title: Efficacy of insect growth regulators as grain protectants against two stored-product pests in wheat and maize.
abstract: Insect growth regulators (IGRs) (two juvenile hormone analogues [fenoxycarb and pyriproxifen], four chitin synthesis inhibitors [diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, lufenuron, and triflumuron], one ecdysteroid agonist [methoxyfenozide], and one combination of chitin synthesis inhibitors and  juvenile hormone analogues [lufenuron plus fenoxycarb]) were tested in the laboratory against adults of Prostephanus truncatus in maize and against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica in wheat. The tested IGRs were applied in maize at three doses (1, 5, and 10 ppm) and assessed at  three temperature levels (20, 25, and 30°C) in the case of P. truncatus, while in the case of R. dominica the above doses were assessed only at 25°C in wheat. In addition to progeny production, mortality of the treated adults after 14 days of exposure in the IGR-treated  commodities was assessed. All IGRs were very effective (>88.5% suppression of progeny) against the tested species at doses of $ 5 ppm, while diflubenzuron at 25°C in the case of P. truncatus or lufenuron and pyriproxyfen in the case of R. dominica completely suppressed  (100%) progeny production when they were applied at 1 ppm. At all tested doses, the highest values of R. dominica parental mortality were observed in wheat treated with lufenuron plus fenoxycarb. Temperature at the levels examined in the present study did not appear to affect the overall  performance in a great extent of the tested IGRs in terms of adult mortality or suppression of progeny production against P. truncatus in treated maize. The tested IGRs may be considered viable grain protectants and therefore as potential components in stored-product integrated pest  management.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta str., 14561, Kifissia, Attica, Greece. nick_kaval@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nickolas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Kavallieratos
authors.forename: Christos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Athanassiou
authors.forename: Basileios J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Vayias
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tomanović
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016266:Food Parasitology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014908:Triticum / Q000469:parasitology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones