Altruism in time: social temporal discounting differentiates smokers from problem drinkers.
BACKGROUND
Recent studies on reinforcer valuation in social situations have informed research on mental illness. Social temporal discounting may be a way to examine effects of social context on the devaluation of delayed reinforcers. In prior research with non-drug-using groups, we demonstrated that individuals discount delayed rewards less rapidly (i.e., value the future more) for a group of which they are a member than they do for themselves alone.


OBJECTIVE
The current study examined how cigarette smoking and level of alcohol use relate to rates of delay and social temporal discounting.


METHODS
In this study, we used crowd-sourcing technology to contact a large number of individuals (N = 796). Some of these individuals were hazardous-to-harmful drinkers (n = 269), whereas others were non-problem drinkers (n = 523); some were smokers (n = 182), whereas others were nonsmokers (n = 614). Delay discounting questionnaires for individual rewards (me now, me later) and for group rewards (we now, we later; me now, we later) were used to measure individuals' discounting rates across various social contexts.


RESULTS
Our analyses found that smokers discounted delayed rewards more rapidly than controls under all conditions. However, hazardous-to-harmful drinkers discounted delayed rewards significantly more rapidly than the non-problem drinkers under the individual condition, but not under the social conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
This finding suggests that the use of different abused drugs may be associated with excessive discounting in the individual condition and has selective effects when discounting for a group in the social conditions.
Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA. wkbickel@vt.edu
W K
WK
Bickel
D P
DP
Jarmolowicz
E T
ET
Mueller
C T
CT
Franck
C
C
Carrin
K M
KM
Gatchalian
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D000533:Altruism; D063045:Crowdsourcing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult