title: Anaesthetic and other treatments of shell shock: World War I and beyond.
abstract: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an important health risk factor for military personnel deployed in modern warfare. In World War I this condition (then known as shell shock or 'neurasthenia') was such a problem that 'forward psychiatry' was begun by French doctors in 1915. Some British doctors tried general anaesthesia as a treatment (ether and chloroform), while others preferred application of electricity. Four British 'forward psychiatric units' were set up in 1917. Hospitals for shell shocked soldiers were also established in Britain, including (for officers) Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh; patients diagnosed to have more serious psychiatric conditions were transferred to the Royal Edinburgh Asylum. Towards the end of 1918 anaesthetic and electrical treatments of shell shock were gradually displaced by modified Freudian methods psychodynamic intervention. The efficacy of 'forward psychiatry' was controversial. In 1922 the War Office produced a report on shell shock with recommendations for prevention of war neurosis. However, when World War II broke out in 1939, this seemed to have been ignored. The term 'combat fatigue' was introduced as breakdown rates became alarming, and then the value of pre-selection was recognised. At the Maudsley Hospital in London in 1940 barbiturate abreaction was advocated for quick relief from severe anxiety and hysteria, using i.v. anaesthetics: Somnifaine, paraldehyde, Sodium Amytal. 'Pentothal narcosis' and 'narco-analysis' were adopted by British and American military psychiatrists. However, by 1945 medical thinking gradually settled on the same approaches that had seemed to be effective in 1918. The term PTSD was introduced in 1980. In the UK the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for management (2005) recommend trauma-focussed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and consideration of antidepressants.
authors.affiliation: Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH 16 4SA. alistair.mckenzie@luht.scor.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: McKenzie
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000266:history / Q000628:therapy*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000266:history / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047869:Korean War; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000266:history*; D008889:Military Personnel; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000266:history / Q000628:therapy*; D013874:Thiopental / Q000266:history / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047829:Vietnam Conflict; D047828:World War I; D047789:World War II
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D013874:Thiopental