title: Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks.
abstract: The impulsive behavior that is often characteristic of adolescence may reflect underlying neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct, and it is plausible that distinct brain networks contribute to its different cognitive, clinical and behavioral aspects. As these networks have not yet been described, we identified distinct cortical and subcortical networks underlying successful inhibitions and inhibition failures in a large sample (n = 1,896) of 14-year-old adolescents. Different networks were associated with drug use (n = 1,593) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (n = 342). Hypofunctioning of a specific orbitofrontal cortical network was associated with likelihood of initiating drug use in early adolescence. Right inferior frontal activity was related to the speed of the inhibition process (n = 826) and use of illegal substances and associated with genetic variation in a norepinephrine transporter gene (n = 819). Our results indicate that both neural endophenotypes and genetic variation give rise to the various manifestations of impulsive behavior.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. robert.whelan@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Conrod
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Poline
authors.forename: Anbarasu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lourdusamy
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bellgrove
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Büchel
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Tarrant D R
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fauth-Bühler
authors.forename: Herta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Flor
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallinat
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ittermann
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martinot
authors.forename: Edmund C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lalor
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lathrop
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loth
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nees
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paus
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rietschel
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Smolka
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spanagel
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Struve
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thyreau
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vollstaedt-Klein
authors.forename: Trevor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garavan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493227:SLC6A2 protein, human