title: The role of surgeon error in withdrawal of postoperative life support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgeons may be reluctant to withdraw postoperative life support after a poor outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional random sample was taken from a US mail survey of 2100 surgeons who routinely perform high-risk operations. We used a hypothetical vignette of a specialty-specific operation complicated by a hemiplegic stroke and respiratory failure. On postoperative day 7, the patient and family requested withdrawal of life-supporting therapy. We experimentally modified the timing and role of surgeon error to assess their influence on surgeons' willingness to withdraw life-supporting care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted response rate was 56%. Sixty-three percent of respondents would not honor the request to withdraw life-supporting treatment. Willingness to withdraw life-support was significantly lower in the setting of surgeon error (33% vs 41%, P < 0.008) and elective operations rather than in emergency cases (33% vs 41%, P = 0.01). After adjustment for specialty, years of experience, geographic region, and gender, odds of withdrawing life-supporting therapy were significantly greater in cases in which the outcome was not explicitly from error during an emergency operation as compared to iatrogenic injury in elective cases (odds ratio 1.95, 95% confidence intervals 1.26-3.01). Surgeons who did not withdraw life-support were significantly more likely to report the importance of optimism regarding prognosis (79% vs 62%, P < 0.0001) and concern that the patient could not accurately predict future quality of life (80% vs 68%, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons are more reluctant to withdraw postoperative life-supporting therapy for patients with complications from surgeon error in the elective setting. This may also be influenced by personal optimism and a belief that patients are unable to predict the value of future health states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI 53792, USA. schwarze@surgery.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Redmann
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brasel
authors.forename: G Caleb
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*