title: Cooling properties of everyday liquids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the cooling properties of a variety of 'everyday' hot liquids within the context of scald injuries in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The temperature of common hot liquids, including water, tea, coffee and various other liquids (i.e. takeaway coffees, "Indian tea", chicken curries, hot milk and oil) were recorded over a time period, using digital cooking thermometers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimal difference was detected between the cooling rates of hot water, coffee and tea. Indian tea cooled at a slower rate. The speed at which milk cooled was less than other liquids and the higher the fat content the slower it cooled. Takeaway beverages had a lower starting temperature and retained heat for substantially longer periods. The assessment of cooking oil revealed intense heat production and prolonged cooling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors propose that if a patient is exposed to a 'common' scalding agent that has been cooling for 10 min or less then the temperature of that fluid is likely to be greater than 60°C and therefore capable of causing a burn within seconds of exposure. Furthermore, most liquids tested take between 15 and 30 min to reach a "safe temperature" below 53°C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burns Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom. rmwarner@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Darren L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Chester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002056:Burns / Q000517:prevention & control; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005502:Food; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D014867:Water