title: Haemoparasites of free-roaming dogs associated with several remote Aboriginal communities in Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tick-borne haemoparasites Babesia vogeli and Anaplasma platys are common among the free-roaming canine populations associated with Aboriginal communities in Australia, whilst the prevalence of haemoplasmas, which are also suspected to be tick-borne, remained unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of haemoplasma infection in these populations, and to identify any correlation with other haemoparasites. Blood was collected from 39 dogs associated with four Aboriginal communities and screened for infection using PCR and serology. DNA was purified and PCR analyses for piroplasms, Anaplasmataceae family bacteria and haemoplasmas performed. Serum was analysed using a commercial haemoparasite ELISA. Prevalence of infection was compared between communities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen dogs (44%) were infected (PCR positive) with Mycoplasma haemocanis, eight (21%) with 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum', 20 (51%) with A. platys, and 17 (44%) with B. vogeli. Two dogs were infected with a novel haemoplasma as determined by DNA amplification and sequencing. Two dogs (5%) were serologically positive for Dirofilaria immitis antigens, one (3%) was positive for Ehrlichia canis antibodies and nine (24nbsp;%) were positive for A. platys antibodies. Co-infections were frequent. Haemoplasma prevalence was highest (73%, 16/22) in Central Australia and lowest (22%, 2/9) in Western Australia (p = 0.017). In contrast, B. vogeli prevalence was low in Central Australia (18%, 4/22) but higher (78%, 7/9) in Western Australia (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first time haemoplasma infections, including a novel species, have been molecularly documented in Australian dogs. The wide regional variation in prevalence of some of the haemoparasite infections detected in this study warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK. emi.barker@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Emily N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Langton
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Helps
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tasker
mesh_terms: D000709:Anaplasma / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000710:Anaplasmataceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000711:Anaplasmataceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D000712:Anaplasmosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001403:Babesia / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*