The threat of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Lebanon: an update on the regional and local epidemiology.
Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents is increasing. Complex resistant mechanisms have resulted in a wide spectrum of species and strains with multidrug-resistant patterns. In addition to the production of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBLs), Gram-negative rods have acquired the capacity to hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics by means of carbapenemases. The enzyme that has gained the most publicity recently is the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1). This enzyme and others are now spreading from their homeland on the Indian subcontinent to other continents, primarily via medical tourists. This spread contributes to be a global threat in an era when no potent antibiotics are expected to be developed. Patients coming from countries where antimicrobial use is not restricted, such as Iraq, may harbor similar organisms. Reports from the Middle East and Arabian countries describing the occurrence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are rare. In this communication, an update on the epidemiology, prevalence and mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Lebanon and the surrounding region will be addressed in addition to the detection methods and required infection control practices.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
Rima I
RI
El-Herte
Souha S
SS
Kanj
Ghassan M
GM
Matar
George F
GF
Araj
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C552864:beta-lactamase NDM-1; C063912:carbapenemase