title: Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a possible new risk factor of cognitive impairment and dementia, but results of studies remain conflicting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature research of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Goggle Scholar covering the period from 1980 to January 2012) and meta-analysis of relevant cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were conducted to assess the association of CKD and cognitive decline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest an association between cognitive impairment and CKD. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies comprising 54,779 participants yielded an association of cognitive decline in patients with CKD compared with patients without CKD (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.32-2.05; p < 0.001, and OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.15-1.68; p < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first meta-analysis assessing the impact of CKD on cognitive decline. Our results suggest CKD being a significant and independent somatic risk factor in the development of cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, München, Germany. thorleif.etgen @ klinikum-traunstein.de
authors.forename: Thorleif
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Etgen
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chonchol
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Förstl
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sander
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors