title: Anti-phosphatidylserine, anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein I and anti-prothrombin antibodies in recurrent miscarriage at 8-12 gestational weeks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of antibodies to β2-glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI), cardiolipin (ACA), phosphatidylserine (anti-PS) and prothrombin (anti-PT) with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study involving 277 RSM cases and 288 controls: autoantibody levels were measured by ELISA. Differences between cases and controls were analyzed by nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression was used in analyzing the association of autoantibodies with RSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-PS IgG, ACA IgM and IgG, and anti-PT IgM were significantly associated with RSM risk, and differential antibody association was noted according to BMI and primary and secondary RSM. Higher prevalence of elevated anti-PS IgG was seen in cases, with the strongest risk above the 99th percentile. For ACA IgM, 28 cases (10.1%) and 5 controls (1.7%) were positive, with increasing OR for increasing cut-off points, which was significant at antibody titers >99th percentile. For ACA IgG, 101 cases (36.5%) and 13 controls (4.5%) were positive, with graded increase in OR for increasing cut-off points, which was significant at titers >90th percentile (maximal at titers >99th percentile). For anti-PT, 23 cases (12.0%) and 9 controls (6.1%) were positive, with increased OR at titers >90th percentile. Regression analyses confirmed the independent association of anti-PS IgG, ACA IgM and IgG with RSM, and significant RSM risk was associated with high anti-PS IgG (P<0.001) and ACA IgM (P<0.001) titers, and a dose-dependent increase in RSM risk was seen with progressively increased ACA IgG titers. No significant association existed between anti-PT IgM and RSM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated ACA IgM and IgG, and anti-PS IgG antibodies are positively associated with RSM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
authors.forename: Mai S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sater
authors.forename: Ramzi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.forename: Farah M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Abu-Hijleh
authors.forename: Tala M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Abu-Hijleh
authors.forename: Wassim Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Almawi
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000276:immunology; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D002308:Cardiolipins; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I; D011516:Prothrombin