title: Linguistic and attitudinal factors in normal-hearing bilingual listeners' perception of degraded English passages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Linguistic variables alone cannot fully account for bilingual listeners' perception of English-running speech. In the present study, the authors investigated how linguistic and attitudinal factors, in combination, affect bilingual processing of temporally degraded English passages in quiet and in noise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six bilinguals with various linguistic and attitudinal characteristics participated in the study. Bilingual individuals completed questionnaires that assessed their language background, willingness to communicate (WTC), and self-perceived communication competency (SPCC) in English. Participants listened to English passage pairs from the Connected Speech Test, presented at 45 dB HL at 3 rates (unprocessed, expanded, compressed), in quiet and in noise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Language proficiency measures were the most significant linguistic variables, accounting for the largest amount of variance in performance across most conditions. Both WTC and SPCC were associated with performance and contributed to regression models. Subscales assessing listeners' WTC and SPCC in a group were more predictive of performance than communication in an interpersonal or public setting. Performance in noise was more difficult to predict than in quiet. Performance with compression was more difficult to predict than with expansion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To fully understand bilingual clients' perception of English speech, hearing professionals should consider their attitudinal characteristics in addition to language background.
authors.affiliation: Long Island University-Brooklyn Campus, NY, USA. lu.shi@liu.edu
authors.forename: Lu-Feng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farooq
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019303:Multilingualism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013067:Speech Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult