title: What can we learn about the spiritual needs of palliative care patients from the research literature?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spirituality is a distinctive subject within palliative care practice and literature, but research to date is relatively undeveloped in this field and studies often throw more light on conceptual and methodological issues than producing reliable data for clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine what is known about the spiritual needs of palliative care patients from the evidence presented in published research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specialist online databases were interrogated for primary empirical studies of patients with a chronic disease unresponsive to curative treatment. Studies that only used a proxy for the patient or reported expert opinion were excluded. Each study was critically appraised for quality and the strength of its evidence to determine if any data could be pooled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five studies were identified, equating to a total of 1374 patients. Study populations were typically people with advanced-stage cancer, older than 60 years, who were English speaking, and with a Christian or Jewish religious affiliation, reflecting the predominance of Anglo-American studies. Studies fell into two groups: those that investigated the nature of spiritual experience and those that examined the relationship of spirituality with other phenomena. The evidence was insufficiently homogeneous to pool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relevant accounts of what spirituality means for palliative care patients and evidence of how it operates in the lives of people with life-limiting disease can be derived from research. Studies to date are limited by reductive representations of spirituality and the conduct of research by health professionals within health care communities demarcated from disciplines and interpretive traditions of spirituality.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK. mark.cobb@sth.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dowrick
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Williams
mesh_terms: D017051:Hospice Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D029181:Spirituality; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*