The impacted maxillary canine: a proposed classification for surgical exposure.
OBJECTIVE
One of the treatment options for the impacted maxillary canine is surgical exposure followed by orthodontic forced eruption. Several surgical techniques have been introduced in the literature for the exposure of the impacted canine. The aim of this study was to review the current literature and to introduce a classification for maxillary canine impactions that includes guidelines for selecting the proper surgical approach.


METHODS
Epidemiology of canine impaction, diagnosis, and surgical options for the exposure of an impacted maxillary canine are discussed based on the current literature.


RESULTS
Careful clinical examination and proper diagnostic imaging should be used to define the anatomical position of the impacted canine. The surgical approach for exposure of impacted maxillary canines should consider the anatomical position of the tooth in relation to the alveolar ridge and the amount of keratinized mucosa/gingiva.


CONCLUSIONS
The proposed clinical classification provides a structured approach to treatment based on impacted tooth location and anatomical factors.
Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut, School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
Andrew R
AR
Chapokas
Khalid
K
Almas
Gian-Pietro
GP
Schincaglia
D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003481:Cuspid / Q000601:surgery*; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000145:classification* / Q000601:surgery