title: Lessons learned from implementing education on dual-use in Austria, Italy, Pakistan and Sweden.
abstract: This paper provides insights into the achievements and challenges of implementing education on dual-use in four countries: Austria, Italy, Pakistan and Sweden. It draws attention to the different institutional mechanisms through which dual-use education may be introduced into academic curricula and some of the difficulties encountered in this process. It concludes that there is no 'one size fits all' approach to the implementation of dual-use education. Rather, initiatives must be tailored to suit the teaching traditions, geographical and historical context in which they are being delivered. However, a number of common principles and themes can be derived from all four cases. All these courses bring together a number of different topics that place 'dual-use' in the broader context of biosafety, biosecurity, ethics, law and the environment. The case studies suggest that success in this area depends largely on the leadership and commitment of individuals directly involved in teaching, who are active within the scientific community.
authors.affiliation: SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), University of Sussex, UK. j.revill@sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Revill
authors.forename: M Daniela Candia
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Carnevali
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: Zabta Khan
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Shinwari
authors.forename: Giulio M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mancini
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D001690:Biological Science Disciplines / Q000193:education*; D001694:Biological Warfare / Q000517:prevention & control; D003479:Curriculum; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D059232:Laboratory Personnel / Q000193:education; D010154:Pakistan; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000193:education; D012637:Security Measures; D013548:Sweden