title: Spasticity following spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Up to 70% of patients with spinal cord injuries develop spasticity. The main aim of the paper is to provide an overview of spasticity management, primarily in patients with spinal cord injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The article is based on literature searches in PubMed using the keyphrases «spasticity» and «spasticity AND spinal cord injury», and own clinical experience and research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spasticity may be general, regional or localised. Factors such as an over-filled bladder, obstipation, acute infections, syringomyelia or bone fractures may substantially influence the degree of spasticity and must be determined. An assessment of the clinical and functional consequences for the patient is decisive before management. Active exercise, physiotherapy and peroral drugs are the simplest and cheapest options. Baclofen is the only centrally acting spasmolytic registered in Norway and is the first choice for peroral treatment. Benzodiazepines can also be used. The effect of the tablets is generally limited and there are often pronounced side effects. Local spasticity can be treated with botulinum toxin injections. The effect is time-limited and the treatment must be repeated. International guidelines recommend a combination of botulinum toxin injections and physiotherapy. In cases of regional spasticity, particularly in the lower limbs, intrathecal baclofen administered via a programmable pump may provide a continuous spasm-reducing effect. Orthopaedic surgery or neurosurgery may be an option for selected patients with intractable spasticity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spasticity following a spinal cord injury must be assessed regularly. The treatment strategy depends on the degree of functional failure caused by the spasticity and its location.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway. tiina.rekand@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rekand
authors.forename: Ellen Merete
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grønning
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019091:Critical Pathways; D006801:Humans; D060186:Infusions, Spinal; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D001418:Baclofen