title: How acute and chronic alcohol consumption affects brain networks: insights from multimodal neuroimaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multimodal imaging combining 2 or more techniques is becoming increasingly important because no single imaging approach has the capacity to elucidate all clinically relevant characteristics of a network.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review highlights recent advances in multimodal neuroimaging (i.e., combined use and interpretation of data collected through magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography, magnetoencephalography, MR perfusion, and MR spectroscopy methods) that leads to a more comprehensive understanding of how acute and chronic alcohol consumption affect neural networks underlying cognition, emotion, reward processing, and drinking behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several innovative investigators have started utilizing multiple imaging approaches within the same individual to better understand how alcohol influences brain systems, both during intoxication and after years of chronic heavy use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Their findings can help identify mechanism-based therapeutic and pharmacological treatment options, and they may increase the efficacy and cost effectiveness of such treatments by predicting those at greatest risk for relapse.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program, Center of Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. til@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Brandon G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Oberlin
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kareken
authors.forename: Ksenija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marinkovic
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Müller-Oehring
authors.forename: Dieter J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tapert
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D059906:Neuroimaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol