title: Endothelium under stress: local and systemic messages.
abstract: Endothelial responses to stressors are nonuniform and follow the rules of stress-induced hormesis. Responses to the same stressor, depending on its intensity, can range from pro-regenerative to pro-lethal. Exposure to sublethal stressors induces a programmed response that results in stress resistance, whereas a lethal level of a stressor accelerates cell demise. Diverse stressors turn on several default programs within the cells; such programs tend to induce anti-oxidative defenses and anti-inflammatory and pro-survival systems, whereas others tend to switch on pro-apoptotic systems. The response of the kidney endothelium to various forms of acute kidney injury follows these general principles. It is characterized by a proinflammatory pattern that includes up-regulation of different adhesion molecules promoting endothelial-leukocyte interactions, generation of reactive oxygen species, with formation of oxidative and nitrosative stress and mitochondrial damage. Simultaneously, a series of adaptive mechanisms, both local and systemic, are ignited. Stressed endothelial cells broadcast distress signals systemically; these signals can be directed toward the restoration of homeostasis or aggravation of the original insult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Sergey V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Brodsky
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Goligorsky
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D034281:Dynamins; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000502:physiology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; C110768:DNM1L protein, human; D034281:Dynamins