title: Impact of obesity control on circulating level of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis in response to ischemic stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that obesity reduced circulating number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), angiogenic ability, and blood flow in ischemic tissue that could be reversed after obesity control.
  
  
  METHODS
  8-week-old C57BL/6J mice (n=27) were equally divided into group 1 (fed with 22-week control diet), group 2 (22-week high fat diet), and group 3 (14-week high fat diet, followed by 8-week control diet). Critical limb ischemia (CLI) was induced at week 20 in groups 2 and 3. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 22 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart weight, body weight, abdominal fat weight, serum total cholesterol level, and fasting blood sugar were highest in group 2 (all p<0.001). The numbers of circulating EPCs (C-kit/CD31+, Sca-1/KDR + and CXCR4/CD34+) were lower in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3 at 18 h after CLI induction (p<0.03). The numbers of differentiated EPCs (C-kit/CD31+, CXCR4/CD34+ and CD133+) from adipose tissue after 14-day cultivation were also lowest in group 2 (p<0.001). Protein expressions of VCAM-1, oxidative index, Smad3, and TGF-β were higher, whereas the Smad1/5 and BMP-2, mitochondrial cytochrome-C SDF-1α and CXCR4 were lower in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3 (all p<0.02). Immunofluorescent staining of CD31+ and vWF + cells, the number of small vessel (<15 μm), and blood flow through Laser Doppler scanning of ischemic area were lower in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 3 on day 14 after CLI induction (all p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity suppressed abilities of angiogenesis and recovery from CLI that were reversed by obesity control.
authors.affiliation: Division of cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Lung
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chia-Lo
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Cheuk-Kwan
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Chiung-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Sheng-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Kuo-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.forename: Jiunn-Jye
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Fan-Yen
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chia-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Hon-Kan
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yip
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005355:Fibrosis; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045304:Cytochromes c