title: Leiomyoma: genetics, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and therapeutic advances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Uterine leiomyomas are common, benign, reproductive tract tumors affecting a majority of reproductive aged women. They are associated with gynecologic morbidity and detrimentally affect reproductive potential. The etiology of leiomyomas is poorly understood and their diagnosis prior to treatment with Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) represents a management dilemma. The purpose of this paper is to review known genetic and molecular contributions to the etiologies of leiomyomas, describe their impact on ART outcomes and reproductive potential, and review alternative therapies and future directions in management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical review of the literature pertaining to genetic component of uterine leiomyomas, their impact on ART and pregnancy and leiomyoma therapeutics was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uterine leiomyomas are characterized by complex molecular mechanisms. Their location and size determines their potential detriment to ART and reproductive function and novel therapeutic modalities are being developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of uterine leiomyomas and their potential detrimental influence on ART and reproductive function warrants continued well-designed studies to ascertain their etiology, optimal treatment and novel less morbid therapies.
authors.affiliation: Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. gary.levy@nih.gov
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Micah J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: Shvetha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zarek
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Segars
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Catherino
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D063186:Uterine Myomectomy / Q000379:methods; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy