title: Intrahepatic choledochoscopy during trans-cystic common bile duct exploration; technique, feasibility and value.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (TC-LCBDE) is advantageous for exploring the bile duct. Choledochoscopy, however, may be quite challenging to perform transcystically because the cystic duct is usually narrow, duct anatomy may be unfavorable, and not all stones are amenable to transcystic extraction. Convention suggests that it is technically very difficult to visualize the intrahepatic bile ducts with transcystic choledochoscopy, due to the angle of insertion of the cystic into the common bile duct (CBD). However, we have performed intrahepatic choledochoscopy successfully, moving the choledochoscope from the CBD into the common hepatic duct by using what we have termed a "wiper blade maneuver". The purpose of this study was to confirm how often this was possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of a prospectively collected database of patients undergoing routine intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) and laparoscopic CBD exploration under the care of a single consultant surgeon was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 592 LCBDEs were performed between September 1992 and January 2011; 325 were transcystic explorations. Of these, 72.5 % were female and 56 % were admitted acutely. Exploration and duct clearance was performed by blind Dormia basket trawling in 63 %. The choledochoscope was utilized in 120 cases (37 %). The 3-mm choledochoscope was used in 66 (55 %) and the 5-mm scope in 54 (45 %). Intrahepatic choledochoscopy was performed in 49 patients (40.8 %). Length of surgery was 40-350 min (median 90 min; standard deviation 49 min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is technically challenging to perform intrahepatic choledochoscopy with a 3-mm choledochoscope due to its narrow gauge. The more rigid 5-mm scope is thus preferred, but is limited in TCE because its effective use depends on the presence of a dilated cystic duct. Despite the technical limitations of both caliber scopes, we have demonstrated that intrahepatic choledochoscopy during TCE is possible, with each, in 40 % of cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, Lanarkshire, ML6 0JS, Scotland, UK. viviennegough@gmail.com
authors.forename: Vivienne
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gough
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Zubir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Ahmad H M
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Nassar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003135:Common Bile Duct; D003549:Cystic Duct; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery; D006500:Hepatic Duct, Common; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult