title: Orbital stress analysis, part V: systematic approach to validate a finite element model of a human orbit.
abstract: The progress in computer technology and the increased use of finite element analysis in the medical field by nonengineers and medical researchers lead us to believe that there is a need to develop a systematic approach to validate a finite element model (FEM), of a human orbit, that simulates part of the maxillofacial skeleton and to investigate the effects and the clinical significance of changing the geometry, boundary conditions, that is, muscle forces, and orthotropic material properties on the predictive outcome of an FEM of a human orbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven variables affecting the material properties, boundary conditions, and the geometry of an FEM of a human orbit including the globe were systematically changed, creating a number of FEMs of the orbit. The effects of the variations were quantified as differences in the principal strain magnitudes modeled by the original FEM (criterion standard), before the sensitivity analyses, and those generated by the changed FEMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The material properties that had the biggest impact on the predicted principal strains were the shear moduli (up to 21%) and the absence of fatty tissue (up to 75%). The boundary condition properties that had the biggest impact on the predicted principal strains were the superior rectus muscle and canthal ligaments (up to 18% and 23%, respectively). Alterations to the geometry of the orbit, such as an increase in its volume, had the greatest effect on principal strain magnitudes (up to 52%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in geometry, boundary conditions, and orthotropic material properties can induce significant changes in strain patterns. These values must therefore be chosen with care when using finite element modeling techniques. This study also highlights the importance of restoring the orbital fat and volume when reconstructing the orbital floor following a blunt injury. The possibility that the unrestored increase in the orbital volume and the resulting stresses may be a source of globe injuries, causing diplopia, cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Euro Oral Hammaslääkärikeskus Oy, Helsinki, Finland. Jalsukhun@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jehad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Al-sukhun
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Penttilä
authors.forename: Nureddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashammakhi
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical