title: Oscillations of heart rate and respiration synchronize during affective visual stimulation.
abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the synchronization between breathing patterns and heart rate during emotional visual elicitation, that is, using sets of images gathered from the international affective picture system having five levels of arousal and five levels of valence, including a neutral reference level. Thirty-five healthy volunteers were emotionally elicited in agreement with a bidimensional spatial localization of affective states, i.e., arousal/valence plane, while two peripheral physiological signals, ECG and Respiration activity, were acquired simultaneously. The synchronization was then quantified by applying the concept of phase synchronization of chaotic oscillators, i.e., the cardio-respiratory synchrogram. This technique allowed us to estimate the synchronization ratio m:n as the attendance of  n heartbeats in each  m  respiratory cycle, even for noisy and nonstationary data. We found a stronger evidence of cardiorespiratory synchronization during arousal than during neutral states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Engineering and Interdepartmental Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. g.valenza@ieee.org
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valenza
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanatà
authors.forename: Enzo Pasquale
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Scilingo
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult