Selective electromembrane extraction at low voltages based on analyte polarity and charge.
Electromembrane extraction (EME) at low voltage (0-15 V) of 29 different basic model drug substances was investigated. The drug substances with logP<2.3 were not extracted at voltages less than 15 V. Extraction of drug substances with logP≥2.3 and with two basic groups were also effectively suppressed by the SLM at voltages less than 15 V. Drug substances with logP≥2.3 and with one basic group were all extracted at low voltages and with a strong compound selectivity which appeared to have some influence from the polar surface area of the compound. For this group of substances, recoveries varied between 0 and 23% at 5 V, whereas, recoveries varied between 5.5 and 51% at 15 V. Based on mass transfer differences related to charge, polarity, and polar surface, highly selective extractions of drug substances were demonstrated from human plasma, urine, and breast milk. An initial evaluation at low voltage (5 V) was compared with similar extractions at a more normal voltage level (50 V), and this supported that reliable data can be obtained under these low-voltage (mild) conditions by EME.
Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Área de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
Noelia Cabaleiro
NC
Domínguez
Astrid
A
Gjelstad
Andrea Molina
AM
Nadal
Henrik
H
Jensen
Nickolaj Jacob
NJ
Petersen
Steen Honoré
SH
Hansen
Knut Einar
KE
Rasmussen
Stig
S
Pedersen-Bjergaard
D000818:Animals; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D004867:Equipment Design; D004987:Ethers / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
C519952:2-nitrophenyl octyl ether; D004987:Ethers; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations