title: Radiofrequency energy antenna coupling to common laparoscopic instruments: practical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electromagnetic coupling can occur between the monopolar "Bovie" instrument and other laparoscopic instruments without direct contact by a phenomenon termed antenna coupling. The purpose of this study was to determine if, and to what extent, radiofrequency energy couples to other common laparoscopic instruments and to describe practical steps that can minimize the magnitude of antenna coupling.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a laparoscopic simulator, monopolar radiofrequency energy was delivered to an L-hook. The tips of standard, nonelectrical laparoscopic instruments (either an unlit 10 mm telescope or a 5 mm grasper) were placed adjacent to bovine liver tissue and were never in contact with the active electrode. Thermal imaging quantified the change in tissue temperature nearest the tip of the telescope or grasper at the end of a 5 s activation of the active electrode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 5 s activation (30 watts, coagulation mode, 4 cm separation between instruments) increased tissue temperature compared with baseline adjacent to the grasper tip (2.2 ± 2.2 °C; p = 0.013) and telescope tip (38.2 ± 8.0 °C; p < 0.001). The laparoscopic telescope tip increased tissue temperature more than the laparoscopic grasper tip (p < 0.001). Lowering the generator power from 30 to 15 Watts decreased the heat generated at the telescope tip (38.2 ± 8.0 vs. 13.5 ± 7.5 °C; p < 0.001). Complete separation of the camera/light cords and the active electrode cord decreased the heat generated near the telescope tip compared with parallel bundling of the cords (38.2 ± 8.0 vs. 15.7 ± 11.6 °C; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Commonly used laparoscopic instruments couple monopolar radiofrequency energy without direct contact with the active electrode, a phenomenon that results in heat transfer from a nonelectrically active instrument tip to adjacent tissue. Practical steps to minimize heat transfer resulting from antenna coupling include reducing the monopolar generator power setting and avoiding of parallel bundling of the telescope and active electrode cords.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Ave., MS C313, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. edward.jones@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McHenry
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Henry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Govekar
authors.forename: Greg V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Stiegmann
mesh_terms: D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006358:Hot Temperature; D020706:Laparoscopes