title: Definition of an intramolecular Eu-to-Eu energy transfer within a discrete [Eu2L] complex in solution.
abstract: Ligand L, based on two do3a moieties linked by the methylene groups of 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, was synthesized and characterized. The addition of Ln salts to an aqueous solution of L (0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) led to the successive formation of [LnL] and [Ln(2)L] complexes, as evidenced by UV/Vis and fluorescence titration experiments. Homodinuclear [Ln(2)L] complexes (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, and Lu) were prepared and characterized. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of the Lu and Yb complexes in D(2)O solution (pD = 7.0) showed C(1) symmetry of these species in solution, pointing to two different chemical environments for the two lanthanide cations. The analysis of the chemical shifts of the Yb complex indicated that the two coordination sites present square antiprismatic (SAP) coordination environments around the metal ions. The spectroscopic properties of the [Tb(2)L] complex upon ligand excitation revealed conventional behavior with τ(H2O) = 2.05(1) ms and ϕ(H2O) = 51%, except for the calculation of the hydration number obtained from the luminescent lifetimes in H(2)O and D(2)O, which pointed to a non-integer value of 0.6 water molecules per Tb(III) ion. In contrast, the Eu complex revealed surprising features such as: 1) the presence of two and up to five components in the (5)D(0)→(7)F(0) and (5)D(0)→(7)F(1) emission bands, respectively; 2) marked differences between the normalized spectra obtained in H(2)O and D(2)O solutions; and 3) unconventional temporal evolution of the luminescence intensity at certain wavelengths, the intensity profile first displaying a rising step before the occurrence of the expected decay. Additional spectroscopic experiments performed on [Gd(2-x)Eu(x)L] complexes (x = 0.1 and 1.9) confirmed the presence of two distinct Eu sites with hydration numbers of 0 (site I) and 2 (site II), and showed that the unconventional temporal evolution of the emission intensity is the result of an unprecedented intramolecular Eu-to-Eu energy-transfer process. A mathematical model was developed to interpret the experimental data, leading to energy-transfer rates of 0.98 ms(-1) for the transfer from the site with q=0 to that with q=2 and vice versa. Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed at the B3LYP level were used to investigate the conformation of the complex in solution, and to estimate the intermetallic distance, which provided Förster radii (R(0)) values of 8.1 Å for the energy transfer from site I to site II, and 6.8 Å for the reverse energy transfer. These results represent the first evidence of an intramolecular energy-transfer equilibrium between two identical lanthanide cations within a discrete molecular complex in solution.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l'Analyse, IPHC, UMR 7178 CNRS/UdS, ECPM Bâtiment R1N0, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nonat
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Regueiro-Figueroa
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esteban-Gómez
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Blas
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Blas
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Platas-Iglesias
authors.forename: Loïc J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Charbonnière
mesh_terms: D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl / Q000737:chemistry; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005063:Europium / Q000737:chemistry*; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry*; D008024:Ligands; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012996:Solutions; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D008024:Ligands; D012996:Solutions; D005063:Europium; D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl