title: An update on the ability of St. John's wort to affect the metabolism of other drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypericum perforatum (HP), more commonly known as St. John's wort, is a popular medicinal herb used for the treatment of depression. HP affects the pharmacokinetics of many drugs by inducing cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, such as CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and P-gp as their plasma concentrations show the effects of concomitant use of HP. For the purpose of this review, all electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane library were searched to identify in vitro, in vivo or human studies about the effects of HP on the metabolism of drugs. Data collected were published between 1966 and January 2012.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a number of drugs whose metabolism is reduced by HP. The authors point out that metabolic interactions between HP and drugs are not always unfavorable and sometimes have benefits (e.g., reduction of irinotecan toxicity and increase in clopidogrel responsiveness). HP does not have a significant influence on the kinetics of drugs such as carbamazepine, ibuprofen and theophylline. The use of HP preparations is not recommended in people who are taking immunosuppressants or cardiovascular drugs. With other medications, it is recommended that practitioners should only use HP preparations with a low hyperforin content and under careful monitoring. It is also recommended that because of the reduction in the bioavailability of oral contraceptives administered concurrently with HP, women who use HP preparations should use additional preventive methods to avoid unintended pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Roja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D020902:Hypericum; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D028321:Plant Preparations; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human