title: Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: a psychosocial perspective.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease primarily characterised by motor symptoms. However, another feature of PD which is receiving increasing attention is the phenomenon of impulse control disorders (ICDs), such as pathological gambling. To date, research into ICDs in PD has centred on a biomedical model of cause, related to the effects of dopamine replacement therapy. However, there are several areas of discrepancy in the current biomedical account of ICDs in PD. In addition, we argue that social and psychological factors also need to be considered to achieve a more complete understanding of the phenomenon. We present a novel conceptual model which combines biomedical and psychosocial factors in the genesis of ICDs in PD and use the model to identify a number of potential treatment intervention points and to highlight important outstanding questions concerning the inter-relationship between psychosocial and biomedical factors in the genesis of ICDs in PD.
authors.affiliation: Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Oldham Integrated Care Centre, Oldham, UK.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Iracema
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leroi
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Paul Geoffrey
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Overton
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018491:Dopamine Agonists