title: The effects of wide pulse neuromuscular electrical stimulation on elbow flexion torque in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuromuscular electrical stimulation that incorporates wide pulse widths (1ms) and high frequencies (100Hz; wide pulse-NMES (WP-NMES)) augments contractions through an increased reflexive recruitment of motoneurons in individuals without neurological impairments and those with spinal cord injury. The current study was designed to investigate whether WP-NMES also augments contractions after stroke. We hypothesized that WP-NMES would generate larger contractions in the paretic arm compared to the non-paretic arm due to increased reflex excitability for paretic muscles after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biceps brachii muscles were stimulated bilaterally in 10 individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke. Four stimulation patterns were delivered to explore the effects of pulse width and frequency on contraction amplitude: 20-100-20Hz (4s each phase, 1ms pulse width); 20-100-20Hz (4s each phase, 0.1ms); 20Hz for 12s (1ms); and 100Hz for 12s (1ms). Elbow flexion torque and electromyography were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation that incorporated 1ms pulses evoked more torque in the paretic arm than the non-paretic arm. When 0.1ms pulses were used there was no difference in torque between arms. For both arms, torque declined significantly during the constant frequency 100Hz stimulation and did not change during the constant frequency 20Hz stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The larger contractions generated by WP-NMES are likely due to increased reflexive recruitment of motoneurons, resulting from increased reflex excitability on the paretic side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMES that elicits larger contractions may allow for development of more effective stroke rehabilitation paradigms and functional neural prostheses.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clair-Auger
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: J P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dewald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D019415:Torque; D016896:Treatment Outcome