title: Induction of adhesion-dependent signals using low-intensity ultrasound.
abstract: In multicellular organisms, cell behavior is dictated by interactions with the extracellular matrix. Consequences of matrix-engagement range from regulation of cell migration and proliferation, to secretion and even differentiation. The signals underlying each of these complex processes arise from the molecular interactions of extracellular matrix receptors on the surface of the cell. Integrins are the prototypic receptors and provide a mechanical link between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton, as well as initiating some of the adhesion-dependent signaling cascades. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that additional transmembrane receptors function alongside the integrins to regulate both the integrin itself and signals downstream. The most elegant of these examples is the transmembrane proteoglycan, syndecan-4, which cooperates with α(5)β(1)-integrin during adhesion to fibronectin. In vivo models demonstrate the importance of syndecan-4 signaling, as syndecan-4-knockout mice exhibit healing retardation due to inefficient fibroblast migration. In wild-type animals, migration of fibroblasts toward a wound is triggered by the appearance of fibronectin that leaks from damaged capillaries and is deposited by macrophages in injured tissue. Therefore there is great interest in discovering strategies that enhance fibronectin-dependent signaling and could accelerate repair processes. The integrin-mediated and syndecan-4-mediated components of fibronectin-dependent signaling can be separated by stimulating cells with recombinant fibronectin fragments. Although integrin engagement is essential for cell adhesion, certain fibronectin-dependent signals are regulated by syndecan-4. Syndecan-4 activates the Rac1 protrusive signal, causes integrin redistribution, triggers recruitment of cytoskeletal molecules, such as vinculin, to focal adhesions, and thereby induces directional migration. We have looked for alternative strategies for activating such signals and found that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can mimic the effects of syndecan-4 engagement. In this protocol we describe the method by which 30 mW/cm(2), 1.5 MHz ultrasound, pulsed at 1 kHz (Fig. 1) can be applied to fibroblasts in culture (Fig. 2) to induce Rac1 activation and focal adhesion formation. Ultrasound stimulation is applied for a maximum of 20 minutes, as this combination of parameters has been found to be most efficacious for acceleration of clinical fracture repair. The method uses recombinant fibronectin fragments to engage α(5)β(1)-integrin, without engagement of syndecan-4, and requires inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide to block deposition of additional matrix by the fibroblasts. The positive effect of ultrasound on repair mechanisms is well documented, and by understanding the molecular effect of ultrasound in culture we should be able to refine the therapeutic technique to improve clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roper
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D022001:Focal Adhesions / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D039081:Integrin alpha5beta1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013016:Sound; D053671:Syndecan-4 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016596:Vinculin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005353:Fibronectins; D039081:Integrin alpha5beta1; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D053671:Syndecan-4; D016596:Vinculin; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein