title: Therapeutic effects of maximal strength training on walking efficiency in patients with schizophrenia - a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with schizophrenia frequently have disabling gait deficits. The net mechanical efficiency of walking (ϵnet) is an accurate measure often used to evaluate walking performance. Patients with gait deficits have a reduced ϵnet with excessive energy expenditure during sub-maximal walking. Maximal strength training (MST) improves ϵnet in healthy individuals and is associated with reduced risk of mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MST improves ϵnet in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (ICD-10 schizophrenia, schizotypal or delusional disorders (F20-F29)) were included in a non-randomized trial. Patients were assigned to one of two groups: 1) MST consisting of 4x4 repetitions at 85-90% one repetition maximum (1RM) performed in a leg press apparatus or 2) playing computer games (CG). Both groups carried out their activity three days per week for eight weeks. 1RM, ϵnet at 60 watt walking, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the 36-items short form (SF-36) were measured pre and post intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline ϵnet was 17.3 ± 1.2% and 19.4 ± 3.0% in the MST (n = 6) and CG groups (n = 7), respectively, which is categorized as mechanical inefficiency. The MST group improved 1RM by 79 kg (p = 0.006) and ϵnet by 3.4% (p = 0.046) more than the CG group. The MST group improved 1RM and ϵnet, by a mean of 83 kg (p = 0.028) and 3.4% (p = 0.028), respectively. VO2peak at baseline was 34.2 ± 10.2 and 38.3 ± 9.8 ml·kg-1·min-1 in the MST and CG groups, respectively, and did not change (p > 0.05). No change was observed in PANSS or SF-36 (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MST improves 1RM and ϵnet in patients with schizophrenia. MST could be used as a therapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia to normalize their reduced ϵnet.
authors: Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Jorn.Heggelund@ntnu.no
authors: Jørn
authors: J
authors: Heggelund
authors: Gunnar
authors: G
authors: Morken
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Helgerud
authors: Geir E
authors: GE
authors: Nilsberg
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Hoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003200:Computer User Training; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055070:Resistance Training; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016138:Walking