title: Cytokines in pericardial effusion of patients with inflammatory pericardial disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines in patients with inflammatory pericardial effusion still remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed pericardial and serum levels of VEGF, bFGF, IL-1β and TNF-α by ELISA in patients with inflammatory pericardial effusion (PE) of autoreactive (n = 22) and viral (n = 11) origin, and for control in pericardial fluid (PF) and serum (n = 26) of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF levels were significantly higher in patients with autoreactive and viral PE than in patients with CAD in both PE (P = 0.006 for autoreactive and P < 0.001 for viral PE) and serum (P < 0.001 for autoreactive and P < 0.001 for viral PE). Pericardial bFGF levels were higher compared to serum levels in patients with inflammatory PE and patients with CAD (P ≤ 0.001 for CAD; P ≤ 0.001 for autoreactive PE; P = 0, 005 for viral PE). Pericardial VEGF levels correlated positively with markers of pericardial inflammation, whereas pericardial bFGF levels showed a negative correlation. IL-1β and TNF-α were detectable only in few PE and serum samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF and bFGF levels in pericardial effusion are elevated in patients with inflammatory PE. It is thus possible that VEGF and bFGF participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pericardial disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Giessen & Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany. karatoli@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karatolios
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moosdorf
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maisch
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pankuweit
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D007249:Inflammation; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000276:immunology*; D010496:Pericardium / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2