title: Novel multicompartment 3-dimensional radiochromic radiation dosimeters for nanoparticle-enhanced radiation therapy dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gold nanoparticles (AuNps), because of their high atomic number (Z), have been demonstrated to absorb low-energy X-rays preferentially, compared with tissue, and may be used to achieve localized radiation dose enhancement in tumors. The purpose of this study is to introduce the first example of a novel multicompartment radiochromic radiation dosimeter and to demonstrate its applicability for 3-dimensional (3D) dosimetry of nanoparticle-enhanced radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel multicompartment phantom radiochromic dosimeter was developed. It was designed and formulated to mimic a tumor loaded with AuNps (50 nm in diameter) at a concentration of 0.5 mM, surrounded by normal tissues. The novel dosimeter is referred to as the Sensitivity Modulated Advanced Radiation Therapy (SMART) dosimeter. The dosimeters were irradiated with 100-kV and 6-MV X-ray energies. Dose enhancement produced from the interaction of X-rays with AuNps was calculated using spectrophotometric and cone-beam optical computed tomography scanning by quantitatively comparing the change in optical density and 3D datasets of the dosimetric measurements between the tissue-equivalent (TE) and TE/AuNps compartments. The interbatch and intrabatch variability and the postresponse stability of the dosimeters with AuNps were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiation dose enhancement factors of 1.77 and 1.11 were obtained using 100-kV and 6-MV X-ray energies, respectively. The results of this study are in good agreement with previous observations; however, for the first time we provide direct experimental confirmation and 3D visualization of the radiosensitization effect of AuNps. The dosimeters with AuNps showed small (<3.5%) interbatch variability and negligible (<0.5%) intrabatch variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SMART dosimeter yields experimental insights concerning the spatial distributions and elevated dose in nanoparticle-enhanced radiation therapy, which cannot be performed using any of the current methods. The authors concluded that it can be used as a novel independent method for nanoparticle-enhanced radiation therapy dosimetry.
authors: Discipline of Medical Radiations, The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Victoria, Australia. malq7704@uni.sydney.edu.au
authors: Mamdooh
authors: M
authors: Alqathami
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Blencowe
authors: Un Jin
authors: UJ
authors: Yeo
authors: Simon J
authors: SJ
authors: Doran
authors: Greg
authors: G
authors: Qiao
authors: Moshi
authors: M
authors: Geso
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D006046:Gold