title: Amphetamine abuse in emergency department patients undergoing psychiatric evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amphetamine abuse accounts for numerous Emergency Department (ED) visits and is often associated with psychiatric disease, with many patients requiring involuntary psychiatric hold placement. It is a common practice in EDs to obtain a urine drug screen (UDS) as part of the "medical clearance" process for psychiatric patients. However, the prevalence of amphetamine-positive UDS in ED patients with psychiatric disease is unknown, as is the relationship of the UDS test to the final patient disposition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of amphetamine-positive UDS in ED patients undergoing psychiatric evaluation, and whether amphetamine-positive UDS is associated with involuntary psychiatric hold placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of adult patients seen in a single urban university ED who had a psychiatric evaluation and a UDS over a 1-year period. Eligible patients had results of the UDS, placement of involuntary holds, past psychiatric history, chief complaint, insurance status, and demographic information recorded. Regression analysis was performed, adjusting for the listed covariates, to evaluate the independent association of amphetamine-positive UDS and involuntary psychiatric hold placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1207 patients were included for analysis. Amphetamine-positive UDS were found in 14.8% of patients. Multivariate analysis showed no association of a psychiatric hold due to presence of amphetamines on UDS (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55-1.05, p=0.1). The only significant factor in placement of an involuntary hold was a past psychiatric history (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7, p=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of amphetamine-positive UDS was high in the study population; however, there was no independent association of amphetamine-positive UDS with involuntary psychiatric hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pomerleau
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Kelly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loomis
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Albertson
authors.forename: Deborah B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Diercks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult