title: Automated beam placement for breast radiotherapy using a support vector machine based algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an automated beam placement technique for whole breast radiotherapy using tangential beams. We seek to find optimal parameters for tangential beams to cover the whole ipsilateral breast (WB) and minimize the dose to the organs at risk (OARs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A support vector machine (SVM) based method is proposed to determine the optimal posterior plane of the tangential beams. Relative significances of including/avoiding the volumes of interests are incorporated into the cost function of the SVM. After finding the optimal 3-D plane that separates the whole breast (WB) and the included clinical target volumes (CTVs) from the OARs, the gantry angle, collimator angle, and posterior jaw size of the tangential beams are derived from the separating plane equation. Dosimetric measures of the treatment plans determined by the automated method are compared with those obtained by applying manual beam placement by the physicians. The method can be further extended to use multileaf collimator (MLC) blocking by optimizing posterior MLC positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plans for 36 patients (23 prone- and 13 supine-treated) with left breast cancer were analyzed. Our algorithm reduced the volume of the heart that receives >500 cGy dose (V5) from 2.7 to 1.7 cm(3) (p = 0.058) on average and the volume of the ipsilateral lung that receives >1000 cGy dose (V10) from 55.2 to 40.7 cm(3) (p = 0.0013). The dose coverage as measured by volume receiving >95% of the prescription dose (V95%) of the WB without a 5 mm superficial layer decreases by only 0.74% (p = 0.0002) and the V95% for the tumor bed with 1.5 cm margin remains unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated the feasibility of using a SVM-based algorithm to determine optimal beam placement without a physician's intervention. The proposed method reduced the dose to OARs, especially for supine treated patients, without any relevant degradation of dose homogeneity and coverage in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Dewen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jozsef
authors.forename: Jenghwa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Edward K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Silvia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Formenti
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects; D016684:Prone Position; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016683:Supine Position; D060388:Support Vector Machine