title: Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major public health concern with long-term sequelae. There are no accepted interventions delivered in the immediate aftermath of trauma. This study tested an early intervention aimed at modifying the memory to prevent the development of PTSD before memory consolidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 137) were randomly assigned to receive three sessions of an early intervention beginning in the emergency department compared with an assessment only control group. Posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) were assessed at 4 and 12 weeks postinjury and depression at baseline and week 4. The intervention consisted of modified prolonged exposure including imaginal exposure to the trauma memory, processing of traumatic material, and in vivo and imaginal exposure homework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were assessed an average of 11.79 hours posttrauma. Intervention participants reported significantly lower PTSR than the assessment group at 4 weeks postinjury, p < .01, and at 12 weeks postinjury, p < .05, and significantly lower depressive symptoms at week 4 than the assessment group, p < .05. In a subgroup analysis, the intervention was the most effective at reducing PTSD in rape victims at week 4 (p = .004) and week 12 (p = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the modified prolonged exposure intervention initiated within hours of the trauma in the emergency department is successful at reducing PTSR and depression symptoms 1 and 3 months after trauma exposure and is safe and feasible. This is the first behavioral intervention delivered immediately posttrauma that has been shown to be effective at reducing PTSR.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. brothba@emory.edu
authors: Barbara Olasov
authors: BO
authors: Rothbaum
authors: Megan C
authors: MC
authors: Kearns
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Price
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Malcoun
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Davis
authors: Kerry J
authors: KJ
authors: Ressler
authors: Delia
authors: D
authors: Lang
authors: Debra
authors: D
authors: Houry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome