title: Radiation-free percutaneous nephrostomy performed on neonates, infants, and preschool-age children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of high-frequency linear probe ultrasonographic (US) guidance percutaneous nephrostomy (PN) in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic approach in preschool-age children with urological problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  PN was performed on 40 kidneys in 33 patients (13 girls, 20 boys) aged 3 days - 7 years (mean 4.1 years). All procedures were performed with US guidance utilizing a Shimadzu SDU 2200 Xplus 5-10 mHz probe. Complete blood count, urinalysis, bladder urine culture, blood urea, and creatinine values were obtained before PN placement on the same day. Urine cultures were obtained by nephrostomy tube and compared to bladder urine culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PN procedures were technically successful in 39 kidney units (97.5%). Two major complications were macroscopic hematuria requiring blood transfusions (1 case) and sepsis (1 case). Minor complications were displacement of the catheter (4), urinary tract infection (4), urine extravasation (1), early dislocation of the catheter (1). In three cases, the catheter was replaced. Analysis of bladder urine showed that 13 patients (39.4%) had positive cultures, but analysis of PN urine showed that 25 patients (78.1%) had positive cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PN is an easy, safe and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic procedure with few complications even in preschool-age children. The antibiotic regimen should be revised in order to avoid sepsis and urinary tract infection.
authors: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey. aasancaktutar@gmail.com
authors: Ahmet Ali
authors: AA
authors: Sancaktutar
authors: Yaşar
authors: Y
authors: Bozkurt
authors: Adnan
authors: A
authors: Tüfek
authors: Haluk
authors: H
authors: Söylemez
authors: Hakan
authors: H
authors: Önder
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Atar
authors: Necmettin
authors: N
authors: Penbegül
authors: Mehmet Nuri
authors: MN
authors: Bodakçı
authors: Namık Kemal
authors: NK
authors: Hatipoğlu
authors: Tayfun
authors: T
authors: Oktar
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D011827:Radiation; D018805:Sepsis / Q000628:therapy; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000628:therapy