Next generation histone deacetylase inhibitors: the answer to the search for optimized epigenetic therapies?
BACKGROUND
HDAC inhibitors have demonstrated potent anticancer activities in preclinical and clinical studies. Currently, two drugs (SAHA and romidepsin) have gained the FDA approval for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clinical efficacy of HDAC inhibitors has been observed in advanced hematological malignancies, while response in other cancers has been in most cases unpredictable and often rather limited. The search for new molecules with the potential to overcome the limitations of the first HDAC inhibitors has become a primary goal in the field of epigenetic drug discovery as well as drugs acting on other chromatin modifying enzymes.


METHODS
The article shortlists seven new HDAC inhibitors that have recently entered clinical studies as representative examples of next generation drugs. The most recently published preclinical profile is reviewed, together with the first clinical data for these compounds. The article then focuses on challenges faced during the progress of first generation HDAC inhibitors and analyzes whether these new compounds are likely to provide a solution to the existing issues and needs.


CONCLUSIONS
Next generation HDAC inhibitors have the 'best-in-class' potential, particularly regarding potency and in vivo exposure. However, several issues remain unresolved. For example, none of the presented compounds appears to have a significantly different selectivity profile towards various HDAC isoforms and, thus, none of them may provide a further elucidation between the toxicity seen in more advanced HDAC inhibitors and isoform selectivity. Additionally, a need for a continuous effort on target validation is seen as a necessary requirement for further progress in the field.
European Institute of Oncology, Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
Florian
F
Thaler
Saverio
S
Minucci