title: Total motion generated in the unstable cervical spine during management of the typical trauma patient: a comparison of methods in a cadaver model.
abstract: METHODS
  Biomechanical cadaveric study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to analyze the amount of motion generated in the unstable cervical spine during various maneuvers and transfers that a trauma patient would typically be subjected to prior to definitive fixation, using 2 different protocols.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  From the time of injury until the spine is adequately stabilized in the operating room, every step in management of the spine-injured patient can result in secondary injury to the spinal cord.
  
  
  METHODS
  The amount of angular motion between C5 and C6, after a surgically created unstable injury, was measured using an electromagnetic motion analysis device (Polhemus Inc., Colchester, VT). A total sequence of maneuvers and transfers was then performed that a patient would be expected to go through from the time of injury until surgical fixation. This included spine board placement and removal, bed transfers, lateral therapy, and turning the patient prone onto the operating table. During each of these, we performed what has been shown to be the best and commonly used (log-roll) techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During bed transfers and the turn prone for surgery, there was statistically more angular motion in each plane for traditional transfer with the spine board and manually turning the patient prone as commonly done (P < 0.01). During spine board placement, there was more motion in all 3 planes with log-rolling, and this reached statistical significance for axial rotation (P = 0.015) and lateral bending (P = 0.004). There was more motion during board removal with log-rolling in all 3 planes. This was statistically significant for lateral bending (P = 0.009) and approached significance in flexion-extension (P = 0.058) and axial rotation (P = 0.058). During lateral therapy, there was statistically more motion in flexion-extension and lateral bending with the manual log-roll technique (P < 0.001). The total motion was decreased by more than 50% in each plane when using an alternative to log-roll techniques during the total sequence (P < 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated the total angular motion incurred to the unstable cervical spine as experienced by the typical trauma patient from the field to stabilization in the operating room using the best compared with the most commonly used techniques. As previously reported, using log-roll techniques consistently results in unwanted motion at the injured spinal segment.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA. markprasarn@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Prasarn
authors.forename: MaryBeth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horodyski
authors.forename: Dewayne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dubose
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Rossi
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Bryan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Rechtine
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009038:Motion; D055805:Moving and Lifting Patients / Q000379:methods*; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D016684:Prone Position; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000379:methods