title: [Resting heart rate in subjects with carbohydrate disorders].
abstract: Large epidemiological studies conducted during last 25 years confirmed the importance of resting heart rate as an independent risk factor for total and cardiovascular mortality in females and males, both in overall population and in subjects with cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the resting heart rate (HR) in subjects with carbohydrate disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 112 subjects with carbohydrate disorders (54 females and 58 males), aged 30-78 (57.4 +/- 9.6) years. Carbohydrate disorders were diagnosed according to the Polish Diabetes Association criteria from 2007 (group I). 56 subjects had impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 36 - impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 20 - type 2 diabetes. Comparative group comprised 30 subjects without cardiovascular diseases and carbohydrate disorders (15 females and 15 males), aged 29-64 (52.7 +/- 8.8) years (group II). The fasting serum glucose level was evaluated using an enzymatic method, Kone Pro biochemical analyzer and bioMérieux Glucose RTU kit. In subjects with fasting glucose level > or = 100 mg/dl, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Additionally, in all subjects resting heart rate (HR) was measured, after 10-minute rest, at a room temperature of about 20 degrees C. The measurements were made threefold, every 5 minutes and mean value was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In subjects with carbohydrate disorders HR was significantly higher than in comparative group (82.79 +/- 12.1 vs 69.9 +/- 9.56/min; p < 0.05). In group of subjects with carbohydrate disorders in comparison to comparative group, resting heart rate < 60/min occurred in 1.79 vs 13.33%, in intervals: 60-70/min in 14.29 vs 50%. 71-80/min in 33.93 vs 23.33%, 81-90/min in 25% vs 13.33%, and above 90/min in 25% of studied group (p < 0.05). On the basis of ROC curve analysis and odds ratio (OR) it was shown that HR > or = 72.5/min is an independent risk factor for carbohydrate disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resting heart rate > or = 72.5/min is an independent risk factor for carbohydrate disorders and increases its risk more than ninefold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases and Cardiological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brylik
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Irzmański
authors.forename: Lucjan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pawlicki
authors.forename: Julita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ciećwierz
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jarzabek
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barylski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors