Revisiting the concepts of risk and protective factors for understanding the etiology and development of substance use and substance use disorders: implications for prevention.
Over the past 20 years we have accumulated a greater knowledge and understanding of the genetic, neurobiological, and behavioral factors that may be associated with young people initiating the use of drugs and other substances and to progressing from use to abuse and dependence. This knowledge suggests that individuals may be "predisposed" to substance use disorders (SUD) and that the actual engagement in these behaviors depends on their environmental experiences from micro to macro levels. This paper summarizes this knowledge base and supports a developmental framework that examines the interaction of posited genetic, psychological, and neurobiological "predispositions" to SUD and those environmental influences that exacerbate this vulnerability.
Research and Development Group, JBS International, Inc., 5515 Security Lane, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA. zsloboda@jbsinternational.com
Zili
Z
Sloboda
Meyer D
MD
Glantz
Ralph E
RE
Tarter
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011599:Psychopathology; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology