Malfunction and failure of robotic systems during general surgical procedures.
BACKGROUND
There has been recent interest in using robots for general surgical procedures. This shift in technique raises the issue of patient safety with automated instrumentation. Although the safety of robotics has been established for urologic procedures, there are scant data on its use in general surgical procedures. The aim of this study is to analyze the incidence of robotic malfunction and its consequences for general surgical procedures.


METHODS
All robotic general surgical procedures performed at a tertiary center between 2008 and 2011 were reviewed from institutional review board (IRB)-approved prospective databases.


RESULTS
A total of 223 cases were done robotically, including 102 endocrine, 83 hepatopancreaticobiliary, 17 upper gastrointestinal, and 21 lower gastrointestinal colorectal procedures. There were 10 cases of robotic malfunction (4.5%). These failures were related to robotic instruments (n = 4), optical system (n = 3), robotic arms (n = 2), and robotic console (n = 1). None of these failures led to adverse patient consequences or conversion to open. Six (2.7%) cases were converted to open due to bleeding (n = 3), difficult dissection plane (n = 1), invasion of tumor to surrounding structures (n = 1), and intolerance of pneumoperitoneum due to CO(2) retention (n = 1). There was no mortality, and morbidity was 1% (n = 2).


CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge, this is the largest North American report to date on robotic general surgical procedures. Our results show that robotic malfunction occurs in a minority of cases, with no adverse consequences. We believe that awareness of these failures and knowing how to troubleshoot are important to maintain the efficiency of these procedures.
Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/F20, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
Orhan
O
Agcaoglu
Shamil
S
Aliyev
Halit Eren
HE
Taskin
Sricharan
S
Chalikonda
Matthew
M
Walsh
Meagan M
MM
Costedio
Matthew
M
Kroh
Tomasz
T
Rogula
Bipan
B
Chand
Emre
E
Gorgun
Allan
A
Siperstein
Eren
E
Berber
D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative