title: Retinal involvement in nephrotic syndrome secondary to minimal change disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by loss of different plasmatic proteins resulting in different peripheral tissue edemas. No ocular complications have been reported in nephrotic syndrome secondary to primary glomerular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-year-old woman was referred to emergency service for acute generalized edema, associated with bilateral visual impairment and metamorphopsia. A diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome was made. The patient was treated with diuretic therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At first ophthalmologic evaluation, the woman presented best-corrected visual acuity of 20/32 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye and a dome-shaped bilateral neurosensorial retinal detachment and macular edema studied with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The patient underwent furosemide treatment. At follow-up evaluation 6 days later, best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/20 in both eyes and restoration of normal retinal anatomy was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequestration of interstitial fluids, which leads to classic generalized edema in nephrotic syndrome, could be the origin of interstitial accumulation of fluids in the retinal layers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: De Benedetto
authors.forename: Marco R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pastore
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia Parodi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bandello
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pierro
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D005665:Furosemide