title: Environmental and genetic effects on pigment-based vs. structural component of yellow feather colouration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotenoid plumage is of widespread use in bird communication. Carotenoid-based feather colouration has recently been shown to be dependent on both pigment concentration and feather structure. If these two components are determined differently, one plumage patch may potentially convey different aspects of individual quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated the effects of genetic and environmental factors on carotenoid-based yellow breast colouration of Great Tit (Parus major) nestlings. By partial cross-fostering, we separated the genetic and pre-natal vs. post-natal parental effects on both the structural and the pigment-based component of carotenoid-based plumage colouration. We also simultaneously manipulated the post-hatching environment by brood size manipulation. The structural component of nestling colouration reflected features of female colouration. On the other hand, the pigment-based component was more affected by rearing conditions presumably representing food quality. While the structural component was related to both origin- and environment-related factors, the pigment-based component seemed to be environment-dependent only. These results support the notion that pigment-based and structural components of feather colouration are determined differently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chromatic and achromatic components of carotenoid-based feather colouration reflected different aspects of individual quality and history, and thus may potentially form a multicomponent signal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic. jana.matrkova@seznam.cz
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matrková
authors.forename: Vladimír
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Remeš
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005241:Feathers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D002338:Carotenoids