title: The PP242 mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in multiple myeloma cells via a target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E)/RAF pathway and activation is a mechanism of resistance.
abstract: Activation of PI3-K-AKT and ERK pathways is a complication of mTOR inhibitor therapy. Newer mTOR inhibitors (like pp242) can overcome feedback activation of AKT in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We, thus, studied if feedback activation of ERK is still a complication of therapy with such drugs in this tumor model. PP242 induced ERK activation in MM cell lines as well as primary cells. Surprisingly, equimolar concentrations of rapamycin were relatively ineffective at ERK activation. Activation was not correlated with P70S6kinase inhibition nor was it prevented by PI3-kinase inhibition. ERK activation was prevented by MEK inhibitors and was associated with concurrent stimulation of RAF kinase activity but not RAS activation. RAF activation correlated with decreased phosphorylation of RAF at Ser-289, Ser-296, and Ser-301 inhibitory residues. Knockdown studies confirmed TORC1 inhibition was the key proximal event that resulted in ERK activation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of eIF-4E blunted pp242-induced ERK phosphorylation. Since pp242 was more potent than rapamycin in causing sequestering of eIF-4E, a TORC1/4E-BP1/eIF-4E-mediated mechanism of ERK activation could explain the greater effectiveness of pp242. Use of MEK inhibitors confirmed ERK activation served as a mechanism of resistance to the lethal effects of pp242. Thus, although active site mTOR inhibitors overcome AKT activation often seen with rapalog therapy, feedback ERK activation is still a problem of resistance, is more severe than that seen with use of first generation rapalogs and is mediated by a TORC1- and eIF-4E-dependent mechanism ultimately signaling to RAF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA-GLA VA Healthcare System and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.forename: Yijiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Yonghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gera
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E / Q000378:metabolism*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007211:Indoles; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011687:Purines; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C572919:PP242