title: Ergonomics in thoracoscopic surgery: results of a survey among thoracic surgeons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The frequent and prolonged use of thoracoscopic equipment raises ergonomic risks which may cause physical distress. We aimed to determine the relationship between ergonomic problems encountered in thoracoscopic surgery and physical distress among thoracic surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online questionnaire which investigated personal factors, product factors, interaction factors and physical discomfort was sent to all members of the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the respondents, 2.4% indicated that a one arm's length should be the optimal distance between the surgeon and the monitor. Only 2.4% indicated that the monitor should be positioned below the eye level of the surgeon. Most of the respondents agreed, partially to fully, that they experienced neck discomfort because of inappropriate monitor height, bad monitor position and bad table height. Most respondents experienced numb fingers and shoulder discomfort due to instrument manipulation. Most of the respondents (77.1%) experienced muscle fatigue to some extent due to a static posture during thoracoscopic surgery. The majority of respondents (81.9, 76.3 and 83.2% respectively) indicated that they had varying degrees of discomfort mainly in the neck, shoulder and back. Some 94.4% of respondents were unaware of any guidelines concerning table height, monitor and instrument placement for endoscopic surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most thoracic surgeons in Europe are unaware of ergonomic guidelines and do not practise them, hence they suffer varying degrees of physical discomfort arising from ergonomic issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Bremen-Ost, Bremen, Germany. katrin.welcker@klinikum-bremen-ost.de
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Welcker
authors.forename: Emeka B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kesieme
authors.forename: Eveline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Internullo
authors.forename: Laura J C
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kranenburg van Koppen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000592:standards; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010465:Perception; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012955:Societies, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013903:Thoracic Surgery; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D020708:Thoracoscopes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards