title: Drug testing in the workplace.
abstract: Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act in April 1988, which resulted in the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs. The intent was to establish a substance-free work environment for all federal workers by requiring that all federal employees pass a urine drug test before employment. These guidelines specifically, and exclusively, focus on testing urine specimens for metabolites of marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine, opiates (focusing on heroin metabolites), and amphetamines (including Ecstasy). Since then, there have been many scientific, technical, and legal challenges to the validity of urine drug testing. In response, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, a division operating under the executive branch of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, put forth, through many revisions, strict procedural guidelines and specimen validity-testing criteria to manage suspicious or adulterated samples during and after urine collection. This review focuses on the legal ramifications, the procedural process, and the sensitivity and specificity of the two urine drug tests used for workplace drug testing: immunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, we dissect the problematic issue of cross-sensitivity between illicit and prescription drugs, and how this affects the validity of future urine drug testing.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA. hieu.phan@tu.edu
authors.forename: Hieu M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshizuka
authors.forename: Daryl J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Murry
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D037141:Mandatory Programs; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs