title: A maximum likelihood QTL analysis reveals common genome regions controlling resistance to Salmonella colonization and carrier-state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium of the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica are significant causes of human food poisoning. Fowl carrying these bacteria often show no clinical disease, with detection only established post-mortem. Increased resistance to the carrier state in commercial poultry could be a way to improve food safety by reducing the spread of these bacteria in poultry flocks. Previous studies identified QTLs for both resistance to carrier state and resistance to Salmonella colonization in the same White Leghorn inbred lines. Until now, none of the QTLs identified was common to the two types of resistance. All these analyses were performed using the F2 inbred or backcross option of the QTLExpress software based on linear regression. In the present study, QTL analysis was achieved using Maximum Likelihood with QTLMap software, in order to test the effect of the QTL analysis method on QTL detection. We analyzed the same phenotypic and genotypic data as those used in previous studies, which were collected on 378 animals genotyped with 480 genome-wide SNP markers. To enrich these data, we added eleven SNP markers located within QTLs controlling resistance to colonization and we looked for potential candidate genes co-localizing with QTLs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our case the QTL analysis method had an important impact on QTL detection. We were able to identify new genomic regions controlling resistance to carrier-state, in particular by testing the existence of two segregating QTLs. But some of the previously identified QTLs were not confirmed. Interestingly, two QTLs were detected on chromosomes 2 and 3, close to the locations of the major QTLs controlling resistance to colonization and to candidate genes involved in the immune response identified in other, independent studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the lack of stability of the QTLs detected, we suggest that interesting regions for further studies are those that were identified in several independent studies, which is the case of the QTL regions on chromosomes 2 and 3, involved in resistance to both Salmonella colonization and carrier state. These observations provide evidence of common genes controlling S. Typhimurium colonization and S. Enteritidis carrier-state in chickens.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, F-37083, Nouzilly, France.
authors.forename: Tran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thanh-Son
authors.forename: Beaumont
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Catherine
authors.forename: Salmon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nigel
authors.forename: Fife
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: Kaiser
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pete
authors.forename: Le Bihan-Duval
authors.initials: le BD
authors.lastname: Elisabeth
authors.forename: Vignal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alain
authors.forename: Velge
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Philippe
authors.forename: Calenge
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fanny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005819:Genetic Markers; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers