title: Effects of different fractions of whey protein on postprandial lipid and hormone responses in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exacerbated postprandial lipid responses are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Dietary proteins influence postprandial lipemia differently, and whey protein has a preferential lipid-lowering effect. We compared the effects of different whey protein fractions on postprandial lipid and hormone responses added to a high-fat meal in type 2 diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 type 2 diabetic subjects ingested four isocaloric test meals in randomized order. The test meals contained 100 g of butter and 45 g of carbohydrate in combination with 45 g of whey isolate (iso-meal), whey hydrolysate (hydro-meal), α-lactalbumin enhanced whey (lac-meal) or caseinoglycomacropeptide enhanced whey (CGMP-meal). Plasma concentrations of triglyceride, retinyl palmitate, free fatty acid, insulin, glucose, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide were measured before and at regular intervals until 8-h postprandially.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no statistical significant differences between meals on our primary variable triglyceride. The retinyl palmitate response was higher after the hydro-meal than after the iso- and lac-meal in the chylomicron-rich fraction (P=0.008) while no significant differences were found in the chylomicron-poor fraction. The hydro- and iso-meal produced a higher insulin response compared with the lac- and CGMP-meal (P<0.001). Otherwise no significant differences in the hormone responses were found in the incremental area under the curve over the 480-min period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A supplement of four different whey protein fractions to a fat-rich meal had similar effects on postprandial triglyceride responses in type 2 diabetic subjects. Whey isolate and whey hydrolysate caused a higher insulin response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus, Denmark. lene.sundahl@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmer-Jensen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hartvigsen
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Vrese
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D002364:Caseins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002914:Chylomicrons; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004224:Diterpenes; D005260:Female; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D002914:Chylomicrons; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004224:Diterpenes; D006020:Glycopeptides; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014280:Triglycerides; D000067816:Whey Proteins; C020251:kappa-casein glycomacropeptide; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate; D007768:Lactalbumin