School bullying, homicide and income inequality: a cross-national pooled time series analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the relation between income inequality and school bullying (perpetration, victimisation and bully/victims) and explore whether the relation is attributable to international differences in violent crime.


METHODS
Between 1994 and 2006, the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study surveyed 117 nationally representative samples of adolescents about their involvement in school bullying over the previous 2 months. Country prevalence rates of bullying were matched to data on income inequality and homicides.


RESULTS
With time and country differences held constant, income inequality positively related to the prevalence of bullying others at least twice (b = 0.25), victimisation by bullying at least twice (b = 0.29) and both bullied and victimisation at least twice (b = 0.40). The relation between income inequality and victimisation was partially mediated by country differences in homicides.


CONCLUSIONS
Understanding the social determinants of school bullying facilitates anti-bullying policy by identifying groups at risk and exposing its cultural and economic influences. This study found that cross-national differences in income inequality related to the prevalence of school bullying in most age and gender groups due, in part, to a social milieu of interpersonal violence.
Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Frank.Elgar@mcgill.ca
Frank J
FJ
Elgar
Kate E
KE
Pickett
William
W
Pickett
Wendy
W
Craig
Michal
M
Molcho
Klaus
K
Hurrelmann
Michela
M
Lenzi
D000293:Adolescent; D058445:Bullying; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization