title: Enantioselective drug-protein interaction between mexiletine and plasma protein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the interaction of mexiletine enantiomers with human plasma, human serum albumin (HSA), and human α1-acid glycoprotein (hAGP), and characterized the binding modes of mexiletine enantiomers with hAGP in the molecular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enantiomer separation of mexiletine was performed using precolumn derivatization chiral HPLC. The ultrafiltration technique was used to separate the free mexiletine in plasma matrix. Molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations were assessed using molecular mechanics and the generalized Born surface area method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in enantioselective binding to human plasma were observed (R>S). The hAGP-mexiletine binding profile exhibited similar enantioselectivity (R>S) to that in human plasma, whereas HSA-mexiletine interaction was S>R at pH 7.4. Moreover, the results of comparative studies indicated that mexiletine had the highest binding affinity for F1-S, a variant of hAGP. Based on the computational studies, residues such as Arg90, Leu79, Ser89 and Phe89 showed an energy difference of more than -0.35 kcal/mol between the enantiomers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hAGP may be one of the key proteins leading to the enantioselective protein bindings of mexiletine in human plasma (R>S). The residues Arg90, Leu79, Ser89 and Phe89 of hAGP may have important roles in the observed enantioselectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lushan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yingxiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Mingyue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Hualiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D008801:Mexiletine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001798:Blood Proteins; D009961:Orosomucoid; D012709:Serum Albumin; D008801:Mexiletine