title: Automatic recognition of surface landmarks of anatomical structures of back and posture.
abstract: Faulty postures, scoliosis and sagittal plane deformities should be detected as early as possible to apply preventive and treatment measures against major clinical consequences. To support documentation of the severity of deformity and diminish x-ray exposures, several solutions utilizing analysis of back surface topography data were introduced. A novel approach to automatic recognition and localization of anatomical landmarks of the human back is presented that may provide more repeatable results and speed up the whole procedure. The algorithm was designed as a two-step process involving a statistical model built upon expert knowledge and analysis of three-dimensional back surface shape data. Voronoi diagram is used to connect mean geometric relations, which provide a first approximation of the positions, with surface curvature distribution, which further guides the recognition process and gives final locations of landmarks. Positions obtained using the developed algorithms are validated with respect to accuracy of manual landmark indication by experts. Preliminary validation proved that the landmarks were localized correctly, with accuracy depending mostly on the characteristics of a given structure. It was concluded that recognition should mainly take into account the shape of the back surface, putting as little emphasis on the statistical approximation as possible.
authors.affiliation: Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, ul. Sw. A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michoński
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Glinkowski
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witkowski
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sitnik
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001415:Back / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult