title: Photoprotection and vitamin D status: a study on awareness, knowledge and attitude towards sun protection in general population from Kuwait, and its relation with vitamin D levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary cause of skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. And, for decades sun protection has been promoted in various public health education campaigns. Recently, however, vitamin D deficiency has been related to increased risk of skin cancers. And, skin being the primary site for the synthesis of active form of vitamin D, excessive sun protection could lead to vitamin D-deficient states. But, the results have so far been conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the level of awareness, knowledge and attitude of representative groups from the general population from Kuwait towards sun protection. And, also study the correlation of the level of sun protective measures used and vitamin D levels in these groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study constituted of two main parts. First part comprised a questionnaire-based survey of representative group of people aged 18 and above to assess their knowledge, awareness and attitude towards sun protection. The second part consisted of measuring serum vitamin D levels in 150 volunteers amongst the responders of the questionnaire, who had been regularly using sunscreens for at least 2 years and compare to the levels seen in 150 age and sex-matched responders of similar skin phototypes, who had never used sunscreens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the total of 1044 responders, 80% of them had adequate knowledge of the beneficial and harmful effects of sun exposure, and had been using sunscreens regularly, and adopting other sun protective measures in their daily life. The levels of vitamin D were found to be deficient in both sunscreen users and those who had never used sunscreens. The difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant (60.67% vs 54.67%; P value>0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Population at large seems to be adequately informed about the beneficial and deleterious effects of sun exposure. Vitamin D levels are deficient in majority of our people, and there is a need to do larger surveys covering all parts of the country and give supplemental doses of vitamin D to those found deficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait. nalmut@usa.net
authors.forename: Nawaf
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Mutairi
authors.forename: Bayoumi Ibrahim
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: Vasanthy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D