title: Nanoengineered drug-releasing Ti wires as an alternative for local delivery of chemotherapeutics in the brain.
abstract: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) blocks the passage of active molecules from the blood which makes drug delivery to the brain a challenging problem. Oral drug delivery using chemically modified drugs to enhance their transport properties or remove the blocking of drug transport across the BBB is explored as a common approach to address these problems, but with limited success. Local delivery of drugs directly to the brain interstitium using implants such as polymeric wafers, gels, and catheters has been recognized as a promising alternative particularly for the treatment of brain cancer (glioma) and neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this study was to introduce a new solution by engineering a drug-releasing implant for local drug delivery in the brain, based on titanium (Ti) wires with titania nanotube (TNT) arrays on their surfaces. Drug loading and drug release characteristics of this system were explored using two drugs commonly used in oral brain therapy: dopamine (DOPA), a neurotransmitter agent; and doxorubicin (DOXO), an anticancer drug. Results showed that TNT/Ti wires could provide a considerable amount of drugs (>170 μg to 1000 μg) with desirable release kinetics and controllable release time (1 to several weeks) and proved their feasibility for use as drug-releasing implants for local drug delivery in the brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this report, a new drug-releasing platform in the form of nanoengineered Ti wires with TNT arrays is proposed as an alternative for local delivery of chemotherapeutics in the brain to bypass the BBB. To prove this concept, drug loading and release characteristics of two drugs important for brain therapy (the neurotransmitter DOPA and the anticancer drug DOXO) were explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titania nanotube arrays on the surface of Ti wires (TNT/Ti) were fabricated using a simple anodization process, followed by separate loading of two drugs (DOPA and DOXO) inside the nanotube structures. The loading and in vitro release characteristics of prepared TNT/Ti implants were examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) UV-Vis spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron microscopy studies confirmed that well-ordered, vertically aligned, densely packed nanotube arrays with an average diameter of 170 nm and length 70 μm were formed on the surface of TNT/Ti wires. TGA results showed a total drug loading of 170 μg and 1200 μg inside the TNTs for DOPA and DOXO respectively. Two-phase drug release behavior was observed including a fast release (burst) for the first 6 hours and a prolonged slow release phase for 8 days, both with acceptable dosage and desirable release kinetics. The physical, structural, loading and release characteristics of prepared TNT/Ti implants showed several advantages in comparison with existing and clinically proved brain implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirmed that TNT/Ti wires can be successfully employed as a suitable platform to release neurotransmitters such as DOPA and anticancer drugs such as DOXO. Hence, they are a feasible alternative as drug-releasing implants for local drug delivery in the brain to combat neurodegenerative disorders or brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: Ian Wark Research Institute, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Moom Sinn
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Aw
authors.forename: Dusan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Losic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004343:Drug Implants; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D050997:Nanomedicine; D036103:Nanotechnology; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053770:Nanowires / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004343:Drug Implants; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D004317:Doxorubicin; D014025:Titanium; D004298:Dopamine