title: Experimental factorial design applied to mucoadhesive lipid nanoparticles via multiple emulsion process.
abstract: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) produced from multiple emulsions technology theoretically enclose an inner aqueous compartment suitable for hydrophilic biomolecules. This paper reports a 3(3) full factorial design study to optimize SLNs formulations for hydrophilic biomolecules. The concentrations of solid lipid, lipophilic and hydrophilic emulsifiers were set as the 3 independent variables. Mean particle size (Z-Ave), polydispersity index (PI) and zeta potential (ZP) were set as the dependent variables. The selected optimized parameters were set as 1.0 wt% of solid lipid, 0.25 wt% of lipophilic emulsifier and 1.5 wt% of hydrophilic emulsifier. The coating of SLNs with sodium alginate was found to improve the ZP of the lipid particles and these results suggest that the ideal concentration was 0.75 wt%. The influence of low pH (i.e., about 2-3) in the inner aqueous phase was stronger than higher pH values, contributing for the production of larger droplet sizes. Nevertheless, these systems can be useful for the incorporation of biomolecules requiring a pH ranging between 4 and 10. SLNs based on multiple emulsions technology were found to be a promising approach for the incorporation of several hydrophilic drugs, such as proteins and peptides.
authors: Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Joana F
authors: JF
authors: Fangueiro
authors: Tatiana
authors: T
authors: Andreani
authors: Maria A
authors: MA
authors: Egea
authors: Maria L
authors: ML
authors: Garcia
authors: Selma B
authors: SB
authors: Souto
authors: Eliana B
authors: EB
authors: Souto
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000465:Algorithms; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D012107:Research Design; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D008055:Lipids; D014867:Water; D020723:Glucuronic Acid