title: Immediate effects of acupuncture and cryotherapy on quadriceps motoneuron pool excitability: randomised trial using anterior knee infusion model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors asked the following research questions: will an anterior knee infusion model induce constant pain? will perceived pain alter motoneuron pool (MNP) excitability? and will treatments alter perceived pain and/or MNP excitability?
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six neurologically healthy volunteers participated in this randomised controlled laboratory study. To induce anterior knee pain (AKP), 5% hypertonic saline (0.12 ml/min with a total volume of 8.5 ml over 70 min) was injected into the infrapatellar fat pad of the dominant leg. One of four 30-min treatments was randomly assigned to each subject after pain was induced (acupuncture, cryotherapy, sham cryotherapy and no treatment). Five acupuncture needles (SP9, SP10, ST36, GB34 and an ah shi point) were inserted to a depth of 1 cm. Vastus medialis (VM) maximum Hoffmann reflexes normalised by maximum motor response were recorded from each subject at baseline, 20 min post-injection, 50 min post-injection and 70 min post-injection. To record pain perception, a visual analogue scale was used every 5 min after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An anterior knee infusion pain model increased perceived pain (p<0.0001). No change was found in VM MNP excitability among the four treatments (p<0.19) or at any of the time intervals (p<0.52). Cryotherapy reduced perceived pain compared with acupuncture (p=0.0003) and sham treatment (p=0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pain model may be used in other neurophysiological intervention studies related to AKP. AKP alone may not directly alter quadriceps activation. None of the treatments altered VM MNP excitability. Cryotherapy reduced pain while a single session of acupuncture and sham treatments did not.
authors: Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. jihongpark@byu.edu
authors: Jihong
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ty Hopkins
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000328:Adult; D017679:Cryotherapy; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic