title: Association between thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity, and state and trait factors of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether thyroid function and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) are associated with depression, when using both state and trait parameters of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1125 participants of the Nijmegen Biomedical Study, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and TPOAb were measured twice. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of depression, and the neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RSS) were used to evaluate the presence of state and trait features of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no association between TSH and FT4 levels and BDI score, current depression, lifetime diagnosis of depression, and EPQ-RSS neuroticism score. Subjects with TPOAb had higher EPQ-RSS neuroticism scores in comparison with subjects without TPOAb, mean score 4.1 vs. 3.2 (regression coefficient 0.70; 95% CI 0.1-1.3; P-value 0.02 after adjustment for confounders). The prevalence of a lifetime diagnosis of depression was higher in subjects with positive TPOAb in comparison with participants without TPOAb: 24.2% vs. 16.7% (relative risk 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.1; P-value 0.04 after adjustment for confounders).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thyroid peroxidase antibodies are positively associated with trait markers of depression. The presence of TPOAb may be a vulnerability marker for depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands. ac.ven@aig.umcn.nl
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van de Ven
authors.forename: J-W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Muntjewerff
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Netea-Maier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Vegt
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: F C G J
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Sweep
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: A R M M
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hermus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: den Heijer
authors.forename: J G E
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Janzing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015551:Autoimmunity; D015415:Biomarkers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075384:Neuroticism; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; C056626:thyroid microsomal antibodies; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013974:Thyroxine