title: Using pharmacoeconomic modelling to determine value-based pricing for new pharmaceuticals in malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decision analysis (DA) is commonly used to perform economic evaluations of new pharmaceuticals. Using multiples of Malaysia's per capita 2010 gross domestic product (GDP) as the threshold for economic value as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), DA was used to estimate a price per dose for bevacizumab, a drug that provides a 1.4-month survival benefit in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision model was developed to simulate progression-free and overall survival in mCRC patients receiving chemotherapy with and without bevacizumab. Costs for chemotherapy and management of side effects were obtained from public and private hospitals in Malaysia. Utility estimates, measured as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), were determined by interviewing 24 oncology nurses using the time trade-off technique. The price per dose was then estimated using a target threshold of US$44 400 per QALY gained, which is 3 times the Malaysian per capita GDP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cost-effective price for bevacizumab could not be determined because the survival benefit provided was insufficient According to the WHO criteria, if the drug was able to improve survival from 1.4 to 3 or 6 months, the price per dose would be $567 and $1258, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of decision modelling for estimating drug pricing is a powerful technique to ensure value for money. Such information is of value to drug manufacturers and formulary committees because it facilitates negotiations for value-based pricing in a given jurisdiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dranitsaris
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Truter
authors.forename: Martie S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lubbe
authors.forename: Nitin N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Sriramanakoppa
authors.forename: Vivian M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Mendonca
authors.forename: Sangameshwar B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mahagaonkar