Therapeutic potential of anterior cruciate ligament-derived stem cells for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
We recently reported that the ruptured regions of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) contained vascular-derived stem cells, which showed the potential for high expansion and multilineage differentiation. In this study, we performed experiments to test the hypothesis that ACL-derived  CD34(+) cells could contribute to tendon-bone healing. ACL-derived cells were isolated from the rupture site of human ACL by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Following ACL reconstruction, immunodeficient rats received intracapsular administration of either ACL-derived CD34(+)  cells, nonsorted (NS) cells, CD34(+) cells, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). We also performed in vitro cell proliferation assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. We confirmed the recruitment of the transplanted cells  into the perigraft site after intracapuslar injection by immunohistochemical staining at week 1. Histological evaluation showed a greater area of collagen fiber formation and more collagen type II expression in the CD34(+) group than the other groups at the week 2 time point. Immunostaining  with isolectin B4 and rat osteocalcin demonstrated enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the CD34(+) group at week 2. Moreover, double immunohistochemical staining for human-specific endothelial cell (EC) and osteoblast (OB) markers at week 2 demonstrated a greater ability of  differentiation into ECs and OBs in the CD34(+) group. Microcomputerized tomography showed the greatest healing of perigraft bone at week 4 in the CD34(+) cell group, and the failure load of tensile test at week 8 demonstrated the greatest biomechanical strength in the CD34(+)  group. Furthermore, the in vitro studies indicated that the CD34(+) group was superior to the other groups in their cell proliferation and VEGF secretion capacities. We demonstrated that ACL-derived CD34(+) cells contributed to the tendon-bone healing after ACL reconstruction  via the enhancement of angiogenesis and osteogenesis, which also contributed to an increase in biomechanical strength.
Stem Cell Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
Yutaka
Y
Mifune
Tomoyuki
T
Matsumoto
Shusuke
S
Ota
Makoto
M
Nishimori
Arvydas
A
Usas
Sebastian
S
Kopf
Ryosuke
R
Kuroda
Masahiro
M
Kurosaka
Freddie H
FH
Fu
Johnny
J
Huard
D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000166:cytology*; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D037102:Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D051381:Rats; D011923:Rats, Nude; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D053675:Versicans; D014945:Wound Healing
D018952:Antigens, CD34; D024043:Collagen Type II; D006023:Glycoproteins; D037102:Lectins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C508324:Vcan protein, rat; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053675:Versicans