title: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of urinary pathogens in female outpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract Infection (UTI) is among the most common infections described in outpatient setting and hospital patients. In almost all cases empirical antimicrobial treatment initiates before the laboratory results of urine culture are available; thus antibiotic resistance may increase in uropathogens due to frequent use of antibiotics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was designed to find the prevalence of UTI in females with urinary tract symptoms, to determine the causative organism (s) of UTI, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microbial agents isolated from urine culture (antibiogram).
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective, observational study involved 139 females, aged 15 years and above clinically suspected for UTI attending outpatient Departments of Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the study subjects. A chi-square test and Fisher Exact test were used to analyze data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of UTI was found to be 45.32% (63/139). Escherichia coli (33.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.9%) were the most common organisms isolated. The most effective antibiotic for both was Nitrofurantoin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular monitoring is required to establish reliable information about susceptibility pattern of urinary pathogens for optimal empirical therapy of patients with UTI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, India.
authors.forename: Iram
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shaifali
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Syed Esam
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: Jawed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmed