title: Distribution of drug resistance genotypes in Plasmodium falciparum in an area of limited parasite diversity in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: Two hundred and three Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan area, southwest Saudi Arabia, were typed for Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, dhps, and dhfr mutations associated with resistance to chloroquine, mefloquine, halofantrine, artemisinin, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and the neutral polymorphic gene Pfg377. A large proportion (33%) of isolates harbored double mutant dhfr genotype (51I,59C,108N). However, only one isolate contained mutation dhps-437G. For Pfcrt, almost all examined isolates (163; 99%) harbored the mutant genotype (72C,73V,74I,75E,76T), whereas only 49 (31%) contained the mutant Pfmdr1 genotype (86Y,184F,1034S,1042N), 109 (66%) harbored the single mutant genotype (86N,184F,1034S,1042N), and no mutations were seen in codons 1034, 1042, and 1246. Nonetheless, three new single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected at codons 182, 192, and 102. No differences were seen in distribution of drug resistance genes among Saudis and expatriates. There was a limited multiplicity (5%), mean number of clones (1.05), and two dominant multilocus genotypes among infected individuals in Jazan. A pattern consistent with limited cross-mating and recombination among local parasite was apparent.
authors.affiliation: College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. saad1426@gmail.com
authors.forename: Saad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bin Dajem
authors.forename: Hissa M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Farsi
authors.forename: Zainab S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Al-Hashami
authors.forename: Adel Ali H
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Sheikh
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Qahtani
authors.forename: Hamza A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Babiker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015767:Mefloquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D002738:Chloroquine; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015767:Mefloquine; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011739:Pyrimethamine; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; C513498:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; C031327:artemisinin; C023768:halofantrine