Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and depression symptoms as mediators in the intergenerational transmission of smoking.
BACKGROUND
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression have been found to be comorbid with smoking behaviors, and all three behavioral syndromes have been shown to be familially transmitted. The present paper reports on the results of analyses testing whether child attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression symptoms were mediators in the intergenerational transmission of cigarette smoking.


METHODS
Path analyses using bootstrapped mediation procedures were conducted on data from a community sample of 764 families (one or both parents and one adolescent offspring) from the Indiana University Smoking Survey. Parents reported on their smoking behaviors, ADHD, and depression and their child's ADHD, while offspring reported on their smoking behaviors and depression.


RESULTS
Although fathers' and mothers' smoking status, depression, and ADHD were not significantly correlated with boys' smoking initiation, there was a significant mediated (indirect) pathway from mothers' depression to boys' smoking initiation through boys' depression. Several parental variables were significantly correlated with smoking initiation in girls, and the pathways from mothers' smoking status, mothers' ADHD, and fathers' smoking status to girls' smoking initiation were significantly mediated by girls' ADHD.


CONCLUSIONS
For adolescent girls, the intergenerational transmission of ADHD appears to be important in understanding the intergenerational transmission of cigarette smoking. Sex differences in the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology as it leads to smoking initiation were also discussed.
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
Alex
A
Zoloto
Craig T
CT
Nagoshi
Clark
C
Presson
Laurie
L
Chassin
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D010290:Parents; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*