title: Blood transfusions increase circulating plasma free hemoglobin levels and plasma nitric oxide consumption: a prospective observational pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing number of reports on the relation between transfusion of stored red blood cells (RBCs) and adverse patient outcome has sparked an intense debate on the benefits and risks of blood transfusions. Meanwhile, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this postulated relation remain unclear. The development of hemolysis during storage might contribute to this mechanism by release of free hemoglobin (fHb), a potent nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, which may impair vasodilation and microcirculatory perfusion after transfusion. The objective of this prospective observational pilot study was to establish whether RBC transfusion results in increased circulating fHb levels and plasma NO consumption. In addition, the relation between increased fHb values and circulating haptoglobin, its natural scavenger, was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients electively received 1 stored packed RBC unit (n = 8) or 2 stored packed RBC units (n = 22). Blood samples were drawn to analyze plasma levels of fHb, haptoglobin, and NO consumption prior to transfusion, and 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and 24 hours after transfusion. Differences were compared using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for dichotomous variables, or an independent-sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data. Continuous, multiple-timepoint data were analyzed using repeated one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskall-Wallis test. Correlations were analyzed using Spearman or Pearson correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Storage duration correlated significantly with fHb concentrations and NO consumption within the storage medium (r = 0.51, P < 0.001 and r = 0.62, P = 0.002). fHb also significantly correlated with NO consumption directly (r = 0.61, P = 0.002). Transfusion of 2 RBC units significantly increased circulating fHb and NO consumption in the recipient (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), in contrast to transfusion of 1 stored RBC unit. Storage duration of the blood products did not correlate with changes in fHb and NO consumption in the recipient. In contrast, pre-transfusion recipient plasma haptoglobin levels inversely influenced post-transfusion fHb concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that RBC transfusion can significantly increase post-transfusion plasma fHb levels and plasma NO consumption in the recipient. This finding may contribute to the potential pathophysiological mechanism underlying the much-discussed adverse relation between blood transfusions and patient outcome. This observation may be of particular importance for patients with substantial transfusion requirements.
authors.forename: Iris C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Vermeulen Windsant
authors.forename: Norbert C J
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Jonas T C
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sertorio
authors.forename: Erik A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tanus-Santos
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Wim A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000639:trends; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D009569:Nitric Oxide