title: Histopathologic changes after bipolar resection of the prostate: depth of penetration of bipolar thermal injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the power needed to initiate bipolar vaporization is higher than conventional monopolar resection, the energy needed to maintain bipolar vaporization is significantly lower and may result in less thermal tissue injury. This may have implications for hemostasis, scarring, and perioperative morbidity. The objective of this study is to assess histopathologic changes in prostatic tissue after bipolar transurethral vaporization of the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male patients older than 40 years with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who elected to undergo bipolar transurethral vaporization of the prostate were included in this study. Patients were excluded if they had a previous transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or prostate radiation therapy. An Olympus button vaporization electrode was used to vaporize prostate tissue. A loop electrode was then used to obtain a deep resection specimen. The vaporized and loop resection surfaces were inked and sent for pathologic analysis to determine the presence of gross histologic changes and the depth of penetration of the bipolar vaporization current.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 men underwent bipolar TURP at standard settings of 290 W cutting and 145 W coagulation current. Mean patient age was 70±10.2 years (range 56-88 years). Mean surgical time was 48.7±20.2 minutes (range 30-89 min). Mean depth of thermal injury was 2.4±0.84 mm (range 0.3-3.5 mm). Histopathologic evaluation demonstrated thermal injury in all specimens, but no gross char was encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In bipolar systems, resection takes place at much lower peak voltages and temperatures compared with monopolar systems. Theoretically, this leads to less collateral thermal damage and tissue char. Our tissue study illustrates that the button vaporization electrode achieves a much larger depth of penetration than previous studies of bipolar TURP. This may be because thermal injury represents a gradual continuum of histologic changes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Minimally Invasive Urology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: Gyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pareek
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Ekish
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thavaseelan
authors.forename: Akanksha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Shamlal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangray
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haleblian
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate / Q000379:methods*; D014835:Volatilization