title: Long working hours and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a meta-analysis from published studies to evaluate the relationship between long working hours and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Among a total of 341 published studies found from publicly accessible databases, five cohort studies and six case-control studies were analyzed for the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant heterogeneity has been observed (P = 0.037). The effect of longer working hours was significantly associated with the risk of CVD in the random-effects model of all 11 studies (odds ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.70). On the basis of meta-regression analysis, the result was not affected by the mean age, region, or the study year. The P value using Eager test was 0.701 suggesting this analysis was unlikely to have any publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence of increased CVD with long working hours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mo-Yeol
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hyunseung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jeong-Cheol
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Donghoon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Youn-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Sinye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Soo-Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013997:Time Factors; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult