Essential role for thymosin β4 in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell development and vessel wall stability.
BACKGROUND
Compromised development of blood vessel walls leads to vascular instability that may predispose to aneurysm with risk of rupture and lethal hemorrhage. There is currently a lack of insight into developmental insults that may define the molecular and cellular characteristics of initiating and perpetrating factors in adult aneurismal disease.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate a role for the actin-binding protein thymosin β4 (Tβ4), previously shown to be proangiogenic, in mural cell development and vascular wall stability.


RESULTS
Phenotypic analyses of both global and endothelial-specific loss-of-function Tβ4 mouse models revealed a proportion of Tβ4-null embryos with vascular hemorrhage coincident with a reduction in smooth muscle cell coverage of their developing vessels. Mechanistic studies revealed that extracellular Tβ4 can stimulate differentiation of mesodermal progenitor cells to a mature mural cell phenotype through activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway and that reduced TGFβ signaling correlates with the severity of hemorrhagic phenotype in Tβ4-null vasculature.


CONCLUSIONS
Tβ4 is a novel endothelial secreted trophic factor that functions synergistically with TGFβ to regulate mural cell development and vascular wall stability. These findings have important implications for understanding congenital anomalies that may be causative for adult-onset vascular instability.
Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK.
Alex
A
Rossdeutsch
Nicola
N
Smart
Karina N
KN
Dubé
Martin
M
Turner
Paul R
PR
Riley
D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005838:Genotype; D005865:Gestational Age; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013947:Thymosin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D000099201:Thymosin beta(4)
D051785:Smad Proteins; D013947:Thymosin; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000099201:Thymosin beta(4)