Immunogenicity and protection of oral influenza vaccines formulated into microparticles.
Influenza is a deadly disease affecting humans and animals. It is recommended that every individual should be vaccinated annually against influenza. Considering the frequency of administration of this vaccine, we have explored the oral route of vaccination with a microparticulate formulation. Microparticles containing inactivated influenza A/PR/34/8 H1N1 virus with Eudragit S and trehalose as a matrix were prepared using the Buchi spray dryer. Particle size distribution of microparticles was measured and the bioactivity of vaccine in a microparticle form was analyzed using a hemagglutination activity test. Furthermore, the efficacy of microparticle vaccines was evaluated in vivo in Balb/c mice. Analysis of serum samples showed that microparticles resulted in enhanced antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies. Upon challenge with homologous and heterologous influenza viruses, microparticle vaccines showed significantly increased levels of protection. Use of microparticles to deliver vaccines could be a promising tool for the development of an oral influenza vaccine.
Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
Prathap Nagaraja
PN
Shastri
Min-Chul
MC
Kim
Fu-Shi
FS
Quan
Martin J
MJ
D'Souza
Sang-Moo
SM
Kang
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / Q000379:methods; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000276:immunology; D010316:Particle Size; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004304:Dosage Forms; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated