title: Content of antioxidative caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in field-grown Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz and responses to sunlight.
abstract: Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz, a commercial leafy vegetable, contains caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) as major phenolic constituents. The HPLC chromatograms of leaf extracts collected from different areas in Korea showed a significant variation in CQA amount, and two tri-O-caffeoylquinic acids (triCQAs) were purified and structurally identified by NMR and MS from this plant. Radical scavenging activities among CQAs were found to be increased in proportion to the number of caffeoyl groups. Since this plant prefers damp and shady growth conditions, the effects of sunlight were investigated by growing plantlets in sunlight and shade for four weeks. Greater leaf thickness and higher phenolic contents were found for leaves grown in sunlight than in shade. Four major CQAs-5-mono-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-monoCQA), and 3,4-, 3,5-, and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (diCQA)-were induced by solar irradiation, whereas the content of these compounds decreased steadily in shade leaves. The leaves of L. fischeri clearly showed adaptation responses to sunlight, and these characteristics can be exploited for cultivation of this plant for potential use as a nutraceutical and functional food.
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Gangneung Institute, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Je-Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Suk Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Lin Na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: Byung-Hun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Um
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007723:Korea; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011801:Quinic Acid; C473200:5-caffeoylquinic acid