title: Surveys for Stenoma catenifer (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) and associated parasitoids infesting avocados in Perú.
abstract: Surveys for Stenoma catenifer Walsingham, the avocado seed moth, and its associated larval parasitoids were conducted in the Departments of Junín, Huánuco, Cusco, and Madre de Dios in Perú. Fruit infestation levels in some areas ranged from 0 to 58%, and parasitism of S. catenifer larvae in Junín and Huánuco was 23%. Five species of hymenopteran parasitoid in two families, Braconidae (Apanteles sp., Hypomicrogaster sp., and Chelonus sp.) and Ichneumonidae (Pristeromerus sp. and Xiphosomella sp.), were reared from larvae, and one species of tachinid fly (Chrysodoria sp.) emerged from pupae. The dominant larval parasitoid, a gregarious Apanteles sp., accounted for 55% of parasitized hosts. Branch and twig tunneling by S. catenifer larvae in a commercial Hass avocado orchard was observed in Cusco. The field attractiveness of the sex pheromone of S. catenifer was demonstrated with 73% of monitoring traps deployed in three departments (Junín, Huánuco, and Cusco) catching male moths. Approximately 55% of avocado fruit sourced from the Province of Chanchamayo (Junin) and purchased at the Mercado Modelo de Frutas in La Victoria, in central Lima were infested with larvae of S. catenifer. Infested avocado fruit sold at this market could represent a potential incursion threat to coastal Hass avocado production regions in Perú that are reportedly free of this pest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. mark.hoddle@ucr.edu
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hoddle
authors.forename: Christina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Hoddle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D027421:Persea; D010568:Peru; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000494:pharmacology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014863:Wasps / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D012724:Sex Attractants; C010411:insect attractants