title: Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and vitamin D deficiency are associated with obesity and sarcopenia. However, their relationships with sarcopenic obesity (SO) are unclear. We evaluated the impact of homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels on SO in Korean adults. STUDY SUBJECT/MEASUREMENTS: This study included 493 apparently healthy adults (180 men and 313 women) enrolled in the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Sarcopenia was defined as a skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) of 1 SD below the sex-specific mean value for a young reference group. Obesity was defined as a visceral fat area (VFA) ≥100 cm(2) . We classified the participants into four sarcopenia/obesity groups based on both SMI and VFA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of SO was 17·8% in men and 24·9% in women. In women, the SO group had higher HOMA-IR and hsCRP levels compared with the non-SO group. In men, the 25[OH]D levels were significantly lower in the SO group than the non-SO group. Both hsCRP and HOMA-IR levels were negatively correlated with SMI and positively correlated with VFA in both men and women, whereas 25[OH]D levels were positively correlated with SMI in both men and women. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR and 25[OH]D levels were independently associated with SO in men, while HOMA-IR and hsCRP were significant factors predicting SO in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin resistance, inflammation and vitamin D deficiency were associated with SO in a Korean adult population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Nyun
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Man Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kang Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Hae Yoon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sae Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Hyun Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Wook
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hyuk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sei Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Dong Seop
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kyung Mook
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D