title: The use of lactoperoxidase for the bleaching of fluid whey.
abstract: Lactoperoxidase (LP) is the second most abundant enzyme in bovine milk and has been used in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and thiocyanate (SCN⁻) to work as an antimicrobial in raw milk where pasteurization is not feasible. Thiocyanate is naturally present and the lactoperoxidase system purportedly can be used to bleach dairy products, such as whey, with the addition of very little H₂O₂ to the system. This study had 3 objectives: 1) to quantify the amount of H₂O₂ necessary for bleaching of fluid whey using the LP system, 2) to monitor LP activity from raw milk through manufacture of liquid whey, and 3) to compare the flavor of whey protein concentrate 80% (WPC80) bleached by the LP system to that bleached by traditional H₂O₂ bleaching. Cheddar cheese whey with annatto (15 mL of annatto/454 kg of milk, annatto with 3% wt/vol norbixin content) was manufactured using a standard Cheddar cheesemaking procedure. Various levels of H₂O₂ (5-100 mg/kg) were added to fluid whey to determine the optimum concentration of H₂O₂ for LP activity, which was measured using an established colorimetric method. In subsequent experiments, fat-separated whey was bleached for 1h with 250 mg of H₂O₂/kg (traditional) or 20 mg of H₂O₂/kg (LP system). The WPC80 was manufactured from whey bleached with 250 mg of H₂O₂/kg or 20mg of H₂O₂/kg. All samples were subjected to color analysis (Hunter color values and norbixin extraction) and proximate analysis (fat, protein, and moisture). Sensory and instrumental volatile analyses were conducted on WPC80. Optimal LP bleaching in fluid whey occurred with the addition of 20mg of H₂O₂/kg. Bleaching of fluid whey at either 35 or 50°C for 1 h with LP resulted in > 99% norbixin destruction compared with 32 or 47% destruction from bleaching with 250 mg of H₂O₂/kg, at 35 or 50°C for 1 h, respectively. Higher aroma intensity and increased lipid oxidation compounds were documented in WPC80 from bleached whey compared with WPC80 from unbleached whey. Monitoring of LP activity throughout cheese and whey manufacture showed that LP activity sharply decreased after 30 min of bleaching (17.01 ± 1.4 to < 1 U/mL), suggesting that sufficient bleaching takes place in a very short amount of time. Lactoperoxidase averaged 13.01 ± 0.7 U/mL in unpasteurized, fat-separated liquid whey and 138.6 ± 11.9 U/mL in concentrated retentate (11% solids). Lactoperoxidase may be a viable alternative for chemical whey bleaching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057886:Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000592:standards; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007784:Lactoperoxidase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000592:standards; D013649:Taste; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D057886:Bleaching Agents; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002338:Carotenoids; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C099823:norbixin; D007784:Lactoperoxidase