title: Effects of the insemination of hydrogen peroxide-treated epididymal mouse spermatozoa on γH2AX repair and embryo development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryopreservation of human semen for assisted reproduction is complicated by cryodamage to spermatozoa caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used exogenous ROS (H(2)O(2)) to simulate cryopreservation and examined DNA damage repair in embryos fertilized with sperm with H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage. Sperm samples were collected from epididymis of adult male KM mice and treated with capacitation medium (containing 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM H(2)O(2)) or cryopreservation. The model of DNA-damaged sperm was based on sperm motility, viability and the expression of γH2AX, the DNA damage-repair marker. We examined fertility rate, development, cell cleavage, and γH2AX level in embryos fertilized with DNA-damaged sperm. Cryopreservation and 1-mM H(2)O(2) treatment produced similar DNA damage. Most of the one- and two-cell embryos fertilized with DNA-damaged sperm showed a delay in cleavage before the blastocyst stage. Immunocytochemistry revealed γH2AX in the one- and four-cell embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  γH2AX may be involved in repair of preimplantation embryos fertilized with oxygen-stressed spermatozoa.
authors: Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
authors: Jianfeng
authors: J
authors: Xiao
authors: Yanmei
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Zhiling
authors: Z
authors: Li
authors: Yongcui
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Lin
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Wu
authors: Man
authors: M
authors: Chen
authors: Wanfen
authors: W
authors: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004822:Epididymis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007314:Insemination / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; C475961:gamma-H2AX protein, mouse; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide