title: Pro-inflammatory NF-κB and early growth response gene 1 regulate epithelial barrier disruption by food additive carrageenan in human intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: The widely used food additive carrageenan (CGN) has been shown to induce intestinal inflammation, ulcerative colitis-like symptoms, or neoplasm in the gut epithelia in animal models, which are also clinical features of human inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, the effects of CGN on pro-inflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and early growth response gene 1 product (EGR-1) were evaluated in terms of human intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Both pro-inflammatory transcription factors were elevated by CGN and only NF-κB activation was shown to be involved in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8. Moreover, the integrity of the in vitro epithelial monolayer under the CGN insult was maintained by both activated pro-inflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and EGR-1. Suppression of NF-κB or EGR-1 aggravated barrier disruption by CGN, which was associated with the reduced gene expression of tight junction component zonula occludens 1 and its irregular localization in the epithelial monolayer.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Systems Mucosal Biomodulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Juil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seong-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kee Hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yuseok
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005503:Food Additives / Q000633:toxicity*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D005503:Food Additives; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D002351:Carrageenan