The predictive value of retinal vascular findings for carotid artery atherosclerosis: are further recommendations with regard to carotid atherosclerosis screening needed?
Vascular retinopathy is the consequence of vascular disease, and the retina is the only place where the arteries can be visualized directly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of retinal vascular findings for carotid artery atherosclerosis. From December 2009 to January 2011, the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and total plaque area (TPA) were measured in 179 consecutive patients, who received a fundoscopic examination. The patients were divided into groups as follows: normal retinal artery (normal; n = 44), diabetic retinopathy (DR; n = 25), retinal artery occlusion (RAO; n = 17), retinal vein occlusion (RVO; n = 67), and hypertensive retinopathy (HTN-R; n = 26). The subjects were classified according to the presence of an increased (≥ 1 mm) IMT and plaque. The values of the mean carotid IMT in the patients with vascular retinopathy (DR, 0.87 ± 0.14 mm; RAO, 1.18 ± 0.47 mm; RVO, 0.84 ± 0.14 mm; HTN-R, 0.90 ± 0.20 mm) were significantly increased compared with those in the normal subjects (0.77 ± 0.13 mm). A total 77 of 135 vascular retinopathy patients demonstrated an increased IMT (57 %), and 97 vascular retinopathy patients had carotid artery plaque (72 %). The relative risk of vascular retinopathy in the prediction of an increased IMT and the presence of plaque was 2.79 and 3.95, respectively. Although The TPA was significantly increased in the patients with RAO (1.87 ± 2.67 cm(2)) and RVO (0.27 ± 0.23 cm(2)) compared with the normal subjects (0.18 ± 0.23 cm(2), all Ps < 0.05), there was no significant difference in the ipsilateral carotid IMT and TPA of the affected eye compared with that of the contralateral eye. In conclusion, vascular retinopathy demonstrated a good predictive value in identifying asymptomatic carotid artery atherosclerosis, and this was not confined to the ipsilateral carotid artery of the affected eye. Further recommendations with regard to carotid atherosclerosis screening in patients with vascular retinopathy should be considered.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maryknoll Medical Center, 4-12 Daechung-dong, Jung-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea.
Yeo-Jeong
YJ
Song
Kyoung-Im
KI
Cho
Seong-Man
SM
Kim
Hyun-Duk
HD
Jang
Jung-Min
JM
Park
Sang-Soo
SS
Kim
Dong-Jun
DJ
Kim
Hyeon-Gook
HG
Lee
Tae-Ik
TI
Kim
D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D058437:Hypertensive Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000473:pathology*; D012170:Retinal Vein Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index