title: The ABLE scale: the development and psychometric properties of an outcome measure for the spinal cord injury population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A paucity of information exists on the psychometric properties of several balance outcome measures. With the exception of the Modified Functional Reach Test, none of these balance outcome measures were developed specifically for the population with spinal cord injury (SCI). A new balance assessment tool for people with SCI, the Activity-based Balance Level Evaluation (ABLE scale), was developed and tested.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were: (1) to develop a scale capturing the wide spectrum of functional ability following SCI and (2) to assess the initial psychometric properties of the scale using a Rasch analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A methodological research design was used to test the initial psychometric properties of the ABLE scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Delphi technique was used to establish the original 28-item ABLE scale. People with SCI at each of 4 centers (n=104) were evaluated using the ABLE scale. A Rasch analysis was conducted to test for targeting, item difficulty, item bias, and unidimensionality. An analysis of variance was completed to test for discriminant validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Rasch analysis revealed a scale with minimal floor and ceiling effects and a wide range of item difficulty capturing the large scope of functional capacity after SCI. Multiple redundancies of item difficulty were observed. Limitations All raters were experienced physical therapists, which may have skewed the results. The sample size of 104 participants precluded a principal component analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of an all-inclusive clinical instrument assessing balance in the SCI population was accomplished using the Delphi technique. Modifications of the ABLE scale based on the Rasch analysis yielded a 28-item scale with minimal floor or ceiling effects. Larger studies using the revised scale and factor analyses are necessary to establish unidimensionality and reduction of the total item number.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of St. Augustine, Austin Campus, 5401 LaCrosse Ave, Austin, TX 78739, USA. eardolino@ablescale.org
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ardolino
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinto Zipp
authors.forename: MaryAnn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Harkema
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires