title: Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether induces adipogenic differentiation of multipotent stromal stem cells through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), used in manufacturing coatings and resins, leach from packaging materials into food. Numerous studies suggested that BPA and BADGE may have adverse effects on human health, including the possibility that exposure to such chemicals can be superimposed on traditional risk factors to initiate or exacerbate the development of obesity. BPA is a suspected obesogen, whereas BADGE, described as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, could reduce weight gain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to test the adipogenic effects of BADGE in a biologically relevant cell culture model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multipotent mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) to study the adipogenic capacity of BADGE and BPA and evaluated their effects on adipogenesis, osteogenesis, gene expression, and nuclear receptor activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BADGE induced adipogenesis in human and mouse MSCs, as well as in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In contrast, BPA failed to promote adipogenesis in MSCs, but induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. BADGE exposure elicited an adipogenic gene expression profile, and its ability to induce adipogenesis and the expression of adipogenic genes was not blocked by known PPARγ antagonists. Neither BADGE nor BPA activated or antagonized retinoid "X" receptor (RXR) or PPARγ in transient transfection assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BADGE can induce adipogenic differentiation in both MSCs and in preadipocytes at low nanomolar concentrations comparable to those that have been observed in limited human biomonitoring. BADGE probably acts through a mechanism that is downstream of, or parallel to, PPARγ.
authors: Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Chamorro-García
authors: Séverine
authors: S
authors: Kirchner
authors: Xia
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Janesick
authors: Stephanie C
authors: SC
authors: Casey
authors: Connie
authors: C
authors: Chow
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Blumberg
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D047495:PPAR gamma; C019273:bisphenol A diglycidyl ether; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds