title: Effects of the head lift exercise on the swallow function: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ageing is associated with modifications in upper oesophageal sphincter function that may be deleterious to deglutition. The head lift exercise (Shaker exercise) is a head-raising work out aiming to improve the opening of this segment, and ultimately to reduce aspiration. We aimed to review critically the evidence on the effects of this structured intervention programme and to identify gaps to be filled by future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified published reports addressing the effect of this exercise in increasing the anteroposterior diameter and cross-sectional area of the deglutitive upper oesophageal sphincter opening or dysphagic symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine methodologically heterogeneous studies were included in the review, and the reported effects of the head lift exercise were an increase in the anterior excursion of the larynx and in the anteroposterior diameter of the upper oesophageal sphincter opening, and the elimination of dysphagic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies including control groups and accounting for potential confounders are needed for a sound assessment of the effectiveness of this technique. The data on the functional results are, however, promising for dysphagia interventions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal. eva@ufp.edu.pt
authors.forename: Eva Bolle
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lunet
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D049631:Esophageal Sphincter, Upper / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology