title: Phase 2 assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of two inactivated pandemic monovalent H1N1 vaccines in adults as a component of the U.S. pandemic preparedness plan in 2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in 2009 created an urgent need to develop vaccines for mass immunization. To guide decisions regarding the optimal immunization dosage and schedule for adults, we evaluated two monovalent, inactivated, unadjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccines in independent, but simultaneously conducted, multi-center Phase 2 trials of identical design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adults, stratified by age (18-64 years and ≥65 years), were randomized (1:1 allocation), in a double-blind, parallel-group design, to receive two intramuscular doses (21 days apart) of vaccine containing approximately 15 μg or 30 μg of hemagglutinin (HA). Primary endpoints were safety (reactogenicity for 8 days after each vaccination and vaccine-associated serious adverse events during the 7 month study) and immunogenicity (proportion of subjects, stratified by age, achieving a serum hemagglutination inhibition [HI] antibody titer ≥1:40 or a ≥4-fold rise in titer after a single injection of either dosage).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both vaccines were well-tolerated. A single 15 μg dose induced HI titers ≥1:40 in 90% of younger adults (95% confidence interval [CI] 82-95%) and 81% of elderly (95% CI 71-88%) who received Sanofi-Pasteur vaccine (subsequently found to contain 24 μg HA in the standard potency assay), and in 80% of younger adults (95% CI 71-88%) and 60% of elderly (95% CI 50-70%) who received CSL vaccine. Both vaccines were significantly more immunogenic in younger compared with elderly adults by at least one endpoint measure. Increasing the dose to 30 μg raised the frequency of HI titers ≥1:40 in the elderly by approximately 10%. Higher dosage did not significantly enhance immunogenicity in younger adults and a second dose provided little additional benefit to either age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These trials provided evidence for policymakers that a single 15 μg dose of 2009 A/H1N1 vaccine would likely protect most U.S. adults and suggest a potential benefit of a 30 μg dose for the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Wilbur H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Winokur
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Emmanuel B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Noah
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kotloff
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated