title: Differential expression of 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and neural lineage markers correlate with glioblastoma xenograft infiltration and patient survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a poorly treated human brain cancer with few established clinically useful molecular prognostic markers. We characterized glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) according to developmental neural lineage markers and correlated their expression with patient survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunoblot array of neural lineage markers classified five independently isolated human GSC lines into three classes exhibiting differential expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC), astrocyte progenitor cells (APC), and neural progenitor cells (NPC) markers. Immunodeficient mice were orthotopically implanted with each cell line to evaluate tumor infiltration and recipient survival. 2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) antigenic expression was used to evaluate a clinically annotated GBM tissue microarray with 115 specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that molecular classification of patient-derived GSCs using neural lineage markers show association with differential xenograft invasiveness, and also show significant correlation to survival in both the mouse model and human patients. Orthotopic implantation into immunodeficient mice showed Ki-67 proliferative index independent xenograft infiltration: class I GSCs (OPC and NPC positive) established focal lesions, class II GSCs (NPC positive) formed minimally invasive lesions, and class III GSCs (APC positive) established highly infiltrative lesions. The OPC marker, CNP also exhibited high expression in focal xenografts versus low expression in invasive xenografts. Differential CNP expression correlated with mouse model survival, and CNP immunoassay of a large GBM tissue microarray also showed significant differential patient survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSC classification with developmental neural lineage markers revealed CNP as a novel and potentially useful clinical prognosis marker, and suggests clinical importance for patient-specific GSC analysis.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zorniak
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Leeper
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tipping
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kozak
authors.forename: M Shahriar
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Salamat
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D063309:2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D019070:Cell Lineage; D015870:Gene Expression; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D063309:2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase; C571337:CNP protein, human; C571338:Cnp protein, mouse