Thyroid disrupting chemicals in plastic additives and thyroid health.
The globally escalating thyroid nodule incidence rates may be only partially ascribed to better diagnostics, allowing for the assessment of environmental risk factors on thyroid disease. Endocrine disruptors or thyroid-disrupting chemicals (TDC) like bisphenol A, phthalates, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers are widely used as plastic additives in consumer products. This comprehensive review studied the magnitude and uncertainty of TDC exposures and their effects on thyroid hormones for sensitive subpopulation groups like pregnant women, infants, and children. Our findings qualitatively suggest the mixed, significant (α = 0.05) TDC associations with natural thyroid hormones (positive or negative sign). Future studies should undertake systematic meta-analyses to elucidate pooled TDC effect estimates on thyroid health indicators and outcomes.
Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
Syam S
SS
Andra
Konstantinos C
KC
Makris
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010636:Phenols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D010969:Plastics; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds