title: Outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-exposed and -infected children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit for respiratory failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute severe pneumonia with respiratory failure in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -exposed infants carries a high mortality. Pneumocystis jiroveci is one cause, but other organisms have been suggested to play a role. Our objective is to describe the coinfections and treatment strategies in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -exposed infants with respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, in an attempt to improve survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human immunodeficiency virus-exposed infants with respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome were recruited into the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All infants were treated with routine therapy for Pneumocystis jiroveci and bacterial coinfection. However, in addition, all infants received ganciclovir from admission until the cytomegalovirus viral load result was demonstrated to be <log 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine investigations included human immunodeficiency virus polymerase chain reaction, cytomegalovirus viral load, blood culture, C-reactive protein, and white cell count. Tracheal aspirates for Pneumocystis jiroveci detection, bacterial culture, tuberculosis culture, and viral identification were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three patients met the recruitment criteria. The mortality rate was 30%. Pneumocystis jiroveci was positive in 33% of infants, while 38% had cytomegalovirus viral load ≥log 4. Only 7.9% of infants had a positive tuberculosis culture. Nineteen deaths occurred, 13 of which had a cytomegalovirus viral load ≥log 4. Bacterial coinfection and CD4 count were not predictors of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A case fatality rate of 30% is achievable if severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome is managed with a combination of antibiotics and ventilation strategies. Cytomegalovirus infection appears to be associated with an increased risk of death in this syndrome. This may, however, be a marker of as yet undefined pathology.
authors: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors: Omolemo P
authors: OP
authors: Kitchin
authors: Refiloe
authors: R
authors: Masekela
authors: Piet
authors: P
authors: Becker
authors: Teshni
authors: T
authors: Moodley
authors: Sam M
authors: SM
authors: Risenga
authors: Robin J
authors: RJ
authors: Green
mesh_terms: D060085:Coinfection / Q000401:mortality; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000401:mortality*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D016720:Pneumocystis Infections / Q000401:mortality*; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology; D013019:South Africa; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019562:Viral Load