Pathogenicity and mucosal transmissibility of the R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(AD8) in rhesus macaques: implications for use in vaccine studies.
There is an urgent need to develop new pathogenic R5 simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) for the evaluation of candidate anti-HIV vaccines in nonhuman primates. Here, we characterize swarm SHIV(AD8) stocks, prepared from three infected rhesus macaques with documented immunodeficiency at the time of euthanasia, for their capacity to establish durable infections in macaques following inoculation by the intravenous (i.v.) or intrarectal (i.r.) route. All three viral stocks (SHIV(AD8-CE8J), SHIV(AD8-CK15), and SHIV(AD8-CL98)) exhibited robust replication in vivo and caused marked depletion of CD4(+) T cells affecting both memory and naïve CD4(+) T lymphocyte subsets following administration by either route. Eleven of 22 macaques inoculated with the new SHIV(AD8) stocks were euthanized with clinical symptoms of immunodeficiency and evidence of opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis, Candida, and Mycobacterium). A single but unique founder virus, also present in the SHIV(AD8-CE8J) swarm stock, was transmitted to two animals following a single i.r. inoculation of approximately 3 50% animal infectious doses, which is close to the threshold required to establish infection in all exposed animals. Because the three new SHIV(AD8) viruses are mucosally transmissible, exhibited tier 2 sensitivity to anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, deplete CD4(+) T lymphocytes in vivo, and induce AIDS in macaques, they are eminently suitable as challenge viruses in vaccine experiments.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Rajeev
R
Gautam
Yoshiaki
Y
Nishimura
Wendy R
WR
Lee
Olivia
O
Donau
Alicia
A
Buckler-White
Masashi
M
Shingai
Reza
R
Sadjadpour
Stephen D
SD
Schmidt
Celia C
CC
LaBranche
Brandon F
BF
Keele
David
D
Montefiori
John R
JR
Mascola
Malcolm A
MA
Martin
D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000276:immunology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000821:virology*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*
D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D015483:HIV Antibodies