title: Investigating the chemical profile of regenerated scorpion (Parabuthus transvaalicus) venom in relation to metabolic cost and toxicity.
abstract: We investigated the biochemical profile of regenerated venom of the scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus in relation to its metabolic cost and toxicity. Using a closed-system respirometer, we compared oxygen consumption between milked and unmilked scorpions to determine the metabolic costs associated with the first 192 h of subsequent venom synthesis. Milked scorpions had a substantially (21%) higher mean metabolic rate than unmilked scorpions, with the largest increases in oxygen consumption occurring at approximately 120 h, 162 h, and 186 h post-milking. Lethality tests in crickets indicated that toxicity of the regenerated venom returned to normal levels within 4 d after milking. However, the chemical profile of the regenerated venom, as evaluated by FPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, suggested that regeneration of different venom components was asynchronous. Some peptides regenerated quickly, particularly those associated with the scorpion's "prevenom," whereas others required much or all of this time period for regeneration. This asynchrony could explain the different spikes detected in oxygen consumption of milked scorpions as various peptides and other venom components were resynthesized. These observations confirm the relatively high metabolic cost of venom regeneration and suggest that greater venom complexity can be associated with higher costs of venom production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Science & Technology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. znisani@avc.edu
authors.forename: Zia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nisani
authors.forename: Danilo S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Boskovic
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kelln
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006135:Gryllidae; D007103:Immobilization; D007306:Insecticides; D007700:Kinetics; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000379:methods; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012605:Scorpions / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D010455:Peptides; D012604:Scorpion Venoms