title: Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: value of inferior glenohumeral ligament signal changes on T2-weighted fat-saturated images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of our study was to evaluate the performance of MRI for the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis using signal intensity changes of the inferior glenohumeral ligament on T2-weighted fat-saturated sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR images of 34 shoulders with a final clinical diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis were compared with those of an age-matched control group (34 shoulders) with no clinical signs of adhesive capsulitis. MR images were acquired before and after IV injection of gadolinium and were evaluated by two readers. The T2 signal intensity at the inferior glenohumeral ligament, the thickness of the coracohumeral ligament, and whether there was obliteration of subcoracoid fat were evaluated on unenhanced images. Enhancement at the inferior glenohumeral ligament and enhancement at the rotator interval were evaluated on contrast-enhanced images. The sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver variability of these signs were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T2 hyperintensity of the inferior glenohumeral ligament showed a high sensitivity (85.3-88.2%) and high specificity (88.2%) for the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis with excellent interobserver variability (κ = 0.85). Signal analysis at the inferior glenohumeral ligament presented a higher sensitivity and a better interobserver agreement than the other signs of adhesive capsulitis evaluated. Gadolinium injection did not increase the performance of the inferior glenohumeral ligament signal analysis. An extracapsular hyperintense layer on T2-weighted images was identified as a new sign of adhesive capsulitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2 capsular signal intensity change offers a high performance for the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis without the need for IV or intraarticular contrast injection.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Imagerie Guilloz, CHU Hôpital Central, Nancy, France. ped_gt@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gondim Teixeira
authors.forename: Clémence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balaj
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chanson
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lecocq
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002062:Bursitis / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008536:Meglumine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D008536:Meglumine; C072417:gadoterate meglumine