title: Smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric disorders in preschoolers.
abstract: The overall objective of this study was to determine whether smoking during pregnancy is related to psychiatric disorders in 4-year-olds while controlling for a wide range of potential confounding variables (i.e. parental anxiety, depression, personality disorders, drug abuse, and socio-economic characteristics). Parents of a community sample of 4-year-olds (N = 995) residing in the city of Trondheim, Norway were interviewed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment, which includes information on prenatal smoking. After adjusting for potential confounding variables using the propensity score, smoking during pregnancy was found to increase the odds for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) OR = 2.59 (CI 1.5-4.34, p < 0.001), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) OR = 2.69 (CI 1.84-3.91, p = 0.02) and comorbid OR = 2.55 (CI 1.24-5.23, p < 0.001). Prenatal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for symptoms of ADHD and ODD independently of each other, in 4-year-olds.
authors: NTNU Social Science, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. lise.ellis@gmail.com
authors: Lise Carol
authors: LC
authors: Ellis
authors: Turid Suzanne
authors: TS
authors: Berg-Nielsen
authors: Stian
authors: S
authors: Lydersen
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Wichstrøm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult