title: Intra-operative tumour detection and staging in colorectal cancer surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical resection for colorectal cancer involves segmental resection and regional lymphadenectomy. The appropriateness of this 'one-size-fits-all' strategy is questioned as bowel cancer screening programmes result in a shift to earlier stage disease. Currently, the nodal status of a colorectal cancer can only be reliably determined by histopathological examination of the resected specimen. New methods of intra-operative staging are required to allow surgical resection to be tailored to the stage of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed of PubMed and Embase databases using the terms 'colon' OR 'colorectal' AND 'intra-operative detection' OR 'intra-operative staging' OR 'intra-operative detection' OR 'radioimmunoguided surgery'. Articles published between January 1980 and January 2012 were included. Technologies that have the potential to allow intra-operative staging and treatment stratification were identified and further searches performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Established techniques such as sentinel lymph node mapping and radioimmunoguided surgery have benefited from combination with other technologies to allow real-time intra-operative staging. Intra-operative fluorescence, using naturally fluorescent biomarkers or fluorescent tumour probes, probably offers the most practical means of intra-operative lymph node staging and may be facilitated using nanotechnology. Optical coherence tomography and real-time elastography have the potential to provide an in vivo'virtual biopsy'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technological advances may allow accurate intra-operative lymph node staging to facilitate tailored surgical resection. This may become the next paradigm shift in colorectal cancer surgery.
authors.affiliation: Section of Translational Anaesthetic and Surgical Sciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK. jimtiernan1@gmail.com
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tiernan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Millner
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jayne
mesh_terms: D003082:Colectomy / Q000379:methods*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D016719:Radioimmunodetection / Q000379:methods; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence