title: An analysis of flow dynamics in cerebral cavernous malformation and orbital cavernous angioma using indocyanine green videoangiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are known to be vascular anomalies with low perfusion because of being angiographically occult. We attempted direct visualization of blood flow within CCMs and orbital cavernous angiomas (CAs), and analyzed flow dynamics using indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG-VAG).
  
  
  METHODS
  This series included seven CCMs and two orbital CAs. ICG-VAG was performed to visualize blood flow of the lesions before resection. Time to peak of staining was evaluated by reviewing recorded ICG-VAG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In five of seven CCMs, stain was identified. CCMs were seen as avascular areas in both arterial and venous phases, and were stained gradually. Stain was maximized late after venous phase. The orbital CAs were also stained lately, but more intensely than CCMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study directly demonstrated slow and low perfusion within CCM and orbital CA using ICG-VAG. On the basis of characteristic flow dynamics of CCMs, intraoperative ICG-VAG provides useful information in microsurgical resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. murakami@nsg.med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Teiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tominaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply*; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green