title: Enhancement of thioredoxin/glutaredoxin-mediated L-cysteine synthesis from S-sulfocysteine increases L-cysteine production in Escherichia coli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Escherichia coli has two L-cysteine biosynthetic pathways; one is synthesized from O-acetyl L-serine (OAS) and sulfate by L-cysteine synthase (CysK), and another is produced via S-sulfocysteine (SSC) from OAS and thiosulfate by SSC synthase (CysM). SSC is converted into L-cysteine and sulfite by an uncharacterized reaction. As thioredoxins (Trx1 and Trx2) and glutaredoxins (Grx1, Grx2, Grx3, Grx4, and NrdH) are known as reductases of peptidyl disulfides, overexpression of such reductases might be a good way for improving L-cysteine production to accelerate the reduction of SSC in E. coli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because the redox enzymes can reduce the disulfide that forms on proteins, we first tested whether these enzymes catalyze the reduction of SSC to L-cysteine. All His-tagged recombinant enzymes, except for Grx4, efficiently convert SSC into L-cysteine in vitro. Overexpression of Grx1 and NrdH enhanced a 15-40% increase in the E. coliL-cysteine production. On the other hand, disruption of the cysM gene cancelled the effect caused by the overexpression of Grx1 and NrdH, suggesting that its improvement was due to the efficient reduction of SSC under the fermentative conditions. Moreover, L-cysteine production in knockout mutants of the sulfite reductase genes (ΔcysI and ΔcysJ) and the L-cysteine synthase gene (ΔcysK) each decreased to about 50% of that in the wild-type strain. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in L-cysteine production between wild-type strain and gene deletion mutant of the upstream pathway of sulfite (ΔcysC or ΔcysH). These results indicate that sulfite generated from the SSC reduction is available as the sulfur source to produce additional L-cysteine molecule. It was finally found that in the E. coliL-cysteine producer that co-overexpress glutaredoxin (NrdH), sulfite reductase (CysI), and L-cysteine synthase (CysK), there was the highest amount of L-cysteine produced per cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this work, we showed that Grx1 and NrdH reduce SSC to L-cysteine, and the generated sulfite is then utilized as the sulfur source to produce additional L-cysteine molecule through the sulfate pathway in E. coli. We also found that co-overexpression of NrdH, CysI, and CysK increases L-cysteine production. Our results propose that the enhancement of thioredoxin/glutaredoxin-mediated L-cysteine synthesis from SSC is a novel method for improvement of L-cysteine production.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ohtsu
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Natthawut
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wiriyathanawudhiwong
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morigasaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
mesh_terms: D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003547:Cysteine Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054477:Glutaredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050889:Sulfite Reductase (Ferredoxin) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054477:Glutaredoxins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013879:Thioredoxins; C011119:S-sulphocysteine; D050889:Sulfite Reductase (Ferredoxin); D003547:Cysteine Synthase; D003545:Cysteine