title: Transvaginal ultrasound probe contamination by the human papillomavirus in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA can be detected on the transvaginal sonography (TVS) probe in the emergency department (ED) and whether the current barrier method plus disinfection can prevent HPV contamination of the TVS probe.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a two-part cross-sectional study. In the first part, surveillance samples were taken from the TVS probe for HPV DNA detection daily for 2 months. In the second part, patients presenting with early pregnancy complications were identified in the ED and high vaginal swabs were taken for HPV DNA testing. Several probe swabs were taken to identify if contamination was possible in cases where the procedure was done on an HPV carrier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 120 surveillance samples were obtained, nine of which (7.5%) tested positive for HPV DNA. In the second part, 76 women were recruited, of whom 14 (18.4%) were HPV carriers. After the procedure and disinfection of the probe, three out of the 14 probe samples (21%) were HPV DNA positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV is commonly encountered in the ED and contamination of the TVS probe with HPV is possible. Although it is difficult to prove the viability and infectivity of the virus, vigilant infection control measures should be maintained.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. christinema524@gmail.com
authors: Shuk Ting Christine
authors: ST
authors: Ma
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Yeung
authors: Paul Kay Sheung
authors: PK
authors: Chan
authors: Colin A
authors: CA
authors: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014621:Vagina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral