title: Pulmonary and nasal deposition of ketorolac tromethamine solution (SPRIX) following intranasal administration.
abstract: Ketorolac tromethamine is a racemic, non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). An intra-nasal (IN) formulation, SPRIX(®), is approved for the treatment of short term (up to 5 days) acute moderate to moderately severe pain. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether (99m)Tc-diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid (DTPA) radiolabelled ketorolac tromethamine formulation (31.5 mg) was deposited in the lungs of healthy subjects (4 men and 9 women) following nasal inhalation of different intensities (gentle or vigorous sniff) and under different postural conditions (upright or semi-supine). The secondary objectives were to determine the deposition pattern of radiolabelled ketorolac solution in the nasal cavity and the clearance of the radiolabel over a 6h period post-administration. The nasal spray pump delivery device used showed a droplet size distribution with a volume mean diameter (VMD) of 50 μm and approximately 85% of the aerosol mass contained in droplets >10 μm diameter. The fraction of the dose recorded from the lung regions averaged <0.5%, and was considered to represent scattered radiation rather than true pulmonary deposition. This fraction was not affected by posture or by inhalation manoeuvre. The majority of the radiolabelled intranasal dose was deposited in the nasal cavity. The visual spread patterns within the nasal cavity were most uniform following administration in the upright position regardless of inhalation manoeuvre. Clearance from the nasal cavity was initially very rapid, with only 16-30% of the dose remaining after 10 min and 6-14% after 6 h. Retention was greatest following gentle inhalation.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Profiles Ltd., Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitcairn
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whiting
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004947:Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000378:metabolism*; D011187:Posture
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine