title: Evolution of immune functions of the mammary gland and protection of the infant.
abstract: Abstract The evolution of immunological agents in milk is intertwined with the general aspects of the evolution of the mammary gland. In that respect, mammalian precursors emerged from basal amniotes some 300 million years ago. In contrast to the predominant dinosaurs, proto-mammals possessed a glandular skin. A secondary palate in the roof of the mouth that directed airflow from the nostrils to the oropharynx and thus allowed mammals to ingest and breathe simultaneously first appeared in cynodonts 230 million years ago. This set the stage for mammalian newborns to nurse from the future mammary gland. Interplays between environmental and genetic changes shaped mammalian evolution including the mammary gland from dermal glands some 160 millions of years ago. It is likely that secretions from early mammary glands provided nutrients and immunological agents for the infant. Natural selection culminated in milks uniquely suited to nourish and protect infants of each species. In human milk, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory agents and living leukocytes are qualitatively or quantitatively different from those in other mammalian milks. Those in human milk compensate for developmental delays in the immunological system of the recipient infant. Consequently, the immune system in human milk provided by evolution is much of the basis for encouraging breastfeeding for human infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555-0369, USA. agoldman@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Armond S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001940:Breast / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000276:immunology*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy