title: Proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 and their action mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanism of proliferation effect induced by (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 on retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19).
  
  
  METHODS
  Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate the effect of (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 on cell growth, and their mechanisms of proliferative action by using ERK, AKT, PI3K, Protein kinase C (PKC) and Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 dose-dependently increased ARPE-19 cell proliferation, but not on HUVECs. When treated with proliferative inhibitors, H-7 (5µmol/L), hypericin (20µmol/L), PD98059 (2µmol/L), LY294002 (50µmol/L), SH-5 (10µmol/L) and L-NAME (100µmol/L), the proliferative effect was reduced by H-7, hypericin, PD98059 and LY294002, but not by SH-5 and L-NAME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 can induce cell proliferation through MAPK and PI3K dependent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ocular Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yu-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Si-Xun
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: George C Y
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Chiou