Neural intersections of the phonological, visual magnocellular and motor/cerebellar systems in normal readers: implications for imaging studies on dyslexia.
We used fMRI to explore the extent of the anatomical overlap of three neural systems that the literature on developmental dyslexia associates with reading: the auditory phonological, the visual magnocellular, and the motor/cerebellar systems. Twenty-eight normal subjects performed four tasks during fMRI scans: word and pseudoword reading, auditory rhyming for letter names, visual motion perception, and a motor sequence learning task. We found that the left occipitotemporal cortex (OTC), which previous studies reported to be dysfunctional in dyslexia, can be fractionated into different functional areas: an anterior and lateral area that was activated by both reading and auditory rhyming tasks; a posterior area that was commonly activated by both the reading and the motion perception task and a medial/intermediate area, including the so-called Visual Word Form Area, which was specifically activated by the reading task. These results show that the left OTC is an area of segregated convergence of different functional systems. We compared our results with the hypoactivation pattern reported for reading in a previous cross-cultural PET study on 36 dyslexic subjects from three countries. The region of decreased activation in dyslexia overlapped with regions that are specific for reading and those activated during both the auditory rhyming task and the single word and pseudoword reading task described in the present fMRI study. No overlap was found with the activation patterns for the visual motion perception task or for the motor sequence learning task. These observations challenge current theories of dyslexia.
Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Laura
L
Danelli
Manuela
M
Berlingeri
Gabriella
G
Bottini
Francesca
F
Ferri
Laura
L
Vacchi
Maurizio
M
Sberna
Eraldo
E
Paulesu
D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010700:Phonetics; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011932:Reading; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult