title: Modeling the control of trypanosomiasis using trypanocides or insecticide-treated livestock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Uganda, Rhodesian sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and animal trypanosomiasis caused by T. vivax and T. congolense, are being controlled by treating cattle with trypanocides and/or insecticides. We used a mathematical model to identify treatment coverages required to break transmission when host populations consisted of various proportions of wild and domestic mammals, and reptiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An Ro model for trypanosomiasis was generalized to allow tsetse to feed off multiple host species. Assuming populations of cattle and humans only, pre-intervention Ro values for T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. brucei were 388, 64 and 3, respectively. Treating cattle with trypanocides reduced R(0) for T. brucei to <1 if >65% of cattle were treated, vs 100% coverage necessary for T. vivax and T. congolense. The presence of wild mammalian hosts increased the coverage required and made control of T. vivax and T. congolense impossible. When tsetse fed only on cattle or humans, R(0) for T. brucei was <1 if 20% of cattle were treated with insecticide, compared to 55% for T. congolense. If wild mammalian hosts were also present, control of the two species was impossible if proportions of non-human bloodmeals from cattle were <40% or <70%, respectively. R(0) was <1 for T. vivax only when insecticide treatment led to reductions in the tsetse population. Under such circumstances R(0)<1 for T. brucei and T. congolense if cattle make up 30% and 55%, respectively of the non-human tsetse bloodmeals, as long as all cattle are treated with insecticide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In settled areas of Uganda with few wild hosts, control of Rhodesian sleeping sickness is likely to be much more effectively controlled by treating cattle with insecticide than with trypanocides.
authors.affiliation: DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. jhargrove@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hargrove
authors.forename: Rachid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouifki
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kajunguri
authors.forename: Glyn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Torr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058448:Biota; D002417:Cattle; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058751:Livestock; D008322:Mammals; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012104:Reptiles; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000254:growth & development*; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents