title: The three dermoglandular flap support in reduction mammaplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bilateral breast reduction is an established procedure performed to relieve the physical pain and psychological discomfort associated with heavy, pendulous breasts. Numerous techniques have been developed over the years with several refinements to obtain safe nipple-areola complex transposition and harmonious breast shape. Based on the experience of the senior author (M.P.), the three dermoglandular flap technique is proposed to achieve a safe and aesthetically pleasing breast reduction through the surgical concept of dermal support.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed the benefits of the three dermoglandular flap technique performed in a selected group of smoking patients with a potentially high risk of postoperative complications and high probability of breast ptosis recurrence (each patient had breast volume >1000 cc, breast nipple ptosis grade 3 on Regnault's scale, and body mass index >27). Blood supply to the nipple-areola complex was based on an inferior-central pedicle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1995 and 2007, 47 smokers underwent bilateral breast reduction using the three dermoglandular flap technique. Their ages ranged from 37 to 63 years (mean, 49 years), and their average body mass index was 31.2 kg/m (range, 27 to 38). The overall complications rate was 14.9 percent. No wound breakdowns and no complete or partial necrosis of the nipple-areola complex was observed. Follow-up ranged from 18 to 48 months (mean, 32 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Three dermoglandular flap reduction mammaplasty produced good cone shape, soft texture, and fullness in the central and inferior pole with satisfactory breast projection and was stable over time. It offers a safe and practical approach in the treatment of challenging breast hypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic, IV.
authors: Bari, Italy From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, University of Bari.
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Pascone
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Di Candia
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Pascone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome