title: Mutagenicity of diesel engine exhaust is eliminated in the gas phase by an oxidation catalyst but only slightly reduced in the particle phase.
abstract: Concerns about adverse health effects of diesel engine emissions prompted strong efforts to minimize this hazard, including exhaust treatment by diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC). The effectiveness of such measures is usually assessed by the analysis of the legally regulated exhaust components. In recent years additional analytical and toxicological tests were included in the test panel with the aim to fill possible analytical gaps, for example, mutagenic potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their nitrated derivatives (nPAH).  This investigation focuses on the effect of a DOC on health hazards from combustion of four different fuels: rapeseed methyl ester (RME), common mineral diesel fuel (DF), SHELL V-Power Diesel (V-Power), and ARAL Ultimate Diesel containing 5% RME (B5ULT). We applied the European Stationary Cycle (ESC) to a 6.4 L turbo-charged heavy load engine fulfilling the EURO III standard. The engine was operated with and without DOC. Besides regulated emissions we measured particle size and number distributions, determined the soluble and solid fractions of the particles and characterized the bacterial mutagenicity in the gas phase and the particles of the exhaust.  The effectiveness of the DOC differed strongly in regard to the different exhaust constituents: Total hydrocarbons were reduced up to 90% and carbon monoxide up to 98%, whereas nitrogen oxides (NO(X)) remained almost unaffected. Total particle mass (TPM) was reduced by 50% with DOC in common petrol diesel fuel and by 30% in the other fuels. This effect was mainly due to a reduction of the soluble organic particle fraction. The DOC caused an increase of the water-soluble fraction in the exhaust of RME, V-Power, and B5ULT, as well as a pronounced increase of nitrate in all exhausts. A high proportion of ultrafine particles (10-30 nm) in RME exhaust could be ascribed to vaporizable particles. Mutagenicity of the exhaust was low compared to previous investigations. The DOC reduced mutagenic effects most effectively in the gas phase. Mutagenicity of particle extracts was less efficiently diminished. No significant differences of mutagenic effects were observed among the tested fuels. In conclusion, the benefits of the DOC concern regulated emissions except NO(X) as well as nonregulated emissions such as the mutagenicity of the exhaust. The reduction of mutagenicity was particularly observed in the condensates of the gas phase. This is probably due to better accessibility of gaseous mutagenic compounds during the passage of the DOC in contrast to the particle-bound mutagens. Concerning the particulate emissions DOC especially decreased ultrafine particles.
authors.affiliation: German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Götz A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krahl
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munack
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ruschel
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hallier
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bünger
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D002384:Catalysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D002845:Chromatography; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D044367:Phase Transition; D012997:Solvents; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D005740:Gases; D005742:Gasoline; D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012997:Solvents; D013431:Sulfates; D001335:Vehicle Emissions