title: Sudden death after chest pain: feasibility of virtual autopsy with postmortem CT angiography and biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the potential of minimally invasive postmortem computed tomographic (CT) angiography combined with image-guided tissue biopsy of the myocardium and lungs in decedents who were thought to have died of acute chest disease and to compare this method with conventional autopsy as the reference standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  The responsible justice department and ethics committee approved this study. Twenty corpses (four female corpses and 16 male corpses; age range, 15-80 years), all of whom were reported to have had antemortem acute chest pain, were imaged with postmortem whole-body CT angiography and underwent standardized image-guided biopsy. The standard included three biopsies of the myocardium and a single biopsy of bilateral central lung tissue. Additional biopsies of pulmonary clots for differentiation of pulmonary embolism and postmortem organized thrombus were performed after initial analysis of the cross-sectional images. Subsequent traditional autopsy with sampling of histologic specimens was performed in all cases. Thereafter, conventional histologic and autopsy reports were compared with postmortem CT angiography and CT-guided biopsy findings. A Cohen κ coefficient analysis was performed to explore the effect of the clustered nature of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 19 of the 20 cadavers, findings at postmortem CT angiography in combination with CT-guided biopsy validated the cause of death found at traditional autopsy. In one cadaver, early myocardial infarction of the papillary muscles had been missed. The Cohen κ coefficient was 0.94. There were four instances of pulmonary embolism, three aortic dissections (Stanford type A), three myocardial infarctions, three instances of fresh coronary thrombosis, three cases of obstructive coronary artery disease, one ruptured ulcer of the ascending aorta, one ruptured aneurysm of the right subclavian artery, one case of myocarditis, and one pulmonary malignancy with pulmonary artery erosion. In seven of 20 cadavers, CT-guided biopsy provided additional histopathologic information that substantiated the final diagnosis of the cause of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postmortem CT angiography combined with image-guided biopsy, because of their minimally invasive nature, have a potential role in the detection of the cause of death after acute chest pain.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Imaging and Virtopsy, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Steffen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thali
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolliger
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Germerott
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Flach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy / Q000379:methods*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D002423:Cause of Death; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*