title: Alcohol and cannabis use and mortality in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
abstract: The impact of co-morbid substance use on mortality is not well studied in psychotic disorders. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of substance use on mortality in people with psychotic disorders and alcohol and/or drug use. We examined the rate of substance use and the risk of substance use on mortality risk over a 4-10 year period in 762 people with psychotic disorders. Deceased patients were identified from the Social Security Death Index and the Maryland Division of Vital Records. Substance use was defined as regular and heavy use or abuse or dependence. Seventy seven percent had co-morbid lifetime substance use, with co-morbid cannabis and alcohol use occurring most commonly. Out of 762 subjects, 62 died during follow up. In a Cox model, predicted mortality risk was higher in age group 35-55 compared to <35 years and in males, but reduced in cannabis users. Overall five- (3.1% vs 7.5%) and ten-year mortality risk (5.5% vs. 13.6%) was lower in cannabis users than in non-users with psychotic disorders (p = 0.005) in a survival model. Alcohol use was not predictive of mortality. We observed a lower mortality risk in cannabis-using psychotic disorder patients compared to cannabis non-users despite subjects having similar symptoms and treatments. Future research is warranted to replicate these findings and to shed light on the anti-inflammatory properties of the endocannabinoid system and its role in decreased mortality in people with psychotic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Treatment Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Ave., Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
authors.forename: Maju Mathew
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Koola
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wehring
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mackowick
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Joo-Cheol
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Deanna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis