The role of attentional focus in plyometric training.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine how focusing attention during nine weeks of plyometric training influence jumping performance. It was hypothesized that participants utilizing an external focus of attention during practice would produce greater improvements in jumping behavior compared to participants practicing in the internal and control conditions.


METHODS
Thirty-six untrained but physically active male college students were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 plyometric groups with a different focus of attention: external (EXF; N.=12), internal (INF; N.=12), and control (CON; N.=12). All participants subsequently participated in the same an 9-week periodized training program. Standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) were tested pre- and posttraining intervention.


RESULTS
The EXF group exhibited greater improvement (P<0.05) in jumping distance for SLJ and height for CMJ than both the INF and CON groups, while the enhancement in jumping height for DJ was not superior (P<0.05) in the EXF group in comparison with the INF and CON groups. However, the CON group showed a greater increase (P<0.05) in jumping height for DJ than the INF group. The EXF group increased the range of knee flexion (KF), whereas both the INF and CON groups decreased the KF during the CMJ. Additionally, only the CON group reduced KF during the execution of the DJ. The EXF group (P<0.05) increased contact time, whereas both the INF and CON groups decreased (P<0.05) contact time in DJ. The EXF group had significantly (P<0.05) greater vertical ground reaction force in CMJ and DJ when compared with the INF and CON groups.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the external focus of attention during plyometric training may provide a greater stimulus to jump performance in slow stretch shortening cycle (SSC) tasks by producing greater force than adopting the internal and no specific focus.
Department of Athletics, The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland. hubert.makaruk@awf-bp.edu.pl
H
H
Makaruk
J M
JM
Porter
A
A
Czaplicki
J
J
Sadowski
T
T
Sacewicz
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D059385:Plyometric Exercise; D055815:Young Adult