title: Intracutaneous and intravesical immunotherapy with keyhole limpet hemocyanin compared with intravesical mitomycin in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results from a prospective randomized phase III trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite current treatment after transurethral resection of a bladder tumor, recurrences and progression remain a problem. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was beneficial in earlier studies. In this study, safety and efficacy of KLH were compared with that of mitomycin (MM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) without carcinoma in situ were enrolled in a randomized phase III trial. In all, 283 patients were randomly assigned for 16 adjuvant intravesical instillations with KLH after preimmunization, and 270 patients were randomly assigned for 11 adjuvant intravesical instillations with MM. Primary outcome measurement was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Secondary outcome measurements were progression-free survival, adverse events (AEs), and the effect of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response on clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significantly more pT1 tumors in the MM group (P = .01). In a log-rank test, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, KLH was less effective than MM regarding RFS (all P < .001). Progression was uncommon (n = 20). In univariate Cox regression analyses, KLH tended to prevent progression more effectively than MM, but in multivariate Cox regression analyses, this could not be shown. AEs were common but mild. Fever, flu-like symptoms, and fatigue occurred significantly more after KLH treatment. Allergic reactions and other skin disorders occurred significantly more after MM treatment. Significantly more DTH-positive patients developed a recurrence than DTH-negative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KLH had a different safety profile and was inferior to MM in preventing NMIBC recurrences. KLH tended to be more effective than MM in preventing progression. More research is needed to clarify the immunologic effects of KLH and the effects of KLH on progression.
authors.affiliation: CuraTrial Site Management Organisation & Research, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rianne J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Wim P J
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.forename: Maria H D
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Janzing-Pastors
authors.forename: Christien T M
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Caris
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000368:Aged; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D008297:Male; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D012008:Recurrence; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D016685:Mitomycin; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin