title: Clinical trials with immunotherapy for high-grade glioma.
abstract: Immunotherapy is a potential new therapeutic option in patients with high-grade gliomas (HGGs). Phase I/II trials have assessed the efficacy of increasing immune activity using vaccines made from lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, autologous tumor cells, or dendritic cells. Studies to decrease tumor immunoresistance have focused on cytokine modulation of known immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment. Several early studies have reported a survival benefit using different forms of immunotherapy. This article discusses past clinical trials using immunotherapy in HGGs, their efficacy, limits, and biologic and clinical design challenges that must be overcome to advance immunotherapy for patients with HGGs.
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors: Jacob
authors: J
authors: Ruzevick
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Jackson
authors: Jillian
authors: J
authors: Phallen
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Lim
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active / Q000379:methods*; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D015979:Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated / Q000276:immunology; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines