title: Complications of radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in a multicenter study: An analysis of 16 346 treated nodules in 13 283 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We surveyed multiple centers to identify types and frequency of complications and mortality rate associated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We distributed a questionnaire developed by members of the Chugoku-Shikoku Society for the Local Ablation Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to 20 centers and analyzed types and frequency of complications and mortality rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 16 346 nodules were treated in 13 283 patients between January 1999 and November 2010. Five patients (0.038%) died: two from intraperitoneal hemorrhage, and one each from hemothorax, severe acute pancreatitis and perforation of the colon. In 16 346 treated nodules, 579 complications (3.54%) were observed, including 78 hemorrhages (0.477%), 276 hepatic injuries (1.69%), 113 extrahepatic organ injuries (0.691%) and 27 tumor progressions (0.17%). The centers that treated a large number of nodules and performed RFA modifications, such as use of artificial ascites, artificial pleural effusion and bile duct cooling, had low complication rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed that RFA is a low-risk treatment for HCC and that sufficient experience and technical skill can reduce complications.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, Tottori University, Japan.
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