title: Duodenal expression of Toll-like receptors and interleukins are increased in both children and adult celiac patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have achieved an extraordinary amount of interest in inflammatory diseases due to their role in the inflammatory activation. By activating the production of several biological factors, TLRs induce type I interferons and other cytokines, which drive the inflammatory response and activate the adaptive immune system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the expression and clinical relevance of TLRs and interleukins in pediatric and adult celiac disease (CD), defined as intolerance to dietary proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7, interleukins, and different transcription factors were analyzed on duodenal biopsies from ten children and 31 adults with CD, and 21 duodenal controls biopsies without CD (ten children and 11 adults). The analyses were performed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the studied parameters between adults and children. TLR4 expression level was increased twofold in CD specimens compared to controls. CD patients with high levels of TLR4 also showed high levels of interleukins (IL1, IL6, IL8, and IL17) as well as transcription factors (IRAK4, MyD88, and NF-κB).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR4 expression is associated with CD independently of age at diagnosis. Pediatric patients and adult patients have a similar inflammatory profile, making it possible to treat both with the same immunological therapy in the future.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain.
authors.forename: Noemí
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eiró
authors.forename: Salomé
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González-Reyes
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Luis O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altadill
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andicoechea
authors.forename: Manuel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fresno-Forcelledo
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodrigo-Sáez
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Vizoso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D012313:RNA