title: Chaos in ocular aberration dynamics of the human eye.
abstract: Since the characterization of the eye's monochromatic aberration fluctuations in 2001, the power spectrum has remained the most widely used method for analyzing their dynamics. However, the power spectrum does not capture the complexities of the fluctuations. We measured the monochromatic aberration dynamics of six subjects using a Shack-Hartmann sensor sampling at 21 Hz. We characterized the dynamics using techniques from chaos theory. We found that the attractor embedding dimension for all aberrations, for all subjects, was equal to three. The embedding lag averaged across aberrations and subjects was 0.31 ± 0.07 s. The Lyapunov exponent of the rms wavefront error was positive for each subject, with an average value of 0.44 ± 0.15 µm/s. This indicates that the aberration dynamics are chaotic. Implications for future modeling are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Richmond Rd, Bradford BD7 1DP,  UK.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hampson
authors.forename: Edward A H
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mallen