title: The occupant response to autonomous braking: a modeling approach that accounts for active musculature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to model occupant kinematics in an autonomous braking event by using a finite element (FE) human body model (HBM) with active muscles as a step toward HBMs that can be used for injury prediction in integrated precrash and crash simulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trunk and neck musculature was added to an existing FE HBM. Active muscle responses were achieved using a simplified implementation of 3 feedback controllers for head angle, neck angle, and angle of the lumbar spine. The HBM was compared with volunteer responses in sled tests with 10 ms(-2) deceleration over 0.2 s and in 1.4-s autonomous braking interventions with a peak deceleration of 6.7 ms(-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HBM captures the characteristics of the kinematics of volunteers in sled tests. Peak forward displacements have the same timing as for the volunteers, and lumbar muscle activation timing matches data from one of the volunteers. The responses of volunteers in autonomous braking interventions are mainly small head rotations and translational motions. This is captured by the HBM controller objective, which is to maintain the initial angular positions. The HBM response with active muscles is within ±1 standard deviation of the average volunteer response with respect to head displacements and angular rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the implementation of feedback control of active musculature in an FE HBM it is possible to model the occupant response to autonomous braking interventions. The lumbar controller is important for the simulations of lap belt-restrained occupants; it is less important for the kinematics of occupants with a modern 3-point seat belt. Increasing head and neck controller gains provides a better correlation for head rotation, whereas it reduces the vertical head displacement and introduces oscillations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden. jonas.osth@chalmers.se
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Östh
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brolin
authors.forename: Stina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Jac
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wismans
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davidsson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003654:Deceleration; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices