title: Post-acquisition release of glutamate and norepinephrine in the amygdala is involved in taste-aversion memory consolidation.
abstract: Amygdala activity mediates the acquisition and consolidation of emotional experiences; we have recently shown that post-acquisition reactivation of this structure is necessary for the long-term storage of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). However, the specific neurotransmitters involved in such reactivation are not known. The aim of the present study was to investigate extracellular changes of glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine within the rat amygdala using in vivo microdialysis during the acquisition and 1-h post-acquisition of CTA paradigm. Microdialysis monitoring showed a significant norepinephrine increase related to novel taste exposure and a glutamate increase after gastric malaise induction by i.p. LiCl administration. Interestingly, we found a spontaneous concomitant increase of glutamate and norepinephrine, but not dopamine, 45 min after conditioning, suggesting the presence of aversive learning-dependent post-acquisition signals in the amygdala. These signals seem to be involved in CTA consolidation process, since post-trial blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate or β-adrenergic receptors impaired long- but not short-term memory. These data suggest that CTA long-term storage involves post-acquisition release of glutamate and norepinephrine in the amygdala.
authors.affiliation: División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México.
authors.forename: Kioko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Ramos
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osorio-Gómez
authors.forename: Perla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreno-Castilla
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermúdez-Rattoni
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D017551:Microdialysis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012439:Saccharin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C056639:2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid; D011433:Propranolol; D012439:Saccharin; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D014633:Valine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine