title: Links between alcohol and other drug problems and maltreatment among adolescent girls: perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic orientation as moderators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the links between maltreatment, posttraumatic stress symptoms, ethnicity-specific factors (i.e., perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic orientation), and alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) problems among adolescent girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  These relations were examined using archived data from a community sample of 168 Black and Hispanic adolescent girls who participated in a school-based substance use intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that maltreatment was linked to AOD problems, but only through its relation with posttraumatic stress symptoms; maltreatment was positively related to posttraumatic stress symptoms, which were positively related to AOD problems. Both perceived discrimination and ethnic orientation were significant moderators. Specifically, greater perceived discrimination was associated with an increased effect of maltreatment on posttraumatic stress symptoms. Ethnic orientation demonstrated protective properties in the relation between maltreatment and AOD problem severity, such that the effect of maltreatment on AOD problem severity was less for girls with average to high ethnic orientation compared to girls with low ethnic orientation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study underscore the importance of developing interventions for Black and Hispanic girls that target maltreatment and AOD use concurrently and address ethnicity-specific factors.
authors.affiliation: Florida International University, Community-Based Research Group, Miami, FL 33132, USA.
authors.forename: Calonie M K
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D011287:Prejudice; D012649:Self Concept; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology