title: How effective are physical appearance interventions in changing smoking perceptions, attitudes and behaviours? A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review was conducted in order to identify physical appearance interventions related to smoking cessation and to evaluate their effectiveness in order to inform smoking cessation practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were only included if they focused on an appearance intervention related to changing smoking attitudes, intentions or behaviour. A total of 17 online databases were searched using date restrictions (1980 to 2011), yielding 4356 articles. After screening, 11 articles were identified that met the review criteria. Seven articles investigated the impacts of facial age-progression software on smoking cessation. Three articles focused on reducing weight concerns in order to improve smoking abstinence rates. One oral health article was identified which focused on physical appearance in order to prevent or reduce smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few studies have focused on physical appearance interventions in smoking cessation however the identified studies report positive impacts on smoking-related cognitions and cessation behaviours. Two different methods of quality analysis were conducted for quantitative and qualitative papers. The consensus was that the quality of the articles was generally weak. Of the 10 quantitative articles, 9 were rated weak and 1 was rated moderate. The one qualitative study provided clear, in-depth information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Questions still remain as to whether physical appearance interventions have an impact on smoking attitudes, intentions or behaviours, particularly in British samples. To inform practice, additional, well-designed, studies are needed. They should include control groups, use robust randomised allocation to conditions, measures with established reliability and validity and take measures pre and post intervention.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 2DE, UK. k.flett@staffs.ac.uk
authors.forename: Keira
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flett
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clark-Carter
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grogan
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davey
mesh_terms: D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D015595:Skin Aging; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D015430:Weight Gain