title: Why should I talk about emotion? Communication patterns associated with physician discussion of patient expressions of negative emotion in hospital admission encounters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe hospital-based physicians' responses to patients' verbal expressions of negative emotion and identify patterns of further communication associated with different responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative analysis of physician-patient admission encounters audio-recorded between August 2008 and March 2009 at two hospitals within a university system. A codebook was iteratively developed to identify patients' verbal expressions of negative emotion. We categorized physicians' responses by their immediate effect on further discussion of emotion - focused away (away), focused neither toward nor away (neutral), and focused toward (toward) - and examined further communication patterns following each response type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 79 patients' encounters with 27 physicians, the median expression of negative emotion was 1, range 0-14. Physician responses were 25% away, 43% neutral, and 32% toward. Neutral and toward responses elicited patient perspectives, concerns, social and spiritual issues, and goals for care. Toward responses demonstrated physicians' support, contributing to physician-patient alignment and agreement about treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Responding to expressions of negative emotion neutrally or with statements that focus toward emotion elicits clinically relevant information and is associated with positive physician-patient relationship and care outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providers should respond to expressions of negative emotion with statements that allow for or explicitly encourage further discussion of emotion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0903, USA. Kristen.Adams@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Jenica E W
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Wendy G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013637:Tape Recording; D055815:Young Adult