title: A latent modeling approach to genotype-phenotype relationships: maternal problem behavior clusters, prenatal smoking, and MAOA genotype.
abstract: This study illustrates the application of a latent modeling approach to genotype-phenotype relationships and gene × environment interactions, using a novel, multidimensional model of adult female problem behavior, including maternal prenatal smoking. The gene of interest is the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene which has been well studied in relation to antisocial behavior. Participants were adult women (N = 192) who were sampled from a prospective pregnancy cohort of non-Hispanic, white individuals recruited from a neighborhood health clinic. Structural equation modeling was used to model a female problem behavior phenotype, which included conduct problems, substance use, impulsive-sensation seeking, interpersonal aggression, and prenatal smoking. All of the female problem behavior dimensions clustered together strongly, with the exception of prenatal smoking. A main effect of MAOA genotype and a MAOA × physical maltreatment interaction were detected with the Conduct Problems factor. Our phenotypic model showed that prenatal smoking is not simply a marker of other maternal problem behaviors. The risk variant in the MAOA main effect and interaction analyses was the high activity MAOA genotype, which is discrepant from consensus findings in male samples. This result contributes to an emerging literature on sex-specific interaction effects for MAOA.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mcgrath@pngu.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mustanski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kistner-Griffin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wakschlag
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D056726:Genetic Association Studies / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008995:Monoamine Oxidase