title: Childhood serum cholesterol ester fatty acids are associated with blood pressure 27 y later in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In adults, dietary fatty acids (FAs) modify blood pressure (BP), but it is not known whether childhood FA quality is associated with adulthood BP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate links between childhood serum cholesterol ester fatty acid (CEFA) proportions and adulthood systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a cohort of 803 boys and girls (aged 3-18 y at baseline in 1980 and followed for 27 y) by using regression models adjusted for the known risk factors of BP. CEFAs were analyzed as markers of dietary FA intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, serum SFA (B = 2.97, P < 0.001 for SBP; B = 1.48, P = 0.015 for DBP), MUFA (B = 0.61, P = 0.001 for SBP; B = 0.27, P = 0.078 for DBP), and omega-3 (n-3) PUFA (B = 5.50, P < 0.001 for SBP; B = 2.47, P = 0.015 for DBP) proportions, which were derived mainly from animal fats in this population, were positively associated with BP, whereas the omega-6 (n-6) PUFA proportion, which was derived mainly from vegetable oils and margarines, was negatively associated with BP (B = -0.56, P < 0.001 for SBP; B = -0.27, P < 0.018 for DBP). Serum cholesterol ester SFA and PUFA associations were supported by dietary intake data. In women, the associations between CEFA proportions and BP were weaker [for SBP: B = 0.36, P = 0.638 (NS) for SFA; B = 0.44, P = 0.019 for MUFA; B = 1.18, P = 0.376 (NS) for n-3 PUFA; and B = -0.33, P = 0.023 for n-6 PUFA].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that fat quality as reflected in the serum cholesterol ester fraction in childhood is independently associated with adulthood BP particularly in men but also, to some extent, in women.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. jari.kaikkonen@utu.fi
authors.forename: Jari E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kaikkonen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jula
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mikkilä
authors.forename: Jorma Sa
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Teemu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikkari
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008383:Margarine; D010938:Plant Oils; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D008383:Margarine; D002784:Cholesterol