title: Comparison of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in water pipe and cigarette smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A major type of smoking in Middle Eastern countries is water pipe (WP) smoking. In the present study, pulmonary function tests (PFT) and respiratory symptoms (RS) were compared in WP smokers and deep inspiration (S-DI) or normal inspiration (S-NI) cigarette smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulmonary function and RS were compared among WP smokers, deep or normal inspiration cigarette smokers, and non-smokers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All PFT values in WP smokers and S-DI, but only some values in S-NI, were lower than those of non-smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In addition, all PFT values in WP smokers and S-DI were lower than the corresponding values in S-NI, except for forced expiratory volume in 1 s and maximal expiratory flow at 25% of forced vital capacity (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). The prevalence of RS, except for sputum production, was greater in all three groups of smokers than in non-smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). However, the severity of most RS in WP smokers and S-DI, but only the severity of wheezing in S-NI, was greater than that in non-smokers (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). There were inverse correlations for PFT values and positive correlations for RS, with duration and total amount of smoking (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study showed that there was a profound effect of WP smoking on PFT values and RS, which were similar to the effects of deep inspiration cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Applied Physiology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran. boskabadymh@mums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Boskabady
authors.forename: Lila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farhang
authors.forename: Mahbobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmodinia
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boskabady
authors.forename: Gholam Reza
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Heydari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013183:Sputum; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects