Ultrasound and ski resort clinics: mapping out the potential benefits.
BACKGROUND
Skiing and snowboarding are popular activities that involve high kinetic energies, often at altitude, and injuries are common. As a portable imaging modality, ultrasound may be a useful adjunct for mountainside clinics. This review briefly discusses skier and snowboarder injury profiles and focuses on the role of ultrasound for each injury type.


METHODS
Twenty-two sources including 17 reviews and observational studies were obtained describing skier and snowboarder injuries. Forty-nine studies were identified defining ultrasound applications for these injuries, including 38 reviews and observational studies, 6 case reports or case series, 3 cross-sectional studies, and 2 randomized, blinded studies.


RESULTS
Approximately 200 000 rider injuries are evaluated in the Unites States seasonally. Musculoskeletal injuries are the most common, and head, face, neck, and abdominal injuries are also prevalent, as are exacerbations of preexisting disease. Ultrasound has been shown to be useful and accurate for evaluating the aforementioned injury types, including joint, ligament, tendon, and fracture evaluation. Ultrasound has not been extensively studied in the prehospital setting, and only limited data address the utility of how it might influence management in a mountainside clinic setting.


CONCLUSIONS
Ultrasound has the potential to be a useful diagnostic modality in ski resort clinics. The most promising areas for future, applied studies include evaluation of musculoskeletal injuries (especially injuries to joints and tendons and ruling out fractures), assessing for elevated intracranial pressure in minor head injuries and symptoms of altitude illness, and focused assessment with sonography for trauma and extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma examinations for cases of chest and abdominal trauma of unknown significance.
Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. scott.evans@duke.edu
C Scott
CS
Evans
N Stuart
NS
Harris
D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology