title: Update of the 2009 Italian Pediatric Society Guidelines about management of fever in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2009, the Italian Pediatric Society developed national guidelines for management of fever in children for health care providers and parents/caregivers; an update of these guidelines was scheduled after 2 years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article summarizes the update of Italian guidelines on managing fever in children, focusing specifically on measuring body temperature and using antipyretic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant publications in English and Italian were identified through searches of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from January 1, 2008, to May 1, 2012. On the basis of consensus of a multidisciplinary expert panel, evidence levels and strength of recommendations were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axillary temperature measurement using a digital thermometer is recommended in children younger than 4 weeks. In the hospital or ambulatory care setting, axillary temperature measurement using a digital or infrared thermometer (tympanic or skin contact or nocontact) is recommended in children older than 4 weeks. Paracetamol and ibuprofen are the only antipyretic drugs recommended for use in children; however, combined or alternating use of these agents is not recommended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent scientific evidence mainly supports previous recommendations. The aim of the present article was to support pediatric knowledge and stimulate application of guidelines in daily clinical practice.
authors: Department of Sciences for Woman and Child's Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, Florence, Italy.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Chiappini
authors: Elisabetta
authors: E
authors: Venturini
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Principi
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Longhi
authors: Pier-Angelo
authors: PA
authors: Tovo
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Becherucci
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Bonsignori
authors: Susanna
authors: S
authors: Esposito
authors: Filippo
authors: F
authors: Festini
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: Galli
authors: Bice
authors: B
authors: Lucchesi
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Mugelli
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: de Martino
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000367:Age Factors; D058633:Antipyretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001365:Axilla; D001831:Body Temperature; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007558:Italy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013821:Thermometers
chemical_list: D058633:Antipyretics; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007052:Ibuprofen