title: Trunk lean gait modification and knee joint load in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: the effect of varying trunk lean angles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether increased lateral trunk lean toward the symptomatic lower extremity during gait in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) immediately alters symptoms or medial knee load, as measured by the external knee adduction moment (KAM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with medial knee OA (n = 22) underwent 3-dimensional gait analysis to measure KAM peaks (early and late stance) and KAM impulse. Following the analysis of natural gait, participants were trained to lean their trunk toward the symptomatic leg during ipsilateral stance over 3 randomly ordered conditions (6°, 9°, and 12° lean). A projection screen displayed real-time trunk angles and target levels. Pain/discomfort in the knees, the hip, and the back were measured across conditions. Load-modifying effects of increasing lean magnitudes were investigated using linear mixed models. Mediating effects of peak lean timing and participant characteristics (pain and malalignment) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased trunk lean reduced all KAM measures (P < 0.001), with larger lean angles achieving greater reductions. Efficacy of load reduction improved with later peak lean timing for all measures of the KAM. Participant characteristics did not mediate the effect of trunk lean on the KAM, and symptoms did not change across conditions (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased trunk lean reduced medial knee load in a dose-response manner. Slightly later achievement of peak trunk lean improved the load-modifying effect of this gait strategy. No immediate symptomatic changes were identified. Future research should determine if long-term implementation of this gait strategy is feasible and whether it can modify disease symptoms and OA progression.
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. milena.simic@sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simic
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bennell
authors.forename: Rana S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hinman
authors.forename: Tim V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Wrigley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*