title: Assessing measurement invariance of familism and parental respect across race/ethnicity in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Familism and parental respect are culturally derived constructs rooted in Hispanic and Asian cultures, respectively. Measures of these constructs have been utilized in research and found to predict delays in substance use initiation and reduced levels of use. However, given that these measures are explicitly designed to tap constructs that are considered important by different racial/ethnic groups, there is a risk that the measurement properties may not be equivalent across groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study evaluated the measurement equivalence of measures of familism and parental respect in a large and diverse sample of middle school students in Southern California (n = 5646) using a multiple group confirmatory factor analysis approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed little evidence of measurement variance across four racial/ethnic groups (African American, Hispanic, Asian, and non-Hispanic White), supporting the continued use of these measures in diverse populations. Some differences between latent variable means were identified - specifically that the Hispanic group and the white group differed on familism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence of invariance was found. However, the item distributions were highly positively skewed, indicating a tendency for youth to endorse the most positive response, which may reduce the reliability of the measures and suggests that refinement is possible.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA. Jeremy_miles@rand.org
authors.forename: Jeremy N V
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Regina A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: D'Amico
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D001213:Asian; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010287:Parent-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People