title: Investigations concerning the application of the cross-correlation method in cardiac output measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of numerous non-invasive examinations the "gold clinical standard" of cardiac output measurements is the invasive pulmonary artery catheterization by means of the Swan-Ganz catheter and the application of the thermodilution method to estimate the blood flow. The results obtained by means of thermodilution are sensitive to many physical and biological disturbances. The unreliability of this method amounts to 20-45% and depends on the given variant of the method. Therefore some other method, more accurate and resistant to disturbances, was looked for. This paper presents a new approach to cardiac output measurements, based on cross-correlation signal analysis. The goal of investigations was to verify experimentally the application of the cross-correlation method of cardiac output measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 99.2% of the examined cases the extreme of the cross-correlation function was easy to be estimated by numerical algorithms. In 0,8% of the remaining cases (with a plateau region adjacent to the maximum point) numerical detection of the extreme was inaccurate. The typical unreliability of the investigated method amounted o 5.1% (9.8% in the worst case). Investigations performed on a physical model revealed that the unreliability of cardiac output measurements by means of the cross-correlation method is 3-5 times better than in the case of thermodilution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performed investigations and theoretical analysis have shown, that the cross-correlation method may be applied in cardiac output measurements. This kind of measurements seems to be more accurate and disturbance-resistant than clinically applied thermodilution.
authors.affiliation: Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, Artificial Heart Lab,, Zabrze, Poland. maciej.gawlikowski@poczta.onet.pl
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gawlikowski
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pustelny
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods*