Cancer/testis antigens and urological malignancies.
Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are a group of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) that display normal expression in the adult testis--an immune-privileged organ--but aberrant expression in several types of cancers, particularly in advanced cancers with stem cell-like characteristics. There has been an explosion in CTA-based research since CTAs were first identified in 1991 and MAGE-1 was shown to elicit an autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in a patient with melanoma. The resulting data have not only highlighted a role for CTAs in tumorigenesis, but have also underscored the translational potential of these antigens for detecting and treating many types of cancers. Studies that have investigated the use of CTAs for the clinical management of urological malignancies indicate that these TAAs have potential roles as novel biomarkers, with increased specificity and sensitivity compared to those currently used in the clinic, and therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy. Increasing evidence supports the utilization of these promising tools for urological indications.
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, 600 North Wolfe Street, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. pkulkar4@jhmi.edu
Prakash
P
Kulkarni
Takumi
T
Shiraishi
Krithika
K
Rajagopalan
Robert
R
Kim
Steven M
SM
Mooney
Robert H
RH
Getzenberg
D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019496:Cancer Vaccines