title: Limited SHIV env diversification in macaques failing oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily Truvada [a combination of emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)] is a novel HIV prevention strategy recently found to prevent HIV transmission among men who have sex with men and heterosexual couples. Acute infection in adherent persons who fail PrEP will inevitably occur under concurrent antiretroviral therapy, thus raising questions regarding the potential impact of PrEP on early viral dynamics. We investigated viral evolution dynamics in a macaque model of PrEP consisting of repeated rectal exposures to SHIV162P3 in the presence of PrEP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four macaques were infected during daily or intermittent PrEP with FTC or FTC/TDF, and five were untreated controls. SHIV env sequence evolution was monitored by single genome amplification with phylogenetic and sequence analysis. Mean nucleotide divergence from transmitted founder viruses calculated 17 weeks (range = 12-20) post peak viremia was significantly lower in PrEP failures than in control animals (7.2 × 10-3 compared to 1.6 × 10-2 nucleotide substitutions per site per year, respectively, p < 0.0001). Mean virus diversity was also lower in PrEP failures after 17 weeks (0.13% vs. 0.53% in controls, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results in a macaque model of acute HIV infection suggest that infection during PrEP limits early virus evolution likely because of a direct antiviral effect of PrEP and/or reduced target cell availability. Reduced virus diversification during early infection might enhance immune control by slowing the selection of escape mutants.
authors.affiliation: National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruone
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Switzer
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
authors.forename: J Gerardo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: García-Lerma
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D000069480:Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014766:Viremia / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000069480:Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination; D015686:Gene Products, env; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D012367:RNA, Viral; D003841:Deoxycytidine