title: Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and endothelin-1 in alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathophysiological interactions between heart and lungs in heart failure (HF) are well recognized. We investigated whether expression of different factors known to be increased in the myocardium and/or the circulation in HF is also increased in alveolar macrophages in HF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung function, hemodynamic parameters, gene expression in alveolar macrophages, and plasma levels in the pulmonary and femoral arteries of HF patients (n = 20) were compared to control subjects (n = 16). Our principal findings were: (1) Lung function was significantly lower in HF patients compared to controls (P<0.05). (2) mRNA levels of ET-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were increased in alveolar macrophages from HF patients. (3) Plasma levels of ET-1, TNFα, IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly increased in HF patients, whereas our data indicate a net pulmonary release of MCP-1 into the circulation in HF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several important cytokines and ET-1 are induced in alveolar macrophages in human HF. Further studies should clarify whether increased synthesis of these factors affects pulmonary remodeling and, directly or indirectly, adversely affects the failing myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Liv I Bjoner
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Sikkeland
authors.forename: Christen P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: Arne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gude
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Edvardsen
authors.forename: Torbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yndestad
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gullestad
authors.forename: Johny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kongerud
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aukrust
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Øie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D019332:Endothelin-1; D018836:Inflammation Mediators