title: Using n-gram analysis to cluster heartbeat signals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biological signals may carry specific characteristics that reflect basic dynamics of the body. In particular, heart beat signals carry specific signatures that are related to human physiologic mechanisms. In recent years, many researchers have shown that representations which used non-linear symbolic sequences can often reveal much hidden dynamic information. This kind of symbolization proved to be useful for predicting life-threatening cardiac diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper presents an improved method called the "Adaptive Interbeat Interval Analysis (AIIA) method". The AIIA method uses the Simple K-Means algorithm for symbolization, which offers a new way to represent subtle variations between two interbeat intervals without human intervention. After symbolization, it uses the n-gram algorithm to generate different kinds of symbolic sequences. Each symbolic sequence stands for a variation phase. Finally, the symbolic sequences are categorized by classic classifiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the experiments presented in this paper, AIIA method achieved 91% (3-gram, 26 clusters) accuracy in successfully classifying between the patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF), Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and healthy people. It also achieved 87% (3-gram, 26 clusters) accuracy in classifying the patients with apnea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two experiments presented in this paper demonstrate that AIIA method can categorize different heart diseases. Both experiments acquired the best category results when using the Bayesian Network. For future work, the concept of the AIIA method can be extended to the categorization of other physiological signals. More features can be added to improve the accuracy.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Chen
authors: YC
authors: Huang
authors: Hanjun
authors: H
authors: Lin
authors: Yeh-Liang
authors: YL
authors: Hsu
authors: Jun-Lin
authors: JL
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*