title: Nutritional practices and their relationship to clinical outcomes in critically ill children--an international multicenter cohort study*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine factors influencing the adequacy of energy and protein intake in the pediatric intensive care unit and to describe their relationship to clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an international prospective cohort study of consecutive children (ages 1 month to 18 yrs) requiring mechanical ventilation longer than 48 hrs in the pediatric intensive care unit. Nutritional practices were recorded during the pediatric intensive care unit stay for a maximum of 10 days, and patients were followed up for 60 days or until hospital discharge. Multivariate analysis, accounting for pediatric intensive care unit clustering and important confounding variables, was used to examine the impact of nutritional variables and pediatric intensive care unit characteristics on 60-day mortality and the prevalence of acquired infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  31 pediatric intensive care units in academic hospitals in eight countries participated in this study. Five hundred patients with mean (SD) age 4.5 (5.1) yrs were enrolled and included in the analysis. Mortality at 60 days was 8.4%, and 107 of 500 (22%) patients acquired at least one infection during their pediatric intensive care unit stay. Over 30% of patients had severe malnutrition on admission, with body mass index z-score >2 (13.2%) or <-2 (17.1%) on admission. Mean prescribed goals for daily energy and protein intake were 64 kcals/kg and 1.7 g/kg respectively. Enteral nutrition was used in 67% of the patients and was initiated within 48 hrs of admission in the majority of patients. Enteral nutrition was subsequently interrupted on average for at least 2 days in 357 of 500 (71%) patients. Mean (SD) percentage daily nutritional intake (enteral nutrition) compared to prescribed goals was 38% for energy and 43% (44) for protein. A higher percentage of goal energy intake via enteral nutrition route was significantly associated with lower 60-day mortality (Odds ratio for increasing energy intake from 33.3% to 66.6% is 0.27 [0.11, 0.67], p = .002). Mortality was higher in patients who received parenteral nutrition (odds ratio 2.61 [1.3, 5.3], p = .008). Patients admitted to units that utilized a feeding protocol had a lower prevalence of acquired infections (odds ratio 0.18 [0.05, 0.64], p = .008), and this association was independent of the amount of energy or protein intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutrition delivery is generally inadequate in mechanically ventilated children across the world. Intake of a higher percentage of prescribed dietary energy goal via enteral route was associated with improved 60-day survival; conversely, parenteral nutrition use was associated with higher mortality. Pediatric intensive care units that utilized protocols for the initiation and advancement of enteral nutrient intake had a lower prevalence of acquired infections. Optimizing nutrition therapy is a potential avenue for improving clinical outcomes in critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA. nilesh.mehta@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Nilesh M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Lori J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bechard
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Daren K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Heyland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins