title: Evaluating viral interference between Influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in chicken eggs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simultaneous and sequential allantoic cavity inoculations of Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs with Influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) demonstrated that the interaction of AIV and NDV during co-infection was variable. Our research revisited the replication interference potential of AIV and NDV using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) for AIV and NDV to specifically detect the viral genomes in mixed infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from this survey showed that when different doses of NDV (Lasota or F48E8) and AIV (F98 or H5N1) were simultaneously inoculated into embryonating chicken eggs (ECE), interference with the growth of NDV occurred, while interference with the growth of AIV did not occur. When equal amount of the two viruses were sequentially employed, the degree of interference was dependent upon the time of superinfection and the virulence of virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AIV have a negative impact on NDV growth if they are inoculated simultaneously or sequentially and that the degree of interference depended upon the quantity and relative virulence of the virus strains used; however, interference with AIV was not observed. Only if NDV were inoculated at an earlier time will NDV able to interfere with the growth of AIV.
authors: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
authors: Shengqiang
authors: S
authors: Ge
authors: Dongxia
authors: D
authors: Zheng
authors: Yunling
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Hualei
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Wenbo
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Sun
authors: Jinming
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Songmei
authors: S
authors: Yu
authors: Yuanyuan
authors: Y
authors: Zuo
authors: Xiuju
authors: X
authors: Han
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Lv
authors: Yingli
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Xiufan
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Zhiliang
authors: Z
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D060085:Coinfection / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000821:virology*; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000821:virology*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000821:virology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D048348:Reverse Transcription; D014762:Viral Interference; D014774:Virulence