title: A field study on the influence of food and immune priming on a bumblebee-gut parasite system.
abstract: Laboratory experiments are often preferred over field experiments because they allow the control of confounding factors that would otherwise influence the causal effect of a particular focal experimental factor. These confounding factors can, however, significantly alter the response of an organism confronted with a particular situation, which can have great implications. In a field experiment with a bumblebee host-parasite system, we looked at the influence of additional food supply and immune challenge on various colony fitness values and parasite traits. We could confirm the importance of food on the colony fitness, but not on parasite infection probability or parasite genetic diversity. In contrast to the findings of laboratory experiments of this system, challenge of the immune system had no significant effect on colony fitness or parasite infections. These results likely reflect an overriding effect of environmental variation without disproving the concept of a cost of defence per se. But the results also demonstrate that confounding factors purposely controlled for in the laboratory have to be weighed against their ecological relevance, and stress the need for careful analysis before any direct transfer is made of laboratory results to field situations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland. gabriel.cisarovsky@env.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cisarovsky
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmid-Hempel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D016830:Kinetoplastida / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D011336:Probability