title: Alternative treatments of pneumothorax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumothorax has traditionally been treated in the Emergency Department by tube thoracostomy. However, this is an invasive procedure with high risk of complication and prolonged hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In select settings, there are alternative forms of management of pneumothorax that carry lower risks and may reduce hospital stay. This article reviews the settings in which less invasive treatment, including observation alone, may be indicated. This article also reviews the techniques for simple aspiration and small-bore catheter insertion (by either Seldinger or catheter-over-wire technique) with Heimlich valve, as well as the indications, contraindications, and potential risks and benefits of each.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practices of observation, simple aspiration, and small-bore catheter insertion with Heimlich valve for selected patients may decrease complications, time, and costs by avoiding invasive procedures and hospital admissions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Repanshek
authors.forename: Jacob W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ufberg
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vilke
authors.forename: Theodore C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harrigan
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D057785:Catheters; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009339:Needles; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D011859:Radiography; D013396:Suction; D057832:Watchful Waiting