title: Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of seminal vesicle stones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seminal vesicle stones are one of the main causes of persistent hemospermia. Treatment requires removal of the stone, generally through open vesiculectomy. The purpose of this study was to apply a transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of the seminal vesicle stones with an ureteroscope. We assessed whether this transurethral endoscopic technique is feasible and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of the seminal vesicle stones with intractable hemospermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Totally 12 patients with intractable hemospermia underwent transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy through the distal seminal tracts using a 7.3-French rigid ureteroscope. Age of patients ranged from 25 to 57 years (mean age (43.7 ± 10.5) years). The patients' symptoms ranged in duration from 4 to 180 months (mean duration (47.8 ± 45.3) months). All patients underwent transrectal ultrasonography, pelvic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging before the operation. Positive imaging findings were observed in patients with seminal vesicle stones and dilated seminal vesicle size. A 7.3-French rigid ureteroscope entered the lumen of the verumontanum, and then the seminal vesicle under direct vision. Seminal vesicle stones were found unilaterally in 11 cases and bilaterally in one case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 12 patients successfully underwent transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy. The seminal vesicle interior with single or multiple yellowish stones ranging from 1 to 5 mm in diameter was clearly visible. All the stones were easily fragmented and endoscopically removed using a grasper. The operative time was 30 to 120 minutes (mean (49 ± 22) minutes). The mean follow-up period was (6.9 ± 3.0) months (range 3-13 months). Symptoms of hemospermia disappeared after one month in 10 patients and after three months in two patients. Three patients with painful ejaculation could completely be relieved postoperation. There was also improvement in one patient with erectile dysfunction. There were no postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy is safe and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of seminal vesicle stones. This endoscopic technique can be performed with minimal complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Clinical Division of Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China. songtao6669@163.com
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei-jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002137:Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D051516:Hemospermia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000601:surgery*; D014521:Urethra