title: Palmitoylethanolamide reduces early renal dysfunction and injury caused by experimental ischemia and reperfusion in mice.
abstract: This study was designed to assess a protective effect of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in the development of inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney. Moreover, to suggest a possible mechanism, renal ischemia-reperfusion was performed in mice with targeted disruption of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) gene (PPAR-αKO) to explain whether the observed PEA effect was dependent on PPAR-α pathway. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-αKO and littermate wild-type controls (PPAR-αWT) were subjected to bilateral renal artery occlusion (30 min) and reperfusion (6 h) and received PEA (10 mg/kg i.p.) 15 min before release of clamps. Serum and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction and tubular and reperfusion injury were measured, specifically serum urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase, and creatinine clearance. In addition, renal sections were used for histological scoring of renal injury and for immunologic evidence of nitrotyrosine formation, poly[adenosine diphosphate-ribose] (PAR), and adhesion molecules expression. The oxidative stress-sensitive nuclear factor κB signaling pathway was also investigated by Western blot analysis. Kidney myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels were measured for assessment of polymorphonuclear leukocyte cell infiltration and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Apoptotic mechanisms were also investigated. Moreover, the infiltration and activation of mast cells were explored. In vivo, PEA administration during ischemia significantly reduced the increase in (i) creatinine, γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase; (ii) nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB p65; (iii) kidney myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels; (iv) nitrotyrosine, PAR, and adhesion molecules expression; (v) the infiltration and activation of mast cells; and (vi) apoptosis. Our results clearly demonstrate that PEA significantly attenuated the degree of renal dysfunction, injury, and inflammation caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, the positive effects of PEA were at least in part dependent on PPAR-α pathway.
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy.
authors: Rosanna
authors: R
authors: Di Paola
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Impellizzeri
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Mondello
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Velardi
authors: Carmela
authors: C
authors: Aloisi
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Cappellani
authors: Emanuela
authors: E
authors: Esposito
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Cuzzocrea
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004983:Ethanolamines; D047493:PPAR alpha; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; C005958:palmidrol; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases