title: Comparative inactivation of murine norovirus, human adenovirus, and human JC polyomavirus by chlorine in seawater.
abstract: Viruses excreted by humans affect the commercial and recreational use of coastal water. Shellfish produced in contaminated waters have been linked to many episodes and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis, as well as other food-borne diseases worldwide. The risk can be reduced by appropriate treatment following harvesting and by depuration. The kinetics of inactivation of murine norovirus 1 and human adenovirus 2 in natural and artificial seawater by free available chlorine was studied by quantifying genomic copies (GC) using quantitative PCR and infectious viral particles (PFU). Human JC polyomavirus Mad4 kinetics were evaluated by quantitative PCR. DNase or RNase were used to eliminate free genomes and assess potential viral infectivity when molecular detection was performed. At 30 min of assay, human adenovirus 2 showed 2.6- and 2.7-log(10) GC reductions and a 2.3- and 2.4-log(10) PFU reductions in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, and infectious viral particles were still observed at the end of the assay. When DNase was used prior to the nucleic acid extraction the kinetic of inactivation obtained by quantitative PCR was statistically equivalent to the one observed by infectivity assays. For murine norovirus 1, 2.5, and 3.5-log(10) GC reductions were observed in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, while no viruses remained infectious after 30 min of contact with chlorine. Regarding JC polyomavirus Mad4, 1.5- and 1.1-log(10) GC reductions were observed after 30 min of contact time. No infectivity assays were conducted for this virus. The results obtained provide data that might be applicable to seawater used in shellfish depuration.
authors: Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: de Abreu Corrêa
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Carratala
authors: Celia Regina Monte
authors: CR
authors: Barardi
authors: Miquel
authors: M
authors: Calvo
authors: Rosina
authors: R
authors: Girones
authors: Sílvia
authors: S
authors: Bofill-Mas
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007577:JC Virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012623:Seawater / Q000821:virology*; D013997:Time Factors; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D002713:Chlorine