title: Fluid reasoning deficits in children with ADHD: evidence from fMRI.
abstract: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in fluid reasoning, which may be related to self-regulation of cognition and behavior, and requires intact attention, working memory, and inhibition skills. No functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have directly examined fluid reasoning in ADHD which is surprising given that studies demonstrate a consistent network of brain regions involved in fluid reasoning that are also implicated in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Twenty-two right-handed, non-medicated children (12 ADHD, 10 controls) ages 8-12 years completed a fluid reasoning task during which fMRI data were collected. The primary comparison of interest was activation during the fluid reasoning compared to the control condition. Behavioral data showed that children with ADHD tended to be less accurate with faster reaction times in the fluid reasoning condition compared to controls, and were significantly less accurate in the control condition. Controls activated more than participants with ADHD in the right intraparietal sulcus and the left lateral cerebellum in the fluid reasoning condition. Results showed hypoactivation in ADHD in regions critical for fluid reasoning. These results add to the literature suggesting a role for parietal and cerebellar regions in cognition and ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. leanne.tamm@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Juranek
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects