Simultaneous investigation of influenza and enteric viruses in the stools of adult patients consulting in general practice for acute diarrhea.
BACKGROUND
Gastrointestinal symptoms are not an uncommon manifestation of an influenza virus infection. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the presence of influenza viruses in the stools of adult patients consulting their general practitioner for uncomplicated acute diarrhea (AD) and the proportion of concurrent infections by enteric and influenza viruses.


METHODS
A case-control study was conducted from December 2010 to April 2011. Stool specimens were collected and tested for influenza viruses A (seasonal A/H3N2 and pandemic A/H1N1) and B, and for four enteric viruses (astrovirus, group A rotavirus, human enteric adenovirus, norovirus of genogroups I - NoVGI - and genogroup II - NoVGII).


RESULTS
General practitioners enrolled 138 cases and 93 controls. Of the 138 stool specimens collected, 92 (66.7%) were positive for at least one of the four enteric viruses analysed and 10 (7.2%) tested positive for one influenza virus. None of these 10 influenza positive patients reported respiratory symptoms. In five influenza-positive patients (3.6%), we also detected one enteric virus, with 4 of them being positive for influenza B (2 had co-detection with NoVGI, 1 with NoVGII, and 1 with astrovirus). None of the 93 controls tested positive for one of the enteric and/or other influenza viruses we investigated.


CONCLUSIONS
In this study we showed that the simultaneous detection of influenza and enteric viruses is not a rare event. We have also reported, for the first time in general practice, the presence of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses in the stools of adult patients consulting for uncomplicated AD. A simultaneous investigation of enteric and influenza viruses in patients complaining of gastrointestinal symptoms could be useful for future studies to better identify the agents responsible for AD.
INSERM, UMR-S 707, 75012, Paris, France. arena@u707.jussieu.fr
Christophe
C
Arena
Jean Pierre
JP
Amoros
Véronique
V
Vaillant
Katia
K
Balay
Roxane
R
Chikhi-Brachet
Laurent
L
Varesi
Jean
J
Arrighi
Thierry
T
Blanchon
Fabrice
F
Carrat
Thomas
T
Hanslik
Alessandra
A
Falchi
D000208:Acute Disease; D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060085:Coinfection; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D058006:General Practice; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D001257:Mamastrovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult
D012367:RNA, Viral