title: Full-length axon regeneration in the adult mouse optic nerve and partial recovery of simple visual behaviors.
abstract: The mature optic nerve cannot regenerate when injured, leaving victims of traumatic nerve damage or diseases such as glaucoma with irreversible visual losses. Recent studies have identified ways to stimulate retinal ganglion cells to regenerate axons part-way through the optic nerve, but it remains unknown whether mature axons can reenter the brain, navigate to appropriate target areas, or restore vision. We show here that with adequate stimulation, retinal ganglion cells are able to regenerate axons the full length of the visual pathway and on into the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and other visual centers. Regeneration partially restores the optomotor response, depth perception, and circadian photoentrainment, demonstrating the feasibility of reconstructing central circuitry for vision after optic nerve damage in mature mammals.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery and F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Silmara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Lima
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koriyama
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurimoto
authors.forename: Julia Teixeira
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Yuqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hui-Ya
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fagiolini
authors.forename: Ana Maria Blanco
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benowitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D000229:Dependovirus; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000502:physiology; D019426:Integrases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013477:Superior Colliculi / Q000502:physiology; D015054:Zymosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C034733:oncomodulin; D015054:Zymosan; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C045073:Cre recombinase; D019426:Integrases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C487757:Pten protein, mouse