title: The impact of health and financial literacy on decision making in community-based older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health and financial literacy have been linked to the health and well-being of older adults, yet there are few data on how health and financial literacy actually impact decision making regarding healthcare and economic choices in advanced age.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of health and financial literacy with decision making in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from 525 community-dwelling older persons without dementia from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, an ongoing longitudinal study of aging. Health and financial literacy were assessed via a series of questions designed to measure comprehension of health and financial information and concepts. The two scores were averaged to yield a total literacy score. A modified, 12-item version of the Decision-Making Competence Assessment Tool was used to measure financial and healthcare decision making (6 items each), using materials designed to approximate those used in real world settings. All 12 items were summed to yield a total decision-making score. Associations were tested via linear regression models adjusted for age, sex and education. Secondary models adjusted for global cognitive function, income, depression and chronic medical conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, participants correctly answered 67% of the literacy questions (health literacy = 61.6%, SD = 18.8% and financial literacy = 72.5%, SD = 16.0%). After adjustment for cognitive function, the total literacy score was positively associated with the decision-making total score (estimate = 0.64, SE = 0.08, p < 0.001), as well as healthcare (estimate = 0.37, SE = 0.5, p < 0.001) and financial decision making (estimate = 0.28, SE = 0.05, p < 0.001). Further, total literacy, health and financial literacy all were independently associated with decision making in models adjusted for covariates including income, depression, and chronic medical conditions (all p values < 0.001). Finally, there was evidence of effect modification such that the beneficial association between literacy and healthcare decision making was stronger among older persons, poorer persons and persons at the lower ranges of cognitive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among community based older persons without dementia, higher levels of health and financial literacy were associated with better decision making, suggesting that improvements in literacy could facilitate better decision making and lead to better health and quality of life in later years.
authors: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Bryan_James@rush.edu
authors: Bryan D
authors: BD
authors: James
authors: Patricia A
authors: PA
authors: Boyle
authors: Jarred S
authors: JS
authors: Bennett
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D004467:Economics; D005260:Female; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D058980:Information Literacy; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life