title: Retrospective study of chikungunya outbreak in urban areas of India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A retrospective study on chikungunya outbreak in India in five States viz. Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Kerala was conducted in 2007-2008 to know the distribution and determinants of chikungunya fever outbreak in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of high and low incidence of chikungunya fever, two districts from each State and two wards from the selected district were taken for random selection of 1000 households from 10 districts and 5 States. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to individuals, patients, qualified health professionals and to stakeholders for collecting information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The educational background and occupation of the respondents showed variations across the study States. Only in high incidence ward of Maharashtra, water storage period for 3-6 days and emptying, drying of water containers on weekly basis was noted. The study through knowledge, attitude, belief, practice (KABP) obtained individual's perception of chikungunya fever, its prevention and control. Patients' expenditure on treatment was mainly recorded less than Rs 500 across study States. Health facility survey obtained an overview of the capacity of local health facilities. Stakeholders' perception regarding chikungunya fever was also noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed differences in awareness of chikungunya, cause of the disease, vector responsible, mode of transmission, biting time and elimination of breeding of mosquitoes statistically significant among high and low incidence wards of all the States. Expenditure on treatment was independent of economically active status and loss of man-days across all the States. Education and occupation did not have any relation with emptying/drying of water containers in high incidence wards. Strengthening of surveillance, information, education and communication (IEC) activities along with case management facilities may be provided by the State health department for prevention of chikungunya outbreaks in future. Stakeholders should be more involved in outbreak management and future planning.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, ICMR, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Neeru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Hemant
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Alok Suman
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chand
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.forename: G P S
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D065632:Chikungunya Fever; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014505:Urban Population