title: Differential expression of MMP-9 and AQP4 in human glioma samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) have been individually reported in glioma development. Here, we co-analyzed their expression in multiple forms of human glioma tissues graded from II to IV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of MMP-9 and AQP4 were evaluated on 50 resected human glioma tissues using immunohistochemistry. Protein levels of both molecules were evaluated by a staining score system based on the percentage of positive cells/staining degree in each dot section. The transwell method was also used to discriminate fast migrating cells and slow migrating cells, in which expression of both MMP-9 and AQP4 was investigated by using immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The staining score of MMP-9 displayed a positively tumor grade dependent manner, whereas AQP4 expression showed a negatively tumor grade dependent manner. The nuclear translocation of both molecules was observed in astrocytomas with glioblastoma transition, or glioblastoma tissues. Fast migrating cells contain more AQP4, whereas more MMP-9 was localized in slow migrating cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest differential expression patterns of MMP-9 and AQP4 in different grades of gliomas. Nuclear translocation of MMP-9 and AQP4 may exert more functions in glioblastoma transition or deterioration.
authors: Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, China. neuromancn@yahoo.com.cn
authors: Wei-Jiang
authors: WJ
authors: Zhao
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Gui-Lin
authors: GL
authors: Li
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Cui
authors: Zhong-Fang
authors: ZF
authors: Shi
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C496030:AQP4 protein, human; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9