title: Association between family history and coronary heart disease death across long-term follow-up in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been well studied as an independent risk factor for CHD events in the short term (<10 years). However, data are sparse on the association between family history and risk for CHD across long-term follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 49 255 men from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. Premature family history of CHD was defined as the presence of angina, myocardial infarction, angioplasty, or bypass surgery in a relative <50 years of age. Cause-specific mortality was obtained from the National Death Index. The association between premature family history and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or CHD death was compared across 3 unique follow-up periods (0-10, >10-20, and >20 years). Lifetime risk was estimated by use of a modified survival analytic technique adjusted for competing risk with non-CVD death as the competing event. After 811 708 person-years of follow-up, there were 919 CHD deaths and 1456 CVD deaths. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, premature family history was associated with CHD mortality >10 to 20 years (1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.22) and >20 years (1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.95) with wider confidence intervals at 0 to 10 years (1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-2.31). Similar findings were observed for CVD mortality. Compared with men without a family history of coronary artery disease, premature family history was associated with an ≈50% higher lifetime risk for both CHD and CVD mortality (13.7% versus 8.9% and 21% versus 14.1%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premature family history was associated with a persistent increase in both CHD and CVD mortality risk across long-term follow-up, resulting in significantly higher lifetime risk estimates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9047, USA.
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Colby R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khera
authors.forename: Jarett D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult