title: Development and preclinical evaluation of a new viewing filter system to control reflection and enhance dye staining during vitrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed a new artificial image enhancement system and evaluated its usefulness in controlling intraoperative reflection and enhancing of Brilliant Blue G (BBG) staining.
  
  
  METHODS
  The system was composed of three kinds of filters (a polarizing filter, a blue-enhancing filter, and a sharp-cut filter Y) and attached to the inferior surface of the operating microscope. Twenty-seven post-mortem extracted porcine eyes were used for a series of examinations. We performed surgery using the 23G-vitrectomy system with a halogen light and xenon lights and compared the reduction of intraoperative reflection under air condition and visibility and BBG contrast with and without this system. The evaluation of images was calculated in CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) color space (CIELAB) carried out by ImageJ software. The transmission of each filter and absorbance of BBG was measured by a spectrophotometer. We measured spectral irradiance at each wavelength about each filter from each light source with a spectroradiometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under both light sources, intraoperative reflection was controlled using a polarizing (PL) filter or combination of filters under air condition. Evaluation of the value of L* within the cutter surface was changed by 37.8 % under the halogen light, and 61.6 % (averaged) under the xenon light with inserted filters versus no filter. The BBG intensity difference was obtained with sharp-cut Y filter under both light source and PL with blue enhancing filter under the halogen light using each L*, a*, b* parameter with statistically significant (p < 0.01, 0.05). However, there was a relative decrease in the observation illuminance when the filter inserted according to the attenuation total spectral irradiance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This system can reduce intraoperative reflections under the air condition and obtain an excellent BBG staining intensity induced by various light sources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. enaida@med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Enaida
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hachisuka
authors.forename: Yukiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisatomi
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadonosono
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008866:Microsurgery; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013552:Swine; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C004692:coomassie Brilliant Blue