Intimate partner violence and incidence of hypertension in women.
OBJECTIVE
Intimate partner violence, a prevalent stressor for women, may influence the risk of cardiovascular disease. We estimated the association between intimate partner violence and the development of hypertension, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, in the Nurses' Health Study II cohort.


METHODS
Intimate partner violence measures included adult lifetime physical and sexual partner violence and the Women's Experiences with Battering Scale, which ascertained women's subjective experience of recent emotional abuse. Physician-diagnosed hypertension was self-reported on biennial questionnaires. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between report of intimate partner violence in 2001 and incidence of hypertension from 2001 through 2007.


RESULTS
Of 51,434 included respondents, 22% reported being physically hurt, and 10% reported being forced into sexual activities at some point in adulthood by an intimate partner. After adjustment for confounders, physical and sexual abuse were not associated with hypertension. However, women reporting the most severe emotional abuse had a 24% increased rate of hypertension (hazard ratio 1.24; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.53) compared with women unexposed to emotional abuse.


CONCLUSIONS
The risk of hypertension appears to be increased in the small number of women recently exposed to severe emotional abuse.
Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. n2sma@channing.harvard.edu
Susan M
SM
Mason
Rosalind J
RJ
Wright
Eileen N
EN
Hibert
Donna
D
Spiegelman
John P
JP
Forman
Janet W
JW
Rich-Edwards
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult