title: Echocardiography screening for rheumatic heart disease in Ugandan schoolchildren.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, sub-Saharan Africa has had the highest prevalence rates of clinically detected rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Echocardiography-based screening improves detection of RHD in endemic regions. The newest screening guidelines (2006 World Health Organization/National Institutes of Health) have been tested across India and the Pacific Islands, but application in sub-Saharan Africa has, thus far, been limited to Mozambique. We used these guidelines to determine RHD prevalence in a large cohort of Ugandan school children, to identify risk factors for occult disease, and to assess the value of laboratory testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Auscultation and portable echocardiography were used to screen randomly selected schoolchildren, 5 to 16 years of age, in Kampala, Uganda. Disease likelihood was defined as definite, probable, or possible in accordance with the 2006 National Institutes of Health/World Health Organization guidelines. Ninety-seven percent of eligible students received screening (4869 of 5006). Among them, 130 children (2.7%) had abnormal screening echocardiograms. Of those 130, secondary evaluation showed 72 (55.4%) with possible, probable, or definite RHD; 18 (13.8%) with congenital heart disease; and 40 (30.8%) with no disease. Echocardiography detected 3 times as many cases of RHD as auscultation: 72 (1.5%) versus 23 (0.5%; P<0.001). Children with RHD were older (10.1 versus 9.3 years; P=0.002). Most cases (98%) involved only the mitral valve. Lower socioeconomic groups had more RHD (2.7% versus 1.4%; P=0.036) and more advanced disease (64% versus 26%; P<0.001). Antistreptolysin O titers were elevated in children with definite RHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the largest single-country childhood RHD prevalence studies and the first to be conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Our data support inclusion of echocardiography in screening protocols, even in the most resource-constrained settings, and identify lower socioeconomic groups as most vulnerable. Longitudinal follow-up of children with echocardiographically diagnosed subclinical RHD is needed.
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, 111 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20010, USA. abeaton@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beaton
authors.forename: Emmy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lwabi
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mondo
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sable
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology