title: A micro-Raman spectroscopic investigation of leukemic U-937 cells treated with Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf and the isolated compound madurensine.
abstract: In South Africa traditional medicine plays an important role in primary health care and therefore it is very important that the medicinal use of plants is scientifically tested for toxicity and effectiveness. It was established that the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Crotalaria agatiflora, as well as the isolated compound madurensine, is moderately toxic against leukemic U-937 cells. Light microscopic investigations indicated that symptoms of cell death are induced during treatments, but flow cytometry analysis of treated cells, using annexin-V and propidium iodide, showed that apoptosis and necrosis are insignificantly induced. The Raman results suggested that protein extraction and DNA melting occur in the cells during treatment with the ethanolic extracts (IC(50) value 73.9 μg/mL), drastically changing the molecular content of the cells. In contrast, treatment with madurensine (IC(50) value 136.5 μg/mL), an isolated pyrrolizidine alkaloid from the ethanolic extract of the leaves, did not have the same effect. The results are also compared to that of cells treated with actinomycin D, a compound known to induce apoptosis. The investigation showed that micro-Raman spectroscopy has great promise to be used for initial screening of samples to determine the effects of different treatments on cancerous cell lines together with conventional methods. The results highlight the fact that for many natural products used for medicinal purposes, the therapeutic effect of the crude plant extract tends to be significantly more effective than the particular action of its individual constituents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: Karlien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: le Roux
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Prinsloo
authors.forename: Ahmed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Namrita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lall
mesh_terms: D029864:Crotalaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007938:Leukemia / Q000473:pathology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012015:Reference Standards; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; D003609:Dactinomycin; D000431:Ethanol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide