title: Adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis with and without 22q11 deletion syndrome: a comparison of prodromal psychotic symptoms and general functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic syndromes related to psychosis have become increasingly important for exploring the trajectory that leads to psychosis onset. A very significant opportunity for mapping earlier phases of the trajectory can be found in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Comparative studies have shown that schizophrenic disorder in 22q11DS largely resembles schizophrenia in the general population, but only few studies have investigated the features of prodromal symptoms in 22q11DS. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences and similarities between two samples: patients with 22q11DS clinically at risk for psychotic onset (UHR+22q11DS group) and patients at clinical high risk for psychotic onset (UHR group).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on a sample of 30 individuals UHR+22q11DS and 81 individuals at UHR without 22q11DS. The two groups were compared on positive, negative and depressive symptoms, level of general functioning and IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant group difference in negative symptoms, but no significant differences were found for positive, global and total symptoms. The UHR+22q11DS group showed a lower level of general functioning. The clinical profile of the UHR+22q11DS group was clearly more homogeneous.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even if the two UHR groups are comparable in terms of positive symptoms, the UHR+22q11DS have a specific clinical pattern characterized by higher negative symptoms, lower general functioning and an older age of onset of the UHR state. This finding may be of clinical value for the development of specific therapeutic intervention for UHR+22q11DS, and of theoretical value since the two groups may share only some underlying etiopathogenetic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00100 Rome, Italy. marco.armando@opbg.net
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armando
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vicari
authors.forename: Deny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Menghini
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Digilio
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pontillo
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Ashleigh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Klier
authors.forename: Miriam R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: G Paul
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Amminger
mesh_terms: D058165:22q11 Deletion Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology