title: Developmental trajectories of peer victimization: off-line and online experiences during adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the development and consequences of off-line and online victimization during adolescence. We examined the number and shapes of off-line and online victimization trajectories, the relationship between trajectories of off-line and online victimization, and their effect on life satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A four-wave panel study with 6-month time intervals was conducted among a representative sample of Dutch adolescents aged 12-17 years (N = 1,762). We used group-based modeling to investigate the victimization trajectories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three off-line victimization trajectories could be distinguished. One group followed a trajectory of low to no victimization experiences across adolescence. A second group followed a pathway of moderate and decreasing victimization. A third group followed a pathway of high and decreasing victimization. Two groups in online victimization could be distinguished. One group followed a trajectory of low to no victimization experiences. A second group followed a pathway of moderate victimization that peaked at age 14. Dual-trajectory analyses revealed a substantial overlap between off-line and online victimization trajectories. Finally, victimization and life satisfaction were longitudinally related; moderate and high victimization trajectories resulted in lower levels of life satisfaction during wave 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overlap between the off-line and online victimization trajectories and their negative consequences on life satisfaction suggests that prevention of victimization should focus on both types of victimization. The results suggest that peer victimization should not be studied without considering adolescent peer relationships on the Internet.
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. s.r.sumter@uva.nl
authors.forename: Sindy R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sumter
authors.forename: Susanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Patti M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Valkenburg
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010553:Personality Development; D011336:Probability; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires