title: Critical care nurses' pain assessment and management practices: a survey in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regular pain assessment can lead to decreased incidence of pain and shorter durations of mechanical ventilation and stays in the intensive care unit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document knowledge and perceptions of pain assessment and management practices among Canadian intensive care unit nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 3753 intensive care unit nurses identified through the 12 Canadian provincial/territorial nursing associations responsible for professional regulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 842 nurses (24%) responded, and 802 surveys could be evaluated. Nurses were significantly less likely (P < .001) to use a pain assessment tool for patients unable to communicate (267 nurses, 33%) than for patients able to self-report (712 nurses, 89%). Significantly fewer respondents (P < .001) rated behavioral pain assessment tools as moderately to extremely important (595 nurses, 74%) compared with self-report tools (703 nurses, 88%). Routine (>50% of the time) discussion of pain scores during nursing handover was reported by 492 nurses (61%), and targeting of analgesia to a pain score or other assessment parameters by physicians by 333 nurses (42%). Few nurses (n = 235; 29%) were aware of professional society guidelines for pain assessment and management. Routine use of a behavioral pain tool was associated with awareness of published guidelines (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.7-3.7) and clinical availability of the tool (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6-4.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial proportion of intensive care unit nurses did not use pain assessment tools for patients unable to communicate and were unaware of pain management guidelines published by professional societies.
authors: Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T IP8. louise.rose@utoronto.ca
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Rose
authors: Orla
authors: O
authors: Smith
authors: Céline
authors: C
authors: Gélinas
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Haslam
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Dale
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Luk
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Burry
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: McGillion
authors: Sangeeta
authors: S
authors: Mehta
authors: Judy
authors: J
authors: Watt-Watson
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards; D007902:Length of Stay; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D000078329:Workforce