title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ polymorphism Pro12Ala Is associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: evidence from meta-analysis of 18 studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin resistance plays a part in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The association between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ Pro to Ala alteration at codon 12 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism and the risk of insulin resistance has been confirmed. The association between the polymorphism and DN risk has also been widely studied recently, but no consensus was available up to now.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and reference lists of relevant articles was carried out, and then 18 case-control studies involving 3,361 DN cases and 5,825 control subjects were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the overall analysis, the Ala12 variant was observed to be significantly associated with decreased DN risk (odds ratio 0.76 [95% CI 0.61-0.93]). Some evidence of heterogeneity among the included studies was detected, which could be explained by the difference of ethnicity and stage of DN. Subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity and stage of DN were performed, and results indicated the Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with the risk of DN in Caucasians but no similar association was observed in Asians. Additionally, we observed that Ala12 was associated with decreased risk of albuminuria. With only a few of subjects were available, we failed to detect statistically significant association between the polymorphism and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated that the Ala12 variant is a significantly protective factor for DN. Future research should focus on the effect of Pro12Ala polymorphism on ESRD and gathering data of Africans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Nephrology, Medical and Health Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shimiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Radha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Haiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011392:Proline
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma; D011392:Proline; D000409:Alanine