title: Ficts and facts of epinephrine and norepinephrine stability in injectable solutions.
abstract: Epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) play an important role in emergency medicine and acute treatment of hypotension and shocks in the intensive care unit. Injectable solutions can either be provided as proprietary medicinal products or as individually prepared dilutions. Due to the chemical structure of EPI and NE, the stability of the corresponding solutions is limited. Thus, most manufacturers of EPI and NE injectable solutions use sulfites and nitrogen for stabilization, Nevertheless, storage conditions such as temperature and light have to be considered, but are often neglected in the daily hospital routine. In addition, hospital pharmacies prepare EPI and NE solutions and dilute commercially available solutions for individual therapy, especially on ICUs. Since the influence of dilution and the presence of excipients and other preservatives are not systematically explored, we collected published data and investigations on stability on the potency of EPI and NE injectable solutions in order to deduce storage recommendations for diluted EPI and NE solutions of different concentration.
authors.affiliation: University of Wuerzburg, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoellein
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holzgrabe
mesh_terms: D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine