title: Elevation of alanine transaminase and markers of liver fibrosis after a mixed meal challenge in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperalimentation for 4 weeks is associated with raised liver enzymes and liver fat content (LFC), which are two common features found in individuals with diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effect of two mixed meal challenges on LFC, liver enzymes and serum bio-markers of liver injury and fibrosis in 16 healthy volunteers (HV) and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (HV: 9 male, 7 female, aged 57.9 ± 1.7 years, body mass index (BMI) 27.1 kg/m(2); and T2DM: 11 male, 5 female, aged 62.1 ± 1.3 years, BMI 28.0 ± 0.4 kg/m(2)) consumed two meals at 1 h (884 kcal) and at 6 h (1,096 kcal). LFC determined by (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, serum levels of liver enzymes, hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen III N-terminal peptide (P3NP) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were estimated at time 0 (fasting) and 9 h (postprandial).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting LFC was higher in the T2DM group 7.6 % (4.9, 15.4) [median (inter-quartile range)] than in the HV group 2.3 % (0.8, 5.1) (p < 0.05) while levels of HA, P3NP and TIMP-1 were similar. Following the meal challenge there was no significant change in LFC. Subjects with T2DM had higher post-prandial rise in alanine transaminase (ALT) (p = 0.014), serum HA (p = 0.007) and P3NP (p = 0.015) compared with HV. Fasting LFC correlated with a greater post-prandial increase in P3NP levels in all subjects (Pearson correlation r = 0.53, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects with T2DM, a mixed meal challenge is associated with a significant elevation in the serum levels of ALT, HA and P3NP without significant changes in LFC. These markers should be performed in the fasted state.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore. eric_khoo@nuhs.edu.sg
authors.forename: E Y H
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leverton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Poucher
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spendlove
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mansell
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Aithal
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011347:Procollagen; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C041876:procollagen Type III-N-terminal peptide; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D000410:Alanine Transaminase