TGFβ and BMP signaling in cardiac cushion formation: lessons from mice and chicken.
Cardiac cushion formation is crucial for both valvular and septal development. Disruption in this process can lead to valvular and septal malformations, which constitute the largest part of congenital heart defects. One of the signaling pathways that is important for cushion formation is the TGFβ superfamily. The involvement of TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways in cardiac cushion formation has been intensively studied using chicken in vitro explant assays and in genetically modified mice. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the role of TGFβ and BMP signaling components in cardiac cushion formation.
Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands. B.P.T.Kruithof@lumc.nl
Boudewijn P T
BP
Kruithof
Sjoerd N
SN
Duim
Asja T
AT
Moerkamp
Marie-José
MJ
Goumans
D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D054089:Endocardial Cushions / Q000378:metabolism*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054088:Ventricular Septum / Q000196:embryology
D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta