title: Role of endogenous vitamin E in renal ischemic preconditioning process: differences between male and female rats.
abstract: Antioxidants such as α-tocopherol (vitamin E) and β-carotene (vitamin A) play an important role in protective effect of repeated brief periods of ischemia, namely ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Values of these antioxidants were investigated and compared after induction of ischemia reperfusion (IR) and kidney IPC in both male and female rats.
  
  
  
  Forty eight Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups of 8: groups A and B (male and female controls, respectively), group C (male IR or IR cases), group D (female IR cases) and groups E and F (male and female IPC cases, respectively). In groups C and D, ischemia was induced by clamping of left renal arteries for 45 min. In groups E and F, rats underwent four cycles of 4 min of arterial clamping and 11 min of de-clamping before final 45 min ischemia induction. Afterward, serum was collected to assess the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and vitamins E and A values. Renal tissues were obtained for histological assessments.
  
  
  
  α-tocopherol levels in male and female rats showed a significant increase in IPC compared with IR group (P<0.01) and also in female IPC compared with male IPC group. β-carotene levels had no significant variations. Histological evaluation showed that IR-induced renal injuries were less in female rats. Also, protective effects of IPC were more in female rats (P<0.01).
  
  
  
  Renal IPC reduced damages in both male and female rats, but tissue injuries in females were decreased much more along with the increase of endogenous vitamin E.
authors.affiliation: Tehran Forensic Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aryamanesh
authors.affiliation: Abhar School of Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyed Meisam
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.affiliation: Physiology Research Center and Dept. of Physiology, College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abotaleb
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Anti-Microbial Resistance Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maliheh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nobakht
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvaneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rahimi-Moghaddam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D005260:Female; D007511:Ischemia; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012077:Renal Artery; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E