title: How Shakespeare tempests the brain: neuroimaging insights.
abstract: Shakespeare made extensive use of the functional shift (FS), a rhetorical device involving a change in the grammatical status of words, e.g., using nouns as verbs. Previous work using event-related brain potentials showed how FS triggers a surprise effect inviting mental re-evaluation, seemingly independent of semantic processing. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain activation in participants making judgements on the semantic relationship between sentences -some containing a Shakespearean FS- and subsequently presented words. Behavioural performance in the semantic decision task was high and unaffected by sentence type. However, neuroimaging results showed that sentences featuring FS elicited significant activation beyond regions classically activated by typical language tasks, including the left caudate nucleus, the right inferior frontal gyrus and the right inferior temporal gyrus. These findings show how Shakespeare's grammatical exploration forces the listener to take a more active role in integrating the meaning of what is said.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK. j.keidel@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Keidel
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Victorina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Diaz
authors.forename: Clara D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thierry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007802:Language; D008091:Literature; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen