Depression, Testosterone concentration, sexual dysfunction and methadone use among men with hypogonadism and HIV Infection.
Low testosterone levels are associated with depression and impaired sexual performance. We examined the association between hypogonadism, sexual function and depression among men with HIV infection in Shiraz, Iran. A total of 237 male HIV-positive patients referred to voluntary counseling centers were recruited based on convenience sampling from May to October 2010. All patients provided informed consent and completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory (BMSFI). Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast to measure free testosterone (FT) concentration. Hypogonadism was found in 68 % of the participants, and about 68.8 % had moderate and severe depression. Serum FT levels were significantly lower in patients with depression and a direct association was found between the risk of hypogonadism and increased BDI-II score. Among methadone nonusers and nondepressed patients, an inverse association was found between hypogonadal and eugonadal men in the sexual drive, erectile and ejaculatory function domains of the BMSFI. However, there was no significant association between methadone user status and depression. Depression and hypogonadism had a reciprocal effect. Depression and methadone use were associated with hypogonadism and had a significant effect on sexual function.
Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Mahmood
M
Amini Lari
Nader
N
Parsa
Maryam
M
Marzban
Mesbah
M
Shams
Hossain
H
Faramarzi
D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D007492:Iran; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
D013739:Testosterone; D008691:Methadone