title: A relatively brief exposure to environmental enrichment after experimental traumatic brain injury confers long-term cognitive benefits.
abstract: It is well established that a relatively brief exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) enhances motor and cognitive performance after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), but it is not known whether the benefits can be sustained after EE is discontinued. To address this important rehabilitation-relevant concern, anesthetized rats received a controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury, and for phase 1 of the experiment were randomly assigned to either 3 weeks of EE or standard (STD) housing. Neurobehavioral outcome was assessed by established motor and cognitive tests on postoperative days 1-5 and 14-18, respectively. Beam-balance and spatial learning were facilitated in the TBI + EE more than the TBI + STD group (p<0.0001). In phase 2 of the experiment, half of the rats in EE were transferred to STD conditions (TBI + EE + STD and sham + EE + STD), and neurobehavior was re-assessed once per month for 6 months. The TBI + EE and TBI + EE + STD groups performed markedly better in the water maze than the TBI + STD group (p<0.0001), and did not differ from one another (p=0.53). These data replicate those of several studies from our laboratory showing that EE enhances recovery after CCI injury, and extend those findings by demonstrating that the cognitive benefits are maintained for at least 6 months post-rehabilitation. The persistent benefits shown with this paradigm provide further support for EE as a pre-clinical model of rehabilitation that can be further explored, either alone or in combination with pharmacotherapies, for optimal neurorehabilitation after TBI.
authors: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Jeffrey P
authors: JP
authors: Cheng
authors: Kaitlyn E
authors: KE
authors: Shaw
authors: Christina M
authors: CM
authors: Monaco
authors: Ann N
authors: AN
authors: Hoffman
authors: Christopher N
authors: CN
authors: Sozda
authors: Adam S
authors: AS
authors: Olsen
authors: Anthony E
authors: AE
authors: Kline
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004777:Environment; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function