Characteristics of astigmatism as a function of age in a Hong Kong clinical population.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize astigmatism as a function of age in a Hong Kong clinical population.


METHODS
All records from new clinical patients at a university optometry clinic in the year 2007 were used for the study. Only data from subjects with corrected visual acuity ≥6/9 in both eyes and with completed subjective refraction were analyzed. The subjects were divided into seven age groups by decade (i.e., 3 to 10 years, 11 to 20 years, …, >60 years). Refractive errors were decomposed into spherical-equivalent refractive error (M), J0, and J45 astigmatic components for analyses. Internal astigmatism was calculated by subtracting corneal astigmatism from refractive astigmatism (RA).


RESULTS
Of the 2759 cases that fulfilled our selection criteria, 58.9% had myopia (M ≥-0.75 D) and 28.4% had RA (Cyl ≥ 1.00 D). The prevalence of RA increased from 17.8% in the 3 to 10 years age group to 38.1% in the 21 to 30 years age group. It then dipped to 25.8% in 41 to 50 years age group but increased again to 41.8% in the >60 years age group. Among the astigmats, almost all 3- to 10-year-old children (92.6%) had with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism, but a majority of the elderly (>60 years) had against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism (79.7%). For a subset of subjects who had both subjective refraction and keratometric readings (n = 883), RA was more strongly correlated with corneal (r = 0.35 to 0.74) than with internal astigmatism (r = 0.01 to 0.35). More importantly, the magnitudes of both refractive and corneal J0 were consistent with synchronized decrements (-0.15 and -0.14 D per 10 years, respectively) after the age of 30 years, indicating that the shift toward more ATR astigmatism was related to corneal change.


CONCLUSIONS
In this Hong Kong Chinese clinical population, the prevalence rates of both myopia and astigmatism increased during the first three decades and shared a similar trend before the age of 50 years. The manifest astigmatism was mainly corneal in nature, bilaterally mirror symmetric in axis, and shifted from predominantly WTR to ATR with age.
School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Tsz-Wing
TW
Leung
Andrew Kwok-Cheung
AK
Lam
Li
L
Deng
Chea-Su
CS
Kee
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult