title: Using native epiphytic ferns to estimate the atmospheric mercury levels in a small-scale gold mining area of West Java, Indonesia.
abstract: Mercury pollution is caused by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) operations along the Cikaniki River (West Java, Indonesia). The atmosphere is one of the primary media through which mercury can disperse. In this study, atmospheric mercury levels are estimated using the native epiphytic fern Asplenium nidus complex (A. nidus) as a biomonitor; these estimates shed light on the atmospheric dispersion of mercury released during mining. Samples were collected from 8 sites along the Cikaniki Basin during September-November, 2008 and September-November, 2009. The A. nidus fronds that were attached to tree trunks 1-3m above the ground were collected and measured for total mercury concentration using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) after acid-digestion. The atmospheric mercury was collected using porous gold collectors, and the concentrations were determined using double-amalgam CVAAS. The highest atmospheric mercury concentration, 1.8 × 10(3) ± 1.6 × 10(3) ngm(-3), was observed at the mining hot spot, and the lowest concentration of mercury, 5.6 ± 2.0 ngm(-3), was observed at the remote site from the Cikaniki River in 2009. The mercury concentrations in A. nidus were higher at the mining village (5.4 × 10(3) ± 1.6 × 10(3) ngg(-1)) than at the remote site (70 ± 30 ngg(-1)). The distribution of mercury in A. nidus was similar to that in the atmosphere; a significant correlation was observed between the mercury concentrations in the air and in A. nidus (r=0.895, P<0.001, n=14). The mercury levels in the atmosphere can be estimated from the mercury concentration in A. nidus using a regression equation: log (Hg(A.nidu)/ngg(-1))=0.740 log (Hg(Air)/ngm (-3)) - 1.324.
authors.affiliation: Environment and Safety Section, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Joeni S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rahajoe
authors.forename: Nuril
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hidayati
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kodamatani
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomiyasu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D029624:Ferns / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006046:Gold; D007214:Indonesia; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006046:Gold; D008628:Mercury