title: Lifting the curtain on the conditions of sexual initiation among youth in Ethiopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deriving accurate estimates of the level of sexual coercion is challenging because of the stigma that is attached to the experience. This study examines the effectiveness of a nonverbal response-card method to reduce social desirability bias in reports of the conditions of sexual initiation among youth in southwestern Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The conditions surrounding sexual initiation are examined using data from a pilot survey and a final survey of youth aged 13-24 years. Half of the respondents in each survey were randomly assigned to a nonverbal response-card method for sensitive questions on sexual attitudes and behavior, and the other half of the respondents were assigned to a control group that provided verbal responses. Responses for the two groups to questions regarding the conditions of sexual initiation are compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents who used the nonverbal response card were more likely to report pressure from friends or a partner, having sex for money or another gain, and rape as conditions of sexual initiation than those who provided verbal responses. Among sexually experienced youth, 29.3% of respondents who used the card method reported some form of coercion during sexual initiation compared with 19.4% of respondents who gave verbal responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nonverbal response card provides an effective method for reducing social desirability bias when soliciting responses to sensitive questions in the context of an interviewer-administered survey. The analysis also suggests that coerced sexual initiation is underreported by youth in interviewer-administered surveys that use conventional verbal responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. david_lindstrom@brown.edu
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: Megan Klein
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Tefera
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Belachew
authors.forename: Fasil
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tessema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003068:Coercion; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003625:Data Collection; D003906:Developing Countries; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012928:Social Desirability; D057545:Social Stigma; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult