Newer oral anticoagulant agents: a new era in medicine.
After a gap of almost 60 years following the development of warfarin, 2 new categories of oral anticoagulant agents have been approved for clinical use - the direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors. These agents promise to be more convenient to administer with fixed dosing but still have equivalent efficacy and improved bleeding risk compared to warfarin. The clinical community is looking forward to the widespread usage of these agents but there is also some apprehension regarding bleeding risks, non-availability of specific reversal strategies and lack of specific monitoring parameters. This review article will attempt to educate the reader about three representative drugs from these classes: Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban and Apixaban. We will discuss the historical perspective to the development of these drugs, available research data and pharmacology of these agents. The best strategies for monitoring and reversal of these drugs in special situations will also be touched upon.
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
Ramil
R
Goel
Komandoor
K
Srivathsan
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069604:Dabigatran; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
D000925:Anticoagulants; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011728:Pyridones; D013876:Thiophenes; D015091:beta-Alanine; C522181:apixaban; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D000069604:Dabigatran