title: Biomarkers of coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis are independently associated with preeclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although preeclampsia has been associated with inflammation, coagulation, and angiogenesis, their correlation and relative contribution are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  About 114 women with preeclampsia, 31 with early onset (EOP) and 83 with late onset preeclampsia (LOP), and 100 normal pregnant controls were included. A broad panel of 32 biomarkers reflecting coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preeclampsia was associated with decreased antithrombin, IL-4 and placental growth factor levels and with increased C3a, pentraxin-3, and sFlt-1 levels, with more marked differences in the EOP group. The Th1-associated chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11 were significantly higher in the preeclampsia and EOP group than in controls, respectively. No correlations between the biomarkers were found in preeclampsia. Multivariate logistic regression tests confirmed the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokines, chemokines and complement activation seem to be part of a Th1-like inflammatory reaction in preeclampsia, most pronounced in EOP, where chemokines may be more useful than cytokines as biomarkers. Biomarkers were not correlated suggesting partly independent or in time separated mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden. roland.boij@lj.se
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boij
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nilsson-Ekdahl
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandholm
authors.forename: Tomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palonek
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garle
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ernerudh
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenmalm
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matthiesen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000276:immunology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11 / Q000097:blood; D015926:Complement C3a / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000097:blood; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000032:analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000097:blood; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D015926:Complement C3a; D015847:Interleukin-4; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D000099153:Pentraxins; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; C515202:CXCL11 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; C000608036:PGF protein, human; C501162:FLT1 protein, human