title: Biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of NADPH oxidases in the cardiovascular system.
abstract: The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are critical mediators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These proteins are expressed in virtually all cardiovascular cells, and regulate such diverse functions as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammatory responses and oxygen sensing. They target a number of important signaling molecules, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, ion channels, and proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton. Nox enzymes have been implicated in many different cardiovascular pathologies: atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, angiogenesis and collateral formation, stroke, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss in detail the biochemistry of Nox enzymes expressed in the cardiovascular system (Nox1, 2, 4, and 5), their roles in cardiovascular cell biology, and their contributions to disease development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lassègue
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: San Martín
authors.forename: Kathy K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Griendling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019255:NADPH Oxidases