title: A multichannel, real-time MRI RF power monitor for independent SAR determination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accurate measurements of the RF power delivered during clinical MRI are essential for safety and regulatory compliance, avoiding inappropriate restrictions on clinical MRI sequences, and for testing the MRI safety of peripheral and interventional devices at known RF exposure levels. The goal is to make independent RF power measurements to test the accuracy of scanner-reported specific absorption rate (SAR) over the extraordinary range of operating conditions routinely encountered in MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A six channel, high dynamic range, real-time power profiling system was designed and built for monitoring power delivery during MRI up to 440 MHz. The system was calibrated and used in two 3 T scanners to measure power applied to human subjects during MRI scans. The results were compared with the scanner-reported SAR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new power measurement system has highly linear performance over a 90 dB dynamic range and a wide range of MRI duty cycles. It has about 0.1 dB insertion loss that does not interfere with scanner operation. The measurements of whole-body SAR in volunteers showed that scanner-reported SAR was significantly overestimated by up to about 2.2 fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new power monitor system can accurately and independently measure RF power deposition over the wide range of conditions routinely encountered during MRI. Scanner-reported SAR values are not appropriate for setting exposure limits during device or pulse sequence testing.
authors.affiliation: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Abdel-Monem M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Sharkawy
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bottomley
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Edelstein
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011846:Radio Waves; D011874:Radiometry; D013997:Time Factors; D051598:Whole Body Imaging