title: Accidental displacement and migration of endosseous implants into adjacent craniofacial structures: a review and update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accidental displacement of endosseous implants into the maxillary sinus is an unusual but potential complication in implantology procedures due to the special features of the posterior aspect of the maxillary bone; there is also a possibility of migration throughout the upper paranasal sinuses and adjacent structures. The aim of this paper is to review the published literature about accidental displacement and migration of dental implants into the maxillary sinus and other adjacent structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review has been done based on a search in the main on-line medical databases looking for papers about migration of dental implants published in major oral surgery, periodontal, dental implant and ear-nose-throat journals, using the keywords "implant," "migration," "complication," "foreign body" and "sinus."
  
  
  RESULTS
  24 articles showing displacement or migration to maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, orbit and cranial fossae, with different degrees of associated symptoms, were identified. Techniques found to solve these clinical issues include Cadwell-Luc approach, transoral endoscopy approach via canine fossae and transnasal functional endoscopy surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Before removing the foreign body, a correct diagnosis should be done in order to evaluate the functional status of the ostiomeatal complex and the degree of affectation of paranasal sinuses and other involved structures, determining the size and the exact location of the foreign body. After a complete diagnosis, an indicated procedure for every case would be decided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, and Otolaryngology Department, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Calidental, Av/ Sabiduría 15, 41927 Mairena del Aljarafe, Seville, Spain. gonzalezygarcia@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-García
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-García
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diniz-Freitas
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-García
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bullón
mesh_terms: D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005145:Face; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008443:Maxillary Sinus; D012886:Skull
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants