title: Persistent increase of blood lead level and suppression of δ-ALAD activity in northern bobwhite quail orally dosed with even a single 2-mm spent lead shot.
abstract: Birds that display grit ingestion behavior are potentially at risk of lead (Pb) poisoning from mistaken ingestion of spent Pb shot pellets. The majority of available studies designed to assess such risk have used unspent shot pellets rather than field-obtained spent shot, which is oxidized and otherwise changed by weathering. Available studies also often administered more or heavier shot pellets to a bird than it might be expected to ingest. The current study dosed northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) weighing 194.6 ± 23.1 g (female birds) and 199.3 ± 12.2 g (male birds) with one to three spent no. 9 Pb shot collected from a skeet range, with particular interest in the toxicity that may occur from ingestion of a single 2-mm, 50 mg shot. An 8 week post-dosing clinical observation period was employed, over which feed consumption, body weight, blood Pb levels, and a battery of blood physiological parameters were made. Weight loss occurred in the birds, including male birds dosed with one Pb pellet. Erythrocyte delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) levels were decreased for the duration of the study across exposures and to levels associated with injury in wild bird populations. Decreased ALAD was particularly severe in female birds dosed with one Pb pellet and was still 92 % decreased at 8 weeks after dosing. Together, these results suggest that inadvertent ingestion of a single no. 9 Pb shot pellet can adversely affect the health of northern bobwhite quail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, H343, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Holladay
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Holladay
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gogal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000097:blood*; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D011784:Quail / Q000097:blood*; D054041:Weapons
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D007854:Lead; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase