title: Hemoglobin encapsulated poly(ethylene glycol) surface conjugated vesicles attenuate vasoactivity of cell-free hemoglobin.
abstract: Widespread clinical use of acellular hemoglobin (Hb)-based O2 carriers (HBOCs) has been hampered by their ability to elicit both vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension. This is primarily due to the ability of acellular Hb to extravasate through the blood vessel wall and scavenge endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO). Encapsulation of Hb inside the aqueous core of liposomes retards the rates of NO dioxygenation and O2 release, which should reduce or eliminate the vasoactivity of Hb. Our aim is to determine the extent of systemic and microvascular vasoactive responses (hypertension, vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion) after infusion of vesicle encapsulated Hbs, in which the encapsulated Hb is in either the deoxygenated or carbon monoxide (CO) state (HbV and COHbV, respectively). To investigate this hypothesis, we used the hamster window chamber model subjected to two successive hypervolemic infusions of HbV and COHbV solutions (each infusion represents 10% of the animal's calculated blood volume) at Hb concentrations of either 7 or 10 g/dL. The hypervolemic infusion model used in this study has all the regulatory mechanisms responsible for predicting the vasoconstrictive responses of HBOCs. The results of this study demonstrate the absence of vasoconstrictive and hypertensive responses upon single and multiple infusions of HbV and COHbV solutions. The HbV and COHbV solutions increased the plasma O2 carrying capacity. However, COHbV delivered low therapeutic levels of CO without inducing any microcirculatory disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vesicles containing Hb can be used as a new therapeutic agent in transfusion medicine to treat anemia and revert hypoperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA. pcabrales@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabrales
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rameez
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006224:Cricetinae; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006454:Hemoglobins; C109960:PEG-hemoglobin; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen