title: Neurite outgrowth of PC12 mutant cells induced by orange oil and d-limonene via the p38 MAPK pathway.
abstract: We studied the effects of natural essential oil on neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 neuronal cells to elucidate the mechanism underlying the action of the oils used in aromatherapy. Neurite outgrowth can be induced by nerve growth factor (NGF), where ERK and p38 MAPK among MAPK pathways play important roles in activating intracellular signal transduction. In this study, we investigated whether d-limonene, the major component of essential oils from oranges, can promote neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 cells, in which neurite outgrowth can be induced by various physical stimulations. We also examined by which pathways, the ERK, p38 MAPK or JNK pathway, d-limonene acts on PC12m3 cells. Our results showed that neurite outgrowth can be induced when the cells are treated with d-limonene. After treatment with d-limonene, we observed that p38 MAPK is strongly activated in PC12m3 cells, while ERK is weakly activated. In contrast, JNK shows little activity. A study using an inhibitor of p38 MAPK revealed that neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 cells is induced via the activation of p38 MAPK by d-limonene. The results thus indicate that d-limonene may promote neural cell differentiation mainly via activation of the p38 MAPK pathway.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Science, School of Health Science, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Misae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinomiya
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanida
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagoshi
authors.forename: Hirotoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motoda
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasanami
authors.forename: Fukumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hiragami
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077222:Limonene; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis; D016716:PC12 Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D000077222:Limonene; C087245:orange oil; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases