title: Combined effects of ammonia and microcystin on survival, growth, antioxidant responses, and lipid peroxidation of bighead carp Hypophthalmythys nobilis larvae.
abstract: Hazardous materials, such as ammonia and microcystin, are released into lakes during cyanobacterial bloom degradation and may severely impact aquatic organisms. To assess the combined effects of ammonia and microcystin on survival, growth, and oxidative stress of larval fish, 14-day-old larvae of bighead carp Hypophthalmythys nobilis were exposed to solutions with different combined concentrations of ammonia (0, 0.06, 0.264mgL(-1)) and microcystin (0, 2, 10, 30μgL(-1)) for 10 days. Microcystin significantly decreased body length, while ammonia significantly increased body weight, specific growth rate, and condition factor, but there was no significant interaction between ammonia and microcystin on them. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde significantly changed with microcystin concentration, whereas glutathione was not affected by microcystin. Ammonia significantly affected the antioxidant system. There were significant interactions between ammonia and microcystin on superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde. Our data clearly demonstrate that ammonia and microcystin adversely affect bighead carp larvae.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: Ewan J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Minter
authors.forename: Yafen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: David J S
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Montagnes
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D052998:Microcystins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052998:Microcystins; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000641:Ammonia; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase