title: Kv1.1 knock-in ataxic mice exhibit spontaneous myokymic activity exacerbated by fatigue, ischemia and low temperature.
abstract: Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder characterized by myokymia and attacks of ataxic gait often precipitated by stress. Several genetic mutations have been identified in the Shaker-like K(+) channel Kv1.1 (KCNA1) of EA1 individuals, including V408A, which result in remarkable channel dysfunction. By inserting the heterozygous V408A, mutation in one Kv1.1 allele, a mouse model of EA1 has been generated (Kv1.1(V408A/+)). Here, we investigated the neuromuscular transmission of Kv1.1(V408A/+) ataxic mice and their susceptibility to physiologically relevant stressors. By using in vivo preparations of lateral gastrocnemius (LG) nerve-muscle from Kv1.1(+/+) and Kv1.1(V408A/+) mice, we show that the mutant animals exhibit spontaneous myokymic discharges consisting of repeated singlets, duplets or multiplets, despite motor nerve axotomy. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy from the motor nerve, ex vivo, revealed spontaneous Ca(2+) signals that occurred abnormally only in preparations dissected from Kv1.1(V408A/+) mice. Spontaneous bursting activity, as well as that evoked by sciatic nerve stimulation, was exacerbated by muscle fatigue, ischemia and low temperatures. These stressors also increased the amplitude of compound muscle action potential. Such abnormal neuromuscular transmission did not alter fiber type composition, neuromuscular junction and vascularization of LG muscle, analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Taken together these findings provide direct evidence that identifies the motor nerve as an important generator of myokymic activity, that dysfunction of Kv1.1 channels alters Ca(2+) homeostasis in motor axons, and also strongly suggest that muscle fatigue contributes more than PNS fatigue to exacerbate the myokymia/neuromyotonia phenotype. More broadly, this study points out that juxtaparanodal K(+) channels composed of Kv1.1 subunits exert an important role in dampening the excitability of motor nerve axons during fatigue or ischemic insult.
authors.affiliation: Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Imbrici
authors.forename: Fabio Massimo
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Botti
authors.forename: Vito Enrico
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Pettorossi
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: D'Adamo
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valentino
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zammit
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibertini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Giovanni
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muscat
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pessia
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001259:Ataxia / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000235:genetics; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004576:Electromyography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000235:genetics; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D051662:Kv1.1 Potassium Channel / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020385:Myokymia / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014633:Valine / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051662:Kv1.1 Potassium Channel; D014633:Valine; D000409:Alanine; D002118:Calcium