title: Effect of nitrogen content and additional straw on changes in chemical composition, volatile losses, and ammonia emissions from dairy manure during long-term storage.
abstract: Twelve 200-L barrels were used to determine the effects of N content and straw addition on changes in chemical composition and volatile losses measured by mass balance of dairy manure during a 136-d storage period. In addition, on d 0, 3, 6, 12, 28, 56, and 136, rate of NH₃-N emission was measured, and core samples were collected to characterize fermentation pattern. High N (3.06% N, HN) and low N (2.75% N, LN) manures were obtained from cows fed diets with 17.2 and 15.2% crude protein (dry matter basis), respectively. On d 0, manure scraped from a freestall barn floor was diluted with water to 10% dry matter and loaded in barrels with (+S) or without (-S) mixing 22g of chopped wheat straw per kilogram of undiluted manure. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 3 replications. We observed no interaction between treatments for the reported measurements, but several day-of-storage by treatment interactions were found. Throughout storage, total NH₃-N (TAN, NH₃-N + NH₄⁺-N; 71.9 vs. 104.3 mg/dL), pH (6.40 vs. 6.74), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA, starting on d 12) were lower for LN relative to HN manure. In the presence of straw, crust formation occurred between d 12 and 28, and pH became lower and TVFA became higher starting on d 56, compared with no straw. Treatments did not influence loss of organic matter, organic N, organic C, or N, which averaged 31, 29, 26, and 20%, respectively. However, neutral detergent fiber loss was 44% higher for +S relative to -S manure. Consistent reductions in the C:N ratio indicated proportionally higher volatile C loss than volatile N loss during storage. Overall rate of NH₃-N emission was 36% lower for LN than for HN manure. In the presence of straw, rate of NH₃-N emission did not differ until after crust formation, but was 67% lower on d 56 and 95% lower on d 136, when it was barely detectable, compared with manure with no straw. Manure pH was highly correlated with TVFA:TAN ratio (r=-0.78), and rate of NH₃-N emission was correlated with pH, TVFA:TAN, TVFA, and TAN (r=0.47, -0.44, -0.23, and 0.28, respectively). In this trial, both microbial fermentation and crust formation influenced NH₃-N emission rate and other measured responses, highlighting the importance of long-term sampling to evaluate treatment effects in manure storage studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Aguerre
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wattiaux
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Lobos
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D004777:Environment; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006109:Poaceae; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen