title: Demystifying ethnic/sex differences in kidney function: is the difference in (estimating) glomerular filtration rate or in serum creatinine concentration?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in multiple ethnicities has raised the question on how well this equation performs for African-American and Asian subjects. There is no doubt that serum creatinine (Scr) concentration differs between ethnicities and sexes. We show that creatinine-based equations for white populations may be inaccurate for estimating GFR in other ethnic/gender groups, especially in populations from Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study presents a mathematical analysis of the CKD-EPI-equation complemented with a literature review of median and reference values for IDMS-standardized Scr-concentrations for multiple ethnicities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study shows that at equal eGFR-CKD-EPI-values, the ratio of Scr between females and males equals 0.79 and between other ethnicities/sexes and white males is constant too. From this information, it is possible to calculate mean Scr-values that correspond very well with literature values directly obtained from Scr-distributions in healthy white males and females and in black males, but the discrepancy is larger for other populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm the criticism that has been raised for using the CKD-EPI-equation for these ethnicities. An alternative eGFR-model is proposed based on a population-normalized Scr that needs further validation.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center, University of Leuven, Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium. hans.pottel@kuleuven-kulak.be
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pottel
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoste
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delanaye
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavalier
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine