title: Paleopathological findings in radiographs of ancient and modern Greek skulls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The skull, when portrayed radiologically, can be a useful tool in detecting signs of systemic diseases and results of pathological growth mechanisms. The aim of this study was therefore to examine, compare, and classify findings in cranial configuration of pathological origin, in modern and ancient skulls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The material consists of 240 modern and 141 ancient dry skulls. Three radiographs for each skull (lateral, anteroposterior, basilar) provide enough evidence for differential diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases of osteoporosis are among the interesting pathological findings. A prevalence of female modern skulls in those determined as osteoporotic skulls is noted. Special interest is placed on the area of the sella turcica and many variations, regarding the shape and texture, are recognized both in ancient and modern skulls. Malignancies and important causes of cranial destruction are identified in both skull collections. Diploid thickening and osteolytic areas appear commonly among ancient remains. Moreover, from the ancient skull collection, one case possibly recognizable as fibrous dysplasia is noted while another case with an unusual exostosis gives rise to many questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpreted with caution, the results of the present study, which can serve as an approach of paleopathology and paleoradiology, indicate similarity trends in cranial configuration of pathologic origin in modern and ancient people. Radiography and cephalometry were the main diagnostic tools used to gather evidence and are evaluated as a quite appropriate method to examine anthropological material and assess the internal structure of skeletal remains since they are non-destructive techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paleopathology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. demon@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Manolis J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Papagrigorakis
authors.forename: Kostas G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Karamesinis
authors.forename: Kostas P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Daliouris
authors.forename: Antonis A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kousoulis
authors.forename: Philippos N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Synodinos
authors.forename: Michail D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hatziantoniou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D000076145:Greece, Ancient; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000266:history*; D010164:Paleopathology; D011859:Radiography; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*