title: Adolescent athletes:  psychosocial challenges and clinical concerns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the recent literature (over the past 18 months) regarding psychosocial challenges and clinical concerns among adolescent athletes, and to address the advances made in understanding adolescent athletes' coping processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coping research has moved from identifying discrete stressors and coping strategies to examining the processes of coping over time. Parents and coaches play an important role in young athletes' sport experiences and athletes' use and development of coping strategies. In terms of clinical concerns, findings regarding the prevalence of disordered eating have been equivocal. However, disordered eating may be of greater concern among athletes participating in 'leanness' sports. Sport participation may contribute to increased alcohol consumption among adolescent athletes but decreased use of drugs and smoking cigarettes, while steroid use appears to be relatively rare compared with athletes' use of alcohol and cigarettes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reviewed studies have implications for future research by identifying opportunities for intervention and education regarding clinical and nonclinical psychosocial challenges. Researchers have emphasized the importance of athletes' social context and relationships in coping with psychosocial challenges in sport. One concern is that adolescent athletes' disordered eating and substance use may reflect maladaptive coping. Experimental and intervention research is limited; however, incorporating members of athletes' social network into future research and interventions may be a practical avenue to achieving positive outcomes among adolescent athletes.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. katherine.tamminen@ubc.ca
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tamminen
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Peter R E
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Crocker
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*