title: Effect of ketorolac 0.5% drops on patients' pain perception during intravitreal injection procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the analgesic effect of ketorolac 0.5% drops during the intravitreal injection procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients (n=30) received topical ketorolac 0.5% or vehicle on subsequent intravitreal drug administrations. The procedure followed for the intravitreal injections was the same for all subsequent administrations with the use of tetracaine 0.5% drops as anesthetic. Ketorolac or vehicle was instilled before the injection, and pain perception was recorded on a 0 to 100 Visual Analog Scale (VAS) immediately after the intravitreal administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean VAS pain score was 8.16±1.3 when patients received ketorolac and 12.33±1.41 when they received placebo, a difference that was statistically significant (P=0.0003) (paired t-test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical ketorolac 0.5% reduces patients' pain perception during intravitreal drug administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Patras, Medical School, Patras, Greece. cgeorg@upatras.gr
authors.forename: Constantine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
authors.forename: Panagiotis T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Vasilakis
authors.forename: Olga E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Makri
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beredima
authors.forename: Nikolaos M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Pharmakakis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D000069579:Ranibizumab
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D020910:Ketorolac; D000069579:Ranibizumab