A paradigm for the study of paranoia in the general population: the Prisoner's Dilemma Game.
A growing body of research shows that paranoia is common in the general population. We report three studies that examined the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) as a paradigm for evaluation of non-clinical paranoia. The PDG captures three key qualities that are at the heart of paranoia--it is interpersonal, it concerns threat, and it concerns the perception of others' intentions towards the self. Study 1 (n=175) found that state paranoia was positively associated with selection of the competitive PDG choice. Study 2 (n=111) found that this association was significant only when participants believed they were playing the PDG against another person, and not when playing against a computer. This finding underscores the interpersonal nature of paranoia and the concomitant necessity of studying paranoia in interpersonal context. In Study 3 (n=152), we assessed both trait and state paranoia, and differentiated between distrust- and greed-based competition. Both trait and state paranoia were positively associated with distrust-based competition (but not with greed-based competition). Crucially, we found that the association between trait paranoia and distrust-based competition was fully mediated by state paranoia. The PDG is a promising paradigm for the study of non-clinical paranoia.
Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK.
Lyn
L
Ellett
Rhani
R
Allen-Crooks
Adele
A
Stevens
Tim
T
Wildschut
Paul
P
Chadwick
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005260:Female; D005716:Game Theory; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D035502:Trust; D006113:United Kingdom