title: Sequential interaction of chloride and proton ions with the fast gate steer the voltage-dependent gating in ClC-2 chloride channels.
abstract: The interaction of either H(+) or Cl(-) ions with the fast gate is the major source of voltage (V(m)) dependence in ClC Cl(-) channels. However, the mechanism by which these ions confer V(m) dependence to the ClC-2 Cl(-) channel remains unclear. By determining the V(m) dependence of normalized conductance (G(norm)(V(m))), an index of open probability, ClC-2 gating was studied at different [H(+)](i), [H(+)](o) and [Cl(-)](i). Changing [H(+)](i) by five orders of magnitude whilst [Cl(-)](i)/[Cl(-)](o) = 140/140 or 10/140 mm slightly shifted G(norm)(V(m)) to negative V(m) without altering the onset kinetics; however, channel closing was slower at acidic pH(i). A similar change in [H(+)](o) with [Cl(-)](i)/[Cl(-)](o) = 140/140 mm enhanced G(norm) in a bell-shaped manner and shifted G(norm)(V(m)) curves to positive V(m). Importantly, G(norm) was >0 with [H(+)](o) = 10(-10) m but channel closing was slower when [H(+)](o) or [Cl(-)](i) increased implying that ClC-2 was opened without protonation and that external H(+) and/or internal Cl(-) ions stabilized the open conformation. The analysis of kinetics and steady-state properties at different [H(+)](o) and [Cl(-)](i) was carried out using a gating Scheme coupled to Cl(-) permeation. Unlike previous results showing V(m)-dependent protonation, our analysis revealed that fast gate protonation was V(m) and Cl(-) independent and the equilibrium constant for closed–open transition of unprotonated channels was facilitated by elevated [Cl(-)](i) in a V(m)-dependent manner. Hence a V(m) dependence of pore occupancy by Cl(-) induces a conformational change in unprotonated closed channels, before the pore opens, and the open conformation is stabilized by Cl(-) occupancy and V(m)-independent protonation.
authors: Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ave. Dr Manuel Nava no. 6, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78290, México.
authors: Jorge E
authors: JE
authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez
authors: José A
authors: JA
authors: De Santiago-Castillo
authors: Juan Antonio
authors: JA
authors: Contreras-Vite
authors: Pablo G
authors: PG
authors: Nieto-Delgado
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Castro-Chong
authors: Jorge
authors: J
authors: Arreola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000090007:CLC-2 Chloride Channels; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011522:Protons; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000090007:CLC-2 Chloride Channels; D018118:Chloride Channels; D002712:Chlorides; D011522:Protons; D011994:Recombinant Proteins