title: Single-injection femoral nerve block lacks preemptive effect on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative pain is severe after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Therefore, femoral nerve block (FNB) is commonly used as an adjuvant to spinal anesthesia for TKA. Some anesthesia providers perform this preoperatively, while others perform it postoperatively. To our knowledge, no study has compared the relative benefits of the timing of performing the procedure. In this study, we investigated whether preoperative FNB would provide better analgesic effects than postoperative FNB in patients undergoing unilateral TKA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we divided 82 patients (ASA physical status I-III) undergoing unilateral TKA into four groups: (1) a pre-treatment group, in which FNB was performed with 0.4 mL/kg 0.375% bupivacaine plus 1:200,000 epinephrine after spinal anesthesia but before the operation; (2) a post-treatment group, in which FNB was performed with the same drugs at similar dosages immediately after the operation; (3) a pre-control group, in which FNB was performed with normal saline in the same volume as the tested drugs before the operation; and (4) a post-control group, in which FNB was performed with normal saline in the same volume as the tested drug after the operation. At 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 postoperative hours, we recorded cumulative morphine consumption, visual analog pain scales (VAS), the time of first request for morphine and its side effects. We also measured knee maximum flexion range of motion once a day for 3 days. Our primary aim was to obtain cumulative morphine consumption in 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the postoperative 24 hours, we found significant differences in cumulative morphine consumption between patients who received true FNB and those who did not (at 24 hours, treatment groups = 45.6 ± 31.7 and 33.5 ± 20.6 mg vs. controls = 70.8 ± 31.2 and 78.8 ± 37.7 mg, p < 0.001). We also found significant differences in VAS (at 24 hours, p < 0.001) and time to first request of morphine (p = 0.005) between the treatment group and the sham group. However, there were no significant differences in these values between the pre-surgical treatment group and the post-surgical treatment group. Beyond 24 hours, there were no significant differences in morphine consumption or maximum flexion range on day 2 and day 3 among the four groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who received FNB used for total knee arthroplasty consumed significantly less postoperative morphine and had significant relief of post-TKA pain on postoperative day 1 than those who did not have FNB. However, at follow-up we found no significant differences in these values between those receiving FNB before surgery and those receiving it after surgery.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Min-Ho
authors: MH
authors: Chan
authors: Wei-Hung
authors: WH
authors: Chen
authors: Yi-Wei
authors: YW
authors: Tung
authors: Kang
authors: K
authors: Liu
authors: Ping-Heng
authors: PH
authors: Tan
authors: Yuan-Yi
authors: YY
authors: Chia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009407:Nerve Block; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine