title: Antiplatelet effect of new lipophilic hydroxytyrosol alkyl ether derivatives in human blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the in vitro antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects of five alkyl hydroxytyrosol (HT) ether derivatives in human whole blood and compare these effects with those of HT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from healthy volunteers were incubated with HT and HT alkyl ether derivatives (ethyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl and dodecyl). Maximum intensity of platelet aggregation was induced with collagen, arachidonic acid or ADP. Calcium-induced thromboxane B(2) and nitric oxide production, LPS-induced prostaglandin E(2) and nitric oxide production and LPS-induced interleukin 1β production were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All compounds inhibited platelet aggregation, thromboxane B(2) and inflammatory mediators in a concentration-dependent manner. The concentrations of each compound that inhibited the corresponding variable by 50 % compared to control samples (IC(50)) were in the range of 10(-7)-10(-6) M for HT hexyl ether; for the other compounds, these values were in the range of 10(-5) M. The IC(50) for thromboxane B(2) production was in the range of 10(-4) M. The effects of HT alkyl ether derivatives were greater than those of HT. These compounds increased nitric oxide production. There was no direct relationship between the effects of these compounds and alkyl chain length. Maximum effects were observed in the C4-C6 range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alkyl ether derivatives of HT exert antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects that are greater than those of HT.
authors.affiliation: Escuela Universitaria Ciencias de la Salud, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: De La Cruz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Marin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lopez-Villodres
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madrona
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Espartero
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Correa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004986:Ether / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D004986:Ether; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D015232:Dinoprostone; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol