title: A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of neonatal patients at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most devastating diseases in the neonatal population, with extremely low birth weight and extremely preterm infants at greatest risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the best available evidence to answer a series of questions regarding nutrition support of neonates at risk of NEC was undertaken and evaluated using concepts adopted from the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group. A consensus process was used to develop the clinical guideline recommendations prior to external and internal review and approval by the A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. RESULTS/ CONCLUSIONS: (1) When and how should feeds be started in infants at high risk for NEC? We suggest that minimal enteral nutrition be initiated within the first 2 days of life and advanced by 30 mL/kg/d in infants ≥ 1, 000 g. (Weak) (2) Does the provision of mother's milk reduce the risk of developing NEC? We suggest the exclusive use of mother's milk rather than bovine-based products or formula in infants at risk for NEC. (Weak) (3) Do probiotics reduce the risk of developing NEC? There are insufficient data to recommend the use of probiotics in infants at risk for NEC. (Further research needed.) (4) Do nutrients either prevent or predispose to the development of NEC? We do not recommend glutamine supplementation for infants at risk for NEC (Strong). There is insufficient evidence to recommend arginine and/or long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for infants at risk for NEC. (Further research needed.) (5) When should feeds be reintroduced to infants with NEC? There are insufficient data to make a recommendation regarding time to reintroduce feedings to infants after NEC. (Further research needed.).
authors: Department of Surgery and The Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Erica M
authors: EM
authors: Fallon
authors: Deepika
authors: D
authors: Nehra
authors: Alexis K
authors: AK
authors: Potemkin
authors: Kathleen M
authors: KM
authors: Gura
authors: Edwin
authors: E
authors: Simpser
authors: Charlene
authors: C
authors: Compher
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Puder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000628:therapy*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature / Q000254:growth & development; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D008892:Milk; D008895:Milk, Human; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005973:Glutamine; D001120:Arginine