title: Costs and outcomes over 36 years of patients with phenylketonuria who do and do not remain on a phenylalanine-restricted diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To quantify the costs and consequences of managing phenylketonuria (PKU) in the UK and to estimate the potential implications to the UK's National Health Service (NHS) of keeping patients on a phenylalanine-restricted diet for life.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-based model was constructed depicting the management of PKU patients over the first 36 years of their life, derived from patients suffering from this metabolic disorder in The Health Improvement Network database (a nationally representative database of patients registered with general practitioners in the UK). The model was used to estimate the incidence of co-morbidities and the levels of healthcare resource use and corresponding costs over the 36 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who remained on a phenylalanine-restricted diet accounted for 38% of the cohort. Forty-seven per cent of patients discontinued their phenylalanine-restricted diet between 15 and 25 years of age. Of these, 73% remained off diet and 27% restarted a restricted diet at a mean 30 years of age. Fifteen per cent of the cohort had untreated PKU. Eleven per cent of patients who remained on a phenylalanine-restricted diet for 36 years received the optimum amount of prescribed amino acid supplements. Patients had a mean 12 general practitioner visits per year and one hospital outpatient visit annually, but phenylalanine levels were only measured once every 18 to 24 months. The mean NHS cost (at 2007/08 prices) of managing a PKU sufferer over the first 36 years of their life was estimated to range between £21 000 and £149 000, depending on the amount of prescribed nutrition they received.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the majority of patients with PKU were under-treated. The NHS cost of patient management should not be an obstacle to encouraging patients to remain on a restricted diet until further information becomes available about the long-term clinical impact of stopping such a diet. Nevertheless, patients require counselling and managed follow up regardless of the choices they make about their diet.
authors.affiliation: Catalyst Health Economics Consultants, Northwood, UK School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, UK. julian.guest@catalyst-health.co.uk
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sladkevicius
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lachmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002017:Budgets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D017059:Models, Econometric; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010649:Phenylalanine; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D010649:Phenylalanine