title: Adipogenic/lipid, inflammatory, and mitochondrial parameters in subcutaneous adipose tissue of untreated HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors: significant alterations despite low viral burden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-1 can induce disturbances in adipose tissue in infected subjects through the effects of some of its proteins or inflammation. It is not known whether this also takes place in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). Our objectives were to determine whether adipocyte differentiation/lipid, inflammatory, and mitochondrial parameters are perturbed in abdominal wall subcutaneous adipose tissue of untreated HIV-1-infected patients LTNPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study involving 10 LTNPs, 10 typical progressors (TPs), and 10 uninfected controls (UCs). The parameters assessed were peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid-binding protein 4 mRNA (adipogenic/lipid); tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 18 (IL-18), β2-MCG, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, CD1A, and C3 mRNA (inflammation); and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII), COIV, CYCA, nuclear respiratory factor 1, PPARγ coactivator 1α mRNA, and mtDNA content (mitochondrial).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding adipogenic/lipid parameters, LTNPs had PPARγ, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid-binding protein 4 mRNA significantly decreased compared with UCs (P ≤ 0.001 for all comparisons). PPARγ mRNA was significantly greater in LTNP than in TP (P = 0.006). With respect to inflammatory parameters, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-18, and β2-MCG mRNA were significantly higher in LTNPs compared with UCs (P < 0.005 for all comparisons), whereas IL-18 mRNA was greater in TPs compared with LTNPs (P = 0.01). As mitochondrial parameters are concerned, mtDNA was significantly reduced in LTNPs compared with TPs (P = 0.04) and UCs (P = 0.03). COII and COIV were also significantly reduced in LTNPs compared with UCs and TPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adipose tissue from untreated LTNPs may have limited but significant derangements in some adipogenic/lipid and may have inflammatory processes at a lower degree than that observed in untreated TPs. LTNPs may have mitochondrial-related alterations in adipose tissue which are greater than that observed in TPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. fvidalmarsal.hj23.ics@gencat.cat
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Villarroya
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giralt
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Dupla
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gallego-Escuredo
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peraire
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viladés
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veloso
authors.forename: Gracia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mateo
authors.forename: Jordi P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Guallar
authors.forename: Cristóbal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D020276:HIV Long-Term Survivors; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000473:pathology*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines