title: Roles of 7-ketocholesterol on the homeostasis of intracellular cholesterol level.
abstract: Atherosclerotic plaque contains materials, such as cholesterol, oxysterols, cell debris, modified fatty acids, and infiltrated cells. Among them, cholesterol is the major component in plaque. Cholesterol is known to originate from the influx of extracellular materials, but this explanation is not enough for the cholesterol accumulation observed in atherosclerotic plaque. This study examined the origins of cholesterols in plaques. The main focus was to determine if the intracellular cholesterol levels are affected by oxysterols in human vascular smooth muscle cells. The results showed that the cholesterol levels increased in response to a 7-ketocholesterol (7K)-treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Eight enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis were examined. Among them, squalene epoxidase (SQLE) was increased by 7K but not by 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OH-chol), or cholesterol. The 7K-induced SQLE expression was suppressed in the presence of the enzyme inhibitor SB203580 but not by UO126 and SP600125. The SQLE immunoreactivity was detected in the atherosclerotic plaque of the aortic roots from apoE mice. In addition, 7K increased the cholesterol level and SQLE expression in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. This suggests that 7K increases the intracellular cholesterol level through an elevation of SQLE expression, which might affect the progress of cholesterol accumulation in the atherosclerotic lipid core.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, Gyoengnam 626-870, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yonghae
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Koanhoi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sunmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sae-A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyojung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Byung-Yong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Rhim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007653:Ketocholesterols / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D050603:Squalene Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D007093:Imidazoles; D007653:Ketocholesterols; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D002784:Cholesterol; D050603:Squalene Monooxygenase; C003001:7-ketocholesterol; C093642:SB 203580