title: High throughput automated chromatin immunoprecipitation as a platform for drug screening and antibody validation.
abstract: Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an assay for interrogating protein-DNA interactions that is increasingly being used for drug target discovery and screening applications. Currently the complexity of the protocol and the amount of hands-on time required for this assay limits its use to low throughput applications; furthermore, variability in antibody quality poses an additional obstacle in scaling up ChIP for large scale screening purposes. To address these challenges, we report HTChIP, an automated microfluidic-based platform for performing high-throughput ChIP screening measurements of 16 different targets simultaneously, with potential for further scale-up. From chromatin to analyzable PCR results only takes one day using HTChIP, as compared to several days up to one week for conventional protocols. HTChIP can also be used to test multiple antibodies and select the best performer for downstream ChIP applications, saving time and reagent costs of unsuccessful ChIP assays as a result of poor antibody quality. We performed a series of characterization assays to demonstrate that HTChIP can rapidly and accurately evaluate the epigenetic states of a cell, and that it is sensitive enough to detect the changes in the epigenetic state induced by a cytokine stimulant over a fine temporal resolution. With these results, we believe that HTChIP can introduce large improvements in routine ChIP, antibody screening, and drug screening efficiency, and further facilitate the use of ChIP as a valuable tool for research and discovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Angela R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tiara L A
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rapicavoli
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Riggelen
authors.forename: Emelyn H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Shroff
authors.forename: Liwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dean W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Felsher
authors.forename: Howard Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Quake
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D001331:Automation; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006367:HeLa Cells; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D006657:Histones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha