Self-calibrating viscosity probes: design and subcellular localization.
We describe the design, synthesis and fluorescence profiles of new self-calibrating viscosity dyes in which a coumarin (reference fluorophore) has been covalently linked with a molecular rotor (viscosity sensor). Characterization of their fluorescence properties was made with separate excitation of the units and through resonance energy transfer from the reference to the sensor dye. We have modified the linker and the substitution of the rotor in order to change the hydrophilicity of these probes thereby altering their subcellular localization. For instance, hydrophilic dye 12 shows a homogeneous distribution inside the cell and represents a suitable probe for viscosity measurements in the cytoplasm.
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC: 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
Marianna
M
Dakanali
Thai H
TH
Do
Austin
A
Horn
Akaraphon
A
Chongchivivat
Tuptim
T
Jarusreni
Darcy
D
Lichlyter
Gianni
G
Guizzunti
Mark A
MA
Haidekker
Emmanuel A
EA
Theodorakis
D002138:Calibration; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003374:Coumarins / Q000737:chemistry; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000592:standards; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity
D003374:Coumarins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D013876:Thiophenes; C030123:coumarin