title: Neurobehavioural symptoms 1 year after traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study of the relationship between race/ethnicity and symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether White, African American and Hispanic individuals with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) express differences in neurobehavioural symptoms at 1 year post-injury after adjusting for demographic and injury characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand, three hundred and thirty-nine individuals from the TBI Model Systems National Database with primarily moderate-to-severe TBI (978 White, 288 African American and 73 Hispanic) hospitalized between 1996 and 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurobehavioural Functioning Inventory (NFI) at 1 year post-injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in NFI scores among the races/ethnicities for the depression, somatic, memory/attention, communication and motor subscales, after adjusting for demographic and injury characteristics; there were not significant differences in the aggression sub-scale. Hispanics had higher levels of symptom reporting than African Americans and Whites, while differences between African Americans and Whites were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hispanics scored significantly higher than Whites and African Americans on the sub-scales of the NFI, indicating more problems in these areas. Future research should focus on identifying factors that may contribute to the difference between the groups and treatment interventions should be implemented accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. jcarangolasp@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ketchum
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: P Chuwn
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000374:Aggression; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data