EAU guidelines on penile curvature.
BACKGROUND
Penile curvature can be congenital or acquired. Acquired curvature is secondary due to La Peyronie (Peyronie's) disease.


OBJECTIVE
To provide clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of penile curvature.


METHODS
A systematic literature search on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of penile curvature was performed. Articles with the highest evidence available were selected and formed the basis for assigning levels of evidence and grades of recommendations.


RESULTS
The pathogenesis of congenital penile curvature is unknown. Peyronie's disease is a poorly understood connective tissue disorder most commonly attributed to repetitive microvascular injury or trauma during intercourse. Diagnosis is based on medical and sexual histories, which are sufficient to establish the diagnosis. Physical examination includes assessment of palpable nodules and penile length. Curvature is best documented by a self-photograph or pharmacologically induced erection. The only treatment option for congenital penile curvature is surgery based on plication techniques. Conservative treatment for Peyronie's disease is associated with poor outcomes. Pharmacotherapy includes oral potassium para-aminobenzoate, intralesional treatment with verapamil, clostridial collagenase or interferon, topical verapamil gel, and iontophoresis with verapamil and dexamethasone. They can be efficacious in some patients, but none of these options carry a grade A recommendation. Steroids, vitamin E, and tamoxifen cannot be recommended. Extracorporeal shock wave treatment and penile traction devices may only be used to treat penile pain and reduce penile deformity, respectively. Surgery is indicated when Peyronie's disease is stable for at least 3 mo. Tunical shortening procedures, especially plication techniques, are the first treatment options. Tunical lengthening procedures are preferred in more severe curvatures or in complex deformities. Penile prosthesis implantation is recommended in patients with erectile dysfunction not responding to pharmacotherapy.


CONCLUSIONS
These European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines summarise the present information on penile curvature. The extended version of the guidelines is available on the EAU Web site (www.uroweb.org/guidelines/).
2nd Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. promahon@otenet.gr
Konstantinos
K
Hatzimouratidis
Ian
I
Eardley
François
F
Giuliano
Dimitrios
D
Hatzichristou
Ignacio
I
Moncada
Andrea
A
Salonia
Yoram
Y
Vardi
Eric
E
Wespes
D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019935:Penile Implantation / Q000592:standards; D010411:Penile Induration / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D010413:Penis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000592:standards*; D014572:Urology / Q000592:standards*