In vitro assessment of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in five States of India.
OBJECTIVE
In vitro assays are an important tool to assess baseline sensitivity and monitor the drug response of Plasmodium falciparum over time and place and, therefore, can provide background information for the development and evaluation of drug policies. This study was aimed at determining the in vitro sensitivity of P. falciparum isolates to antimalarials.


METHODS
The in vitro activity of 108 P. falciparum isolates obtained from five States of India was evaluated using WHO microtest (Mark III) to chloroquine, monodesethylamodiaquine, dihydroartesunate and mefloquine. Samples were collected from the States of Orissa, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Goa and Chhattisgarh from September 2007 to August 2009. In addition, representative samples from different States of India cryopreserved and culture adapted in the Malaria Parasite Bank of National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, were also evaluated.


RESULTS
The proportion of isolates resistant to chloroquine and monodesethylamodiaquine was 44.4 and 25 per cent, respectively. Of the 27 isolates resistant to monodesethylamodiaquine, 16 (59.3%) were cross-resistant to chloroquine. No isolate showed resistance to dihydroartesunate and mefloquine. Isolates from Orissa showed the highest degree of resistance to chloroquine and amodiaquine followed by Jharkhand. Forty two isolates were genotyped for pfcrt T76K chloroquine resistant mutation; mutations were seen in 38 (90.47%) isolates.


CONCLUSIONS
The Indian P. falciparum isolates showed a high degree of resistance to chloroquine followed by monodesethylamodiaquine. No resistance was recorded to mefloquine and dihydroartesunate.
National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR, ICMR), New Delhi, India.
Anupkumar R
AR
Anvikar
Bhawna
B
Sharma
S K
SK
Sharma
S K
SK
Ghosh
R M
RM
Bhatt
Ashwani
A
Kumar
S S
SS
Mohanty
C R
CR
Pillai
A P
AP
Dash
Neena
N
Valecha
D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077332:Artesunate; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007194:India; D015767:Mefloquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics
D037621:Artemisinins; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D000655:Amodiaquine; D000077332:Artesunate; C047386:desethylamodiaquine; D002738:Chloroquine; D015767:Mefloquine