title: No effect of scapular position on 3-dimensional scapular motion in the throwing shoulder of healthy professional pitchers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in 3-dimensional (3D) scapular motion have been reported between healthy baseball position players and healthy nonoverhead athletic controls, as well as players diagnosed with shoulder impingement syndrome. These alterations are theorized to be the result of adaptations due to the demands of repetitive throwing. However, comparisons between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders are commonly used to infer normal motion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare 3D scapular kinematics between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders in asymptomatic professional male baseball pitchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  45 asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers participating without restrictions during preseason training.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electromagnetic tracking system was used to assess 3D scapular orientation at rest and during weighted (2.3-kg) shoulder flexion across discrete humeral-flexion angles (rest, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and maximum).
  
  
  METHODS
  3D scapular upward/downward rotation (UR/DR), anteroposterior (AP) tilt, and internal/external rotation (IR/ER). Separate mixed-model ANOVAs (Side × Angle) for each scapular motion were used to compare the throwing and the nonthrowing shoulder across all angles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant side-to-side differences with scapular UR/DR (P < .001), AP tilt (P < .001), and IR/ER (P < .001). The throwing scapula displayed greater mean UR (increase = 3.6°, SE = 0.50) and anterior/posterior tilt (increase = 2.1°, SE = 0.60) and less mean IR (decrease = 2.1°, SE = 0.66) than the nonthrowing shoulder averaged across all arm angles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In asymptomatic professional pitchers, the throwing shoulder's scapular position differs across all arm angles from that of the nonthrowing shoulder, but the motion does not differ. Scapular asymmetry that is consistent throughout arm elevation may be indicative not of pathology but, potentially, of a normal adaptation of the pitching shoulder.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Dept, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Amee L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reinold
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thigpen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult