title: Evaluation of precision and accuracy assessment of different 3-D surface imaging systems for biomedical purposes.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3-D) surface imaging has gained clinical acceptance, especially in the field of cranio-maxillo-facial and plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery. Six scanners based on different scanning principles (Minolta Vivid 910®, Polhemus FastSCAN™, GFM PRIMOS®, GFM TopoCAM®, Steinbichler Comet® Vario Zoom 250, 3dMD DSP 400®) were used to measure five sheep skulls of different sizes. In three areas with varying anatomical complexity (areas, 1 = high; 2 = moderate; 3 = low), 56 distances between 20 landmarks are defined on each skull. Manual measurement (MM), coordinate machine measurements (CMM) and computer tomography (CT) measurements were used to define a reference method for further precision and accuracy evaluation of different 3-D scanning systems. MM showed high correlation to CMM and CT measurements (both r = 0.987; p < 0.001) and served as the reference method. TopoCAM®, Comet® and Vivid 910® showed highest measurement precision over all areas of complexity; Vivid 910®, the Comet® and the DSP 400® demonstrated highest accuracy over all areas with Vivid 910® being most accurate in areas 1 and 3, and the DSP 400® most accurate in area 2. In accordance to the measured distance length, most 3-D devices present higher measurement precision and accuracy for large distances and lower degrees of precision and accuracy for short distances. In general, higher degrees of complexity are associated with lower 3-D assessment accuracy, suggesting that for optimal results, different types of scanners should be applied to specific clinical applications and medical problems according to their special construction designs and characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Moschos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwenzer-Zimmerer
authors.forename: Hans Florian
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zeilhofer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Papadopulos
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovacs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research; D005145:Face / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D023421:Models, Animal; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods