title: Influence of high blood glucose fluctuation on endothelial function of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats and effects of Panax Quinquefolius Saponin of stem and leaf.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the influence of high blood glucose fluctuation on the endothelial function of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats and the effects of Panax Quinquefolius Saponin (PQS) of stem and leaf.
  
  
  METHODS
  The T2DM model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a small dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg) plus high fat and high caloric laboratory chow. Then, diabetic rats were divided into steady high blood glucose (SHG) group and fluctuant high blood glucose (FHG) group according to fasting blood glucose coefficient of variation (FBG-CV), and then, the FHG group rats were divided into 4 groups according to the level of FBG-CV and fasting blood glucose: PQS 30 mg/(kg·d) group, PQS 60 mg/(kg·d) group, metformin hydrochloride control (MHC) group, and FHG control group, 10 in each group. Meanwhile, 10 rats without any treatment were used as normal control (NOR) group. Eight weeks later, the aortic arteries histology, plasma hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with the NOR group, the level of plasma HGF and serum NO, ET-1 and TNF-α, and sICAM-1 in SHG and FHG control groups were all significantly increased (P<0.01); in comparison with the SHG group, plasma HGF and serum NO, ET-1, TNF-α, and sICAM-1 in FHG group were all significantly increased further (P<0.01 or P<0.05); meanwhile, in comparison with the FHG control group, the level of plasma HGF and serum NO, ET-1, TNF-α, and sICAM-1 in PQS and MHC groups were all decreased significantly (P<0.01). However, comparison of the aortic arteries histology among groups showed no significant differences either before or after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood glucose fluctuation could facilitate the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction in T2DM rats, while PQS could improve the endothelial function of T2DM rats with high blood glucose fluctuation, which may be related to its effects of relieving vessel stress, decreasing vasoconstrictor ET-1 production, preventing compensated increase of NO, and reducing inflammatory reaction.
authors.affiliation: Departmten of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Shang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Cheng-Dong
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012995:Solubility; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019332:Endothelin-1; D012503:Saponins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor