title: Risk factors for incident cortical, nuclear, posterior subcapsular, and mixed lens opacities: the Los Angeles Latino eye study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify sociodemographic and biological risk factors associated with the 4-year incidence of nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular (PSC), and mixed lens opacities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 4658 Latinos ≥40 years from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants underwent an interview and detailed eye examination, including best-corrected visual acuity and slit-lamp assessment of lens opacities using the Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II) at baseline and again 4 years later. Each opacity type was defined in persons with a LOCS II score of ≥2. Univariate and forward stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent baseline risk factors associated with 4-year incidence of nuclear only, cortical only, PSC only, and mixed (when >1 opacity type developed in a person) lens opacities. These comprised 4 mutually exclusive groups, and were based on person rather than eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios for independent risk factors associated with 4-year incidence of nuclear-only, cortical-only, PSC-only, and mixed lens opacities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 3471 participants with gradable lenses in the same eye at baseline and 4-year follow-up, 200 (5.8%) had incident nuclear-only opacities, 151 (4.1%) had incident cortical-only opacities, 16 (0.5%) had incident PSC-only lens opacities, and 88 (2.5%) had mixed lens opacities. Independent baseline risk factors for incident nuclear-only lens opacities included older age, current smoking, and presence of diabetes. Independent risk factors for incident cortical-only lens opacities included older age and having diabetes at baseline. Female gender was an independent risk factor for incident PSC-only lens opacities. Older age and presence of diabetes at baseline examination were independent risk factors for incident mixed lens opacities. Specifically, in diabetics, higher levels of hemoglobin A1c was associated with greater risk for 4-year incident nuclear-only, cortical-only and mixed lens opacities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved diabetic control and smoking prevention may reduce the risk of developing lens opacities. Understanding both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors provides insight into the development of lens opacification.
authors: Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors: Grace M
authors: GM
authors: Richter
authors: Farzana
authors: F
authors: Choudhury
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Torres
authors: Stanley P
authors: SP
authors: Azen
authors: Rohit
authors: R
authors: Varma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058442:Capsule Opacification / Q000208:ethnology*; D002386:Cataract / Q000145:classification / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007904:Lens Cortex, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology*; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057852:Posterior Capsule of the Lens / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology