title: Schizophyllan inhibits the development of mammary and hepatic carcinomas induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz(α)anthracene and decreases cell proliferation: comparison with tamoxifen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality among women. Some anticancer compounds have been isolated from mushrooms. The aim of the present work was to study the anticancer effects of schizophyllan (SCH), a β-D: -glucan extracted from the mushroom Schizophyllum commune alone or in combination with tamoxifen (TAM) on 7, 12 Dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)-induced carcinomas in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We isolated SCH from S. commune. Female mice received DMBA, SCH, DMBA+SCH, DMBA+TAM or DMBA+TAM+SCH or vehicles. We studied mice survival, tumour incidence, histopathology, oestrogen receptor (ER) expression, cell proliferation by immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), apoptosis by TUNEL assay, as well as caspase-3 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DMBA treatment resulted in mammary and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Both SCH and TAM reduced the incidence of DMBA-induced mammary tumours by 85 and 75 %, respectively, and equally decreased the PCNA labelling index relative to DMBA. TAM treatment increased the incidence of- and PCNA index in HCCs relative to DMBA, while SCH suppressed these effects. TAM was more effective than SCH in the induction of apoptosis in both mammary and hepatic carcinomas. Caspase-3 levels correlated with the apoptotic index in most experimental groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only one dose of SCH had similar therapeutic effects against DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas as 4 weeks of TAM treatment. This coupled with the ability of SCH to suppress hepatic lesions associated with TAM treatment provides the rationale for further investigating the combined therapeutic effects of TAM+SCH in preclinical models of ER-positive breast cancer, as well as in liver cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharram Bey, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daba
authors.forename: Nahed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baddour
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Saadani
authors.forename: Eiman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aleem
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012567:Schizophyllum / Q000737:chemistry; D012566:Sizofiran / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D012566:Sizofiran; D053148:Caspase 3