Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy: overlapping pathways.
Several studies have reported on the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth. The exact mechanisms of action are unclear; however, several pathways and processes are involved in both IBD and pregnancy that may help explain this. In this review, we discuss the immune system's T helper cells and human leukocyte antigens, inflammation, its function, and the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and prostaglandins in the inflammatory response. For each of these topics, we consider their involvement in IBD and pregnancy, and we speculate as to how they can lead to preterm birth. Finally, we review briefly corticosteroids, biologic therapies, and immunosuppressants for the treatment of IBD, as well as their safety in use during pregnancy, with special focus on preterm birth.
Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Noha Ahmed
NA
Nasef
Lynnette R
LR
Ferguson
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D018448:Models, Immunological; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000209:etiology; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D006680:HLA Antigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha