title: Characterization of status epilepticus induced by two organophosphates in rats.
abstract: Organophosphates (OPs) inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase and cause accumulation of acetylcholine, and are known to cause seizures and status epilepticus (SE) in humans. The animal models of SE caused by organophosphate analogs of insecticides are not well characterized. SE caused by OPs paraoxon and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) in rats was characterized by electroencephalogram (EEG), behavioral observations and response to treatment with the benzodiazepine diazepam administered at various stages of SE. A method for SE induction using intrahippocampal infusion of paraoxon was also tested. Infusion of 200nmol paraoxon into the hippocampus caused electrographic seizures in 43/52 (82.7%) animals tested; and of these animals, 14/43 (30%) had self-sustaining seizures that lasted 4-18h after the end of paraoxon infusion. SE was also induced by peripheral subcutaneous injection of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, 1.25mg/kg) or paraoxon (1.00mg/kg) to rats pretreated with atropine (2mg/kg) and 2-pralidoxime (2-PAM, 50mg/kg) 30min prior to OP injection. SE occurred in 78% paraoxon-treated animals and in 79% of DFP-treated animals. Diazepam (10mg/kg) was administered 10min and 30min after the onset of continuous EEG seizures induced by paraoxon and it terminated SE in a majority of animals at both time points. DFP-induced SE was terminated in 60% animals when diazepam was administered 10min after the onset of continuous EEG seizure activity but diazepam did not terminate SE in any animal when it was administered 30min after the onset of continuous seizures. These studies demonstrate that both paraoxon and DFP can induce SE in rats but refractoriness to diazepam is a feature of DFP induced SE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Marko S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Todorovic
authors.forename: Morgan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Corrinee A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Balint
authors.forename: Chengsan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jaideep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D007531:Isoflurophate / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010261:Paraoxon / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D007531:Isoflurophate; D001285:Atropine; D003975:Diazepam; D010261:Paraoxon