title: Determination of an acceptable assimilable organic carbon (AOC) level for biological stability in water distribution systems with minimized chlorine residual.
abstract: There is considerable interest in minimizing the chlorine residual in Japan because of increasing complaints about a chlorinous odor in drinking water. However, minimizing the chlorine residual causes the microbiological water quality to deteriorate, and stricter control of biodegradable organics in finished water is thus needed to maintain biological stability during water distribution. In this investigation, an acceptable level of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) for biologically stable water with minimized chlorine residual was determined based on the relationship between AOC, the chlorine residual, and bacterial regrowth. In order to prepare water samples containing lower AOC, the fractions of AOC and biodegradable organic matter (BOM) in tap water samples were reduced by converting into biomass after thermal hydrolysis of BOM at alkaline conditions. The batch-mode incubations at different conditions of AOC and chlorine residual were carried out at 20 °C, and the presence or absence of bacterial regrowth was determined. The determined curve for biologically stable water indicated that the acceptable AOC was 10.9 μg C/L at a minimized chlorine residual (0.05 mg Cl(2)/L). This result indicated that AOC removal during current water treatment processes in Japan should be significantly enhanced prior to minimization of the chlorine residual in water distribution.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan. yohkouchi@urban.env.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohkouchi
authors.forename: Bich Thuy
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: Suguru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Sadahiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007564:Japan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D002244:Carbon