title: Olfactory discrimination largely persists in mice with defects in odorant receptor expression and axon guidance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The defining feature of the main olfactory system in mice is that each olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one of more than a thousand different odorant receptor genes. Axons expressing the same odorant receptor converge onto a small number of targets in the olfactory bulb such that each glomerulus is made up of axon terminals expressing just one odorant receptor. It is thought that this precision in axon targeting is required to maintain highly refined odor discrimination. We previously showed that β3GnT2(-/-) mice have severe developmental and axon guidance defects. The phenotype of these mice is similar to adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3) knockout mice largely due to the significant down-regulation of AC3 activity in β3GnT2(-/-) neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray analysis reveals that nearly one quarter of all odorant receptor genes are down regulated in β3GnT2(-/-) mice compared to controls. Analysis of OR expression by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrates that the number of neurons expressing some odorant receptors, such as mOR256-17, is increased by nearly 60% whereas for others such as mOR28 the number of neurons is decreased by more than 75% in β3GnT2(-/-) olfactory epithelia. Analysis of axon trajectories confirms that many axons track to inappropriate targets in β3GnT2(-/-) mice, and some glomeruli are populated by axons expressing more than one odorant receptor. Results show that mutant mice perform nearly as well as control mice in an odor discrimination task. In addition, in situ hybridization studies indicate that the expression of several activity dependent genes is unaffected in β3GnT2(-/-) olfactory neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results presented here show that many odorant receptors are under-expressed in β3GnT2(-/-) mice and further demonstrate that additional axon subsets grow into inappropriate targets or minimally innervate glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Odor evoked gene expression is unchanged and β3GnT2(-/-) mice exhibit a relatively small deficit in their ability to discriminate divergent odors. Results suggest that despite the fact that β3GnT2(-/-) mice have decreased AC3 activity, decreased expression of many ORs, and display many axon growth and guidance errors, odor-evoked activity in cilia of mutant olfactory neurons remains largely intact.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Knott
authors.forename: Pasil A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madany
authors.forename: Ashley A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Faden
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strotmann
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Henion
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Schwarting
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D015536:Down-Regulation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000378:metabolism; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000378:metabolism; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D018034:Olfactory Receptor Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D018035:Receptors, Odorant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018035:Receptors, Odorant; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases; C428132:B3GNT2 protein, human