title: Pediatric tuberculosis:  new guidelines and recommendations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the recommendations pertaining to infants, children, and adolescents in new and updated tuberculosis (TB) guidelines that have been published since 2010 - with emphasis on those from supranational organizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main developments in the guidelines covered in this article are related to: novel diagnostics for TB infection, disease, and drug resistance; updated treatment regimens for childhood and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB); and primary and secondary prevention of TB disease in HIV-infected children and adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new guidelines have significant implications for improving pediatric TB care. Regarding diagnosis, current interferon-gamma release assays should not replace tuberculin skin testing, but may be complementary; a polymerase chain reaction assay has been validated for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in microscopy-negative samples, especially in HIV-infected and DR-TB suspects; and a molecular line probe assay has been validated for detecting DR-TB in microscopy-positive samples and culture isolates in DR-TB suspects. With respect to treatment, there have been certain changes in the recent World Health Organization recommendations for certain clinical syndromes, for multidrug-resistant TB disease, and for HIV/TB disease. Concerning prevention, there are new screening algorithms for case finding, and new recommendations for treating HIV-infected children with presumed TB infection and with TB disease with treatment completed (i.e., secondary prophylaxis).
authors.affiliation: Grupo Tuberculosis Valle-Colorado, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Clínica León XIII IPS Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia. CMPerezVelez@Gmail.com
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Perez-Velez
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007371:Interferon-gamma