title: Few associations between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and environmental factors in 4.5-year-old children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-grade inflammation in early childhood might protect from allergic diseases later in life. Our aim was to examine the effects of different environmental factors on low-grade inflammation measured with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) at the age of 4.5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The high-sensitivity CRP values (n = 653) and serum-specific IgE concentrations were measured from 4.5-year-old children in rural areas in five European countries (Austria, Finland, France, Germany, and Switzerland). Children belonged to the prospective multi-center PASTURE birth cohort. Data on early and current farming environment and domestic animal exposure were collected by questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females as well as obese or very obese children at age of 4.5 years had higher hsCRP values than males (aOR 1.84 95% CI 1.27-2.66) and healthy weight children (aOR 4.47 95% CI 1.94-10.31), respectively. Levels were lowest in the summer. Few associations were detected between hsCRP values and farm environmental factors or atopic sensitization. However, there was evidence of children with low levels of hsCRP (below the detection limit) who had increased prevalence of sensitization to inhaled and seasonal allergens. Among non-sensitized children, spending time in stables was associated with reduced hsCRP (15 min-10 h aOR 0.40 95% CI 0.16-0.96 and ≥10 h aOR 0.25 95% CI 0.07-0.90), and among sensitized children, maternal smoking was associated with higher hsCRP values (aOR 2.51 95% CI 1.12-5.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found few associations between early environmental farming factors and hsCRP levels, and between hsCRP levels and atopic sensitization in 4.5-year-old children. However, our results suggest that the role played by the environmental factors in low-grade inflammation may differ between sensitized and non-sensitized children.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Department, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland. kirsi.mustonen@thl.fi
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.forename: Leea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keski-Nisula
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaarala
authors.forename: Petra Ina
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Pfefferle
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Renz
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riedler
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dalphin
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buechele
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauener
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun-Fahrländer
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Mutius
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pekkanen
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D002097:C-Reactive Protein