title: Relationship of urine dopamine with phosphorus homeostasis in humans: the heart and soul study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urine dopamine (DA) is produced in the proximal tubule and has been found to increase in response to dietary phosphorus intake, and to contribute to greater urinary phosphorus excretion in animal models. Whether urine DA is associated with phosphorus homeostasis in humans is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 884 outpatients. DA was measured from 24-hour urine collections. We examined cross-sectional associations between urine DA and serum phosphorus, 24-hour urine phosphorus (as an indicator of dietary phosphorus absorption), fractional excretion of phosphorus (FEphos), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, eGFR, albuminuria, hypertension, heart failure, tobacco use, body mass index, and diuretic use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 66.6 ± 11 years and mean eGFR was 71 ± 21.3 ml/min/1.73 m(2). The mean urine DA was 193 ± 86 µg/day, mean serum phosphorus was 3.6 ± 0.6 mg/dl, mean daily urine phosphorus excretion was 671 ± 312 mg/day, and mean FEphos was 17 ± 9%. In adjusted models, each standard deviation higher DA was associated with 78.4 mg/day higher urine phosphorus and 0.9% lower FEphos (p < 0.05 for both). There was no statistically significant association between urine DA, serum phosphorus, FGF-23 or PTH in adjusted models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher dietary phosphorus absorption is associated with higher urine DA in humans, consistent with animal models. However, higher urine DA is not associated with FGF-23 or PTH, suggesting that known mechanisms of renal tubular handling of phosphorus may not be involved in the renal dopamine-phosphorus regulatory pathway in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. nisha.bansal@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Chi-Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whooley
authors.forename: Anders H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Joachim H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ix
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004298:Dopamine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood*; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D010758:Phosphorus; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D004298:Dopamine