title: Dielectrophoresis: a model to transport drugs directly into teeth.
abstract: The article describes an innovative delivery system based on the principles of dielectrophoresis to transport drugs directly into site-specific intraoral targets. The hypothesis that a drug can be driven into tooth enamel during the application of an applied electrical potential difference was tested by the authors in in vitro studies comparing dielectrophoresis to diffusion to transport carbamide peroxide and fluoride. The studies showed that these agents can be transported directly into teeth using an alternating current (AC) electric field more effectively than diffusion. It was found that a 20-min bleaching treatment on human teeth with dielectrophoresis increased carbamide peroxide absorption by 104% and, on average, improved the change in shade guide unit 14 times from 0.6 SGU to 9 SGU. After applying a 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel to bovine incisors for 20 min by dielectrophoresis or diffusion, analysis with wavelength dispersive spectrometry determined that dielectrophoresis doubled fluoride uptake in the superficial layers compared to diffusion, and drove the fluoride significantly deeper into enamel with an uptake 600% higher than diffusion at 50 μm depth. Finally, dielectrophoresis promises to be a viable model that can potentially be used clinically to deliver other targeted drugs of variable molecular weight and structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. civanoff@uthsc.edu
authors.forename: Chris S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ivanoff
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hottel
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Godoy
mesh_terms: D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004058:Diffusion; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D014070:Tooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide