title: Controlled release and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition properties of an antihypertensive drug based on a perindopril erbumine-layered double hydroxide nanocomposite.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intercalation of perindopril erbumine into Zn/Al-NO(3)-layered double hydroxide resulted in the formation of a host-guest type of material. By virtue of the ion-exchange properties of layered double hydroxide, perindopril erbumine was released in a sustained manner. Therefore, this intercalated material can be used as a controlled-release formulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perindopril was intercalated into the interlayers and formed a well ordered, layered organic-inorganic nanocomposite. The basal spacing of the products was expanded to 21.7 Å and 19.9 Å by the ion-exchange and coprecipitation methods, respectively, in a bilayer and a monolayer arrangement, respectively. The release of perindopril from the nanocomposite synthesized by the coprecipitation method was slower than that of its counterpart synthesized by the ion-exchange method. The rate of release was governed by pseudo-second order kinetics. An in vitro antihypertensive assay showed that the intercalation process results in effectiveness similar to that of the antihypertensive properties of perindopril.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intercalated perindopril showed better thermal stability than its free counterpart. The resulting material showed sustained-release properties and can therefore be used as a controlled-release formulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Samer Hasan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hussein Al Ali
authors.forename: Mothanna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Qubaisi
authors.forename: Mohd Zobir
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Maznah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Zulkarnain
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zainal
authors.forename: Muhammad Nazrul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hakim
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004355:Drug Stability; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007364:Intercalating Agents; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008958:Models, Molecular; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D050997:Nanomedicine; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D020913:Perindopril / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D033362:Powder Diffraction; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007364:Intercalating Agents; D009566:Nitrates; C050609:aluminum nitrate; D015032:Zinc; D020913:Perindopril