Negotiating access: social barriers to purchasing syringes at pharmacies in Tijuana, Mexico.
BACKGROUND
One common public health response to the emergence of HIV has been the provision of sterile syringes to people who inject drugs. In Mexico specialized syringe exchanges are rare, and the sale of needles through pharmacies is often the only way people who inject drugs can obtain sterile syringes. However, people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico report considerable social barriers to successfully purchasing syringes at pharmacies.


METHODS
Between October 2008 and March 2009 we conducted seven in-depth focus groups with 47 people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. Focus group transcripts were analysed using a descriptive and thematic approach rooted in grounded theory.


RESULTS
We found that injectors offered a number of explanations for why pharmacies were reluctant to sell them syringes, including fear of police; attitudes toward drug use; fear of stereotypical drug user behaviour such as petty theft, violence, or distressing behaviour; and related fears that an obvious drug using clientèle would drive away other customers. Injectors described a range of ways of attempting to re-frame or negotiate interactions with pharmacy staff so that these and related concerns were ameliorated. These included tactics as simple as borrowing cleaner clothing, through to strategies for becoming 'known' to pharmacy staff as an individual rather than as a member of a stigmatized group.


CONCLUSIONS
Increasing the ability of pharmacy staff and people who inject drugs to successfully negotiate syringe sales are highly desirable. Interventions designed to improve this likelihood need to capitalize on existing solutions developed ad hoc by people who inject drugs and pharmacy staff, and should focus on broadening the range of 'identities' which pharmacy staff are able to accept as legitimate customers. Approaches to achieve this end might include sensitizing pharmacy staff to the needs of people who inject drugs; facilitating individual drug users meeting individual pharmacy staff; and working with drug users to reduce behaviours seen as problematic by pharmacy staff.
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0507, USA. pdavidson@ucsd.edu
Peter J
PJ
Davidson
Remedios
R
Lozada
Perth C
PC
Rosen
Armando
A
Macias
Manuel
M
Gallardo
Robin A
RA
Pollini
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057545:Social Stigma; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D013594:Syringes / Q000600:supply & distribution