title: Inhaled hypertonic saline in infants and children younger than 6 years with cystic fibrosis: the ISIS randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhaled hypertonic saline is recommended as therapy for patients 6 years or older with cystic fibrosis (CF), but its efficacy has never been evaluated in patients younger than 6 years with CF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if hypertonic saline reduces the rate of protocol-defined pulmonary exacerbations in patients younger than 6 years with CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Infant Study of Inhaled Saline in Cystic Fibrosis (ISIS), a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from April 2009 to October 2011 at 30 CF care centers in the United States and Canada. Participants were aged 4 to 60 months and had an established diagnosis of CF. A total of 344 patients were assessed for eligibility; 321 participants were randomized; 29 (9%) withdrew prematurely.
  
  
  METHODS
  The active treatment group (n = 158) received 7% hypertonic saline and the control group (n = 163) received 0.9% isotonic saline, nebulized twice daily for 48 weeks. Both groups received albuterol or levalbuterol prior to each study drug dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rate during the 48-week treatment period of protocol-defined pulmonary exacerbations treated with oral, inhaled, or intravenous antibiotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pulmonary exacerbation rate (events per person-year) was 2.3 (95% CI, 2.0-2.5) in the active treatment group and 2.3 (95% CI, 2.1-2.6) in the control group; the adjusted rate ratio was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.84-1.15). Among participants with pulmonary exacerbations, the mean number of total antibiotic treatment days for a pulmonary exacerbation was 60 (95% CI, 49-70) in the active treatment group and 52 (95% CI, 43-61) in the control group. There was no significant difference in secondary end points including height, weight, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, cough, or respiratory symptom scores. Infant pulmonary function testing performed as an exploratory outcome in a subgroup (n = 73, with acceptable measurements at 2 visits in 45 participants) did not demonstrate significant differences between groups except for the mean change in forced expiratory volume in 0.5 seconds, which was 38 mL (95% CI, 1-76) greater in the active treatment group. Adherence determined by returned study drug ampoules was at least 75% in each group. Adverse event profiles were also similar, with the most common adverse event of moderate or severe severity in each group being cough (39% of active treatment group, 38% of control group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among infants and children younger than 6 years with cystic fibrosis, the use of inhaled hypertonic saline compared with isotonic saline did not reduce the rate of pulmonary exacerbations over the course of 48 weeks of treatment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00709280.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. margaret.rosenfeld@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ratjen
authors.forename: Lyndia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brumback
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rowbotham
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kronmal
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000139:chemically induced; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic