title: Cytokine and chemokine production by human pancreatic islets upon enterovirus infection.
abstract: Enteroviruses of the human enterovirus B species (HEV-Bs) (e.g., coxsackie B viruses [CVBs] and echoviruses) have been implicated as environmental factors that trigger/accelerate type 1 diabetes, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the cytokines and chemokines that are produced by human pancreatic islets upon infection with CVBs. To this end, we studied the response of human islets of Langerhans upon mock or CVB3 infection. Using quantitative PCR, we showed that upon CVB3 infection, transcription of interferon (IFN), IFN-stimulated genes, and inflammatory genes was induced. Analysis of secreted cytokines and chemokines by Luminex technology confirmed production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) as well as various chemotactic proteins, such as IFN-γ-induced protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and IL-8. Infection with other HEV-Bs induced similar responses, yet their extent depended on replication efficiency. Ultra violet-inactivated CVB3 did not induce any response, suggesting that virus replication is a prerequisite for antiviral responses. Our data represent the first comprehensive overview of inflammatory mediators that are secreted by human islets of Langerhans upon CVB infection and may shed light on the role of enteroviruses in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. b.schulte@ncmls.ru.nl
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Kjerstin H W
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lanke
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Piganelli
authors.forename: Esther D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kers-Rebel
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottino
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: Richard J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Huijbens
authors.forename: Timothy R D J
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Radstake
authors.forename: Marten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Engelse
authors.forename: Eelco J P
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.forename: Jochem M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galama
authors.forename: Gosse J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Adema
authors.forename: Frank J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Kuppeveld
mesh_terms: D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000821:virology; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines