title: Sex dimorphism in the association of cardiometabolic characteristics and osteophytes-defined radiographic knee osteoarthritis among obese and non-obese adults: NHANES III.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of knee osteoarthritis (OA) with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors by obesity status and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1,066 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III participants (≥60 years of age) was used to examine relationships of osteophytes-defined radiographic knee OA and cardiovascular and metabolic measures. Analyses were considered among obese [body mass index (BMI)≥30 kg/m(2)] and non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m(2)) men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of osteophytes-defined radiographic knee OA was 34%. Leptin levels and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), a proxy measure of insulin resistance, were significantly associated with knee OA; those with knee OA had 35% higher HOMA-IR values and 52% higher leptin levels compared to those without knee OA. The magnitude of the association between HOMA-IR and knee OA was strongest among men, regardless of obesity status; odds ratios (ORs) for HOMA-IR were 34% greater among non-obese men (OR=1.18) vs obese women (OR=0.88). Among obese women, a 5-μg/L higher leptin was associated with nearly 30% higher odds of having knee OA (OR=1.28). Among men, ORs for the association of leptin and knee OA were in the opposite direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiometabolic dysfunction is related to osteophytes-defined radiographic knee OA prevalence and persists within subgroups defined by obesity status and gender. A sex dimorphism in the direction and magnitude of cardiometabolic risk factors with respect to knee OA was described including HOMA-IR being associated with OA prevalence among men while leptin levels were most important among women.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ckarvone@umich.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Karvonen-Gutierrez
authors.forename: Mf R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Heeringa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D054850:Osteophyte / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids