title: Sex-related differences in renal toxicodynamics in rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An issue yet to be addressed, in the investigation of the xenobiotic toxicity, is a detailed characterization of the sex differences in toxicological responses. The 'sex issue' is particularly significant in nephrotoxicology as the kidney is a relevant target organ for xenobiotics and few studies have approached this subject in the past. There is a strong need to improve our understanding regarding the influence of sex in toxicology, given their increased requirement to establish the limits of exposure to chemicals in the environment and at work.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, the authors provide the reader with the current knowledge of sex differences in kidney toxicity for rats and mice. To make the review easier to consult, these studies have been organized according to the class of xenobiotic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the analysis of the present knowledge emerges a dramatic need for information on sex differences in xenobiotics toxicity. Although animals are reasonably good predictors of adverse renal effects in patients, there is need to identify alternative methods (e.g. in vitro/ex vivo) to better study sex differences in organ toxicity.
authors: University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy. andrea.trevisan@unipd.it
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Trevisan
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Chiara
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Mongillo
authors: Luigi
authors: L
authors: Quintieri
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Cristofori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012737:Sex Factors; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D015262:Xenobiotics