Down-regulation of replication factor C-40 (RFC40) causes chromosomal missegregation in neonatal and hypertrophic adult rat cardiac myocytes.
BACKGROUND
Adult mammalian cardiac myocytes are generally assumed to be terminally differentiated; nonetheless, a small fraction of cardiac myocytes have been shown to replicate during ventricular remodeling. However, the expression of Replication Factor C (RFC; RFC140/40/38/37/36) and DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) proteins, which are required for DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, in the adult normal and hypertrophied hearts has been rarely studied.


METHODS
We performed qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis to determine the levels of RFC and Pol δ message and proteins in the adult normal cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts, as well as in adult normal and pulmonary arterial hypertension induced right ventricular hypertrophied hearts. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine the localization of the re-expressed DNA replication and cell cycle proteins in adult normal (control) and hypertrophied right ventricle. We determined right ventricular cardiac myocyte polyploidy and chromosomal missegregation/aneuploidy using Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for rat chromosome 12.


RESULTS
RFC40-mRNA and protein was undetectable, whereas Pol δ message was detectable in the cardiac myocytes isolated from control adult hearts. Although RFC40 and Pol δ message and protein significantly increased in hypertrophied hearts as compared to the control hearts; however, this increase was marginal as compared to the fetal hearts. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that in addition to RFC40, proliferative and mitotic markers such as cyclin A, phospho-Aurora A/B/C kinase and phospho-histone 3 were also re-expressed/up-regulated simultaneously in the cardiac myocytes. Interestingly, FISH analyses demonstrated cardiac myocytes polyploidy and chromosomal missegregation/aneuploidy in these hearts. Knock-down of endogenous RFC40 caused chromosomal missegregation/aneuploidy and decrease in the rat neonatal cardiac myocyte numbers.


CONCLUSIONS
Our novel findings suggest that transcription of RFC40 is suppressed in the normal adult cardiac myocytes and its insufficient re-expression may be responsible for causing chromosomal missegregation/aneuploidy and in cardiac myocytes during right ventricular hypertrophy.
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America.
Hirotaka
H
Ata
Deepa
D
Shrestha
Masahiko
M
Oka
Rikuo
R
Ochi
Chian Ju
CJ
Jong
Sarah
S
Gebb
John
J
Benjamin
Stephen
S
Schaffer
Holly H
HH
Hobart
James
J
Downey
Ivan
I
McMurtry
Rakhee
R
Gupte
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002875:Chromosomes; D004258:DNA Polymerase III / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051818:Replication Protein C / Q000378:metabolism*
D004258:DNA Polymerase III; D051818:Replication Protein C