title: The immunosuppressive factors IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF do not affect the antigen-presenting function of CD40-activated B cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progress in recent years strengthened the concept of cellular tumor vaccinations. However, a crucial barrier to successful cancer immunotherapy is tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Tumor-derived soluble factors such as IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF suppress effector cells either directly or indirectly by disruption of dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, migration and antigen presentation. Human B cells acquire potent immunostimulatory properties when activated via CD40 and have been shown to be an alternative source of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for cellular cancer vaccines. Nevertheless, in contrast to DCs little knowledge exists about their susceptibility to tumor derived immunosuppressive factors. Thus, we assessed whether IL-10, TGF-β, or VEGF do affect key aspects of the immunostimulatory function of human CD40-activated B cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell surface expression of adhesion and costimulatory molecules and the proliferation capacity of CD40-activated B cells were compared to untreated controls by flow cytometry. Migration towards important chemokines of secondary lymph organs was measured with or without exposure to the immunosuppressive cytokines. Finally, an influence on T cell stimulation was investigated by allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions. For statistical analysis Student's t test or two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test was used to compare groups. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither cell adhesion nor the expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 was inhibited by addition of IL-10, TGF-β, or VEGF. Likewise, the proliferation of CD40-activated B cells was not impaired. Despite being exposed to IL-10, TGF-β, or VEGF the B cells migrated equally well as untreated controls to the chemokines SLC and SDF-1α. Most importantly, the capacity of CD40-activated B cells to stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that key immunostimulatory functions of CD40-activated B cells are resistant to inhibition by the immunosuppressive factors IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF. This supports considerations to use ex vivo generated CD40-activated B cells as a promising alternative or additional APC for cellular immunotherapy, especially in settings where these immunosuppressive cytokines are present in tumor environment.
authors.affiliation: Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimabukuro-Vornhagen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Draube
authors.forename: Tanja M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Liebig
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: von Bergwelt-Baildon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019013:CD40 Antigens; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016753:Interleukin-10