title: Non-specific immune response and disease resistance induced by Siegesbeckia glabrescens against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Epinephelus bruneus.
abstract: The immunomodulatory effect of Siegesbeckia glabrescens extract-supplementation diets on innate immune response and disease resistance of kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio parahaemolyticus at weeks 1, 2, and 4 is reported. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly enhanced with any enriched diet from weeks 1-4 when compared to control diet (0%). The alternative complement haemolytic activities significantly were enhanced with all enriched diets on weeks 2 and 4 whereas the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly enhanced only with 1.0% and 2.0% diets. The reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) value was significantly enhanced with any enriched diet on weeks 2 and 4, but on first week it did not differ from control. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) production significantly increased with 1.0% and 2.0% diets from second week onwards; with other enriched diets the increase manifested on fourth week; but during first week it did not vary from that of the control with any enriched diet. The protection in terms of cumulative mortality was the least being 25% and 20% when fed with 1.0% and 2.0% diets. The present results indicate that feeding kelp grouper with S. glabrescens extract enriched diet at 1.0% and 2.0% levels significantly enhance the immunological parameters, increase the disease resistance and minimize the cumulative mortality in E. bruneus against V. parahaemolyticus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea. rhari123@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harikrishnan
authors.forename: Dong-Hwi
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Pitchaimuthu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mariappan
authors.forename: Chellam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balasundaram
authors.forename: Moon-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001492:Bass; D003170:Complement Pathway, Alternative / Q000276:immunology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000276:immunology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000097:blood; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000276:immunology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009195:Peroxidase; D009113:Muramidase