title: Synthesis and biological evaluation of two agents for imaging estrogen receptor β by positron emission tomography: challenges in PET imaging of a low abundance target.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Independent measurement of the levels of both the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, in breast cancer could improve prediction of benefit from endocrine therapies. While ERα levels can be measured by positron emission tomography (PET) using 16α-[(18)F]fluoroestradiol (FES), no effective agent for imaging ERβ by PET has yet been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have prepared the fluorine-18 labeled form of 8β-(2-fluoroethyl)estradiol (8BFEE(2)), an analog of an ERβ-selective steroidal estrogen, 8β-vinylestradiol; efficient incorporation of fluorine-18 was achieved, but required very vigorous conditions. We have examined the biodistribution of this compound, as well as of Br-041, an analog of a known non-steroidal ERβ-selective ligand (ERB-041), labeled with bromine-76. Studies were done in immature female rodents, with various pharmacological and endocrine perturbations to assess ERβ selectivity of uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Little evidence of ERβ-mediated uptake was observed with either [(18)F]8BFEE(2) or [(76)Br]Br-041. Attempts to increase the ERβ content of target tissues were not effective and failed to improve biodistribution selectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because on an absolute basis level, ERβ levels are low in all target tissues, these studies have highlighted the need to develop improved in vivo models for evaluating ERβ-selective radiopharmaceuticals for use in PET imaging. Genetically engineered breast cancer cells that are being developed to express either ERα or ERβ in a regulated manner, grown as xenografts in immune-compromised mice, could prove useful for future studies to develop ER subtype-selective radiopharmaceuticals.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
authors: Jae Hak
authors: JH
authors: Lee
authors: Olaf
authors: O
authors: Peters
authors: Lutz
authors: L
authors: Lehmann
authors: Carmen S
authors: CS
authors: Dence
authors: Terry L
authors: TL
authors: Sharp
authors: Kathryn E
authors: KE
authors: Carlson
authors: Dong
authors: D
authors: Zhou
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Jeyakumar
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Welch
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Katzenellenbogen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; D004958:Estradiol / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D000077289:Letrozole; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D008024:Ligands; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; D004958:Estradiol; D000077289:Letrozole