title: Epidemiology, policy, and racial/ethnic minority health disparities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologists have long contributed to policy efforts to address health disparities. Three examples illustrate how epidemiologists have addressed health disparities in the United States and abroad through a "social determinants of health" lens.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify examples of how epidemiologic research has been applied to reduce health disparities, we queried epidemiologists engaged in disparities research in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand, and drew upon the scientific literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resulting examples covered a wide range of topic areas. Three areas selected for their contributions to policy were: (1) epidemiology's role in definition and measurement, (2) the study of housing and asthma, and (3) the study of food policy strategies to reduce health disparities. Although epidemiologic research has done much to define and quantify health inequalities, it has generally been less successful at producing evidence that would identify targets for health equity intervention. Epidemiologists have a role to play in measurement and basic surveillance, etiologic research, intervention research, and evaluation research. However, our training and funding sources generally place greatest emphasis on surveillance and etiologic research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complexity of health disparities requires better training for epidemiologists to effectively work in multidisciplinary teams. Together we can evaluate contextual and multilevel contributions to disease and study intervention programs to gain better insights into evidenced-based health equity strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA. opokras@umd.edu
authors.forename: Olivia D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Carter-Pokras
authors.forename: Tabatha N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Offutt-Powell
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Wayne H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Vickie M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Mays
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D004813:Epidemiology / Q000193:education / Q000639:trends*; D005006:Ethnicity; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011050:Policy Making; D044469:Racial Groups; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology