title: Costs associated with tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Yemen for patients and public health services.
abstract: This study determined the costs associated with tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment for the public health services and patients in Sana'a, Yemen. Data were collected prospectively from 320 pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB patients (160 each) who were followed until completion of treatment. Direct medical and nonmedical costs and indirect costs were calculated. The proportionate cost to the patients for pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB was 76.1% arid 89.4% respectively of the total for treatment. The mean cost to patients for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB treatment was US$ 108.4 and US$ 328.0 respectively. The mean cost per patient to the health services for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB treatment was US$ 34.0 and US$ 38.8 respectively. For pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, drug treatment represented 59.3% and 77.9% respectively of the total cost to the health services. The greatest proportionate cost to patients for pulmonary TB treatment was time away from work (67.5% of the total cost), and for extrapulmonary TB was laboratory and X-ray costs (55.5%) followed by transportation (28.6%).
authors: Social & Administrative Pharmacy Discipline, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. gamilqasem@yahoo.com
authors: G Q
authors: GQ
authors: Othman
authors: M I M
authors: MI
authors: Ibrahim
authors: Y A
authors: YA
authors: Raja'a
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015006:Yemen / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents