title: Comparison of two extraction methods for the determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in sewage sludge by hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction.
abstract: This paper presents two procedures for the determination of four selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (citalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline) and one metabolite (norfluoxetine) in sewage sludge utilizing three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME). First, direct HF-LPME was used for extraction, clean-up, and preconcentration. The pharmaceuticals were extracted from slurry samples into an organic phase and then back-extracted into an aqueous phase in the lumen of the hollow fiber. Second, a procedure combining pressurized hot water extraction and HF-LPME for clean-up and preconcentration was developed for the same analytes and matrix. The extracts were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. For direct HF-LPME, limits of detection were between 1 and 12 ng g(-1) (dry weight) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were 3-12%. For the second method, limits of detection were approximately 6 ng g(-1) for all the compounds and RSD values were 8-12%. The methods were validated by comparison of results for the same samples. Sewage sludge from a Swedish wastewater treatment plant was analyzed by both methods; average concentrations were similar for citalopram, paroxetine, and fluoxetine with values of approximately 530, 40, and 200 ng g(-1) , respectively.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, Spain.
authors: Ester
authors: E
authors: Sagristà
authors: José Manuel
authors: JM
authors: Cortés
authors: Estelle
authors: E
authors: Larsson
authors: Victòria
authors: V
authors: Salvadó
authors: Manuela
authors: M
authors: Hidalgo
authors: Jan Åke
authors: JÅ
authors: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015283:Citalopram / Q000032:analysis; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D017374:Paroxetine / Q000032:analysis; D016062:Porosity; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D020280:Sertraline / Q000032:analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D015283:Citalopram; D005473:Fluoxetine; D017374:Paroxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D020280:Sertraline; D012722:Sewage