title: Attenuation of the retinoblastoma pathway in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors due to increased cdk4/cdk6.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In mice, genetic changes that inactivate the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway often result in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (Pan-NETs). Conversely, in humans with this disease, mutations in genes of the retinoblastoma pathway have rarely been detected, even in genome-wide sequencing studies. In this study, we took a closer look at the role of the retinoblastoma pathway in human Pan-NETs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pan-NET tumors from 92 patients were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for markers of the retinoblastoma pathway. To search for amplifications of retinoblastoma pathway genes, genomic DNAs from 26 tumors were subjected to copy number analysis. Finally, a small-molecule activator of the retinoblastoma pathway was tested for effects on the growth of two Pan-NET cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority of tumors expressed high amounts of Cdk4 or its partner protein cyclin D1. High amounts of phosphorylated Rb1 were present in tumors that expressed high levels of Cdk4 or cyclin D1. The copy numbers of Cdk4 or the analogous kinase gene Cdk6 were increased in 19% of the tumors. Growth of the human Pan-NET cell line QGP1 was inhibited in a xenograft mouse model by the Cdk4/6 inhibitor, PD 0332991, which reactivates the retinoblastoma pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inactivation of the retinoblastoma pathway was indicated for most Pan-NETs. Gene amplification and overexpression of Cdk4 and Cdk6 suggests that patients with Pan-NETs may respond strongly to Cdk4/6 inhibitors that are entering clinical trials.
authors: Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors: Laura H
authors: LH
authors: Tang
authors: Tanupriya
authors: T
authors: Contractor
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Clausen
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Klimstra
authors: Yi-Chieh Nancy
authors: YC
authors: Du
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Allen
authors: Murray F
authors: MF
authors: Brennan
authors: Arnold J
authors: AJ
authors: Levine
authors: Chris R
authors: CR
authors: Harris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D019938:Cyclin D1; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; C495911:CDK6 protein, human; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C500026:palbociclib