title: [Dissemination of medical information in Europe, the USA and Japan, 1850-1870: focusing on information concerning the hypodermic injection method].
abstract: Modern medicine was introduced in Japan in the second half of the nineteenth century. In order to investigate this historical process, this paper focuses on the dissemination of information of a new medical technology developed in the mid-nineteenth century; it does so by making comparisons of the access to medical information between Europe, the USA and Japan. The hypodermic injection method was introduced in the clinical field in Europe and the USA as a newly developed therapeutic method during the 1850s and 1870s. This study analyzed information on the medical assessments of this method by clinicians of these periods. The crucial factor in accumulating this information was to develop a worldwide inter-medical communication circle with the aid of the medical journals. Information on the hypodermic injection method was introduced in Japan almost simultaneously with its introduction in Europe and the USA. However, because of the geographical distance and the language barrier, Japanese clinicians lacked access to this worldwide communication circle, and they accepted this new method without adequate medical technology assessments.
authors.affiliation: Department of History of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Miyoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsukisawa
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000266:history*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000266:history*; D007564:Japan; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000266:history; D014481:United States