Midazolam increases bite force during intravenous sedation.
OBJECTIVE
Although there have been many reports on the effects of midazolam on vital function and the recovery profile, little is known about muscle power during sedation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of midazolam on muscle power during moderate sedation.


METHODS
The subjects were 20 male volunteers classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I. Each subject underwent 2 experiments in a randomized crossover manner (midazolam and control groups). After baseline data were obtained, midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) was administered. Thirty minutes after midazolam administration, flumazenil (0.5 mg) was administered to antagonize the sedative effects of midazolam in the midazolam group. Heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and the bispectral index value were monitored. The Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale and the correct-answer rate of the Stroop color word test were assessed. To evaluate muscle power, grip strength and bite force were measured. After baseline measurement, all variables were measured 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after midazolam administration and 5, 10, and 20 minutes after flumazenil administration. For statistical comparisons, repeated measures analysis of variance, the Friedman χ(2) test, and the Student t test for paired samples were used.


RESULTS
No significant changes were observed for any variable in the control group. In the midazolam group, the bispectral index value and the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale decreased during midazolam sedation. The correct-answer rate of the Stroop color word test decreased 5 and 10 minutes after midazolam administration. Grip strength decreased during midazolam sedation. Bite force increased immediately after midazolam administration and remained increased even after flumazenil administration.


CONCLUSIONS
Although the detailed mechanisms are unknown, bite force increases despite the muscle-relaxant action of midazolam during sedation and persists even with flumazenil reversal.
Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
Ming-Yu
MY
Huang
Nobuyuki
N
Matsuura
Yuzuru
Y
Kaneko
Tatsuya
T
Ichinohe
D000328:Adult; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects; D001732:Bite Force; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018737:Hand Strength; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
D018757:GABA Modulators; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D005442:Flumazenil; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen