Phase partitioning, retention kinetics, and leaching of fumigant methyl iodide in agricultural soils.
Although it is not currently being sold in the USA, the recent US registration of the fumigant methyl iodide has led to an increased interest in its environmental fate and transport. Although some work has now considered its volatile emissions from soil, there remains a lack of experimental data regarding its ability to be retained in soil and ultimately become transported with irrigation/rain waters. Using laboratory batch and soil column experiments, we aimed to better understand the phase partitioning of MeI, the ability of soils to retain MeI on the solid phase, and the potential for leaching of MeI and its primary degradation product, iodide, down a soil profile. Results indicated that MeI was retained by the solid phase of soil, being protected from volatilization and degradation, particularly in the presence of elevated organic matter. Retention was greater at lower moisture content, and maximum retention occurred after 56 days of incubation. At higher moisture content, the liquid phase also became important in retaining MeI within soil. Together with low observed K(D) values (0.10 to 0.57 mL g(-1)), these data suggest that MeI may be prone to leaching. Indeed, in a steady-state soil column study, initially retained MeI was transported with interstitial water. The MeI degradation product, iodide, was also readily transported in this manner. The data highlight a potentially significant process by which MeI fate and transport within the environment may be impacted.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Daniel.Ashworth@ars.usda.gov
Daniel J
DJ
Ashworth
Scott R
SR
Yates
Lifang
L
Luo
Richeng
R
Xuan