title: The effect of menstrual cycle on periodontal health - a clinical and microbiological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluctuations in female sex hormones result in changes in the gingival and periodontal tissues. The purpose of this study was to compare the periodontal status of premenopausal women at different time points during their menstrual cycle and to find the associated subgingival microbiota.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred premenopausal women participated in the study and were divided into two groups: group I consisted of 50 subjects with clinically healthy gingival, and group II consisted of 50 subjects with chronic gingivitis. Group II was further divided into group IIa and group IIb. Group IIa consisted of 25 subjects who did not receive any periodontal therapy during the study period. All the examinations were performed at three points during the menstrual cycle: ovulation (OV), pre-menstruation (PM) and menstruation (M). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI), probing depth (PD), subgingival temperature (ST) recording, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collection, and estimation and microbiological examination using the benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA) test was carried out. For group IIb subjects, all the examinations were performed again during the next menstrual cycle, which followed 4 weeks after periodontal therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with clinically healthy gingiva exhibited negligible changes throughout the menstrual cycle, whereas women with gingivitis showed aggravated inflammation during ovulation and pre-menstruation as compared to menstruation. However, there was no alteration in subgingival microbiota. After treating gingivitis, the next menstrual cycle following 4 weeks after periodontal therapy was monitored, and no periodontal changes were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ovarian hormones have a negligible effect on clinically healthy periodontium. However, these hormones may exaggerate pre-existing inflammation in gingival tissues, but the clinical significance of these changes remains uncertain.
authors: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, MA Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune-411001, Mharashtra, India. drvarshashourie@yahoo.com
authors: Varsha
authors: V
authors: Shourie
authors: Chini Doraswamy
authors: CD
authors: Dwarakanath
authors: Gujjar Vittalrao
authors: GV
authors: Prashanth
authors: Ramesh Vishwanathmurthy
authors: RV
authors: Alampalli
authors: Shyam
authors: S
authors: Padmanabhan
authors: Shweta
authors: S
authors: Bali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001587:Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001587:Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide