Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium intake affect rates of bone calcium deposition during pregnancy and the early postpartum period.
BACKGROUND
Factors affecting bone calcium deposition across pregnancy and lactation are not well characterized.


OBJECTIVE
The impact of maternal age, calcium intake, race-ethnicity, and vitamin D status on the rate of bone calcium deposition (VO+) was assessed across pregnancy and lactation.


METHODS
Stable calcium isotopes were given to 46 women at pre- or early pregnancy (trimester 1), late pregnancy (trimester 3), and 3-10 wk postpartum. Three cohorts were included: 23 adolescents from Baltimore (MD), aged 16.5 ± 1.4 y (mean ± SD; Baltimore cohort); 13 adults from California, aged 29.5 ± 2.6 y (California cohort); and 10 adults from Brazil, aged 30.4 ± 4.0 y (Brazil cohort). The total exchangeable calcium pool, VO+, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)₂D], parathyroid hormone, and calcium intake were evaluated.


RESULTS
At trimester 3, inverse associations between 1,25(OH)₂D and VO+ were evident in the Baltimore (P = 0.059) and Brazil (P = 0.008) cohorts and in the whole group (P = 0.029); calcium intake was not a significant determinant of VO+ in any group during pregnancy. At postpartum, a significant positive association was evident between VO+ and calcium intake (P ≤ 0.002) and between VO+ and African ethnicity (P ≤ 0.004) in the whole group and within the Baltimore and Brazil cohorts.


CONCLUSIONS
Elevated 1,25(OH)₂D was associated with decreased rates of bone calcium deposition during late pregnancy, a finding that was particularly evident in pregnant adolescents and adult women with low calcium intakes. Higher dietary calcium intakes and African ethnicity were associated with elevated rates of bone calcium deposition in the postpartum period.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Kimberly O
KO
O'Brien
Carmen M
CM
Donangelo
Lorrene D
LD
Ritchie
Ginny
G
Gildengorin
Steve
S
Abrams
Janet C
JC
King
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D044383:Black People; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D001938:Brazil; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D002140:California; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D004872:Ergocalciferols / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008396:Maryland; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004872:Ergocalciferols; C003564:1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol; D002117:Calcitriol