title: DcR3 binds to ovarian cancer via heparan sulfate proteoglycans and modulates tumor cells response to platinum with corresponding alteration in the expression of BRCA1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overcoming platinum resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC). In our previous work Decoy Receptor 3 (DcR3) was found to be related to platinum resistance. The major objective of this work was to define the cellular interaction of DcR3 with EOC and to explore its effects on platinum responsiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied cell lines and primary cultures for the expression of and the cells ability to bind DcR3. Cells were cultured with DcR3 and then exposed to platinum. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Finally, the cells molecular response to DcR3 was studied using real time RT-PCR based differential expression arrays, standard RT-PCR, and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High DcR3 in the peritoneal cavity of women with EOC is associated with significantly shorter time to first recurrence after platinum based therapy (p = 0.02). None-malignant cells contribute DcR3 in the peritoneal cavity. The cell lines studied do not secrete DcR3; however they all bind exogenous DcR3 to their surface implying that they can be effected by DcR3 from other sources. DcR3s protein binding partners are minimally expressed or negative, however, all cells expressed the DcR3 binding Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) Syndecans-2, and CD44v3. DcR3 binding was inhibited by heparin and heparinase. After DcR3 exposure both SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 became more resistant to platinum with 15% more cells surviving at high doses. On the contrary CaOV3 became more sensitive to platinum with 20-25% more cell death. PCR array analysis showed increase expression of BRCA1 mRNA in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 and decreased BRCA1 expression in CaOV-3 after exposure to DcR3. This was confirmed by gene specific real time PCR and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-malignant cells contribute to the high levels of DcR3 in ovarian cancer. DcR3 binds readily to EOC cells via HSPGs and alter their responsiveness to platinum chemotherapy. The paradoxical responses seen were related to the expression pattern of HSPGs available on the cells surface to interact with. Although the mechanism behind this is not completely known alterations in DNA repair pathways including the expression of BRCA1 appear to be involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53703, USA. jconnor361@gmail.com
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Felder
authors.forename: Arvinder
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: Nonyem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Onujiogu
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010984:Platinum / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D053323:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D008024:Ligands; D053323:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b; D010984:Platinum