title: Adipokines and metabolic syndrome risk factors in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been recognized as a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome and CVD. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between levels of cytokines, components of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk markers in women with previous gestational diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (n = 41) with gestational diabetes background (cases) and 21 healthy women (controls) in the postpartum period were enrolled. Demographic and clinical data, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and uric acid and adipokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, leptin and adiponectin) were compared and their relationships analysed. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was calculated by WHO and NCEP-ATPIII definitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences between cases and controls: body mass index (kg/m(2) ) 27.4 ± 5.6 vs 23.9 ± 3.6 (p = 0.013), waist circumference (cm) 85.2 ± 12.9 vs 77.5 ± 9.0 (p = 0.017), metabolic syndrome (WHO definition) 14.6% vs 0% (p = 0.012), metabolic syndrome (NCEP-ATPIII definition) 22% vs 0% (p = 0.002), low HDL 36.6% vs 9.5% (p = 0.024), fasting glucose (mmol/L) 5.4 ± 0.6 vs 4.9 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001), glucose 120' oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/L) 5.8 ± 1.7vs 4.7 ± 0.8 (p = 0.007), fasting insulin (μU/mL) 13.4 ± 8.1 vs 8.4 ± 4.3 (p = 0.004), HOMA index 3.3 ± 2.3 vs 1.8 ± 1.0 (p = 0.002), HbA(1c) (%) 5.4 ± 0.2 vs 5.2 ± 0.2 (p = 0.021), uric acid (mg/dL) 4.1 ± 1 vs 3.5 ± 0.6 (p = 0.009), leptin (ng/mL) 32 025.5 ± 19 917.3 vs 20 258.9 ± 16 359.9 (p = 0.023), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with previous gestational diabetes have central adiposity, atherogenic lipid profile, carbohydrate intolerance and adverse adipokine profile, all of which are risk factors for the future development of metabolic disease and CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: M Mar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Roca-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Tinoco
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Deudero
authors.forename: Mora
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murri
authors.forename: María Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: García-Palacios
authors.forename: M Amor
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: García-Valero
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tinahones-Madueño
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Diosdado
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids