title: International Children's Continence Society's recommendations for initial diagnostic evaluation and follow-up in congenital neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this ICCS standardization document is to report the initial diagnostic evaluation and subsequent work-up of children with neuropathic bladder dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Due to a paucity of level I or level II, "levels of evidence" publications, these recommendations are actually a compilation of best practices because they seem to be effective and reliable, although not with any control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Throughout the document, the emphasis is on promoting early, comprehensive evaluation of lower urinary tract function that is thorough but with a minimum of unnecessary testing. This includes what tests to order, when to order them and what to do with the results. Some of the recommendations may not be practical in various worldwide locations but the suggested testing should be considered the ideal approach to completely diagnosing and then promulgating treatments based on the full knowledge of the condition and its effect on urinary tract function. Once the findings are delineated, those lower urinary tract patterns of dysfunction that put the kidneys at risk for deterioration, that are barriers to attaining eventual continence, and that have long-term consequence to the lower urinary track can be obviated by specific management recommendations. The indications and timing of investigations to achieve these objectives are clearly defined in each diagnostic category and during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This document should be used as a basis for appropriate evaluation and timely surveillance of the various neuro-urologic conditions that affect children.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Yazan F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Rawashdeh
authors.forename: Tom P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siggard
authors.forename: Troels Munch
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D019985:Benchmarking; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032921:Consensus; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000592:standards*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007422:Intestines / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014572:Urology / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult