Striatal mechanisms underlying movement, reinforcement, and punishment.
Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.
Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Alexxai V
AV
Kravitz
Anatol C
AC
Kreitzer
D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D011678:Punishment; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology