title: Satratoxin-G from the black mold Stachybotrys chartarum induces rhinitis and apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal airways of rhesus monkeys.
abstract: Satratoxin-G (SG) is a trichothecene mycotoxin of Stachybotrys chartarum, the black mold suggested to contribute etiologically to illnesses associated with water-damaged buildings. We have reported that intranasal exposure to SG evokes apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and acute inflammation in the nose and brain of laboratory mice. To further assess the potential human risk of nasal airway injury and neurotoxicity, we developed a model of SG exposure in monkeys, whose nasal airways more closely resemble those of humans. Adult, male rhesus macaques received a single intranasal instillation of 20 µg SG (high dose, n = 3), or 5 µg SG daily for four days (repeated low dose, n = 3) in one nasal passage, and saline vehicle in the contralateral nasal passage. Nasal tissues were examined using light and electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. SG induced acute rhinitis, atrophy of the olfactory epithelium (OE), and apoptosis of OSNs in both groups. High-dose and repeated low-dose SG elicited a 13% and 66% reduction in OSN volume density, and a 14-fold and 24-fold increase in apoptotic cells of the OE, respectively. This model provides new insight into the potential risk of nasal airway injury and neurotoxicity caused by exposure to water-damaged buildings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. careys@msu.edu
authors.forename: Stephan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Plopper
authors.forename: Dallas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Zahidul
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pestka
authors.forename: Jack R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Harkema
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D009504:Neutrophils; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018034:Olfactory Receptor Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013191:Stachybotrys / Q000737:chemistry*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014255:Trichothecenes; C028268:satratoxin G