title: Head and neck paragangliomas: clinical and molecular genetic classification.
abstract: Head and neck paragangliomas are tumors arising from specialized neural crest cells. Prominent locations are the carotid body along with the vagal, jugular, and tympanic glomus. Head and neck paragangliomas are slowly growing tumors, with some carotid body tumors being reported to exist for many years as a painless lateral mass on the neck. Symptoms depend on the specific locations. In contrast to paraganglial tumors of the adrenals, abdomen and thorax, head and neck paragangliomas seldom release catecholamines and are hence rarely vasoactive. Petrous bone, jugular, and tympanic head and neck paragangliomas may cause hearing loss. The internationally accepted clinical classifications for carotid body tumors are based on the Shamblin Class I-III stages, which correspond to postoperative permanent side effects. For petrous-bone paragangliomas in the head and neck, the Fisch classification is used. Regarding the molecular genetics, head and neck paragangliomas have been associated with nine susceptibility genes: NF1, RET, VHL, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDHAF2 (SDH5), and TMEM127. Hereditary HNPs are mostly caused by mutations of the SDHD gene, but SDHB and SDHC mutations are not uncommon in such patients. Head and neck paragangliomas are rarely associated with mutations of VHL, RET, or NF1. The research on SDHA, SDHAF2 and TMEM127 is ongoing. Multiple head and neck paragangliomas are common in patients with SDHD mutations, while malignant head and neck paraganglioma is mostly seen in patients with SDHB mutations. The treatment of choice is surgical resection. Good postoperative results can be expected in carotid body tumors of Shamblin Class I and II, whereas operations on other carotid body tumors and other head and neck paragangliomas frequently result in deficits of the cranial nerves adjacent to the tumors. Slow growth and the tendency of hereditary head and neck paragangliomas to be multifocal may justify less aggressive treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Offergeld
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brase
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaremchuk
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.forename: Hans Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Rischke
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gläsker
authors.forename: Kurt W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiech
authors.forename: Simon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Preuss
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suárez
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kopeć
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patocs
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wohllk
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malekpour
authors.forename: Carsten C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Boedeker
authors.forename: Hartmut P H
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D002345:Carotid Body Tumor / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery