title: [The influence of positive end-expiratory pressure on stroke volume variation for the accuracy of evaluating volume].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on hemodynamic and the ability of stroke volume variation (SVV) to predict cardiac preload.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy anesthetized pigs were given tracheal intubation and ventilated. With the envelope method, they were all randomly divided into control group(n = 10), hypovolemia group (n = 10) and hypervolemia group (n = 10). Hypovolemia group were exsanguinated 20% blood volume within 5 minutes, hypervolemia group: additional infusion of hydroxyethyl starch equal to 20% blood volume,and control group: no intervention. In each group, ventilator settings were changed in a randomized order by changing PEEP [0, 5, 10 and 15 cm H(2)O, PEEP0, PEEP5, PEEP10, PEEP15, 1 cm H(2)O = 0.098 kPa]. The changes in hemodynamic parameters, including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI) and SVV, were monitored with a pulse-indicated continuous cardiac output (PiCCO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control group, HR, CVP, SVRI and SVV were evaluated accompanying with the increasing of PEEP, but CI, SVI and ITBVI submitted decreasing tendency. The value reached peaking or valley on the level of PEEP15, and  there was significance compared with PEEP0 [HR (bpm): 124 ± 18 vs. 88 ± 12, CVP (mm Hg, 1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa): 11 ± 1 vs. 8 ± 3, SVRI [kPa×s×L(-1)×m(-2)]: 289.6 ± 81.5 vs. 215.0 ± 79.1, SVV: (23 ± 6)% vs. (11 ± 2)%, CI [L×min(-1)×m(-2)]: 3.1 ± 0.8 vs. 4.3 ± 1.4, SVI [ml×min(-1)×m(-2)]: 26 ± 7 vs. 41 ± 4, ITBVI [ml/m(2)]: 440 ± 43 vs. 491 ± 47, all P < 0.05]. There was no change in MAP. In the hypovolemia group, HR, CVP and SVV were evaluated accompanying with the increasing of PEEP, but MAP, CI, SVI and ITBVI submitted decreasing tendency. The value reached peaking or valley on the level of PEEP15, and there was significance compared with PEEP0 [HR (bpm): 146 ± 31 vs. 115 ± 27, CVP (mm Hg): 11 ± 2 vs. 5 ± 1, SVV: (28 ± 4)% vs. (20 ± 5)%, MAP(mm Hg): 90 ± 26 vs. 115 ± 19, CI [L×min(-1)×m(-2)]: 2.3 ± 0.6 vs. 3.4 ± 1.1, SVI [ml×min(-1)×m(-2)]: 20 ± 6 vs. 31 ± 9, ITBVI [ml/m(2)]: 355 ± 34 vs. 396 ± 53, all P < 0.05]. There was no change in SVRI. In the hypervolemia group, SVV submitted increasing tendency with the increasing of PEEP, but CI, SVI and ITBVI were in the tendency of decreasing, the value reached peaking or valley on the level of PEEP15, and there was significance compared with PEEP0 [SVV: (18 ± 4)% vs. (6 ± 2)%, CI [L×min(-1)×m(-2)]: 4.5 ± 0.9 vs. 5.0 ± 1.2, SVI [ml×min(-1)×m(-2)]: 37 ± 9 vs. 49 ± 7, ITBVI [ml/m(2)]: 473 ± 71 vs. 565 ± 94, all P < 0.05]. There was no change in HR, MAP, CVP and SVRI. SVV was increased in the hypovolemia group compared with control group,  and decreased in the hypervolemia group. In the control group, SVV was negatively related to CI on different level of PEEP [r(PEEP0) = -0.831, r(PEEP5) = -0.790, r(PEEP10) = -0.875, r(PEEP15) = -0.560, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SVV was a precise indicator of cardiac preload, however high PEEP may influence hemodynamic and the accuracy of SVV.
authors: Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Liu
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Gu
authors: Jian-feng
authors: JF
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine