title: Horizontal plane localization in single-sided deaf adults fitted with a bone-anchored hearing aid (Baha).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : One purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a unilateral bone-anchored hearing aid (Baha) on horizontal plane localization performance in single-sided deaf adults who had either a conductive or sensorineural hearing loss in their impaired ear. The use of a 33-loudspeaker array allowed for a finer response measure than has previously been used to investigate localization in this population. In addition, a detailed analysis of error patterns allowed an evaluation of the contribution of random error and bias error to the total rms error computed in the various conditions studied. A second purpose was to investigate the effect of stimulus duration and head-turning on localization performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Two groups of single-sided deaf adults were tested in a localization task in which they had to identify the direction of a spoken phrase on each trial. One group had a sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL group; N = 7), and the other group had a conductive hearing loss (CHL group; N = 5). In addition, a control group of four normal-hearing adults was tested. The spoken phrase was either 1250 msec in duration (a male saying "Where am I coming from now?") or 341 msec in duration (the same male saying "Where?"). For the longer-duration phrase, subjects were tested in conditions in which they either were or were not allowed to move their heads before the termination of the phrase. The source came from one of nine positions in the front horizontal plane (from -79° to +79°). The response range included 33 choices (from -90° to +90°, separated by 5.6°). Subjects were tested in all stimulus conditions, both with and without the Baha device. Overall rms error was computed for each condition. Contributions of random error and bias error to the overall error were also computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : There was considerable intersubject variability in all conditions. However, for the CHL group, the average overall error was significantly smaller when the Baha was on than when it was off. Further analysis of error patterns indicated that this improvement was primarily based on reduced response bias when the device was on; that is, the average response azimuth was nearer to the source azimuth when the device was on than when it was off. The SNHL group, on the other hand, had significantly greater overall error when the Baha was on than when it was off. Collapsed across listening conditions and groups, localization performance was significantly better with the 1250 msec stimulus than with the 341 msec stimulus. However, for the longer-duration stimulus, there was no significant beneficial effect of head-turning. Error scores in all conditions for both groups were considerably larger than those in the normal-hearing control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : On average, single-sided deaf adults with CHL showed improved localization ability when using the Baha, whereas single-sided deaf adults with SNHL showed a decrement in performance when using the device. These results may have implications for clinical counseling for patients with unilateral hearing impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. d.wesley.grantham@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: D Wesley
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Grantham
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Ashmead
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: Benjamin W Y
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hornsby
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Labadie
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ricketts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D046088:Hearing Loss, Unilateral / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration; D013017:Sound Localization