title: Morphology and antifungal effect of nano-ZnO and nano-Pd-doped nano-ZnO against Aspergillus and Candida.
abstract: The present work was aimed to study the activity of nano-particulated ZnO and nano Pd doped nano-ZnO against Aspergillus and Candida species, commonly contaminating the water supply systems. Micro-ZnO was purchased from the market (Aldrich, USA) while nano ZnO were synthesized using sole gel and precipitation methods and their morphology was determined using XRD and TEM techniques. The average grain size of nano-ZnO estimated by these techniques was 30 nm and 20 nm, respectively. The doping of nano-ZnO with 5 % Pd was achieved by a thermal decomposition method and its morphology; as characterized by XRD, TEM and FESEM techniques; gave an average grain size of 35 nm. Serial dilutions of nano-ZnO doped with 5 % Pd, pure nano-ZnO and micro-ZnO (as a control) were prepared from 10 mg/mL stock solution of each in dermasel agar (OXOID), inoculated with standard strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger and incubated at 37°C for 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Their antimicrobial effect was compared by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), determined as the dilution giving a negligible growth of microorganism. Nano-ZnO doped with 5 % nano-Pd, pure nano-ZnO and micro-ZnO, showed antifungal activity against Aspergilus niger with an MIC of 1.25, 2.5 and 5mg/mL, respectively. However, Candida albicans yeasts were relatively resistant to these compounds, with an MIC of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL for Pd doped nano-ZnO, nano-ZnO and micro-ZnO, respectively. Thus nano-ZnO was twice as potent in killing Aspergillus, as compared to its non-nano-counterpart and loading of nano-ZnO with 5 % nano-Pd further increased its activity, four times that of micro-ZnO. Further investigations are needed to confirm the potential use of nano-ZnO and its doping with nano-Pd in the treatment of water supply systems and food preservation.
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. magondal@kfupm.edu.sa
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gondal
authors.forename: Alhusain J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Alzahrani
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Randhawa
authors.forename: Mohammad N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D013045:Species Specificity; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010165:Palladium; D015034:Zinc Oxide