title: In patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery excision, what is the best way to locate a subcentimetre solitary pulmonary nodule in order to achieve successful excision?
abstract: A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'In patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) excision, what is the best way to locate a subcentimetre solitary pulmonary nodule (PN) in order to achieve successful excision?' Altogether, 107 papers were found using the reported search, of which 19 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers were tabulated. The hook-wire technique showed a varied success rate ranging from 58 to 97.6% and a relatively higher failure rate due to wire dislodgement. The most common complication of this method was pneumothorax. CT-guided spiral-wire localization displayed a success rate of 86% with the added advantage of providing more stability than the hook-wire technique and permitting manipulation. Radio-guided localization techniques and fluoroscopic-aided methods using contrast media displayed consistently high sensitivities with few complications. The radio-guided technique had the benefit of allowing a longer time-period between the staining of the nodule and the operation. Ultrasonography showed sensitivities ranging from 92.6 to 100%; however, it is highly operator-dependent. Finger palpation was shown to achieve suboptimal results and should be avoided. We concluded that radio-guided surgery is a preferable method. It showed high accuracy with minimal complications and operator dependence in detecting subcentimetre PNs when compared with other techniques such as ultrasonography, finger palpation, fluoroscopic, hook-wire, spiral-wire and microcoil localization.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine,  University of Liverpool, Liverpool,  UK.
authors.forename: Mahvash
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.forename: Haris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.forename: Chui Yen
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Augustine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019985:Benchmarking; D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media