title: Evaluation of air quality by passive and active sampling in an urban city in Turkey: current status and spatial analysis of air pollution exposure.
abstract: Concentrations of air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), ozone (O(3)), particulate matter (PM(2.5) and PM(10)), trace metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 2008 and 2009 in the city of Eskişehir, central Turkey. Spatial distributions of NO(2), SO(2), and ozone were determined by passive sampling campaigns carried out during two different seasons with fairly large spatial coverage. A basic population exposure assessment was carried out employing Geographical Information System techniques by combining population density maps with pollutant distribution maps of NO(2) and SO(2). It was found that 95 % of the population is exposed to NO(2) levels close to the World Health Organization guideline value. Regarding SO(2), a large proportion of the population (83 %) is exposed to levels above the WHO second interim target value. Concentrations of all the pollutants showed a seasonal pattern increasing in winter period, except for ozone having higher concentrations in summer season. Daily PM(10) and PM(2.5) concentrations exceeded European Union limit values almost every sampling day. Toxic fractions of the measured PAHs were calculated and approximately fourfold increase was observed in winter period. Copper, Pb, Sn, As, Cd, Zn, Sb, and Se were found to be moderately to highly enriched in PM(10) fraction, indicating anthropogenic input to those elements measured. Exposure assessment results indicate the need for action to reduce pollutant emissions especially in the city center. Passive sampling turns out to be a practical and economical tool for air quality assessment with large spatial coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, İki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey. egaga@anadolu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Eftade O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Gaga
authors.forename: Tuncay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Döğeroğlu
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozden
authors.forename: Akif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ari
authors.forename: Ozan Devrim
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Yay
authors.forename: Hicran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Altuğ
authors.forename: Nesimi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.forename: Sermin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ornektekin
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Doorn
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons; D014421:Turkey; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D001335:Vehicle Emissions