Influence of emotional expression, loudness, and gender on the acoustic parameters of vibrato in classical singers.
OBJECTIVE
Vibrato is considered one of the most essential characteristics of the classical singing voice. Vibrato can be acoustically described by the rate, extent, onset, and regularity. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of emotional expression on acoustic parameters of vibrato in classically trained singers.


METHODS
A prospective cohort study was performed.


METHODS
Thirty healthy classical singers were recruited for this study, 29 singers met inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria for this study were as follow: 1) no history of vocal pathology in the past year, 2) to have at least 5 years of classical singing training. Each subject was asked to sing the phrase "I Love You," while expressing four different emotions (tenderness, anger, happiness, and sadness) and without emotion (neutral state). The musical tonality of the phrase was adapted to each singer's vocal classification. Subjects were also recorded at three levels of loudness (pianissimo, mezzo forte, and fortissimo), while expressing each emotion. Acoustical analysis was performed during the vowel /o/ of the word "Love" to determine rate of vibrato, the extent of vibrato, and vibrato jitter.


RESULTS
Vibrato parameters did not vary significantly when different emotions were expressed. However, vibrato jitter and extent did vary significantly between different levels of loudness. Significant differences were also noted in both rate and extent of vibrato when compared between sexes.


CONCLUSIONS
Expression of emotions does not affect the acoustic parameters of vibrato, although some parameters are affected by loudness and gender.
Lakeshore Professional Voice Center, Lakeshore Ear, Nose, and Throat Center, St. Clair Shores, Michigan, USA. guzmanvoz@gmail.com
Marco A
MA
Guzman
Jayme
J
Dowdall
Adam D
AD
Rubin
Ahmed
A
Maki
Samuel
S
Levin
Ross
R
Mayerhoff
Maria Cristina
MC
Jackson-Menaldi
D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D063346:Singing; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult