title: Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research degree-granting PhD programs in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence is missing on showcasing current practices of degree programs specific to the field of pharmaceutical outcomes research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure current practices of pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research PhD programs in the United States and synthesize recommendations for improving the success of programs and prospective students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 23-question online survey instrument was created and distributed to 32 program directors identified in the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research educational directory. Descriptive statistics summarized both the program characteristics (including observed and desired number of faculty and students) and training recommendations (traits of program and student success).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 30 eligible programs that conferred a PhD in pharmacoeconomics, pharmaceutical outcomes research, or a related field, 16 respondents (53%) completed the survey. Seventy-five percent of respondents were located in a school of pharmacy. The average observed number of faculty (7.5) and students (11.5) was lower than the average desired numbers (8.1) and (14.7), respectively. Reputation of faculty research and a collaborative environment with other disciplines were rated highest for a program's success. Faculty's mentoring experience and reputation and student funding opportunities were rated highest for prospective students' success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing and emerging programs as well as prospective students can use these findings to further their chances of success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, University of Colorado Aschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. julia.slejko@alumni.colorado.edu
authors.forename: Julia F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Slejko
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Libby
authors.forename: Kavita V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Valuck
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D003625:Data Collection; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D004500:Education, Graduate / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004514:Education, Pharmacy, Graduate / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008611:Mentors; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012580:Schools, Pharmacy; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States