title: Propylthiouracil is teratogenic in murine embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is treated with the antithyroid drugs (ATD) propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI). PTU currently is recommended as the drug of choice during early pregnancy. Yet, despite widespread ATD use in pregnancy, formal studies of ATD teratogenic effects have not been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the teratogenic effects of PTU and MMI during embryogenesis in mice. To span different periods of embryogenesis, dams were treated with compounds or vehicle daily from embryonic day (E) 7.5 to 9.5 or from E3.5 to E7.5. Embryos were examined for gross malformations at E10.5 or E18.5 followed by histological and micro-CT analysis. Influences of PTU on gene expression levels were examined by RNA microarray analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When dams were treated from E7.5 to E9.5 with PTU, neural tube and cardiac abnormalities were observed at E10.5. Cranial neural tube defects were significantly more common among the PTU-exposed embryos than those exposed to MMI or vehicle. Blood in the pericardial sac, which is a feature indicative of abnormal cardiac function and/or abnormal vasculature, was observed more frequently in PTU-treated than MMI-treated or vehicle-treated embryos. Following PTU treatment, a total of 134 differentially expressed genes were identified. Disrupted genetic pathways were those associated with cytoskeleton remodeling and keratin filaments. At E 18.5, no gross malformations were evident in either ATD group, but the number of viable PTU embryos per dam at E18.5 was significantly lower from those at E10.5, indicating loss of malformed embryos. These data show that PTU exposure during embryogenesis is associated with delayed neural tube closure and cardiac abnormalities. In contrast, we did not observe structural or cardiac defects associated with MMI exposure except at the higher dose. We find that PTU exposure during embryogenesis is associated with fetal loss. These observations suggest that PTU has teratogenic potential.
authors.affiliation: Section of Developmental Endocrinology and Biology, Yale Pediatric Thyroid Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Valeria C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.forename: Murali K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mallela
authors.forename: Carmen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wendler
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rivkees
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D008297:Male; D008713:Methimazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D011441:Propylthiouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D013723:Teratogens; D008713:Methimazole; D011441:Propylthiouracil