title: The dynamics of PKC-induced phosphorylation triggered by Ca2+ oscillations in mouse eggs.
abstract: Fertilization of mammalian eggs is characterized by a series of Ca(2+) oscillations triggered by a phospholipase C activity. These Ca(2+) increases and the parallel generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) stimulate protein kinase C (PKC). However, the dynamics of PKC activity have not been directly measured in living eggs. Here, we have monitored the dynamics of PKC-induced phosphorylation in mouse eggs, alongside Ca(2+) oscillations, using fluorescent C-kinase activity reporter (CKAR) probes. Ca(2+) oscillations triggered either by sperm, phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) or Sr(2+) all caused repetitive increases in PKC-induced phosphorylation, as detected by CKAR in the cytoplasm or plasma membrane. The CKAR responses lasted for several minutes in both the cytoplasm and plasma membrane then returned to baseline values before subsequent Ca(2+) transients. High frequency oscillations caused by PLCζ led to an integration of PKC-induced phosphorylation. The conventional PKC inhibitor, Gö6976, could inhibit CKAR increases in response to thapsigargin or ionomycin, but not the repetitive responses seen at fertilization. Repetitive increases in PKCδ activity were also detected during Ca(2+) oscillations using an isoform-specific δCKAR. However, PKCδ may already be mostly active in unfertilized eggs, since phorbol esters were effective at stimulating δCKAR only after fertilization, and the PKCδ-specific inhibitor, rottlerin, decreased the CKAR signals in unfertilized eggs. These data show that PKC-induced phosphorylation outlasts each Ca(2+) increase in mouse eggs but that signal integration only occurs at a non-physiological, high Ca(2+) oscillation frequency. The results also suggest that Ca(2+) -induced DAG formation on intracellular membranes may stimulate PKC activity oscillations at fertilization.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Jose Raul
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Garcia
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Machaty
authors.forename: F Anthony
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swann
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D061207:Calcium Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018075:RNA, Complementary; D013094:Spermatozoa; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D001578:Benzopyrans; D061207:Calcium Ionophores; D002227:Carbazoles; D004075:Diglycerides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018075:RNA, Complementary; C081021:Go 6976; D015759:Ionomycin; D019284:Thapsigargin; C085746:rottlerin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D002118:Calcium