title: Longitudinal investigation of natural killer cells and cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is an etiologically unexplained disorder characterised by irregularities in various aspects of the immunological function. Presently, it is unknown whether these immunological changes remain consistent over time. This study investigates Natural Killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity, NK cell subsets (CD56brightCD16- and CD56dimCD16+) and cytokines, over the course of a12 month period in patients with CFS/ME.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants in the study comprised 65 (47.2 ± 11.5 years) CFS/ME participants and 21 (45.2 ± 9.3 years) non-fatigued controls. Flow cytometry protocols were used to assess NK subsets and NK cytotoxic activity at various time points that included baseline (T1), 6 (T2) and 12 months (T3). Cytokine secretions were measured following mitogenic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NK cytotoxic activity was significantly decreased in the CFS/ME patients at T1, T2 and T3 compared to the non-fatigued group. Additionally, in comparison to the non-fatigued controls, the CFS/ME group had significantly lower numbers of CD56brightCD16- NK cells at both T1 and T2. Interestingly, following mitogenic stimulation, cytokine secretion revealed significant increases in IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α at T1 in the CFS/ME group. A significant decrease was observed at T2 in the CFS/ME group for IL-10 and IL-17A while at T3, IL-2 was increased in the CFS/ME group in comparison to the non-fatigued controls. Overall cytotoxic activity was significantly decreased at T3 compared to T1 and T2. CD56brightCD16- NK cells were much lower at T2 compared to T1 and T3. IL-10 and IL-17A secretion was elevated at T2 in comparison to T1 and T3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm decreases in immune function in CFS/ME patients, suggesting an increased susceptibility to viral and other infections. Furthermore, NK cytotoxic activity may be a suitable biomarker for diagnosing CFS/ME as it was consistently decreased during the course of the 12 months study.
authors.affiliation: Population Health and Neuroimmunology Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia. ekbrenu@bond.edu.au
authors.forename: Ekua W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Brenu
authors.forename: Mieke L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: van Driel
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Staines
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Sharni L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hardcastle
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Lotti
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tajouri
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Sonya M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marshall-Gradisnik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D016207:Cytokines