title: Assessing the toxicity of chemical compounds associated with land-based marine fish farms: the sea urchin embryo bioassay with Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula.
abstract: In aquaculture, disinfection of facilities, prevention of fish diseases, and stimulation of fish growth are priority goals and the most important sources of toxic substances to the environment, together with excretory products from fish. In the present study, embryos of two species of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) were exposed to serial dilutions of six antibiotics (amoxicillin (AMOX), ampicillin, flumequine (FLU), oxytetracycline (OTC), streptomycin (ST), and sulfadiazine [SFD]) and two disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and formaldehyde [CH(2)O]). Alterations in larval development were studied, and the effective concentrations (ECs) were calculated to evaluate the toxicity of the substances. Both species showed similar sensitivities to all substances tested. Disinfectants (EC(50) = 1.78 and 1.79 mg/l for CH(2)O; EC(50) = 10.15 and 11.1 mg/l for NaClO) were found to be more toxic than antibiotics. AMOX, OTC, and ST caused <20 % of alterations, even at the highest concentrations tested. FLU was the most toxic to P. lividus (EC(50) = 31.0 mg/l) and SFD to A. lixula (EC(50) = 12.7 mg/l). The sea urchin bioassay should be considered within toxicity assessment-monitoring plans because of the sensitivity of larvae to disinfectants.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WICOP, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. carlos.carballeira@uca.es
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carballeira
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: De Orte
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Delvalls
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carballeira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017756:Aquaculture; D047308:Arbacia / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D047328:Paracentrotus / Q000187:drug effects*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D005557:Formaldehyde; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite