title: Spinosad: a biorational mosquito larvicide for use in car tires in southern Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Car tires are important habitats for mosquito development because of the high density populations they can harbor and their presence in urban settings. Water in experimental tires was treated with one of three insecticides or an untreated control. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled at weekly intervals. Eggs, larval and pupal samples were laboratory-reared to estimate seasonal fluctuations in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus abundance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spinosad treatments at 1 or 5 ppm (mg a.i./liter) provided 6-8 weeks of effective control of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Culex quinquefasiatus and Cx. coronator larvae, both in the dry season and the rainy season when mosquito populations increased markedly in southern Mexico. Spinosad continued to provide partial control of larvae for several weeks after initial recolonization of treated tires. The larvicidal performance of VectoBac 12AS (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) was relatively poor with one week of complete control of Aedes spp. larvae and no discernible control of Culex spp., whereas the duration of larvicidal activity of 1% temephos mineral-based granules was intermediate between those of VectoBac and spinosad treatments. Populations of chironomids, ostracods and Toxorhynchites theobaldi were generally reduced in spinosad and temephos treatments, but were similar in control and VectoBac treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is the first to report spinosad as an effective larvicide against Cx. coronator, which is currently invading the southern United States. These results substantiate the use of spinosad as a highly effective mosquito larvicide, even in habitats such as unused car tires that can represent prolific sources of adult mosquitoes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Marina
authors.forename: J Guillermo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: Nelva
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chirino
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008800:Mexico; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D012037:Refuse Disposal
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; C415329:spinosad