title: Poplar extrafloral nectaries: two types, two strategies of indirect defenses against herbivores.
abstract: Many plant species grow extrafloral nectaries and produce nectar to attract carnivore arthropods as defenders against herbivores. Two nectary types that evolved with Populus trichocarpa (Ptr) and Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides (Ptt) were studied from their ecology down to the genes and molecules. Both nectary types strongly differ in morphology, nectar composition and mode of secretion, and defense strategy. In Ptt, nectaries represent constitutive organs with continuous merocrine nectar flow, nectary appearance, nectar production, and flow. In contrast, Ptr nectaries were found to be holocrine and inducible. Neither mechanical wounding nor the application of jasmonic acid, but infestation by sucking insects, induced Ptr nectar secretion. Thus, nectaries of Ptr and Ptt seem to answer the same threat by the use of different mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, University Würzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Escalante-Pérez
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaborsky
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lautner
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fromm
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dittrich
authors.forename: Maritta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunert
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hedrich
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ache
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000235:genetics; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D060434:Herbivory / Q000502:physiology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000469:parasitology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D032107:Populus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D057048:Plant Nectar