title: RO concentrate minimization by electrodialysis: techno-economic analysis and environmental concerns.
abstract: This paper presents a systematic techno-economical analysis and an environmental impact evaluation of a reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate treatment process using electrodialysis (ED) in view of environmental management of brine discharges. The concentrate originates from a secondary effluent treated by RO. Without any treatment, the concentrate would have to be discharged; this is compared in this study to the costs and benefits of an effective treatment method in a pilot scale ED plant. A technical analysis was done both on lab scale and pilot scale for the determination of operational and maintenance costs for the ED installation at the required conditions of process performance and safety. Subsequently, an economical analysis was done to calculate the cost of the different parts of the ED system. It was shown that an operational cost of 0.19 EUR m(-3) can be achieved, assuming that the ED concentrate is to decarbonated at pH 6.0 to prevent membrane scaling. Finally, environmental impact issues were calculated and discussed for the overall system. Results imply that if renewable energy is applied for the ED power source, CO(2) emission from membrane processes can be much less than from the conventional treatment methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Applied Physical Chemistry and Environmental Technology, KU Leuven, W. de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghyselbrecht
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanherpe
authors.forename: Boudewijn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meesschaert
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinoy
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van der Bruggen
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D009995:Osmosis; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012492:Salts; C017082:brine