title: Phosphine-induced walking response of the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of the intensive worldwide use of phosphine against stored-product insects, its potential sublethal effects on targeted insect species is seldom recognised and may compromise the efficacy of this fumigant, particularly against phosphine-resistant insects. Therefore, the behavioural response of three populations of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to sublethal phosphine exposure was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration-mortality bioassays with phosphine confirmed the resistance status of the insect populations studied, with levels of phosphine resistance of 40.8-fold and 85.7-fold compared with the susceptible population. Regarding walking behaviour, determined using a digital video-tracking system, the phosphine-resistant populations were less active than the susceptible population. In addition, sublethal phosphine exposure decreased the walking activity of all three populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phosphine exposure decreased walking activity. Such reduced walking activity is likely to lower the respiration rate, thereby minimising phosphine uptake. As higher phosphine resistance was also associated with reduced walking activity, phosphine-resistant populations may resist phosphine fumigation even more efficiently on account of this behavioural trait, further aiding their physiological resistance, and should be a matter of concern.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Aurélio G
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: Leda Rita A
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Faroni
authors.forename: Alberto S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.forename: Raul Narciso C
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Guedes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010720:Phosphines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010720:Phosphines; C044646:phosphine