title: Collaborative gaze channelling for improved cooperation during robotic assisted surgery.
abstract: The use of multiple robots for performing complex tasks is becoming a common practice for many robot applications. When different operators are involved, effective cooperation with anticipated manoeuvres is important for seamless, synergistic control of all the end-effectors. In this paper, the concept of Collaborative Gaze Channelling (CGC) is presented for improved control of surgical robots for a shared task. Through eye tracking, the fixations of each operator are monitored and presented in a shared surgical workspace. CGC permits remote or physically separated collaborators to share their intention by visualising the eye gaze of their counterparts, and thus recovers, to a certain extent, the information of mutual intent that we rely upon in a vis-à-vis working setting. In this study, the efficiency of surgical manipulation with and without CGC for controlling a pair of bimanual surgical robots is evaluated by analysing the level of coordination of two independent operators. Fitts' law is used to compare the quality of movement with or without CGC. A total of 40 subjects have been recruited for this study and the results show that the proposed CGC framework exhibits significant improvement (p < 0.05) on all the motion indices used for quality assessment. This study demonstrates that visual guidance is an implicit yet effective way of communication during collaborative tasks for robotic surgery. Detailed experimental validation results demonstrate the potential clinical value of the proposed CGC framework.
authors.affiliation: Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, UK. kkwok@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ka-Wai
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Loi-Wah
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Mylonas
authors.forename: David R C
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orihuela-Espina
authors.forename: Guang-Zhong
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*