title: New pathological insights into cardiac amyloidosis: implications for non-invasive diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of the patterns of myocardial amyloid accumulation could improve the interpretation of electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings of amyloidosis. We assessed the extent and pattern of myocardial amyloid infiltration in explanted or autopsied hearts of patients with cardiomyopathy related to acquired monoclonal immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) or hereditary transthyretin (TTR) related amyloidosis (ATTR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed nine explanted/autopsied hearts from patients with AL (n = 4) and ATTR (n = 5) cardiac amyloidosis. For each heart, a biventricular histological macrosection was obtained at mid-ventricular level and analyzed with both inspective and computer-assisted histologic and histomorphometric analysis aimed in particular at quantifying muscle cells, fibrosis and amyloid infiltration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of amyloid infiltration of the left ventricle (LV) ranged from 45 to 76% (median [interquartile range (IQR)] = 57% [51-64]) of the overall surface. Although LV trabecular and subendocardial were the most infiltrated layers (45-94%, median [IQR] = 73% [67-84] and from 44 to 71%, median [IQR] = 57% [49-59], respectively), intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity was high. Three main patterns of amyloid infiltration of the LV were identified: diffuse (five cases), mainly subendocardial (two cases), and mainly segmental (two cases). The extent of amyloid infiltration of the right ventricle ranged from 48 to 93% (median [IQR] = 61% [59-83]); contributions of parietal and trabecular layers ranged from 32 to 99% (median [IQR] = 63% [47-88]) and from 49 to 93% (median [IQR] = 74% [64-79]), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, amyloid deposition is highly heterogeneous. Different patterns of infiltration are identifiable, including diffuse, mainly segmental and mainly subendocardial. Awareness of this variability can help the interpretation of ECGs, echocardiograms and magnetic resonance imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longhi
authors.forename: Candida C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Quarta
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ragazzini
authors.forename: Lucilla Badiali
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: De Giorgi
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasquale
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Potena
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lovato
authors.forename: Agnese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milandri
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arpesella
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rapezzi
mesh_terms: D028226:Amyloidosis, Familial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism