title: 5-aminolevulinic acid-incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber-coated metal stent for application in photodynamic therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study investigated the use of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and stent placement for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CC). For this purpose, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofiber, and coated onto metal stents. Their efficacy was assessed in PDT towards HuCC-T1 CC cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fabrication of ALA-PVA nanofiber, and simultaneous coating onto metal stents, was performed through electrospinning. The dark-toxicity, generation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), and PDT effect of ALA and ALA-PVA nanofiber were studied in vitro, using HuCC-T1 CC cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ALA-PVA nanofibers were coated onto metal stents less than 1000 nm in diameter. ALA-only displayed marginal cytotoxicity; ALA-PVA nanofiber showed less cytotoxicity. PpIX generation was not sigficantly different between ALA and ALA-PVA nanofiber treatments. PVA itself did not generate PpIX in tumor cells. ALA and ALA-PVA nanofiber displayed a similar PDT effect on tumor cells. Cell viability was decreased, dose-dependently, until ALA concentration reached 100 μg/mL. Necrosis and apoptosis of tumor cells occurred similarly for ALA and ALA- PVA nanofiber treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ALA-PVA nanofiber-coated stent is a promising candidate for therapeutic use with cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: National Research and Development Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 626-770, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Ju
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chung-Wook
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Young-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Dae Hwan
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D050997:Nanomedicine; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; C028025:protoporphyrin IX