title: Human papillomavirus in invasive cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3 in Venezuela: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in invasive cervical cancer (ICC), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN3) in Venezuela.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded samples from 329 women from 29 medical centers of the 24 states of Venezuela were analyzed to determine the distribution of HPV types for ICC, CIN2, and CIN3, the prevalence of single and multiple infection, and the association of HPV types with severity of lesion, comparing CIN2 versus CIN3+ (CIN3 and ICC). The samples were analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by reverse hybridization for the identification of HPV types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV was identified in 95/96 ICC specimens (98.9%), in 142/149 CIN3 (95.3%) and in 78/84 CIN2 samples (92.8%). The most common types for ICC and CIN3 were: HPV16, 18, 31, and 33, and for CIN2 were HPV16, 31, 51, 52, and 18. HPV single infection was found in 82.1% of ICC cases, in 79.4% of CIN2 cases, and in 77.4% of CIN3 cases. HPV16 was identified as a single infection more frequently in women with CIN3+ than in those with CIN2 (68.6% versus 46.7%, P=0.002), and HPV16 or HPV18 types were more prevalent in CIN3+ than in CIN2 (73.4% versus 50%, P=0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this is the first study of the distribution of HPV types in ICC, CIN2, and CIN3 conducted throughout the territory of Venezuela. HPV16 and HPV18 were the most frequent HPV types identified in single and multiple infections in both ICC and CIN3 groups, and are associated with severity of lesion. The knowledge of the distribution of HPV types would allow organization of an HPV-DNA-based screening test, and consideration of the implementation of prophylactic vaccination in Venezuela.
authors.affiliation: Luis Razetti Institute of Oncology and Clínica Santa Sofía, Caracas, Venezuela. animamotrix@live.com
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Lander
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cortiñas
authors.forename: Carmen Luisa
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.forename: Flor Helene
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Pujol
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capote-Negrín
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: García-Barriola
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Benni
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avilán-Rovira
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Acosta
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D015984:Causality; D002423:Cause of Death; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D014687:Venezuela / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*