title: Surgery for pelvic organ prolapse: a historical perspective.
abstract: Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse has evolved from the use of pomegranates as pessary devices to contemporary robot-assisted laparoscopic sacral colpopexy. Symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse requires correction of all the defects to achieve optimal outcomes. Factors to consider in selecting the appropriate repair include patient's age; stage of prolapse; vaginal length; hormonal status; desire for uterine preservation and coitus; symptoms of sexual, urinary, or bowel dysfunction; and any comorbidities that influence her eligibility for anesthesia or chronically increase intra-abdominal pressure. There is currently no consensus as to the best surgical approach for advanced pelvic organ prolapse. Reconstructive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is currently performed by vaginal or abdominal (open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches) approaches or a combination. It is important to maintain skills in proven procedures such as abdominal sacrocolpopexy and sacrospinous ligament suspension. This paper discusses the historical evolution of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse from antiquity to date.
authors.affiliation: Section of Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, Voiding Dysfunction, Neuro-Urology, and Urodynamics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Yanina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barbalat
authors.forename: Hari S G R
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Tunuguntla
mesh_terms: D052858:Cystocele / Q000266:history / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000601:surgery; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery*; D010570:Pessaries / Q000266:history; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000601:surgery