title: Measurement of pollution levels of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in water, soil, sediment, and shrimp to identify possible impacts on shrimp production at Jiquilisco Bay.
abstract: This study aims to identify levels of several organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds in shrimp-raising areas of coastal El Salvador, to assess potential impacts on shrimp growth and survival that hamper the sustainability of aquaculture in the region. The paper reports the current levels of γ-HCH, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDD, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, parathion, methyl parathion, and etoprophos in soils (depth 20 cm), sediments (depth 5 cm), shrimp (Penaeus sp.), and water of three rearing ponds and also in the sediment (depth 5 cm) and water surrounding those ponds in Jiquilisco Bay. Sampling was carried out during the dry (January-March) and rainy (June-August) seasons of 2008. The presence of pesticides in the samples of water, shrimp, and sediment at shrimp ponds was not detected in either season; however, in soil samples (depth 20 cm) taken from these ponds, heptachlor, endrin, dieldrin, 4,4'-DDD, and 4,4'-DDT were identified at concentrations below the method limit of quantification (LOQ), and 4,4'-DDE was found in a concentration falling in the range from 3.85 to 19.61 ng/g. In samples of water taken at the bay water intakes to the rearing ponds, we observed dieldrin concentrations in the range between 0.085 ng/mL and 0.182 ng/mL during the dry season. In the samples of sediments taken in the surrounding areas of shrimp ponds, we found-for both seasons-that in 60 % of the samples, 4,4'-DDE was present in concentrations ranging from 3.75 ng/g to 30.97 ng/g. Additionally, in the rainy season, we observed heptachlor in sediment at concentrations below the method quantification limit. It was concluded that organochlorine compounds from pesticides are still present in Jiquilisco Bay, trapped in deep sediment, even though they have been banned since the 1980s. These were not detected in shrimp tissue, surface water, and shallow sediment in rearing ponds, and hence, we do not believe their presence has any major impact on shrimp production in sampled areas.
authors.affiliation: IQS School of Engineering, Universidad Ramón Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nomen
authors.forename: Julià
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sempere
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chávez
authors.forename: Nelly Amaya
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: de López
authors.forename: Ma Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rovira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D004544:El Salvador; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water