title: GRADE guidelines: 12. Preparing summary of findings tables-binary outcomes.
abstract: Summary of Findings (SoF) tables present, for each of the seven (or fewer) most important outcomes, the following: the number of studies and number of participants; the confidence in effect estimates (quality of evidence); and the best estimates of relative and absolute effects. Potentially challenging choices in preparing SoF table include using direct evidence (which may have very few events) or indirect evidence (from a surrogate) as the best evidence for a treatment effect. If a surrogate is chosen, it must be labeled as substituting for the corresponding patient-important outcome. Another such choice is presenting evidence from low-quality randomized trials or high-quality observational studies. When in doubt, a reasonable approach is to present both sets of evidence; if the two bodies of evidence have similar quality but discrepant results, one would rate down further for inconsistency. For binary outcomes, relative risks (RRs) are the preferred measure of relative effect and, in most instances, are applied to the baseline or control group risks to generate absolute risks. Ideally, the baseline risks come from observational studies including representative patients and identifying easily measured prognostic factors that define groups at differing risk. In the absence of such studies, relevant randomized trials provide estimates of baseline risk. When confidence intervals (CIs) around the relative effect include no difference, one may simply state in the absolute risk column that results fail to show a difference, omit the point estimate and report only the CIs, or add a comment emphasizing the uncertainty associated with the point estimate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, West Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada. guyatt@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Guyatt
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Oxman
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santesso
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helfand
authors.forename: Gunn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vist
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brozek
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meerpohl
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djulbegovic
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alonso-Coello
authors.forename: Piet N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glasziou
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Holger J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schünemann
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003657:Decision Making; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009864:Ontario; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome