title: Changes in adolescents' oral health status following oral health promotion activities in Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of oral health promotion integrated with a health promoting school (HPS) initiative on the oral health outcomes of secondary school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an urban-rural stratified cluster randomized approach, the intervention was applied to secondary school students in Arusha, Tanzania. In the urban, three control (n = 315) and two intervention (n = 214) schools performed oral clinical examination and questionnaires at baseline. In rural the corresponding figures at baseline were two (n = 188) and three (n = 360) schools. After 2 years, 374 and 358 students remained in the intervention and control arms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean number of decayed teeth (DT) increased in the intervention (mean score 1.0 vs 1.7, p < 0.001) and control schools (mean score 1.2 vs 1.7, p < 0.001). Mean number of teeth with plaque decreased significantly in intervention and control schools. No significant difference in caries increment and plaque decline scores was observed between groups. Mean number of teeth with bleeding decreased (0.5 vs 0.3, p < 0.05) in intervention schools, whereas no change was observed in the control schools (0.4 vs 0.5, p = 0.051). Increment in mean number of DT between baseline and follow-up was largest and smallest in students who, respectively, deteriorated and improved their plaque and bleeding scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention activities did not show any effect with respect to dental caries, calculus and plaque status among the students investigated. Compared with the control group, more favorable changes in the intervention group occurred with respect to bleeding on probing, suggesting a weak but positive effect on students' oral hygiene status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Hawa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mbawalla
authors.forename: Joyce Rose
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Masalu
authors.forename: Melkory
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masatu
authors.forename: Anne Nordrehaug
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Åstrøm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009909:Oral Health; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania; D055815:Young Adult