title: Prevalence of QT interval prolongation in patients admitted to cardiac care units and frequency of subsequent administration of QT interval-prolonging drugs: a prospective, observational study in a large urban academic medical center in the US.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac arrest due to torsades de pointes (TdP) is a rare but catastrophic event in hospitals. Patients admitted to cardiac units are at higher risk of drug-induced QT interval prolongation and TdP, due to a preponderance of risk factors. Few data exist regarding the prevalence of QT interval prolongation in patients admitted to cardiac units or the frequency of administering QT interval-prolonging drugs to patients presenting with QT interval prolongation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Bazett's-corrected QT (QT(c)) interval prolongation upon admission to cardiac units and the proportion of patients presenting with QT(c) interval prolongation who are subsequently administered QT interval-prolonging drugs during hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, observational study conducted over a 1-year period (October 2008-October 2009) in 1159 consecutive patients admitted to two cardiac units in a large urban academic medical centre located in Indianapolis, IN, USA. Patients were enrolled into the study at the time of admission to the hospital and were followed daily during hospitalization. Exclusion criteria were age <18 years, ECG rhythm of complete ventricular pacing, and patient designation as 'outpatient' in a bed and/or duration of stay <24 hours. Data collected included demographic information, past medical history, daily progress notes, medication administration records, laboratory data, ECGs, telemetry monitoring strips and diagnostic reports. All patients underwent continuous cardiac telemetry monitoring and/or had a baseline 12-lead ECG obtained within 4 hours of admission. QT intervals were determined manually from lead II of 12-lead ECGs or from continuous lead II telemetry monitoring strips. QT(c) interval prolongation was defined as ≥470 ms for males and ≥480 ms for females. In both males and females, QT(c) interval >500 ms was considered abnormally high. A medication was classified as QT interval-prolonging if there were published data indicating that the drug causes QT interval prolongation and/or TdP. Study endpoints were (i) prevalence of QT(c) interval prolongation upon admission to the Cardiac Medical Critical Care Unit (CMCCU) or an Advanced Heart Care Unit (AHCU); (ii) proportion of patients admitted to the CMCCU/AHCU with QT(c) interval prolongation who subsequently were administered QT interval-prolonging drugs during hospitalization; (iii) the proportion of these higher-risk patients in whom TdP risk factor monitoring was performed; (iv) proportion of patients with QT(c) interval prolongation who subsequently received QT-prolonging drugs and who experienced further QT(c) interval prolongation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1159 patients enrolled, 259 patients met exclusion criteria, resulting in a final sample size of 900 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  mean (± SD) age, 65 ± 15 years; female, 47%; Caucasian, 70%. Admitting diagnoses: heart failure (22%), myocardial infarction (16%), atrial fibrillation (9%), sudden cardiac arrest (3%). QT(c) interval prolongation was present in 27.9% of patients on admission; 18.2% had QT(c) interval >500 ms. Of 251 patients admitted with QT(c) interval prolongation, 87 (34.7%) were subsequently administered QT interval-prolonging drugs. Of 166 patients admitted with QT(c) interval >500 ms, 70 (42.2%) were subsequently administered QT interval-prolonging drugs; additional QT(c) interval prolongation ≥60 ms occurred in 57.1% of these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QT(c) interval prolongation is common among patients admitted to cardiac units. QT interval-prolonging drugs are commonly prescribed to patients presenting with QT(c) interval prolongation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. jtisdale@purdue.edu
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tisdale
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Overholser
authors.forename: Joanna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kingery
authors.forename: Tate N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kovacs
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002300:Cardiac Care Facilities; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations