title: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a rabbit model using canine small intestinal submucosa and autologous platelet-rich plasma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bone-ligament interface is the main point of failure after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Synthetic ligament materials have problems such as a greater failure rate of the bone-ligament insertion than autografts. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a biologic scaffold that has been used to repair musculoskeletal tissue and has been shown to promote cell migration and enhance collagen fiber regeneration. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has also been investigated as a potential promoter of tendon healing. We investigated SIS and PRP as biomaterials that might strengthen the bone-tunnel interface and improve tendon structure formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anterior cruciate ligament grafts were formed of braid-twist canine SIS. These canine SIS ligament grafts were used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in 20 New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were divided into 2 treatment groups. In 1 group (SIS group; n = 10), we only implanted the canine SIS grafts. In the second group (PRP group; n = 10), we applied autologous PRP to the surgical area after implantation of canine SIS grafts. We determined the cytokine level of the autologous PRP using a transforming growth factor-β1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. At 1 and 4 wk after surgery, magnetic resonance imaging was performed to evaluate the grafts. The femur-graft-tibia complex was assessed histologically and biomechanically at 8 wk after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 wk after surgery, the magnetic resonance imaging scans of the PRP group showed high signal-intensity lesions. In biomechanical tests, the SIS group had a significantly greater maximum load, maximum stress, and ultimate load and strain than the PRP group. The histologic findings of the PRP group revealed a greater cellular response, fibrotic tissue regeneration around the graft, broad chondrocyte cell infiltration, and collagen fibers that were loosely attached to the bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PRP group had significantly lower tension load values than the SIS group, and there was greater cellular response in a broad area around the grafts of the rabbits in the PRP group compared with those in the SIS group. The early inflammatory responses around the canine SIS grafts in the PRP group and the altered cytokine or growth factor concentration in the intra-articular capsule of the rabbits in PRP group might explain their relatively low tensile strength results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, Konkuk University College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: A-Jin
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wook-Hun
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Dae-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung-Pil
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dai-Jung
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sun Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Hwi-Yool
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D023421:Models, Animal; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D013917:Thrombin