title: Increased situation awareness in major incidents-radio frequency identification (RFID) technique: a promising tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mass-casualty situations, communications and information management to improve situational awareness is a major challenge for responders. In this study, the feasibility of a prototype system that utilizes commercially available, low-cost components, including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and mobile phone technology, was tested in two simulated mass-casualty incidents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The feasibility and the direct benefits of the system were evaluated in two simulated mass-casualty situations: one in Finland involving a passenger ship accident resulting in multiple drowning/hypothermia patients, and another at a major airport in Sweden using an aircraft crash scenario. Both simulations involved multiple agencies and functioned as test settings for comparing the disaster management's situational awareness with and without using the RFID-based system. Triage documentation was done using both an RFID-based system, which automatically sent the data to the Medical Command, and a traditional method using paper triage tags. The situational awareness was measured by comparing the availability of up-to date information at different points in the care chain using both systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information regarding the numbers and status or triage classification of the casualties was available approximately one hour earlier using the RFID system compared to the data obtained using the traditional method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tested prototype system was quick, stable, and easy to use, and proved to work seamlessly even in harsh field conditions. It surpassed the paper-based system in all respects except simplicity of use. It also improved the general view of the mass-casualty situations, and enhanced medical emergency readiness in a multi-organizational medical setting. The tested technology is feasible in a mass-casualty incident; further development and testing should take place.
authors.affiliation: Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Hyvinkää, Finland. jorma.jokela@laurea.fi
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rådestad
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gryth
authors.forename: Helené
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rüter
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Harkke
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luoto
authors.forename: Maaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castrén
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D001364:Awareness; D040421:Cell Phone; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D016544:Patient Simulation; D057233:Radio Frequency Identification Device; D012767:Ships; D013548:Sweden; D014218:Triage