The impact of stress systems and lifestyle on dyslipidemia and obesity in anxiety and depression.
BACKGROUND
Dyslipidemia and obesity have been observed in persons with severe anxiety or depression, and in tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) users. This likely contributes to the higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in anxiety and depressive disorders. We aimed to elucidate whether biological stress systems or lifestyle factors underlie these associations. If so, they may be useful targets for CVD prevention and intervention.


METHODS
Within 2850 Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) participants, we evaluated the explaining impact of biological stress systems (i.e., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis, autonomic nervous system [ANS] and inflammation) and lifestyle factors (i.e., tobacco and alcohol use, and physical activity) on adverse associations of anxiety and depression severity and TCA use with high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index and waist circumference. Through linear regression analyses, percentual change (%Δ) in β was determined and considered significant when %Δ>10.


RESULTS
The inflammatory marker C-reactive protein had the most consistent impact (explaining 14-53% of the associations of anxiety and depression severity and TCA use with lipid and obesity levels), followed by tobacco use (explaining 34-43% of the associations with lipids). The ANS mediated all associations with TCA use (explaining 32-61%). The HPA axis measures did not explain any of the associations.


CONCLUSIONS
Increased dyslipidemia and (abdominal) obesity risk in patients with more severe anxiety disorders and depression may be partly explained by chronic low-grade inflammation and smoking. TCAs may increase metabolic risk through enhanced sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic ANS activity. That the HPA axis had no impact in our sample may reflect the possibility that the HPA axis only plays a role in acute stress situations rather than under basal conditions.
Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. akbvanreedtdortland@lumc.nl
Arianne K B
AK
van Reedt Dortland
Sophie A
SA
Vreeburg
Erik J
EJ
Giltay
Carmilla M M
CM
Licht
Nicole
N
Vogelzangs
Tineke
T
van Veen
Eco J C
EJ
de Geus
Brenda W J H
BW
Penninx
Frans G
FG
Zitman
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008019:Life Style; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors
D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D002097:C-Reactive Protein