title: Prenatal detection and postnatal outcome of congenital talipes equinovarus in 106 fetuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyze the incidence, etiology, outcome of pregnancy and therapeutic regimes of prenatally and postnatally detected isolated and complex congenital talipes equinovarus in a tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included fetuses with at least one prenatal ultrasound examination conducted by a sub-specialized practitioner for prenatal medicine. Retrospective evaluation was made of prenatal, obstetrical and neonatal/pediatric records and where applicable pathological records or records of the involved department of pediatric surgery with a minimum follow-up of 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  106 children with uni- or bilateral CTEV were detected prenatally in a period of 17 years. There were 55 liveborn infants. The majority of the liveborn infants had isolated CTEV (37/55), whereas in the group of the stillborns most of the individuals suffered from complex CTEV (46/51). The gender-distribution showed a majority of male individuals in the liveborn group with isolated CTEV 22/37 and 11/18 in fetuses with non-isolated CTEV. Accordingly, 2/5 fetuses with isolated CTEV and 25/46 with complex CTEV in the group of the terminated pregnancies were males. 33/49 children were treated in a conservative manner, 16/49 needed additional surgery on the CTEV. Twenty-nine of forty-nine had excellent and 19/49 very good outcome. One of forty-nine had a good outcome. Fifteen of fifty-five liveborn children suffered from severe additional anomalies, like arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and spina bifida aperta. In the group of the stillborns all non-isolated CTEV were cases with severe additional anomalies (46/51). Mean time of prenatal diagnosis was 23(3/7) gestational weeks. Six cases with CTEV were detected postnatally only. There was one prenatal false positive diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal detection of CTEV is feasible during pregnancy. The outcome of children with isolated CTEV is good. In complex CTEV outcome depends on the additional anomalies the fetus has. In isolated CTEV fetal karyotyping should be offered; in complex CTEV fetal karyotyping is mandatory. The prenatal diagnosis of an (isolated) CTEV should always include an appropriate parental counseling together with pediatric orthopedics and pediatric surgeons. Repeated ultrasound scans can confirm diagnosis and reduce the risk of misjudgement of additional fetal anomalies as those may be frequently seen in fetuses with CTEV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Schleswig-Holstein Medical Center Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany. dhartge@gmail.com
authors.forename: David Rafael
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hartge
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaertner
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weichert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D050498:Live Birth; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D050497:Stillbirth; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D055815:Young Adult