title: Erectile dysfunction is not independently associated with cardiovascular death: data from the vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a significant problem among aging men. ED is independently associated with cardiovascular (CV) events (angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine if ED was associated with CV death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk of CV death in men with ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exactly 31,296 men in Washington aged 50-76 completed a questionnaire in 2000-2002 on supplements, diet, exercise, personal health, and ED. ED was determined by one question: "Have you experienced impotence in the last year?" We excluded patients with a history of coronary artery disease or stroke. Participants linked yearly through 2008 to the Washington State Death Certificate System. CV death was defined by death certificates listing CV-related deaths (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision [ICD-10] codes: I00-I15, I20-I52, and I60-I99). We performed multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression adjusting for age, marital status, race, education, self-rating of health, body mass index (BMI), antihypertensive/lipid-lowering drug use, diabetes, family history of CV disease, smoking, and exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 7,762 men had ED and there were 486 CV deaths over 7.8-year average follow-up. The typical man who suffered CV death was older, single, reporting poor health, taking antihypertensives, higher BMI, a smoker, a diabetic, and had a family history of CV disease. When adjusting for age, marital status, and education only, men with ED had a 23% increased risk of CV death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.49). With further adjustment for known risk factors for CV disease (diabetes, treatment for hypertension or hyperlipidemia, family history of myocardial infarction/stroke, BMI, and exercise), ED no longer predicted CV death (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.76, 1.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this community-based cohort, ED was not independently associated with an elevated risk of CV death. These data do not contradict prior data associating ED and CV events but rather suggest that ED may be a manifestation of other known risk factors for CV disease.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Hotaling
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Walsh
authors: Liam Connor
authors: LC
authors: Macleod
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Heckbert
authors: Gaia
authors: G
authors: Pocobelli
authors: Hunter
authors: H
authors: Wessells
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: White
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology