title: Low education as a risk factor for undiagnosed angina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early awareness, recognition, and treatment of angina can help prevent or delay an acute myocardial infarction and potentially delay death. A patient's educational level may affect a physician's diagnosis of angina and/or a patient's symptom recognition. The objective of this study was to determine whether low education is a risk factor for undiagnosed angina.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional observational study based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2008, providing a nationally representative sample of adults ≥40 years of age with angina based on physician diagnosis, presence of angina symptoms based on the Rose Questionnaire, or both. Educational attainment (high school or less vs more than high school) was the independent variable of interest. Undiagnosed angina (angina symptoms in the absence of angina diagnosis) was the dependent variable. We used logistic regression to control for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, and health care visit during the past year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low education was associated with undiagnosed angina (odds ratio: 1.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.03). Other undiagnosed angina predictors included being female, being black, and having no health care visit during the past year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low education is associated with undiagnosed angina. These results underscore the need for providers to ask about angina symptoms and confirm patients' understanding of their angina diagnosis among those with low education.
authors: Family Medicine Research Programs, Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. michael_mckee@urmc.rochester.edu
authors: Michael M
authors: MM
authors: McKee
authors: Paul C
authors: PC
authors: Winters
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Fiscella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors