title: Breastfeeding as a time-varying-time-dependent factor for birth spacing: multivariate models with validations and predictions.
abstract: Data used in the present study are from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-I) 1992-93 (International Institute for Population Sciences 1995), India. Our study has developed Cox model analyses to see the effect of breastfeeding as a time-varying and time-dependent factor on birth spacing. While it is acknowledged that breastfeeding has a protective effect on birth spacing, such analysis of breastfeeding allows for a more nuanced understanding of that effect. Multivariate analysis revealed that breastfeeding, ever experience of fetal loss, education of women, employment status of women, education of husband, media exposure, survival status of index child and place of residence played an important part in extending birth space in at least one of the birth-spacing intervals (first to fifth). However, the variables varied from the first birth spacing to the fifth birth spacing. Breastfeeding is the only covariate found to be a significant protective factor associated with each birth spacing. Furthermore, this study validates the developed models with their prediction utilities for birth spacing.
authors.affiliation: Hamad Medical Corporation, Cardiology & Cardiothoracic Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Rajvir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vrijesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Rajesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Mani Kalai
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Vani
authors.forename: Sada Nand
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
mesh_terms: D001721:Birth Intervals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008402:Mass Media; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D043762:Reproductive Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors