Cellular and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants in Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the degeneration and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It has been suggested that oxidative stress plays a role in the etiology and progression of PD. For  instance, low levels of endogenous antioxidants, increased reactive species, augmented dopamine oxidation, and high iron levels have been found in brains from PD patients. In vitro and in vivo studies of Parkinson models evaluating natural and endogenous antioxidants such as  polyphenols, coenzyme Q10, and vitamins A, C, and E have shown protective effects against oxidative-induced neuronal death. In this paper, we will review the mechanisms by which polyphenols and endogenous antioxidants can produce protection. Some of the mechanisms reviewed include: scavenging  nitrogen and oxygen reactive species, regulation of signaling pathways associated with cell survival and inflammation, and inhibition of synphilin-1 and alpha-synuclein aggregation.
Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
Jhon Jairo
JJ
Sutachan
Zulma
Z
Casas
Sonia Luz
SL
Albarracin
Bernd Robert
BR
Stab
Ismael
I
Samudio
Janneth
J
Gonzalez
Ludis
L
Morales
George E
GE
Barreto
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D000975:Antioxidants; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C118958:SNCAIP protein, human; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D014801:Vitamin A; D014451:Ubiquinone; D014810:Vitamin E; C024989:coenzyme Q10; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D004298:Dopamine