title: Behavior change counseling curricula for medical trainees:  a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unhealthy behaviors contribute to half of U.S. deaths. However, physicians lack sufficient skill in counseling patients to change behaviors. Characterizing effective published curricular interventions for behavior change counseling for medical trainees would inform educators toward improved training.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a systematic literature search of studies published between 1965 and 2011 evaluating curricula on behavior change counseling for medical trainees. Included studies described behavior change counseling, teaching interventions for medical trainees, and assessment of interventions. The authors extracted eligible articles, rated outcomes for learners and patients using Kirkpatrick's hierarchy, and determined study quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,788 identified citations, 109 met inclusion criteria. Most studies were performed in the United States (98), 93 at a single institution, and 81 in primary care settings. Curricular topics for counseling included smoking (67 studies), nutrition (30), alcohol/drug use (26), and exercise (22). Although most studies did not include theoretical frameworks, 39 used the Transtheoretical Model of Change. Sixty-two studies involved eight or fewer hours of curricular time, and 51 spanned four or fewer weeks. The studies with highest-level outcomes and quality employed multiple curricular techniques and included practice of counseling techniques in either simulated or actual clinical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing literature suggests that trainees learn behavior change counseling through active, realistic practice and implementation of reminder and feedback systems within actual clinical practice settings. Multiinstitutional medical education research on methods of teaching behavior change counseling that influence patients' health outcomes are needed to ensure trainees' clinical competence and improve patient care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0120, USA. karen.hauer@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satterfield
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003376:Counseling / Q000193:education*; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D014481:United States