title: Estimation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) co-consumption in serum samples of drivers positive for amphetamine or ecstasy.
abstract: There is no toxicological analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) applied routinely in cases of driving under influence (DUI); therefore the extent of consumption of this drug might be underestimated. Its consumption is described as occurring often concurrently with amphetamine or ecstasy. This study examines 196 serum samples which were collected by police during road side testing for GHB. The samples subject to this study have already been found to be positive for amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and/or 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA). Analysis has been performed by LC/MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Due to its polarity, chromatographic separation of GHB was achieved by a HILIC column. To differentiate endogenous and exogenous levels of GHB, a cut-off concentration of 4μg/ml was applied. Of the 196 samples, two have been found to be positive for GHB. Of these samples, one sample was also positive for amphetamine and one for MDMA. Whilst other amphetamine derivates were not detected in these samples, both samples were found to be positive for cannabinoids. These results suggest that co-consumption of GHB with amphetamine or ecstasy is relatively low (1%) for the collective of this study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany. lott@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lott
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Musshoff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000097:blood*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000097:blood*; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000097:blood*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D006213:Hallucinogens; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine