title: A comparison of digital radiography systems in terms of effective detective quantum efficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to compare digital radiography systems using the metric effective detective quantum efficiency (eDQE), which better reflects digital radiography imaging system performance under clinical operating conditions, in comparison with conventional metrics such as modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectra (NNPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The eDQE was computed by the calculation of the MTF, the NNPS, the phantom attenuation and scatter, and estimation of x-ray flux. The physical characterization of the systems was obtained with the standard beam conditions RQA5 and RQA9, using the PA Chest phantom proposed by AAPM Report # 31 simulating the attenuation and scatter characteristics of the adult human thorax. The MTF (eMTF) was measured by using an edge test placed at the frontal surface of the phantom, the NNPS (eNNPS) was calculated from images of the phantom acquired at three different exposure levels covering the operating range of the system (E(0), which is the exposure at which a system is normally operated, 1/3 E(0), and 3 E0), and scatter measurements were assessed by using a beam-stop technique. The integral of DQE (IDQE) and eDQE (IeDQE) was calculated over the whole spatial frequency range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eMTF results demonstrate degradation due to magnification and the presence of scattered radiation. The eNNPS was influenced by the grid presence, and in some systems, it contained structured noise. At typical clinical exposure levels, the magnitude of eDQE(0) with respect to DQE(0) at RQA9 beam conditions was 13%, 17%, 16%, 36%, and 24%, respectively, for Carestream DRX-1, Carestream DRX-1C, Carestream Direct View CR975, Philips Digital Diagnost VM, and GE Revolution XR/d. These results were confirmed by the ratio of IeDQE and IDQE in the same conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors confirm the robustness and reproducibility of the eDQE method. As expected, the DR systems performed better than the CR systems due to their superior signal-to-noise transfer characteristics. The results of this study suggest the eDQE method may provide an opportunity to more accurately assess the clinical performance of digital radiographic imaging systems by accounting for factors such as the presence of scatter, use of an antiscatter grid, and magnification and focal spot blurring effects, which are not reflected in conventional DQE measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Technology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia, Italy. marco.bertolini@asmn.re.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitrosi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rivetti
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lanconelli
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pattacini
authors.forename: Vladimiro
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ginocchi
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002586:Cesium; D005682:Gadolinium; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; C021197:gadolinium sulfoxylate; D002586:Cesium; D005682:Gadolinium; C040050:cesium iodide