Should any workplace be exempt from smoke-free law: the Irish experience.
BACKGROUND
In 2004, the Irish Government introduced national legislation banning smoking in workplaces; with exemptions for "a place of residence". This paper summarises three Irish studies of exempted premises; prisons, psychiatric hospitals and nursing homes.


METHODS
PM(2.5) and nicotine were measured in nursing homes and psychiatric hospitals, in addition to ultrafine particles in the hospitals. In the prisons, officers (n = 30) completed exhaled breath Carbon Monoxide (CO) measurements. Questionnaires determined officers' opinion on introducing smoking prohibitions in prisons. Nursing home smoking policies were examined and questionnaires completed by staff regarding workplace secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure.


RESULTS
Ultrafine particle concentrations in psychiatric hospitals averaged 130,000  cm(3), approximately 45% higher than Dublin pub (35.5 μg/m(3)) pre ban. PM(2.5) levels in psychiatric hospitals (39.5 μg/m(3)) were similar to Dublin pubs (35.5 μg/m(3)) pre ban. In nursing homes permitting smoking, similar PM(2.5) levels (33 μg/m(3)) were measured, with nicotine levels (0.57 μg/m(3)) four times higher than "non-smoking" nursing homes (0.13 μg/m(3)). In prisons, 44% of non-smoking officers exhibited exhaled breath CO criteria for light to heavy smokers.


CONCLUSIONS
With SHS exposure levels in some exempted workplaces similar to Dublin pubs levels pre ban, policies ensuring full protection must be developed and implemented as a right for workers, inmates and patients.
School of Physics, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland.
M
M
McCaffrey
P
P
Goodman
A
A
Gavigan
C
C
Kenny
C
C
Hogg
L
L
Byrne
J
J
McLaughlin
K
K
Young
L
L
Clancy
D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011330:Prisons / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
D052638:Particulate Matter; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide