title: A nationwide analysis of risk factors for mortality and time to endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We analysed nationwide in-patient data from 2002 to 2007 to determine significant demographic variables when predicting mortality and receipt of prompt oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) for acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH) and nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (NVUGIH).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of demographic variables in predicting time to endoscopy and mortality in AVH and NVUGIH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the United States' Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), for risk factors for mortality and receipt of OGD within 1 day of admission for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors for increased mortality in AVH included: age >60, men, African Americans, comorbidities, insurance type and delayed OGD. Risk factors for increased mortality in NVUGIH were similar to AVH, except race which was not significant. After correction for factors such as insurance type, comorbidity, hospital location and time to endoscopy, this increased risk of mortality persisted, suggesting that none of these factors was the primary cause of the observed differences. For AVH, OGD within 1 day of admission was more likely in men, White Americans, patients aged 18-40 years, privately insured and those with no comorbidities. OGD within 1 day of admission in NVUGIH was more likely in men, patients age 40-60, Whites, Hispanics, privately insured and those with a single comorbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In multivariate analysis, in-patient mortality in AVH and NVUGIH increased with age, comorbidity, male gender, and delayed time to endoscopy. Young, healthier men were most likely to receive OGD within 1 day of admission. African Americans were less likely to receive OGD within 1 day of admission and had increased mortality in cases of AVH.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wysocki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastav
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Winstead
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult