title: Feeding Jerusalem artichoke reduced skatole level and changed intestinal microbiota in the gut of entire male pigs.
abstract: Different levels of dried Jerusalem artichoke were fed to entire male pigs 1 week before slaughter. The objective was to investigate the effect on skatole level in the hindgut and in adipose tissue, as well as the effect on microflora and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the hindgut. Five experimental groups (n = 11) were given different dietary treatments 7 days before slaughtering: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 9% chicory-inulin), basal diet + 4.1% Jerusalem artichoke, basal diet + 8.1% Jerusalem artichoke and basal diet + 12.2% Jerusalem artichoke. Samples from colon, rectum, faeces and adipose tissue were collected. Effect of dietary treatment on skatole, indole and androstenone levels in adipose tissue and on skatole, indole, pH, dry matter (DM), microbiota and SCFA in the hindgut was evaluated. Feeding increasing levels of Jerusalem artichoke to entire male pigs reduced skatole in digesta from colon and in faeces (linear, P < 0.01). There was also a tendency towards a decreased level of skatole in adipose tissue (linear, P = 0.06). Feeding Jerusalem artichoke decreased DM content in colon and faeces and pH in colon (linear, P < 0.01). Increasing levels of Jerusalem artichoke resulted in a reduced level of Clostridium perfringens in both colon and rectum (linear, P < 0.05) and a tendency towards decreased levels of enterobacteria in colon (linear, P = 0.05). Further, there was an increase in total amount of SCFA (linear, P < 0.05), acetic acid (linear, P < 0.05) and valerianic acid (linear, P < 0.01) in faeces. In conclusion, adding dried Jerusalem artichoke to diets for entire male pigs 1 week before slaughter resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in skatole levels in the hindgut and adipose tissue. The reduced skatole levels might be related to the decrease in C. perfringens and the increase in SCFA with subsequent reduction in pH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Vhile
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Kjos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sørum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Overland
mesh_terms: D000738:Androsterone / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003016:Clostridium perfringens; D004032:Diet; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006368:Helianthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*; D054892:Metagenome; D009812:Odorants / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010421:Pentanoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D012862:Skatole / Q000378:metabolism*; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D007211:Indoles; D010421:Pentanoic Acids; C030374:indole; D012862:Skatole; D000738:Androsterone; C038780:n-pentanoic acid