title: Ciglitazone inhibits cigarette smoke solution-induced inflammatory responses in human middle ear epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, plays an important role in the regulation of mucosal inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of a PPAR-γ agonist, ciglitazone, on cigarette smoke solution (CSS)-induced inflammation in human middle ear epithelial cell lines (HMEECs).
  
  
  METHODS
  HMEECs with or without ciglitazone pre-treatment were exposed to CSS in order to induce the inflammatory response. The suppressive effect of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation with CSS at 40 μg/ml for 6 h resulted in a 4.1-fold increase in the expression of TNF-α mRNA in the HMEECs. CSS-induced up-regulation of TNF-α mRNA was decreased by more than 2.8-fold in cells pre-treated with ciglitazone. The up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA and increased COX-2 protein expression induced by CSS were also inhibited by more than 3.7-fold with ciglitazone pre-treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the inflammatory response induced by CSS could be inhibited by ciglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, in HMEECs. As such, PPAR-γ agonists may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of otitis media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan hospital, Gyunggi-do, Ansan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Hyun Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hak Hyun
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Sung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chae
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; C039671:ciglitazone