title: Transcriptome analysis of a long-lived natural Drosophila variant: a prominent role of stress- and reproduction-genes in lifespan extension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While studying long-lived mutants has advanced our understanding of the processes involved in ageing, the mechanisms underlying natural variation in lifespan and ageing rate remain largely unknown. Here, we characterise genome-wide expression patterns of a long-lived, natural variant of Drosophila melanogaster resulting from selection for starvation resistance (SR) and compare it with normal-lived control flies (C). We do this at two time points representing middle age (90% survival) and old age (10% survival) respectively, in three adult diets (malnutrition, optimal food, and overfeeding).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found profound differences between Drosophila lines in their age-related expression. Most of the age-associated changes in normal-lived flies were abrogated in long-lived Drosophila. The stress-related genes, including those involved in proteolysis and cytochrome P450, were generally higher expressed in SR flies and showed a smaller increase in expression with age compared to C flies. The genes involved in reproduction showed a lower expression in middle-aged SR than in C flies and, unlike C flies, a lack of their downregulation with age. Further, we found that malnutrition strongly affected age-associated transcript patterns overriding the differences between the lines. However, under less stressful dietary conditions, line and diet affected age-dependent expression similarly. Finally, we present lists of candidate markers of ageing and lifespan extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study unveils transcriptional changes associated with lifespan extension in SR Drosophila. The results suggest that natural genetic variation for SR and lifespan can operate through similar transcriptional mechanisms as those of dietary restriction and life-extending mutations.
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands. a.doroszuk@biology.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doroszuk
authors.forename: Martijs J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: Nicolien
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pul
authors.forename: Timo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Breit
authors.forename: Bas J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zwaan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006262:Health; D008136:Longevity / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics; D013217:Starvation / Q000235:genetics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015854:Up-Regulation