title: Right ventricular dysfunction in a hypertensive population stratified by patterns of left ventricular geometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, determinants and correlates of right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction (RVSD and RVDD, respectively) in hypertensives, stratified by left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in Kano, Nigeria, and was cross-sectional in design. Hypertensive subjects referred for echocardiography were consecutively recruited after satisfying the inclusion criteria. RVSD was defined as either tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of < 16 mm, or peak velocity of the systolic wave (S(m)) in tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of the RV lateral tricuspid annulus of < 10 cm/s, or both. RVDD was defined as the ratio of < 1.0 of the peak velocities of the early (E(m)) to late (A(m)) diastolic waves in the TDI of the RV lateral tricuspid annulus. Subjects with normal LV geometry (NG) served as controls, and were compared with those who had eccentric (EH) or concentric (CH) LV hypertrophy or concentric LV remodelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 128 subjects were recruited. Overall, the prevalence of RVDD almost doubled that of RVSD in the studied subjects (61.72 vs 32.03%, respectively). Subjects with EH had the highest prevalence of RVSD (52.63%), while those with CH had the lowest prevalence (20.69%) (p < 0.01). By contrast, the prevalence of RVDD was high across the four groups without significant statistical difference; as high as 68.52% in subjects with NG and as low as 42.86% in those with CR. LVEF was the only independent determinant of RVSD after controlling for confounding variables, while age was the only determinant of RVDD. Likewise, age was the only correlate for E(m):A(m) ratio, while the best correlate for both TAPSE and S(m) was LVEF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study has revealed that about two-thirds of the hypertensives had RVDD while about one-third had RVSD. Subjects with EH had the highest prevalence of RVSD, while RVDD was common across all the groups. LVEF and age were the only independent determinants of RVSD and RVDD, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. kkaraye@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Kamilu M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Karaye
authors.forename: Hadiza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sai'du
authors.forename: Mohammed N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Shehu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D044382:Population Groups; D015995:Prevalence; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling