title: The effect of handhold orientation, size, and wearing gloves on hand-handhold breakaway strength.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of handhold orientation, size (diameter), and wearing a glove on the maximum breakaway strength between a hand and handhold.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Manual breakaway strength is known to be greatly reduced for vertical compared with horizontal handholds, but oblique orientations have yet to be studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 12 young adults (6 female) attempted to hold on to fixed overhead cylindrical handholds with one hand in low-speed simulated falls as forces on the handhold were recorded in two experimental designs. Breakaway strength was measured for (a) three different-sized cylinders in four orientations while the participants were using the dominant hand and (b) a single-sized cylinder in four orientations while the participants were bare-handed or wearing a glove on the nondominant hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Handhold orientation (p < .001), handhold diameter (p < .001), and wearing gloves (p < .001) significantly affected breakaway strength. Breakaway strength increased 75% to 94% as the orientation of the handhold was moved from vertical to horizontal. Breakaway strength decreased 8% to 13% for large-diameter (51-mm) handholds as compared with smaller diameters (22 mm to 32 mm), depending on orientation. Gloves may increase or decrease the ability to hang on depending on interface friction; greater friction increased breakaway force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Handles oriented perpendicular to the pull direction and high-friction gloves provide the greatest breakaway strength. Smaller handhold diameters than predicted by grip strength afford greater capability in these orientations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These insights can be used to design handholds that increase the ability to support one's body weight and reduce the effort needed to pull or lift heavy items.
authors: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 3rd Floor East, Area 49, Landmark Center, 401 Park Dr., Boston, MA 02215, USA. jgyoung@hsph.harvard.edu
authors: Justin G
authors: JG
authors: Young
authors: Charles B
authors: CB
authors: Woolley
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Ashton-Miller
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D055815:Young Adult