title: Differential regulation of neurotoxin in HIV clades: role of cocaine and methamphetamine.
abstract: Studies have demonstrated that infection with HIV-1 (subtypes) clades might differentially contribute to HIV- 1-associated neuro cognitive disorder (HAND). Substance abuse and illicit drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine (METH) are also known to play a role in neuronal impairments. Neurotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN) and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites are regulators of central nervous system (CNS) functions. These neurotoxins are dysregulated during HIV infection, and substance abuse exacerbates immune and neuronal dysfunctions, leading to dementia and neurocognitive impairments. Studies have demonstrated an association between HIV infection and substance abuse in terms of viral replication and disease progression in Neuro-AIDS. In this review, we briefly discuss the effect of cocaine and METH, and differential role of HIV-1 B and C induced indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediated induction of neurotoxin QUIN and AA metabolites that implicate neuronal dysfunctions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University, University Park, 11200 S.W.8th Street, Miami, FL-33199, USA. nairm@fiu.edu
authors.forename: Madhavan P N
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Thangavel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Samikkannu
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D008694:Methamphetamine; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D017378:Quinolinic Acid; D003042:Cocaine