title: Spatial frequency domain tomography of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in preclinical glioma models.
abstract: Multifrequency (0 to 0.3  mm(-1)), multiwavelength (633, 680, 720, 800, and 820 nm) spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was used to recover absorption, scattering, and fluorescence properties of glioblastoma multiforme spheroids in tissue-simulating phantoms and in vivo in a mouse model. Three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions of the frequency-dependent remitted light localized the depths of the spheroids within 500 μm, and the total amount of PpIX in the reconstructed images was constant to within 30% when spheroid depth was varied. In vivo tumor-to-normal contrast was greater than ∼1.5 in reduced scattering coefficient for all wavelengths and was ∼1.3 for the tissue concentration of deoxyhemoglobin (ctHb). The study demonstrates the feasibility of SFDI for providing enhanced image guidance during surgical resection of brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
authors.forename: Soren D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Konecky
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Pablo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.forename: Kolbein
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolste
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leblond
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tromberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011524:Protoporphyrins; C028025:protoporphyrin IX