Interference of implanted cardiac pacemakers with TASER X26 dart mode application.
The prevalence of pacemaker patients among the general population and of conducted energy devices for law enforcement and self-defence is increasing. Consequently, the question on whether cardiac pacemaker patients are at particular risk becomes increasingly important, in particular, as the widespread use of such devices is planned in Europe. The risk of pacemaker patients has been investigated by numerical simulation at detailed anatomical models of patients with cardiac pacemakers implanted in left pectoral, right pectoral, and abdominal positions, with the monopolar electrode placed at the ventricular apex. The induced cardiac pacemaker interference voltages have been assessed for distant application of TASER X26 devices with dart electrodes propelled towards a subject. It could be shown that interference voltages are highest in abdominal pacemaker implantation, while they are about 20% lower in left or right pectoral sites. They remain below the immunity threshold level as defined by safety standards of implanted cardiac pacemakers and of implanted cardioverter defibrillators to prevent persisting malfunction or damage. However, induced voltages are high enough to be sensed by the pacemaker and to capture pacemaker function in case of hits at thorax and abdomen, frontal as well as dorsal.
Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Notified Body of Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, Austria. norbert.leitgeb@tugraz.at
Norbert
N
Leitgeb
Florian
F
Niedermayr
Robert
R
Neubauer
D016477:Artifacts; D057667:Conducted Energy Weapon Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D054041:Weapons