title: Age and sex differences in object control skills by children ages 5 to 14.
abstract: Object control skills provide children the tools to be physically active-a major societal priority. At the fundamental movement level, object control skills form the foundation of further sports skill development. The purpose of this study was to examine children's (ages 5 to 14 years, Grades K-8) development of four key object control skills: catching, throwing, kicking, and striking. 186 children were tested on selected items from the Object Control Subtest of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, using a cross-sectional and correlational design. As anticipated, significant differences were found for age on all four skills. These improvements were characterized by early, rapid gains at ages 9 to 10, beyond which development occurred at a slower rate for catching, throwing, and kicking; striking development continued at a steady rate to age 14 years. Contrary to previous findings, no overall sex differences were found for catching or kicking. Overall sex differences favoring boys were observed for throwing and striking. Implications for evolutionary contributions to throwing and striking were discussed.
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Maine, Orono 04469-5740, USA. Steve.Butterfield@umit.maine.edu
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.forename: Rose M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Angell
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D054874:Athletic Performance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception; D009949:Orientation; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D012737:Sex Factors; D013028:Space Perception