title: Restricted psychological horizon in active methamphetamine users:  future, past, probability, and social discounting.
abstract: Methamphetamine users (MAU) exhibit an exaggerated bias for immediate rewards that reflects a restricted time horizon, where outcomes in the future are excessively discounted. An accumulating literature indicates that time in the future shares features with other dimensions of psychological distances including time in the past, probability, and social distance, suggesting that bias for immediacy may be reducible to a more general restriction of psychological horizon. The purpose of the present study was to explore generalized restricted psychological horizon in active MAU by assessing future, past, probability, and social discounting. Compared with nonusing controls, MAU preferred psychologically proximal outcomes, resulting in higher rates for all types of discounting, which supports the conceptualization that MAU insufficiently integrate outcomes of psychological distance (i.e. in the future, the past, probabilistic, for others) into the valuation of current behavioral alternatives. The present results are suggestive of a more fundamental process of problematic decision-making associated with methamphetamine use, indicating the necessity of more comprehensive approaches to address the generalized limitations of restricted psychological horizon.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA. ryi1@umd.edu
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Yi
authors: Anne E
authors: AE
authors: Carter
authors: Reid D
authors: RD
authors: Landes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011336:Probability; D012201:Reward; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine