Detection of HPAI H5N1 viruses in ducks sampled from live bird markets in Vietnam.
In Vietnam, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections in poultry often occur without concomitant clinical signs and outbreaks are not consistently reported. Live bird markets represent a convenient site for surveillance that does not rely on farmers' notifications. Two H5N1 surveys were conducted at live bird markets/slaughter points in 39 districts (five provinces) in the Red River, Mekong delta, and central Vietnam during January and May 2011. Oropharyngeal and rectal swab samples from 12 480 ducks were tested for H5N1 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in pools of five. Traders and stallholders were interviewed using standardized questionnaires; 3·3% of pools tested positive. The highest prevalence (6·6%) corresponded to the Mekong delta, and no H5N1 was detected in the two Red River provinces. The surveys identified key risk behaviours of traders and stallholders. It is recommended that market surveys are implemented over time as a tool to evaluate progress in HPAI control in Vietnam.
Department of Animal Health, Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Phan
FAO Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Nguyen Gia Thieu, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Henry
FAO Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Nguyen Gia Thieu, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Bui
Department of Animal Health, Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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DH
DO
Department of Animal Health, Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Hoang
Department of Animal Health, Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Thu
Regional Animal Health Office (RAHO 1), Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Nguyen
Regional Animal Health Office (RAHO 3), Vinh City, Nghe An, Vietnam.
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LE
Regional Animal Health Office (RAHO 7), Can Tho, Vietnam.
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Diep
FAO Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Nguyen Gia Thieu, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Inui
FAO Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Nguyen Gia Thieu, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Weaver
FAO Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Nguyen Gia Thieu, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Carrique-Mas
D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003132:Commerce; D004372:Ducks / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012007:Rectum / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology