title: Cross sectional and longitudinal surveys of canine enteric coronavirus infection in kennelled dogs: a molecular marker for biosecurity.
abstract: Previous studies have suggested that kennelled dogs are more likely to test positive for CECoV than household pets. Here we describe both cross sectional and longitudinal studies in two rescue kennels and two boarding kennels, together with molecular diagnostics, to provide a new insight into the epidemiology of CECoV. Prevalence of CECoV in the cross sectional studies tended to be higher in the rescue kennels (13.8% and 33.3%) than the boarding kennels (5.3% and 13.5%). In each kennel, type I CECoV was more prevalent than type 2 CECoV. The mean quantity of type I detected was equivalent to 6.3 × 10(8)gc/gm (range=5 × 10(6), 8.5 × 10(11)), compared to 1.3 × 10(8)gc/gm (range = 3 × 10(6), 2.4 × 10(10)) for type II. In one rescue shelter where dogs were followed longitudinally, infection was significantly associated with accommodation block as well as the length of stay (increased risk of CECoV per week in residence of × 1.9). Of those animals sampled on two or more occasions, none tested positive on arrival, and 54.5% later shed CECoV, suggesting that infection may have been acquired within the kennel. Shedding patterns and sequence analysis suggested both types I and II CECoV were maintained in this population by a combination of introductions into the shelter and within-shelter transmission. The findings suggest that some kennel environments may be important in maintaining CECoV infection in the population. We also propose that the diversity of viruses like CECoV in these populations may provide a novel surrogate marker for the success of biosecurity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom. jenny.stavisky@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stavisky
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinchbeck
authors.forename: Rosalind M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gaskell
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: German
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Radford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017939:Coronavirus, Canine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004285:Dogs; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005814:Genes, Viral; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019562:Viral Load; D017201:Virus Shedding