title: Plasma copeptin levels and prediction of outcome in heart failure outpatients: relation to hyponatremia and loop diuretic doses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Copeptin, a stable fragment of the vasopressin prohormone, has been shown to be a significant biomarker for morbidity and mortality in heart failure. The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of plasma sodium on the prognostic significance of copeptin concentrations in heart failure outpatients and to determine whether increased copeptin concentrations predict future development of hyponatremia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 340 heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction were followed for 55 months (median) in a Danish heart failure clinic. A baseline measurement of plasma copeptin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and sodium was performed, and the sodium concentrations were recorded during 3 months after the baseline visit in the heart failure clinic. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to copeptin tertiles. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounders, including plasma sodium, loop diuretic dose, and NT-proBNP, copeptin was a significant predictor of hospitalization or death (hazard ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1-1.9; P < .019) but did not predict mortality independently from NT-proBNP. Additionally, copeptin concentrations did not predict future development of hyponatremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma copeptin levels predict mortality in outpatients with chronic heart failure independently from clinical variables, plasma sodium, and loop diuretic doses. Furthermore, copeptin predicts the combined end point of hospitalization or death independently from NT-proBNP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. louise.balling@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balling
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kistorp
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schou
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egstrup
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Jens Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Goetze
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000097:blood*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D010045:Outpatients; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011498:Protein Precursors; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006020:Glycopeptides; D011498:Protein Precursors; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; C048197:copeptins