title: Retinal microvascular abnormalities and cognitive function in Latino adults in Los Angeles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinal vessels may provide a readily accessible surrogate approach to study vascular disease in brain small vessels. Previous epidemiologic studies of retinal microvascular abnormalities and cognition have not included large numbers of Latinos who have a high prevalence of diabetes and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from 809 elderly Latino participants in the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES) to assess whether retinal vessel caliber and microvascular abnormalities are cross-sectionally associated with lower cognitive function. Cognitive screening was conducted with the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument-Short form (CASI-S) and in-depth testing with the Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS). Retinal photographs were used to identify retinopathy signs and measure retinal vessel caliber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65.8% had high blood pressure, 34.5% had diabetes; self-reported diagnoses of heart attack, heart failure, angina and stroke were rare. Retinal calibers and any retinopathy were not associated with the CASI-S, total SENAS or any SENAS cognitive factors assessed as continuous variables. The odds of a low CASI-S score were two times higher in subjects with generalized arteriolar narrowing (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.14, 3.66), and one and half times as high in those with both generalized arteriolar narrowing and retinopathy signs (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 0.47, 4.75) though this result was based on only four cases with both risk factors and confidence limits were wide and included the null.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal microvasculature imaging may provide insights into small blood vessel influences on cognition in Latino populations. Additional studies in diverse populations and prospective settings are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9010, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gatto
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Pam L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Freddi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Segal-Gidan
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010781:Photography; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors