title: Changes in selected physical property and enzyme activity of rice and barley koji during fermentation and storage.
abstract: Koji are solid-state fermentation products made by inoculating steamed grains with the spores of fungi, particularly Aspergillus spp. This research was undertaken to identify the fermentation and storage conditions optimal for the production and maintenance of selected hydrolytic enzymes, such as α-amlyase and protease, in koji. Steamed rice and barley were inoculated with 2 × 10 ¹¹ Aspergillus oryzae spores per kilogram of grains and fermented for 118 h in a growth chamber at 28 to 32 °C with controlled relative humidities. Samples were drawn periodically during fermentation and storage at -20, 4, or 32 °C, and α-amylase and protease activity, mold counts, a(w), moisture contents, and pH of collected samples were determined. It was observed that the a(w), moisture contents, and pH of the koji were influenced by the duration of fermentation and temperature of storage. The α-amylase activity of both koji increased as the populations of A. oryzae increased during the exponential growth phase. The enzyme activity of barley koji was significantly higher than that of rice koji, reaching a peak activity of 211.87 or 116.57 U at 46 and 58 h, respectively, into the fermentation process. The enzyme activity in both products started to decrease once the mold culture entered the stationary growth phase. The protease activities of both koji were low and remained relatively stable during fermentation and storage. These results suggest that rice and barley koji can be used as sources of α-amylase and desired enzyme activity can be achieved by controlling the fermentation and storage conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amylases and proteases are 2 important hydrolytic enzymes. In the food industry, these enzymes are used to break down starches and proteins while reducing the viscosity of foods. Although amylases and proteases are found in plants and animals, commercial enzymes are often produced using bacteria or molds through solid state fermentation, which is designed to use natural microbial process to produce enzymes in a controlled environment. A properly produced and maintained koji with a high hydrolytic enzyme activity can serve as an important source of the enzymes for the food industry.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Food Science and Technology, The Univ of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA. jchen@uga.edu
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechman
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jinru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001236:Aspergillus oryzae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D005285:Fermentation; D061353:Food Storage; D057141:Food, Preserved / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D014867:Water; D000516:alpha-Amylases; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases