title: Calculation of conversion factors for effective dose for various interventional radiology procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide dose-area-product (DAP) to effective dose (E) conversion factors for complete interventional procedures, based on in-the-field clinical measurements of DAP values and using tabulated E/DAP conversion factors for single projections available from the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine types of interventional procedures were performed on 84 patients with two angiographic systems. Different calibration curves (with and without patient table attenuation) were calculated for each DAP meter. Clinical and dosimetric parameters were recorded in-the-field for each projection and for all patients, and a conversion factor linking DAP and effective doses was derived for each complete procedure making use of published, Monte Carlo calculated conversion factors for single static projections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoroscopy time and DAP values for the lowest-dose procedure (biliary drainage) were approximately 3-fold and 13-fold lower, respectively, than those for the highest-dose examination (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, TIPS). Median E/DAP conversion factors from 0.12 (abdominal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty) to 0.25 (Nephrostomy) mSvGy(-1) cm(-2) were obtained and good correlations between E and DAP were found for all procedures, with R(2) coefficients ranging from 0.80 (abdominal angiography) to 0.99 (biliary stent insertion, Nephrostomy and TIPS). The DAP values obtained in this study showed general consistency with the values provided in the literature and median E values ranged from 4.0 mSv (biliary drainage) to 49.6 mSv (TIPS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Values of E/DAP conversion factors were derived for each procedure from a comprehensive analysis of projection and dosimetric data: they could provide a good evaluation for the stochastic effects. These results can be obtained by means of a close cooperation between different interventional professionals involved in patient care and dose optimization.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy. gaetano.compagnone@aosp.bo.it
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Compagnone
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giampalma
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Domenichelli
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renzulli
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Golfieri
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D002138:Calibration; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011871:Radiology / Q000379:methods*