title: Subgingival biodiversity in subjects with uncontrolled type-2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Inflammatory mediators may negatively affect glycemic control, and increased glucose levels and resultant glycation end-products may alter the host response against bacterial infection. However, no agreement has been reached regarding the effect of DM on periodontal subgingival microbiota. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the subgingival biodiversity in deep periodontal pockets of subjects with chronic periodontitis and either uncontrolled type-2 diabetes or no diabetes using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve subjects with uncontrolled type-2 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin > 8%) and eleven nondiabetic subjects presenting severe and generalized chronic periodontitis were selected. Subgingival biofilm from periodontal pockets > 5 mm were assessed using the 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed in subgingival microbiota between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetic subjects presented higher percentages of total clones of TM7, Aggregatibacter, Neisseria, Gemella, Eikenella, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Veillonella and Streptococcus genera, and lower percentages of Porphyromonas, Filifactor, Eubacterium, Synergistetes, Tannerella and Treponema genera than nondiabetic individuals (p < 0.05). Moreover, some phylotypes, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella parvula, V. dispar and Eikenella corrodens were detected significantly more often in diabetic subjects than in nondiabetic subjects (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with uncontrolled type-2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis presented significant dissimilarities in subgingival biodiversity compared with nondiabetic subjects.
authors: Division of Periodontics, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil. casarinrcv@yahoo.com.br
authors: R C V
authors: RC
authors: Casarin
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Barbagallo
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Meulman
authors: V R
authors: VR
authors: Santos
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Sallum
authors: F H
authors: FH
authors: Nociti
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Duarte
authors: M Z
authors: MZ
authors: Casati
authors: R B
authors: RB
authors: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D000188:Actinobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000190:Actinomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification; D002206:Capnocytophaga / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D016970:Eikenella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005673:Fusobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058834:Gemella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D006089:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009343:Neisseria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D017861:Porphyromonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D020357:Selenomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014208:Treponema / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014678:Veillonella / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S