title: Concentration and the second stage of labor: outcomes associated with the interactive metronome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the association between concentration, as measured by the Interactive Metronome, and a prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2008 to November 2009, nulliparous women at ≥34 weeks' gestation who were planning to use an epidural were asked to perform a 1-minute Interactive Metronome clapping test. Scores and demographic information were recorded. Data were then abstracted regarding each patient's labor course. The main outcome measure was the frequency of the second stage of labor exceeding 2 hours. Only patients with epidural anesthesia who completed the second stage of labor and did not require operative delivery performed for fetal indications prior to 2 full hours of pushing were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients whose Interactive Metronome test scores were in the last quartile, which we associated with poor concentration, 52.9% (18/34) had a second stage of labor exceeding 2 hours compared with only 31.7% (33/104) of patients whose scores placed them in the first three quartiles (p = 0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nulliparous patients with poor concentration scores, as measured by the Interactive Metronome, were more likely to push greater than 2 hours in the second stage of labor.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors: Meghan L
authors: ML
authors: McGowan
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Lin
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Ou-Yang
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Zei
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Grobman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D001034:Apgar Score; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007748:Labor Stage, Second / Q000523:psychology*; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects*