title: Emergency management of severe sepsis and septic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous implementation studies have demonstrated the benefit of bundled care in the initial treatment of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, but the relative value of each component of these bundles remains uncertain. Recent studies have attempted to further define the optimal supportive and adjunctive treatments for these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The choice of optimal intravenous resuscitation fluid for the emergency treatment of severe sepsis remains uncertain. Albumin appears safe, although safety concerns have arisen regarding the use of hydroxyethyl starch. Norepinephrine and vasopressin appear superior to dopamine as vasopressors of choice. Several studies have successfully incorporated lactate clearance into resuscitation strategies, albeit with differing protocols. Although corticosteroids may hasten improvement, there does not appear to be a mortality benefit in heterogeneous patients with sepsis, leaving their role uncertain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent negative studies have questioned the role of previously promising adjunctive treatments. However, recent clinical trials and meta-analytic data continue to refine the relative importance of various components of sepsis bundles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA. mpuskarich@umc.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Puskarich
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010477:Perfusion; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D019344:Lactic Acid