Complications of occipital screw placement for occipitocervical fusion in children.
OBJECTIVE
Occipitocervical stabilization in the pediatric age group remains a challenge because of the regional anatomy, poor occipital bone purchase, and, in some instances, significant thinning of the occipital bone. Multiple bicortical fixation points to the occipital bone may be required to increase construct rigidity. The authors evaluated the complications of bicortical occipital screw placement in children with occipital fusion constructs.


METHODS
The records of 20 consecutive pediatric patients who had undergone occipitocervical fusion between September 1, 2007, and November 30, 2010, at Texas Children's Hospital were reviewed.


RESULTS
The patients consisted of 10 girls and 10 boys, ranging in age from 10 months to 16 years (mean ± SD, 7.7 ± 5.1 years). Two patients were lost to follow-up, 2 died for reasons unrelated to the surgery, and the remaining patients had at least 3 months of follow-up (mean 14 ± 11.8 months) with evaluation via dynamic radiography and CT. Four patients experienced 8 complications: 2 CSF leaks, 2 vigorous venous bleedings, worsening of quadriparesis, wound infection, radiographic pseudarthrosis, and transient dysphagia. Among 114 screws, there were 2 cases of intraoperative dural venous sinus injury and 2 cases of intraoperative CSF leakage, without clinical sequelae from these complications. Only 1 case of radiographic pseudarthrosis was identified in a patient with skeletal dysplasia and a prior failed C1-2 posterior arthrodesis. There were no difficulties with wound healing because of prominent occipital instrumentation, and there was only 1 wound infection.


CONCLUSIONS
Data in this report confirm that including bicortical occipital screw placement in occipitocervical constructs in children may result in a high fusion rate but at the cost of a notable complication rate.
Pediatric Neuro-Spine Program, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Steven W
SW
Hwang
Loyola V
LV
Gressot
Joshua J
JJ
Chern
Katherine
K
Relyea
Andrew
A
Jea
D000293:Adolescent; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation