title: Mentalization as a moderator of treatment effects: findings from a randomized clinical trial for personality disorders.
abstract: Mentalization is the capacity to understand behavior as expressions of various mental states. It is assumed to be important for understanding the underlying psychopathology, the therapeutic process, and the outcome of therapy associated with patients with personality disorders (PDs). However, to date, empirical findings are scarce and inconsistent. This study aimed to examine whether the pre-treatment level of mentalization, operationalized as Reflective Functioning (RF), was associated with differential responses to two different treatment modalities and might predict clinical improvement. We analyzed data from a randomized clinical trial (Ullevål Personality Project). Seventy-eight patients with borderline and/or avoidant PD had been randomly assigned to either a step-down treatment program or outpatient individual psychotherapy. The step-down treatment comprised short-term day hospital treatment, followed by long-term, combined group and individual psychotherapy. RF was rated before treatment and after 36 months. Outcome measures were administered at baseline and after 8, 18, and 36 months. The moderator analyses indicated that patients with low RF levels at baseline responded better to outpatient individual psychotherapy than to the step-down treatment in terms of improvements in psychosocial functioning. Patients with medium-high RF levels responded equally well to both therapy formats. Determining which therapy format is appropriate for specific groups of patients can improve treatment efficiency. Therefore, our findings may have important clinical implications. Future research should address RF as a mediator of change.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Frida Slagstad
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Gullestad
authors.forename: Merete Selsbakk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Høglend
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karterud
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief / Q000379:methods; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome