title: Trait and state corticostriatal dysfunction in bipolar disorder during emotional face processing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Convergent evidence supports limbic, anterior paralimbic, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities in emotional processing in bipolar disorder (BD) and suggests that some abnormalities are mood-state dependent and others persist into euthymia. However, few studies have assessed elevated, depressed, and euthymic mood states while individuals processed emotional stimuli of varying valence to investigate trait- and state-related neural system responses. Here, regional brain responses to positive, negative, and neutral emotional stimuli were assessed in individuals with BD during elevated, depressed, and euthymic mood states.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-four subjects participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning while processing faces depicting happy, fearful, and neutral expressions: 76 with BD (18 in elevated mood states, 19 depressed, 39 euthymic) and 58 healthy comparison (HC) individuals. Analyses were performed for BD trait- and mood state-related features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventral anterior cingulate cortex (VACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and ventral striatum responses to happy and neutral faces were decreased in the BD group, compared to the HC group, and were not influenced by mood state. Elevated mood states were associated with decreased right rostral PFC activation to fearful and neutral faces, and depression was associated with increased left OFC activation to fearful faces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that abnormal VACC, OFC, and ventral striatum responses to happy and neutral stimuli are trait features of BD. Acute mood states may be associated with additional lateralized abnormalities of diminished right rostral PFC responses to fearful and neutral stimuli in elevated states and increased left OFC responses to fearful stimuli in depressed states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven , CT 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Benjamin N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Blond
authors.forename: Laura I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: van Dyck
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hilary P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Blumberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*