title: Increased susceptibility for white spot lesions by surplus orthodontic etching exceeding bracket base area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of information with regard to the susceptibility of iatrogenic white spot lesion formation after inattentive, surplus orthodontic etching with 30% phosphoric acid and the subsequent provision or absence of adequate oral hygiene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety sound enamel specimens were randomly allocated to 6 trial groups (n = 15 each) for etching with 30% phosphoric acid for either 15 seconds and standardized daily enamel brushing or no brushing, etching for 30 seconds with daily brushing or no brushing, or nonetched controls with brushing or no brushing. Nutritive acidic assaults were simulated by demineralization cycles 3 times per day for 1 hour with interim storage in artificial saliva. Lesion depths in terms of percentage of fluorescence loss (delta F, delta Q) and lesion extension compared with the baseline were assessed by using quantitative light-induced fluorescence after 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days. Etching duration, trial time elapse, and oral hygiene, as well as the significance of factor interactions, were analyzed with 3-way analysis of variance (α = 5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of the factors of enamel brushing, trial time elapse, and etching each had a comparably significant effect on lesion progression. The effect of surplus etching on white spot lesion formation was significantly enhanced by the simultaneous absence of enamel brushing and also the progression of trial time. The combination of 30 seconds of surplus etching with inadequate oral hygiene was especially detrimental.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive surplus orthodontic etching of the complete labial enamel surface, instead of the bracket bases only, must be avoided to prevent iatrogenic white spot lesions. Etching times not exceeding 15 seconds are favorable.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany. mknoesel@yahoo.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knösel
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bojes
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ziebolz
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003732:Dental Caries Activity Tests; D003733:Dental Caries Susceptibility; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology