title: Evolving experience in the management of empyema thoracis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empyema thoracis a disease of significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world. However, the optimal management of empyema thoracis remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse evolving experience in clinical presentation, management, outcome and factors contributing to adverse morbidity in empyema thoracis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is hospital based retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed with empyema thoracis in cardiothoracic and vascular surgery (CTVS) unit, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of one year (July 2009 to June 2010). A total of forty-six adult cases were categorized into two treatment groups: (i) thoracotomy for decortication (ii) segmentectomy, lobectomy and redo-thoracotomy for pneumonectomy. The median duration of illness prior to hospital admission was compared. The presence of loculated pleural fluid determined the need for thoracotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of forty-six cases, twenty- nine (63.04%) who had early thoracotomy (less than 22 days) had prompt symptomatic recovery. Fourteen out of seventeen (82.35%) of the patients who were initially treated with thoracocentesis or tube thoracostomy eventually needed thoracotomy. There was a positive shift in management towards early thoracotomy resulting in prompt symptomatic recovery. Significant complications were noted in eight patients who had delayed thoracotomy. Complications included recurrent empyema with lung abscess (n = 3), restrictive lung disease (n = 3), bronchopleural fistula (n = 1) and scoliosis (n=1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early thoracotomy and decortication was found to be an excellent surgical procedure with good functional results and high patient satisfaction rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Bir Hospital, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal. shresthakp8@yahoo.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thulung
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karki
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Pokhrel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult