title: Anti-T-cell antibodies for the treatment of acute rejection after renal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the central role of T cells in the alloimmune response, anti-T-cell antibodies retain a prominent place in the treatment of renal allograft rejection. During the past decades, many anti-T-cell antibodies have emerged and subsequently left the field of solid organ transplantation, but rabbit-antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and the humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal rat antibody alemtuzumab have remained.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the literature about the use of ATG and alemtuzumab for the treatment of acute rejection after renal transplantation. Furthermore, it discusses possible side effects, including infusion reactions. A literature search using PubMed and Embase databases was undertaken using search words alemtuzumab, antithymocyte globulin, rejection, kidney and renal transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of severe or steroid-resistant renal allograft rejections with ATG is very effective, but is also associated with frequent infusion reactions and an increased incidence of infections and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Alemtuzumab may prove to be an attractive alternative. It can be administered easily, is relatively cheap and nearly devoid of acute side effects, but the long-term efficacy and safety as anti-rejection treatment are currently difficult to judge. The increasing knowledge about lymphocyte subsets and their plasticity will drive the development of new, specific immunosuppression that lacks side effects of ATG and alemtuzumab. TOL101, a monoclonal antibody specifically directed against the human αβ T cell receptor, might be of potential value.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Nephrology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn W F
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van den Hoogen
authors.forename: Andries J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hoitsma
authors.forename: Luuk B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hilbrands
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000074323:Alemtuzumab; D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000961:Antilymphocyte Serum; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C000594305:TOL-101; D000074323:Alemtuzumab