title: Water-equivalent path length calibration of a prototype proton CT scanner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors present a calibration method for a prototype proton computed tomography (pCT) scanner. The accuracy of these measurements depends upon careful calibration of the energy detector used to measure the residual energy of the protons that passed through the object.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prototype pCT scanner with a cesium iodide (CsI(Tl)) crystal calorimeter was calibrated by measuring the calorimeter response for protons of 200 and 100 MeV initial energies undergoing degradation in polystyrene plates of known thickness and relative stopping power (RSP) with respect to water. Calibration curves for the two proton energies were obtained by fitting a second-degree polynomial to the water-equivalent path length versus calorimeter response data. Using the 100 MeV calibration curve, the RSP values for a variety of tissue-equivalent materials were measured and compared to values obtained from a standard depth-dose range shift measurement using a water-tank. A cylindrical water phantom was scanned with 200 MeV protons and its RSP distribution was reconstructed using the 200 MeV calibration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is shown that this calibration method produces measured RSP values of various tissue-equivalent materials that agree to within 0.5% of values obtained using an established water-tank method. The mean RSP value of the water phantom reconstruction was found to be 0.995 ± 0.006.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method presented provides a simple and reliable procedure for calibration of a pCT scanner.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. fhurley@dominion.llumc.edu
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Bashkirov
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wroe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghebremedhin
authors.forename: H F-W
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Sadrozinski
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rykalin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coutrakon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patyal
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011522:Protons; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D035501:Uncertainty; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D014867:Water