title: Outcomes of moderate sedation in paediatric dental patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of moderate sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen (N(2) O/O(2)) alone or combined with different dosages and administration routes of midazolam in uncooperative paediatric dental patients using the Bispectral Index System (BIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This one-year clinical study examined first-visit moderate sedation performed in 240 healthy children aged 4-6 years. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to drug, route and dosage, as follows: Group 1 - 0.20 mg/kg midazolam (40 mg/ml) delivered intranasally; Group 2 - 0.75 mg/kg midazolam (15 mg/3 ml) delivered orally; Group 3 - 0.50 mg/kg midazolam (15 mg/3 ml) delivered orally. All children in these three groups also received inhalation sedation with 50%-50% N(2) O/O(2), whereas children in Group 4 received inhalation sedation with 50%-50% N(2) O/O(2) only. The outcome of sedation was evaluated as either 'successful', 'failed' or 'not accepted'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest success rate was found in Group 1 (0.20 mg/kg intranasally, 87%), followed by Group 2 (0.75 mg/kg orally, 79%). The overall mean success rate for all groups was 73%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate sedation can be successfully used in the clinical management of paediatric dental patients, with both intranasal and oral sedation using midazolam in conjunction with nitrous oxide found to be effective methods.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dentistry Clinic, Tepebasi Oral and Dental Health Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. bugra_dt@yahoo.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Özen
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Malamed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cetiner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Özalp
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Özer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Altun
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam