title: Monitoring of early warning indicators for HIV drug resistance in antiretroviral therapy clinics in Zimbabwe.
abstract: Monitoring human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance (HIVDR) early warning indicators (EWIs) can help national antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs to identify clinic factors associated with HIVDR emergence and provide evidence to support national program and clinic-level adjustments, if necessary. World Health Organization-recommended HIVDR EWIs were monitored in Zimbabwe using routinely available data at selected ART clinics between 2007 and 2009. As Zimbabwe's national ART coverage increases, improved ART information systems are required to strengthen routine national ART monitoring and evaluation and facilitate scale-up of HIVDR EWI monitoring. Attention should be paid to minimizing loss to follow-up, supporting adherence, and ensuring clinic-level drug supply continuity.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dzangare
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonese
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mugurungi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shamu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Apollo
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chakanyuka
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cham
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Banda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D009313:National Health Programs; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014944:World Health Organization; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents