title: Occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in Jiulongjiang River, South China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in environment are receiving significant attention because of their potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence and seasonal variability of eight kinds of estrogenic compounds and 14 antibiotics. The study developed an occurrence database of the estrogenic compounds and antibiotics in spatial and temporal scale in Jiulongjiang River, South China, to provide useful information for environmental management of this region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight estrogenic compounds and 14 antibiotic compounds were detected in Jiulongjiang River from 19 sampling sites during high-flow and low-flow season in surface water. The samples were preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction for analysis. Eight estrogenic compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Agilent 7890A-5975C), and antibiotics were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system (ABI 3200 Q TRAP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All target compounds could be detected, except 17α-ethynylestradiol, sulfamerazine, and ofloxacin. The median concentrations for seven estrogenic compounds ranged from 6.00 to 610.72 ng/L, with the detection frequency range of 16.00-100%. However, the detection frequencies of 13 antibiotics detected varied from 50% to 100%, with the median concentrations ranged from 0.89 to 117.97 ng/L. Seasonal variations were obvious for most estrogenic compounds in Jiulongjiang River, except for octylphenol and estriol. There were significant (P < 0.001) differences for three tetracyclines, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole between in low-flow season and in high-flow season. Besides, spatially considerable variations in the concentrations were observed for antibiotics, nonylphenol, octylphenol, and bisphenol A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Jiulongjiang River water was more seriously contaminated by diethylstilbestrol, estrone, sulfamethazine, and tetracyclines. Higher overall concentration levels of estrogenic compounds and antibiotics were detected in low-flow water than those in high-flow water. The pollution of estrogenic compounds and antibiotics in Jiulongjiang River mainly came from municipal sewage and livestock breeding activities.
authors: Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, People's Republic of China. xzhang@iue.ac.cn
authors: Xian
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Dandan
authors: D
authors: Zhang
authors: Han
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Zhuanxi
authors: Z
authors: Luo
authors: Changzhou
authors: C
authors: Yan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002681:China; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013416:Sulfamerazine / Q000032:analysis; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004967:Estrogens; D015242:Ofloxacin; D010636:Phenols; D012722:Sewage; D013416:Sulfamerazine; D013754:Tetracyclines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C474055:octylphenol; C025256:nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds