Treatment of four psychiatric emergencies in the intensive care unit.
OBJECTIVE
To review the diagnosis and management of four selected psychiatric emergencies in the intensive care unit: agitated delirium, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome, and psychiatric medication overdose.


METHODS
Review of relevant medical literature.


RESULTS
Standardized screening for delirium should be routine. Agitated delirium should be managed with an antipsychotic and, possibly, dexmedetomidine in treatment-refractory cases. Delirium management should also include ensuring a calming environment and adequate pain control, minimizing benzodiazepines and anticholinergics, normalizing the sleep-wake cycle, providing sensory aids as required, and providing early physical and occupational therapy. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome should be treated by discontinuing dopamine blockers, providing supportive therapy, and possibly administering medications (benzodiazepines, dopamine agonists, and/or dantrolene) or electroconvulsive therapy, if indicated. Serotonin syndrome should be treated by discontinuing all serotonergic agents, providing supportive therapy, controlling agitation with benzodiazepines, and possibly administering serotonin2A antagonists. It is often unnecessary to restart psychiatric medications upon which a patient has overdosed in the intensive care unit, though withdrawal syndromes should be prevented, and communication with outpatient prescribers is vital.


CONCLUSIONS
Understanding the diagnosis and appropriate management of these four psychiatric emergencies is important to provide safe and effective care in the intensive care unit.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. jbienven@jhmi.edus
O Joseph
OJ
Bienvenu
Karin J
KJ
Neufeld
Dale M
DM
Needham
D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome