title: Artemin causes hypersensitivity to warm sensation, mimicking warmth-provoked pruritus in atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Itch impairs the quality of life for many patients with dermatoses, especially atopic dermatitis (AD), and is frequently induced by a warm environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mechanism underlying itch induction by warmth, we focused on artemin, a member of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A gene array assay revealed that artemin was expressed in substance P-treated dermal fibroblasts. The expression of artemin in healthy and AD-lesional skin was evaluated with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The impact of fibroblast-derived artemin on the proliferation and morphology of neural cell was investigated in vitro. To confirm the involvement of artemin in skin sensibility, wild-type and GDNF family receptor α3 knockout mice were employed for sensory examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Artemin-expressing fibroblasts accumulated in skin lesions of patients with AD. Artemin induced cell proliferation of a neuroblastoma cell line in vitro, and intradermal injection of artemin in mice resulted in peripheral nerve sprouting and thermal hyperalgesia. Artemin-treated mice demonstrated scratching behavior in a warm environment, but mice deficient for GDNF family receptor α3, a potent artemin receptor, did not show this behavior. Furthermore, the escaping response to heat stimulus was attenuated in GDNF family receptor α3 knockout mice, suggesting that artemin may contribute to sensitivity to heat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that dermal fibroblasts secrete artemin in response to substance P, leading to abnormal peripheral innvervation and thermal hyperalgesia. We hypothesize that artemin lowers the threshold of temperature-dependent itch sensation and might therefore be a novel therapeutic target for treating pruritic skin disorders, including AD.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. h-murota@derma.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Murota
authors: Mayuko
authors: M
authors: Izumi
authors: Mostafa I A
authors: MI
authors: Abd El-Latif
authors: Megumi
authors: M
authors: Nishioka
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Terao
authors: Mamori
authors: M
authors: Tani
authors: Saki
authors: S
authors: Matsui
authors: Shigetoshi
authors: S
authors: Sano
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Katayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology*; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D016501:Neurites / Q000502:physiology; D011537:Pruritus / Q000209:etiology*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation; D013373:Substance P / Q000494:pharmacology; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C490886:ARTN protein, human; C116599:Artn protein, mouse; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C494482:TRPV1 protein, human; D013373:Substance P; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor