title: Reassessing the basis of the production effect in memory.
abstract: The production effect refers to a memory advantage for items studied aloud over items studied silently. Ozubko and MacLeod (2010) used a list-discrimination task to support a distinctiveness account of the production effect over a strength account. We report new findings in this task--including negative production effects--that better fit with an attributional account of this task. According to the attributional account, list judgments are influenced by recognition memory, knowledge of the composition of the 2 lists, and a bias to attribute non-recognized items to the 1st list. Using a recognition task to eliminate these attributional influences revealed production effects consistent with either a distinctiveness or strength account. In our discussion, we consider whether the absence of production effects on implicit-memory tests and in between-group designs provides unequivocal support for a distinctiveness account over a strength account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Glen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bodner
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taikh
mesh_terms: D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D007858:Learning; D008568:Memory; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D013060:Speech