title: The protective profile of argon, helium, and xenon in a model of neonatal asphyxia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Xenon provides neuroprotection in multiple animal models; however, little is known about the other noble gases. The aim of the current study was to compare xenon, argon, and helium neuroprotection in a neonatal asphyxia model in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-day-old postnatal Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy percent argon, helium, xenon, or nitrogen balanced with oxygen after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control animals undergoing moderate hypoxic-ischemia endured reduced neuronal survival at 7 days with impaired neurologic function at the juvenile age compared with naïve animals. Severe hypoxic-ischemic damage produced a large cerebral infarction in controls. After moderate hypoxic-ischemia, all three noble gases improved cell survival, brain structural integrity, and neurologic function on postnatal day 40 compared with nitrogen. Interestingly, argon improved cell survival to naïve levels, whereas xenon and helium did not. When tested against more severe hypoxic-ischemic injury only, argon and xenon reduced infarct volume. Furthermore, postinjury body weight in moderate insult was lower in the helium-treated group compared with the naïve, control, and other noble gas treatment groups, whereas in the severe injurious setting, it is lower in both control and helium-treated groups than other groups. In the nondirectly injured hemisphere, argon, helium, and xenon increased the expression of Bcl-2, whereas helium and xenon increased Bcl-xL. In addition, Bax expression was enhanced in the control and helium groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies indicate that argon and xenon provide neuroprotection against both moderate and severe hypoxia-ischemic brain injury likely through prosurvival proteins synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hailin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: António Rei
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fidalgo
authors.forename: Marcela P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vizcaychipi
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Buwei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Daqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001128:Argon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006371:Helium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014978:Xenon / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D006371:Helium; D014978:Xenon; D001128:Argon