Hot and steamy: outbreak of Bacillus cereus in Singapore associated with construction work and laundry practices.
BACKGROUND
A sudden increase in invasive infections caused by Bacillus cereus group organisms prompted an investigation at the National University Hospital in Singapore.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the investigation and management and subsequent difficulties controlling the outbreak.


METHODS
Clinical case reviews were performed on all patients with B. cereus group recovered from clinical samples. Widespread environmental sampling was performed followed by review of hospital ventilation systems, domestic cleaning and laundry practices.


RESULTS
B. cereus was recovered from 171 patients during a six-month period coinciding with large-scale construction work beside the hospital. Most patients presented with bacteraemia (146/171; 85.4%) with 46/171 (26.9%) requiring extended treatment courses with vancomycin or other interventions. Sampling confirmed extensive airborne dispersal inside the hospital, including isolation rooms and air-conditioned wards. Hospital linen was heavily contaminated [7403 cfu/cm(2); 95% confidence interval (CI): 6349-8457; for 30 towels sampled], encouraged by inappropriate storage in airtight plastic bags (4437 cfu/cm(2); CI: 3125-5750) compared with storage in porous canvas bags (166 cfu/cm(2); CI: 76-256; P < 0.001). Interventions introduced included revision of laundry practices, transport and storage of hospital linen and towels; bleach-based environmental cleaning; and upgrading of ventilation systems throughout the hospital. Clinical case numbers returned to baseline levels within three months, only to rise again following relaxation of laundry practices.


CONCLUSIONS
Construction work beside this Singapore hospital encouraged heavy contamination of air and environment with Bacillus spp., assumed to be responsible for the outbreak described. Failure to maintain revised laundry practices allowed resurgence of clinical cases, particularly among immunocompromised patients.
Infection Control, National University Health System, Singapore. michelle_balm@nuhs.edu.sg
M N D
MN
Balm
R
R
Jureen
C
C
Teo
A E J
AE
Yeoh
R T P
RT
Lin
S J
SJ
Dancer
D A
DA
Fisher
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006749:Hospital Design and Construction; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007847:Laundry Service, Hospital; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin