Enzymatic production of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose from agarose and its purification and in vitro skin whitening and anti-inflammatory activities.
3,6-Anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG) constitutes 50% of agarose, which is the main component of red macroalgae. No information is currently available on the mass production, metabolic fate, or physiological effects of L-AHG. Here, agarose was converted to L-AHG in the following three steps: pre-hydrolysis of agarose into agaro-oligosaccharides by using acetic acid, hydrolysis of the agaro-oligosaccharides into neoagarobiose by an exo-agarase, and hydrolysis of neoagarobiose into L-AHG and galactose by a neoagarobiose hydrolase. After these three steps, L-AHG was purified by adsorption and gel permeation chromatographies. The final product obtained was 95.6% pure L-AHG at a final yield of 4.0% based on the initial agarose. In a cell proliferation assay, L-AHG at a concentration of 100 or 200 μg/ mL did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity. In a skin whitening assay, 100 μg/ mL of L-AHG showed significantly lower melanin production compared to arbutin. L-AHG at 100 and 200 μg/ mL showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, indicating the significant suppression of nitrite production. This is the first report on the production of high-purity L-AHG and its physiological activities.
School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea.
Eun Ju
EJ
Yun
Saeyoung
S
Lee
Ji Hye
JH
Kim
Bo Bae
BB
Kim
Hee Taek
HT
Kim
Sun Hee
SH
Lee
Jeffrey G
JG
Pelton
Nam Joo
NJ
Kang
In-Geol
IG
Choi
Kyoung Heon
KH
Kim
D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004186:Disaccharidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005690:Galactose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D012685:Sepharose / Q000378:metabolism*; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008543:Melanins; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; C117625:3,6-anhydrogalactose; D012685:Sepharose; D004186:Disaccharidases; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C039308:neoagarobiose hydrolase; C019624:agarase; D019342:Acetic Acid; D005690:Galactose