title: The burden of liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
abstract: Introduction of effective combined antiretroviral therapy has made human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection a chronic illness. Substantial reductions in the number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome- (AIDS-) related deaths have been accompanied by an increase in liver-related morbidity and mortality. Liver diseases rank in the first three most-common causes of death in HIV-infected persons. Mortality is mainly due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma induced by hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus coinfection. However, antiretroviral drugs toxicity also plays a role. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common cause of liver injury as well. Nevertheless, alcohol consumption probably plays a pivotal role. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension, an uncommon condition observed in less than 1% of patients, is increasingly described. Finally, acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) and acute and even chronic hepatitis E virus infection have also been reported as causes of liver damage in HIV. Anti-HAV vaccination is thus recommended in persons at risk living with HIV.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, AO Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy. massimopuoti@libero.it
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Puoti
authors: Maria Cristina
authors: MC
authors: Moioli
authors: Giovanna
authors: G
authors: Travi
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Rossotti
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology