title: Radiant heat loss, an unexploited path for heat stress reduction in shaded cattle.
abstract: Reducing thermal radiation on shaded animals reduces heat stress independently of other means of stress relief. Radiant heat exchange was estimated as a function of climate, shade structure, and animal density. Body surface portion exposed to radiant sources in shaded environments was determined by geometrical relations to determine angles of view of radiation sources (roof underside, sky, sun-exposed ground, shaded ground) on the animal's surface. The relative representation of environment radiation sources on the body surface was determined. Animal thermal radiation balance was derived from radiant heat gained from radiation sources (including surrounding animals) and that lost from the animal surface. The animal environment was assumed to have different shade dimensions and temperatures. These were summed to the radiant heat balance of the cow. The data formed served to estimate the effect of changes in intensity of radiation sources, roof and shaded surface dimensions, and animal density on radiant heat balance (Rbal) of cattle. Roof height effect was expressed by effect of roof temperature on Rbal. Roof underside temperature (35 to 75°C) effect on Rbal was reduced by roof height. If roof height were 4m, an increase in its underside temperature from 35 to 75°C would increase mean Rbal from -63 to -2 W·m⁻², whereas if roof height were 10 m, Rbal would only increase from -99 to -88 W·m⁻². A hot ground temperature increase from 35 to 65°C reduced mean Rbal heat loss from -45 to 3 W·m⁻². Increasing the surface of the shaded area had only a minor effect on Rbal and on the effect of hot ground on Rbal. Increasing shade roof height reduced the effect of roof temperature on Rbal to minor levels when height was > 8m. Increasing the roof height from 4 to 10 m decreased Rbal from -32 to -94 W·m⁻². Increasing indirect radiation from 100 to 500 W·m⁻² was associated with an increase in Rbal from -135 to +23 W·m⁻². Their combined effects were lower Rbal with increasing roof height and a reduction in rate of decrease with increasing level of indirect radiation. Roof height as an Rbal attenuator declined with increasing indirect radiation level. The latter factor might be reduced by lowering roof surface radiation absorption and through roof heat transfer, as well as by use of shade structure elements to reduce indirect radiation in the shaded area. Radiant heat from the cow body surface may be reduced by lower cow density. Radiant heat attenuation may thus further elevate animal productivity in warm climates, with no associated operation costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot Campus, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel. berman@agri.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horovitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects; D013696:Temperature