title: Neurocognitive deficits are associated with unemployment in chronic methamphetamine users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unemployment rates are high among chronic methamphetamine (MA) users and carry a significant economic burden, yet little is known about the neurocognitive and psychiatric predictors of employment in this vulnerable population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study examined this issue in 63 participants with recent MA dependence and 47 comparison subjects without histories of MA use disorders. All participants completed a comprehensive neurocognitive, psychiatric and neuromedical evaluation. Individuals with HIV infection, severe neuropsychological or psychiatric conditions that might affect cognition (e.g., seizure disorder, schizophrenia), or a positive Breathalyzer or urine toxicology screen on the day of testing were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous research, a logistic regression revealed MA dependence as a significant, independent predictor of full-time unemployment status. Within the MA-dependent sample, greater impairment in global neurocognitive functioning and history of injection drug use emerged as significant independent predictors of unemployment status. The association between worse global cognitive functioning and unemployment was primarily driven by deficits in executive functions, learning, verbal fluency, and working memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that neurocognitive deficits play a significant role in the higher unemployment rates of MA-dependent individuals, and highlight the need for vocational rehabilitation and supported employment programs that assess and bolster cognitive skills in this population.
authors.affiliation: Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Kaitlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blackstone
authors.forename: Jennfer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Iudicello
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Steven Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008694:Methamphetamine; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008694:Methamphetamine