title: Patterns of alcohol expectancies and alcohol use across age and gender.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use in a community sample as a function of age and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is based on a national probability sample of 6467 German adults. Respondents were grouped into five age groups ranging from 18 to 59 years. A brief version of the Comprehensive Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire was used to assess alcohol expectancies. Alcohol use was assessed by the number of drinking days during the past month and the number of drinks on an average drinking day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to conducting group comparisons, measurement invariance across age and gender was established. Latent mean level comparisons showed that the endorsement of both positive and negative expectancies almost linearly decreased with increasing age. However, this decrease was not reflected in alcohol consumption patterns. Structural analysis of the expectancy factors and drinking variables showed that the predictive power of expectancies varied by age and gender. Particularly, expectancies related to social assertiveness and sexual enhancement were strong predictors only in younger, but not in older respondents. Conversely, expectancies related to tension reduction and impairment were the most important predictors of drinking in respondents older than 30 years, but not in younger age groups. Additionally, the onset and course of age-related changes in expectancies was moderated by gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates substantial age-related changes in the relationship between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. Moreover, the profile of alcohol expectancies appears to be more important than their absolute strength.
authors: Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Jennifer.Nicolai@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Nicolai
authors: Morten
authors: M
authors: Moshagen
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Demmel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult