Effectiveness and durability of Interceptor® long-lasting insecticidal nets in a malaria endemic area of central India.
BACKGROUND
In the present study, Interceptor®, long-lasting polyester net, 75 denier and bursting strength of minimum 250 kPa coated with alpha-cypermethrin @ 200 mg/m² was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the mosquito density, blood feeding inhibition and malaria incidence in a tribal dominated malaria endemic area in Chhattisgarh state, central India. Its durability, washing practices and usage pattern by the community was also assessed up to a period of three years.


METHODS
The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase (September 2006 to August 2007), 16 malaria endemic villages in district Kanker were randomized into three groups, viz. Interceptor net (LN), untreated polyester net (100 denier) and without net. Malaria cases were detected by undertaking fortnightly surveillance by home visits and treated as per the national drug policy. Mosquito collections were made by hand catch and pyrethrum space spray methods from human dwellings once every month. Slide positivity rate (SPR) and malaria incidence per 1000 population (PI) were compared between the three study arms to assess the impact of use of Interceptor nets. Simultaneously, wash resistance studies were carried out in the laboratory by doing cone bioassays on Interceptor LNs washed up to 20 times. Activities undertaken in second Phase (April 2008 to October 2009) after an interval of about 18 months post-net distribution included questionnaire based surveys at every six months, i.e. 18, 24, 30 and 36 months to observe durability, usage pattern of LNs and washing practices by the community. After 36 months of field use, 30 nets were retrieved and sampled destructively for chemical analysis.


RESULTS
Interceptor nets were found effective in reducing the density, parity rate and blood feeding success rate of main malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies as compared to that in untreated net and no net villages. SPR in LN villages was 3.7% as compared to 6.5% in untreated and 11% in no net villages. PI in LN villages was 16.4 in comparison to 24.8 and 44.2 in untreated polyester net and no net villages respectively. In surveys carried out after three years of initial distribution, 78.7% (737/936) nets were still in possession with the households, of which 68% were used every night. An. culicifacies mortality was >80% in cone bioassays done on LNs washed up to 20 times in laboratory. Mean alpha-cypermethrin content was 43.5 ± 31.7 mg/m² on Interceptor LNs withdrawn after three years of household use against the baseline specification of 200 mg/m². A gradual increase in the proportion of holed nets was observed with the increased period of usage.


CONCLUSIONS
Interceptor nets were highly effective in reducing vector densities as well as malaria incidence in the study villages. Availability of 78% nets with the households in usable condition clearly indicated durability of Interceptor LNs up to three years in the rural setting of India. The nets were found to contain an effective concentration of alpha-cypermethrin against malaria vector after three years of household use.
National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Raipur 492015, India.
Rajendra M
RM
Bhatt
Shri N
SN
Sharma
Sreehari
S
Uragayala
Aditya P
AP
Dash
Raghavendra
R
Kamaraju
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin