title: The effect of vocal fold adduction on the acoustic quality of phonation: ex vivo investigations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vocal fold adduction on voice quality in an ex vivo larynx model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, repeated-measures experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten excised canine larynges were mounted on an excised larynx phonation system and measurements were recorded for three different vocal fold adduction levels. Acoustic perturbation measurements of jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were calculated from recorded radiated sound histories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ex vivo experiments indicated that statistically significant increases in the means of jitter (P=0.005), shimmer (P=0.002), and SNR (P=0.011) measures decreased with respect to vocal fold adduction as the independent variable. Theoretical results showed that the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) component of glottal area increased monotonically with prephonatory glottal area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acoustic perturbation increased with the degree of vocal fold abduction. Ex vivo larynx measurements suggested that a hyperadducted state may be acoustically best. This may be explained theoretically by an increase in DC/AC ratio as the prephonatory area is increased.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Regner
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D010699:Phonation; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014828:Vocalization, Animal