Periodontal disease in habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers with and without prediabetes.
BACKGROUND
: Prediabetes and habitual cigarette smoking are significant risk factors contributing to periodontal disease. The aim was to assess the clinical and radiological markers of periodontal disease in habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers with and without prediabetes.


METHODS
Sixty-eight individuals with prediabetes (test group; 34 smokers and 34 nonsmokers) and 68 medically healthy individuals (control group; 34 smokers and 34 nonsmokers) were included. Sociodemographic information, duration of smoking habit and number of cigarettes smoked daily were recorded through a questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose levels and periodontal inflammatory conditions (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP] and probing pocket depth [PPD] of 4 to <6 mm and ≥6 mm) were recorded. In both groups, marginal bone loss (MBL) was measured on digital panoramic radiographs.


RESULTS
Cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in the test group had significantly higher fasting blood glucose level when compared with cigarette smokers in the control group (P < 0.001). In the test group, there was no significant difference in PI, BOP, PPD (4 to <6 mm and ≥6 mm) and MBL among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers in the control group had significantly higher PI (P < 0.001), PPD (4 to <6 mm; P < 0.001), PPD ≥6 mm (P < 0.01) and MBL (P < 0.05) than nonsmokers. BOP was significantly reduced in smokers when compared with nonsmokers in the control group (P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Cigarette smokers without prediabetes exhibit significantly severe periodontal disease than nonsmokers. In subjects with prediabetes, the severity of periodontal disease seems to be over shadowed by the hyperglycemic state, obscuring the effect of habitual smoking.
Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. fawjav@gmail.com
Fawad
F
Javed
Mansour
M
Al-Askar
Lakshman P
LP
Samaranayake
Khalid
K
Al-Hezaimi
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects