title: Are urban low-income children from unplanned pregnancy exposed to higher levels of environmental tobacco smoke?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The negative consequences of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in children have been well documented. Our objective is to assess whether children of unplanned pregnancies are at increased risk for ETS exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected through interviews of mothers who accompanied their children to the Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan. Associations of ETS exposure with unplanned pregnancy were analyzed using the χ2 test and stratified by maternal smoking status. Results from the bivariate analysis were further verified using a multiple logistic regression method to control for significant covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the sample of 399 children, 125 (31.3%) were born from unplanned pregnancies; 47.2% of the unplanned children and 25.6% of the planned children were exposed to ETS (χ2 = 18.4, p < .01). Unplanned children of non-smoking mothers also experienced higher levels of exposure to ETS compared with planned children (22.45% vs. 10.05%, χ(2) = 5.50, p < .05). The association remained significant after controlling for covariates (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45; 95% confidence interval = 1.03, 5.84; p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this study suggest the importance of preventing ETS in urban children, particularly those from unplanned pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Sustainability, University of Massachusetts–Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. Yuanjing.ren@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yuanjing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Xinguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bonita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stanton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D015995:Prevalence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution