Evaluation of the clinical and inflammatory responses in exclusively NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy versus laparoscopic routes: an experimental study in swine.
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and inflammatory responses to surgical trauma caused by the natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) transvaginal endoscopic procedure compared with those of the laparoscopic route.


METHODS
Twenty-one female swine were divided into three groups of seven animals and subjected to cholecystectomy using laparoscopic, laparotomic, and exclusively NOTES transvaginal routes. A group of five animals served as a control. The animals were monitored during surgery to evaluate anesthetic/surgical time and the presence of complications, which were evaluated after surgery with respect to roaming time, feeding, and the presence of clinical occurrence Measurements of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, IFN-γ were obtained before and after surgery, on the second and seventh postoperative days, and when the animals were killed and necropsied.


RESULTS
All procedures were successfully completed as proposed in each group. Perioperative complications consisted of only gallbladder perforation and hepatic bleeding. The anesthetic/surgical time was longer in the NOTES vaginal group (p < 0.001). The postanesthetic recovery time, roaming, nutrition, and clinical evolution were similar in all groups. IL-1β and IL-6 were undetectable in all groups. Levels of TNF-α, CRP, and IFN-γ were similar among the groups. However, the evolution of the inflammatory process, measured as the difference between the peak dose and the basal dose of IFN-γ, was lower in the NOTES group than in the laparotomy group. In the necropsy findings, only adhesions were found, with no difference among the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
The entirely NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy was feasible and safe. The surgical time was greater for the NOTES vaginal route. The inflammatory response was similar among the groups based on the levels of CRP and IFN-γ. However, the evolution of the inflammatory process seems to have been shorter in the vaginal NOTES group than in the laparotomy group as demonstrated by the difference between the peak and basal doses of IFN-γ.
Department of Surgery, Maranhão Federal University (UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. josielpv@hotmail.com
Josiel P
JP
Vieira
Marcelo M
MM
Linhares
Elesiário M
EM
Caetano
Rita M A
RM
Moura
Vitor
V
Asseituno
Rogério
R
Fuzyi
Manoel J B
MJ
Girão
José M
JM
Ruano
Alberto
A
Goldenberg
Gaspar
G
de Jesus L Filho
Délcio
D
Matos
D000818:Animals; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D013552:Swine; D014621:Vagina
D016207:Cytokines