title: Effect of touch screen button size and spacing on touch characteristics of users with and without disabilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of button size and spacing on touch characteristics (forces, impulses, and dwell times) during a digit entry touch screen task. A secondary objective was to investigate the effect of disability on touch characteristics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Touch screens are common in public settings and workplaces. Although research has examined the effect of button size and spacing on performance, the effect on touch characteristics is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 52 participants (n = 23, fine motor control disability; n = 14, gross motor control disability; n = 15, no disability) completed a digit entry task. Button sizes varied from 10 mm to 30 mm, and button spacing was 1 mm or 3 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Touch characteristics were significantly affected by button size. The exerted peak forces increased 17% between the largest and the smallest buttons, whereas impulses decreased 28%. Compared with the fine motor and nondisabled groups, the gross motor group had greater impulses (98% and 167%, respectively) and dwell times (60% and 129%, respectively). Peak forces were similar for all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Button size but not spacing influenced touch characteristics during a digit entry task. The gross motor group had significantly greater dwell times and impulses than did the fine motor and nondisabled groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research on touch characteristics, in conjunction with that on user performance, can be used to guide human computer interface design strategies to improve accessibility of touch screen interfaces. Further research is needed to evaluate the effect of the exerted peak forces and impulses on user performance and fatigue.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Trace Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2104 Engineering Centers Bldg., Madison, WI 53706, USA. msesto@wisc.ed
authors: Mary E
authors: ME
authors: Sesto
authors: Curtis B
authors: CB
authors: Irwin
authors: Karen B
authors: KB
authors: Chen
authors: Amrish O
authors: AO
authors: Chourasia
authors: Douglas A
authors: DA
authors: Wiegmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003201:Computers; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface