title: Viral gastroenteritis associated with genogroup II norovirus among U.S. military personnel in Turkey, 2009.
abstract: The present study demonstrates that multiple NoV genotypes belonging to genogroup II contributed to an acute gastroenteritis outbreak at a US military facility in Turkey that was associated with significant negative operational impact. Norovirus (NoV) is an important pathogen associated with acute gastroenteritis among military populations. We describe the genotypes of NoV outbreak occurred at a United States military facility in Turkey. Stool samples were collected from 37 out of 97 patients presenting to the clinic on base with acute gastroenteritis and evaluated for bacterial and viral pathogens. NoV genogroup II (GII) was identified by RT-PCR in 43% (16/37) stool samples. Phylogenetic analysis of a 260 base pair fragment of the NoV capsid gene from ten stool samples indicated the circulation of multiple and rare genotypes of GII NoV during the outbreak. We detected four GII.8 isolates, three GII.15, two GII.9 and a sole GII.10 NoV. Viral sequences could be grouped into four clusters, three of which have not been previously reported in Turkey. The fact that current NoV outbreak was caused by rare genotypes highlights the importance of norovirus strain typing. While NoV genogroup II is recognized as causative agent of outbreak, circulation of current genotypes has been rarely observed in large number of outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: United States Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, Cairo, Egypt. salwa.fouad.eg@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Salwa F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klena
authors.forename: Manal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mostafa
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dogantemur
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sebeny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins