title: Dynamic properties of a dirt and a synthetic equine racetrack surface measured by a track-testing device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racetrack surface is a risk factor for Thoroughbred racehorse injury and death that can be engineered and managed. To investigate the relationship between surface and injury, the mechanical behaviour of dirt and synthetic track surfaces must be quantified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare dynamic properties of a dirt and a synthetic surface in situ using a track-testing device designed to simulate equine hoof impact; and to determine the effects of impact velocity, impact angle and repeated impact on dynamic surface behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  A track-testing device measured force and displacement during impact into a dirt and a synthetic surface at 3 impact velocities (1.91, 2.30, 2.63 m/s), 2 impact angles (0°, 20° from vertical), and 2 consecutive impacts (initial, repeat). Surfaces were measured at 3 locations/day for 3 days. The effects of surface type, impact velocity, impact angle and impact number on dynamic surface properties were assessed using analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Synthetic surface maximum forces, load rates and stiffnesses were 37-67% of dirt surface values. Surfaces were less stiff with lower impact velocities, angled impacts and initial impacts. The magnitude of differences between dirt and synthetic surfaces increased for repeat impacts and higher impact velocities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The synthetic surface was generally softer than the dirt surface. Greatly increased hardness for repeat impacts corroborates the importance of maintenance. Results at different impact velocities suggest that surface differences will persist at higher impact velocities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For both surfaces it is clearly important to prevent horse exposure to precompacted surfaces, particularly during high-speed training when the surface has already been trampled. These data should be useful in coordinating racetrack surface management with racehorse training to prevent injuries.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Setterbo
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fyhrie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Upadhyaya
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stover
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003252:Construction Materials; D006736:Horses; D013177:Sports; D013499:Surface Properties