Prevalence of markers of hepatitis B virus infection or vaccination in HBsAg-negative subjects.
BACKGROUND
The implementation of mass vaccinations against hepatitis B virus (HBV) has significantly reduced the prevalence of HBsAg-positive subjects. At the same time, the prevalence of the other markers of infection has decreased, but there has been an increase in the percentage of subjects with markers of a successful vaccination. It has been suggested that increasing immigration from countries in which this virus is highly endemic is changing the epidemiology of HBV infection. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the serological markers of HBV in Italian and non-Italian HBsAg-negative subjects.


METHODS
In the years 2007-2008, 8,018 samples from HBsAg-negative subjects (7,521 Italians and 497 non-Italians) were received for detection of anti-HBs and/or anti-HBc. The findings in the 1,358 samples from candidate blood donors were compared with those obtained in 1991 and 1999.


RESULTS
The rate of anti-HBc positivity was 18.3% in the Italian samples and 32.8% in the non-Italian samples; the corresponding percentages of anti-HBs/anti-HBc positive samples (indicating past infection), anti-HBs positive only samples (vaccination) and anti-HBc positive only were, 11.3% vs. 22.5%, 25.8% vs. 17.2%, and 6.9% vs. 9.9% in Italians and non-Italians, respectively. The differences were more marked when stratified by age. In relation to candidate blood donors, simultaneous positivity for anti-HBs and anti-HBc decreased from 11.0% in 1991 to 8.1% in 1999 and 3.9% in 2007-2008, whereas isolated anti-HBs positivity increased from 2.2% in 1991 to 21.4% in 1999 and 42.9% in 2007-2008.


CONCLUSIONS
The frequency of markers of past infection among Italians has decreased over time as a result of mass vaccination and is significantly lower than that observed in non-Italians. The increasing number of immigrants from countries in which HBV is highly endemic is changing the epidemiology of HBV infection in Italy.
Microbiology Unit, Hospital of Legnano, Milan, Italy. massimo.depaschale@ao-legnano.it
Massimo
M
De Paschale
Maria Teresa
MT
Manco
Luisa
L
Belvisi
Bruno
B
Brando
Stefania
S
Latella
Carlo
C
Agrappi
Paola
P
Mirri
Arianna
A
Gatti
Pierangelo
P
Clerici
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D006515:Hepatitis B virus; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014611:Vaccination
D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines