title: D-dimer levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetic children and adolescents; Relation to microvascular complications and dyslipidemia "own data and review".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in the coagulation cascade have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the vascular diabetic complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to assess D-dimer level (as a marker of coagulation cascade/fibrinolysis activation) in type 1 and type 2 diabetics and its correlation with microvascular complications and serum total cholesterol (TC) level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety patients were included divided into two groups. Group 1; comprised 50 type 1 diabetics with a mean age of 13.56 years. Their disease duration ranged between 0.4-16 years. Group 2; comprised 40 type 2 diabetics with a mean age of 13.5 years. Their disease duration ranged between 0.4-8 years. Patients were compared to 60 healthy age and sex matched subjects served as controls. Laboratory investigations included; fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, quantitative urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), serum TC and measurement of plasma D-dimer levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 2 diabetics had significantly higher weight and body mass index (BMI) Standard deviation score (SDS) (p<0.0001) compared to type 1 diabetics. Type 2 diabetics had higher TC (p<0.04) and D-dimer levels (p<0.05) compared to type 1 diabetics. D-dimer level was highly significantly elevated among type 1 diabetics with retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy compared to non-complicated patients (p<0.01). D-dimer was significantly correlated with ACR (p<0.001) in both studied groups. In type 2 diabetics, TC level was positively correlated with BMI SDS (p<0.05), D-dimer level was significantly correlated with disease duration (p<0.05), blood pressure (p<0.01), and TC (p<0.05). In type 1 diabetics, D-dimer levels were positively correlated with blood pressure (p<0.01). In both types, D-dimer is positively correlated with ACR (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a tendency to hypercoagulability in both types of diabetes. This phenomenon may play a role in the development of diabetic microvascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El Asrar
authors.forename: Amira A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adly
authors.forename: Eman S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: El Hadidy
authors.forename: Mahmoud A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdelwahab
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D