Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.
Complete adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that leads to the formation and hyperexcretion of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) into urine. The low solubility of DHA results in precipitation of this compound and the formation of urinary crystals and stones. The disease can present as recurrent urolithiasis or nephropathy secondary to crystal precipitation into renal parenchyma (DHA nephropathy). The diagnostic tools available-including stone analysis, crystalluria, and APRT activity measurement-make the diagnosis easy to confirm when APRT deficiency is suspected. However, the disease can present at any age, and the variability of symptoms can present a diagnostic challenge to many physicians. The early recognition and treatment of APRT deficiency are of crucial importance for preventing irreversible loss of renal function, which still occurs in a non-negligible proportion of cases. This review summarizes the genetic and metabolic mechanisms underlying stone formation and renal disease, along with the diagnosis and management of APRT deficiency.
Association pour l'Utilisation du Rein Artificiel and Inserm U970, Paris, France. gbollee@gmail.com
Guillaume
G
Bollée
Jérôme
J
Harambat
Albert
A
Bensman
Bertrand
B
Knebelmann
Michel
M
Daudon
Irène
I
Ceballos-Picot
D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D000228:Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C002993:2,8-dihydroxyadenine; D000493:Allopurinol; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase; D000228:Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase; D000225:Adenine