title: MTHFR C677T, A1298C and ACE I/D polymorphisms as risk factors for diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic variations have been proposed to play a role in the susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To check for the association of genetic polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genes with the development of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants comprised 202 patients with type 2 diabetes, of whom 102 were affected with diabetic nephropathy. Genetic variants corresponding to MTHFR C677T, A1298C and ACE I/D genotypes were determined using the PCR technique coupled with digestion and restriction analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases with diabetic nephropathy had a significantly higher frequency of the MTHFR 677 TT, 677 CT, ACE DD mutant genotypes compared with diabetic cases without nephropathy. Analysis of the association of studied MTHFR C677T, A1298C and ACE I/D polymorphisms with albuminuria showed that the MTHFR 677 T polymorphism, in the recessive and dominant models, was a risk factor for both micro and macroalbuminuria, while the ACE DD mutant genotype was a risk factor for microalbuminuria and the MTHFR 1298C in the dominant model only was a risk factor for macroalbuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that ACE and MTHFR genetic polymorphisms might be considered as genetic risk factors for diabetic nephropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Rizk
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El-Baz
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Settin
authors.forename: Azza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismaeel
authors.forename: Abd Allah
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khaleel
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tolba
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Abd Allah
authors.forename: Mohammed Abd El-Kader
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sobh
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C573423:MTHFR protein, human; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A