title: High-intensity 405 nm light inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes.
abstract: The antimicrobial properties of light is an area of increasing interest. This study investigates the sensitivity of the significant foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to selected wavelengths of visible light. Results demonstrate that exposure to wavelength region 400-450 nm, at sufficiently high dose levels (750 J cm(-2)), induced complete inactivation of a 5 log(10) population. Exposure to wavelengths longer than 450 nm did not cause significant inactivation. Analysis of 10 nm bandwidths between 400 and 450 nm confirmed 405(± 5) nm light to be most effective for the inactivation of L. monocytogenes, with a lesser bactericidal effect also evident at other wavelengths between 400 and 440 nm. Identification of the optimum bactericidal wavelength enabled the comparison of inactivation using 405(± 5) nm filtered light and a 405 nm light-emitting diode (LED) array (14 nm FWHM). Results demonstrate similar inactivation kinetics, indicating that the applied dose of 405 nm light is the important factor. Use of the 405 nm LED array for the inactivation of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species resulted in similar kinetics, with up to 5 log(10) reductions with a dose of 185 J cm(-2). Comparative data for the 405 nm light inactivation of L. monocytogenes and other important foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Shigella sonnei, are also presented, with L. monocytogenes showing higher susceptibility to inactivation through 405 nm light exposure.
authors.affiliation: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Endarko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Endarko
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: Igor V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Timoshkin
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008027:Light; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012764:Shigella sonnei / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*