title: Contributions of cultural services to the ecosystem services agenda.
abstract: Cultural ecosystem services (ES) are consistently recognized but not yet adequately defined or integrated within the ES framework. A substantial body of models, methods, and data relevant to cultural services has been developed within the social and behavioral sciences before and outside of the ES approach. A selective review of work in landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage, outdoor recreation, and spiritual significance demonstrates opportunities for operationally defining cultural services in terms of socioecological models, consistent with the larger set of ES. Such models explicitly link ecological structures and functions with cultural values and benefits, facilitating communication between scientists and stakeholders and enabling economic, multicriterion, deliberative evaluation and other methods that can clarify tradeoffs and synergies involving cultural ES. Based on this approach, a common representation is offered that frames cultural services, along with all ES, by the relative contribution of relevant ecological structures and functions and by applicable social evaluation approaches. This perspective provides a foundation for merging ecological and social science epistemologies to define and integrate cultural services better within the broader ES framework.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Resource and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. tdaniel@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muhar
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnberger
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aznar
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Kai M A
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costanza
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elmqvist
authors.forename: Courtney G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Gobster
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grêt-Regamey
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lave
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muhar
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penker
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ribe
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schauppenlehner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sikor
authors.forename: Ihor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Soloviy
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spierenburg
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taczanowska
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von der Dunk
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D004463:Ecology / Q000379:methods*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012942:Social Sciences / Q000379:methods*; D029181:Spirituality; D014195:Travel