title: Impact of salinity and pH on the UVC/H2O2 treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate produced from municipal wastewater reclamation.
abstract: While reverse osmosis (RO) technology is playing an increasingly important role in the reclamation of municipal wastewater, safe disposal of the resulting RO concentrate (ROC), which can have high levels of effluent organic pollutants, remains a challenge to the water industry. The potential of UVC/H(2)O(2) treatment for degrading the organic pollutants and increasing their biodegradability has been demonstrated in several studies, and in this work the impact of the water quality variables pH, salinity and initial organic concentration on the UVC/H(2)O(2) (3 mM) treatment of a municipal ROC was investigated. The reduction in chemical oxygen demand and dissolved organic carbon was markedly faster and greater under acidic conditions, and the treatment performance was apparently not affected by salinity as increasing the ROC salinity 4-fold had only minimal impact on organics reduction. The biodegradability of the ROC (as indicated by biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) level) was at least doubled after 2 h UVC/H(2)O(2) treatment under various reaction conditions. However, the production of biodegradable intermediates was limited after 30 min treatment, which was associated with the depletion of the conjugated compounds. Overall, more than 80% of the DOC was removed after 2 h UVC/3 mM H(2)O(2) treatment followed by biological treatment (BDOC test) for the ROC at pH 4-8.5 and electrical conductivity up to 11.16 mS/cm. However, shorter UV irradiation time gave markedly higher energy efficiency (e.g., EE/O 50 kWh/m(3) at 30 min (63% DOC removal) cf. 112 kWh/m(3) at 2 h). No toxicity was detected for the treated ROC using Microtox(®) tests. Although the trihalomethane formation potential increased after the UVC/H(2)O(2) treatment, it was reduced to below that of the raw ROC after the biological treatment.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Felicity A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Roddick
authors.forename: Linhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000528:radiation effects; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000528:radiation effects; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009995:Osmosis; D054712:Salinity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013997:Time Factors; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide