The 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test: practical experience and implications for phototoxicity testing--the report of an ECVAM-EFPIA workshop.
This is the report from the "ECVAM-EFPIA workshop on 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test: Practical Experience and Implications for Phototoxicity Testing", jointly organized by ECVAM and EFPIA and held on the 25-27 October 2010 in Somma Lombardo, Italy. The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) was established in 1991 within the European Commission Joint Research, based on a Communication from the European Commission (1991). The main objective of ECVAM is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine and replace the use of laboratory animals. The European Federation of Pharmaceuticals Industries and Association (EFPIA) represent the pharmaceutical industry operating in Europe. Through its direct membership of 31 national associations and 40 leading pharmaceutical companies, EFPIA is the voice on the EU scene of 2200 companies committed to researching, developing and bringing to patients new medicines that improve health and the quality of life around the world. The workshop, co-chaired by Joachim Kreysa (ECVAM) and Phil Wilcox (GSK, EFPIA) involved thirty-five experts from academia, regulatory authorities and industry, invited to contribute with their experiences in the field of phototoxicology. The main objectives of the workshop were: -to present 'in use' experience of the pharmaceutical industry with the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (3T3 NRU-PT), -to discuss why it differs from the results in the original validation exercise, -to discuss technical issues and consider ways to improve the usability of the 3T3 NRU-PT for (non-topical) pharmaceuticals, e.g., by modifying the threshold of chemical light absorption to trigger photo-toxicological testing, and by modifying technical aspects of the assay, or adjusting the criteria used to classify a positive response. During the workshop, the assay methodology was reviewed by comparing the OECD Test Guideline (TG 432) with the protocols used in testing laboratories, data from EFPIA and JPMA 'surveys' were presented and possible reasons for the outcomes were discussed. Experts from cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries reported on their experience with the 3T3 NRU-PT and evidence was presented for phototoxic clinical symptoms that could be linked to certain relevant molecules. Brainstorming sessions discussed if the 3T3 NRU-PT needed to be improved and whether alternatives to the 3T3 NRU-PT exist. Finally, the viewpoint from EU and US regulators was presented. In the final session, the conclusions of the meeting were summarized, with action points. It was concluded that the 3T3 NRU-PT identifies phototoxicological hazards with a 100% sensitivity, and thus is accepted as the tier one test that correctly identifies the absence of phototoxic potential. Consequently, positive results in the 3T3 NRU-PT often do not translate into a clinical phototoxicity risk. Possible ways to improve the practical use of this assay include: (i) adaptation of changed UV/vis-absorption criteria as a means to reduce the number of materials tested, (ii) reduction of the highest concentration to be tested, and (iii) consideration of modifying the threshold criteria for the prediction of a positive call in the test.
European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
Mara
M
Ceridono
Pär
P
Tellner
Daniel
D
Bauer
João
J
Barroso
Nathalie
N
Alépée
Raffaella
R
Corvi
Ann
A
De Smedt
Mick D
MD
Fellows
Neil K
NK
Gibbs
Eckhard
E
Heisler
Abigail
A
Jacobs
Dagmar
D
Jirova
David
D
Jones
Helena
H
Kandárová
Peter
P
Kasper
Jacqueline Kinyamu
JK
Akunda
Cyrille
C
Krul
Douglas
D
Learn
Manfred
M
Liebsch
Anthony M
AM
Lynch
Wolfgang
W
Muster
Kazuichi
K
Nakamura
J Frank
JF
Nash
Uwe
U
Pfannenbecker
Gareth
G
Phillips
Catherine
C
Robles
Vera
V
Rogiers
Femke
F
Van De Water
Ulla Wändel
UW
Liminga
Hans-Werner
HW
Vohr
Olivier
O
Wattrelos
Julie
J
Woods
Valérie
V
Zuang
Joachim
J
Kreysa
Phil
P
Wilcox
D016475:3T3 Cells; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000633:toxicity; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000209:etiology; D004345:Drug Industry; D051379:Mice; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000378:metabolism*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
D003358:Cosmetics; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009499:Neutral Red