title: Enhancement of cell permeabilization apoptosis-inducing activity of selenium nanoparticles by ATP surface decoration.
abstract: A simple method for preparation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) surface-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs@ATP) with enhanced cell permeabilization and anticancer activity has been demonstrated in the study reported in this article. Spherical SeNPs were decorated with ATP by strong adsorption through an Se-N bond, leading to the highly stable structure of the conjugates. ATP surface decoration significantly enhanced the cellular uptake and anticancer activity of SeNPs. Induction of apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by SeNPs@ATP was evidenced by accumulation of the sub-G1 cell population, phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage and caspase activation. Further studies found that SeNPs@ATP treatment triggered the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Our results demonstrate that the use of ATP as a surface decorator of SeNPs is a novel strategy to achieve anticancer synergy. SeNPs@ATP may be a candidate for further evaluation as a chemotherapeutic agent for human cancers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this paper, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) surface-functionalized selenium nanoparticles are discussed as cell-penetrating anticancer agents. Conjugates are stable and ATP functionalization greatly enhances the apoptosis induction properties of the selenium nanoparticles in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yibo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Cundong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Tianfeng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D053758:Nanoparticles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D012643:Selenium