Risk factors associated with sporadic salmonellosis in adults: a case-control study.
In order to identify and assess recent risk factors for sporadic human infections with Salmonella enterica, we conducted a case-control study in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data collection was based on standardized telephone interviews with 1017 cases and 346 controls aged >14 years. Odds ratios were calculated in single-factor and multi-factor analyses for Salmonella cases and two different control groups, i.e. population controls and controls with rotavirus infection. Multi-factor analysis revealed associations between sporadic Salmonella infections for two exposures by both sets of controls: consumption of raw ground pork [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2·38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·27-4·44] and foreign travel (aOR 2·12, 95% CI 1·00-4·52). Other exposures included consumption of food items containing eggs (aOR 1·43, 95% CI 0·80-2·54), consumption of chicken meat (aOR 1·77, 95% CI 1·26-2·50), outdoor meals/barbecues (aOR 3·96, 95% CI 1·41-11·12) and taking gastric acidity inhibitors (aOR 2·42, 95% CI 1·19-4·92), all were significantly associated with respect to one of the two control groups. The impact of consuming food items containing eggs or chicken meat was lower than expected from the literature. This might be a consequence of Salmonella control programmes as well as increased public awareness of eggs and chicken products being a risk factor for salmonellosis. Efforts to reduce Salmonella infections due to raw pork products should be intensified.
Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany.
D
D
Ziehm
Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany.
J
J
Dreesman
Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaboration Centre of Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
A
A
Campe
Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaboration Centre of Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
L
L
Kreienbrock
Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany.
M
M
Pulz
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires