title: Cytokine concentration in aqueous humor of eyes with diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure cytokine concentrations in aqueous humor of eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  The interventional clinical comparative study included a study group of 23 patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema and a control group of 22 patients undergoing cataract surgery. Cytokine concentrations were measured in aqueous humor samples using a Luminex xMAP suspension array technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study group as compared with the control group, significantly higher concentrations were measured for epidermal growth factor (P < 0.001), human growth factor (P < 0.001), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; P < 0.001), interleukin (IL)-1a2 (P = 0.04), IL-6 (P = 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.001), interferon gamma-induced protein (P = 0.004), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0.001), monokine induced by interferon gamma (P < 0.001), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (P = 0.02), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (P < 0.001), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (P < 0.001), placenta growth factor (P < 0.001), tissue growth factor beta (P = 0.003), vascular cell adhesion molecule (P < 0.001), and vascular endothelial growth factor (P < 0.001). Retinal macula thickness was significantly associated with the concentrations of the epidermal growth factor (P = 0.005; ρ = 0.45), ICAM-1 (P < 0.001; ρ = 0.65), IL-3 (P = 0.002; ρ = 0.48), IL-6 (P = 0.003; ρ = 0.47), IL-8 (P < 0.001; ρ = 0.71), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P = 0.001; ρ = 0.53), monokine induced by interferon gamma (P < 0.001; ρ = 0.57), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (P < 0.001; ρ = 0.61), tissue growth factor beta (P = 0.01; ρ = 0.42), placenta growth factor (P = 0.004; ρ = 0.46), vascular cell adhesion molecule (P = 0.006; ρ = 0.44), and vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.01; ρ = 0.42). In multivariate analysis, macular thickness remained to be significantly associated with the concentration of ICAM-1 (P = 0.03; r = 0.30). Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were correlated with concentration of placenta growth factor (P < 0.001; ρ = 0.78), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (P = 0.001; ρ = 0.54), ICAM-1 (P < 0.001; ρ = 0.47), monokine induced by interferon gamma (P = 0.004; ρ = 0.44), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P = 0.003; ρ = 0.43), vascular cell adhesion molecule (P = 0.01; ρ = 0.38), IL-6 (P = 0.02; ρ = 0.35), IL-8 (P = 0.02; ρ = 0.37), epidermal growth factor (P = 0.01; ρ = 0.39), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (P = 0.01; ρ = 0.37).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous cytokines are associated with the presence and the amount of diabetic macular edema. Among these cytokines, ICAM-1 was the most significantly associated with the disease parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany. jost.jonas@umm.de
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Rahul A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neumaier
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Findeisen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002386:Cataract / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines