title: Dilemmas concerning dose distribution and the influence of relative biological effect in proton beam therapy of medulloblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve medulloblastoma proton therapy. Although considered ideal for proton therapy, there are potential disadvantages. Expected benefits include reduced radiation-induced cancer and circulatory complications, while avoiding small brain volumes of dose in-homogeneity when compared with conventional X-rays. Several aspects of proton therapy might contribute to reduced tumour control due to (a) the use of more homogenous dose levels which can result in under-dosage, (b) differences in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) between that prescription RBE of 1.1 and the RBE of brain and spinal cord (likely to exceed 1.1) and in medulloblastoma cells (where RBE is likely to be below 1.1). Such changes, although speculative for RBE, might result in potential underdosage of tumour cells and a higher bio-effect in brain tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose distributions for X-ray and proton treatment are compared, with allocation of likely RBE values for fast growing medullolastoma cells and stable central nervous system tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These physical and radiobiological factors are shown to combine to give a higher risk of tumour recurrence with further risks on tumour control when dose reduction schedules used for X-ray therapy are replicated for proton therapy for "low-risk" patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose distributions and prescribed doses of proton therapy, taking into account RBE, in children and adults with medulloblastoma, need to be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Bleddyn.Jones@rob.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McKenna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons