title: Introgression between cultivars and wild populations of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) in Taiwan.
abstract: The landrace strains of Momordica charantia are widely cultivated vegetables throughout the tropics and subtropics, but not in Taiwan, a continental island in Southeast Asia, until a few hundred years ago. In contrast, the related wild populations with smaller fruit sizes are native to Taiwan. Because of the introduction of cultivars for agricultural purposes, these two accessions currently exhibit a sympatric or parapatric distribution in Taiwan. In this study, the cultivars and wild samples from Taiwan, India, and Korea were collected for testing of their hybridization and evolutionary patterns. The cpDNA marker showed a clear distinction between accessions of cultivars and wild populations of Taiwan and a long divergence time. In contrast, an analysis of eight selectively neutral nuclear microsatellite loci did not reveal a difference between the genetic structures of these two accessions. A relatively short divergence time and frequent but asymmetric gene flows were estimated based on the isolation-with-migration model. Historical and current introgression from cultivars to wild populations of Taiwan was also inferred using MIGRATE-n and BayesAss analyses. Our results showed that these two accessions shared abundant common ancestral polymorphisms, and the timing of the divergence and colonization of the Taiwanese wild populations is consistent with the geohistory of the Taiwan Strait land bridge of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Long-term and recurrent introgression between accessions indicated the asymmetric capacity to receive foreign genes from other accessions. The modern introduction of cultivars of M. charantia during the colonization of Taiwan by the Han Chinese ethnic group enhanced the rate of gene replacement in the native populations and resulted in the loss of native genes.
authors: Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
authors: Pei-Chun
authors: PC
authors: Liao
authors: Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung 908, Taiwan.
authors: Chi-Chu
authors: CC
authors: Tsai
authors: Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors: Chang-Hung
authors: CH
authors: Chou
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Chung
authors: YC
authors: Chiang
mesh_terms: D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics*; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000032:analysis*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D007194:India; D058865:Introduced Species; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D029777:Momordica charantia / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013045:Species Specificity; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast