title: Participation and quality of life in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by muscle damage and progressive loss of muscle function in male children. DMD is one of the most devastating genetically linked neuromuscular diseases for which there is currently no cure. Most clinical studies for DMD utilize a standard protocol for measurement exploring pathophysiology, muscle strength and timed tasks. However, we propose that examining broader components of health as emphasized by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) may be of great value to children and their families, and important outcomes for future clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty boys with DMD and 25 unaffected age-matched boys completed two self-report measures: the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment and the Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM 4.0. We investigated differences between the two groups with regard to participation in life activities and perceived quality of life (QoL). Additionally, we compared participation in activities and QoL in both cohorts of younger and older boys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participation in physical activities was significantly lower in boys with DMD than unaffected boys. Perceived QoL was markedly diminished in children with DMD relative to unaffected controls, except in the emotional domain. The amount of time boys engage in an activity, as well as participation in social activities, declined for our older boys with DMD but no changes were observed for our older unaffected boys. For both groups, QoL remained constant over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICF-CY provides a conceptual framework and specific terminology that facilitates investigation of the consequences of impairment in children and youth. Our study is one of the first to explore participation in a cohort of boys with DMD. It was not surprising that activities of choice for boys with DMD were less physical in nature than unaffected boys their age, but the consequences of less social engagement as the boys with DMD age is of great concern. Results from our study underscore the need to further evaluate activities that children elect to participate in, with special emphasis on facilitators and barriers to participation and how participation changes throughout the course of a disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. rbendixe@phhp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Roxanna M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bendixen
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Senesac
authors.forename: Donovan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lott
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vandenborne
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification*; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005431:Florida; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011998:Recreation / Q000523:psychology; D057566:Self Report; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D058992:Social Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires