title: Spine surgeon's kinematics during discectomy according to operating table height and the methods to visualize the surgical field.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ergonomic problems for surgeons during spine surgery are an awkward body posture, repetitive movements, increased muscle activity, an overflexed spine, and a protracted time in a standing posture. The authors analyzed whole spine angles during discectomy. The objective of this study is to assess differences in surgeon whole spines angles according to operating table height and the methods used to visualize surgical field.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 12 experienced spine surgeons was enrolled. Twelve experienced spine surgeons performed discectomy using a spine surgery simulator. Three different methods were used to visualize the surgical field (naked eye, loupe, and out of loupe) and three different operating table heights. Whole spine angles were compared for three different views during discectomy simulation; midline, ipsilateral, and contralateral. A 16-camera optoelectronic motion analysis system was used, and 16 markers were placed from head to pelvis. Lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, cervical lordosis, and occipital angle were compared at the different operating table heights, while using the three visualization methods, with natural standing position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole spine angles were significantly different for visualization methods. Lumbar lordosis, cervical lordosis, and occipital angle were closer to natural standing values when discectomy was performed with a loupe, but most measures differed from natural standing values when performed out of loupe. Thoracic kyphosis was also similar to the natural standing position during discectomy using a loupe, but differed from the natural standing position when performed with naked eye. Whole spine angles were also found to differ from the natural standing position according to operating table height, and became closer to natural standing position values as operating table height increased, when simulation was conducted with loupe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that loupe use and a table height midpoint between the umbilicus and sternum are optimal for reducing surgeon musculoskeletal fatigue.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211, Eonju-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, South Korea.
authors: Jeong Yoon
authors: JY
authors: Park
authors: Kyung Hyun
authors: KH
authors: Kim
authors: Sung Uk
authors: SU
authors: Kuh
authors: Dong Kyu
authors: DK
authors: Chin
authors: Keun Su
authors: KS
authors: Kim
authors: Yong Eun
authors: YE
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D058638:Operating Tables; D009985:Orthopedics; D011187:Posture; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular