title: Serum allograft inflammatory factor-1 is a novel marker for diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have identified macrophage-mediated injury as an important component in the development of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlations between serum allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) concentration, which is a marker of activated macrophages, and diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum AIF-1 concentrations were measured in 284 patients with type 2 diabetes. We evaluated relationships of serum AIF-1 concentrations to degree of urinary albumin excretion (UAE) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum AIF-1 concentrations positively correlated with logarithm of UAE (r=0.260, P<0.0001), whereas serum AIF-1 concentrations inversely correlated with eGFR (r=-0.312, P<0.0001). Mean serum AIF-1 concentration was higher in patients with macroalbuminuria than that in patients with normoalbuminuria (P=0.0001) or that in patients with microalbuminuria (P=0.0093). In multivariate linear regression analyses, serum AIF-1 concentrations were independently correlated with logarithm of UAE (β=0.213, P=0.0120) and with eGFR (β=-0.286, P=0.0011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum AIF-1 concentration correlated with albuminuria and eGFR in patients with type 2 diabetes and it could be a marker of diabetic nephropathy as well as activated macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan. sayarinapm@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Muhei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Goji
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Saeko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujinami
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obayashi
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; C112986:AIF1 protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human