title: Cardiovascular redox and ox stress proteomics.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative post-translational modifications (OPTMs) have been demonstrated as contributing to cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These modifications have been identified using antibodies as well as advanced proteomic methods, and the functional importance of each is beginning to be understood using transgenic and gene deletion animal models. Given that OPTMs are involved in cardiovascular pathology, the use of these modifications as biomarkers and predictors of disease has significant therapeutic potential. Adequate understanding of the chemistry of the OPTMs is necessary to determine what may occur in vivo and which modifications would best serve as biomarkers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  By using mass spectrometry, advanced labeling techniques, and antibody identification, OPTMs have become accessible to a larger proportion of the scientific community. Advancements in instrumentation, database search algorithms, and processing speed have allowed MS to fully expand on the proteome of OPTMs. In addition, the role of enzymatically reversible OPTMs has been further clarified in preclinical models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identification of OPTMs suffers from limitations in analytic detection based on the methodology, instrumentation, sample complexity, and bioinformatics. Currently, each type of OPTM requires a specific strategy for identification, and generalized approaches result in an incomplete assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel types of highly sensitive MS instrumentation that allow for improved separation and detection of modified proteins and peptides have been crucial in the discovery of OPTMs and biomarkers. To further advance the identification of relevant OPTMs in advanced search algorithms, standardized methods for sample processing and depository of MS data will be required.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Timothy Dean
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Calamaras
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haeussler
authors.forename: Wilson Steven
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: Richard Alan
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Mark Errol
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McComb
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: Markus Michael
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bachschmid
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020543:Proteome