Regulation of alternative splicing by the circadian clock and food related cues.
BACKGROUND
The circadian clock orchestrates daily rhythms in metabolism, physiology and behaviour that allow organisms to anticipate regular changes in their environment, increasing their adaptation. Such circadian phenotypes are underpinned by daily rhythms in gene expression. Little is known, however, about the contribution of post-transcriptional processes, particularly alternative splicing.


RESULTS
Using Affymetrix mouse exon-arrays, we identified exons with circadian alternative splicing in the liver. Validated circadian exons were regulated in a tissue-dependent manner and were present in genes with circadian transcript abundance. Furthermore, an analysis of circadian mutant Vipr2-/- mice revealed the existence of distinct physiological pathways controlling circadian alternative splicing and RNA binding protein expression, with contrasting dependence on Vipr2-mediated physiological signals. This view was corroborated by the analysis of the effect of fasting on circadian alternative splicing. Feeding is an important circadian stimulus, and we found that fasting both modulates hepatic circadian alternative splicing in an exon-dependent manner and changes the temporal relationship with transcript-level expression.


CONCLUSIONS
The circadian clock regulates alternative splicing in a manner that is both tissue-dependent and concurrent with circadian transcript abundance. This adds a novel temporal dimension to the regulation of mammalian alternative splicing. Moreover, our results demonstrate that circadian alternative splicing is regulated by the interaction between distinct physiological cues, and illustrates the capability of single genes to integrate circadian signals at different levels of regulation.
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. njm1@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
Nicholas J
NJ
McGlincy
Amandine
A
Valomon
Johanna E
JE
Chesham
Elizabeth S
ES
Maywood
Michael H
MH
Hastings
Jernej
J
Ule
D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D057906:Circadian Clocks; D003463:Cues; D005091:Exons; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D051239:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D051239:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II