title: A fibreoptic endoscopic study of upper gastrointestinal bleeding at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania: a retrospective review of 240 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is recognized as a common and potentially life-threatening abdominal emergency that needs a prompt assessment and aggressive emergency treatment. A retrospective study was undertaken at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania between March 2010 and September 2011 to describe our own experiences with fibreoptic upper GI endoscopy in the management of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in our setting and compare our results with those from other centers in the world.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 240 patients representing 18.7% of all patients (i.e. 1292) who had fibreoptic upper GI endoscopy during the study period were studied. Males outnumbered female by a ratio of 2.1:1. Their median age was 37 years and most of patients (60.0%) were aged 40 years and below. The vast majority of the patients (80.4%) presented with haematemesis alone followed by malaena alone in 9.2% of cases. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol and smoking prior to the onset of bleeding was recorded in 7.9%, 51.7% and 38.3% of cases respectively. Previous history of peptic ulcer disease was reported in 22(9.2%) patients. Nine (3.8%) patients were HIV positive. The source of bleeding was accurately identified in 97.7% of patients. Diagnostic accuracy was greater within the first 24 h of the bleeding onset, and in the presence of haematemesis. Oesophageal varices were the most frequent cause of upper GI bleeding (51.3%) followed by peptic ulcers in 25.0% of cases. The majority of patients (60.8%) were treated conservatively. Endoscopic and surgical treatments were performed in 30.8% and 5.8% of cases respectively. 140 (58.3%) patients received blood transfusion. The median length of hospitalization was 8 days and it was significantly longer in patients who underwent surgical treatment and those with higher Rockall scores (P < 0.001). Rebleeding was reported in 3.3% of the patients. The overall mortality rate of 11.7% was significantly higher in patients with variceal bleeding, shock, hepatic decompensation, HIV infection, comorbidities, malignancy, age > 60 years and in patients with higher Rockall scores and those who underwent surgery (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oesophageal varices are the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in our environment and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic accuracy of fibreoptic endoscopy was related to the time interval between the onset of bleeding and endoscopy. Therefore, it is recommended that early endoscopy should be performed within 24 h of the onset of bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. yasintaliwa5@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hyasinta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaka
authors.forename: Mheta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koy
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liwa
authors.forename: Rodrick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kabangila
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirambo
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scheppach
authors.forename: Eliasa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mkongo
authors.forename: Mabula D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McHembe
authors.forename: Phillipo L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chalya
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006396:Hematemesis / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008551:Melena / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013636:Tanzania; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal