title: Simulating hemodynamics of the Fontan Y-graft based on patient-specific in vivo connections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using a bifurcated Y-graft as the Fontan baffle is hypothesized to streamline and improve flow dynamics through the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). This study conducted numerical simulations to evaluate this hypothesis using postoperative data from 5 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were imaged with cardiac magnetic resonance or computed tomography after receiving a bifurcated aorto-iliac Y-graft as their Fontan conduit. Numerical simulations were performed using in vivo flow rates, as well as 2 levels of simulated exercise. Two TCPC models were virtually created for each patient to serve as the basis for hemodynamic comparison. Comparative metrics included connection flow resistance and inferior vena caval flow distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrate good hemodynamic outcomes for the Y-graft options. The consistency of inferior vena caval flow distribution was improved over TCPC controls, whereas the connection resistances were generally no different from the TCPC values, except for 1 case in which there was a marked improvement under both resting and exercise conditions. Examination of the connection hemodynamics as they relate to surgical Y-graft implementation identified critical strategies and modifications that are needed to potentially realize the theoretical efficiency of such bifurcated connection designs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five consecutive patients received a Y-graft connection to complete their Fontan procedure with positive hemodynamic results. Refining the surgical technique for implementation should result in further energetic improvements that may help improve long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: Kirk R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kanter
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.forename: Diane A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: de Zélicourt
authors.forename: W James
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Jarek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rossignac
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.forename: Ajit P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yoganathan
mesh_terms: D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene