Pharmacogenetics in perioperative medicine.
OBJECTIVE
This review will discuss the most recent developments in pharmacogenetics of commonly used perioperative medications, new collaboration networks in the field of personalized medicine, and future clinical implications of pharmacogenetics.


RESULTS
Evidence now suggests that pharmacogenetics has a role in the effects of analgesic, sedative, beta-blocker, local anesthetic, antiemetic, and obstetric medications. Variants in the μ opioid receptor gene change the analgesic effects of morphine. Additional opioids recently studied include remifentanil, methadone, tramadol, and codeine. Ibuprofen's clearance varies with CYP2C9*3 genotype. Midazolam is primarily metabolized by the CYP3A4/CYP3A5 enzymes. Enzyme induction was found to be about 50% greater with CYP3A5*3 homozygous genotype. Variations in minimum alveolar concentrations of volatile anesthetics and subcutaneous lidocaine efficacy have been attributed in part to melanocortin-1 receptor variants. Metoprolol achieved different effects in patients with CYP2D6 and beta1-receptor polymorphisms. Genetic background of the beta2-receptor contributes to susceptibility for experiencing preterm labor. The Pharmacogenomics Research Network and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium are partnerships of researchers who are dedicated to elucidating how the genome contributes to an individual patient's medication responses.


CONCLUSIONS
In the near future, pharmacogenetic approaches may facilitate personalized perioperative intervention trials.
Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, USA. mindy.cohen@chidrenscolorado.org
Mindy
M
Cohen
Senthilkumar
S
Sadhasivam
Alexander A
AA
Vinks
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D006801:Humans; D019990:Perioperative Care; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control; D057285:Precision Medicine; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; C485764:OPRM1 protein, human; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D001569:Benzodiazepines; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D015742:Propofol