title: Effect of a pharmacist-managed hypertension program on health system costs: an evaluation of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists-Hypertension (SCRIP-HTN).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the potential cost savings of a community pharmacy-based hypertension management program based on the results of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists-Hypertension (SCRIP-HTN) study in terms of avoided cardiovascular events-myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure hospitalization, and to compare these cost savings with the cost of the pharmacist intervention program.
  
  
  METHODS
  An economic model was developed to estimate the potential cost avoidance in direct health care resources from reduced cardiovascular events over a 1-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SCRIP-HTN study found that patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension who were receiving the pharmacist intervention had a greater mean reduction in systolic blood pressure of 5.6 mm Hg than patients receiving usual care. For our model, published meta-analysis data were used to compute cardiovascular event absolute risk reductions associated with a 5.6-mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure over 6 months. Costs/event were obtained from administrative data, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results. Two program scenarios were evaluated-one with monthly follow-up for a total of 1 year with sustained blood pressure reduction, and the other in which pharmacist care ended after the 6-month program but the effects on systolic blood pressure diminished over time. The cost saving results from the economic model were then compared with the costs of the program. Annual estimated cost savings (in 2011 Canadian dollars) from avoided cardiovascular events were $265/patient (95% confidence interval [CI] $63-467) if the program lasted 1 year or $221/patient (95%CI $72-371) if pharmacist care ceased after 6 months with an assumed loss of effect afterward. Estimated pharmacist costs were $90/patient for 6 months or $150/patient for 1 year, suggesting that pharmacist-managed programs are cost saving, with the annual net total cost savings/patient estimated to be $131 for a program lasting 6 months or $115 for a program lasting 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our model found that community pharmacist interventions capable of reducing systolic blood pressure by 5.6 mm Hg within 6 months are cost saving and result in improved patient outcomes. Wider adoption of pharmacist-managed hypertension care for patients with diabetes and hypertension is encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Coordinating and Research Centre/Centre for Community Pharmacy Research and Interdisciplinary Strategies, University of Alberta, 8215-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Sherilyn K D
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Houle
authors.forename: Anderson W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chuck
authors.forename: Finlay A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: McAlister
authors.forename: Ross T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tsuyuki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002170:Canada; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000451:nursing; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000451:nursing; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D018803:Models, Economic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome