title: Interactions of physical, chemical, and biological weather calling for an integrated approach to assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality.
abstract: This article reviews interactions and health impacts of physical, chemical, and biological weather. Interactions and synergistic effects between the three types of weather call for integrated assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality. Today's air quality legislation falls short of addressing air quality degradation by biological weather, despite increasing evidence for the feasibility of both mitigation and adaptation policy options. In comparison with the existing capabilities for physical and chemical weather, the monitoring of biological weather is lacking stable operational agreements and resources. Furthermore, integrated effects of physical, chemical, and biological weather suggest a critical review of air quality management practices. Additional research is required to improve the coupled modeling of physical, chemical, and biological weather as well as the assessment and communication of integrated air quality. Findings from several recent COST Actions underline the importance of an increased dialog between scientists from the fields of meteorology, air quality, aerobiology, health, and policy makers.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Västra Frölunda, Gothenburg, Sweden. Thomas.Klein@smhi.se
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kukkonen
authors.forename: Aslög
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Elissavet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bossioli
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baklanov
authors.forename: Aasmund Fahre
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Vik
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agnew
authors.forename: Kostas D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Karatzas
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sofiev
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005544:Forecasting; D014887:Weather