title: Acoustic characteristic of catathrenia and snoring: different subtypes of catathrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning) is a rare condition characterized by monotonous irregular sounds that occur during sleep. Not infrequently, catathrenia has been confused with expiratory snoring. We aimed to clarify the subtypes of catathrenia and differentiate them from snoring using sound analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled five patients with catathrenia who were confirmed by overnight polysomnography (PSG). They underwent clinical and physical evaluation, including craniofacial and oromandibular examination, and fulfilled sleep-related questionnaires. Catathrenia and snoring of patients were analyzed acoustically with a Multi-Dimensional Voice Program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects were young (mean 31.0 years, 22-39) and slim (mean 20.5 kg/m(2) body mass index) women. PSG findings showed normal ranged apnea-hypopnea indices (mean 0.8±1.4/h), respiratory disturbance indices (2.6±1.7/h), and well-preserved sleep architecture. The number of catathrenia during PSG varied between one and 55 per patient, with sound duration ranging from 0.3 to 15.1 s. Of a total of 113 episodes, 70 (61.9%) occurred during REM sleep and 43 (38.1%) during NREM sleep. All patients showed light snoring through the PSG night. In the sound analysis three patients demonstrated monotonous sinusoidal catathrenia sounds, which were of normal ranged fundamental frequency. The other two had sawtooth-shaped catathrenia signals with higher fundamental frequency. In contrast, snoring had an irregular signal in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that catathrenia had morphologic regularity, with two types of sound pitches, and snoring had a different signal from catathrenia by sound analysis.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Lim
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Seung Bong
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Eun Yeon
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Joo
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020447:Parasomnias / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult