title: Increased neuron specific enolase expression by urothelial cells exposed to or malignantly transformed by exposure to Cd²⁺ or As³⁺.
abstract: Neuron specific enolase (ENO2, γ-enolase) is a biomarker used to help identify neuroendocrine differentiation in tumors. This laboratory has shown that ENO2 might be a biomarker for exposure to cadmium and arsenite. In this study these observations are extended to the urothelial cell, where environmental exposures are strongly linked to urothelial cancer. The UROtsa urothelial cell line and its Cd²⁺- and As³⁺-transformed counterparts were used as the model. Acute exposure of the UROtsa cells to both As³⁺- and Cd²⁺-caused significant increases in ENO2 expression. Treatment with the histone deacetlyase inhibitor was also shown to significantly increase the expression of ENO2 mRNA. The expression of ENO2 was significantly elevated in the Cd²⁺- and As³⁺-transformed UROtsa cells and tumor transplants. In contrast, ENO1, was unaffected by exposure to As³⁺ or Cd²⁺. Immunofluorescence showed ENO2 associated with both the nucleus and cytoplasm and cytoplasmic ENO2 co-localized with ENO1. The findings extend the evidence suggesting a link between As³⁺ and Cd²⁺ exposure and neuroendocrine differentiation in tumors. The results suggest that ENO2 might be a biomarker of human exposure to Cd²⁺ and As³⁺ that operates through histone modification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA. msoh@medicine.nodak.edu
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.forename: Jane R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dunlevy
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sens
authors.forename: Xu Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sens
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Somji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D001549:Benzamides; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002104:Cadmium; C118739:entinostat; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; C015001:arsenite