title: The interplay among preschool child and family factors and the development of ODD symptoms.
abstract: The present study examined (a) the interactions between early behavior, early parenting, and early family adversity in predicting later oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, and (b) the reciprocal relations between parent functioning and ODD symptoms across the preschool years. Participants were 258 three-year-old children (138 boys, 120 girls) and their parents from diverse backgrounds who participated in a 4-year longitudinal study. Early child behavior, parenting, and family adversity did not significantly interact in the predicted direction. Reciprocal relations between ODD symptoms and parent functioning were observed for maternal and paternal depression, and maternal warmth. Paternal laxness at age 4 predicted ODD symptoms at age 5 and paternal laxness at age 5 predicted ODD symptoms at age 6, but child ODD did not significantly predict paternal laxness. Results suggest that ODD symptoms may develop through a transactional process between parent and child functioning across the preschool years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. eharvey@psych.umass.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors