title: Machine learning-based coreference resolution of concepts in clinical documents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coreference resolution of concepts, although a very active area in the natural language processing community, has not yet been widely applied to clinical documents. Accordingly, the 2011 i2b2 competition focusing on this area is a timely and useful challenge. The objective of this research was to collate coreferent chains of concepts from a corpus of clinical documents. These concepts are in the categories of person, problems, treatments, and tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  A machine learning approach based on graphical models was employed to cluster coreferent concepts. Features selected were divided into domain independent and domain specific sets. Training was done with the i2b2 provided training set of 489 documents with 6949 chains. Testing was done on 322 documents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The learning engine, using the un-weighted average of three different measurement schemes, resulted in an F measure of 0.8423 where no domain specific features were included and 0.8483 where the feature set included both domain independent and domain specific features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our machine learning approach is a promising solution for recognizing coreferent concepts, which in turn is useful for practical applications such as the assembly of problem and medication lists from clinical documents.
authors.affiliation: M*Modal, Inc., Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mullett
authors.forename: Vasudevan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jagannathan
authors.forename: Oussama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El-Rawas
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D057225:Data Mining / Q000379:methods*; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012660:Semantics