title: Biomarkers in acute heart failure--state of the art.
abstract: The role of biomarkers in the management of patients with acute heart failure (HF) has evolved rapidly in the past several years. Representing a major burden on health systems, acute HF has increased the need for earlier diagnosis, better risk stratification, and cost-effective treatment to reduce rates of hospitalization. Biomarker-guided diagnosis and treatment have become essential, especially in the acute setting to which the majority of the patients with acute HF initially present. Studies clearly demonstrate the complexity of these patients, who commonly have multiple comorbidities necessitating an integrative approach. Several groundbreaking studies conducted in the past decade have demonstrated how biomarkers, individually or in combination, can outperform conventional laboratory tests used in the emergency department as well as in hospitalized patients with acute HF. In this Review, we will provide an update on biomarkers considered state of the art in the diagnosis and management of patients with acute HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA. amaisel@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Maisel
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choudhary
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002116:Calcitonin; D006020:Glycopeptides; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006020:Glycopeptides; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C048197:copeptins; D002116:Calcitonin