title: Clinical application of computerized evaluation and re-education biofeedback prototype for sensorimotor control of the hand in stroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemianaesthesia patients usually exhibit awkward and inefficient finger movements of the affected hands. Conventionally, most interventions emphasize the improvement of motor deficits, but rarely address sensory capability and sensorimotor control following stroke. Thus it is critical for stroke patients with sensory problems to incorporate appropriate strategies for dealing with sensory impairment, into traditional hand function rehabilitation programs. In this study, we used a custom-designed computerized evaluation and re-education biofeedback (CERB) prototype to analyze hand grasp performances, and monitor the training effects on hand coordination for stroke patients with sensory disturbance and without motor deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CERB prototype was constructed to detect momentary pinch force modulation for 14 sub-acute and chronic stroke patients with sensory deficiency and 14 healthy controls. The other ten chronic stroke patients (ranges of stroke period: 6-60 months) were recruited to investigate the effects of 4-weeks computerized biofeedback treatments on the hand control ability. The biofeedback procedures provide visual and auditory cues to the participants when the interactive force of hand-to-object exceeded the target latitude in a pinch-up-holding task to trigger optimal motor strategy. Follow-up measurements were conducted one month after training. The hand sensibility, grip forces and results of hand functional tests were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The affected hands of the 14 predominant sensory stroke patients exhibited statistically significant elevation in the magnitude of peak pinch force (p = 0.033) in pinching and lifting-up tasks, and poor results for hand function tests (p = 0.005) than sound hands did. In addition, the sound hands of patients were less efficient in force modulation (p = 0.009) than the hands of healthy subjects were. Training with the biofeedback system produced significant improvements in grip force modulation (p = 0.020) and better performances in the subtests of pin insertion (p = 0.019), and lifting of lightweight objects (p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CERB prototype can provide momentary and interactive information for quantitative assessing and re-educating force modulation appropriately for stroke patients with sensory deficits. Furthermore, the patients could transfer the learned strategy to improve hand function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Cheng-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Fong-Chin
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Huan-Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Haw-Yen
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Li-Chieh
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome