title: Use of procaine and procainamide as derivatizing co-matrices for the analysis of oligosaccharides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analysis of oligosaccharides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry often yields only alkali metal cation adducts, which results in lower fragmentation yields and difficulty to retrieve sequence information. Derivatization by reductive amination may be used to promote Y-type glycosidic cleavages. However, this involves time-consuming preparations and purifications with sample loss. Here, procaine and procainamide were used directly as co-matrices with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Acidified 10 g/L procaine hydrochloride or procainamide hydrochloride solutions in water/acetonitrile were added to the oligosaccharide solution one minute before preparing our MALDI targets using DHB with the dried-droplet method. This simple protocol resulted in deposits of very fine homogeneous crystals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive ion mass spectra, easily acquired in an automated mode, presented a high percentage of oligosaccharides derivatized as Schiff base or glycosylamine notably detected as protonated molecules [M + H](+). The high abundance of procaine or procainamide on the target did not impede the ionization process, improved the signal-to-noise ratio and eliminated the need to search for 'sweet spots'. Fragmentation of the protonated precursor ions of the derivatives largely favored Y-type glycosidic cleavages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This easy and fast sample preparation, involving low toxicity and easily accessible chemicals, allowed the selection of protonated molecules as precursor ions for post-source decay analyses. This opened the possibility of simplifying sequence retrieval in routine oligosaccharide analyses.
authors.affiliation: Université de Rouen, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, FR3038, rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St Aignan, Cedex, France. helene.lavanant@univ-rouen.fr
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lavanant
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loutelier-Bourhis
mesh_terms: D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D005936:Glucans / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011342:Procainamide / Q000737:chemistry*; D011343:Procaine / Q000737:chemistry*; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D014990:Xylans / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D014990:Xylans; C029353:xyloglucan; C031146:maltoheptaose; D011343:Procaine; D011342:Procainamide