Designing automation for complex work environments under different levels of stress.
This article examines the effectiveness of different forms of static and adaptable automation under low- and high-stress conditions. Forty participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions, comparing three levels of static automation (low, medium and high) and one level of adaptable automation, with the environmental stressor (noise) being varied as a within-subjects variable. Participants were trained for 4 h on a simulation of a process control environment, called AutoCAMS, followed by a 2.5-h testing session. Measures of performance, psychophysiology and subjective reactions were taken. The results showed that operators preferred higher levels of automation under noise than under quiet conditions. A number of parameters indicated negative effects of noise exposure, such as performance impairments, physiological stress reactions and higher mental workload. It also emerged that adaptable automation provided advantages over low and intermediate static automation, with regard to mental workload, effort expenditure and diagnostic performance. The article concludes that for the design of automation a wider range of operational scenarios reflecting adverse as well as ideal working conditions needs to be considered.
Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. juergen.sauer@unifr.ch
Juergen
J
Sauer
Peter
P
Nickel
David
D
Wastell
D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009623:Noise, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013557:Switzerland; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult