title: Application of optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound imaging during noninvasive laser vasectomy.
abstract: A noninvasive approach to vasectomy may eliminate male fear of complications related to surgery and increase its acceptance. Noninvasive laser thermal occlusion of the canine vas deferens has recently been reported. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) are compared for monitoring laser thermal coagulation of the vas in an acute canine model. Bilateral noninvasive laser coagulation of the vas was performed in six dogs (n=12 vasa) using a Ytterbium fiber laser wavelength of 1075 nm, incident power of 9.0 W, pulse duration of 500 ms, pulse rate of 1 Hz, and 3-mm-diameter spot. Cryogen spray cooling was used to prevent skin burns during the procedure. An OCT system with endoscopic probe and a HFUS system with 20-MHz transducer were used to image the vas immediately before and after the procedure. Vasa were then excised and processed for gross and histologic analysis for comparison with OCT and HFUS images. OCT provided high-resolution, superficial imaging of the compressed vas within the vas ring clamp, while HFUS provided deeper imaging of the vas held manually in the scrotal fold. Both OCT and high HFUS are promising imaging modalities for real-time confirmation of vas occlusion during noninvasive laser vasectomy.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Physics and Optical Science, North Carolina 28223, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cilip
authors.forename: Mohamad E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Allaf
authors.forename: Nathaniel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fried
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D019723:Endoscopes; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000379:methods*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D008297:Male; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014159:Transducers; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000379:methods*