title: UVc-irradiation sublethal stress does not alter antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci (MRSA, MSSA, and coagulase-negative staphylococci) to β-lactam, macrolide, and fluoroquinolone antibiotic agents.
abstract: Skin tanning, either by exposure to natural sunlight or through use of UV sunbeds, has become a popular practice in the US, where it is estimated that approximately 1 million times per day someone in the US uses UV radiation for skin tanning, equating to 30 million Americans (circa 10% of the US population) who use a tanning bed. As well as exposing the host to periods of UV radiation, such practices also expose commensal skin bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, to such UV radiation. Previous work has indicated that environmental stresses on bacteria may lead to an upregulation of stress responses, in an attempt for the organism to combat the applied stress and remain viable. UV light may act as an environmental stress on bacteria, and so it was the aim of this study to examine the effect of UVc light on the antibiotic susceptibility of commensal skin bacteria, to determine if UV radiation would increase the antibiotic resistance of such skin flora and thus lead to a potential skin flora with increased antibiotic resistance. Previously, it has been shown that UVc light has a greater mutational effect on bacteria compared to lower-energy UV forms, including UVa and UVb light. Therefore, we decided to employ UVc light in our study to amplify the potential for mutational events occurring in skin staphylococci organisms (n=8) including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (n=2), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=4), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (Staphylococcus haemolyticus) (n=2) were exposed to varying degrees of sublethal radiation via UVc light, and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility was determined by broth dilution assay against three classes of commonly used antibiotics, namely β-lactams (penicillin), macrolides (erythromycin), and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin). There was no significant difference between antibiotic susceptibility before UVc exposure and until maximum sublethal stress, prior to cell death due to fatal UVc exposure with the cells. These results indicate that UV environmental stress/exposure does not upregulate antibiotic resistance, and therefore these data indicate that UVc radiation does not lead to a more antibiotic-resistant population in the staphylococci organisms post-exposure.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AD, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Colin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: Wilson A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.forename: B Cherie
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: James S G
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: Colm J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lowery
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loughrey
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Motoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D018942:Macrolides; D047090:beta-Lactams