title: Proteomic analysis of human serum from diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish and compare serum proteomic of diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients in various phases and discuss pathogenesis of DR so as to find out possible serum specific molecular markers for early diagnosis of DR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two subjects were divided into four groups: one group of eight type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without apparent DR (No-DR, NDR), one group of eight T2DM patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), one group of eight T2DM patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and one group of eight healthy volunteer participants. Two dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was applied to establish differential protein expression profiles in four groups. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF MS) was applied to identify mass spectrometry of differential proteins and analyze follow-up bioinformatics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2D-DIGE maps of serum protein were satisfactory obtained from NDR, NPDR, PDR and normal control groups. Twenty-six different proteins spots were screened (the volume ratio was >1.5 based on DeCyder software analysis). Twenty-four of them were verified and two of them were not. Fifteen proteins were verified. Most of them were high-abundant proteins in serum. The four relatively low-abundant ones were beta 2-glycoprotein I (β(2)-GPI), alpha2-HS-glycoprotein(AHSG), alpha1-acid glycoprotein(α(1)-AGP) and apolipoprotein A-1(apo A-1). β(2)-GPI expression was gradually increased in the development of DR but unrelated to the severity of DR. The volume ratio of β(2)-GPI is 1.54, 2.43, and 2.84 in NDR, NPDR and PDR group respectively compared with normal control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum proteomic analysis of 2D-DIGE combined with MALDI-TOF-TOF MS is feasible to be applied in the study of DR. β(2)-GPI probably takes part in the process of DR occurrence and development and it could be a candidate biomarker on DR diagnosis in early phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yin-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shui-Wang
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Zhen-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Xiao-He
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Lu