title: Protecting patients from an unsafe system: the etiology and recovery of intraoperative deviations in care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the etiology and resolution of unanticipated events in the operating room (OR).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The majority of surgical adverse events occur intraoperatively. The OR represents a complex, high-risk system. The influence of different human, team, and organizational/environmental factors on safety and performance is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We video-recorded and transcribed 10 high-acuity operations, representing 43.7 hours of patient care. Deviations, defined as delays and/or episodes of decreased patient safety, were identified by majority consensus of a multidisciplinary team. Factors that contributed to each event and/or mitigated its impact were determined and attributed to the patient, providers, or environment/organization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three deviations (10 delays, 17 safety compromises, 6 both) occurred--with a mean of 1 every 79.4 minutes. These deviations were multifactorial (mean 3.1 factors). Problems with communication and organizational structure appeared repeatedly at the root of both types of deviations. Delays tended to be resolved with vigilance, communication, coordination, and cooperation, while mediation of safety compromises was most frequently accomplished with vigilance, leadership, communication, and/or coordination. The organization/environment was not found to play a direct role in compensation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unanticipated events are common in the OR. Deviations result from poor organizational/environmental design and suboptimal team dynamics, with caregivers compensating to avoid patient harm. Although recognized in other high-risk domains, such human resilience has not yet been described in surgery and has major implications for the design of safety interventions.
authors: Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Yue-Yung
authors: YY
authors: Hu
authors: Alexander F
authors: AF
authors: Arriaga
authors: Emilie M
authors: EM
authors: Roth
authors: Sarah E
authors: SE
authors: Peyre
authors: Katherine A
authors: KA
authors: Corso
authors: Richard S
authors: RS
authors: Swanson
authors: Robert T
authors: RT
authors: Osteen
authors: Pamela
authors: P
authors: Schmitt
authors: Angela M
authors: AM
authors: Bader
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Zinner
authors: Caprice C
authors: CC
authors: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D016272:Occupational Health; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D010348:Patient Care Team; D014741:Video Recording