title: Impact of recombination on polymorphism of genes encoding Kunitz-type protease inhibitors in the genus Solanum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The group of Kunitz-type protease inhibitors (KPI) from potato is encoded by a polymorphic family of multiple allelic and non-allelic genes. The previous explanations of the KPI variability were based on the hypothesis of random mutagenesis as a key factor of KPI polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KPI-A genes from the genomes of Solanum tuberosum cv. Istrinskii and the wild species Solanum palustre were amplified by PCR with subsequent cloning in plasmids. True KPI sequences were derived from comparison of the cloned copies. "Hot spots" of recombination in KPI genes were independently identified by DnaSP 4.0 and TOPALi v2.5 software. The KPI-A sequence from potato cv. Istrinskii was found to be 100% identical to the gene from Solanum nigrum. This fact illustrates a high degree of similarity of KPI genes in the genus Solanum. Pairwise comparison of KPI A and B genes unambiguously showed a non-uniform extent of polymorphism at different nt positions. Moreover, the occurrence of substitutions was not random along the strand. Taken together, these facts contradict the traditional hypothesis of random mutagenesis as a principal source of KPI gene polymorphism. The experimentally found mosaic structure of KPI genes in both plants studied is consistent with the hypothesis suggesting recombination of ancestral genes. The same mechanism was proposed earlier for other resistance-conferring genes in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Based on the data obtained, we searched for potential motifs of site-specific binding with plant DNA recombinases. During this work, we analyzed the sequencing data reported by the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium (PGSC), 2011 and found considerable inconsistence of their data concerning the number, location, and orientation of KPI genes of groups A and B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The key role of recombination rather than random point mutagenesis in KPI polymorphism was demonstrated for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. hannadt@mail.ru
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Speranskaya
authors.forename: Anastasia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Krinitsina
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kudryavtseva
authors.forename: Palmiro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poltronieri
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santino
authors.forename: Nina Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Oparina
authors.forename: Alexey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dmitriev
authors.forename: Maxim S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Belenikin
authors.forename: Marina A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guseva
authors.forename: Alexei B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shevelev
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D059765:Homologous Recombination; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D032322:Solanum / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C053865:Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, plant; D010455:Peptides; D010940:Plant Proteins