title: Parental history of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic biomarkers in offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cardiometabolic risk. We aimed to investigate the associations of parental history of T2D with cardiometabolic biomarkers and to subsequently investigate to what extent these putative associations were explained by modifiable factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectionally, we analysed a random sample of 2001 participants without T2D (20-70 years) from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL). Plasma levels of 12 biomarkers - total, HDL and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, uric acid, creatinine and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) - were assessed according to categories of parental history of T2D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In age and sex-adjusted analyses, offspring with parental history of T2D had significantly higher ALT [β = 0·074; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 0·023-0·126] and AST levels (β = 0·033; 95%CI, 0·001 to 0·066) and a trend towards higher HbA1c (β = 0·011; 95%CI, -0·001 to 0·024) and GGT (β = 0·049; 95%CI, -0·015 to 0·112) levels. Adjustment for diet, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity and educational level modestly attenuated the magnitude of these associations, but they remained significant for ALT and borderline significant for AST. After further adjustment for adiposity, additional attenuation was observed, but the association remained significant for ALT. Only maternal history of T2D was associated with higher ALT levels. T2D in both parents was associated with increased levels of all liver enzymes, but the association remained significant for GGT after adjustment for adiposity. Overall, the modifiable factors explained 21·2-45·4% of these associations. The contribution of adiposity was 18·2-38·9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that parental history of T2D was associated with higher non-fasting levels of liver enzymes in a general population without T2D. Adiposity substantially contributed to these associations. The contribution of diet and lifestyle factors was modest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. a.abbasi@umcg.nl
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corpeleijn
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spijkerman
authors.forename: Daphne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: van der A
authors.forename: Gerjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Navis
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Joline W J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Beulens
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009426:Netherlands; D010375:Pedigree; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D015415:Biomarkers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human