title: Bridging the gap between problem recognition and treatment: the use of proactive work behaviors by experienced critical care nurses.
abstract: Delayed access to physicians has been identified as a factor in preventable adverse patient events during hospitalization. Nurses as front-line providers are well positioned to provide a timely response to the needs of patients. Yet legal regulations and hospital policies limit the actions nurses can initiate without physician authorization. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe what experienced critical care nurses do when they recognize a problem that warrants treatment but lack physician authorization to intervene. The 13 nurses who participated in this study bridged the gap between problem recognition and treatment by communicating proactively, being persistent, running interference for other nurses, and, in some situations, acting without physician authorization. Revising legal regulations and hospital policies to incorporate greater acknowledgment of the overlapping functions between medicine and nursing and recognition of the knowledge and expertise of experienced nurses may be important in reducing unnecessary treatment delays during hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. lchughes@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009720:Nurse Clinicians / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D005791:Patient Care / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations; D011050:Policy Making; D011361:Professional Competence; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014481:United States