title: Typical electronic health record use in primary care practices and the quality of diabetes care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent efforts to encourage meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs) assume that widespread adoption will improve the quality of ambulatory care, especially for complex clinical conditions such as diabetes. Cross-sectional studies of typical uses of commercially available ambulatory EHRs provide conflicting evidence for an association between EHR use and improved care, and effects of longer-term EHR use in community-based primary care settings on the quality of care are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 16 EHR-using and 26 non-EHR-using practices in 2 northeastern states participating in a group-randomized quality improvement trial. Measures of care were assessed for 798 patients with diabetes. We used hierarchical linear models to examine the relationship between EHR use and adherence to evidence-based diabetes care guidelines, and hierarchical logistic models to compare rates of improvement over 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EHR use was not associated with better adherence to care guidelines or a more rapid improvement in adherence. In fact, patients in practices that did not use an EHR were more likely than those in practices that used an EHR to meet all of 3 intermediate outcomes targets for hemoglobin A(1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure at the 2-year follow-up (odds ratio = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.12-2.51). Although the quality of care improved across all practices, rates of improvement did not differ between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent use of an EHR over 3 years does not ensure successful use for improving the quality of diabetes care. Ongoing efforts to encourage adoption and meaningful use of EHRs in primary care should focus on ensuring that use succeeds in improving care. These efforts will need to include provision of assistance to longer-term EHR users.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 1 World’s Fair Dr., Somerset, NJ 08873, USA. jesse.crosson@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Crosson
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ohman-Strickland
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Crabtree
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011787:Quality of Health Care