title: Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on turning kinematics and related saccadic eye movements in Parkinson disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persons with Parkinson disease (PD) experience turning difficulty, often leading to freezing of gait and falls. Visual information plays a significant role in locomotion and turning, and while the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on oculomotor function have been well documented, the effects of DBS on oculomotor function during turning and on turning itself have yet to be fully elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of STN DBS on turning performance and related oculomotor performance in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven subjects with PD and DBS of the subthalamic nucleus performed a seated voluntary saccade task and standing 180° turns in DBS OFF and DBS ON conditions. Oculomotor data were captured using an infrared eye tracking system while segment rotations were measured using 3-D motion capture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the seated saccade task, DBS did not improve saccade amplitude or latency. DBS also did not improve gait velocity and stride length during forward walking. During turning, DBS improved turn performance (turn duration), reduced the number of saccades performed during the turns, and increased the amplitude and velocity of the saccade initiating the turn. DBS decreased the intersegmental latencies (eye-head, eye-foot, and head-trunk) but this effect was lost for eye-head and eye-foot after controlling for the duration of the first gait cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBS significantly improves turn performance and related oculomotor performance. These findings add to the growing list of therapeutic benefits offered by DBS.
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Corey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lohnes
authors.forename: Gammon M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Earhart
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*