title: Use of Sengstaken-Blakemore intrahepatic balloon: an alternative for liver-penetrating injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe lesions in the liver are associated with a high mortality rate. Alternative surgical techniques such as the use of an intrahepatic balloon may be effective and reduce mortality in severe hepatic lesions. This study aimed to demonstrate the experience of a university hospital in the use of the Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon in patients with transfixing penetrating hepatic injury as an alternative way to treat these challenging injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study based on the trauma registry of a university hospital was performed. All patients admitted with hepatic penetrating injuries and treated with the Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon within the period 1990-2010 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients with transfixing hepatic injuries were treated with the Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon in the study period. The most frequent cause of injury was gunshot wound (87 % of the patients). The mean trauma scores on admission were Revised Trauma Score (RTS) = 7.12 ± 1.46, Injury Severity Score (ISS) = 22.4 ± 9.7, and Abdominal Trauma Index (ATI) = 19.5 ± 11. According to the severity of the hepatic trauma, 71.8 % of patients had grade III, 23.9 % grade IV, and 4.3 % grade V injuries. Associated abdominal injuries were found in 89.1 % of the patients. The most frequent liver-related complications were hepatic abscess postoperative bleeding (8.6 %), biliary fistula (8.6 %), (4.3 %), and biliary peritonitis (2.1 %). Surgical reintervention was necessary in 14 patients (31.1 %). From those 14, only 3 had the balloon removed. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 56.5 % and 23.9 % (11 patients), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The knowledge of alternative surgical techniques is essential in improving survival in patients with severe penetrating hepatic injuries. The use of intrahepatic balloon is a viable surgical strategy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. fragagp2008@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gustavo Pereira
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.forename: Thiago Messias
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Zago
authors.forename: Bruno Monteiro
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Thiago Rodrigues Araujo
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Calderan
authors.forename: Henrique Jose Virgili
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Silveira
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult