title: Reliability and repeatability of the Hoffmann sign.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the inter-rater, intrarater, and intrasubject reliability of the Hoffmann sign.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans Affairs medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two consenting subjects without amputation of the first through third fingers, fixed finger contractures, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, or any acute central neurological illness or injury within the past 3 months requiring hospital admission were recruited from inpatients and outpatients in the Spinal Cord Injury and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation services.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hoffmann sign was elicited by 1 primary and 3 secondary investigators who used a standardized technique. The Hoffmann sign was considered positive if any reflexive flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb or any of the fingers was present. In the first session, the primary and one secondary examiner performed 2 trials on both hands of each subject. Each investigator pair repeated the procedure in a second session.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohen's κ coefficient was calculated to determine (1) inter-rater reliability, calculated per investigator pair per hand, for the first trial of a session; (2) intrarater reliability, calculated between the 2 trials of each session per investigator; and (3) intrasubject reliability, calculated per hand of each subject between the first trials of the 2 sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-rater κ was 0.65 (188 pairs), intrarater κ was 0.89 (384 pairs), and intrasubject κ was 0.73 (178 pairs). All κ values were obtained with P < .01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Hoffmann sign has substantial inter-rater and intrasubject reliability, in addition to outstanding intrarater reliability, when tested with the use of a standardized technique.
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Service, Dallas VA Medical Center and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA. thiru.annaswamy@va.gov
authors.forename: Thiru M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Annaswamy
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Lance L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Fides M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Tejas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozarkar
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results