title: Numerical simulation of humidification and heating during inspiration within an adult nose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The temperature of inhaled air is highly relevant for the humidification process. Narrow anatomical conditions limit possibilities for in vivo measurements. Numerical simulations offer a great potential to examine the function of the human nose.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, the nasal humidification of inhaled air was simulated simultaneously with temperature distribution during a respiratory cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A realistic nose model based on a multislice CT scan was created. The simulation was performed by the Software Fluent(r). Boundary conditions were based on previous in vivo measurements. Inhaled air had a temperature of 20(deg)C and relative humidity of 30%. The wall temperature was assumed to be variable from 34(deg)C to 30(deg)C with constant humidity saturation of 100% during the respiratory cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A substantial increase in temperature and humidity can be observed after passing the nasal valve area. Areas with high speed air flow, e.g. the space around the turbinates, show an intensive humidification and heating potential. Inspired air reaches 95% humidity and 28(deg)C within the nasopharynx.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The human nose features an enormous humidification and heating capability. Warming and humidification are dependent on each other and show a similar spacial pattern. Concerning the climatisation function, the middle turbinate is of high importance. In contrast to in vivo measurements, numerical simulations can explore the impact of airflow distribution on nasal air conditioning. They are an effective method to investigate nasal pathologies and impacts of surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kroger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology*; D014420:Turbinates / Q000502:physiology