Management of acute pharyngitis in children: summary of the Italian National Institute of Health guidelines.
BACKGROUND
Discrepancies in the management of pharyngitis in children have been reported in Europe and the United States, and recommendations concerning the use of clinical scores, rapid antigen diagnostic tests (RADTs) or throat cultures, and the indications for antibiotic treatment largely differ.


OBJECTIVE
This article summarizes the Italian guidelines on the management of pharyngitis in children issued by the National Institute of Health.


METHODS
A multidisciplinary panel of experts (the Guidelines Development Group) developed and used a set of key questions to conduct a systematic review of the literature. Relevant publications in English were identified through a systematic review of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from their inception through April 30, 2011. Final recommendations were scaled according to the Italian National Guidelines Program grading.


RESULTS
Eighteen clinical questions were defined, and 44 recommendations were issued. None of the available scoring systems is sufficiently accurate to identify group A β-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) pharyngitis in settings with low prevalence for rheumatic disease. RADT should be performed by trained personnel in every child with a history and signs/symptoms suggestive of GABHS pharyngitis. RADT is not recommended in children with a McIsaac score of 0 or 1 with ≥2 signs/symptoms suggestive of viral infection. Backup culture in children with negative RADT result is not recommended. Culture test with antibiotic susceptibility assay should be performed exclusively for epidemiologic purposes. Streptococcal antibody titers are of no value in diagnosing acute pharyngitis. Antibiotic therapy is recommended in microbiologically documented GABHS pharyngitis. Because penicillin V is not available in Italy, amoxicillin (50 mg/kg/d in 2-3 doses orally) for 10 days is the first choice of treatment. In noncompliant cases, benzathine penicillin may be administered. Although not routinely recommended due to the high cost and wide spectrum of activity, a 5-day course with a second-generation cephalosporin may be used in noncompliant cases. Macrolides should be limited to children with demonstrated type I hypersensitivity to penicillin. Ibuprofen or paracetamol is recommended for relief of pain or fever associated with discomfort. Because the carrier state is not associated with increased risk of suppurative complications and risk of GABHS transmission to contacts is minimal, the carrier state should never be investigated and treated. Recommendations for the management of suppurative complications are given.


CONCLUSIONS
This guideline provides a comprehensive, evidence based, tool for the diagnosis and therapy of acute pharyngitis in children.
Department of Science for Woman and Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Elena
E
Chiappini
Nicola
N
Principi
Nicola
N
Mansi
Agostino
A
Serra
Salvatore
S
De Masi
Angelo
A
Camaioni
Susanna
S
Esposito
Giovanni
G
Felisati
Luisa
L
Galli
Massimo
M
Landi
Anna Maria
AM
Speciale
Francesca
F
Bonsignori
Paola
P
Marchisio
Maurizio
M
de Martino
D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006077:Government Agencies; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic