title: Acute traumatic spinal cord injury induces glial activation in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic spinal cord injury leads to direct myelin and axonal damage and leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to site of injury. Although rodent models have provided the greatest insight into the genesis of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), recent studies have attempted to develop an appropriate non-human primate model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored TSCI in a cynomolgus macaque model using a balloon catheter to mimic external trauma to further evaluate the underlying mechanisms of acute TSCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following 1hour of spinal cord trauma, there were focal areas of hemorrhage and necrosis at the site of trauma. Additionally, there was a marked increased expression of macrophage-related protein 8, MMP9, IBA-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages and microglia at the site of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This data indicate that acute TSCI in the cynomolgus macaque is an appropriate model and that the earliest immunohistochemical changes noted are within macrophage and microglia populations.
authors.affiliation: New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01760, USA. andrew_miller@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Westmoreland
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Evangelous
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sledge
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nesathurai
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002404:Catheterization; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers