title: Aging and cone dark adaptation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following exposure to a bright light that bleaches a significant portion of photopigment, the eyes take several minutes to regain sensitivity. This slow process, known as dark adaptation, is impaired in patients with age-related macular degeneration and is an important candidate biomarker for this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of age on cone dark adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from 41 healthy adults aged between 20 and 83 years. Pupils were dilated and 96% of cone photopigment was "bleached," before threshold was monitored continuously for 5 min in the dark, using a 4° diameter achromatic spot centered on the fovea. Threshold recovery data were modeled, and the time constant of cone recovery (τ), initial cone thresholds, and final cone thresholds were determined. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between age and cone dark adaptation parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cone τ increased by 16.4 s/decade of life, indicating a progressive slowing of dark adaptation with increasing age. This change in cone τ throughout adulthood was significant (p < 0.0005). There was no significant relationship between increasing age and initial cone threshold (p = 0.84) or final cone threshold (p = 0.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide evidence for age-related slowing of cone dark adaptation after a full bleach in healthy adults, which is likely to contribute to visual difficulties when moving from bright to dim photopic light levels. We propose that the sensitivity and specificity of cone τ as a biomarker for early age-related macular disease could be improved by taking into account the significant age-related decline in this parameter.
authors: School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
authors: Allannah J
authors: AJ
authors: Gaffney
authors: Alison M
authors: AM
authors: Binns
authors: Tom H
authors: TH
authors: Margrain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000502:physiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D055815:Young Adult