title: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis prevalence in subjects with severe atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is characterized by ossification of different entheseal sites. Several metabolic factors have been suggested to be involved in DISH development. We assessed the prevalence of DISH and its relationship to traditional vascular risk factors in a cohort of patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the 521 consecutive patients admitted to the heart diseases rehabilitation program in our Rehabilitative Cardiology Unit, only those (n = 436) with recent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), a heart valve replacement (HVR), or congestive heart failure (CHF) were enrolled (45 CHF, 338 CABG, and 53 HVR). All patients underwent a rheumatologic examination, blood sample collections, and chest radiographs. Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and information about sex, age, smoking habit, and other vascular risk factors were recorded. DISH was established according to the Resnick and Niwayama criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the setting (77.1% men), the mean ± SD age was 65.44 ± 9.66 years and the overall prevalence of DISH was 30.3%. A logistic regression analysis showed that both age (odds ratio [OR] 1.076, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.044-1.109; P < 0.001) and obesity (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.33-3.89; P = 0.003) were significant predictors of the presence of DISH. An increasing OR for the presence of DISH was found for increasing tertiles of age and BMI. No difference resulted according to other traditional vascular risk factors. BMI and age directly correlated with C-reactive protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall prevalence of DISH was 30.3%. This is expected because of the study population. Obese and older individuals exhibit a higher risk of DISH development.
authors.affiliation: "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS Scientific Institute, Telese Terme, Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zincarelli
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iervolino
authors.forename: Matteo Nicola Dario
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Di Minno
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miniero
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rengo
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Gioia
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolino
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Furgi
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pappone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D004057:Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index