title: Riboflavin ameliorates cisplatin induced toxicities under photoillumination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cisplatin is an effective anticancer drug that elicits many side effects mainly due to induction of oxidative and nitrosative stresses during prolonged chemotherapy. The severity of these side effects consequently restricts its clinical use under long term treatment. Riboflavin is an essential vitamin used in various metabolic redox reactions in the form of flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. Besides, it has excellent photosensitizing property that can be used to ameliorate these toxicities in mice under photodynamic therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Riboflavin, cisplatin and their combinations were given to the separate groups of mice under photoilluminated condition under specific treatment regime. Their kidney and liver were excised for comet assay and histopathological studies. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of riboflavin-cisplatin combination in vitro was also conducted to investigate any possible interaction between the two compounds. Their comet assay and histopathological examination revealed that riboflavin in combination with cisplatin was able to protect the tissues from cisplatin induced toxicities and damages. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis of the combination indicated a strong molecular interaction among their constituent groups that may be assigned for the protective effect of the combination in the treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of riboflavin diminishes cisplatin induced toxicities which may possibly make the cisplatin-riboflavin combination, an effective treatment strategy under chemoradiotherapy in pronouncing its antineoplastic activity and sensitivity towards the cancer cells as compared to cisplatin alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: Iftekhar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Sandesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chibber
authors.forename: Aijaz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Imrana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Naseem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D002945:Cisplatin; D012256:Riboflavin