Vitamin D; D000069449:Cinacalcet