title: A Pt layer/Pt disk electrode configuration to evaluate respiration and alkaline phosphatase activities of mouse embryoid bodies.
abstract: A Pt layer/Pt disk electrode configuration was used as a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) probe. The glass seal part of the insulator was covered with a Pt layer to form an exposed pseudo reference electrode. In a HEPES-based medium at pH 7.5, the half-wave potential (E(1/2)) for [Fe(CN)(6)](4-) oxidation and O(2) reduction measured versus the internal Pt pseudo reference was shifted by about -0.2V, compared with the E(1/2) measured versus the external Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The shape and the current of the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) did not change notably over time, indicating that the Pt layer is sufficiently stable to be used as an integrated pseudo reference for voltammetric measurements. To demonstrate the suitability for SECM applications, the Pt/Pt probe configuration was used for measuring the oxygen consumption and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of a single mouse embryoid body (mEB). Ten individual mEB samples were characterized to monitor the oxygen concentration profile. Oxygen reduction currents were monitored at -0.7 V versus the Pt pseudo reference and compared with those monitored at -0.5 V versus Ag/AgCl. The respiration rate of mEBs becomes greater with increasing cultivation dates. We have plotted the oxygen consumption rate (F(O(2))) of each mEB sample, measured versus the Pt layer and versus Ag/AgCl. The linearity of the plot was excellent (coefficient of determination R(2)=0.90). The slope of the least squares method was 1. In a 1.0mM p-aminophenylphospate (PAPP) HEPES buffer (pH 9.5) solution, APL activity of mEBs can be characterized, to monitor the p-aminophenol (PAP) oxidation current. ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of PAPP to PAP. The E(1/2) for PAP oxidation measured versus the Pt layer was not shifted, compared with the E(1/2) versus Ag/AgCl. The mEB samples were characterized to monitor the PAP concentration profile. PAP oxidation currents were monitored at +0.3 V versus the Pt layer and compared with those monitored at +0.3 V versus Ag/AgCl. We have plotted the PAP production rate (F(PAP)) of each mEB sample, measured versus the Pt layer and versus Ag/AgCl. In this case, the linearity of the plot became slightly scattered, but it was found to be possible to evaluate ALP activities of mEB samples utilizing the Pt/Pt probe configuration. This type of probe is very useful because it is not necessary to insert a reference electrode into the measuring solution to obtain an electrical connection, and thus electrochemical measurement in a small volume becomes much easier.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Obregon
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Shihomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Yuanshu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.lastname: RyosukeTakahashi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hisada
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ino
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiku
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsue
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000737:chemistry; D000627:Aminophenols / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D058732:Embryoid Bodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010984:Platinum / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000627:Aminophenols; D005292:Ferricyanides; D012834:Silver; D010984:Platinum; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C026729:4-aminophenol; D010100:Oxygen