title: A field study on the impact of variations in shortterm memory demands on drivers' visual attention and driving performance across three age groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess sensitivity of visual attention and driving performance for detecting changes in driver cognitive workload across different age groups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The literature shows mixed results concerning the sensitivity of gaze concentration metrics to variations in cognitive demand. No studies appear showing how age affects gaze allocation during cognitive demand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recordings of drivers' gaze and driving performance by individuals in their 20s, 40s, and 60s were captured in actual driving conditions during three levels of cognitive demand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gaze concentration increased with task difficulty through the low and moderate levels of demand and then appeared to level out at the high demand level. At the moderate difficulty level, gaze concentration increased by 2.4 cm (approximately 2 degrees) from the reference period. The degree of gaze concentration with added cognitive demand is not related to age in the relatively healthy drivers studied. Driving performance measures did not show a consistent relationship with the objective demand level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gaze concentration appears at low levels of cognitive demand prior to the appearance of marked decrements in driving control. There is no compelling evidence from this study that driving performance measures can be used to index differences in workload prior to capacity saturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drivers' awareness of vehicle surroundings is incrementally affected by increases in cognitive demand. Developers of more advanced driver support systems should consider gaze concentration as a measure of driver cognitive workload. This recommendation is particularly relevant in light of the added benefits of gaze measurements for detecting visual demand.
authors: MIT, AgeLab, 77 Massachusetts Ave., E40-278, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. reimer@mit.edu
authors: Bryan
authors: B
authors: Reimer
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Mehler
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Joseph F
authors: JF
authors: Coughlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult