title: Diffusion of counterfeit drugs in developing countries and stability of galenics stored for months under different conditions of temperature and relative humidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the diffusion of counterfeit medicines in developing countries and to verify the stability of galenic dosage forms to determine the stability of galenics prepared and stored in developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We purchased 221 pharmaceutical samples belonging to different therapeutic classes both in authorized and illegal pharmacies and subjected them to European Pharmacopoeia, 7th ed. quality tests. An UV-visible spectrophotometric assay was used to determine the galenics stability under different conditions of temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A substantial percentage of samples was substandard (52%) and thus had to be considered as counterfeit. Stability tests for galenics showed that the tested dosage forms were stable for 24 months under "standard" (t=25±2°C, RH=50±5%) conditions. Under "accelerated" (t=40±2°C, RH=50±5%) conditions, samples were stable for 3 months provided that they were stored in glass containers. Stability results of samples stored in "accelerated" conditions were similar to those obtained by on site in tropical countries and could so supply precious information on the expected stability of galenics in tropical countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study gives useful information about the presence of counterfeit medicinal products in the pharmacies of many developing countries. This should serve as an alarm bell and an input for the production of galenics. We recommend setting up of galenic laboratories in developing countries around the globe.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Science and Technology of Drug, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baratta
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Germano
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brusa
mesh_terms: D058110:Counterfeit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004058:Diffusion; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005607:Fraud; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D058110:Counterfeit Drugs