title: SHuffle, a novel Escherichia coli protein expression strain capable of correctly folding disulfide bonded proteins in its cytoplasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Production of correctly disulfide bonded proteins to high yields remains a challenge. Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli is the popular choice, especially within the research community. While there is an ever growing demand for new expression strains, few strains are dedicated to post-translational modifications, such as disulfide bond formation. Thus, new protein expression strains must be engineered and the parameters involved in producing disulfide bonded proteins must be understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have engineered a new E. coli protein expression strain named SHuffle, dedicated to producing correctly disulfide bonded active proteins to high yields within its cytoplasm. This strain is based on the trxB gor suppressor strain SMG96 where its cytoplasmic reductive pathways have been diminished, allowing for the formation of disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm. We have further engineered a major improvement by integrating into its chromosome a signal sequenceless disulfide bond isomerase, DsbC. We probed the redox state of DsbC in the oxidizing cytoplasm and evaluated its role in assisting the formation of correctly folded multi-disulfide bonded proteins. We optimized protein expression conditions, varying temperature, induction conditions, strain background and the co-expression of various helper proteins. We found that temperature has the biggest impact on improving yields and that the E. coli B strain background of this strain was superior to the K12 version. We also discovered that auto-expression of substrate target proteins using this strain resulted in higher yields of active pure protein. Finally, we found that co-expression of mutant thioredoxins and PDI homologs improved yields of various substrate proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work is the first extensive characterization of the trxB gor suppressor strain. The results presented should help researchers design the appropriate protein expression conditions using SHuffle strains.
authors.affiliation: New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lobstein
authors.forename: Charlie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Emrich
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeans
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berkmen
mesh_terms: D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017510:Protein Folding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013879:Thioredoxins; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases; C526649:dsbC protein, E coli