title: Application of recurrence quantification analysis to automatically estimate infant sleep states using a single channel of respiratory data.
abstract: Previous work has identified that non-linear variables calculated from respiratory data vary between sleep states, and that variables derived from the non-linear analytical tool recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) are accurate infant sleep state discriminators. This study aims to apply these discriminators to automatically classify 30 s epochs of infant sleep as REM, non-REM and wake. Polysomnograms were obtained from 25 healthy infants at 2 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months of age, and manually sleep staged as wake, REM and non-REM. Inter-breath interval data were extracted from the respiratory inductive plethysmograph, and RQA applied to calculate radius, determinism and laminarity. Time-series statistic and spectral analysis variables were also calculated. A nested cross-validation method was used to identify the optimal feature subset, and to train and evaluate a linear discriminant analysis-based classifier. The RQA features radius and laminarity and were reliably selected. Mean agreement was 79.7, 84.9, 84.0 and 79.2 % at 2 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months, and the classifier performed better than a comparison classifier not including RQA variables. The performance of this sleep-staging tool compares favourably with inter-human agreement rates, and improves upon previous systems using only respiratory data. Applications include diagnostic screening and population-based sleep research.
authors.affiliation: School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia. p.terrill@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Philip I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Terrill
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Sadasivam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dakin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D010993:Plethysmography, Whole Body / Q000379:methods*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*