title: Case-matched comparison of perioperative outcomes after surgical treatment of sigmoid diverticulitis in solid organ transplant recipients versus immunocompetent patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the perioperative outcomes following surgery for sigmoid diverticulitis in transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solid organ transplant recipients operated on for sigmoid diverticulitis from 1995 to 2010 were case-matched to immunocompetent patients based on surgical procedure, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Hinchey score, elective vs urgent surgery, age ± 10 years and year of surgery ± 5 years. Demographics, clinical presentation and perioperative outcomes were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 5329 consecutive patients undergoing heart, lung, kidney and liver transplantation since 1995, 51 (0.6%) underwent surgery for diverticulitis between 1995 and 2010 with 14% mortality and 45% morbidity. Urgent surgery in 37/51 patients [Hartmann's procedure 28, sigmoidectomy with diverting ileostomy 8, loop ileostomy 1 (9 cases within 2 months after transplantation)] was associated with significantly increased postoperative mortality (19%vs 0%, P = 0.01), increased morbidity (51%vs 24%, P = 0.03) and longer mean hospital stay (19 vs 13 days, P = 0.1) when compared with immunocompetent patients. Four patients undergoing urgent surgery had suffered previous episodes of diverticulitis treated nonoperatively. Elective surgery was associated with no mortality in 14 transplant recipients (nine sigmoidectomy with diverting ileostomy, five sigmoidectomy without diversion) or in immunocompetent controls. Following elective procedures, transplant recipients had similar morbidity and increased hospital stay (29% and 9.6 vs 6.5 days, P = 0.2, respectively). Permanent stoma rates and postoperative morbidity after stoma takedown were comparable in the two groups. All living patients except one (kidney) retained their graft function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urgent surgery for sigmoid diverticulitis in transplant recipients is associated with worse postoperative outcomes when compared with immunocompetent patients, unlike elective surgery. Future studies will need to clarify the role of early surgery after the first diverticulitis episode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reshef
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stocchi
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kiran
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flechner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budev
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quintini
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Remzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D012809:Colon, Sigmoid; D003125:Colostomy; D004239:Diverticulitis, Colonic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007081:Ileostomy; D007121:Immunocompetence; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D059035:Perioperative Period; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome