Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago.
It has been proposed that fragments of an asteroid or comet impacted Earth, deposited silica- and iron-rich microspherules and other proxies across several continents, and triggered the Younger Dryas cooling episode 12,900 years ago. Although many independent groups have confirmed the impact evidence, the hypothesis remains controversial because some groups have failed to do so. We examined sediment sequences from 18 dated Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) sites across three continents (North America, Europe, and Asia), spanning 12,000 km around nearly one-third of the planet. All sites display abundant microspherules in the YDB with none or few above and below. In addition, three sites (Abu Hureyra, Syria; Melrose, Pennsylvania; and Blackville, South Carolina) display vesicular, high-temperature, siliceous scoria-like objects, or SLOs, that match the spherules geochemically. We compared YDB objects with melt products from a known cosmic impact (Meteor Crater, Arizona) and from the 1945 Trinity nuclear airburst in Socorro, New Mexico, and found that all of these high-energy events produced material that is geochemically and morphologically comparable, including: (i) high-temperature, rapidly quenched microspherules and SLOs; (ii) corundum, mullite, and suessite (Fe(3)Si), a rare meteoritic mineral that forms under high temperatures; (iii) melted SiO(2) glass, or lechatelierite, with flow textures (or schlieren) that form at > 2,200 °C; and (iv) particles with features indicative of high-energy interparticle collisions. These results are inconsistent with anthropogenic, volcanic, authigenic, and cosmic materials, yet consistent with cosmic ejecta, supporting the hypothesis of extraterrestrial airbursts/impacts 12,900 years ago. The wide geographic distribution of SLOs is consistent with multiple impactors.
Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. tbear1@cableone.net
Ted E
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Bunch
Robert E
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Hermes
Andrew M T
AM
Moore
Douglas J
DJ
Kennett
James C
JC
Weaver
James H
JH
Wittke
Paul S
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DeCarli
James L
JL
Bischoff
Gordon C
GC
Hillman
George A
GA
Howard
David R
DR
Kimbel
Gunther
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Kletetschka
Carl P
CP
Lipo
Sachiko
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Sakai
Zsolt
Z
Revay
Allen
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West
Richard B
RB
Firestone
James P
JP
Kennett
D001106:Archaeology / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D005844:Geology / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D019110:Meteoroids; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013022:South Carolina; D013593:Syria; D013696:Temperature
D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen