title: Spirituality and religion: intertwined protective factors for substance use among urban American Indian youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article explores the aspects of spirituality and religious involvement that may be the protective factors against substance use among urban American Indian (AI) youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data come from AI youth (N = 123) in five urban middle schools in a southwestern metropolis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ordinary least squares regression analyses indicated that following Christian beliefs and belonging to the Native American Church were associated with lower levels of substance use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following AI traditional spiritual beliefs was associated with antidrug attitudes, norms, and expectancies. Having a sense of belonging to traditions from both AI cultures and Christianity may foster integration of the two worlds in which urban AI youth live.
authors.affiliation: Sociology Program, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA. kulis@asu.edu
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kulis
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: Eddie F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Flavio F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Marsiglia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002835:Christianity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012067:Religion; D015206:Southwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D029181:Spirituality; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data