title: Cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of caudal epidurally administered ropivacaine in cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects after administration of ropivacaine into the caudal epidural space of cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, single-dose trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy mixed breed cows aged 8 ± 5 years and weighing 507 ± 112 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caudal epidural anesthesia was produced in cows with 0.75% ropivacaine (0.11 mg kg(-1)). Onset time, duration and cranial spread of analgesia were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f(R)), rectal temperature (RT), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured prior to epidural administration (T(0) ) and at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after epidural administration (T(15), T(30), T(60) , T(120) , T(180) and T(240) ). Arterial blood acid-base balance (pH, standard bicarbonate and base excess), gas tension (PaO(2), PaCO(2), SaO(2)) and electrolytes (Na(+), K(+), iCa(2+),Cl(-)) were recorded at T(0), T(30), T(60), T(120), T(180) and T(240). Ataxia was evaluated at T(0), T(30), T(60), T(120), T(180) and T(240) and at 1 hour intervals thereafter until analgesia was no longer present in each animal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epidurally administered ropivacaine induced variable analgesia extending bilaterally from the coccyx to S3. Time to onset of analgesia and mean duration in the perineal area were 15 ± 4 and 359 ± 90 minutes, respectively. Respiratory rate and RT increased from T(120) to T(240) when compared to the value at T(0) . Ionized calcium and chloride concentrations increased at T(180) and T(240) when compared to T(0). The other variables were not significantly different from baseline values (p > 0.05). Four animals were mildly ataxic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ropivacaine (0.75%, 0.11 mg kg(-1)) can be administered by caudal epidural injection to produce prolonged bilateral perineal analgesia with minimal ataxia and cardiopulmonary changes in standing cattle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araçatuba-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Verônica B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Maurício
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deschk
authors.forename: Guilherme G F
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Celso A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Valéria N L S
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Paulo S P
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine