title: Design and optimization of a semicontinuous hot-cold extraction of polyphenols from grape pomace.
abstract: Grape pomace contains appreciable amounts of polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and procyanidins which can be recovered for use as food supplements. The extraction of these polyphenols from the pomace is usually accomplished at slightly elevated temperatures, frequently employing hydroethanolic solvents. Due to governmental regulations and the cost involved in using ethanol as a solvent, as well as the loss in polyphenolics due to thermal degradation, improved extraction techniques are required. In this study, a semicontinuous extraction apparatus employing only water was developed to maximize the recovery of anthocyanins and procyanidins from red grape pomace (Vitis vinifera). Water is preheated prior to its entry to the extraction cell containing the grape pomace sample, where it is allowed to then flow continuously through the unheated extraction vessel prior to its collection at ambient conditions. Extraction variables that impacted the polyphenolic recovery included pomace moisture content (crude or dried), sample mass, water flow rate, and extraction temperature. A response surface method was used to analyze the results from the extraction, and the optimal conditions were found to be 140 °C and 9 mL/min water flow rate. These conditions can produce an extract containing 130 mg/100 g DW of anthocyanins and 2077 mg/100 g DW of procyanidins. Higher yields of polyphenolics were observed using crude (wet) rather than dried pomace, hence avoiding the need to dry the pomace prior to extraction. The described semicontinuous extraction method using only water as the extraction solvent under subcritical conditions allowed the efficient extraction of polyphenols from red grape pomace without the attendant loss of polyphenolic content due to having to heat the extraction vessel prior to commencement of extraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, United States.
authors.forename: Jeana K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Monrad
authors.forename: Keerthi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Jerry W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002392:Catechin / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin