title: Small-bowel allograft biopsies in the management of small-intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients: histopathologic review and clinical correlations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intestinal transplant has become a standard treatment option in the management of patients with irreversible intestinal failure. The histologic evaluation of small-bowel allograft biopsy specimens plays a central role in assessing the integrity of the graft. It is essential for the management of acute cellular and chronic rejection; detection of infections, particularly with respect to specific viruses (cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus); and immunosuppression-related lymphoproliferative disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comprehensive review of the literature and illustrate key histologic findings in small-bowel biopsy specimen evaluation of patients with small-bowel or multivisceral transplants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review using PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) and data obtained from national and international transplant registries in addition to case material at Columbia University, Presbyterian Hospital, and Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Key to the success of small-bowel transplantation and multivisceral transplantation are the close monitoring and appropriate clinical management of patients in the posttransplant period, requiring coordinated input from all members of the transplant team with the integration of clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic parameters.
authors: Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. her2007@columbia.edu
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Remotti
authors: Sukanya
authors: S
authors: Subramanian
authors: Mercedes
authors: M
authors: Martinez
authors: Tomoaki
authors: T
authors: Kato
authors: Margret S
authors: MS
authors: Magid
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous