Exploratory analyses of efficacy data from schizophrenia trials in support of new drug applications submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration.
OBJECTIVE
There has been concern about a high rate of placebo response and a decline in treatment effect over time in schizophrenia trials as well as the implications of increasing conduct of such trials outside North America. This report explores differences in efficacy data over an 18-year period from randomized placebo-controlled trials submitted in support of new drug applications (NDAs) for the treatment of schizophrenia and differences in results between trials conducted in North America and elsewhere.


METHODS
Clinical trial data that were submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as part of NDAs for the indication of schizophrenia between 1991 and 2009.


METHODS
Efficacy data were compiled from 32 clinical trials with 11,567 evaluable patients with schizophrenia. Data from completed, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4- to 8-week clinical trials in adult patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-III or DSM-IV criteria were included.


METHODS
Baseline demographic and disease characteristics, including mean Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores, were summarized and compared between North American and multiregional trials. Mean change from baseline to endpoint in PANSS total scores was utilized as the primary outcome of interest. We explored differences in treatment effect and success rate of these trials based on when and where the studies were conducted, sample size, trial duration, and baseline patient characteristics.


RESULTS
Twenty-one of the 32 trials were conducted solely in North America, and 11 were carried out in multiple regions. Of those 11 multiregional trials, 2 were conducted exclusively in foreign countries. Although the observed responses (change from baseline) in placebo and drug-treated groups in multiregional trials tended to be larger than in North American trials, the treatment effects (drug-placebo difference) were -9 and -8 PANSS units for North American and multiregional trials, respectively. When time of trial conduct was taken into account, an increasing placebo response and a diminishing treatment effect over time were observed in North American trials from -10.8 PANSS units for the first period (1991-1998) to -6.0 PANSS units for the later period (1999-2008). The overall trial success rate over the almost 2 decades was 78%, declining slightly in trials conducted after 1999, the time period during which multiregional trials were first conducted (74% for 1999-2008 vs 85% for 1991-1998), despite increasing sample sizes in the later period. The mean baseline PANSS total score was in the range of 87-100 for most of these trials. Trials in patients with higher mean baseline PANSS total scores tended to show larger treatment effects than those in patients with lower scores. The mean body weight and body mass index (BMI) were higher in patients in North American trials and North America-predominant multiregional trials compared to those in foreign-predominant multiregional trials (mean body weights of 85 kg and 81 kg vs 72 kg, and BMIs of 29 and 27 vs 25, respectively). Treatment effects decreased as body weights increased, especially in North American trials. In foreign-predominant multiregional trials, there were higher proportions of women than in North American trials and North America-predominant multiregional trials (40% vs 22% and 27%, respectively) and a relatively larger proportion of Asians (21% vs 1% and 8%, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
A high and increasing placebo response and a declining treatment effect are of great concern in schizophrenia trials conducted in North America. In this era of global clinical trials, close attention is needed to the design and conduct of these trials.
Division of Psychiatry Products, Office of Drug Evaluation I, Office of New Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA. ni.khin@fda.hhs.gov
Ni A
NA
Khin
Yeh-Fong
YF
Chen
Yang
Y
Yang
Peiling
P
Yang
Thomas P
TP
Laughren
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009656:North America; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents