title: Risk of bottle-feeding for rapid weight gain during the first year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the mechanisms behind breastfeeding and childhood obesity, we assessed the association of weight gain with the mode of milk delivery aside from the type of milk given to infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study of infants followed up from birth to age 1 year. Multilevel analyses were conducted to estimate infant weight gain by type of milk and feeding mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women were recruited from a consumer mail panel throughout the United States between May 2005 and June 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand eight hundred ninety nine infants with at least 3 weight measurements reported during the first year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six mutually exclusive feeding categories and proportions of milk feedings given as breastmilk or by bottle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight measurements reported on 3-, 5-, 7-, and 12-month surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with infants fed at the breast, infants fed only by bottle gained 71 or 89 g more per month when fed nonhuman milk only (P < .001) or human milk only (P = .02), respectively. Weight gain was negatively associated with proportion of breastmilk feedings, but it was positively associated with proportion of bottle-feedings among those who received mostly breastmilk. Among infants fed only breastmilk, monthly weight gain increased from 729 g when few feedings were by bottle to 780 g when most feedings were by bottle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infant weight gain might be associated not only with type of milk consumed but also with mode of milk delivery. Regardless of milk type in the bottle, bottle-feeding might be distinct from feeding at the breast in its effect on infants' weight gain.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. ril6@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Ruowei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Joselito
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magadia
authors.forename: Sara B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fein
authors.forename: Laurence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Grummer-Strawn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061186:Breast Milk Expression / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012306:Risk; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult