title: Predicting mortality from human faces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether and to what extent mortality is predictable from facial photographs of older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-quality facial photographs of 292 members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921, taken at the age of about 83 years, were rated in terms of apparent age, health, attractiveness, facial symmetry, intelligence, and well-being by 12 young-adult raters. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to study associations between these ratings and mortality during a 7-year follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All ratings had adequate reliability. Concurrent validity was found for facial symmetry and intelligence (as determined by correlations with actual measures of fluctuating asymmetry in the faces and Raven Standard Progressive Matrices score, respectively), but not for the other traits. Age as rated from facial photographs, adjusted for sex and chronological age, was a significant predictor of mortality (hazard ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-1.65) and remained significant even after controlling for concurrent, objectively measured health and cognitive ability, and the other ratings. Health as rated from facial photographs, adjusted for sex and chronological age, significantly predicted mortality (hazard ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval = 0.67-0.99) but not after adjusting for rated age or objectively measured health and cognition. Rated attractiveness, symmetry, intelligence, and well-being were not significantly associated with mortality risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rated age of the face is a significant predictor of mortality risk among older people, with predictive value over and above that of objective or rated health status and cognitive ability.
authors: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. i.deary@ed.ac.uk
authors: Dominika
authors: D
authors: Dykiert
authors: Timothy C
authors: TC
authors: Bates
authors: Alan J
authors: AJ
authors: Gow
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Penke
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Starr
authors: Ian J
authors: IJ
authors: Deary
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006262:Health; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D010781:Photography; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult