title: The HepaRG cell line: a unique in vitro tool for understanding drug metabolism and toxicology in human.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HepaRG is a unique cell line showing a great plasticity, which differentiates to both canaliculae-like and hepatocyte-like cells. The long-term stability of key cell functions, for example, the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities, in culture is especially useful in drug metabolism, disposition and toxicity studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review describes features of the HepaRG cells focusing on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, their functionality and regulation. Several applications in drug discovery studies are discussed and the use of HepaRG, as a human relevant predictive in vitro CYP induction model, is described. In addition, promising studies using HepaRG cells for understanding liver toxicity mechanisms by drug compounds are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HepaRG cells exhibit features which make them useful as an in vitro model for drug metabolism, disposition and toxicity studies, and could, for many studies, replace the requirement for primary human hepatocytes. Care should be taken since HepaRG cells are of a specific genotype which is reflected in the expression of drug processing proteins. The finding that HepaRG cells form tight junctions provides the basis for formation of functional canalicular structures and this should be investigated further to aid development of human relevant hepatic in vitro 2D and 3D models.
authors.affiliation: DMPK Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden. tommy.b.andersson@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Tommy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Kajsa P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kanebratt
authors.forename: John Gerry
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kenna
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008958:Models, Molecular