title: A cross-sectional study of soft tissue facial morphometry in children and adolescents.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine mean values for selected linear measurements on the face of children and adolescents to demonstrate gender differences in the measurements. Cross-sectional data from 262 school children (158 male, 104 female) aged between 6 and 15 years were taken by measuring certain identified facial landmarks using a sliding caliper. The landmarks were first located by careful inspection and/or palpation of the face and a mark created on the cutaneous surface, with the subject sitting in habitual occlusion in an upright position. A sliding caliper was used to measure the distances between the points. The data was analysed using SPSS version 10.0 to determine mean values, standard deviation and gender differences in the measurements. Upper facial heights, total facial height, inter-canthal distance and eye length measurements were significantly higher in male than in female for 15-year-old group (p<0.0001). The measurement between the highest and the lowest point of attachment of external ear to the head was significantly larger in male than in female for 11 year old age group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Nizam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.forename: Norliza Mastura
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Abdul Rashid
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ismail