Evaluation of vulvovaginal symptoms and Candida colonization in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor.
OBJECTIVE
Women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk for vaginal Candida colonization, perhaps because of glucosuria. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, in development for the treatment of T2DM, improve glycemic control by increasing urinary glucose excretion. Vaginal Candida colonization and symptomatic vulvovaginal adverse events (VVAE) were assessed in females with T2DM treated with canagliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor.


METHODS
In a double-blind study, subjects with T2DM and inadequate glycemic control on metformin were randomized to placebo; canagliflozin 50, 100, 200, 300 mg daily or 300 mg twice daily; or sitagliptin 100 mg daily for 12 weeks. Vaginal swabs for Candida culture were collected from 198 female subjects at baseline and week 12, and during the trial if symptoms consistent with vulvovaginal candidiasis occurred.


RESULTS
At baseline, 23/198 (12%) females had vaginal cultures positive for Candida (C. glabrata: 14; C. albicans: 5; other: 4), with age ≤55 years associated with increased risk (odds ratio [OR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-10.7). Of those with negative cultures at baseline, 31% of canagliflozin and 14% of placebo/sitagliptin subjects converted to positive at week 12 (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.0-7.3 for canagliflozin vs. placebo/sitagliptin). Two placebo/sitagliptin (3%) and 16 canagliflozin subjects (10%) experienced VVAE. Positive vaginal culture for Candida species at baseline was a risk factor for VVAE (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 2.4-34.0). All 9/9 subjects in the canagliflozin group with a vaginal culture taken at the time of the VVAE were positive for Candida species. Most VVAE were treated with antifungal therapy and resolved without study drug interruption; none led to discontinuation. Study limitations include small population, short duration, and not obtaining cultures in all women with VVAE.


CONCLUSIONS
Canagliflozin treatment was associated with an increase in vaginal colonization with Candida species and in VVAE in women with T2DM.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Paul.Nyirjesy@DrexelMed.edu
Paul
P
Nyirjesy
Yue
Y
Zhao
Kirk
K
Ways
Keith
K
Usiskin
D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D000068896:Canagliflozin; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005960:Glucosides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D011719:Pyrazines; C089180:SLC5A2 protein, human; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes; D014230:Triazoles; D000068896:Canagliflozin; D000068900:Sitagliptin Phosphate