title: Effect of pregnancy and obesity on arch of foot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endocrine changes occurring during pregnancy result in increased laxity of the ligaments of the foot. This may lead to gradual collapse of the foot arches. The aim of the study was to determine whether pregnancy and body mass index (BMI) had a role in affecting the foot arches at long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  A collapsed arch results in widening of the feet, thus altering the foot size. The control group included nulliparous women, while the study group included women who had been pregnant at least once. The groups were stratified secondarily by obesity according to BMI. We reviewed over 1000 charts at the outpatient offices in a large Mid-Western city. The age, BMI, and shoe size in an athletic shoe were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 40 subjects in the control group and 70 in the study group. 19/40 women in control and 46/70 in study group experienced a change in shoe size (P = 0.06). Of those affected, the non-obese control group experienced a 9.7% change in shoe size while the obese study group experienced a 15.5% change (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was neither a change in size between women who had been pregnant and the nulliparous, nor was there a difference between the obese and non-obese. However, there was a statically significant difference between those affected who were both non-obese and nulliparous and those who had been pregnant and who are obese. Individually, the effect of pregnancy and BMI are highly suggestive and clinically relevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79930, USA. dunnjohnc@gmail.com
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habbu
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bohay
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology*; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies