title: Radium dial watches, a potentially hazardous legacy?
abstract: This study re-examines the risk to health from radium ((226)Ra) dial watches. Ambient dose equivalent rates have been measured for fifteen pocket watches giving results of up to 30 μSv h(-1) at a distance of 2 cm taken with a series 1000 mini-rad from the front face (arithmetic mean ambient dose equivalent for pocket watches being 13.2 μSv h(-1)). A pocket compass gave rise to a similar ambient dose equivalent rate, of 20 μSv h(-1), to the pocket watches, with its cover open. Eighteen wristwatches have also been assessed, but their dose rates are generally much lower (the arithmetic mean being 3.0 μSv h(-1)), although the highest ambient dose equivalent rate noted was 20 μSv h(-1). A phantom experiment using a TLD suggested an effective dose equivalent of 2.2 mSv/y from a 1 μCi (37 kBq) radium dial worn for 16 h/day throughout the year (dose rate 0.375 μSv h(-1)). For this condition we estimated maximum skin dose for our pocket watches as 16 mSv per year, with effective doses of 5.1 mSv and 1.169 mSv when worn in vest and trouser pockets respectively. This assumes exposure from the back of the watch which is generally around 60-67% of that from the front. The maximum skin dose from a wristwatch was 14 mSv, with 4.2 mSv effective dose in vest pocket. Radium ((226)Ra) decays to the radioactive gas radon ((222)Rn), and atmospheric radon concentration measurements taken around a pocket watch in a small sealed glass sphere recorded 18,728 B qm(-3). All watches were placed in a room with a RAD7 real-time radon detector. Radon concentration average was 259±9 Bq m(-3) over 16 h, compared to background average over 24h of 1.02 Bq m(-3). Over 6 weeks highs of the order of 2000 Bq m(-3) were routinely recorded when the heating/ventilation system in the room was operating at reduced rates, peaking at over 3000 Bq m(-3) on several occasions. Estimates of the activity of (226)Ra in the watches ranged from 0.063 to 1.063 μCi (2.31 to 39.31 kBq) for pocket watches and from 0.013 to 0.875 μCi (0.46 to 32.38 kBq) for wrist watches. The risk from old watches containing radium appears to have been largely forgotten today. This paper indicates a health risk, particular to collectors, but with knowledge and appropriate precautions the potential risks can be reduced.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Earth and Environmental Sciences Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom. G.Gillmore@kingston.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gavin K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Gillmore
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crockett
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Denman
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D011883:Radium