Both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary factors predict the development of disability in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
BACKGROUND
Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of disability worldwide, its determinants remain poorly defined.


OBJECTIVE
We hypothesized that both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary factors would predict prospective disablement across a hierarchy of activities in persons with COPD.


METHODS
Six hundred and nine participants were studied at baseline (T0) and 2.5 years later (T1). The Valued Life Activities (VLA) scale quantified disability (10-point scale: 0 = no difficulty and 10 = unable to perform), defining disability as any activity newly rated 'unable to perform' at T1. Predictors included pulmonary (lung function, 6-minute walk distance and COPD severity score) and extra-pulmonary (quadriceps strength and lower extremity function) factors. Prospective disability risk was tested by separate logistic regression models for each predictor (baseline value and its change, T0-T1; odds ratios were scaled at 1 standard deviation per factor. Incident disability across a hierarchy of obligatory, committed and discretionary VLA subscales was compared.


RESULTS
Subjects manifested a 40% or greater increased odds of developing disability for each predictor (baseline and change over time). Disability in discretionary activities developed at a rate 2.2-times higher than observed in committed activities, which was in turn 2.5-times higher than the rate observed in obligatory activities (p < 0.05 for each level).


CONCLUSIONS
Disability is common in COPD. Both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary factors are important in predicting its development.
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0111, USA. jon.singer@ucsf.edu
Jonathan P
JP
Singer
Patricia P
PP
Katz
Carlos
C
Iribarren
Theodore A
TA
Omachi
Gabriela
G
Sanchez
Edward H
EH
Yelin
Miriam G
MG
Cisternas
Paul D
PD
Blanc
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States