Isoniazid pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dosing in South African infants.
OBJECTIVE
There are limited data on isoniazid (INH) pharmacokinetics in infants and young children and, therefore, uncertainty on appropriate dosing.


METHODS
Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from perinatally HIV-exposed South African infants aged 3-24 months receiving INH 10-20 mg·kg·d orally for Mycobacterium tuberculosis prophylaxis. INH pharmacokinetic parameters were characterized using a population pharmacokinetic approach. Dosing simulations were performed to evaluate weight-based INH doses in children based on N-acetyltransferase 2 enzyme (NAT2) genotype, age, maximum concentrations (Cmax) ≥3 mg/L, and area under the curve (AUC0-24) ≥10.52 mg·h/L.


RESULTS
In 151 infants (53% female, 48% HIV positive) receiving a mean INH dose of 14.5 mg·kg·d, mean (±SD) Cmax at 3, 6, and 23 months of age were 10.0 (3.5), 8.6 (2.6), and 9.3 (3.8) mg/L, respectively, mean (±SD) AUC0-24 were 53.6 (26.8), 42 (19.9), and 44 (30.7) mg·h/L, respectively, and mean (±SD) half-lives were 2.1 (0.7), 1.9 (0.6), and 1.8 (0.9) hours, respectively. A trimodal apparent oral clearance of INH as a function of the NAT2 genotype was apparent as early as 3 months. INH was well tolerated. At an average INH dose of 14.5 mg·kg·d, 99% of infants aged 3-24 months have an INH Cmax ≥3 mg/L, and 98% have an INH AUC0-24 ≥10.52 mg·h/L.


CONCLUSIONS
INH at an average dose of 14.5 mg/kg once daily was well tolerated in infants and achieved INH Cmax values ≥3 mg/L and AUC0-24 values ≥10.52 mg·h/L.
University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Jennifer J
JJ
Kiser
Rui
R
Zhu
David Z
DZ
DʼArgenio
Mark F
MF
Cotton
Raziya
R
Bobat
George D
GD
McSherry
Shabir A
SA
Madhi
Vincent J
VJ
Carey
Heiner I
HI
Seifart
Cedric J
CJ
Werely
Courtney V
CV
Fletcher
D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013019:South Africa; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology
D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid