title: The early decline in renal function in patients with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria predicts the risk of end-stage renal disease.
abstract: The risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) remains high in patients with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria; however, little is known about the rate of decline in their renal function. To help determine this, we enrolled patients with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria whose estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was normal (equal to or above 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). Using a minimum of five serial measurements of serum creatinine for 161 patients, we determined individual trajectories of eGFR change and the occurrence of ESRD during 5-18 years of follow-up. The rates were linear for 110 patients, for 24 the nonlinear rate was mild enough to satisfy a linear model, and the rates were clearly nonlinear for only 27 patients. Overall, in more than one-third of patients, the eGFR decline was less than 3.5 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year and the lifetime risk of ESRD could be considered negligible. In the remainder of patients, eGFR declined with widely different slopes and ESRD developed within 2 to 18 years. Based on up to 5 years observation, when renal function was within the normal range, the estimates of early eGFR slope predicted the risk of ESRD during subsequent follow-up better than the baseline clinical characteristics of glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, or the albumin to creatinine ratio. Thus, the early slope of eGFR decline in patients with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria can be used to predict the risk of ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Research and Clinic Divisions, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skupien
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Warram
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smiles
authors.forename: Monika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Niewczas
authors.forename: Tomohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gohda
authors.forename: Marcus G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pezzolesi
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cantarovich
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Andrzej S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Krolewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001900:Boston; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D012709:Serum Albumin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human