title: Human inferior turbinate: an alternative tissue source of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells in adult tissues. Current challenges for the clinical application of MSCs include donor site morbidity, which underscores the need to identify alternative sources of MSCs. This study aimed to explore potential new sources of multipotent MSCs for use in tissue regeneration and the functional restoration of organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed methods research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors isolated MSCs from human inferior turbinate tissues discarded during turbinate surgery of 10 patients for nasal obstruction. The expression of surface markers for MSCs was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The differentiation potential of human turbinate mesenchymal stromal cells (hTMSCs) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface epitope analysis revealed that hTMSCs were negative for CD14, CD19, CD34, and HLA-DR and positive for CD29, CD73, and CD90, representing a characteristic phenotype of MSCs. Extracellular matrices with characteristics of cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue were produced by inducing the chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation of hTMSCs, respectively. The expression of neuron-specific markers in hTMSCs was confirmed immunocytochemically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hTMSCs represent a new source of multipotent MSCs that are potentially applicable to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The availability of differentiated adult cells will allow the development of an effective tissue regeneration method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Su Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sun Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mi Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyun Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Seol
authors.forename: Jeong Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dong-Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Oak Kee
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jong Gu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rha
authors.forename: Sung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D014420:Turbinates / Q000166:cytology*