title: Relationship between vitamin D deficiency, bone remodelling and iron status in iron-deficient young women consuming an iron-fortified food.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron and vitamin D deficiencies are two of the most widespread nutritional disorders in the world. Our aim was to know whether the consumption of an iron-fortified fruit juice modifies bone remodelling and the possible influence of baseline vitamin D status on the recovery of iron status in a group of iron-deficient women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron biomarkers, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and dietary intake were measured in 123 iron-deficient menstruating women. A subgroup (n = 41) participated in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of 16-weeks during winter. They consumed a placebo fruit juice (P) or iron-fortified fruit juice (F). Dietary intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathormone (PTH), bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminoterminal telopeptide of collagen I (NTX) and iron biomarkers were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two per cent of the iron-deficient women were vitamin D deficient or insufficient. Transferrin saturation and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were positively correlated. Iron status improved in F, 25-hydroxyvitamin D decreased in F and P, and PTH, ALP and NTX levels were within the normal range and did not vary. Women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 50 nmol/L compared with 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 50 nmol/L showed a higher increase in transferrin saturation (a marker of iron supply to tissues) during iron recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is very high in iron-deficient women. The recovery of iron status by consuming an iron-fortified food does not affect 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels; however, the increase in iron supply to tissues is lower if the women also present vitamin D deficiency. Although bone health does not seem to be affected in this group of women, correction of iron and vitamin D deficiencies should be promoted in young women to improve present and future health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blanco-Rojo
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Granados
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toxqui
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zazo
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Piedra
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vaquero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D001628:Beverages; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010748:Phosphopeptides / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D012621:Seasons; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019266:Iron, Dietary; C062121:N-propeptide type I collagen; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010748:Phosphopeptides; D011347:Procollagen; D014168:Transferrin; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase