title: Determination of exposure of dispensary drug preparers to cyclophosphamide by passive sampling and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine cyclophosphamide exposure to preparers during tablet crushing and subsequent handling by analyzing indoor air collected using a high-performance volatile organic compounds-solvent desorption (VOC-SD) passive air sampler.
  
  
  METHODS
  The passive sampler was taped to the mask over the mouth of the preparer and indoor air was collected during crushing and preparation of cyclophosphamide tablets (Endoxan®). After collection, the carbon molecular sieve adsorbent of the passive sampler was placed in a centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of carbon disulfide was used to elute cyclophosphamide from the adsorbent. Liquid-liquid extraction with 1 mL of water was performed, and the aqueous phase was used as the test solution. Cyclophosphamide concentration was determined by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and tandem mass spectrometry detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclophosphamide concentration was detected in the range of 7.6-157.7 ng/sampler. Our results showed that low-level exposure occurred near the mouth of the preparer, which could present risks for long-term exposure, especially if combined with multiple toxic drug exposures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anticancer drug monitoring methodology described here is a simple exposure assessment that can be used to ensure the safety of hospital pharmacy tablet preparers. Furthermore, since the anticancer drug exposure risk is very high for preparers, preparation should be in hood or with face mask.
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Nobuyuki
authors: N
authors: Wakui
authors: Tetuo
authors: T
authors: Ookubo
authors: Yusuke
authors: Y
authors: Iwasaki
authors: Rie
authors: R
authors: Ito
authors: Miyuki
authors: M
authors: Mitui
authors: Yuichi
authors: Y
authors: Yano
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Saito
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Nakazawa
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002246:Carbon Disulfide / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D011208:Powders; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013607:Tablets; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011208:Powders; D012997:Solvents; D013607:Tablets; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002246:Carbon Disulfide