Ultrasound and radiology surrogate endpoints in pharmacological studies.
Cardiovascular studies investigating therapeutic intervention with clinical endpoints are costly due to the need for considerable duration and large number of patients, or both. Therefore, for evaluation of novel cardiovascular drug efficacy, surrogate endpoints are used. Cardiovascular imaging endpoints have proven their worth. Sometimes the relevance of imaging is questioned and other methods are suggested instead. There is also some confusion about the strengths of imaging endpoints. The aim of the present paper is to review ultrasound and radiology imaging techniques as surrogate endpoints in pharmacological trials.
Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and Oslo University, Oslo, Norway. stefan.agewall@medisin.uio.no
S
S
Agewall
E
E
DeGroot
P
P
Marcos-Alberca
J L
JL
Zamorano
A A
AA
Barrero
L P
LP
Badano
P
P
Perrone-Filardi
D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015415:Biomarkers; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D004452:Echocardiography; D023381:Endpoint Determination / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011859:Radiography
D015415:Biomarkers