title: The impact of ischemic preconditioning on hemodynamic, biochemical and inflammatory alterations induced by intra-abdominal hypertension: an experimental study in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) has several pathophysiologic implications on human organs and systems. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether ischemic preconditioning (IP), namely the application of IAH for a small period of time prior to establish pneumoperitoneum, can attenuate the hemodynamic, biochemical and inflammatory alterations observed during IAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four pigs were divided into three groups: group A (control group), group B (pneumoperitoneum of 30 mmHg) and group C (ischemic preconditioning, consisting of pneumoperitoneum of 25 mmHg for 15 min and subsequent pneumoperitoneum of 30 mmHg). Hemodynamic (central venous pressure, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume index, systemic vascular resistance index, global end-diastolic index, intrathoracic blood index and extravascular lung water index), biochemical (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), urea and creatinine) and inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and C-reactive protein) parameters were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) Hemodynamics: The increase of central venous pressure monitoring and heart rate and the decrease of cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, stroke volume index, global end-diastolic volume index and intrathoracic blood volume index with the establishment of pneumoperitoneum were attenuated by IP. Systemic vascular resistance index and extravascular lung water were not affected. (b) Urea significantly increased with the pneumoperitoneum. IP, however, attenuated this effect. Οther biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, γ-GT and creatinine) had a similar upward trend during IAH, which was reversed with IP. (c) Inflammatory parameters: CRP was increased with pneumoperitoneum, an effect that was attenuated with the application of IP. Νo significant differences were observed for interleukins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic preconditioning seems to attenuate the pathophysiologic alterations of several hemodynamic, biochemical and inflammatory parameters observed during IAH.
authors: First Department of Anesthesiology, Aretaieion University Hospital, 76 Vassilisis Sofia's Ave, 11528, Athens, Greece. avraamidou@hotmail.com
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Avraamidou
authors: Athanasios
authors: A
authors: Marinis
authors: Spyridon
authors: S
authors: Asonitis
authors: Despoina
authors: D
authors: Perrea
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Polymeneas
authors: Dionysios
authors: D
authors: Voros
authors: Eriphili
authors: E
authors: Argyra
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply; D000818:Animals; D004798:Enzymes / Q000097:blood*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D059325:Intra-Abdominal Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D018836:Inflammation Mediators