title: Difficult and complex separation from cardiopulmonary bypass in high-risk cardiac surgical patients: a multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of the pharmacologic and mechanical support required during separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on survival after cardiac surgery. The authors hypothesized that difficulty with separation from CPB was associated independently with life-threatening complications and survival after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen tertiary care hospitals involved in the Blood Conservation Using Antifibrinolytics in a Randomized Controlled Trial (BART).
  
  
  METHODS
  High-risk cardiac surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separation from CPB was stratified as easy when no support or only one vasoactive agent or inotrope was required, difficult or pharmacologically assisted when the 2 drug types were used, and complex when the first weaning process failed or the patient required mechanical devices to be weaned from CPB. These definitions were based on a retrospective analysis of 6,120 consecutive cardiac surgical patients who underwent cardiac surgery in a single center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Backward logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of life-threatening complications and mortality. There were 2,331 patients with a mean age of 66 ± 11 years, and 71.8% were men. There were 1,158 (49.7%), 835 (35.8%) and 338 (14.5%) patients in the easy, difficult, and complex categories, respectively. One hundred eight patients died (4.6%), 84 (77.8%) of whom had difficulty in weaning from CPB. Complex separation from CPB was found to be an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio 3.091, 95% confidence interval 1.706-5.601).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Difficulty in the process of separation from CPB is an independent predictor of mortality and adverse outcome after cardiac surgery (Current Controlled Trials, indentifier ISRCTN15166455).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. andre.denault@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: André Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Denault
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.forename: C David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mazer
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies