The effects of environment and cyclic fatigue on the mechanical properties of an indirect composite.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the flexure strength (σ) and fracture toughness (K(IC)) of three indirect dental composites (dentin, body, and incisal) with respect to loading (static and cyclic), testing environments (air and water) and ageing (0 (controls) and 6 months in air and water).


METHODS
The specimens were 3 mm × 3 mm × 25 mm bars with the fracture toughness specimens having a 0.75 mm notch machined in the midspan. Static testing utilized 15 bars and cyclic testing 25 bars for each testing variable. All bars were tested using three-point loading and the cyclic testing was for 1000 cycles using a staircase approach.


RESULTS
For flexure strength and fracture toughness, all specimen groups showed a decrease in mean values when exposed to cyclic loading as compared to the static loading mean and when exposed to ageing compared to the control specimens. ANOVA analysis demonstrated that dentin specimens had higher flexure strength and fracture toughness means than incisal and body specimens and that control and water specimens had higher flexure strength and fracture toughness means than aged and air specimens.


CONCLUSIONS
Degradation of these materials, as a result of cyclic loading and ageing in an aqueous environment, appears to be influenced by more than just the processing of the composite.
Private Orthodontic Practice, Schaumburg, IL 60914, USA. ryan.hvortho@gmail.com
Ryan K
RK
Hurley
James L
JL
Drummond
Grace C
GC
Viana
Maria T
MT
Galang
D000388:Air; D000465:Algorithms; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018583:Pliability; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D058105:Polymerization; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011140:Polyurethanes; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D014867:Water; C029824:urethane dimethacrylate luting resin; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C074277:ethoxylated bis-phenol A dimethacrylate; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C022088:silicon carbide