title: 3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhretinic acid is a substrate of organic anion transporters expressed in tubular epithelial cells and plays important roles in licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2.
abstract: Licorice (glycyrrhiza root) has been used as a herbal medicine worldwide with its main active constituent being glycyrrhizin (GL). Licorice sometimes causes adverse effects such as inducing pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2) caused by glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL. In this study we compared the inhibitory effects of GA, GL, and 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA), another metabolite of GL, on 11β-HSD2 activity by using microsomes and rat kidney tissue slices. GA, 3MGA, and GL inhibited 11β-HSD2 in rat kidney microsomes, with IC(50) values of 0.32, 0.26, and 2.2 μM, respectively. However, the inhibitory activity of these compounds was reduced markedly, in the slices, in a medium containing 5% bovine serum albumin. Assays using human embryonic kidney 293 cells with transient transformation in transporter genes showed that 3MGA is a substrate of human organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, human OAT3, and human organic anion-transporting peptide 4C1, whereas GA is not. When GA (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 16 days to Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of 3MGA were significantly higher, whereas the activity of 11β-HSD2 in kidney microsomes was significantly lower compared with Sprague Dawley rats. These results suggest that 3MGA is actively transported into tubules through OATs, resulting in the inhibition of 11β-HSD2. Because the plasma level of 3MGA depends on the function of hepatic transporters, monitoring 3MGA levels in plasma or urine may be useful for preventing pseudoaldosteronism when licorice or GL is prescribed to patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan. makino@phar.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uebayashi
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohtake
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizukami
mesh_terms: D043209:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000633:toxicity*; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D056929:Liddle Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; C052400:glycyrrhetyl 3-monoglucuronide; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid; D043209:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid