title: Technical note: identification of reference genes for gene expression studies in different bovine tissues focusing on different fat depots.
abstract: Selection of stable reference genes (REF) is important in real-time PCR data normalization. Bovine tissues such as the mammary gland, liver, muscle, and s.c. fat from the tail head have been thoroughly explored for stable REF, whereas fewer reports exist for other fat depots. Therefore, a suitable combination of REF was tested for different tissues of dairy cattle. Holstein dairy heifers (n = 25) were supplemented (100 g/d) with a control fat (n = 15) without conjugated linoleic acids or with rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acids (n = 10) from the day of calving until slaughter at 1, 42, or 105 d postpartum (n = 5, 10, and 10, respectively). Samples from 6 fat depots (omental, mesenterial, retroperitoneal, s.c. tail head, s.c. withers, and s.c. sternum), liver, semitendinosus muscle, and mammary gland were collected. The REF mRNA were quantified and their stability was analyzed using geNorm(plus). The 3 most stable REF in individual fat tissues and muscle were EMD (emerin), POLR2A (RNA polymerase II), and LRP10 (lipoprotein receptor-related protein 10); in mammary gland were MARVELD1 (marvel domain containing 1), EMD, and LRP10; and in liver were HPCAL1 (hippocalcin-like 1), LRP10, and EIF3K (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3). The 3 most stable REF in s.c. fat were EMD, LRP10, and EIF3K; in visceral fat were POLR2A, LRP10, and MARVELD1; and for all 6 adipose tissues were LRP10, EIF3K, and MARVELD1. When the mammary gland was added to the 6 adipose depots, at least 5 REF (LRP10, POLR2A, EIF3K, MARVELD1, and HPCAL1) were needed to reach the threshold of 0.15. Addition of liver to the above-mentioned tissues increased the V value. The data improve the comparison of gene expression between different fat depots. In each case, GAPDH had the lowest stability value.
authors.affiliation: Physiology & Hygiene Unit, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saremi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dänicke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mielenz
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012015:Reference Standards; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000502:physiology