title: Castration-resistant prostate cancer: mechanisms, targets, and treatment.
abstract: Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), who progress after docetaxel therapy, had until very recently, only a few therapeutic options. Recent advances in this field brought about new perspectives in the treatment of this disease. Molecular, basic, and translational research has given us a better understanding on the mechanisms of CRPC. This great investment has turned into a more rational approach to the development of new drugs. Some of the new treatments are already available to our patients outside clinical trials and may include inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis; new chemotherapy agents; bone-targeted therapy; and immunotherapy. This paper aims to review the mechanisms of prostate cancer resistance, possible therapeutic targets, as well as new options to treat CRPC.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, 1649-039 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa Maria Santos
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costa