title: HIV infection and atherosclerosis: evaluating the drivers of inflammation.
abstract: As the population of people living with HIV ages, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are common among those with HIV. In addition, some antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens contribute to conditions such as hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. However, inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to ASCVD. HIV infection induces immune activation and inflammation through several mechanisms. Co-infections such as hepatitis C and cytomegalovirus along with HIV itself likely initiate immune activation and inflammation. Translocation of bacterial products across a compromised epithelial barrier as a result of HIV infection is another mechanism by which the immune system is activated. In this article we summarize the current understanding of drivers of immune activation and inflammation among those with HIV and the contribution of each to ASCVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California Davis, USA.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maniar
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Asmuth
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rutledge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D060085:Coinfection; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators