title: Influence of temple headache frequency on physical functioning and emotional functioning in subjects with temporomandibular disorder pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship of headache frequency with patient-reported physical functioning and emotional functioning in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) subjects with concurrent temple headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) Validation Project identified, as a subset of 614 TMD cases and 91 controls (n = 705), 309 subjects with concurrent TMD pain diagnoses (RDC/TMD) and temple headache. The temple headaches were subdivided into infrequent, frequent, and chronic headache according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition (ICHD-II). Study variables included self-report measures of physical functioning (Jaw Function Limitation Scale [JFLS], Graded Chronic Pain Scale [GCPS], Short Form-12 [SF-12]) and emotional functioning (depression and anxiety as measured by the Symptom Checklist-90R/SCL-90R). Differences among the three headache subgroups were characterized by increasing headache frequency. The relationship between ordered headache frequency and physical as well as emotional functioning was analyzed using linear regression and trend tests for proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physical functioning, as assessed with the JFLS (P < .001), SF-12 (P < .001), and GCPS (P < .001), was significantly associated with increased headache frequency. Emotional functioning, reflected in depression and anxiety, was also associated with increased frequency of headache (both P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Headache frequency was substantially correlated with reduced physical functioning and emotional functioning in subjects with TMD and concurrent temple headaches. A secondary finding was that headache was precipitated by jaw activities more often in subjects with more frequent temple headaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatognathic Physiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden. Thomas.List@mah.se
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: List
authors.forename: Mike T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohrbach
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: Edmond L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Truelove
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D057189:Checklist; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008409:Mastication; D011788:Quality of Life; D012008:Recurrence; D057566:Self Report; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013060:Speech; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*