title: Efficacy of acupressure for non-pharmacological stress reduction in college students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identifying a non-pharmacological intervention to reduce the stress response could be particularly beneficial to college students, a group prone to considerable stress. Acupressure has shown some efficacy in reducing stress in adults following stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI), but multiple treatments were required. Results from single treatments in healthy populations have been mixed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study used a randomised, placebo-controlled, single-blind design to investigate the use of a single acupressure treatment for stress reduction in healthy college students (n=109) during a stressor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to one of three single, 40-min interventions: active acupressure, placebo acupressure, or a relaxation CD control. A math task stressor administered before and after the intervention assessed intervention effects on stressor responsivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stress responses were measured by physiological (heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), skin conductance response (SCR)) and subjective measures (State Anxiety Inventory, nine-item Psychological Stress Measure) of anxiety and stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All interventions were associated with the following changes during the post-intervention stressor compared to the pre-intervention stressor: reduced HR (p<0.001), increased HRV (p<0.024), reduced SCR (p<0.001), reduced subjective stress scores (p<0.001), and increased correct answers (p<0.001). Although all groups demonstrated stress reduction, there were no significant group differences after a single treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All interventions significantly reduced the stress response, although not differently. The lack of active acupressure-associated treatment effects appears to be due to insufficient dosing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, UCB 345, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1905 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
authors.forename: Kristina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Kyle M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: Kate P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Hoversten
authors.forename: Tiffany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Theresa D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hernández
mesh_terms: D019050:Acupressure; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006304:Health Status; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010465:Perception; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult