title: Novel approach to therapeutic ERCP after long-limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery using transgastric self-expandable metal stents: experimental outcomes and first human case study (with videos).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ERCP in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients is challenging. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) allows access to the excluded stomach with creation of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Transgastric self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement may allow antegrade ERCP in 1 session.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility of transgastric endoscopy and ERCP through a newly created PEG augmented by SEMS placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective live animal study; human case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal laboratory and endoscopy units, tertiary care medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine domestic pigs; 1 patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  PEG tract with SEMS placement; transgastric endoscopy through SEMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Technical success, feasibility of transgastric endoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful SEMS deployment was achieved in 9 of 9 animals. The stent was removed in 6 animals; 3 were killed within 24 hours (group A) and 3 were killed 1 week later (group B). In 3 animals, stents remained in place, they were killed 9 to 15 days later (group C). Duodenoscopy was difficult in 1 animal from group A resulting in stent dislodgment. Peristomal infection occurred in 1 animal in group B. In group C, 1 stent was buried subcutaneously and 1 completely migrated out. Necropsy showed no peritoneal fluid or peritonitis in any animal. In the 1 patient, BAE-assisted PEG and SEMS placement in the excluded stomach allowed antegrade ERCP and biliary sphincterotomy without adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small number of subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance of PEG with immediate SEMS placement allows for antegrade transgastric ERCP during 1 procedure. With the use of BAE, retrograde PEG/SEMS in excluded stomach allows therapeutic ERCP without need for surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. baron.todd@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Louis M Wong Kee
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Lincoln E V V
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Smyrk
mesh_terms: D000713:Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D020698:Duodenoscopes; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D046628:Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015607:Stents; D013552:Swine