title: Efficacy of wax matrix bait stations for Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).
abstract: Tests were conducted that evaluated efficacy of wax matrix bait stations for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) adults in Guatemala. Bait stations were exposed to outdoor conditions to determine effect of weathering on longevity as indicated by bait station age. Results of laboratory tests found that bait stations with spinosad and ammonium acetate remained effective for at least 31 d compared with pesticide-free controls, although there was some loss of efficacy over time. Percentage mortality for bait station strips with 2% spinosad and 1% ammonium acetate decreased from 100 +/- 0.0% on day 0 to 70 +/- 7.1% after 31 d. Ammonia concentration had little effect on percentage mortality although there was some indication that ammonia concentration affected number of flies observed on the bait stations. Bait station strips (one per cage) were more effective than controls for 6-8 wk when tests were conducted in field cages (3 m diameter x 2 m), but only 2-3 wk when tests were conducted in large (2.5 m high and 6.0 m wide and 7.5 m long) field cages. Longevity was restored when multiple bait stations (3, 6, or 12) were deployed per cage. Bait stations containing methomyl were used for field tests of efficacy for wild flies. Dipped lure bait stations, which were made by coating two edges of commercial ammonium acetate and trimethylamine lures, killed six times more flies than corn cob bait stations dipped into a Nulure/malathion solution. They also killed more flies than pesticide-free controls for 8 wk.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA. nancy.epsky@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Nancy D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Epsky
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Midgarden
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rendón
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Villatoro
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Heath
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D033622:Ceratitis capitata / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala; D007300:Insect Control / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008724:Methomyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D008744:Methylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001639:Bicarbonates; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D008744:Methylamines; D010675:Pheromones; D014885:Waxes; D008724:Methomyl; C027043:ammonium bicarbonate; C023336:trimethylamine; C018824:ammonium acetate; C415329:spinosad