title: A suitable model of combined effects of temperature and initial condition on chlorine bulk decay in water distribution systems.
abstract: Maintaining a chlorine residual is a major disinfection goal in many water distribution systems. A suitable general model of chlorine decay in the transported bulk water is an essential component for efficiently modelling chlorine concentration in distribution systems. The two-reactant model meets basic suitability criteria, including accurate prediction of chlorine residual over hundreds of hours, commencing with chlorine concentration 0-4 mg/L. This model was augmented with an equation that increases the decay coefficients with temperature according to Arrhenius theory. The augmented model was calibrated against decay-test data sets to obtain a single invariant set of parameters for each water. Model estimates of chlorine residuals over time closely matched decay-test data, over the usual operating ranges of initial chlorine concentration (1-4 mg/L) and temperature (3.5-28 °C). When the augmented model was fitted to partial data sets, it also predicted the data reserved for validation very well, suggesting that this model can accurately predict the combined effect of initial chlorine concentration and temperature on chlorine bulk decay in distribution systems, using a single set of invariant parameters for a given source water.
authors.affiliation: Watervale Systems Pty Ltd, Potts Point, NSW 1335, Australia. ianfishau@yahoo.com.au
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kastl
authors.forename: Arumugam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sathasivan
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002138:Calibration; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine