title: Salmonella isolates from wild-caught Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) imported to the U.S. from Indonesia.
abstract: Reptiles account for ∼10% of live animal shipments imported to the United States (U.S.), the majority of which are sold in the pet trade. Characterizing Salmonella shedding by imported reptiles is of value to public health, the pet industry, and veterinary medicine. Here we report results of a pilot survey of Salmonella serotypes isolated from wild-caught Indonesian Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) imported to the U.S. Upon arrival, the geckos were individually housed until a fecal sample was acquired for Salmonella culture. The geckos were divided into three groups with variable numbers to investigate density effects. A second group was imported after 3 months and combined with the previous groups. A total of 88 Salmonella isolates were obtained from 110 geckos surveyed, representing 14 serogroups and 17 unique serotypes. Group prevalence ranged from 31-73%. A significant increase in prevalence and a change in serotype richness were detected between the time of import and 6 months later at necropsy. Six isolates (6.8%) expressed resistance to more than one antibiotic. All S. enterica subsp. enterica Adelaide isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and sulfisoxazole, one S. enterica subsp. arizonae 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole, and another 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to streptomycin and sulfisoxazole. Forty-three additional isolates expressed resistance only to sulfisoxazole. The mechanisms for increased prevalence and apparent change in serotype richness are unknown, but could be due to stress associated with trade, transport, and captivity, increased transmission from unnaturally high densities, or contact with other species shedding Salmonella along the trade route. Future studies to differentiate the physical, social, and physiological effects of trade-related conditions on Salmonella shedding and transmission among reptiles will benefit the industry by identifying ways to reduce mortality, and safeguard the individuals handling animals along the transport chain and other species encountered en route.
authors.affiliation: Brown University Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. katherine_smith@brown.edu
authors.forename: Katherine F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yabsley
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Sonia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hernandez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D057138:Bacterial Shedding; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D007214:Indonesia; D008116:Lizards / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012703:Serotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial