title: Dietary intake of meat, fruits, vegetables, and selective micronutrients and risk of bladder cancer in the New England region of the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite many studies on diet and bladder cancer, there are areas that remain unexplored including meat mutagens, specific vegetable groups, and vitamins from diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. A total of 1171 cases were ascertained through hospital pathology records and cancer registries from 2001 to 2004. Overall, 1418 controls were identified from the Department of Motor Vehicles (<65 years) and Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services (65-79 years) and were frequency-matched to cases by state, sex, and age (within 5 years). Diet was assessed with a self-administered Diet History Questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Processed meat intake was positively associated with bladder cancer (highest vs lowest quartile OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.00-1.65; P(trend)=0.035), with a stronger association for processed red meat (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08-1.84; P(trend)=0.024). There were no associations between intake of fruits or vegetables and bladder cancer. We did, however, observe an inverse association with vitamin B12 intake (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.61-0.99; P=0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin B12 from diet may be protective against bladder cancer, whereas consuming processed meat may increase risk.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baris
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Karagas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwenn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cherala
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Colt
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018977:Micronutrients; D008875:Middle Aged; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014675:Vegetables; D014803:Vitamin B Complex
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014803:Vitamin B Complex