title: Social anxiety modulates subliminal affective priming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well established that there is anxiety-related variation between observers in the very earliest, pre-attentive stage of visual processing of images such as emotionally expressive faces, often leading to enhanced attention to threat in a variety of disorders and traits. Whether there is also variation in early-stage affective (i.e. valenced) responses resulting from such images, however, is not yet known. The present study used the subliminal affective priming paradigm to investigate whether people varying in trait social anxiety also differ in their affective responses to very briefly presented, emotionally expressive face images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (n = 67) completed a subliminal affective priming task, in which briefly presented and smiling, neutral and angry faces were shown for 10 ms durations (below objective and subjective thresholds for visual discrimination), and immediately followed by a randomly selected Chinese character mask (2000 ms). Ratings of participants' liking for each Chinese character indicated the degree of valenced affective response made to the unseen emotive images. Participants' ratings of their liking for the Chinese characters were significantly influenced by the type of face image preceding them, with smiling faces generating more positive ratings than neutral and angry ones (F(2,128) = 3.107, p<0.05). Self-reported social anxiety was positively correlated with ratings of smiling relative to neutral-face primed characters (Pearson's r = .323, p<0.01). Individual variation in self-reported mood awareness was not associated with ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trait social anxiety is associated with individual variation in affective responding, even in response to the earliest, pre-attentive stage of visual image processing. However, the fact that these priming effects are limited to smiling and not angry (i.e. threatening) images leads us to propose that the pre-attentive processes involved in generating the subliminal affective priming effect may be different from those that generate attentional biases in anxious individuals.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Behavioural Biology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. e.paul@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Stuart A J
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fennell
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mendl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013360:Subliminal Stimulation; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology