Mass spectrometry-based chemotaxonomic classification of Penicillium species (P. echinulatum, P. expansum, P. solitum, and P. oxalicum) and its correlation with antioxidant activity.
In this study, 4 Penicillium species (17 strains) were classified on the basis of metabolite profile (chemotaxonomy) by using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS), gas chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis. The LC-ESI-MS-based dendrogram was similar to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based dendrogram, in that Penicillium oxalicum was separated from the other 3 species. Moreover, vermiculidiol, meleagrin, oxaline, glandicolin A and B, and secalonic acid D were identified as metabolites that enable discrimination of Penicillium species by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Evaluation of the species-specific metabolites produced by P. expansum, P. echinulatum, and P. solitum revealed that the 3 species differed from each other. On the other hand, GC-IT-MS-based dendrogram revealed that P. expansum was clearly classified separately from the other 3 species, and this result correlated with the antioxidant activity of the 4 species: P. expansum had a higher radical scavenging activity than the other 3 species. The metabolites produced in higher amounts in P. expansum were gluconic acid (12, 29, 33); andrastin A (16), B (15), and C (17); chaetoglobosin C (14), a class of sugar (31, 32); and salicylic acid (28). The results of this study demonstrated that metabolite-based chemotaxonomy could be used not only as a classification method but also as a tool for evaluation of species-specific activities.
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Hyang Yeon
HY
Kim
Hye Min
HM
Park
Choong Hwan
CH
Lee
D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055442:Metabolome; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
D052160:Benzothiazoles; D015415:Biomarkers; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid