Pollination function transferred: modified tepals of Albuca (Hyacinthaceae) serve as secondary stigmas.
OBJECTIVE
The stigma, a structure which serves as a site for pollen receipt and germination, has been assumed to have evolved once, as a modification of carpels, in early angiosperms. Here it is shown that a functional stigma has evolved secondarily from modified tepals in some Albuca species (Hyacinthaceae).


METHODS
Deposition of pollen on Albuca floral organs by bees was recorded. Pollen germination and fruit set was measured in flowers that had pollen deposited solely on their tepals or had their tepal tips experimentally isolated or removed after pollination.


RESULTS
Leafcutter bees deposit pollen onto the papillate apices of the inner tepals of Albuca flowers. Pollen germinates in tepal-derived fluid secreted 2 or 3 d after anthesis and pollen tubes subsequently penetrate the style during flower wilting. Application of cross-pollen to the inner tepal apices of A. setosa flowers led to high fruit set. No fruits were produced in pollinated flowers in which the inner tepals were mechanically isolated or removed.


CONCLUSIONS
Pollen capture by tepals in the Albuca clade probably evolved in response to selection for floral morphology that maximizes the accuracy of pollen transfer. These findings show how pollination function can be transferred among floral organs, and shed light on how the original angiosperm stigma developed from sporophylls.
School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa. Johnsonsd@ukzn.ac.za
Steven D
SD
Johnson
Andreas
A
Jürgens
Michael
M
Kuhlmann
D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000254:growth & development; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D013019:South Africa