title: Risk factors, clinical profile, and long-term outcome of 428 patients of cerebral sinus venous thrombosis: insights from Nizam's Institute Venous Stroke Registry, Hyderabad (India).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the widespread use of neuroimaging and hematological workup, many of the previously held concepts about cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) are changing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors, clinical profile, and outcome of the fully investigated cases of CSVT from a major university referral hospital in South India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients of CSVT confirmed by definite neuroimaging criteria and fully investigated for prothrombotic states, between June 2002 and September 2010, were prospectively studied in the Venous Stroke Registry of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, South India.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 428 patients, 230 (53.7%) were men and the mean age was 31.3 years (range 8-65 years). Seizures were noted in 126 (29.4%) patients, stroke like presentation was found in 122 (28.5%) patients, and benign intracranial hypertension like presentation was found in 78 (18.2%) patients. Common risk factors were anemia in 79 (18.4%), hyperhomocysteinemia in 78 (18.2%), alcoholism in 67 (15.6%), oral contraceptive pill intake in 49 (11.4%), postpartum state in 42 (9.8%), anticardiolipin antibodies in 31 (7.2%), and protein S deficiency in 53 (12.3%) patients. Good outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale £ 2) was observed in 273 (71.2%) of 383 patients available for follow-up. In-house mortality was noted in 33 (7.7%) and recurrence in 22 (5.1%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to the previous studies, prevalence of CSVT was higher in men. Anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, alcoholism, oral contraceptive use, and postpartum state were the most common risk factors. Overall prognosis was good, but a small percentage of patients died or showed recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Panjagutta, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Deekshanti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Subhash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suryaprabha
authors.forename: V C S Srinivasarao
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Bandaru
authors.forename: K Rukmini
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Mridula
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jabeen
authors.forename: Suvarna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alladi
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Meena
authors.forename: Rupam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borgohain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012851:Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult