title: Investigation of the suitability of tissue phantoms for testing the constancy of ultrasonic transducer arrays in quality assurance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ensure high quality ultrasound diagnostics, proper functioning of the devices used is a necessary prerequisite. Ultrasound transducers have proven to be the most failure-prone part of the signal chain. Their technical monitoring is possible in principle with the help of tissue phantoms. The background of the present study is to determine which type of phantoms and which measurement parameters are best suited to a consistency test as part of routine quality assurance of ultrasound imaging systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A classic wire-type phantom (ATS Mod. 539, ATS Labs Bridgeport, USA) and a 3 D cyst phantom (TCC, Timelkam, Austria) were used for the studies and comparative tests were conducted between intact transducers and those in which faults had been simulated. The collected measurement data show a relatively large scatter. Therefore, statistical analysis methods were used, and the discrimination analysis proved to be a useful tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local failures which arise, e. g. due to the breakdown of individual piezoelectric elements or element groups in the transducer array, can be detected with the help of the gray value targets of the ATS phantom, but only in those cases in which the error-affected sound field part actually overlaps with the target under consideration. The TCC phantom is not suitable for the detection of such errors. Global transducer failures, i. e. those that affect the entire array, can even be detected with both types of phantoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the emphasis of quality assessment is on the detection of local defects in the array that make up the largest part of the transducer faults, studies with conventional phantoms are only of limited value.
authors.affiliation: FB Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften, Hochschule Merseburg, Germany. eike.rosenfeld@hs-merseburg.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liebscher
mesh_terms: D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014159:Transducers / Q000592:standards*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*