title: An amino acid mixture is essential to optimize insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in perfused rodent hindlimb muscle.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an amino acid mixture increases glucose uptake across perfused rodent hindlimb muscle in the presence and absence of a submaximal insulin concentration, and if the increase in glucose uptake is related to an increase in GLUT4 plasma membrane density. Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into one of four treatment groups: basal, amino acid mixture, submaximal insulin, or amino acid mixture with submaximal insulin. Glucose uptake was greater for both insulin-stimulated treatments compared with the non-insulin-stimulated treatment groups but amino acids only increased glucose uptake in the presence of insulin. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity was greater for both insulin-stimulated treatments with amino acids having no additional impact. Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation, however, was increased by the amino acids in the presence of insulin, but not in the absence of insulin. AMPK was unaffected by insulin or amino acids. Plasma membrane GLUT4 protein concentration was greater in the rats treated with insulin compared with no insulin in the perfusate. In the presence of insulin, amino acids increased GLUT4 density in the plasma membrane but had no effect in the absence of insulin. AS160 phosphorylation and plasma membrane GLUT4 density accounted for 76% of the variability in muscle glucose uptake. Collectively, these findings suggest that the beneficial effects of an amino acid mixture on skeletal muscle glucose uptake, in the presence of a submaximal insulin concentration, are due to an increase in AS160 phosphorylation and plasma membrane-associated GLUT4, but independent of PI 3-kinase and AMPK activation.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0360, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Yi-Hung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Phillip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Doerner
authors.forename: Zhenping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Wanyi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ivy
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006614:Hindlimb; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat; C533101:TBC1D4 protein, rat; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose