Surrounding greenness and exposure to air pollution during pregnancy: an analysis of personal monitoring data.
BACKGROUND
Green spaces are reported to improve health status, including beneficial effects on pregnancy outcomes. Despite the suggestions of air pollution-related health benefits of green spaces, there is no available evidence on the impact of greenness on personal exposure to air pollution.


OBJECTIVE
We investigated the association between surrounding greenness and personal exposure to air pollution among pregnant women and to explore the potential mechanisms, if any, behind this association.


METHODS
In total, 65 rounds of sampling were carried out for 54 pregnant women who resided in Barcelona during 2008-2009. Each round consisted of a 2-day measurement of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM₂.₅) and a 1-week measurement of nitric oxides collected simultaneously at both the personal and microenvironmental levels. The study participants were also asked to fill out a time-microenvironment-activity diary during the sampling period. We used satellite retrievals to determine the surrounding greenness as the average of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in a buffer of 100 m around each maternal residential address. We estimated the impact of surrounding greenness on personal exposure levels, home-outdoor and home-indoor pollutant levels, and maternal time-activity.


RESULTS
Higher residential surrounding greenness was associated with lower personal, home-indoor, and home-outdoor PM₂.₅ levels, and more time spent at home-outdoor.


CONCLUSIONS
We found lower levels of personal exposure to air pollution among pregnant women residing in greener areas. This finding may be partly explained by lower home-indoor pollutant levels and more time spent in less polluted home-outdoor environment by pregnant women in greener areas.
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology-CREAL, Barcelona, Spain. pdadvand@creal.cat
Payam
P
Dadvand
Audrey
A
de Nazelle
Margarita
M
Triguero-Mas
Anna
A
Schembari
Marta
M
Cirach
Elmira
E
Amoly
Francesc
F
Figueras
Xavier
X
Basagaña
Bart
B
Ostro
Mark
M
Nieuwenhuijsen
D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D002980:Climate; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013030:Spain
D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter