title: Maternal depression and prenatal exposure to methamphetamine: neurodevelopmental findings from the infant development, environment, and lifestyle (ideal) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal depression is associated with a higher incidence of behavioral problems in infants, but the effects of maternal depression as early as 1 month are not well characterized. The objective of this study is to determine the neurobehavioral effects of maternal depression on infants exposed and not exposed to methamphetamine (MA) using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred twelve mother-infant pairs were enrolled (MA = 204) and only biological mothers with custody of their child were included in the current analysis. At the 1-month visit (n = 126 MA-exposed; n = 193 MA-unexposed), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was administered, and the NNNS was administered to the infant. Exposure was identified by self-report and/or gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy confirmation of amphetamine and metabolites in newborn meconium. Unexposed subjects were matched, denied amphetamine use, and had negative meconium screens. General Linear Models tested the effects of maternal depression and prenatal MA exposure on NNNS, with significance accepted at P < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MA group had an increased incidence of depression-positive diagnosis and increased depression scores on the BDI-II. After adjusting for covariates, MA exposure was associated with increased arousal and handling scores, and a decreased ability to self-regulate. Maternal depression was associated with higher autonomic stress and poorer quality of movement. No additional differences were observed in infants whose mothers were both depressed and used MA during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal depression is associated with neurodevelopmental patterns of increased stress and decreased quality of movement, suggesting maternal depression influences neurodevelopment in infants as young as 1 month.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. smith@labiomed.org
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Monica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaGasse
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derauf
authors.forename: Elana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arria
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haning
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Della Grotta
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dansereau
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000633:toxicity; D002657:Child Development; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000523:psychology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine