[Current knowledge on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1 ,4-butanediol (1,4-BD)].
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an old anaesthetic drug which was misused in the 80-90's as an anabolic agent (bodybuilding), recreational drug (drunkenness, euphoric, disinhibiting and aphrodisiac effects) and as a date rape drug (disinhibiting, hypnotic and amnesic effects). Its use in the general population is low, and mainly concerns gay population in nightclubs and young people in parties. The intoxications, above all with alcohol combination, can be severe, with coma and breathing depression, or even fatal. Chronic use leads to psychic and physical dependence; withdrawal syndrome can be severe, with agitation and delirium. In 1999, GHB classification as a narcotic resulted in the increased use of GHB prodrugs gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), which were easily commercially available as solvent and cleaning products. Like GHB, they have a narrow window of use, and share similar toxicity. Their increased cases of recreational use and of severe drug intoxication, abuse and dependence, led the French Ministry of Health in 2011 to prohibit their sale and transfer to the public.
CHU de Grenoble, clinique de médecine légale et d'addictologie, 38043 Grenoble. mdematteis@chu-grenoble.fr
Maurice
M
Dematteis
Lucie
L
Pennel
Michel
M
Mallaret
D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D019359:Knowledge; D008954:Models, Biological; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality
D002072:Butylene Glycols; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D013287:Illicit Drugs; C111420:4-hydroxybutyric acid; C039681:1,4-butanediol; D015107:4-Butyrolactone