title: Medical, statistical, ethical and human rights considerations in the assessment of age in children and young people subject to immigration control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unprecedented changes in both the scale and the complexity of international migration have led to international concern and controversy over the assessment of age in children and young people subject to immigration control or seeking asylum who say they are children yet have no documents to prove their stated age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The article reviews the existing evidence on the reliability of medical and non-medical techniques for the assessment of chronological age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is evidence that radiography (X-rays) of bones and teeth, which is increasingly relied upon by immigration authorities, is imprecise, unethical and potentially unlawful, and should not be used for age assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medical techniques including X-rays continue to be relied upon in the absence of an alternative approach resulting in legal challenges and uncertainty for children and young people.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further work is needed to establish a process for age assessment based on a 'holistic' multi-disciplinary approach which focuses not on chronological age exclusively but rather on the needs of children and young people subject to immigration control.
authors.affiliation: University College London, UK. al@aynsley-green.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aynsley-Green
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Crawley
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lessof
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Boag
authors.forename: R M M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth / Q000379:methods; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D026688:Bioethical Issues; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D012036:Refugees