title: Lysozyme resistance in Streptococcus suis is highly variable and multifactorial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus suis is an important infectious agent for pigs and occasionally for humans. The host innate immune system plays a key role in preventing and eliminating S. suis infections. One important constituent of the innate immune system is the protein lysozyme, which is present in a variety of body fluids and immune cells. Lysozyme acts as a peptidoglycan degrading enzyme causing bacterial lysis. Several pathogens have developed mechanisms to evade lysozyme-mediated killing. In the present study we compared the lysozyme sensitivity of various S. suis isolates and investigated the molecular basis of lysozyme resistance for this pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lysozyme minimal inhibitory concentrations of a wide panel of S. suis isolates varied between 0.3 to 10 mg/ml. By inactivating the oatA gene in a serotype 2 and a serotype 9 strain, we showed that OatA-mediated peptidoglycan modification partly contributes to lysozyme resistance. Furthermore, inactivation of the murMN operon provided evidence that additional peptidoglycan crosslinking is not involved in lysozyme resistance in S. suis. Besides a targeted approach, we also used an unbiased approach for identifying factors involved in lysozyme resistance. Based on whole genome comparisons of a lysozyme sensitive strain and selected lysozyme resistant derivatives, we detected several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were correlated with the lysozyme resistance trait. Two SNPs caused defects in protein expression of an autolysin and a capsule sugar transferase. Analysis of specific isogenic mutants, confirmed the involvement of autolysin activity and capsule structures in lysozyme resistance of S. suis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that lysozyme resistance levels are highly variable among S. suis isolates and serotypes. Furthermore, the results show that lysozyme resistance in S. suis can involve different mechanisms including OatA-mediated peptidolycan modification, autolysin activity and capsule production.
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wichgers Schreur
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Weeghel
authors.forename: Johanna M J
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rebel
authors.forename: Mari A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Jos P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Putten
authors.forename: Hilde E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001433:Bacteriolysis / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009238:N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009876:Operon / Q000235:genetics; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017011:Streptococcus suis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010457:Peptidoglycan; D009113:Muramidase; D009238:N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase