title: 15d-PGJ2-loaded in nanocapsules enhance the antinociceptive properties into rat temporomandibular hypernociception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether the nanoencapsulation of 15d-PGJ(2) in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanocapsules (15d-PGJ(2)-NC) might potentialize its antinociceptive activity into rats' temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to evaluate the morphology and suspension of the PLGA nanocapsules. Rats were pretreated (15 min) with an intra-TMJ injection of unloaded 15d-PGJ(2) or 15d-PGJ(2)-NC at concentrations of 10, 100 or 1000 pg followed by an ipsilateral intra-TMJ injection of 1.5% formalin. The nociceptive behavioral response was observed during 45 min; animals were then sacrificed and the periarticular tissue was removed for IL-1β measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEM and AFM analyses showed that 15d-PGJ(2)-NC is spherical without any aggregates or adhesion confirming that this formulation is a good drug carrier system for 15d-PGJ(2). Pretreatment with 15d-PGJ(2)-NC (100 and 1000 pg/TMJ), but not unloaded 15d-PGJ(2), was found to significantly decrease the release of IL-1β cytokine and the animals' nociceptive behavioral response induced by intra-TMJ injection of formalin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The compound 15d-PGJ(2)-NC might be used as a potential antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent to treat temporomandibular disorders in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Clemente-Napimoga
authors.forename: Juscelaine A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grillo
authors.forename: Nathalie F S
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: de Melo
authors.forename: Leonardo F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fraceto
authors.forename: Marcelo H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Napimoga
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007267:Injections; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053769:Nanocapsules; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C477819:15-deoxyprostaglandin J2; D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053769:Nanocapsules; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D015230:Prostaglandin D2