title: Femoral head fractures.
abstract: Femoral head fractures may present in various patterns with or without associated fractures around the hip. As a result, the treating orthopaedic surgeon must understand not only the fracture pattern, but also patient-related fractures and the relevant operative exposures and reconstructive options to achieve the best functional outcome while minimizing complications. Treatment options range from non-operative treatment to fracture fragment excision or fracture fixation using various surgical exposures and implants. This article reviews the current literature on the treatment options for femoral head fractures and presents modern operative techniques that have improved exposure of the fracture while minimizing associated risks such as avascular necrosis, heterotopic ossification, and neurovascular compromise. A sound understanding of the anatomy and these newer techniques can enable the surgeon to provide improved expectations and clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, One Barnes-Hospital Plaza, Suite 11300 West Pavilion, Campus Box 8233, St Louis, MO 63110, USA, rossj@wudosis.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gardner