title: Validation of a surgical technique for rat intestinal irradiation: potential side effects prevention by dietary grape phenolics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates and defines the histological and biochemical consequences of irradiation on the Hauer-Jensen intestinal model and investigates the potential effects of dietary polyphenols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were orchiectomized, and an ileal loop was transposed to the left part of the scrotum, then irradiated 2 weeks after surgery with a single dose of 21 Gy (4.49 Gy/min). Four groups of rats received either phenolic extracts from grape seeds (EGS) and from red wine (ACYS, EGT), or pure quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside (Q3G), for 5 days before the irradiation and were sacrificed 2 weeks after. Antioxidant enzyme activities, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GSHPx), and oxidative markers such as myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (MDA) were measured as well as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant level (CINC-1), a chemokine involved in inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irradiated rats exhibited a high radiation injury score (RIS) with a thickened serosa, mucosal loss and ulceration, and epithelial atypicality. Intestinal MPO activity and CINC-1 concentration were significantly increased in irradiated animals (60 and 66 %, respectively). Higher plasma MDA levels (58 %) and SOD activity (32 %) were accompanied by a reduced GSHPx activity (79 %). However, feeding phenolic extracts remarkably reduced levels of blood SOD activity (34 % on average), intestinal CINC-1 (25-75 % range) and MPO activity (36-84 %). Except for Q3G, phenolics preserved the intestinal structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that irradiation triggers an inflammation, and an oxidative stress by disturbing the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and indicate that phenolics supply exerts preventive effects against radio-induced intestinal impairment.
authors.affiliation: UMR 204, Prévention des Malnutritions et des Pathologies Associées, Université Montpellier Sud de France, Montpellier Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Lama
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Younes-Sakr
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Senesse
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laurent
authors.forename: Jean-Max
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rouanet
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rugani
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cristol
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaillet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007422:Intestines / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; D010636:Phenols; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C016527:isoquercitrin; D011794:Quercetin; D009195:Peroxidase