title: Low maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy and diminished neuromotor and neurocognitive performance in offspring with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has linked maternal anemia during pregnancy with increased risk for schizophrenia in offspring. However, no study has sought to determine whether this early insult leads to a more severe form of the disorder, characterized by worsened motor and neurocognitive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 24 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia and 22 controls from the Developmental Insult and Brain Anomaly in Schizophrenia (DIBS) study. Hemoglobin values were measured throughout pregnancy. Among offspring, psychiatric diagnoses were determined through semi-structured interviews and medical records review and comprehensive neurocognitive assessment batteries were conducted in adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that among cases decreases in maternal hemoglobin led to significant decreases in scores on the Grooved Pegboard test, the Finger Tapping test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scales (WAIS) information subtest. In contrast, controls only exhibited decreases in performance on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) long-delay recall after fetal exposure to lower hemoglobin. There were also significant interactions between hemoglobin and case status for all of the motor tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that fetal exposure to decreases in maternal hemoglobin is related to preferentially poorer neuromotor function among cases compared to controls, as well as general intellectual difficulties among cases. Controls were relatively unaffected by decreased maternal hemoglobin, which suggests that liability to schizophrenia renders cases susceptible to the deleterious influences of in utero exposure to decreases in maternal hemoglobin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. ellman@temple.edu
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ellman
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinogradov
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kremen
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Deicken
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins