title: Steppingstone and gateway ideas: a discussion of origins, research challenges, and promising lines of research for the future.
abstract: In this discussion of contributed papers for the special issue of DAD, the author draws attention to early American laws concerning cannabis and to statements made about the epidemiology of cannabis smoking and other drug use between 1858 and the contemporary scene, with coverage of opium, heroin, tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, kava, and other drugs. He discusses these steppingstone and gateway processes in relation to political environment and in relation to scientific challenges such as uncontrolled confounding. He provides a critique of between-individual research designs, including co-twin and co-sib designs of behavior genetics, as well as imaging research, where uncontrolled confounding often exists. He highlights the epidemiologic case-crossover design and prevention research experiments as potentially valuable approaches in new directions for research on the steppingstone and gateway processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States. janthony@msu.edu
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anthony
mesh_terms: D002188:Cannabis; D005544:Forecasting; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012107:Research Design / Q000639:trends; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs