title: Biological indeterminacy.
abstract: Reductionist explanations in biology generally assume that biological mechanisms are highly deterministic and basically similar between individuals. A contrasting view has emerged recently that takes into account the degeneracy of biological processes--the ability to arrive at a given endpoint by a variety of available paths, even within the same individual. This perspective casts significant doubt on the prospects for the ability to predict behavior accurately based on brain imaging or genotyping, and on the ability of neuroscience to stipulate ethics.
authors: Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. rgreenspan@ucsd.edu
authors: Ralph J
authors: RJ
authors: Greenspan
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009014:Morals; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009488:Neurosciences / Q000941:ethics*; D011603:Psychophysiology / Q000941:ethics*; D012919:Social Behavior