title: Local and systemic changes in expression of resistance genes, NB-LRR genes and their putative microRNAs in Norway spruce after wounding and inoculation with the pathogen Ceratocystis polonica.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  NB-LRR resistance proteins are involved in recognizing pathogens and other exogenous stressors in plants. Resistance proteins are the first step in induced defence responses and a better understanding of their regulation is important to understand the mechanisms of plant defence. Much of the post-transcriptional regulation in plants is controlled by microRNAs (miRNA). We examined the expression of five Norway spruce miRNA that may regulate NB-LRR related transcripts in secondary phloem (bark) of resistant Norway spruce after wounding and inoculation with the necrotrophic blue stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plants of this clone recovered from both the pathogen inoculations and wounding alone. We found local and systemic induction of the resistance marker genes PaChi4, PaPAL and PaPX3 indicative of an effective induced host defence response. There were minor local and systemic changes in the expression of five miRNAs and 21 NB-LRRs between healthy and treated plants. Only five putative NB-LRRs (PaLRR1, PaLRR3, PaLRR14, PaLRR15 and PaLRR16) showed significant increases greater than two-fold as a local response to C. polonica. Of all NB-LRRs only PaLRR3, the most highly differentially regulated NB-LRR, showed a significant increase also due to wounding. The five miRNAs showed indications of an initial local and systemic down-regulation at day 1, followed by a later increase up to and beyond the constitutive levels at day 6. However, the initial down-regulation was significant only for miR3693 and miR3705.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, local and systemic expression changes were evident only for the established resistance marker genes and PaLRR3. The minor expression changes observed both for the followed miRNAs and their predicted NB-LRR targets suggest that the expression of most NB-LRR genes are maintained close to their constitutive levels in stressed and healthy Norway spruce plants.
authors: Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, As, NO-1431, Norway. Fossdal@skogoglandskap.no
authors: Carl Gunnar
authors: CG
authors: Fossdal
authors: Nadeem
authors: N
authors: Yaqoob
authors: Paal
authors: P
authors: Krokene
authors: Harald
authors: H
authors: Kvaalen
authors: Halvor
authors: H
authors: Solheim
authors: Igor A
authors: IA
authors: Yakovlev
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D025282:Mycelium; D009664:Norway; D028222:Picea / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D036226:Seedlings / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D014947:Wounds and Injuries
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D018749:RNA, Plant