title: Parenting under pressure: a grounded theory of parenting young children with life-threatening congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a grounded theory study to describe the process of parenting young children who have survived hypoplastic left heart syndrome to inform parent-focused interventions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Technological advances in paediatric cardiology worldwide have improved the survival rates for young children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who undergo staged surgical palliation. These children, however, are at risk for life-threatening complications and parents are charged with the responsibility to monitor their children at home with minimal support and guidance from healthcare professionals once home.
  
  
  METHODS
  A constructivist grounded theory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in 2006-2008. Participants were 25 parents (15 mothers, 10 fathers) and 28 grandparents (17 grandmothers, 11 grandfathers) of 15 young children (6 months-4·5 years) who had undergone the Sano surgical approach for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The 53 interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed using open and focused coding, constant comparative analysis and memoing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A process of Parenting under Pressure emerged that was characterized by four overlapping and re-emerging phases: (1) realizing and adjusting to the inconceivable; (2) growing increasingly attached; (3) watching for and accommodating the unexpected; and (4) encountering new challenges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In-depth understanding of the phases of Parenting under Pressure provides direction for nurses to support parents of children who survive hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Interventions that help carers of children with complex health conditions move through the phases of our Parenting under Pressure process may help them safeguard the survival of their children, and their own survival as parents as they manage multiple demands.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. gwen.rempel@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Gwen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Rempel
authors.forename: Vinitha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.forename: Laura G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magill-Evans
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013315:Stress, Psychological