Non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary chemoprevention of non-gastrointestinal cancer: summary of evidence.
BACKGROUND
There is evidence that aspirin is effective for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Due to their similar pharmacodynamics, the use of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been suggested for other cancer sites. Although this possibility has been discussed in the literature, uncertainty remains about the actual effects of NSAIDs other than aspirin in nongastrointestinal cancer.


OBJECTIVE
To summarize the best available evidence of the primary chemopreventive effects of non-aspirin NSAIDs for nongastrointestinal cancer.


METHODS
Our inclusion criteria were narrative or systematic reviews, clinical guidelines and, if they had not been previously included, primary controlled studies that evaluated the effectiveness of non-aspirin NSAIDs in preventing non-gastrointestinal cancer in healthy individuals. Studies were retrieved from the following databases: Guidelines.gov, BMJ Clinical Evidence, TRIP database, UpToDate, MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, Embase, CINAHL, ISI Web of Science and Scopus. Two independent reviewers selected eligible studies. Data were extracted by one reviewer and crosschecked by two others.


RESULTS
We found 9,984 non-duplicated articles and included 56 eligible studies. Most of these studies were observational. The studies reported conflicting results or no statistically significant associations between the use of non-aspirin NSAIDs and risk of lung, ovary, bladder, prostate, skin, and head and neck cancers. In contrast, an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma and a reduced risk of breast cancer were found to be statistically significant. The included studies had methodological limitations, which reduces our confidence in their results.


CONCLUSIONS
We did not find sufficient evidence to support the use of the non-aspirin NSAIDs for the primary chemoprevention of a wide variety of non-gastrointestinal cancers. This scenario suggests caution when considering the routine use of non-aspirin NSAIDs. Additional well-conducted controlled studies may provide more conclusive evidence on this issue, but there are concerns about the risks of such exposure.
University of Brasilia, Faculty of Medicine, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. marcusts@gmail.com
Marcus Tolentino
MT
Silva
Tais Freire
TF
Galvao
Ivan Ricardo
IR
Zimmerman
Mauricio Gomes
MG
Pereira
Luciane Cruz
LC
Lopes
D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D012306:Risk
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin