title: Nitrosothiols in the immune system: signaling and protection.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  In the immune system, nitric oxide (NO) has been mainly associated with antibacterial defenses exerted through oxidative, nitrosative, and nitrative stress and signal transduction through cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms. However, S-nitrosylation is emerging as a post-translational modification (PTM) involved in NO-mediated cell signaling.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Precise roles for S-nitrosylation in signaling pathways have been described both for innate and adaptive immunity. Denitrosylation may protect macrophages from their own S-nitrosylation, while maintaining nitrosative stress compartmentalized in the phagosomes. Nitrosothiols have also been shown to be beneficial in experimental models of autoimmune diseases, mainly through their role in modulating T-cell differentiation and function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relationship between S-nitrosylation, other thiol redox PTMs, and other NO-signaling pathways has not been always taken into account, particularly in the context of immune responses. Methods for assaying S-nitrosylation in individual proteins and proteomic approaches to study the S-nitrosoproteome are constantly being improved, which helps to move this field forward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrated studies of signaling pathways in the immune system should consider whether S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation processes are among the PTMs influencing the activity of key signaling and adaptor proteins. Studies in pathophysiological scenarios will also be of interest to put these mechanisms into broader contexts. Interventions modulating nitrosothiol levels in autoimmune disease could be investigated with a view to developing new therapies.
authors: Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Hernansanz-Agustín
authors: Alicia
authors: A
authors: Izquierdo-Álvarez
authors: Almudena
authors: A
authors: García-Ortiz
authors: Sales
authors: S
authors: Ibiza
authors: Juan M
authors: JM
authors: Serrador
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Martínez-Ruiz
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000378:metabolism*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015538:Nitrosation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000276:immunology*; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols / Q000378:metabolism*; D015290:Second Messenger Systems
chemical_list: D026403:S-Nitrosothiols; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005978:Glutathione