Impact of environmental parameters on marathon running performance.
OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were to describe the distribution of all runners' performances in the largest marathons worldwide and to determine which environmental parameters have the maximal impact.


METHODS
We analysed the results of six European (Paris, London, Berlin) and American (Boston, Chicago, New York) marathon races from 2001 to 2010 through 1,791,972 participants' performances (all finishers per year and race). Four environmental factors were gathered for each of the 60 races: temperature (°C), humidity (%), dew point (°C), and the atmospheric pressure at sea level (hPA); as well as the concentrations of four atmospheric pollutants: NO(2)-SO(2)-O(3) and PM(10) (μg x m(-3)).


RESULTS
All performances per year and race are normally distributed with distribution parameters (mean and standard deviation) that differ according to environmental factors. Air temperature and performance are significantly correlated through a quadratic model. The optimal temperatures for maximal mean speed of all runners vary depending on the performance level. When temperature increases above these optima, running speed decreases and withdrawal rates increase. Ozone also impacts performance but its effect might be linked to temperature. The other environmental parameters do not have any significant impact.


CONCLUSIONS
The large amount of data analyzed and the model developed in this study highlight the major influence of air temperature above all other climatic parameter on human running capacity and adaptation to race conditions.
IRMES (bioMedical Research Institute of Sports Epidemiology), INSEP, Paris, France. nour.elhelou@insep.fr
Nour
N
El Helou
Muriel
M
Tafflet
Geoffroy
G
Berthelot
Julien
J
Tolaini
Andy
A
Marc
Marion
M
Guillaume
Christophe
C
Hausswirth
Jean-François
JF
Toussaint
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature
D000393:Air Pollutants; D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013431:Sulfates; D010126:Ozone