title: Probable biofilm formation in the cheek as a complication of soft tissue filler resulting from improper endodontic treatment of tooth 16.
abstract: Injectable filling agents offer the promise of a better appearance without surgery and, among them, hyaluronic acid is the most commonly used. Although complications are rare, it is necessary to know the possible side effects and complications in order to be prepared for their management. That is why many researchers have been focusing on the interactions between hyaluronic acid and pathogens, inflammatory mediators, the immune system, and markers of oxidative stress to achieve efficient drug delivery, given that hyaluronic acid has widening applications in the field of nanomedicine. Here we report the case of a 37-year-old female patient who returned to our clinic with an abscess in her left cheek 3 months after a deep injection of 1 mL of stabilized hyaluronic acid in both cheeks. Steroid and antibiotic therapy was initiated without success, and abscess drainage was performed. Extraction of tooth 16 was performed 11 days after insertion of drains into the abscess. Laboratory blood tests showed acute inflammation of presumed bacterial etiology. Microbiological examination of pus was negative. Bacterial cultures were found in the extracted tooth. After antibiotic therapy, a complete reversal of the pathological process was observed. The present report highlights the need to assess periodontal problems prior to any aesthetic facial treatment. Analyses of further case reports and clinical studies are necessary to understand the potential role of hyaluronic acid in the formation of biofilm, and how to avoid this complication, thereby increasing the safety of hyaluronic acid-based procedures.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Face Sculpturing, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Marusza
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mlynarczyk
authors.forename: Romuald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olszanski
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Netsvyetayeva
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obrowski
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iannitti
authors.forename: Beniamino
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Palmieri
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002610:Cheek; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050997:Nanomedicine; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid