title: Shrimp waste extract and astaxanthin: rat alveolar macrophage, oxidative stress and inflammation.
abstract: Astaxanthin is a carotenoid known to have antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. This study examined if shrimp astaxanthin modulates the production of superoxide (O(-)(2)), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rat alveolar macrophages. The oxidative effect was induced by phorbol myristate acetate and lipopolysacharide. The treatment was compared with superoxide dismutase, butylated hydroxytoluene, commercial astaxanthin, N-nitric-L-arginine methyl ester and L- canavanine, all administered as a 43.5-μg/mL dose in the presence of 1% EtOH/0.5% DMSO. All treatments maintained cell viability, as observed in the MTT assay, and shrimp extract increased the viable alveolar macrophages to 168%. Shrimp extract and commercial astaxanthin showed a suppressive effect on the generation of both free radicals O(-)(2) and NO, while purified shrimp astaxanthin was specific to NO. TNF-α secretion was correlated with NO production. However, in this correlation, the shrimp extract completely inhibited TNF-α. In the light of these findings, the antioxidant action demonstrated in this study suggests that the shrimp extract could be considered as a promising source of bioactive substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hydrolysis process of shrimp waste generates bioactive products that add economic value to shrimp processing, mainly because they may have applications in nutraceutical and animal feed industry.
authors: Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami-LIKA, Univ Federal de Pernambuco.
authors: Suzan D
authors: SD
authors: Santos
authors: Thiago B
authors: TB
authors: Cahú
authors: Guilherme O
authors: GO
authors: Firmino
authors: Célia C M M B
authors: CC
authors: de Castro
authors: Luiz B
authors: LB
authors: Carvalho
authors: Ranilson S
authors: RS
authors: Bezerra
authors: José L Lima
authors: JL
authors: Filho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000494:pharmacology; D002172:Canavanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005609:Free Radicals; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014866:Waste Products; D024341:Xanthophylls; D013481:Superoxides; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; C026512:arginine methyl ester; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002172:Canavanine; D000431:Ethanol; C005948:astaxanthine; D001120:Arginine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase