Anti-glycative and anti-inflammatory effects of protocatechuic acid in brain of mice treated by D-galactose.
Protocatechuic acid (PCA) at 0.5%, 1% or 2% was supplied to D-galactose (DG) treated mice for 8 week. PCA intake at 2% increased its deposit in brain. DG treatment increased brain level of reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl, carboxymethyllysine, pentosidine, sorbitol, fructose and methylglyoxal (P<0.05). PCA intake, at 1% and 2%, lowered brain level of these parameters (P<0.05). DG treatments enhanced activity and protein expression of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase, as well as declined glyoxalase I (GLI) activity and protein expression (P<0.05). PCA intake at 1% and 2% reduced activity and protein expression of AR (P<0.05), and at 2% restored GLI activity and expression (P<0.05). DG injection also elevated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity and expression, and increased the release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E(2) in brain (P<0.05). PCA intake decreased these cytokines (P<0.05), and at 1% and 2% suppressed COX-2 activity and expression (P<0.05). PCA intake at 1% and 2% also lowered DG-induced elevation in activity, mRNA expression and protein production of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the supplement of protocatechuic acid might be helpful for the prevention or alleviation of aging.
School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Shih-jei
SJ
Tsai
Mei-chin
MC
Yin
D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D005690:Galactose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C009091:protocatechuic acid; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D005947:Glucose; D005690:Galactose