title: Presence of psychoactive substances in oral fluid from randomly selected drivers in Denmark.
abstract: This roadside study is the Danish part of the EU-project DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol, and Medicines) and included three representative regions in Denmark. Oral fluid samples (n=3002) were collected randomly from drivers using a sampling scheme stratified by time, season, and road type. The oral fluid samples were screened for 29 illegal and legal psychoactive substances and metabolites as well as ethanol. Fourteen (0.5%) drivers were positive for ethanol (alone or in combination with drugs) at concentrations above 0.53g/l, which is the Danish legal limit. The percentage of drivers positive for medicinal drugs above the Danish legal concentration limit was 0.4%; while, 0.3% of the drivers tested positive for one or more illicit drug at concentrations exceeding the Danish legal limit. Tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, and amphetamine were the most frequent illicit drugs detected above the limit of quantitation (LOQ); while, codeine, tramadol, zopiclone, and benzodiazepines were the most frequent legal drugs. Middle aged men (median age 47.5 years) dominated the drunk driving group, while the drivers positive for illegal drugs consisted mainly of young men (median age 26 years). Middle aged women (median age 44.5 years) often tested positive for benzodiazepines at concentrations exceeding the legal limits. Interestingly, 0.6% of drivers tested positive for tramadol, at concentrations above the DRUID cut off; although, tramadol is not included in the Danish list of narcotic drugs. It can be concluded that driving under the influence of drugs is as serious a road safety problem as drunk driving.
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. kirsten.wiese@forensic.ku.dk
authors.forename: K Wiese
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steentoft
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hels
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bernhoft
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linnet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000032:analysis; D003718:Denmark; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D000431:Ethanol