title: Mismatch negativity and low frequency oscillations in schizophrenia families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Theta-alpha range oscillations have been associated with MMN in healthy controls. Our previous studies showed that theta-alpha activities are highly heritable in schizophrenia patients' families. We aimed to test the hypothesis that theta-alpha activities may contribute to MMN in schizophrenia patients and their family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared MMN and single trial oscillations during MMN in 95 patients, 75 first-degree relatives, 87 controls, and 34 community subjects with schizophrenia spectrum personality (SSP) traits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that (1) MMN was reduced in patients (p<0.001) and SSP subjects (p=0.047) but not in relatives (p=0.42); (2) there were augmented 1-20 Hz oscillations in patients (p=0.02 to <0.001) during standard and deviant stimuli; (3) theta-alpha (5-12 Hz) oscillations had the strongest correlation to MMN in controls and relatives (ΔR(2)=21.4-23.9%, all p<0.001), while delta (<5 Hz) showed the strongest correlation to MMN in schizophrenia and SSP trait subjects; and, (4) MMN (h(2)=0.56, p=0.002) and theta-alpha (h(2)=0.55, p=0.004) were heritable traits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low frequency oscillations have a robust relationship with MMN and the relationship appears altered by schizophrenia; and schizophrenia patients showed augmented low frequency activities during the MMN paradigm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results encourage investigation of low frequency oscillations to elucidate the neurophysiological pathology underlying MMN abnormalities in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21228, USA. ehong@mprc.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: L Elliot
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Lauren V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Summerfelt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*