Nutrient density score of typical Indonesian foods and dietary formulation using linear programming.
OBJECTIVE
The present research aimed to analyse the nutrient density (ND), nutrient adequacy score (NAS) and energy density (ED) of Indonesian foods and to formulate a balanced diet using linear programming.


METHODS
Data on typical Indonesian diets were obtained from the Indonesian Socio-Economic Survey 2008. ND was investigated for 122 Indonesian foods. NAS was calculated for single nutrients such as Fe, Zn and vitamin A. Correlation analysis was performed between ND and ED, as well as between monthly expenditure class and food consumption pattern in Indonesia. Linear programming calculations were performed using the software POM-QM for Windows version 3.


METHODS
Republic of Indonesia, 2008.


METHODS
Public households (n 68 800).


RESULTS
Vegetables had the highest ND of the food groups, followed by animal-based foods, fruits and staple foods. Based on NAS, the top ten food items for each food group were identified. Most of the staple foods had high ED and contributed towards daily energy fulfillment, followed by animal-based foods, vegetables and fruits. Commodities with high ND tended to have low ED. Linear programming could be used to formulate a balanced diet. In contrast to staple foods, purchases of fruit, vegetables and animal-based foods increased with the rise of monthly expenditure.


CONCLUSIONS
People should select food items based on ND and NAS to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies in Indonesia. Dietary formulation calculated using linear programming to achieve RDA levels for micronutrients could be recommended for different age groups of the Indonesian population.
Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. radix_astadi@yahoo.com
Ignasius Radix A P
IR
Jati
Vellingiri
V
Vadivel
Donatus
D
Nöhr
Hans Konrad
HK
Biesalski
D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements