title: Effectiveness of two intensive treatment methods for smoking cessation and relapse prevention in patients with coronary heart disease: study protocol and baseline description.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no more effective intervention for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease than smoking cessation. Yet, evidence about the (cost-)effectiveness of smoking cessation treatment methods for cardiac inpatients that also suit nursing practice is scarce. This protocol describes the design of a study on the (cost-)effectiveness of two intensive smoking cessation interventions for hospitalised cardiac patients as well as first results on the inclusion rates and the characteristics of the study population.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental study design is used in eight cardiac wards of hospitals throughout the Netherlands to assess the (cost-)effectiveness of two intensive smoking cessation counselling methods both combined with nicotine replacement therapy. Randomization is conducted at the ward level (cross-over). Baseline and follow-up measurements after six and 12 months are obtained. Upon admission to the cardiac ward, nurses assess patients' smoking behaviour, ensure a quit advice and subsequently refer patients for either telephone counselling or face-to-face counselling. The counselling interventions have a comparable structure and content but differ in provider and delivery method, and in duration. Both counselling interventions are compared with a control group receiving no additional treatment beyond the usual care. Between December 2009 and June 2011, 245 cardiac patients who smoked prior to hospitalisation were included in the usual care group, 223 in the telephone counselling group and 157 in the face-to-face counselling group. Patients are predominantly male and have a mean age of 57 years. Acute coronary syndrome is the most frequently reported admission diagnosis. The ultimate goal of the study is to assess the effects of the interventions on smoking abstinence and their cost-effectiveness. Telephone counselling is expected to be more (cost-)effective in highly motivated patients and patients with high SES, whereas face-to-face counselling is expected to be more (cost-)effective in less motivated patients and patients with low SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study examines two intensive smoking cessation interventions for cardiac patients using a multi-centre trial with eight cardiac wards. Although not all eligible patients could be included and the distribution of patients is skewed in the different groups, the results will be able to provide valuable insight into effects and costs of counselling interventions varying in delivery mode and intensity, also concerning subgroups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dutch Trial Register NTR2144.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands. nadine.berndt@ou.nl
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bolman
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.forename: Aart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mudde
authors.forename: Freek W A
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Verheugt
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003376:Counseling / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D012107:Research Design; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome