title: Technical note: adjustment of all cow evaluations for yield traits to be comparable with bull evaluations.
abstract: Traditional evaluations of cows with genotypes have been adjusted since April 2010 to be comparable with evaluations of bulls so that their value for estimation of single nucleotide polymorphism effects in genomic evaluation programs would be improved. However, that adjustment made them not comparable with traditional evaluations of nongenotyped cows. To create an adjustment for all cows with an evaluation based on US data, Mendelian sampling, which is the difference between predicted transmitting ability (PTA) and parent average (PA), was calculated for milk, fat, and protein yields and divided by a deregression factor. Standard deviations for the deregressed Mendelian sampling (DMS) were grouped by reliability with PA contribution removed (REL(no PA)). A multiplicative adjustment to reduce the DMS standard deviation for cows so that it would be the same as for bulls with similar REL(no PA) was represented as a linear function of REL(no PA). Mean cow PA by birth year was subtracted from individual bull and cow PA to create within-year PA deviation groups, and mean DMS was calculated by PA deviation group. Means decreased for bulls and increased for cows with increasing deviation. The differences were fit by linear regression on PA deviation and used to adjust cow DMS. The adjustment reduced PTA of cows with a high PA and increased PTA of cows with a low PA but did not change estimated genetic trend because adjustment was within birth year. The adjustment also reduced variance of cow evaluations within birth year. Traditional evaluations of genotyped cows with a REL(no PA) of ≥55% were further adjusted so that the difference between those evaluations and direct genomic values calculated using only bulls as predictors was similar to that for bulls. The second adjustment was small compared with a 2010 adjustment and, therefore, had little effect on the comparability of evaluations for genotyped and nongenotyped cows. Cows with converted evaluations from other countries were excluded from the predictor population, and their converted evaluations were adjusted so that the difference between their mean PTA and direct genomic value was the same as the corresponding difference for bulls. For cows with converted evaluations, the adjustment amount differed depending on REL(no PA) (<55% or ≥55%). The new adjustment was implemented by USDA in April 2011 and permits a fairer comparison of estimated genetic merit between nongenotyped and genotyped cows.
authors.affiliation: Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. George.Wiggans@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wiggans
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vanraden
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D007774:Lactation / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable