title: Lifestyle counseling during pregnancy and offspring weight development until four years of age: follow-up study of a controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal conditions are known to be partly responsible for the child's risk for obesity. Our pilot study aimed to determine the effect of gestational lifestyle counseling on the offspring weight gain until 4 years of age and to estimate power for future studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-time pregnant mothers participated in a controlled trial conducted in maternity health clinics during 2004 - 2006. The intervention included individual counseling on physical activity and diet, and an option to attend supervised group exercise sessions. The participant mothers (N = 109) received a follow-up questionnaire concerning 13 repeated growth measurements of their offspring. Response rate to the follow-up questionnaire was 66.1% (N = 72/109).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase of BMI z-score between 24-48 months was not significantly slower among the intervention group offspring (95% CI -0.025 to 0.009, p = 0.34) compared to control group. Z-scores for weight-for-length/height did not differ between groups when the period 0-48 months was analyzed (95% CI -0.010 to 0.014, p = 0.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study gestational lifestyle counseling did not significantly slow the weight gain of the offspring. Gestational intervention studies with at least 300 mothers per group are needed to confirm the possible effect on offspring's risk for obesity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN21512277.
authors.affiliation: Central Hospital of Vaasa, Hietalahdenkatu 2-4, 65130, Vaasa, Finland. taina.mustila@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mustila
authors.forename: Jani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raitanen
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keskinen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saari
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain