title: Mortality with congenital heart defects in England and Wales, 1959-2009: exploring technological change through period and birth cohort analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Technological advances in surgery, intensive care and medical support have led to substantial decrease in mortality for children with congenital heart defects (CHDs) over the last 50 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using routinely-collected mortality and population data for England and Wales from 1959 to 2009, the authors investigated age, period and birth cohort trends in child mortality attributable to CHDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of deaths with CHDs at all ages between 1959 and 2009 was 61 903 (33 929 (55%) males). Absolute numbers of CHD-related deaths in children (under age 15 years) fell from 1460 in 1959 to 154 in 2009. Infants (aged under 1 year) comprised over 60% of all deaths due to CHD during the 5-year period 1959-1963, but this fell to 22% by 2004-2008. Age-standardised death rates have declined for both sexes but, despite narrowing sex differences, males continue to have higher death rates. Successive birth cohorts have experienced improved death rates in the first year of life; however, declining mortality across all age-groups has only been observed for birth cohorts originating after 1989. Poisson regression modelling predicts continuing generational decline in mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Death rates attributable to CHDs have fallen dramatically with advances in paediatric cardiac surgery and intensive care, largely due to decreased mortality in infants aged under 1 year. Initially, mortality in later childhood rose as infant deaths fell, suggesting death was delayed beyond infancy. Children born within the last 20 years experienced lower mortality throughout childhood.
authors: UCL Institute of Child Health, MRC Centre for Epidemiology of Child Health, London, UK. rachel.knowles@ucl.ac.uk
authors: Rachel L
authors: RL
authors: Knowles
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Bull
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Wren
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Dezateux
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology