title: Delineating a relationship between problematic anger and cigarette smoking: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research implicates a potentially important relationship between anger and smoking, though extant work suffers from a number of limitations, including the absence of controls for psychiatric comorbidity and the use of treatment-seeking samples. The current study sought to examine the unique associations between problematic anger and smoking behavior in a large representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 5,692 adults from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, a nationally representative survey. Assessments of psychiatric diagnoses, smoking behavior, and problematic anger were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that problems of anger experience were significantly associated with past-year daily smoking, heavy smoking, and nicotine dependence. After controlling for demographics and psychiatric comorbidity, anger experience was uniquely associated with each of these outcomes. Anger experience also was uniquely associated with lifetime history of smoking cessation failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these population-based data suggest an important relationship between problematic anger and numerous aspects of smoking behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. cougle@psy.fsu.edu
authors.forename: Jesse R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cougle
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology