Worldwide proficiency test for routine analysis of δ2H and δ18O in water by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry and laser absorption spectroscopy.
BACKGROUND
The interpretation of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope data in isotope hydrology relies on accurate, high-precision analytical measurements of the (2)H:(1)H and (18)O:(16)O ratios in liquid H(2)O samples.


METHODS
A synthesis of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) worldwide proficiency test for analytical laboratories conducting routine analysis of δ(2)H and δ(18)O values in water (WICO2011) by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) technology has been carried out.


RESULTS
This test revealed that >96% of the 160 laboratory submissions provided acceptable results within ±2‰ for δ(2) H values and ±0.2‰ for δ(18)O values of the established reference values for four test waters, and no difference in outcomes based on IRMS vs. LAS technology was found for good performing laboratories.


CONCLUSIONS
The leading cause of outliers appeared to be improper calibration or compromised storage of laboratory standard and primary reference waters; hence the importance of judicious storage of lab standards cannot be understated. The deprecated practice of single standard normalization was identified as a problem for some laboratories. We further recommend that laboratories strive to report parsimonious long-term precisions based upon control standards, and to improve quantification and correction for LAS instrumental drift and inter-sample carryover effects.
International Atomic Energy Agency, Isotope Hydrology Section, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria. l.wassenaar@iaea.org
L I
LI
Wassenaar
M
M
Ahmad
P
P
Aggarwal
M
M
van Duren
L
L
Pöltenstein
L
L
Araguas
T
T
Kurttas