title: Transventricular balloon dilation and stenting of the RVOT in small infants with tetralogy of fallot with pulmonary atresia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of small infants with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia (PA) and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries can be very challenging.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three small infants (weight range 2,200-3,600 g, pulmonary trunk 2.0-3.2 mm), initial palliation consisted of sternotomy, transventricular puncture of the right ventricular outflow tract and atretic pulmonary valve, followed by balloon dilation (n = 1) or stent deployment (n = 2) from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk (stent diameter 5-6 mm, length 16 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure resulted in adequate palliation with good anterograde flow to the pulmonary arteries and near normal saturations in all three patients (>92%); there was no associated morbidity. Additional transvenous stenting was required in all patients because of progressive muscular infundibular stenosis after a median of 3 months. Two patients evolved to full repair at the age of 5 months and one patient with multiple hilar stenoses requires additional percutaneous procedures through the stented RV outflow tract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transventricular balloon dilation and stenting of the RVOT through medial sternotomy as initial palliation strategy appears a safe and well tolerated alternative treatment in small infants with TOF with PA and a hypoplastic pulmonary trunk.
authors: Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Bjorn
authors: B
authors: Cools
authors: Derize
authors: D
authors: Boshoff
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Heying
authors: Filip
authors: F
authors: Rega
authors: Bart
authors: B
authors: Meyns
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Gewillig
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D010166:Palliative Care; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011677:Punctures; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D015607:Stents; D056346:Sternotomy; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*