title: Estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in heart failure: value of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study-4, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, and cockroft-gault formulas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the value of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated by different formulas for predicting the risk of death in heart failure (HF) outpatients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patients with both HF and renal insufficiency have a poor prognosis. Three formulas are mostly used to assess renal function: Cockroft-Gault formula, MDRD-4 (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study) formula, and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. The prognostic values of these formulas have not been adequately compared in HF patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 925 patients (72% men; age 69 years; interquartile range: 59 to 75.5 years) with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 31% (interquartile range: 23.5% to 39%) were studied. Follow-up was 1,202 days (interquartile range: 627.5 to 2,156.5 days). Measures of performance were evaluated using continuous data and by dividing patients into 4 subgroups according to the eGFR: ≥90, 89 to 60, <60 to 30, and <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 formulas correlated significantly, with the best correlation found between the MDRD-4 and CKD-EPI formulas. The 3 formulas afforded independent prognostic information over long-term follow-up. However, risk prediction was most accurate using the Cockroft-Gault formula as evaluated by Cox proportional hazards models (hazard ratio: 0.75 vs. 0.81 with the MDRD-4 formula and 0.80 with the CKD-EPI equation), area under the curve (0.67 vs. 0.62 and 0.64, respectively), and Bayesian information criterion (both analyzing eGFR as a continuous or categorical variable). Indeed, net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement using the Cockroft-Gault formula were 21% and 5.04, respectively, versus the MDRD-4 formula (the most used) and 13.1% and 3.77 respectively versus CKD-EPI equation (the more recent) (all p values <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this ambulatory, real-life cohort of HF patients, the Cockroft-Gault formula was the most accurate of the 3 used eGFR formulas to improve the risk stratification for death.
authors.affiliation: Unitat d'Insuficiència Cardíaca, Servei de Cardiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lupón
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urrutia
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Antonio
authors.forename: Hèctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ara
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bayés-Genís
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012306:Risk