title: Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) device in end-stage dialysis access: a decision analysis model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) dialysis access device is a permanent tunneled dialysis graft connected to a central venous catheter and is used in patients with end-stage dialysis access (ESDA) issues secondary to central venous stenosis. The safety and effectiveness of the HeRO device has previously been proven, but no study thus far has compared the cost of its use with tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) and thigh grafts in patients with ESDA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analytic model was developed to simulate outcomes for patients with ESDA undergoing placement of a HeRO dialysis access device, TDC, or thigh graft. Outcomes of interest were infection, thrombosis, and ischemic events. Baseline values, ranges, and costs were determined from a systematic review of the literature. Total costs were based on 1 year of post-procedure outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test model strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HeRO dialysis access device is the least costly dialysis access with an average 1-year cost of $6521. The 1-year cost for a TDC was $8477. A thigh graft accounted for $9567 in a 1-year time period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HeRO dialysis access device is the least costly method of ESDA. The primary determinants of cost in this model are infection in TDCs and leg ischemia necessitating amputation in thigh grafts. Further study is necessary to incorporate patient preference and quality of life into the model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-4753, USA.
authors.forename: Leigh Anne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dageforde
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Bream
authors.forename: Derek E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000191:economics*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics*; D013848:Thigh