How people interpret healthy eating: contributions of qualitative research.
OBJECTIVE
To identify how qualitative research has contributed to understanding the ways people in developed countries interpret healthy eating.


METHODS
Bibliographic database searches identified reports of qualitative, empirical studies published in English, peer-reviewed journals since 1995.


METHODS
Authors coded, discussed, recoded, and analyzed papers reporting qualitative research studies related to participants' interpretations of healthy eating.


RESULTS
Studies emphasized a social constructionist approach, and most used focus groups and/or individual, in-depth interviews to collect data. Study participants explained healthy eating in terms of food, food components, food production methods, physical outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, standards, personal goals, and as requiring restriction. Researchers described meanings as specific to life stages and different life experiences, such as parenting and disease onset. Identity (self-concept), social settings, resources, food availability, and conflicting considerations were themes in participants' explanations for not eating according to their ideals for healthy eating.


CONCLUSIONS
People interpret healthy eating in complex and diverse ways that reflect their personal, social, and cultural experiences, as well as their environments. Their meanings include but are broader than the food composition and health outcomes considered by scientists. The rich descriptions and concepts generated by qualitative research can help practitioners and researchers think beyond their own experiences and be open to audience members' perspectives as they seek to promote healthy ways of eating.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. cab20@cornell.edu
Carole A
CA
Bisogni
Margaret
M
Jastran
Marc
M
Seligson
Alyssa
A
Thompson
D005247:Feeding Behavior; D017144:Focus Groups; D005518:Food Preferences; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D036301:Qualitative Research