[Indoor dust as a pathway of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)].
The brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) belong to a class of synthetic, additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs). PBDEs are used to reduce the flammability of commercial and household products such as textiles, various plastic polymers, furnishing foam, and electronic equipment. People spend a large percentage of their life-time indoors at home, in offices and cars, etc, providing many opportunities for lengthy exposure to PBDEs from residential settings and commercial products in an indoor environment. In recent time, the foodstuffs, mainly food of animal origin, have been indicated as the main pathway of human exposure to PBDEs. However, many studies have shown that the indoor environment, mainly indoor dust, can be also a significant source of exposure to PBDEs, especially for younger children (toddlers) because of their behavioral patterns, eg. putting fingers, toys, and other items in their mouth. Numerous studies show that the median intakes of PBDEs via dust for adult range from 1.41 to 277 ng x day(-1) is lower than that via food which range from 135 to 333 ng x day-', while the median intake of these compounds via indoor dust for children range from 101 to 404 ng x day(-1) is much higher than via food: 77-190 ng x day(-1). The congener pattern observed in the indoor dust is different to that found in food. The indoor dust is dominated by the congener BDE-209 vs. food where the most dominated congeners are BDE-47 and BDE-99. Human exposure to PBDEs and other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is widely widespread throughout the world and it depends on a country range of usage, production and legislation concerning these chemicals as well as a citizen's behavior. Generally, human exposure has been found higher in North America than in Europe and Asia. Within European countries the significant highest concentrations in dust have been found in the United Kingdom. It should be noted that many uncertainty factors such as personal habits, dietary preferences, and time spent in various rooms, cars and outdoors could affect the exposure assessment. In some cases the occupational exposure is the most important source of PBDEs for adults, for example air crews, car sale employees and disposal/recycling of electronic waste workers.
Zakład Toksykologii Srodowiskowej Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego--Państwowy Zakład Higieny, Warszawa. kgoralczyk@pzh.gov.pl
Katarzyna
K
Góralczyk
Paweł
P
Struciński
Agnieszka
A
Hernik
Katarzyna
K
Czaja
Wojciech
W
Korcz
Maria
M
Minorczyk
Jan K
JK
Ludwicki
D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001208:Asia; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005060:Europe; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009656:North America; D011044:Poland; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment
D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether