title: A comparison and cross-validation of models to predict basic activity of daily living dependency in older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A simple method of identifying elders at high risk for activity of daily living (ADL) dependence could facilitate essential research and implementation of cost-effective clinical care programs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We used a nationally representative sample of 9446 older adults free from ADL dependence in 2006 to develop simple models for predicting ADL dependence at 2008 follow-up and to compare the models to the most predictive published model. Candidate predictor variables were those of published models that could be obtained from interview or medical record data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variable selection was performed using logistic regression with backward elimination in a two-third random sample (n = 6233) and validated in a one-third random sample (n = 3213). Model fit was determined using the c-statistic and evaluated vis-a-vis our replication of a published model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2-year follow-up, 8.0% and 7.3% of initially independent persons were ADL dependent in the development and validation samples, respectively. The best fitting, simple model consisted of age and number of hospitalizations in past 2 years, plus diagnoses of diabetes, chronic lung disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, and arthritis. This model had a c-statistic of 0.74 in the validation sample. A model of just age and number of hospitalizations achieved a c-statistic of 0.71. These compared with a c-statistic of 0.79 for the published model. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated model robustness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Models based on a widely available data achieve very good validity for predicting ADL dependence. Future work will assess the validity of these models using medical record data.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University Center for Aging Research, Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. daniclar@iupui
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Stump
authors.forename: Wanzhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors