title: The use of in utero MRI to supplement ultrasound in the foetus at high risk of developmental brain or spine abnormality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is widely accepted that the diagnosis of foetal central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities can be improved by performing MRI examinations in utero. Most of the published literature has concentrated on pregnancies in which a developmental abnormality has been detected (or suspected) on ultrasound in an otherwise low-risk pregnancy. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that in utero MRI of the foetal brain in high-risk pregnancies will detect abnormalities not shown by ultrasound at a rate that justifies its use in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 females were recruited into the study from foeto-maternal or clinical genetic departments. They all had a foetus/child with a CNS malformation from an earlier pregnancy, which led to an increased risk of recurrence being quoted for the present pregnancy. All in utero MRI examinations were performed on 1.5 T clinical MRI systems at 18 weeks gestational age or later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 78% of cases, the ultrasound and MRI results agreed and showed no abnormality. In 13%, ultrasound and MRI described identical abnormal findings. In 9%, the ultrasound and MRI examinations had discrepant findings; in all these cases the MRI findings described more serious CNS pathology. The effects on management were judged to be major, by at least one assessor, in 7/9 of those cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in many other situations involving antenatal detection of CNS abnormalities, in utero MRI should be considered in females with increased risk of foetal CNS malformation based on the results of an earlier pregnancy. Advances in knowledge In utero MRI of the foetus has an important role in antenatal diagnosis of females carrying a foetus with an increased risk of a brain abnormality.
authors: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. p.griffiths@sheffield.ac.uk
authors: P D
authors: PD
authors: Griffiths
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Porteous
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Mason
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Russell
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Morris
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Fanou
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Reeves
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal