title: Isolation and characterization of novel murine epiphysis derived mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While bone marrow (BM) is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), previous studies have shown that MSCs derived from mouse BM (BMMSCs) were difficult to manipulate as compared to MSCs derived from other species. The objective of this study was to find an alternative murine MSCs source that could provide sufficient MSCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we described a novel type of MSCs that migrates directly from the mouse epiphysis in culture. Epiphysis-derived MSCs (EMSCs) could be extensively expanded in plastic adherent culture, and they had a greater ability for clonogenic formation and cell proliferation than BMMSCs. Under specific induction conditions, EMSCs demonstrated multipotency through their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. Immunophenotypic analysis demonstrated that EMSCs were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD105, CD166, Sca-1 and SSEA-4, while negative for CD11b, CD31, CD34 and CD45. Notably, EMSCs did not express major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) or MHC II under our culture system. EMSCs also successfully suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes triggered by concanavalin A (Con A) or allogeneic splenocytes, and decreased the expression of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in Con A-stimulated splenocytes suggesting their anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, EMSCs enhanced fracture repair, ameliorated necrosis in ischemic skin flap, and improved blood perfusion in hindlimb ischemia in the in vivo experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that EMSCs, a new type of MSCs established by our simple isolation method, are a preferable alternative for mice MSCs due to their better growth and differentiation potentialities.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Wei-Shiung
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Felix Shih-Hsiang
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: I-Hsuan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shau-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yen-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chia-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Guan-Yu
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Hsin-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ching-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Winston Teng-Kuei
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Shinn-Chih
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000187:drug effects; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000166:cytology*; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009336:Necrosis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D007371:Interferon-gamma