Carpe diem, Carpe ampulla: a numerical model as an aid to the design of child-resistant closures.
The population of most developed countries is ageing. Despite continuing medical advances, ageing brings with it a host of issues, not least a loss in strength and dexterity. One major area of concern is the ability of elderly consumers to access packaged goods such as food and medicines. In previous studies, the authors developed a numerical model of a human hand that was used to investigate the effect of physical dimensions and choice of grip on joint stresses to aid the understanding between physical effort, ability and discomfort. This previous work was supported by ethnographic studies and led to recommendations for packaging design. In this paper, a small ethnographic study is undertaken which identifies the grip types used to access to a product that is known to cause particular difficulties for the elderly, the "squeeze and turn" child-resistant closure or CRC, commonly used on medicines and cleaning products. One of the grip types used was chosen to be modelled using the numerical model developed in previous studies by the author. Model geometry and loading were adapted to simulate the "squeeze and turn" nature of the initial opening for closures of this type. A series of studies were then undertaken using different hand geometries; an average male hand, an average female hand and a fifth percentile female hand. The prediction from the model here is that female users with smaller hands will experience more discomfort when accessing squeeze and turn CRC's and that the turn process whilst maintaining the squeeze is problematic.
Art and Design Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 2NU, UK. a.yoxall@shu.ac.uk
A
A
Yoxall
E M
EM
Rodriguez-Falcon
J
J
Luxmoore
D000368:Aged; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003257:Consumer Product Safety / Q000592:standards*; D004349:Drug Packaging / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000592:standards*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D019415:Torque