title: Initial management of septic patients with hyperglycemia in the noncritical care inpatient setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research on the management of hyperglycemia in patients with sepsis has focused primarily on those with established organ failure in the critical care setting. The impact of hyperglycemia and glycemic control in patients with infection before developing severe sepsis or shock remains undefined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational, prospective, cohort study investigated the relationship between initial 72-hour time-weighted mean glucose concentrations and in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit transfer, and hospital length of stay in a cohort of patients with an acute infection who were admitted from the emergency department to a non-intensive care unit hospital ward. We used multivariate regression models adjusted for age, diabetes, and disease severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1849 patients were included, of whom 29% had diabetes. In the 1310 nondiabetic patients, we observed hyperglycemia using time-weighted glucose concentrations: 121 to 150 mg/dL (n=204, 16%), 151 to 180 mg/dL (n=32, 2.4%), and greater than 180 mg/dL (n=21, 1.6%). Insulin treatment was infrequent in nondiabetic patients, with 9%, 13%, and 29% of nondiabetic patients in these ranges receiving insulin, respectively. As patient glucose values increased, in-hospital mortality increased in nondiabetic patients, with odds ratios (ORs) of 4.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-11), 10.0 (95% CI, 2.5-40), and 9.3 (95% CI, 1.9-44.0). Conversely, hyperglycemia did not confer an increased risk of adverse outcomes in diabetic patients. Likewise, increased risk for unplanned intensive care unit admission from the floor demonstrated ORs of 2.2 (95% CI, 1.1-4.3), 2.0 (95% CI, 0.45-8.9), and 6.3 (95% CI, 1.9-20.6) in nondiabetic patients, whereas no increased risk was found in diabetic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of acutely infected patients without established severe sepsis or shock, higher glucose concentrations within the first 72 hours in the nondiabetic population were associated with worse hospital outcomes and were less likely to be treated with insulin compared with diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Schuetzph@gmail.com
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuetz
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Aird
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yealy
authors.forename: Nathan I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin