title: We're only in it for the knowledge? A problem solving turn in environment and health expert elicitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The FP6 EU HENVINET project aimed at synthesizing the scientific information available on a number of topics of high relevance to policy makers in environment and health. The goal of the current paper is to reflect on the methodology that was used in the project, in view of exploring the usefulness of this and similar methodologies to the policy process. The topics investigated included health impacts of the brominated flame retardants decabrominated diphenylether (decaBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), phthalates highlighting di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), nanoparticles, the impacts of climate change on asthma and other respiratory disorders, and the influence of environment health stressors on cancer induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially the focus was on identifying knowledge gaps in the state of the art in scientific knowledge. Literature reviews covered all elements that compose the causal chain of the different environmental health issues from emissions to exposures, to effects and to health impacts. Through expert elicitation, knowledge gaps were highlighted by assessing expert confidence using calibrated confidence scales. During this work a complementary focus to that on knowledge gaps was developed through interdisciplinary reflections. By extending the scope of the endeavour from only a scientific perspective, to also include the more problem solving oriented policy perspective, the question of which kind of policy action experts consider justifiable was addressed. This was addressed by means of a questionnaire. In an expert workshop the results of both questionnaires were discussed as a basis for policy briefs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expert elicitation, the application of the calibrated confidence levels and the problem solving approach were all experienced as being quite challenging for the experts involved, as these approaches did not easily relate to mainstream environment and health scientific practices. Even so, most experts were quite positive about it. In particular, the opportunity to widen one's own horizon and to interactively exchange knowledge and debate with a diversity of experts seemed to be well appreciated in this approach. Different parts of the approach also helped in focussing on specific relevant aspects of scientific knowledge, and as such can be considered of reflective value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach developed by HENVINET was part of a practice of learning by doing and of interdisciplinary cooperation and negotiation. Ambitions were challenged by unforeseen complexities and difference of opinion and as no Holy Grail approach was at hand to copy or follow, it was quite an interesting but also complicated endeavour. Perfection, if this could be defined, seemed out of reach all the time. Nevertheless, many involved were quite positive about it. It seems that many felt that it fitted some important needs in current science when addressing the needs of policy making on such important issues, without anyone really having a clue on how to actually do this. Challenging questions remain on the quality of such approach and its product. Practice tells us that there probably is no best method and that the best we can do is dependent on contextual negotiation and learning from experiences that we think are relevant.
authors: Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium. hans.keune@inbo.be
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Keune
authors: Arno C
authors: AC
authors: Gutleb
authors: Karin E
authors: KE
authors: Zimmer
authors: Solveig
authors: S
authors: Ravnum
authors: Aileen
authors: A
authors: Yang
authors: Alena
authors: A
authors: Bartonova
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Krayer von Krauss
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Ropstad
authors: Gunnar S
authors: GS
authors: Eriksen
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Saunders
authors: Brooke
authors: B
authors: Magnanti
authors: Bertil
authors: B
authors: Forsberg
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D057231:Climate Change; D004782:Environmental Health; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D005104:Expert Testimony; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants