title: Dietary antioxidants and periodontal disease in community-based older Japanese: a 2-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the longitudinal relationship between the intake of dietary antioxidants and periodontal disease in community-dwelling older Japanese.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study, with a follow-up of 2 years (2003-2005). Intakes of dietary antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, α-carotene and β-carotene) were assessed with a validated FFQ. Participants were classified by tertile of antioxidant intake. Full-mouth periodontal status, measured as the clinical attachment level, was recorded at baseline and follow-up examinations. Periodontal disease progression was considered as loss of attachment of 3 mm or greater over the study period at the interproximal site for each tooth. Finally, the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression per person was calculated and was used as the outcome. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, with dietary antioxidants as the main exposure, to estimate their influence on the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Niigata City (Japan).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dentate individuals aged 75 years in 2003, for whom data were available, were included in the analyses (n 264).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher intake of dietary antioxidants was inversely associated with the number of teeth with periodontal disease progression, controlling for other variables. The multivariate-adjusted incidence rate ratios in the first, second and third tertiles were 1·00, 0·76 (95 % CI 0·60, 0·97) and 0·72 (95 % CI 0·56, 0·93) for vitamin C; 1·00, 0·79 (95 % CI 0·62, 0·99) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·72), for vitamin E; and 1·00, 1·02 (95 % CI 0·81, 1·29) and 0·73 (95 % CI 0·56, 0·95) for β-carotene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results suggest that higher intake of antioxidants may mitigate periodontal disease in community-dwelling older Japanese.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan. masanori@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moynihan
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Manz
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010519:Periodontium / Q000187:drug effects*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014070:Tooth / Q000187:drug effects*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D001205:Ascorbic Acid