title: Evaluation of hybrid depth scanning for carbon-ion radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In radiotherapy with a scanned carbon-ion beam, its Bragg peak is shifted along the depth direction either by inserting the range shifter plates or by changing the beam-extraction energy of a synchrotron. In the former technique (range shifter scanning: RS), the range shifter plates broaden the beam size and produce secondary fragments through nuclear reactions. In the latter technique (active-energy scanning: ES), it may take several seconds to change the beam energy depending on the synchrotron operation cycle, leading to a long treatment time. The authors propose a hybrid depth scan technique (hybrid scanning: HS), where several beam energies are used in conjunction with the range shifter plates for finer range shift. In this study, HS is evaluated from the viewpoints of dose distribution and treatment time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assuming realistic accelerator and beam-delivery systems, the authors performed computer simulations using GEANT4 Monte Carlo code for beam modeling and a treatment planning system to evaluate HS. Three target volumes with the same dimensions of 60 × 60 × 60 mm(3) were generated at depths of 45, 85, and 125 mm in water phantom, and uniform clinical dose was planned for these targets. The sizes of lateral dose falloff and the peak to plateau ratio defined as the ratio of the clinical dose averaged over the target to the clinical dose at the entrance as well as the treatment time were compared among the three depth scan techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sizes of lateral dose falloffs at the center of SOBP are 11.4, 8.5, and 5.9 mm for the three targets in RS, while they are 5.7, 4.8, and 4.6 mm in ES and 6.6, 5.7, and 5.0 mm in HS, respectively. The peak to plateau ratios are 1.39, 1.96, and 2.15 in RS, while they are 1.48, 2.04, and 2.19 in ES and 1.47, 2.03, and 2.18 in HS, respectively. The treatment times are 128.7, 128.6, and 128.6 s in ES, while they are 61.2, 54.6, and 47.8 s in RS and 43.2, 44.1, and 44.7 s in HS, respectively. The multiple scattering and the nuclear reaction by range shifter degraded the beam qualities such as lateral dose falloff and peak to plateau ratio, which was especially pronounced for the shallow target in RS. The depth scan timing was limited by accelerator cycle in ES. That increased the treatment time by a few times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that HS can provide dose distributions with steeper lateral dose falloffs and higher peak to plateau ratio comparing to RS and comparable to ES. In addition, the treatment time can be considerably reduced in HS compared to ES.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan. taku@nirs.go.jp
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inaniwa
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanematsu
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizushima
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toshito
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noda
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon