title: In vitro effects of triclosan and methyl-triclosan on the marine gastropod Haliotis tuberculata.
abstract: Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxy-diphenyl ether; TCS) is an antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products. Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, TCS is commonly detected in natural waters and sediments. Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS accumulates in fatty tissues in various aquatic organisms. TCS can be converted into methyl-triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-methoxydiphenyl ether; MTCS) after biological methylation. In this study, the acute cytotoxicity of TCS and MTCS in short-term in vitro experiments was assessed on cell cultures from the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. The results showed that morphology and density of hemocyte are affected from a concentration of 8 μM TCS. Using the XTT reduction assay, TCS has been demonstrated to decrease hemocyte metabolism activity in a dose- and time-dependent exposure. The IC(50) was evaluated at 6 μM for both hemocyte and gill cells after a 24 h-incubation with TCS. A significant cytotoxicity of MTCS was also observed from 4 μM in 24 h-old hemocyte culture. Our results reveal a toxic effect of TCS and MTCS on immune (hemocytes) and/or respiratory cells (gill cells) of the abalone, species living in coastal waters areas and exposed to anthropogenic pollution.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université de Bretagne-Sud, IUEM, Vannes, France.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaume
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bourgougnon
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auzoux-Bordenave
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bot
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute / Q000379:methods; D014260:Triclosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003470:Culture Media; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C059087:2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide; D014260:Triclosan; C502486:methyl triclosan