Thoracic and lumbar fractures associated with skiing and snowboarding injuries according to the AO Comprehensive Classification.
BACKGROUND
The incidence of spinal fractures varies from 1% to 17% in alpine skiing injuries. Distinctions have been made regarding the differences in the mechanisms of injury and fracture types between skiing and snowboarding. Although fracture patterns have been described, there have not been any detailed descriptions of the specific fracture types and subgroups.


OBJECTIVE
To address the patterns of spinal fractures associated with these sports and to determine the incidence of various fracture groups and subgroups as well as to determine whether the fracture patterns differ between skiing and snowboarding injuries.


METHODS
Descriptive epidemiology study.


METHODS
This is a retrospective review of thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures associated with either skiing or snowboarding over a period of 5 years. The injuries were classified according to the AO Comprehensive Classification. In addition, isolated transverse process fractures and isolated spinous process fractures were included. Cervical spine fractures were excluded from this study.


RESULTS
There were a total of 119 patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures that were identified after 1,283,348 skiing/snowboarding days. There were a total of 146 fractures, of which 114 were classified according to the AO Comprehensive Classification, with the remaining fractures (n = 32) consisting of isolated transverse or spinous process fractures. The preponderance of these injuries (94.7%) was compression injuries. Burst fractures (A3.1 and A3.2) made up 23%, and simple compression fractures (A1.1, A1.2, and A1.3) made up 71% of the total. Distraction injuries composed only 4.4%, and rotation injuries composed 0.9% of the total. The snowboarders incurred only compression fractures, whereas the 5 distraction injuries and the 1 rotational injury were noted only in the skier population. There were no patients with neurological deficits in this review. Fourteen skiers (14%) and 10 snowboarders (8%) were found to have isolated transverse process fractures. All 6 isolated spinous process fractures (4% of all fractures) were in the thoracic spine.


CONCLUSIONS
Thoracic and lumbar fractures caused by skiing and snowboarding are mainly stable injuries, composed of either compression fractures, mostly simple compression injuries, or isolated transverse and spinous process fractures. Neurological injury was not seen in this study.
Aspen Sports Medicine Foundation, 100 East Main Street, Suite 101, Aspen, CO 81611, USA.
Stanley D
SD
Gertzbein
David
D
Khoury
Andrew
A
Bullington
Thomas A
TA
St John
Andrew I
AI
Larson
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D055815:Young Adult