title: Panoramic cone beam computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the main imaging tool for image-guided radiotherapy but its functionality is limited by a small imaging volume and restricted image position (imaged at the central instead of the treatment position for peripheral lesions to avoid collisions). In this paper, the authors present the concept of "panoramic CBCT," which can image patients at the treatment position with an imaging volume as large as practically needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this novel panoramic CBCT technique, the target is scanned sequentially from multiple view angles. For each view angle, a half scan (180° + θ(cone) where θ(cone) is the cone angle) is performed with the imaging panel positioned in any location along the beam path. The panoramic projection images of all views for the same gantry angle are then stitched together with the direct image stitching method (i.e., according to the reported imaging position) and full-fan, half-scan CBCT reconstruction is performed using the stitched projection images. To validate this imaging technique, the authors simulated cone-beam projection images of the Mathematical Cardiac Torso (MCAT) thorax phantom for three panoramic views. Gaps, repeated/missing columns, and different exposure levels were introduced between adjacent views to simulate imperfect image stitching due to uncertainties in imaging position or output fluctuation. A modified simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (modified SART) was developed to reconstruct CBCT images directly from the stitched projection images. As a gold standard, full-fan, full-scan (360° gantry rotation) CBCT reconstructions were also performed using projection images of one imaging panel large enough to encompass the target. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and geometric distortion were evaluated to quantify the quality of reconstructed images. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of scattering on the image quality and imaging dose for both standard and panoramic CBCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Truncated images with artifacts were observed for the CBCT reconstruction using projection images of the central view only. When the image stitching was perfect, complete reconstruction was obtained for the panoramic CBCT using the modified SART with the image quality similar to the gold standard (full-scan, full-fan CBCT using one large imaging panel). Imperfect image stitching, on the other hand, lead to (streak, line, or ring) reconstruction artifacts, reduced CNR, and/or distorted geometry. Results from Monte Carlo simulations showed that, for identical imaging quality, the imaging dose was lower for the panoramic CBCT than that acquired with one large imaging panel. For the same imaging dose, the CNR of the three-view panoramic CBCT was 50% higher than that of the regular CBCT using one big panel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have developed a panoramic CBCT technique and demonstrated with simulation data that it can image tumors of any location for patients of any size at the treatment position with comparable or less imaging dose and time. However, the image quality of this CBCT technique is sensitive to the reconstruction artifacts caused by imperfect image stitching. Better algorithms are therefore needed to improve the accuracy of image stitching for panoramic CBCT.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA. jec2046@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Jenghwa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Clifford Chao
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control