title: Psychosocial precursors and physical consequences of workplace violence towards nurses: a longitudinal examination with naturally occurring groups in hospital settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Workplace violence towards nurses is prevalent and consequential, contributing to nurses' reduced health and safety, worsened job attitudes, and compromised productivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine if organizational violence prevention climate as perceived by nurses predicts nurses' physical violence exposure and if physical violence exposure predicts nurses' somatic symptoms and musculoskeletal disorder symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-wave longitudinal design with naturally occurring groups, with a 6-month interval.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of covariance and logistic regression were applied to test the proposed hypotheses among 176 nurses from two hospitals in the U.S. who participated in both surveys required by this study. All nurses from the two hospitals were recruited to participate voluntarily. The response rate was 30% for the first survey and 36% for the follow-up survey. Among the subjects, only 8 were male. On average, the subjects were about 45 years old, had a job tenure of about 17 years, and worked approximately 37 h per week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Violence prevention climate, specifically the dimension of perceived pressure against violence prevention, predicted nurses' chance of being exposed to physical violence over six months (odds ratio 1.69), with no evidence found that violence exposure affected change in climate reports. In addition, results supported that nurses' physical violence exposure had effects on somatic symptoms, and upper body, lower extremity, and low back pain over six months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this study suggest that reducing organizational pressure against violence prevention will help decrease the chance of nurses' physical violence exposure and benefit their health and safety.
authors.affiliation: Portland State University, United States. lyang@pdx.edu
authors.forename: Liu-Qin
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: Chu-Hsiang Daisy
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallant-Roman
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence; D017132:Workplace