Childhood maltreatment is associated with an automatic negative emotion processing bias in the amygdala.
Major depression has been repeatedly associated with amygdala hyper-responsiveness to negative (but not positive) facial expressions at early, automatic stages of emotion processing using subliminally presented stimuli. However, it is not clear whether this "limbic bias" is a correlate of depression or represents a vulnerability marker preceding the onset of the disease. Because childhood maltreatment is a potent risk factor for the development of major depression in later life, we explored whether childhood maltreatment is associated with amygdalar emotion processing bias in maltreated but healthy subjects. Amygdala responsiveness to subliminally presented sad and happy faces was measured by means of fMRI at 3 T in N = 150 healthy subjects carefully screened for psychiatric disorders. Childhood maltreatment was assessed by the 25-item childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). A strong association of CTQ-scores with amygdala responsiveness to sad, but not happy facial expressions emerged. This result was further qualified by an interaction of emotional valence and CTQ-scores and was not confounded by trait anxiety, current depression level, age, gender, intelligence, education level, and more recent stressful life-events. Childhood maltreatment is apparently associated with detectable changes in amygdala function during early stages of emotion processing which resemble findings described in major depression. Limbic hyper-responsiveness to negative facial cues could be a consequence of the experience of maltreatment during childhood increasing the risk of depression in later life.


CONCLUSIONS
the present association of limbic bias and maltreatment was demonstrated in the absence of psychopathological abnormalities, thereby limiting strong conclusions.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Germany.
Udo
U
Dannlowski
Harald
H
Kugel
Franziska
F
Huber
Anja
A
Stuhrmann
Ronny
R
Redlich
Dominik
D
Grotegerd
Katharina
K
Dohm
Christina
C
Sehlmeyer
Carsten
C
Konrad
Bernhard T
BT
Baune
Volker
V
Arolt
Walter
W
Heindel
Pienie
P
Zwitserlood
Thomas
T
Suslow
D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012938:Social Perception; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013360:Subliminal Stimulation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult