title: Blood pressure indexes and end-stage renal disease risk in adults with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have compared different blood pressure (BP) indexes for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) risk among individuals with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relationship between systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ESRD risk among 2,772 participants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation in the REasons for the Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. BP was measured during a baseline study visit between January 2003 and October 2007 with ESRD incidence through August 2009 ascertained via linkage with the United States Renal Data System (n = 138 ESRD cases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 72.1(standard deviation: 8.7) years. After multivariable adjustment for socio-demographic and clinical risk factors including antihypertensive medication use, the hazard ratio (HR) for ESRD associated with one standard deviation higher SBP (18 mm Hg) was 1.67, (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.43-1.96), DBP (11 mm Hg) was 1.38, (95% CI 1.16-1.63), PP (15 mm Hg) was 1.50, (95% CI 1.27-1.78) and MAP (11 mm Hg) was 1.54, (95% CI 1.32-1.79). Higher levels of SBP remained associated with an increased HR for ESRD after additional adjustment for DBP (1.65, 95% CI: 1.35-2.01), PP (1.73, 95% CI: 1.32-2.26), and MAP (1.61, 95% CI: 1.16-2.23). After adjustment for SBP, the other BP indexes were not significantly associated with incident ESRD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that of several blood pressure indexes including DBP, PP and MAP, SBP may have the strongest association with ESRD incidence among individuals with reduced eGFR.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. ekbell@uab.edu
authors.forename: Emmy K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Glasser
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: Orlando M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safford
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lackland
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Warnock
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents