title: Chronic kidney disease among high school students of Kinshasa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major worldwide health problem. However, its burden among adolescents and young adults is unknown, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate its prevalence in the school environment. The concordance of usual formulas used to estimate renal function was also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an epidemiological cross sectional study, a random sample of 524 pupils (263 boys, mean age of 18.7 ± 1.4 years) from school environment of Kinshasa were studied. Recorded parameters of interest were anthropometric, proteinuria, serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) according to the Schwartz formula using uncalibrated creatinine levels from one random measurement. CKD was defined as the presence of kidney damage (daily proteinuria ≥ 300 mg) and/or reduced kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2). Concordances between eGFR according to Schwartz, Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) indexed for BSA and modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study equations were computed using the kappa coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CKD by the Schwartz formula was 1.5%. By stage, 0.8% had CKD stage 1 (proteinuria with normal eGFR) and 0.8% had CKD stage 3 (eGFR, 30 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m2). The prevalence of proteinuria ≥ 300 mg/day was 1% (one case had 2.7g/day). Agreement between eGFR according to Schwartz formula and the MDRD formula was excellent (kappa: 88.8%). Although correlations between all formulas were excellent (0.99; 0.87, and 0.89), agreement was poor between eGFR according to Schwartz and C-G indexed BSA equation (kappa: 52.7%) and, poorer with C-G unadjusted for BSA (kappa: 26.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the large African city of Kinshasa, 2% of high school students have CKD. This high prevalence rate emphasizes the need for appropriate detection and prevention measures in this vulnerable young age population group.
authors.affiliation: University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: Justine B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bukabau
authors.forename: Jean-Robert R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Makulo
authors.forename: Nestor M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Pakasa
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: François B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lepira
authors.forename: Patrick K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kayembe
authors.forename: Nazaire M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Nseka
authors.forename: Ernest K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Sumaili
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine