title: Changes in calf muscle deoxygenation after foam sclerotherapy in patients with superficial venous insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed changes in the calf muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) level during light-intensity exercise after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) for superficial venous insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  UGFS with 1% or 3% polidocanol foam (POL-F) was used to treat unilateral great saphenous vein reflux in 84 patients. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure calf muscle HHb levels before and 3 months after UGFS. The calf venous HHb blood-filling index was calculated on standing, the calf venous HHb ejection index was obtained after one tiptoe movement, and the venous HHb retention index was obtained after 10 tiptoe movements. The primary end point was an evident improvement in calf muscle deoxygenation after UGFS. The secondary end point was obliteration of the great saphenous vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment consisted of 1% POL-F in 48 limbs and 3% POL-F in the remaining 36. Ultrasound imaging at the 3-month follow-up demonstrated complete occlusion in 56.3% of the patients who received injections of 1% POL-F and in 66.7% of those who received injections of 3% POL-F. The difference in treatment outcome between the groups was not significant (P=.333). Reflux was absent in 39 limbs (81.3%) treated with 1% POL-F and in 34 limbs (94.4%) treated with 3% POL-F, and no significant difference was observed between the two groups (P=.076). Postsclerotherapy NIRS demonstrated significant reductions in the levels of the HHb filling index in both treatment groups (P=.039, P=.0001, respectively) and significant reductions in the levels of the HHb retention index (P<.0001, P=.008, respectively). However, the differences in the levels of the HHb ejection index before and after UGFS were not significant (P=.250, P=.084, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present findings suggest that changes in the values of these parameters may be of potential use for assessing the effects of foam sclerotherapy in patients with superficial venous insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. yamaki@prs.twmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaki
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konoeda
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.forename: Atsuyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.forename: Atsumori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamahata
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakurai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols