Proxyfan acts as a neutral antagonist of histamine H3 receptors in the feeding-related hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus.
OBJECTIVE
Centrally acting histamine H(3) receptor ligands are proposed as potential treatments for obesity, although the value of inverse agonists at these receptors is still debated. Functional inhibition of H(3) autoreceptors activates neurones in a hypothalamic 'satiety' centre. The H(3) receptor antagonist, proxyfan was used as a tool to assess the action of histaminergic compounds in this model.


METHODS
We compared the actions of histamine on feeding with those of an H(3) receptor agonist (imetit) and inverse agonist (thioperamide) in rats and mice. Sites of action were identified by immunohistochemistry and the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was investigated using electrophysiological techniques.


RESULTS
Central histamine or thioperamide decreased fast-induced feeding, whereas imetit increased feeding. Systemic thioperamide entered the brain to activate hypothalamic feeding centres and to reduce feeding without causing any adverse behaviours. Thioperamide activated neurones in the VMN through an action on histamine autoreceptors, whilst imetit had the opposite effect. Proxyfan administered alone did not affect either feeding or electrical activity. However, it blocked the actions of both thioperamide and imetit, acting as a neutral antagonist in this system.


CONCLUSIONS
The H(3) receptor inverse agonist, thioperamide, potently reduced appetite without adverse behavioural effects. This action was blocked by proxyfan, acting as a neutral antagonist in this model and, therefore, this compound is useful in determining the selectivity of H(3) receptor-directed drugs. A major action of thioperamide is through presynaptic autoreceptors, inducing stimulation by endogenous histamine of postsynaptic H(1 ) receptors on anorectic hypothalamic neurones.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
R H
RH
Clapp
S M
SM
Luckman
D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017442:Histamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3 / Q000502:physiology*; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014697:Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*
D017442:Histamine Agonists; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D010880:Piperidines; D018100:Receptors, Histamine H3; C417965:proxyfan; C077430:imetit; D006632:Histamine; D013890:Thiourea; C052075:thioperamide