title: Temporal candidate gene expression in the sow placenta and embryo during early gestation and effect of maternal Progenos supplementation on embryonic and placental development.
abstract: The present study characterised gene expression associated with embryonic muscle development and placental vascularisation during early gestation in the pig and examined effects of Progenos supplementation in early pregnancy. Tissues were collected from commercial multiparous sows (n = 48) from Days 16 to 49 of gestation. In the placenta, qPCR revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) expression did not change from Day 17 to 49 of gestation; however, KDR receptor and angiopoietin-1 and -2 expression were differentially regulated, with periods of high expression corresponding to two critical phases of angiogenesis in the pig. In the embryo, the pattern of myogenesis-related gene expression was consistent with available literature. A commercially available nutritional supplement Progenos (20 g day⁻¹ L-arginine) added to the diet of sows from either Day 15 to 29 (P15-29; n = 33), Day 30 to 44 (n = 29) or from Day 15 to 44 (n = 76) of gestation tended to increase (P = 0.058) embryonic growth rate compared with non-supplemented controls (n = 79) and angiogenin expression was higher (P = 0.028) at Day 30 of gestation in placentae from sows on the P15-29 Progenos treatment. These results are consistent with proposed beneficial effects of l-arginine on early embryonic development and placental vascularisation.
authors.affiliation: Swine Reproduction-Development Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pasternak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oxtoby
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Foxcroft
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D020964:Embryo Loss / Q000517:prevention & control; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D024510:Muscle Development; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D010929:Placentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D042682:Angiopoietins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001120:Arginine; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2