title: The effect of a biofeedback-based stress management tool on physician stress: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physicians often experience work-related stress that may lead to personal harm and impaired professional performance. Biofeedback has been used to manage stress in various populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a biofeedback-based stress management tool, consisting of rhythmic breathing, actively self-generated positive emotions and a portable biofeedback device, reduces physician stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial measuring efficacy of a stress-reduction intervention over 28 days, with a 28-day open-label trial extension to assess effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty staff physicians (23 men and 17 women) from various medical practices (1 from primary care, 30 from a medical specialty and 9 from a surgical specialty) were recruited by means of electronic mail, regular mail and posters placed in the physicians' lounge and throughout the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicians in the intervention group were instructed to use a biofeedback-based stress management tool three times daily. Participants in both the control and intervention groups received twice-weekly support visits from the research team over 28 days, with the intervention group also receiving re-inforcement in the use of the stress management tool during these support visits. During the 28-day extension period, both the control and the intervention groups received the intervention, but without intensive support from the research team.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stress was measured with a scale developed to capture short-term changes in global perceptions of stress for physicians (maximum score 200).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the randomized controlled trial (days 0 to 28), the mean stress score declined significantly for the intervention group (change -14.7, standard deviation [SD] 23.8; p = 0.013) but not for the control group (change -2.2, SD 8.4; p = 0.30). The difference in mean score change between the groups was 12.5 (p = 0.048). The lower mean stress scores in the intervention group were maintained during the trial extension to day 56. The mean stress score for the control group changed significantly during the 28-day extension period (change -8.5, SD 7.6; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A biofeedback-based stress management tool may be a simple and effective stress-reduction strategy for physicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 University Drive NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1; 403 220-4506, Canada. lemaire@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Jane B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lemaire
authors.forename: Jean E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Adriane M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Grood
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires