title: HIV drug resistance early warning indicators in cohorts of individuals starting antiretroviral therapy between 2004 and 2009: World Health Organization global report from 50 countries.
abstract: The World Health Organization developed a set of human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance (HIVDR) early warning indicators (EWIs) to assess antiretroviral therapy clinic and program factors associated with HIVDR. EWIs are monitored by abstracting data routinely recorded in clinical records, and the results enable clinics and program managers to identify problems that should be addressed to minimize preventable emergence of HIVDR in clinic populations. As of June 2011, 50 countries monitored EWIs, covering 131 686 patients initiating antiretroviral treatment between 2004 and 2009 at 2107 clinics. HIVDR prevention is associated with patient care (appropriate prescribing and patient monitoring), patient behavior (adherence), and clinic/program management efforts to reduce treatment interruptions (follow up, retention on first-line ART, procurement and supply management of antiretroviral drugs). EWIs measure these factors and the results have been used to optimize patient and population treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. dib1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertagnolio
authors.forename: Steven Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ravasi
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saadani
authors.forename: Karen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003906:Developing Countries; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents