Evaluation of impact of exposure of Sudan azo dyes and their metabolites on human intestinal bacteria.
Sudan azo dyes are banned for food usage in most countries, but they are illegally used to maintain or enhance the color of food products due to low cost, bright staining, and wide availability of the dyes. In this report, we examined the toxic effects of these azo dyes and their potential reduction metabolites on 11 prevalent human intestinal bacterial strains. Among the tested bacteria, cell growth of 2, 3, 5, 5, and 1 strains was inhibited by Sudan I, II, III, IV, and Para Red, respectively. At the tested concentration of 100 μM, Sudan I and II inhibited growth of Clostridium perfringens and Lactobacillus rhamnosus with decrease of growth rates from 14 to 47%. Sudan II also affected growth of Enterococcus faecalis. Growth of Bifidobacterium catenulatum, C. perfringens, E. faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Peptostreptococcus magnus was affected by Sudan III and IV with decrease in growth rates from 11 to 67%. C. perfringens was the only strain in which growth was affected by Para Red with 47 and 26% growth decreases at 6 and 10 h, respectively. 1-Amino-2-naphthol, a common metabolite of the dyes, was capable of inhibiting growth of most of the tested bacteria with inhibition rates from 8 to 46%. However, the other metabolites of the dyes had no effect on growth of the bacterial strains. The dyes and their metabolites had less effect on cell viability than on cell growth of the tested bacterial strains. Clostridium indolis and Clostridium ramosum were the only two strains with about a 10 % decrease in cell viability in the presence of Sudan azo dyes. The present results suggested that Sudan azo dyes and their metabolites potentially affect the human intestinal bacterial ecology by selectively inhibiting some bacterial species, which may have an adverse effect on human health.
Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
Hongmiao
H
Pan
Jinhui
J
Feng
Gui-Xin
GX
He
Carl E
CE
Cerniglia
Huizhong
H
Chen
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability; D009284:Naphthols / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001391:Azo Compounds; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D009284:Naphthols; C552939:para red; C024336:1-phenylazo-2-naphthol; C033003:sudan red; C090659:1-amino-2-naphthol; C033006:sudan III