title: When contributions make a difference: explaining order effects in responsibility attribution.
abstract: In two experiments, we established an order effect in responsibility attributions. In line with Spellman (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126: 323-348, 1997), who proposed that a person's perceived causal contribution varies with the degree to which it changes the probability of the eventual outcome, Experiment 1 showed that in a team challenge in which the players contribute sequentially, the last player's blame or credit is attenuated if the team's result has already been determined prior to her acting. Experiment 2 illustrated that this attenuation effect does not overgeneralize to situations in which the experienced order of events does not map onto the objective order of events; the level of the last person's performance is only discounted if that person knew that the result was already determined. Furthermore, Experiment 1 demonstrated that responsibility attributions remain sensitive to differences in performance, even if the outcome is already determined. We suggest a theoretical extension of Spellman's model, according to which participants' responsibility attributions are determined not only by whether a contribution made a difference in the actual situation, but also by whether it would have made a difference had things turned out somewhat differently.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences, University College London, 26, Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK. t.gerstenberg@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerstenberg
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lagnado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D012938:Social Perception; D013997:Time Factors