Safety and efficacy of tirofiban in stent-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms.
BACKGROUND
Thromboembolic complications are a major concern in stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms that may be prevented with adequate antiplatelet therapy.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the safety and efficacy of tirofiban in stent-assisted coiling.


METHODS
Two protocols were used. In the initial protocol, tirofiban was administered intravenously as a 0.4 μg/kg per min bolus for 30 minutes followed by 0.10 μg·kg min maintenance infusion. The revised protocol consisted of a 0.10 μg·kg min maintenance infusion alone.


RESULTS
Sixty-seven patients received tirofiban, 16 under the initial protocol and 51 under the revised protocol. Thirty (44.8%) patients had sustained a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Tirofiban infusion was initiated after thromboembolic events in 9 (13.4%) patients and prophylactically in 58 (86.6%). Four (6.0%) intracranial hemorrhages were noted. Three (18.8%) intracranial hemorrhages occurred with the initial protocol in patients treated electively and were fatal in 2 (66.7%) cases. The only complication (1.9%) under the revised protocol was a subclinical worsening of the computed tomographic appearance of an SAH. There was no tirofiban-related morbidity or deaths with the revised protocol. Of 9 patients that received tirofiban as a rescue treatment, 7 (77.8%) had complete and 2 (22.2%) had partial arterial recanalization. No thromboembolic events occurred in patients receiving prophylactic tirofiban.


CONCLUSIONS
A bolus followed by a maintenance dose of tirofiban appears to have a high risk of cerebral hemorrhage. A maintenance infusion without an initial bolus, however, has an exceedingly low risk of hemorrhage and appears to be very safe and effective, even in the setting of SAH.
Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Nohra
N
Chalouhi
Pascal
P
Jabbour
David
D
Kung
David
D
Hasan
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015607:Stents; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077466:Tirofiban; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014443:Tyrosine; D000077466:Tirofiban