title: Pulmonary abnormalities in dogs with renal azotemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical signs associated with respiratory tract disease are regularly encountered in people with kidney failure, and have been anecdotally reported in dogs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare clinical signs indicative of pulmonary disease, clinicopathologic findings, radiographic abnormalities, and histologic findings in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) or International Renal Interest Society Stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) to nonazotemic dogs. To determine associations between abnormalities indicative of pulmonary disease and outcome in azotemic dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-seven pet dogs (54 AKI dogs, 50 CKD dogs, 63 nonazotemic control dogs diagnosed with intracranial disease).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study comparing signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathologic variables, prevalence, and severity of pulmonary radiographic patterns, histopathologic findings, and survival times in AKI, CKD, and control dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical signs of pulmonary disease were significantly more common in AKI dogs. Prevalence of an alveolar lung pattern was greater in AKI and CKD dogs. Alveolar mineralization was the most common pulmonary histologic lesion in AKI dogs (6 of 8 dogs), with concurrent alveolar concretions or mineralization of pulmonary vessels or bronchioles noted in 1 dog each; mineralization of lung tissues was not noted in control dogs. Neither clinical signs nor presence of an alveolar pattern were associated with likelihood of survival to discharge or median number of days from discharge until death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormalities indicative of pulmonary disease are more common in azotemic dogs than in control dogs; however, prognosis is not associated with presence of clinical or radiographic pulmonary dysfunction.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Le Boedec
authors: H G
authors: HG
authors: Heng
authors: P W
authors: PW
authors: Snyder
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Pressler
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D053099:Azotemia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies