title: Extracorporeal photopheresis, a therapeutic option for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and immunological diseases: state of the art.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been extensively used for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases for over 20 years and has a consistent and predictable safety profile with long-term use. Documenting the efficacy of ECP as therapeutic treatment has long been a matter of importance for physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed publications in this field with the goal of providing an overview of this therapeutic approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECP is efficacious in a high percentage of those cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients who have circulating malignant T cells in the context of a still-near-normal immune competence. From the side of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the use of ECP showed a clinical benefit in patients with steroid-refractory acute GVHD (aGVHD) and it is believed that ECP deserves to be evaluated as part of a combination strategy in first-line therapy of aGVHD. In chronic GHVD, the published data show that ECP can be effective in extensive and long-standing disease even when treatment is initiated at an advanced stage after conventional immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy has failed. ECP should be considered most beneficial for patients with predominantly mucocutaneous chronic GVHD. The fields of application of the procedure could be vast, and could also include autoimmune and metabolic diseases. The most important methodological issues which affect ECP evaluation is that the large majority of data about ECP result from single-arm observational series and the significant efficacy is mainly based on small and retrospective studies. ECP has never been proved to offer any survival advantage in a context of a randomized trial and the above-mentioned limitation also affects the accuracy of many biological modifications observed during ECP. Starting from these considerations, the need of a prospective randomized study becomes increasingly urgent.
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy. maxmartino65@alice.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fedele
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cornelio
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moscato
authors.forename: Lucrezia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Imbalzano
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ressa
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Massara
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bresolin
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016410:Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D017893:Photopheresis / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome