Female early adult depression results in detrimental impacts on the behavioral performance and brain development in offspring.
OBJECTIVE
The present study was to understand whether early adult depressive females implicated their offspring.


METHODS
Seven-week-old female mice were subject to chronic mild stress (CMS) to establish the animal model of depression. The behavioral performance of their offspring were tested via neonatal reflexes tests, hole-board test, and morris water maze test in different ages. Astrocyte number, hippocampal volume, and neurogenesis were analyzed via immunohistochemical blotting. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and serum cortisol levels were measured by western blotting and ELISA.


RESULTS
Female depressive mice had normal fertility, but their offspring had lowered neonatal survival rate and body weight from neonatal period to early adulthood. The offspring of female depressive mice exhibited the impairments of neonatal reflex attainment and memory, but had higher emotionality as adults. Furthermore, the astrocyte number, hippocampal volume, and neurogenesis were reduced in the offspring. However, the expressions of GR were increased in the hippocampus of offspring.


CONCLUSIONS
This study reveals that female early adult depressive mice have normal reproductive ability, but make long-term detrimental impacts on the behavioral performance and brain development of their offspring.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Yu
Y
Gong
Xiu-Lan
XL
Sun
Fang-Fang
FF
Wu
Chun-Jin
CJ
Su
Jian-Hua
JH
Ding
Gang
G
Hu
D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000473:pathology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013550:Swimming / Q000523:psychology
D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D013395:Sucrose; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D003345:Corticosterone