title: Anti-inflammatory activity of Korean thistle Cirsium maackii and its major flavonoid, luteolin 5-O-glucoside.
abstract: The anti-inflammatory activity of whole Cirsium maackii (family Compositae) plants and of its major flavonoid, luteolin 5-O-glucoside, was evaluated for their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, and tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. The methanolic extract of C. maackii showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, and was thus fractionated with several solvents. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, exhibiting the highest anti-inflammatory activity potential, was further to yield a major flavonoid, luteolin 5-O-glucoside. We found that luteolin 5-O-glucoside, at a non-toxic concentration, inhibited LPS-induced NO production and t-BHP-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. It also suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, the efficacies of the methanolic extract of C. maackii in inhibiting both NO and ROS were attributed to its flavonoid content by HPLC analysis. These results indicated that C. maackii whole plants and its flavonoids inhibit the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in through the inhibition of ROS generation, and therefore can be considered as a useful therapeutic and preventive approach for the treatment of various inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea. jungha@jbnu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Hyun Ah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Seong Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Byung-Sun
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Byung-Woo
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Sue
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D031180:Cirsium / Q000737:chemistry*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D047309:Flavones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012997:Solvents; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D047309:Flavones; D005960:Glucosides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012997:Solvents; C546987:luteolin 5-O-glucopyranoside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II