title: Phytotoxicity and antioxidative enzymes of green microalga (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and duckweed (Lemna minor) exposed to herbicides MCPA, chloridazon and their mixtures.
abstract: In this study, we evaluate the toxicity of MCPA (auxin-like growth inhibitor), chloridazon (CHD) (PSII-inhibitor) and their mixtures to floating plants and planktonic algae. Toxicity of MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) and CHD (5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone) was first assessed in two growth inhibition tests with Lemna minor (ISO/DIS 20079) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (ISO 8692). Next, herbicide mixtures at concentrations corresponding to the EC values were used to assess their interactive effects, and the biomarkers were: for duckweed fresh weight, frond area, chlorophyll content and number of fronds, and for algae cell count and cell volume. The 3d EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values using cell counts of D. subspicatus were 142.7 and 529.1 mg/L for MCPA and 1.7 and 5.1 mg/L for CHD. The 7d EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values using frond number of L. minor amounted to 0.8 and 5.4 mg/L for MCPA and 0.7 and 10.4 mg/L for CHD. Higher sensitivity of reproductive (number of cells/fronds) than growth processes (cell volume/frond area) to herbicides applied individually and in mixtures was especially pronounced in the responses of Desmodesmus. Herbicide interactions were assessed by the two-way ANOVA and Abbott's formula. Generally, an antagonistic interaction with Lemna was revealed by MCPA and chloridazon, whereas additive effect of both herbicides was observed for Desmodesmus. A significant stimulation of SOD and APX activity by binary mixtures was noted in algal cells mainly after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The extremely high stimulation of the activity of both enzymes was induced by the combination EC₁₀CHD + EC₅₀MCPA (48 h). Presumably due to oxidative stress, the treatment with CHD at concentration EC₅₀ after 72 h was lethal for algae grown in aerated cultures, in contrast to standardized test conditions. Taking into account the consequences of risk assessment for herbicide mixtures we can state that a relatively low toxicity, as well as the lack of significant synergy between MCPA and CHD to non-target plants appears to be the most important result.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bisewska
authors.forename: Emilia I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Sarnowska
authors.forename: Zbigniew H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Tukaj
mesh_terms: D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D058086:Microalgae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011724:Pyridazines; C005586:pyrazon; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid