Bacterial cell wall macroamphiphiles: pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns detected by mammalian innate immune system.
Innate immune system is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. It relies on a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors that recognize conserved molecular structures of microbes, referred to as pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs). Bacterial cell wall macroamphiphiles, namely Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Gram-positive bacteria lipoteichoic acid (LTA), lipoproteins and mycobacterial lipoglycans, are important molecules for the physiology of bacteria and evidently meet PAMP/MAMP criteria. They are well suited to innate immune recognition and constitute non-self signatures detected by the innate immune system to signal the presence of an infective agent. They are notably recognized via their lipid anchor by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4 or 2. Here, we review our current knowledge of the molecular bases of macroamphiphile recognition by TLRs, with a special emphasis on mycobacterial lipoglycan detection by TLR2.
CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Toulouse, France.
Aurélie
A
Ray
Marlène
M
Cot
Germain
G
Puzo
Martine
M
Gilleron
Jérôme
J
Nigou
D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C009900:lipoteichoic acid