title: A controlled study on diagnostic and prognostic measurements of palatally displaced canines on lateral cephalograms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective controlled study was to determine the role that the lateral cephalogram can play in the detection of palatally displaced canines (PDCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was comprised of 85 subjects in the late mixed dentition. Thirty-five subjects had PDCs (either unilateral or bilateral) identified on the panoramic radiograph (PDC group), and 50 subjects presented with a normal pathway of upper permanent canine eruption as assessed on panoramic radiographs (No-PDC group). Linear and angular measurements on the lateral cephalograms concurrent with panoramic radiographs were compared between the PDC and No-PDC group statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All angular measurements that incorporated the main axis of the canine (to Frankfort horizontal, to the palatal plane, or to the axis of the central incisor) were significantly smaller in the PDC group (p<0.001). In terms of linear measurements, both the distance from the tip of the canine to the vertical axis of the central incisor parallel to Frankfort horizontal and the distance from the tip of the canine to the anterior alveolar ridge parallel to Frankfort horizontal showed significantly larger values in the PDC subjects than in normal controls. On the contrary, the vertical distance from the tip of the canine to the functional occlusal plane did not reveal any significant difference between the PDC and the No-PDC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis of PDC is essential in order to avoid the occurrence of final canine impaction. If 3-D images of a displaced canine cannot be acquired, a lateral cephalogram can be a useful tool for the early detection of PDC in the late mixed dentition. The angle between the vertical axis of the canine and the palatal plane demonstrate diagnostic value when assessing PDCs. Values for this angle smaller than 102 degrees can indicate the presence of PDC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baccetti
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sigler
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010159:Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014079:Tooth Eruption, Ectopic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000517:prevention & control