title: Effects of power frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonin and sleep in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies investigating the effect of power frequency (50-60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) on melatonin synthesis in rats have been inconsistent with several showing suppression of melatonin synthesis, others showing no effect and a few actually demonstrating small increases. Scant research has focused on the ensuing sleep patterns of EMF exposed rats. The present study was designed to examine the effects of extremely low power frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the production of melatonin and the subsequent sleep structure in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 1000 milligauss (mG) magnetic field for 1 month. Urine was collected for the final 3 days of the exposure period for analysis of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, the major catabolic product of melatonin found in urine. Subsequent sleep was analyzed over a 24-hour period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Melatonin production was mildly increased in exposed animals. Although there were no statistically significant changes in sleep structure, exposed animals showed slight decreases in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep as compared to sham (non-exposed) animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Power frequency magnetic fields induced a marginally statistically significant increase in melatonin levels in exposed rats compared to control. Subsequent sleep analysis indicated little effect on the sleep architecture of rats, at least not within the first day after 1 month's continuous exposure. Varying results in the literature are discussed and future research suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dyche
authors.forename: A Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Anch
authors.forename: Kethera A J
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fogler
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Cecil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomas