title: Brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata:  a case series to further delineate the phenotype.
abstract: Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is a heterogenous group of skeletal dysplasias characterized by aberrant bone mineralization, manifesting radiologically as epiphyseal stippling. Among this group, brachytelephalangic dysplasia, a benign form of CDP (CDPX1), is probably under-reported. It is an X-linked recessive disorder and is characterized by a flat nasal tip, short columella and maxillary hypoplasia, involvement of terminal phalanges, and stippled chondrodystrophy. This paper presents a clinical series of 13 patients with brachytelephalangic dysplasia. These patients enrolled during 2002-2006 were re-evaluated and their dysmorphic features were compiled in a predesigned proforma. Skeletal survey, karyotype, cardiac evaluation, and ophthalmic evaluation were planned for all the cases. Out of 13 patients, 10 were males and three were females. All patients had flat facies, a depressed nasal bridge, a hypoplastic nose, a short philtrum, notched alae nasi, brachydactyly, and hypoplastic terminal phalanges. In addition, congenital heart disease, optic nerve hypoplasia, and developmental delay were found in a few patients. Radiography showed hypoplastic terminal phalanges, delayed bone age (1/13), epiphyseal stippling in carpal (3/13) and tarsal bones (2/13), sacral bone (1/13), and bullet-shaped lumbar vertebra (1/13). Cranial neuroimaging, thyroid profile, and karyotype carried out in a few were normal. The present paper discusses various clinical features and associated abnormalities in patients with brachytelephalangic dysplasia (CDPX1) to further delineate the phenotype. The presence of a similar phenotype in females suggests the possibility of another locus or manifestation of disease in heterozygous females. Arylsulfatase E gene analysis would further help in establishing the genotype-phenotype correlation.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Neerja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Ganesh Prasad
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Madhulika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabra
mesh_terms: D059327:Brachydactyly / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002806:Chondrodysplasia Punctata / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011859:Radiography