title: Effects of paternal occupation exposure to formaldehyde on reproductive outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether paternal occupational exposure to formaldehyde (FA) affects the reproductive outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 302 male workers occupationally exposed to FA and 305 referent controls through interview questionnaires. Formaldehyde exposure level was measured and calculated for every subject. Different reproductive outcomes were compared for two groups by logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increased risk of prolonged time to pregnancy (P = 0.034; odds ratio, 2.828; 95% confidence interval, 1.081 to 7.406) and significant elevated risk of spontaneous abortion (P = 0.021; odds ratio, 1.916; 95% confidence interval, 1.103 to 3.329) were observed in wives of male workers occupationally exposed to FA after correction for confounding factors. Moreover, reproductive toxicity due to FA exposure is dose dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This epidemiological study adds some evidence for the hypothesis that paternal FA occupation exposure has adverse effects on reproductive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Xu
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dang-Xia
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Lie-Rui
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Shui-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-Bao
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018812:Paternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde