title: Comparing individual preferences for four meditation techniques: Zen, Vipassana (Mindfulness), Qigong, and Mantra.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant number of studies have been published examining the mind-body effects of meditation and its clinical efficacy. There are very few studies, however, which directly compare different meditation methods with each other to explore potentially distinct mechanisms and effects, and no studies comparing individual preferences for different methods. As preference is seen as an important factor in consumer healthcare decision making, greater understanding of this aspect is needed as meditation becomes a more widely used therapeutic modality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  For this reason a pilot study was conducted to compare four meditation techniques for personal preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  A within-subjects comparison design was employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 247 undergraduate university students participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants learned two open observing meditation techniques-Vipassana (Mindfulness) and Zen, and two focused attention techniques-Mantra and Qigong Visualization, practicing one method per week. At the end of a six-week training period participants ranked the four meditation methods in order of personal preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ranking of subjective preference of meditations practiced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A within subjects comparison revealed that significantly more participants chose Vipassana or Mantra meditation as their preferred techniques compared with Qigong Visualization and Zen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides information on differences in preference for type of meditation. As the benefits of meditation accrue over time, selecting a method that motivates sustained practice is a critical objective if therapeutic effects are to be achieved.
authors: Institute for Holistic Health Studies, Department of Health Education, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA. aburke@sfsu.edu
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Burke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult