title: The fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in Indonesia.
abstract: Fragile X-associated disorders caused by the premutation of the FMR1 gene, includes the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). FXTAS affects more than 40% of premutation males over the age of 50 and 75% over the age of 80. FMR1 molecular analysis was done using PCR and confirmed by Southern Blot. Three premutation males were diagnosed FXTAS using quantification based on the standard neurological examination. Cognitive impairment was assessed using Raven and WAIS-R test. MRI was done to identify the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) sign, white matter disease and/or cerebral atrophy. Three cases of FXTAS are identified, of five individuals older than 50 years in one family tree two met criteria for definite FXTAS and the third with sub-clinical symptoms, although cognitive and radiological criteria are met. These cases are the first identified FXTAS cases in rural Indonesia. In addition with lack of routine medical follow-up, complications of FXTAS, such as hypertension may go unrecognized and untreated, which may further exacerbate the central nervous system (CNS) findings of FXTAS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetic Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Winarni
authors.forename: F E P
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Mundhofir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ediati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belladona
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Nillesen
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Yntema
authors.forename: B C J
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.forename: S M H
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Faradz
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hagerman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001259:Ataxia / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010375:Pedigree; D013577:Syndrome; D014202:Tremor / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D019680:Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; C497683:FMR1 protein, human