title: Dysfunctional HDL: a novel important diagnostic and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease?
abstract: High density lipoprotein (HDL) has many properties, which contribute to its atheroprotective role. However, some recent clinical trials have identified subjects with the progression of atherosclerosis despite normal levels of HDL cholesterol. This raises the question if all subfractions of HDL have the same properties. Moreover, recent investigations have shown that both acute and chronic inflammation may lead to structural and functional changes of HDL, which render the particles proinflammatory. Although therapeutic agents that increase HDL levels are now quite well established it is not clear whether they influence HDL quality. We review the current state of knowledge on the properties of HDL and factors/therapeutic agents which may restrain the transformation of normal HDL into dysfunctional HDL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otocka-Kmiecik
authors.forename: Dimitri P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rysz
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D001384:Azetidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069438:Ezetimibe; D058607:Fibric Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009525:Niacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D001384:Azetidines; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D058607:Fibric Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D009525:Niacin; D009195:Peroxidase; D000069438:Ezetimibe