title: Interpreting the need for initial support to perform tandem stance tests of balance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geriatric rehabilitation reimbursement increasingly requires documented deficits on standardized measures. Tandem stance performance can characterize balance, but protocols are not standardized. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of: (1) initial support to stabilize in position and (2) maximum hold time on tandem stance tests of balance in older adults. Design A cross-sectional secondary analysis of observational cohort data was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventeen community-dwelling older adults (71% female, 12% black) were assigned to 1 of 3 groups based on the need for initial support to perform tandem stance: (1) unable even with support, (2) able only with support, and (3) able without support. The able without support group was further stratified on hold time in seconds: (1) <10 (low), (2) 10 to 29, (medium), and (3) 30 (high). Groups were compared on primary outcomes (gait speed, Timed "Up & Go" Test performance, and balance confidence) using analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve participants were unable to perform tandem stance, 14 performed tandem stance only with support, and 91 performed tandem stance without support. Compared with the able without support group, the able with support group had statistically or clinically worse performance and balance confidence. No significant differences were found between the able with support group and the unable even with support group on these same measures. Extending the hold time to 30 seconds in a protocol without initial support eliminated ceiling effects for 16% of the study sample. Limitations Small comparison groups, use of a secondary analysis, and lack of generalizability of results were limitations of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Requiring initial support to stabilize in tandem stance appears to reflect meaningful deficits in balance-related mobility measures, so failing to consider support may inflate balance estimates and confound hold time comparisons. Additionally, 10-second maximum hold times limit discrimination of balance in adults with a higher level of function. For community-dwelling older adults, we recommend timing for at least 30 seconds and documenting initial support for consideration when interpreting performance.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, (USA). ehile@pitt.edu
authors: Elizabeth S
authors: ES
authors: Hile
authors: Jennifer S
authors: JS
authors: Brach
authors: Subashan
authors: S
authors: Perera
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Wert
authors: Jessie M
authors: JM
authors: VanSwearingen
authors: Stephanie A
authors: SA
authors: Studenski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004856:Postural Balance