title: Novel small molecule α9α10 nicotinic receptor antagonist prevents and reverses chemotherapy-evoked neuropathic pain in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral neuropathy is a common dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy. There are no clinically proven analgesics for the treatment of this condition. Drugs from different classes have been tested with mixed results. Identification of novel molecular targets for analgesic(s) is important. Antagonism of the α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype (absent in brain) is thought to underlie analgesic efficacy of peptide α-conotoxins. We found novel nonpeptide small molecule analogs from a family of tetrakis-, tris-, and bis-azaaromatic quaternary ammonium salts (high potency with selectivity as antagonists at the α9α10 nAChRs) to produce dose-related analgesia in rat models of nerve injury-evoked neuropathy and persistent inflammatory pain. No tests were done in a model of neuropathy induced by drug administration (ie, chemotherapy).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a lead bis-analog, ZZ1-61c, was characterized in a rat model of vincristine-evoked neuropathy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were repeatedly dosed with the vinca-alkaloid, vincristine (100 μg/kg/day IP, days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12). ZZ1-61c (100 μg/kg/day IP) was given either along with or after completion of vincristine (commencing by day 15 when neuropathy was maximum). Responsiveness was assessed with von Frey hairs and the paw-pressure test. The effects of ZZ1-61c on motor function (rotarod) and muscle strength (grip test) were characterized in naïve rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The development of neuropathy was demonstrated with repeated dosing of vincristine (pain hypersensitivity in response to mechanical stimulation). ZZ1-61c showed both preventive and restorative effects on this condition: (1) vincristine-evoked sensitivity to pressure was reduced by coadministration of ZZ1-61c; (2) established neuropathy was diminished by ZZ1-61c after cessation of chemotherapy. ZZ1-61c did not cause motor dysfunction (rotarod) or muscular weakness (the grip test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that ZZ1-61c, a novel compound with a unique mechanism of antagonistic action at the α9α10 nAChR, may be a potential drug candidate for prevention and attenuation of neuropathic pain resulting from chemotherapy. Such a strategy may provide effective treatment that circumvents toxicity of centrally acting agonists at nAChR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0293, USA. epwala@uky.edu
authors.forename: Elzbieta P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wala
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Holtman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000502:physiology*; D014750:Vincristine / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C470699:Chrna10 protein, rat; C498541:Chrna9 protein, rat; C576060:N,N'-((1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-di-(1-propyn-3-yl))-bis(3,4-dimethylpyridinum); D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D014750:Vincristine