title: Revisiting thyroid hormones in schizophrenia.
abstract: Thyroid hormones are crucial during development and in the adult brain. Of interest, fluctuations in the levels of thyroid hormones at various times during development and throughout life can impact on psychiatric disease manifestation and response to treatment. Here we review research on thyroid function assessment in schizophrenia, relating interrelations between the pituitary-thyroid axis and major neurosignaling systems involved in schizophrenia's pathophysiology. These include the serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic networks, as well as myelination and inflammatory processes. The available evidence supports that thyroid hormones deregulation is a common feature in schizophrenia and that the implications of thyroid hormones homeostasis in the fine-tuning of crucial brain networks warrants further research.
authors.affiliation: Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Nadine Correia
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Patrício
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Ana Telma
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Joana Almeida
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Palha