title: Tissue distribution of 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen and tamoxifen-N-oxide.
abstract: Tamoxifen dosage is based on the one-dose-fits-all approach. The anticancer effect of tamoxifen is believed to be due to the metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHtam), and 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (4OHNDtam/endoxifen). These demethylated metabolites of tamoxifen have been associated with its side effects, whereas the effect mediated by tamoxifen-N-oxide (tamNox) is still poorly understood. Our objective was to improve the therapeutic index of tamoxifen by personalizing its dosage and maintaining serum tamoxifen metabolite concentrations within a target range. We examined the levels of tamoxifen, 4OHtam, 4OHNDtam, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDtam), N-desdimethyltamoxifen (NDDtam), and tamNox in serum and in breast tumors specimens of 115 patients treated with 1, 5 or 20 mg/day of tamoxifen for 4 weeks before surgery in a randomized trial. Furthermore, the metabolism of tamNox in MCF-7 breast cancer cells was also studied. The concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites in tumor tissues were significantly correlated to their serum levels. Tumor tissue levels were 5-10 times higher than those measured in serum, with the exception of tamNox. In MCF-7 cells, tamNox was converted back to tamoxifen. In contrast to the tissue distribution of tamNox, the concentrations of 4OHtam and 4OHNDtam in tumor tissues corresponded to their serum levels. The results suggest that implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring may improve the therapeutic index of tamoxifen. Furthermore, the tissue distribution of tamNox deviated from that of the other tamoxifen metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gjerde
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandini
authors.forename: Aliana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrieri-Gonzaga
authors.forename: Line L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Haugan Moi
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aristarco
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mellgren
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decensi
authors.forename: Ernst A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lien
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D013629:Tamoxifen; C055492:4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen; C035830:tamoxifen N-oxide