title: The relationships among satisfaction with social support, quality of life, and survival 5 to 10 years after heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the fact that social support has been found to be important to cardiovascular health, there is a paucity of information regarding the relationship between social support and outcomes long-term after heart transplantation (HT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Therefore, the purposes of our retrospective analyses of a prospective, longitudinal study were to examine (1) the relationship between satisfaction with social support and post-HT health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and survival and (2) whether 2 types of social support (emotional and tangible) were predictors of survival and HRQOL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 555 HT patients over a 5-year period (78% male, 88% white; mean age, 53.8 years at time of transplantation) at 4 US medical centers using the following instruments: Social Support Index, Quality of Life Index, Heart Transplant Stressor Scale, Jalowiec Coping Scale, and medical records review. Statistical analyses included t tests, correlations, Kaplan-Meier survival actuarials, and linear and multivariable regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were very satisfied with overall social support from 5 to 10 years after HT (0 = very satisfied, 1 = very dissatisfied), which was stable across time (P = .74). Satisfaction with emotional social support (P = .53) and tangible social support (P = .61) also remained stable over time. When stratified into low, medium, and high levels of satisfaction, satisfaction with social support was not related to survival (P = .24). At 5 years, overall satisfaction with social support was a predictor of HRQOL (r = 0.59, P < .0001), and satisfaction with emotional social support was a predictor of HRQOL at 10 years after HT (r = 0.66, P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients were very satisfied over time with emotional and tangible social support. While social support explained quality of life outcomes, it did not predict survival. Knowledge of relationships among social support, stress, and outcomes may assist clinicians to address social support needs and resources long-term after HT.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Center for Nursing Excellence, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35249, USA. cwwilli@uabmc.edu
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White-Williams
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Naftel
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bourge
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rybarczyk
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012944:Social Support; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors