title: Fate of dietary phytosteryl/-stanyl esters: analysis of individual intact esters in human feces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate the metabolic fate of phytosteryl/-stanyl fatty acid and ferulic acid esters upon consumption by healthy humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A capillary gas chromatographic methodology was employed to follow a randomized, single-blind three group crossover clinical trial and to quantify simultaneously individual intact esters, liberated phytosterols/-stanols and their metabolites in feces. Skimmed milk drinking yogurts enriched with complex mixtures of phytosteryl/-stanyl fatty acid esters and ferulates, respectively, were employed as food carriers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 73 % of total plant stanyl fatty acid esters and 80 % of total plant steryl fatty acid esters were hydrolyzed. Among the individuals, the hydrolysis rates ranged from 40 to 96 %. In addition, there were subject-dependent discrepancies between the amounts of phytosterols/-stanols actually determined in the feces and the calculated hydrolysis rates. On average, 69 % of the amounts of sterols/stanols expected from the amounts of remaining intact esters were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed large interindividual variability regarding the recoveries of dietary phytosteryl/-stanyl esters upon gastrointestinal passage in healthy humans. Nevertheless, there was a significant impact of the acid moiety (oleate=linoleate=linolenate>eicosanoate>palmitate>ferulate) on the hydrolysis rates; the influence of the phytosterol/-stanol moiety was less pronounced.
authors: Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Lubinus
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Barnsteiner
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Skurk
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Hauner
authors: Karl-Heinz
authors: KH
authors: Engel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001628:Beverages; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004063:Digestion; D004951:Esterification; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008297:Male; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015014:Yogurt; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; C021273:campesterol; D002784:Cholesterol; C004999:ferulic acid