title: Population-based prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology findings and local risk factors in Ibadan, Nigeria: implications for cervical cancer control programs and human papilloma virus immunization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytological findings and local risk factors in Ibadan, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women aged ≥15 years in each household in Idikan, Ibadan, were invited to participate in a population-based study. Structured questionnaires were administered to all consenting women. Conventional cervical Papanicolaou smears obtained from sexually active women were classified using the 2001 Bethesda system. The diagnoses were correlated with sociodemographic data and risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,870 women aged ≥15 years estimated to live in Idikan, 1,204 sexually active women consented to pelvic examination and cervical smears. Results were available for 1,104 women (mean age: 39.8 years). Mean ages at menarche, first sexual intercourse and first pregnancy were 16.1, 20.3 and 20.7 years, respectively. Cytological results were categorized into atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and atypical glandular cells 22 (1.99%); low-grade 43 (3.89%) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) 17 (1.54%); invasive cancer 2 (0.18%) and normal 593 (53.8%) and reactive changes 427 (38.7%). The prevalence of epithelial abnormalities is 7.6%. Significant host-related factors in those with HSIL and invasive cancer included older age (mean 56.2 years), high parity and gravidity, lack of formal education and being divorced (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides prevalence data and local risk factors for abnormal cervical cytology in a Nigerian population, which will be useful for planning future cervical cancer control programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. jtho19@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Ojemakinde
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Ajayi
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Omigbodun
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Fawole
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oladepo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines