title: Inhibitory effects of pirfenidone on dendritic cells and lung allograft rejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pirfenidone (PFD) is an antifibrotic agent with beneficial effects on proinflammatory disorders. In this study, we further investigated PFD and long-acting form, "deuterated PFD," immune-modulating properties by evaluating their effects on mouse dendritic cells (DCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of PFD on DCs were examined in vivo using an orthotopic mouse lung transplant model and in vitro using isolated bone marrow-derived DCs in response to lipopolysaccharide and allogeneic stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In mouse lung transplants, PFD and deuterated PFD treatment improved allograft lung function based on peak airway pressure, less infiltrates/consolidation on micro-computed tomography scan imaging, and reduced lung rejection/injury. DC activation from lung allografts was suppressed with PFD, and there seemed to be a greater effect of PFD on CD11c(+)CD11b(-)CD103(+) lung DCs. In addition, PFD reduced the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines from lung allografts. In vitro, DCs treated with PFD showed decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules and the capacity of these DCs to stimulate T-cell activation was impaired, although antigen uptake was preserved. PFD directly inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines from isolated DCs, was associated with a reduction of stress protein kinases, and attenuated lipopolysaccharide-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PFD has lung allograft protective properties, and in addition to its known effects on T-cell biology, PFD immune-modulating activities encompass inhibitory effects on DC activation and function.
authors: Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Peyman
authors: P
authors: Bizargity
authors: Kaifeng
authors: K
authors: Liu
authors: Liqing
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Wayne W
authors: WW
authors: Hancock
authors: Gary A
authors: GA
authors: Visner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011728:Pyridones; C093844:pirfenidone