Chemical and toxicological characterization of the bricks produced from clay/sewage sludge mixture.
The present study aimed to characterize chemical properties of clay bricks containing 20 % of sewage sludge. After detection of potentially hazardous metals, we simulated precipitation exposure of such material to determine the amount of heavy metals that could leach out of the bricks. Metals, such as copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, chromium, etc., were detected in leachate in low concentrations. Moreover, human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to brick leachate for 24 h in order to evaluate its possible negative impact on human cells and genome in vitro. Cytotoxicity tests showed no effect on human peripheral blood lymphocytes viability after exposure to brick's leachate. On the contrary, the alkaline comet assay showed slight but significant increase in DNA damage with all three parameters tested. As we might predict, interactions of several heavy metals in low concentrations could be responsible for DNA damaging effect. In that manner, our findings suggest that leachates from sewage sludge-produced bricks may lead to adverse effects on the exposed human population, and that more stabile bricks should be developed to minimize leaching of heavy metals into the environment. Bricks with lower percentage of the sludge may be one of the solutions to reduce the toxic effect of the final product.
Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Zagreb, Croatia.
Marko
M
Gerić
Goran
G
Gajski
Višnja
V
Oreščanin
Robert
R
Kollar
Vera
V
Garaj-Vrhovac
D000165:Acridine Orange / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077215:Clay; D020552:Comet Assay; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004996:Ethidium / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014343:Trypan Blue / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004996:Ethidium; D000165:Acridine Orange; D014343:Trypan Blue; D000077215:Clay