Effectiveness of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine among children: a cluster randomized trial in Karachi, Pakistan.
BACKGROUND
Typhoid fever is endemic in Karachi, with an incidence among children ranging from 170 to 450 per 100,000 child-years. Vaccination strategies are important for prevention, and the Vi capsular polysaccharide (ViCPS) vaccine has been shown to be effective in reducing the burden of typhoid fever.


METHODS
A cluster randomized trial was conducted in three low socioeconomic urban squatter settlements in Karachi, Pakistan between 2002 and 2007. Subsamples were followed up for assessment of immune response and adverse events after vaccination.


RESULTS
The study participants were similar in a wide variety of socio-demographic and economic characteristics at baseline. A total of 27,231 individuals of the total target population of 51,965 in 120 clusters either received a ViCPS vaccine (13,238 [52% coverage]) or the control Hepatitis A vaccine (13,993 [53%]). Typhoid fever was diagnosed in 30 ViCPS vaccine recipients and 49 Hepatitis A vaccine recipients with an adjusted total protective effectiveness of 31% (95%CI: -28%, 63%). The adjusted total vaccine protective effectiveness was -38% (95%CI: -192%, 35%) for children aged 2-5 years and 57% (95%CI: 6%, 81%) for children 5-16 years old.


CONCLUSIONS
The ViCPS vaccine did not confer statistically significant protection to children in the study areas, and there was a decline in antibody response 2 years post-vaccination. However, the ViCPS vaccine showed significant total protection in children 5-16 years of age, which is consistent with other studies of ViCPS vaccine conducted in India, Nepal, China and South Africa. These findings suggest that ViCPS vaccination of school-aged children will protect the children of urban, typhoid endemic areas against typhoid fever.
International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
M Imran
MI
Khan
Sajid Bashir
SB
Soofi
R Leon
RL
Ochiai
Mohammad Atif
MA
Habib
Shah Muhammad
SM
Sahito
S Qamaruddin
SQ
Nizami
Camilo J
CJ
Acosta
John D
JD
Clemens
Zulfiqar A
ZA
Bhutta
D000293:Adolescent; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination
D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; C057664:Vi polysaccharide vaccine, typhoid