title: Suppression of erythroid development in vitro by Plasmodium vivax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe anaemia due to dyserythropoiesis has been documented in patients infected with Plasmodium vivax, however the mechanism responsible for anaemia in vivax malaria is poorly understood. In order to better understand the role of P. vivax infection in anaemia the inhibition of erythropoiesis using haematopoietic stem cells was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Haematopoietic stem cells/CD34+ cells, isolated from normal human cord blood were used to generate growing erythroid cells. Exposure of CD34+ cells and growing erythroid cells to P. vivax parasites either from intact or lysed infected erythrocytes (IE) was examined for the effect on inhibition of cell development compared with untreated controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both lysed and intact infected erythrocytes significantly inhibited erythroid growth. The reduction of erythroid growth did not differ significantly between exposure to intact and lysed IE and the mean growth relative to unexposed controls was 59.4 ± 5.2 for lysed IE and 57 ± 8.5% for intact IE. Interestingly, CD34+ cells/erythroid progenitor cells were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of P. vivax on cell expansion. Exposure to P. vivax also inhibited erythroid development, as determined by the reduced expression of glycophorin A (28.1%) and CD 71 (43.9%). Moreover, vivax parasites perturbed the division of erythroid cells, as measured by the Cytokinesis Block Proliferation Index, which was reduced to 1.35 ± 0.05 (P-value<0.01) from a value of 2.08 ± 0.07 in controls. Neither TNF-a nor IFN-g was detected in the culture medium of erythroid cells treated with P. vivax, indicating that impaired erythropoiesis was independent of these cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows for the first time that P. vivax parasites inhibit erythroid development leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and highlights the potential of P. vivax to cause severe anaemia.
authors.affiliation: Science and Technology, Suan Dusit Rajabhat University, 204/3 Sirindhorn Rd,, Bangplat, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand. tasanee_p@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tasanee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Panichakul
authors.forename: Witchuda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Payuhakrit
authors.forename: Panyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panburana
authors.forename: Chokdee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wongborisuth
authors.forename: Suradej
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hongeng
authors.forename: Rachanee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Udomsangpetch
mesh_terms: D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015672:Erythroid Precursor Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D006801:Humans; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34