Transdermal nicotine during cue reactivity in adult smokers with and without anxiety disorders.
Transdermal nicotine almost doubles tobacco cessation rates; however, little is known about what happens to smokers during the quit process when they are wearing the nicotine patch and are confronted with high-risk smoking triggers. This is particularly important for smokers with psychological disorders who disproportionately represent today's smokers and have more trouble quitting. Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, smokers with anxiety disorders (n=61) and smokers without any current Axis I disorders (n=38) received transdermal nicotine (21 mg) or a placebo patch over two assessment days separated by 48 hr. Urge to smoke was evaluated during a 5-hr patch absorption period (reflecting general smoking deprivation) and during imaginal exposure to theoretically high-risk triggers containing smoking cues, anxiety cues, both, or neutral cues. No differences were observed between smokers with and without anxiety disorders. Significant Patch×Time and Patch×Cue Content interactions were found. Both patch conditions experienced an increase in urge during the deprivation period, but postabsorption urge was significantly higher in the placebo condition, suggesting that transdermal nicotine attenuated the degree to which urge to smoke increased over time. During the cue reactivity trials, when participants received the nicotine patch, they experienced significantly lower urge in response to both smoking-only and neutral cues, but not when anxiety cues were present (alone or in combination with smoking cues). These data suggest that transdermal nicotine alleviates urge only under certain circumstances and that adjunctive interventions are likely necessary to address smoking urges in response to spikes in distress among smokers trying to quit.
Veterans Affairs, Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA. Sandra.Morissette@va.gov
Sandra B
SB
Morissette
Suzy Bird
SB
Gulliver
Barbara W
BW
Kamholz
David A
DA
Spiegel
Stephen T
ST
Tiffany
David H
DH
Barlow
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices