title: Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which birth defects after infertility treatment may be explained by underlying parental factors is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked a census of treatment with assisted reproductive technology in South Australia to a registry of births and terminations with a gestation period of at least 20 weeks or a birth weight of at least 400 g and registries of birth defects (including cerebral palsy and terminations for defects at any gestational period). We compared risks of birth defects (diagnosed before a child's fifth birthday) among pregnancies in women who received treatment with assisted reproductive technology, spontaneous pregnancies (i.e., without assisted conception) in women who had a previous birth with assisted conception, pregnancies in women with a record of infertility but no treatment with assisted reproductive technology, and pregnancies in women with no record of infertility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 308,974 births, 6163 resulted from assisted conception. The unadjusted odds ratio for any birth defect in pregnancies involving assisted conception (513 defects, 8.3%) as compared with pregnancies not involving assisted conception (17,546 defects, 5.8%) was 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 1.62); the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.16 to 1.41). The corresponding odds ratios with in vitro fertilization (IVF) (165 birth defects, 7.2%) were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.48) and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.26), and the odds ratios with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (139 defects, 9.9%) were 1.77 (95% CI, 1.47 to 2.12) and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.30 to 1.90). A history of infertility, either with or without assisted conception, was also significantly associated with birth defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased risk of birth defects associated with IVF was no longer significant after adjustment for parental factors. The risk of birth defects associated with ICSI remained increased after multivariate adjustment, although the possibility of residual confounding cannot be excluded. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Australian Research Council.).
authors.affiliation: Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. michael.davies@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Vivienne M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Kristyn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.forename: Phillipa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Essen
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Priest
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Haan
authors.forename: Annabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology