Influenza vaccination and major adverse vascular events in high-risk patients.
BACKGROUND
We sought to determine the association between influenza vaccination and major adverse vascular events because the association remains uncertain.


RESULTS
A total of 31 546 participants were enrolled from 40 countries. Eligibility included age ≥55 years and known vascular disease. The primary outcome was a composite of death resulting from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke during 4 influenza seasons (2003-2007). Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower risk of the outcome during 3 influenza seasons (defined using World Health Organization FluNet reports): 2004 to 2005 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.77), 2005 to 2006 (adjusted OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.91), and 2006 to 2007 (adjusted OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.42-0.65), the same years that circulating influenza matched the vaccine antigen. In 2003 to 2004, there was an incomplete match between circulating influenza and the vaccine antigen, and there was no association between influenza vaccination and the outcome (adjusted OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.73-1.27). However, tests of potential biases in the analyses revealed associations between influenza vaccination and outcome during noninfluenza seasons except 2003 to 2004. The summary ORs in the influenza season (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.58-0.74]) and noninfluenza season (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.57-0.76) were almost identical. The reduction in risk of noncardiovascular death associated with the influenza vaccine ranged from 73% to 79%.


CONCLUSIONS
Although initial analyses suggest that influenza vaccination was associated with reduced risk of major adverse vascular events during influenza seasons when the influenza vaccine matched the circulating virus, sensitivity analyses revealed that risk of bias remained. A randomized trial is needed to definitively address this question.
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. johnsj48@mcmaster.ca
Jennie
J
Johnstone
Mark
M
Loeb
Koon K
KK
Teo
Peggy
P
Gao
Leanne
L
Dyal
Lisheng
L
Liu
Alvaro
A
Avezum
Ernesto
E
Cardona-Munoz
Peter
P
Sleight
Robert
R
Fagard
Salim
S
Yusuf
D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012621:Seasons; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality*
D007252:Influenza Vaccines