Venomous bites, stings, and poisoning.
This article discusses the epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, first aid and medical treatment of venomous bites by snakes, lizards, and spiders; stings by fish, jellyfish, echinoderms, and insects; and poisoning by fish and molluscs, in all parts of the world. Of these envenoming and poisonings, snake bite causes the greatest burden of human suffering, killing 46,000 people each year in India alone and more than 100,000 worldwide and resulting in physical handicap in many survivors. Specific antidotes (antivenoms/antivenins) are available to treat envenoming by many of these taxa but supply and distribution is inadequate in many tropical developing countries.
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. david.warrell@ndm.ox.ac.uk
David A
DA
Warrell
D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003063:Cnidaria; D005400:Fishes, Poisonous; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta; D008116:Lizards; D012911:Snakes; D013112:Spiders; D014688:Venoms / Q000506:poisoning*
D000997:Antivenins; D014688:Venoms