title: Four years of universal pneumococcal conjugate infant vaccination in Germany: impact on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) for all children <2 years was recommended in Germany in July 2006. Initially PCV7 was exclusively used; PCV10 became available from April 2009 and PCV7 was replaced by PCV13 in December 2009.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence and serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) for pneumococcal meningitis and non-meningitis IPD in children from 2007 to 2010 with reference to the pre-vaccination period from 1997 to 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationwide surveillance of IPD for children <16 years in Germany was based on two independent reporting sources: active surveillance in paediatric hospitals and passive web-based surveillance through microbiological laboratories. Serotyping was performed using the Neufeld Quellung reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a normally sterile body site. IPD incidence was estimated by capture-recapture analysis. Rate ratios comparing post- to pre-vaccination incidence were calculated as well as PCV7 and non-PCV7 serotype specific incidences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While PCV7 incidence decreased by 88% (95%CI: 83 to 91) in children <16 years both in pneumococcal meningitis and non-meningitis IPD, an increase in Non-PCV7 serotypes was observed which was more pronounced in non-meningitis cases (168%; 95%CI: 140-257) than in pneumoccocal meningitis (65%; 95%CI: 23-123). The changes in incidence after four years were: <16 years: -35% (95%CI: -49 to -19), <2 years: -46% (95%CI: -61 to -27) for pneumococcal meningitis and+11% (95%CI: -4 to +29) and -26% (95%CI: -41 to -7) for non-meningitis IPD respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infant PCV7 vaccination in Germany prompted a decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis similar to that observed in England/Wales. In non-meningitis IPD the decrease was smaller and confined to the age group <2 years with no change or an increase in incidence in other age groups pointing to potential ascertainment bias due to increased blood-culturing.
authors: National Reference Centre for Streptococci, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: van der Linden
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Weiß
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Falkenhorst
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Siedler
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Imöhl
authors: Rüdiger
authors: R
authors: von Kries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008586:Meningitis, Pneumococcal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate