title: Alpha-toxin induces programmed cell death of human T cells, B cells, and monocytes during USA300 infection.
abstract: This investigation examines the influence of alpha-toxin (Hla) during USA300 infection of human leukocytes. Survival of an USA300 isogenic deletion mutant of hla (USA300Δhla) in human blood was comparable to the parental wild-type strain and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) plasma membrane permeability caused by USA300 did not require Hla. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following infection by USA300, USA300Δhla, and USA300Δhla transformed with a plasmid over-expressing Hla (USA300Δhla Comp) demonstrated this toxin plays a significant role inducing plasma membrane permeability of CD14(+), CD3(+), and CD19(+) PBMCs. Rapid plasma membrane permeability independent of Hla was observed for PMNs, CD14(+) and CD19(+) PBMCs following intoxication with USA300 supernatant while the majority of CD3(+) PBMC plasma membrane permeability induced by USA300 required Hla. Addition of recombinant Hla to USA300Δhla supernatant rescued CD3(+) and CD19(+) PBMC plasma membrane permeability generated by USA300 supernatant. An observed delay in plasma membrane permeability caused by Hla in conjunction with Annexin V binding and ApoBrdU Tunel assays examining PBMCs intoxicated with recombinant Hla or infected with USA300, USA300Δhla, USA300Δhla Comp, and USA300ΔsaeR/S suggest Hla induces programmed cell death of monocytes, B cells, and T cells that results in plasma membrane permeability. Together these findings underscore the importance of Hla during S. aureus infection of human tissue and specifically demonstrate Hla activity during USA300 infection triggers programmed cell death of human monocytes, T cells and B cells that leads to plasma membrane permeability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University-Bozeman, Montana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tyler K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nygaard
authors.forename: Kyler B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pallister
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: DuMont
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DeWald
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Erik Q
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Pallister
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Horswill
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Jovanka M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Voyich
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D011994:Recombinant Proteins