title: Mechanism of myocardial ischemia with an anomalous left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An ectopic coronary artery that courses between the aortic root and the pulmonary trunk may lead to sudden cardiac death, especially in athletes. It has been speculated that during exercise, compression of the coronary artery between the great vessels may impair coronary blood flow and produce myocardial ischemia and fatal arrhythmia. However, this hypothesis cannot be tested in humans, and little experimental data exist to explain this phenomenon. To this end, in a calf with an anomalous left coronary artery that coursed from the right sinus of Valsalva between the great vessels, we assessed for myocardial ischemia during pharmacologically induced tachycardia and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified a juvenile male calf (103 kg) with an anomalous left coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva that coursed between the great vessels. Via thoracotomy, the animal was instrumented for hemodynamic measurements. Intravenous dobutamine increased heart rate and myocardial metabolic demands. Intravenous phenylephrine produced arterial hypertension and increased myocardial metabolic demands. Fluorescent-labeled microspheres were used to map regional myocardial blood flow, and hemodynamics were recorded during each condition. Masson's trichrome staining for fibrosis, wheat-germ agglutinin staining for myocyte size, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-label staining for apoptosis, and isolectin-B4 staining for capillary density were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the first time, empiric data documented that an ectopic coronary artery produced myocardial ischemia during elevated myocardial metabolic demands. Left coronary artery resistance increased in a cardiac cycle-dependent pattern that was consistent with systolic compression between the great vessels. Increased cardiac fibrosis, myocyte hypertrophy, cardiac apoptosis, and capillary density indicated that regional ischemic, inflammatory-mediated myocardial remodeling was present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm the proposed mechanism of sudden death and support early surgical repair of coronary arteries that course between the aortic root and the pulmonary trunk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. crbart02@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Carlo R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Wead
authors.forename: Guruprasad A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Giridharan
authors.forename: Sumanth D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Dowling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012850:Sinus of Valsalva