title: Evidence for nevirapine bioactivation in man: searching for the first step in the mechanism of nevirapine toxicity.
abstract: Despite its efficacy, including in the prevention of vertical transmission, the antiretroviral nevirapine is associated with severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and skin rash. The mechanisms underlying nevirapine toxicity are not fully understood, but drug bioactivation to reactive metabolites capable of forming stable protein adducts is thought to be involved. This hypothesis is based on the paradigm that drug reactive metabolites have the potential to bind to self-proteins, which results in drug-modified proteins being perceived as foreign by the immune system. The aim of the present work was to identify hemoglobin adducts in HIV patients as biomarkers of nevirapine haptenation upon bioactivation. The ultimate goal is to develop diagnostic methods for predicting the onset of nevirapine-induced toxic reactions. All included subjects were adults on nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy for at least 1month. The protocol received prior approval from the Hospital Ethics Committees and patients gave their written informed consent. Nevirapine-derived adducts with the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin were analyzed by an established liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method and characterized on the basis of retention time and mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern by comparison with adduct standards prepared synthetically. The nevirapine adducts were detected in 12/13 patient samples, and quantified in 11/12 samples (2.58±0.8 fmol/g of hemoglobin). This work represents the first evidence of nevirapine-protein adduct formation in man and confirms the ability of nevirapine to modify self-proteins, thus providing clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying nevirapine toxicity. Moreover, the possibility of assessing nevirapine-protein adduct levels has the potential to become useful for predicting the onset of nevirapine-induced adverse reactions.
authors: Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, Universidade NOVA 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Umbelina
authors: U
authors: Caixas
authors: Alexandra M M
authors: AM
authors: Antunes
authors: Aline T
authors: AT
authors: Marinho
authors: Ana L A
authors: AL
authors: Godinho
authors: Nádia M
authors: NM
authors: Grilo
authors: M Matilde
authors: MM
authors: Marques
authors: M Conceição
authors: MC
authors: Oliveira
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Branco
authors: Emília C
authors: EC
authors: Monteiro
authors: Sofia A
authors: SA
authors: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006241:Haptens / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006241:Haptens; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011506:Proteins; D019829:Nevirapine