Urinary biomarkers of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: current status and future potential.
Bladder cancer diagnosis and patient surveillance present a wide range of diagnostic methods but essentially only instrumental approaches are available in the clinical setting. Although numerous new noninvasive biomarkers have been proposed in the last 10 years, few are US FDA-approved for clinical purposes, and none are widely used in routine clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the tests developed for early diagnosis and patient surveillance and verify whether, for any, there is some level of evidence to suggest a real usefulness in a clinical setting.
IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e Cura dei Tumori , Via Piero Maroncelli, 40-47014 Meldola (FC), Italy. d.calistri@irst.emr.it
Daniele
D
Calistri
Valentina
V
Casadio
Sara
S
Bravaccini
Wainer
W
Zoli
Dino
D
Amadori
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor