title: Nuclear localization of COX-2 in relation to the expression of stemness markers in urinary bladder cancer.
abstract: Inflammation may activate stem cells via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of stemness markers (Oct3/4 and CD44v6) and COX-2 in urinary bladder tissues obtained from cystitis and cancer patients with and without Schistosoma haematobium infections. Immunoreactivity to Oct3/4 was significantly higher in S. haematobium-associated cystitis and cancer tissues than in normal tissues. CD44v6 expression was significantly higher in bladder cancer without S. haematobium than in normal tissues. COX-2 was located in the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus of the cancer cells. Interestingly, the nuclear localization of COX-2, which was reported to function as a transcription factor, was significantly associated with the upregulation of Oct3/4 and CD44v6 in bladder cancer tissues with and without S. haematobium infection, respectively. COX-2 activation may be involved in inflammation-mediated stem cell proliferation/differentiation in urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Raynoo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thanan
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Olfat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hammam
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wishahi
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: El Leithy
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiraku
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: Shosuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007249:Inflammation; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000378:metabolism; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: C112697:CD44v6 antigen; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2