title: Independent association of younger age with hemoptysis in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk factors for mild to moderate hemoptysis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are not entirely clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the independent association of risk factors with the occurrence of hemoptysis in PTB patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study  of adult patients newly diagnosed with microbiologically proven PTB in a New York City hospital. Patients were categorized into subjects with and without hemoptysis and compared using univariate analysis. Independent associations of variables with hemoptysis were estimated using multivariate  logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 194 subjects with PTB, 44 (23%) had hemoptysis. In univariate analysis, subjects with hemoptysis were significantly younger (P = 0.003), and more likely to be undocumented foreign-born (P = 0.038) compared to subjects without hemoptysis. In  multivariate analysis, only younger age was independently associated with hemoptysis. This association was significant for a continuous decrease in age per year, or per decade (adjusted OR 1.59, P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Younger age is an independent risk factor for hemoptysis in  PTB. It is conceivable that a stronger inflammatory response in younger than in older age could contribute to pulmonary pathogenesis and injury in PTB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. jacqueline.achkar@einstein.yu.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Achkar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009519:New York City; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D055815:Young Adult