Intake of vitamins D and A and calcium and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: San Francisco Bay Area population-based case-control study.
Several nutrients identified as potentially cancer protective have been inconsistently associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk. Dietary history data, including use of vitamin supplements, were collected using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire administered during in-person interviews with 4,133 participants (2,052 cases, 2,081 controls) in a San Francisco Bay Area population-based case-control study. Data were used to determine the association of intake levels of vitamins D and A and calcium with risk of NHL and NHL subtypes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed as estimates of relative risk using adjusted unconditional logistic regression. Increasing vitamin D intake from food and supplements was positively associated with NHL risk in men (5th quintile: OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0-2.4, P(trend) = 0.07) and with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in women and men (5th quintile: OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0-2.5, P(trend) = 0.02); that was largely due to the effect in men (P(trend) = 0.03). These results do not support a strong role for vitamin D intake with NHL risk, with the exception of a potential association for DLBCL risk in men. Our results should be interpreted conservatively until further investigation in larger pooled studies can be conducted to better assess the role of vitamin D intake in lymphomagenesis.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94118-1944, USA.
Bahar
B
Mikhak
Paige M
PM
Bracci
Zhihong
Z
Gong
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016403:Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D