title: A multi-scale approach to determine accurate elemental and isotopic ratios by nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) is still hampered by a lack of appropriate calibration method for the quantification of elemental and isotopic ratios in heterogeneous materials such as soil samples. The potential of (13)C-(15)N-labeled density fractions of soil to calibrate the C/N, (13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N ratios provided by NanoSIMS was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The spatial organization of soil particles found at the macro- and micro-scales were compared. The C/N, (13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N ratios measured at the macroscopic scale from different density fractions using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA/IRMS) were compared with the corresponding micro-scale NanoSIMS measurements. When the macro- and micro-scales patterns were similar, macroscopic scale measurements obtained by EA/IRMS and the corresponding NanoSIMS C/N and (15)N/(14)N ratios averaged per fraction were used to obtain correction equations. The correction method using the internal calibration procedure was compared with the traditional one using a single organic standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was demonstrated that the correction method using an internal calibration procedure was applicable for NanoSIMS images acquired on more than 500 µm(2) per fraction and provided more accurate C/N and (15)N/(14)N ratios than the traditional correction method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As long as the NanoSIMS sampling was representative of the macroscopic properties, the correction method using an internal calibration procedure allowed better quantification of the isotope tracers and characterization of the C/N ratios. This method not only produced qualitative images, but also accurate quantitative parameters from which ecological interpretations can be derived.
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire de Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, UR 1138, INRA Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France. Pierre-Joseph.Hatton@nancy.inra.fr
authors.forename: Pierre-Joseph
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hatton
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Remusat
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Derrien