title: Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mother-infant separation postbirth is common in Western culture. Early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) begins ideally at birth and involves placing the naked baby, head covered with a dry cap and a warm blanket across the back, prone on the mother's bare chest. According to mammalian neuroscience, the intimate contact inherent in this place (habitat) evokes neurobehaviors ensuring fulfillment of basic biological needs. This time may represent a psychophysiologically 'sensitive period' for programming future physiology and behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of early SSC on breastfeeding, physiological adaptation, and behavior in healthy mother-newborn dyads.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 November 2011), made personal contact with trialists, and consulted the bibliography on kangaroo mother care (KMC) maintained by Dr. Susan Ludington.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials comparing early SSC with usual hospital care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four randomized controlled trials were included involving 2177 participants (mother-infant dyads). Data from more than two trials were available for only eight outcome measures. For primary outcomes, we found a statistically significant positive effect of early SSC on breastfeeding at one to four months postbirth (13 trials; 702 participants) (risk ratio (RR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 to 1.53, and SSC increased breastfeeding duration (seven trials; 324 participants) (mean difference (MD) 42.55 days, 95% CI -1.69 to 86.79) but the results did not quite reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). Late preterm infants had better cardio-respiratory stability with early SSC (one trial; 31 participants) (MD 2.88, 95% CI 0.53 to 5.23). Blood glucose 75 to 90 minutes following the birth was significantly higher in SSC infants (two trials, 94 infants) (MD 10.56 mg/dL, 95% CI 8.40 to 12.72).The overall methodological quality of trials was mixed, and there was high heterogeneity for some outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations included methodological quality, variations in intervention implementation, and outcomes. The intervention appears to benefit breastfeeding outcomes, and cardio-respiratory stability and decrease infant crying, and has no apparent short- or long-term negative effects. Further investigation is recommended. To facilitate meta-analysis, future research should be done using outcome measures consistent with those in the studies included here. Published reports should clearly indicate if the intervention was SSC with time of initiation and duration and include means, standard deviations and exact probability values.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University,Nashville, Tennessee, USA. elizabeth.moore@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Gene C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dowswell
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D060127:Kangaroo-Mother Care Method / Q000379:methods*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers; D009769:Object Attachment; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*