title: Perceptions and utilization of primary healthcare services in Iraq: findings from a national household survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After many years of sanctions and conflict, Iraq is rebuilding its health system, with a strong emphasis on the traditional hospital-based services. A network exists of public sector hospitals and clinics, as well as private clinics and a few private hospitals. Little data are available about the approximately 1400 Primary Health Care clinics (PHCCs) staffed with doctors. How do Iraqis utilize primary health care services? What are their preferences and perceptions of public primary health care clinics and private primary care services in general? How does household wealth affect choice of services
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1256 household national survey was conducted in the catchment areas of randomly selected PHCCs in Iraq. A cluster of 10 households, beginning with a randomly selected start household, were interviewed in the service areas of seven public sector PHCC facilities in each of 17 of Iraq's 18 governorates. A questionnaire was developed using key informants. Teams of interviewers, including both males and females, were recruited and provided a week of training which included field practice. Teams then gathered data from households in the service areas of randomly selected clinics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iraqi participants are generally satisfied with the quality of primary care services available both in the public and private sector. Private clinics are generally the most popular source of primary care, however the PHCCs are utilized more by poorer households. In spite of free services available at PHCCs many households expressed difficulty in affording health care, especially in the purchase of medications. There is no evidence of informal payments to secure health services in the public sector.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is widespread satisfaction reported with primary health care services, and levels did not differ appreciably between public and private sectors. The public sector PHCCs are preferentially used by poorer populations where they are important providers. PHCC services are indeed free, with little evidence of informal payments to providers.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Refugee and Disaster Response, Baltimore, MD USA. gburnham@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burnham
authors.forename: Connie Hoe
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Yuen Wai
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Agron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferati
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Thamer Al
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hifi
authors.forename: Rabia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aboud
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasoon