title: Effectiveness of new distraction technique on pain associated with injection of local anesthesia for children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distraction is one of the most commonly used techniques for control of pain associated with injection procedures. This study's purpose was to evaluate the effect of a distraction technique using audiovisual (A/V) glasses on pain perception during administration of local  anesthesia for children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight healthy, cooperative 5- to 7-year-olds were selected on the basis of existence of bilateral carious primary mandibular molars, which necessitated an inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia before treatment. Treatment was done on 2 visits  1 week apart. Children had been randomly assigned to receive the A/V glasses at one visit and no distraction during the other visit. Two different pain assessment scales were used: the pain faces scale (PFS) and the face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability scale (FLACC) scale. Kappa statistics  were calculated for the reliability of the observer when using the FLACC scale. A comparison between the 2 study techniques was done using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kappa values ranged from 0.89 to 1.00. The pain scores in both scales were significantly lower when the  A/V glasses were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distraction induced by audiovisual glasses was an effective way to reduce the pain associated with injection of local anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. dr.haythamfarouk@gmail.com
authors.forename: Haytham F A
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: El-Sharkawi
authors.forename: Azza A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Housseiny
authors.forename: Amal Mahmoud
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aly
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local