title: Chronic pain, healthcare utilization, and quality of life following gastrointestinal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim in this pilot study was to identify potential predictors of chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) and other outcomes to consider for inclusion in future prospective studies of CPSP following abdominal gastrointestinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 76 surgical patients during this prospective single-centre cohort study. Pain characteristics, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and healthcare utilization were assessed preoperatively, at six weeks postoperatively, and at six months postoperatively. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to surgery, 42% of patients reported no pain, 18% reported remote pain, and 33% reported pain at the surgical site. Six months after surgery, 29% of patients with preoperative remote pain and 35% of patients with preoperative pain at the surgical site reported CPSP. Pain-related interference declined from the preoperative to postoperative period; however, six months after surgery almost one-third of participants continued to report pain-related interference with mood (28%), sleep (30%), and enjoyment of life (30%). Consistent with studies of other surgical procedures, measures of anxiety and depression were associated with an increased risk of CPSP. During the six months following surgery, 12% of patients visited the Emergency Department, 15% visited non-traditional providers, and 9.2% visited a walk-in clinic for pain. Compared with Canadian norms, HRQOL was poorer in all domains preoperatively, in all domains but mental health six weeks postoperatively, and in most domains six months postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This feasibility study provides a template for future studies of CPSP following gastrointestinal surgery. Results suggest a substantial burden of persistent pain, healthcare utilization, and decreased HRQOL. Larger-scale studies that are similarly designed will serve to identify predictors of CPSP in this surgical population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, School of Nursing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. ev5@queensu.ca
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: VanDenKerkhof
authors.forename: Wilma M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Hopman
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Belliveau
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gilron
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors