title: S-shaped tracheostoma in pediatric tracheostomy using three-dimensional sigma-plasty--a novel technique to possibly reduce procedure related complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have designed a technique of tracheostomy in pediatric patients with S-shaped incision on the tracheal wall which we think, provides a larger cross-sectional area of stoma and facilitates easier insertion of tracheostomy tube and thus helped in reducing early and late complications associated with it in our series.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trachea was exposed in midline by a vertical skin incision. In order to make S-shaped tracheostoma, second tracheal ring was identified. The conventional vertical incision was made in second tracheal ring and then extended at both its ends laterally in the inter-cartilaginous space parallel to the tracheal cartilage in the opposite direction to make the incision S-shaped. The trachea was dilated with tracheal dilator and appropriate size of tracheostomy tube was then placed into the trachea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S-shaped tracheostomy was performed in 40 children with mean age of 6.36 years (age range is 2-12) required for airway maintenance or prolonged ventilatory support. The incidence of early complications was quite less in our patients (ranged from 0 to 5%). There was no incidence of excessive intra-operative bleeding or injury to surrounding structures causing subcutaneous emphysema or vocal cord palsy. One patient developing pneumothorax after the procedure was managed conservatively. There was no incidence of tracheo-esophageal fistula, suprastomal collapse or difficulty in decannulation on 9 months of follow up related to our technique. However, one of the patients developed early trachietis and cutaneous peristomal granulomas and 2 patients developed late trachietis which was treated conservatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S-shaped tracheoplasty, a new pediatric tracheotomy technique has resulted in a quantifiable reduction in the risk of the early and late complications in our series. Hence, we feel that this new technique is a better alternative to existing methods but larger randomized controlled studies are required before universal adoption of this technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India. doc.sushil.pgi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sushil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Devendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keshri
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.forename: Kranti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhavana
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery*; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000379:methods*