title: Pediatric battery-related emergency department visits in the United States, 1990-2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the epidemiology of battery-related emergency department (ED) visits among children <18 years of age in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a nationally representative sample from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, battery-related ED visits in the United States from 1990 to 2009 were analyzed. Four battery exposure routes for patients were determined from diagnosis codes and case narratives: ingestion, mouth exposure, ear canal insertion, and nasal cavity insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 65788 (95% confidence interval: 54498-77078) patients <18 years of age presented to US EDs due to a battery-related exposure during the 20-year study period, averaging 3289 battery-related ED visits annually. The average annual battery-related ED visit rate was 4.6 visits per 100000 children. The number (P < .001) and rate (P = .002) of visits increased significantly during the study period, with substantial increases during the last 8 study years. The mean age was 3.9 years (95% confidence interval: 3.5-4.2), and 60.2% of patients were boys. Battery ingestion accounted for 76.6% of ED visits, followed by nasal cavity insertion (10.2%), mouth exposure (7.5%), and ear canal insertion (5.7%). Button batteries were implicated in 83.8% of patient visits caused by a known battery type. Most children (91.8%) were treated and released from the ED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study evaluated battery-related ED visits among US children using a nationally representative sample. Batteries pose an important hazard to children, especially those ≤ 5 years of age. The increasing number and rate of battery-related ED visits among children underscore the need for increased prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rochette
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000061:Accidents, Home / Q000639:trends*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D011211:Electric Power Supplies / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D004630:Emergencies / Q000453:epidemiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology