title: Phage as a modulator of immune responses: practical implications for phage therapy.
abstract: Although the natural hosts for bacteriophages are bacteria, a growing body of data shows that phages can also interact with some populations of mammalian cells, especially with cells of the immune system. In general, these interactions include two main aspects. The first is the phage immunogenicity, that is, the capacity of phages to induce specific immune responses, in particular the generation of specific antibodies against phage antigens. The other aspect includes the immunomodulatory activity of phages, that is, the nonspecific effects of phages on different functions of major populations of immune cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. These functions include, among others, phagocytosis and the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells, the production of cytokines, and the generation of antibodies against nonphage antigens. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the interactions between phages and cells of the immune system, along with their implications for phage therapy. These topics are presented based on the results of experimental studies and unique data on immunomodulatory effects found in patients with bacterial infections treated with phage preparations.
authors: Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland. agorski@ikp.pl
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Górski
authors: Ryszard
authors: R
authors: Międzybrodzki
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Borysowski
authors: Krystyna
authors: K
authors: Dąbrowska
authors: Piotr
authors: P
authors: Wierzbicki
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Ohams
authors: Grażyna
authors: G
authors: Korczak-Kowalska
authors: Natasza
authors: N
authors: Olszowska-Zaremba
authors: Marzena
authors: M
authors: Łusiak-Szelachowska
authors: Marlena
authors: M
authors: Kłak
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Jończyk
authors: Ewelina
authors: E
authors: Kaniuga
authors: Aneta
authors: A
authors: Gołaś
authors: Sylwia
authors: S
authors: Purchla
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Weber-Dąbrowska
authors: Sławomir
authors: S
authors: Letkiewicz
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Fortuna
authors: Krzysztof
authors: K
authors: Szufnarowski
authors: Zdzisław
authors: Z
authors: Pawełczyk
authors: Paweł
authors: P
authors: Rogóż
authors: Danuta
authors: D
authors: Kłosowska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000628:therapy; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000276:immunology*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000379:methods; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D016897:Respiratory Burst
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001688:Biological Products; D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors