title: Nonrecovery of varying proportions of viable bacteria during spread plating governed by the extent of spreader usage and proposal for an alternate spotting-spreading approach to maximize the CFU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the cause of high variations and inconsistencies in bacterial CFU observed within and between different experiments while assessing viable bacterial counts through spread plating (SP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following the inconsistent results, CFU estimations were undertaken through conventional SP using the spreader, or a modified approach that did not use spreader employing four organisms. The latter approach involving spotting-and-tilt-spreading of inoculum on agar surface [spotting spreading (SS)] yielded higher CFU by 11-120% over the weighted average depending on the organism and diluent. The adverse effect owing to the spreader was the most obvious in Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus pumilus. Plate attributes that determined the surface moisture levels of agar medium and the spreading practice adopted by the personnel formed two other major influencing factors. Plating for shorter periods (<60 s) using fresh 15/20 ml plates caused loss of 3-12% CFU owing to inoculum adhesion to spreader irrespective of glass or polypropylene make. On the other hand, prolonging the plating brought down the CFU significantly. Spreader movement on agar surface subsequent to the exhaustion of free moisture, which was marked by the experiencing of some friction to smooth spreader movement, was detrimental to vegetative cells, while Bacillus spores were less affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study brings out that the way SP is carried out exerts significant effects on CFU influenced by plate conditions. Prolonged use of spreader on dry agar surface could be highly detrimental to bacterial cells. A mild use of spreader accounting for spreader-adhering inoculum or the practice of SS not involving the spreader is recommended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study unravels the effects owing to the spreader on bacterial cells and the CFU and recommends an alternate approach of SS to minimize CFU inconsistencies and to maximize the viable bacterial counts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake, Bangalore, India. pioust@iihr.ernet.in
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sekhar
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mujawar
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D003470:Culture Media; D050296:Microbial Viability
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D000362:Agar