title: α-Santalol, a derivative of sandalwood oil, induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by causing caspase-3 activation.
abstract: The anticancer effects of α-santalol, a major component of sandalwood oil, have been reported against the development of certain cancers such as skin cancer both in vitro and in vivo. The primary objectives of the current study were to investigate the cancer preventive properties of α-santalol on human prostate cancer cells PC-3 (androgen independent and P-53 null) and LNCaP (androgen dependent and P-53 wild-type), and determine the possible mechanisms of its action. The effect of α-santalol on cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Apoptosis induction was confirmed by analysis of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragmentation using both an apoptotic ELISA kit and a DAPI fluorescence assay. Caspase-3 activity was determined using caspase-3 (active) ELISA kit. PARP cleavage was analyzed using immunoblotting. α-Santalol at 25-75 μM decreased cell viability in both cell lines in a concentration and time dependent manner. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with α-santalol resulted in induction of apoptosis as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and nuclear staining of apoptotic cells by DAPI. α-Santalol treatment also resulted in activation of caspase-3 activity and PARP cleavage. The α-santalol-induced apoptotic cell death and activation of caspase-3 was significantly attenuated in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors of caspase-8 and caspase-9. In conclusion, the present study reveals the apoptotic effects of α-santalol in inhibiting the growth of human prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt College of Pharmacy & Nursing, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA. ajay.bommareddy@wilkes.edu
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bommareddy
authors.forename: Brittny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rule
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: VanWert
authors.forename: Sreevidya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santha
authors.forename: Chandradhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010938:Plant Oils; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C043206:santalol; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; C076763:sandalwood oil