title: Motion-compensation techniques in neonatal and fetal MR imaging.
abstract: Fetal and neonatal MR imaging is increasingly used as a complementary diagnostic tool to sonography. MR imaging is an ideal technique for imaging fetuses and neonates because of the absence of ionizing radiation, the superior contrast of soft tissues compared with sonography, the availability of different contrast options, and the increased FOV. Motion in the normally mobile fetus and the unsettled, sleeping, or sedated neonate during a long acquisition will decrease image quality in the form of motion artifacts, hamper image interpretation, and often necessitate a repeat MR imaging to establish a diagnosis. This article reviews current techniques of motion compensation in fetal and neonatal MR imaging, including the following: 1) motion-prevention strategies (such as adequate patient preparation, patient coaching, and sedation, when required), 2) motion-artifacts minimization methods (such as fast imaging protocols, data undersampling, and motion-resistant sequences), and 3) motion-detection/correction schemes (such as navigators and self-navigated sequences, external motion-tracking devices, and postprocessing approaches) and their application in fetal and neonatal brain MR imaging. Additionally some background on the repertoire of motion of the fetal and neonatal patient and the resulting artifacts will be presented, as well as insights into future developments and emerging techniques of motion compensation.
authors.affiliation: Robert Steiner MRI Unit, Imaging Sciences Department, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. cm1@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malamateniou
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Counsell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Allsop
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayat
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Broadhouse
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ederies
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hajnal
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rutherford
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*