title: Pain management in patients with haemophilia: a European survey.
abstract: There are no evidence-based guidelines on pain management in people with haemophilia (PWH), who may suffer acute, disabling pain from haemarthroses and chronic arthropathic pain. To review evidence and to investigate current clinical practice in pain assessment and management in PWH the European Haemophilia Therapy Standardisation Board undertook a literature review and a survey in 22 Haemophilia Treatment Centres (HTC), using a questionnaire and seven clinical scenarios. Consensus was sought on pain assessment and management in PWH. Few clinical studies on pain management in PWH were identified. The HTCs care for 1678 children (47% severe haemophilia, 84% on prophylaxis, 17% with arthropathy and 8% with chronic pain) and 5103 adults (44% severe haemophilia, 40% on prophylaxis, 67% with arthropathy and 35% with chronic pain). Analgesics are prescribed by HTCs in 80% of cases (median; range 0-100%) and in 10% (median; range 0-80%) are bought over the counter. Pain and analgesic use are assessed when reported by patients and at check-ups. Only eight centres use a specific pain scale and/or have specific pain guidelines. Two HTCs arrange regular consultations with pain specialists. For acute pain, the preferred first-line drug is paracetamol for children, and paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for adults. Children with chronic pain are treated with paracetamol or NSAIDs, whereas adults usually receive Cox-2 inhibitors. Second-line therapy is heterogeneous. There is little published evidence to guide pain assessment and management in PWH, and clinical practice varies considerably across Europe. General and specific recommendations are needed.
authors.affiliation: II Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. k.holstein@uke.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klamroth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Garrido
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gringeri
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D032921:Consensus; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005060:Europe; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D000082:Acetaminophen