title: Benefit of supplementary fat plus protein counting as compared with conventional carbohydrate counting for insulin bolus calculation in children with pump therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate carbohydrate (CARB) and supplementary fat/protein (CFP) counting using normal and dual-wave bolus in pump therapy of children and young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized clinical trial was conducted in 42 patients (age 6-21 yr) with T1D for at least 1 yr (5.2 ± 3.1 yr, mean ± SD) and pump therapy for at least 3 months (3.3 ± 1.8 yr). Standardized test meals (pizza-salami; 50% carbohydrate, 34% fat, 16% protein; corresponding to 33% of age-adjusted daily energy requirement) were given at lunch time on four different days with normal and dual-wave bolus using CARB and CFP counting in a randomized sequence. Sensor-augmented pumps were used for continuous glucose monitoring of 6-h postprandial glucose profiles. Intra-individual comparisons of glucose parameters [area under the curve (AUC) mg/dL × 6 h; average glucose, AV mg/dL] were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using CFP counting, 6-h postprandial glucose AUC (805 ± 261) and AV (137.8 ± 46.2) were significantly lower than AUC (926 ± 285) and AV (160.5 ± 51.9) by CARB counting (p < 0.001, each). CFP counting led to significantly lower postprandial glucose parameters independently from the kind of bolus (normal bolus: ΔAUC 169, p < 0.001; ΔAV 30.6, p < 0.001/dual-wave bolus: ΔAUC 73, p = 0.045, ΔAV 14.8, p = 0.033). Postprandial hypoglycemia episodes (<70 mg/dL) occurred more frequently in CFP than in CARB counting (35.7% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001). No severe hypoglycemia was reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with long-term T1D, meal-related insulin dosing based on carbohydrate plus fat/protein counting reduces the postprandial glucose levels (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01400659).
authors: Diabetes Center for Children and Adolescents, Kinder- und Jugendkrankenhaus, Hannover, Germany. kordonouri@hka.de
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Kordonouri
authors: Reinhard
authors: R
authors: Hartmann
authors: Kerstin
authors: K
authors: Remus
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Bläsig
authors: Evelin
authors: E
authors: Sadeghian
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Danne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin