title: Spatial and seasonal distribution of American whaling and whales in the age of sail.
abstract: American whalemen sailed out of ports on the east coast of the United States and in California from the 18(th) to early 20(th) centuries, searching for whales throughout the world's oceans. From an initial focus on sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and right whales (Eubalaena spp.), the array of targeted whales expanded to include bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus). Extensive records of American whaling in the form of daily entries in whaling voyage logbooks contain a great deal of information about where and when the whalemen found whales. We plotted daily locations where the several species of whales were observed, both those caught and those sighted but not caught, on world maps to illustrate the spatial and temporal distribution of both American whaling activity and the whales. The patterns shown on the maps provide the basis for various inferences concerning the historical distribution of the target whales prior to and during this episode of global whaling.
authors.affiliation: World Whaling History, Redding, California, United States of America. TimDenisSmith@gmail.com
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Randall R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.forename: Judith N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003710:Demography; D005398:Fisheries / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005843:Geography; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008377:Maps as Topic; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity; D014907:Whales