title: Telephone consultation for improving health of people living with or at risk of HIV: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low cost, effective interventions are needed to deal with the major global burden of HIV/AIDS. Telephone consultation offers the potential to improve health of people living with HIV/AIDS cost-effectively and to reduce the burden on affected people and health systems. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of telephone consultation for HIV/AIDS care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature. Two authors independently screened citations, extracted data and assessed the quality of randomized controlled trials which compared telephone interventions with control groups for HIV/AIDS care. Telephone interventions were voice calls with landlines or mobile phones. We present a narrative overview of the results as the obtained trials were highly heterogeneous in design and therefore the data could not be pooled for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search yielded 3321 citations. Of these, nine studies involving 1162 participants met the inclusion criteria. The telephone was used for giving HIV test results (one trial) and for delivering behavioural interventions aimed at improving mental health (four trials), reducing sexual transmission risk (one trial), improving medication adherence (two trials) and smoking cessation (one trial). Limited effectiveness of the intervention was found in the trial giving HIV test results, in one trial supporting medication adherence and in one trial for smoking cessation by telephone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found some evidence of the benefits of interventions delivered by telephone for the health of people living with HIV or at risk of HIV. However, only limited conclusions can be drawn as we only found nine studies for five different interventions and they mainly took place in the United States. Nevertheless, given the high penetration of low-cost mobile phones in countries with high HIV endemicity, more evidence is needed on how telephone consultation can aid in the delivery of HIV prevention, treatment and care.
authors.affiliation: Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michelle H M M T
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van Velthoven
authors.forename: Lorainne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tudor Car
authors.forename: Josip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Car
authors.forename: Rifat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atun
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013689:Telephone