title: An EPID based method for performing high accuracy calibration between an optical external marker tracking device and the LINAC reference frame.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the increasing use of external 3D optical tracking cameras to guide modern radiation therapy procedures, it has become vitally important to have an accurate camera to linear accelerator (LINAC) reference frame calibration. To eliminate errors present in current calibration procedures based on the manual hand alignment of a device using the light field crosshairs and in room guidance lasers, a semiautomated quantitative calibration approach requiring only use of an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phantom comprised of seven highly IR reflective plastic BBs was placed on the LINAC treatment couch and imaged with both a 3D stereoscopic IR imager and the on board megavoltage (MV) EPID imager. Having knowledge of the optically determined 3D positions and projected EPID images of the BBs, simulated annealing was used to optimize the location of the BBs in the LINAC frame using four different optimization functions. Singular value decomposition was then used to calculate the transformation matrix between the camera and LINAC reference frames. Results were then compared to a traditional camera calibration method for overall accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using modeled data, the simulated annealing process was able to determine the actual locations of the BBs with a RMSE of 0.23 mm. Using projection images acquired with an MV imager, the process was able to determine locations of BBs within .26 mm. The results depend on the choice of optimization function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that the method can be used to provide highly accurate spatial registration between an external 3D imaging reference frame and the LINAC frame. The experimental MV imager results, while not as precise as the simulated results, exceed 1 mm accuracy and the current accepted AAPM TG-142 standard of ≤2 mm positioning accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. zachg@uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Grelewicz
authors.forename: Hyejoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Rodney D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wiersma
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D007259:Infrared Rays; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000592:standards*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*