title: Phosphate in early chronic kidney disease: associations with clinical outcomes and a target to reduce cardiovascular risk.
abstract: There is an intimate association between mineral and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the extensive burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. High phosphate levels in CKD have been associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Observational studies have also shown a consistent relationship between serum phosphate in the normal range and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and decline in renal function. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), a phosphaturic hormone, increases very early in the course of CKD and is strongly associated with death and CVD, including LVH and vascular calcification. Few studies have addressed outcomes using interventions to reduce serum phosphate in a randomized controlled fashion; however, strategies to address cardiovascular risk in early CKD are imperative and phosphate is a potential therapeutic target. This review outlines the epidemiological and experimental evidence highlighting the relationship between excess phosphate and adverse outcomes, and discusses clinical studies required to address this problem.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia. nigel.toussaint@mh.org.au
authors.forename: Nigel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Toussaint
authors.forename: Eugenie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pedagogos
authors.forename: Sven-Jean
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Sunil V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Badve
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Vlado
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perkovic
authors.forename: Grahame J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Elder
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D054559:Hyperphosphatemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood*; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002614:Chelating Agents; C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D010710:Phosphates; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23