title: Phenolic and flavonoid contents of Thai rice extracts and their correlation with antioxidant activities using chemical and cell assays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Free radicals induce oxidative stress in various cell components, leading to certain diseases. Plant-derived antioxidants have become a profitable alternative to prevent oxidative stress in cells due to adverse effects of some synthetic antioxidants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to evaluate the correlation between these two compounds and their antioxidant properties in the ethanolic extracts of brown rice and rice bran from Thai rice cultivars: Sangyod red rice and Dawk Mali 105 white rice using the chemical and cell assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in all of the rice ethanolic extracts were determined using the colorimetric assays, as well as their antioxidant activity was analyzed through two chemical assays: DPPH radical-scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays, as well as through a cell-based assay: scavenging capacity against intracellular superoxide in cells using DCF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the rice extracts displayed their antioxidant activities in a dose dependent manner through different assays, which were expressed as EC50 values. The DPPH scavenging assay revealed very high scavenging activity in both Sangyod brown rice and rice bran extracts. Positive correlations between this activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents suggest the major free radical scavenging activity of such compounds. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of Sangyod rice bran exhibited non-significant anti-lipid peroxidation activity relative to that of Sangyod brown rice and Dawk Mali 105 rice bran. Phenolic content was correlated to some extent with anti-lipid peroxidation activity, whereas flavonoid content and such activity showed a relatively weak correlation. Importantly, the cell-based assay also detected potent scavenging activity against superoxide production in HL-60 cells pretreated with Sangyod extracts. The content of phenolics was a major contributor to this scavenging activity including that of flavonoids but to a lesser extent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that ethanolic extracts of brown rice and rice bran of Sangyod red rice can be promising sources of potential natural antioxidants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand. hansakul@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Pintusorn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hansakul
authors.forename: Umarat
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Srisawat
authors.forename: Arunporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Itharat
authors.forename: Nusiri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lerdvuthisopon
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts