title: Images of eyes enhance investments in a real-life public good.
abstract: A key issue in cooperation research is to determine the conditions under which individuals invest in a public good. Here, we tested whether cues of being watched increase investments in an anonymous public good situation in real life. We examined whether individuals would invest more by removing experimentally placed garbage (paper and plastic bottles) from bus stop benches in Geneva in the presence of images of eyes compared to controls (images of flowers). We provided separate bins for each of both types of garbage to investigate whether individuals would deposit more items into the appropriate bin in the presence of eyes. The treatment had no effect on the likelihood that individuals present at the bus stop would remove garbage. However, those individuals that engaged in garbage clearing, and were thus likely affected by the treatment, invested more time to do so in the presence of eyes. Images of eyes had a direct effect on behaviour, rather than merely enhancing attention towards a symbolic sign requesting removal of garbage. These findings show that simple images of eyes can trigger reputational effects that significantly enhance on non-monetary investments in anonymous public goods under real life conditions. We discuss our results in the light of previous findings and suggest that human social behaviour may often be shaped by relatively simple and potentially unconscious mechanisms instead of very complex cognitive capacities.
authors.affiliation: Department Eco-Ethology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Francey
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergmüller
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005123:Eye; D006801:Humans; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D012941:Social Responsibility; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland