Emerging biomarkers of prostate cancer (Review).
Prostate cancer progression involves activation of signaling pathways controlling             cell proliferation, apoptosis, anoikis, angiogenesis and metastasis. The current             PSA-based test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer lacks sensitivity and specificity,             resulting in missed diagnoses and unnecessary biopsies. Intense research efforts             to identify serum and tissue biomarkers will expand the opportunities to understand             the functional activation of cancer-related pathways and consequently lead to             molecular therapeutic targeting towards inhibition of tumor growth. Current literature             describes multiple biomarkers that indicate the properties of prostate cancer             including its presence, stage, metastatic potential and prognosis. Used singly,             assays detecting these biomarkers have their respective shortcomings. Several             recent studies evaluating the clinical utilization of multiple markers show promising             results in improving prostate cancer profiling. This review discusses the current             understanding of biomarker signature cluster-based approaches for the diagnosis             and therapeutic response of prostate cancer derived from panels of biomarker tests             that provide a selective molecular signature characteristic of the tumor. As these             signatures are robustly defined and their pathways are exhaustively dissected,             prostate cancer can be more accurately diagnosed, characterized, staged and targeted             with inhibitory antitumor agents. The growing promise surrounding the recent evidence             in identifying and utilizing such biomarker panels, will lead to improvement in             cancer prognosis and management of the therapeutic response of prostate cancer             patients.
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
Sarah K
SK
Martin
Taylor B
TB
Vaughan
Timothy
T
Atkinson
Haining
H
Zhu
Natasha
N
Kyprianou
D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen