title: Plasma micronutrients, trace elements, and breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers: an exploratory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have evaluated the role of micronutrients or trace elements in breast cancer development among BRCA1 mutation carriers. To investigate a possible role of dietary and environmental exposures on cancer risk, we undertook an exploratory study, using a matched case-control design (n = 48 cases and 96 controls), to evaluate the relationships between plasma levels of 14 micronutrients and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 mutation carriers in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated the univariate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer associated with plasma levels for each of 14 micronutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 14 analytes quantified, significant differences between cases and controls were seen for two (iron and retinol; p = 0.009 and p = 0.03, respectively). Women in the highest tertile of plasma iron had a 57 % lower risk, compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.43; 95 % CI 0.18-1.04; p for trend = 0.06). Increasing antimony levels were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (p for trend = 0.05). Women in the highest tertile had a 2.43-fold increase in breast cancer risk compared with women in the lowest tertile (OR = 2.43; 95 % CI 1.00-5.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides some preliminary evidence regarding a role of diet, specifically iron and antimony, in the etiology of BRCA1-associated breast cancer. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. joanne.kotsopoulos@wchospital.ca
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotsopoulos
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sukiennicki
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muszyńska
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gackowski
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kąklewski
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Durda
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaworska
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huzarski
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gronwald
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Byrski
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ashuryk
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dębniak
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tołoczko-Grabarek
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stawicka
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Godlewski
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliński
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jakubowska
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Narod
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000965:Antimony / Q000097:blood; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D018977:Micronutrients; D014131:Trace Elements; D000965:Antimony; D007501:Iron