title: New subtypes and genetic recombination in HIV type 1-infecting patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Peru (2008-2010).
abstract: HIV-1 subtype B is the most frequent strain in Peru. However, there is no available data about the genetic diversity of HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) here. A group of 267 patients in the Peruvian National Treatment Program with virologic failure were tested for genotypic evidence of HIV drug resistance at the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) of Peru between March 2008 and December 2010. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma and the segments of the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes were amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), purified, and fully sequenced. Consensus sequences were submitted to the HIVdb Genotypic Resistance Interpretation Algorithm Database from Stanford University, and then aligned using Clustal X v.2.0 to generate a phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood method. Intrasubtype and intersubtype recombination analyses were performed using the SCUEAL program (Subtype Classification by Evolutionary ALgo-rithms). A total of 245 samples (91%) were successfully genotyped. The analysis obtained from the HIVdb program showed 81.5% resistance cases (n=198). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that subtype B was predominant in the population (98.8%), except for new cases of A, C, and H subtypes (n=4). Of these cases, only subtype C was imported. Likewise, recombination analysis revealed nine intersubtype and 20 intrasubtype recombinant cases. This is the first report of the presence of HIV-1 subtypes C and H in Peru. The introduction of new subtypes and circulating recombinants forms can make it difficult to distinguish resistance profiles in patients and consequently affect future treatment strategies against HIV in this country.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de VETS/VIH-SIDA, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru. cyabar@ins.gob.pe
authors.forename: Carlos Augusto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Yabar
authors.forename: Maribel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Acuña
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gazzo
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010568:Peru; D010949:Plasma / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease