title: Immunotherapies for non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma.
abstract: Non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma are thoracic malignancies, which in their advanced stages are incurable and have poor prognosis. Advances in our understanding of immune responses to tumours, tumour immunosuppression mechanisms, and tumour-specific shared antigens enabled successful early clinical trials of several specific and non-specific immunotherapies. For non-small-cell lung cancer, phase 3 clinical trial results of Toll-like receptor agonists show little promise. However, ongoing phase 3 trials are assessing melanoma-associated antigen A3 vaccine, liposomal BLP25, belagenpumatucel-L, and talactoferrin. In mesothelioma, immunotherapies being investigated include dendritic cell-based and Listeria-based vaccines, and allogeneic tumour cell and WT1 analogue peptide vaccines. Selection of appropriate patients and disease stages for immunotherapy, measurement of tumour-specific immune responses, and understanding the association between immune and clinical responses are some of the major challenges for the development of immunotherapies for these malignancies.
authors: Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Anish
authors: A
authors: Thomas
authors: Raffit
authors: R
authors: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000628:therapy*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D000090204:Mesothelin; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000628:therapy*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists; D025721:WT1 Proteins / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; C072013:MAGEA3 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D025721:WT1 Proteins; D000090204:Mesothelin