Design, synthesis, and biological and structural evaluations of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors to combat drug resistance.
A series of new HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) were designed using a general strategy that combines computational structure-based design with substrate-envelope constraints. The PIs incorporate various alcohol-derived P2 carbamates with acyclic and cyclic heteroatomic functionalities into the (R)-hydroxyethylamine isostere. Most of the new PIs show potent binding affinities against wild-type HIV-1 protease and three multidrug resistant (MDR) variants. In particular, inhibitors containing the 2,2-dichloroacetamide, pyrrolidinone, imidazolidinone, and oxazolidinone moieties at P2 are the most potent with K(i) values in the picomolar range. Several new PIs exhibit nanomolar antiviral potencies against patient-derived wild-type viruses from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C and two MDR variants. Crystal structure analyses of four potent inhibitors revealed that carbonyl groups of the new P2 moieties promote extensive hydrogen bond interactions with the invariant Asp29 residue of the protease. These structure-activity relationship findings can be utilized to design new PIs with enhanced enzyme inhibitory and antiviral potencies.
Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Maloy Kumar
MK
Parai
David J
DJ
Huggins
Hong
H
Cao
Madhavi N L
MN
Nalam
Akbar
A
Ali
Celia A
CA
Schiffer
Bruce
B
Tidor
Tariq M
TM
Rana
D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D015195:Drug Design; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000187:drug effects; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D016333:HIV Protease; C514803:p16 protease, Human immunodeficiency virus 1