title: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) as a diagnostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the utility of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples from patients who underwent bronchoscopy for a clinical suspicion of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), to categorize patients as VAP positive and VAP negative, when compared to quantitative culture results of BALF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study conducted on admitted patients in the trauma-surgical, medical-cardiac, burn, and neurosurgical ICUs of Harborview Medical Center between March 2009 and May 2010. BALF and EBC samples were obtained from 45 patients with clinically suspected VAP. Bronchoscopy was performed on the day of clinically suspected VAP. sTREM-1 levels in EBC and BAL fluid were measured using quantikine human TREM-1 immunoassay. VAP was diagnosed by quantitative cultures of BALF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of sTREM-1 in BALF and EBC did not correlate with VAP status. sTREM-1 levels did not discriminate VAP positive from VAP negative patients, when compared to quantitative cultures of BALF as the gold standard. Using a cutoff value of 204 pg/mL for BALF sTREM-1 levels resulted in a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 23%. A cutoff value of 10 pg/mL for EBC sTREM-1 levels resulted in a sensitivity of 42% and a specificity of 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBC and BALF sTREM-1 levels did not effectively categorize patients as VAP positive or VAP negative when using direct bronchoscopic quantitative culture samples as the comparison standard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.forename: Terri A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Jillian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schnapp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001944:Breath Tests; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C408842:TREM1 protein, human; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1