title: Formation of Se (0) nanoparticles by Duganella sp. and Agrobacterium sp. isolated from Se-laden soil of North-East Punjab, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element, but is toxic at high concentrations. Depending upon the geological background, the land use or on anthropogenic pollution, different amounts of Se may be present in soil. Its toxicity is related to the oxyanions selenate and selenite as they are water soluble and bioavailable. Microorganisms play an important role in Se transformations in soil and its cycling in the environment by transforming water-soluble oxyanions into water insoluble, non-toxic elemental Se (0). For this study, soil samples were collected from selenium-contaminated agricultural soils of Punjab/India to enrich and isolate microbes that interacted with the Se cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mixed microbial culture enriched from the arable soil of Punjab could reduce 230 mg/l of water soluble selenite to spherical Se (0) nanoparticles during aerobic growth as confirmed by SEM-EDX. Four pure cultures (C 1, C 4, C 6, C 7) of Gram negative, oxidase and catalase positive, aerobic bacteria were isolated from this mixed microbial consortium and identified by 16 S rDNA gene sequence alignment as two strains of Duganella sp. (C 1, C 4) and two strains of Agrobacterium sp.(C 6, C 7). SEM/TEM-EDX analyses of the culture broth of the four strains revealed excretion of uniformly round sharply contoured Se (0) nanoparticles by all cultures. Their size ranged from 140-200 nm in cultures of strains C 1 and C 4, and from 185-190 nm in cultures of strains C 6 and C 7. Both Duganella sp. revealed better selenite reduction efficiencies than the two Agrobacterium sp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study reporting the capability of newly isolated, aerobically growing Duganella sp. and Agrobacterium sp. from soils of Punjab/India to form spherical, regularly formed Se (0) nanoparticles from water soluble selenite. Among others, the four strains may significantly contribute to the biogeochemical cycling of Se in soil. Bioconversion of toxic selenite to non-toxic Se (0) nanoparticles under aerobic conditions in general may be useful for detoxification of agricultural soil, since elemental Se may not be taken up by the roots of plants and thus allow non-dangerous fodder and food production on Se-containing soil.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology for Engineers and Biotechnology of Wastewater, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Mini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D060054:Agrobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D007194:India; D053758:Nanoparticles; D042802:Oxalobacteraceae / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012643:Selenium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D012643:Selenium