title: Effects of biomarkers of oxidative stress damage on prevalence and severity of visual disability among black Central Africans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the demographic transition, lifestyle changes, urbanization, and nutrition transition, Central Africans are at higher risk of ocular diseases associated with oxidative stress and visual disability. This study aimed to estimate the normal values of oxidant status defined by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), 8-Isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and to determine their pathogenic role in the prevalence and the severity of visual disability among these black Africans.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study, run in a case-control study randomly selected from Kinshasa province, DR Congo. The study included 150 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients (cases) matched for sex and age to 50 healthy non diabetic controls. Logistic regression models were used to identify independent determinants of visual disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence rates were 8.5% for blindness, 20.5% for visual impairment and 29% for visual disability including blindness and visual impairment. After adjusted for taro leaves intake, red beans intake, T2DM, aging, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure, we identified low education level (OR=3.3 95%CI 1.5-7.2; p=0.003), rural-urban migration (OR=2.6 95% CI 1.2-5.6; p=0.017), and high Ox-LDL (OR=2.3 95% CI 1.1-4.7; p=0.029) as the important independent determinants of visual disability. After adjusted for education, intake of red beans, intake of taro leaves, triglycerides, and T2DM, we identified no intake of safou fruit (OR=50.7 95% CI 15.2-168.5; p<0.0001), rural-urban migration (OR=3.9 95%CI 1.213; p=0.012), and high 8-OHdG (OR=14.7 95% CI 3.9-54.5; p<0.0001) as the significant independent determinants of visual disability. After adjusted for education level, no intake of red beans, no intake of Taro leaves, triglycerides, and T2DM, we identified no intake of Safou fruit (OR=43.1 95% CI 13.7-135.4; p<0.0001), age ≥ 60 years (OR=3.4 95% CI 1.3-9; p=0.024), and high 8-Isoprostane (OR=11 95% CI 3.4-36.1; p<0.0001) as the significant independent determinants of visual disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual disability remains a public health problem in Central Africa. Antioxidant supplement, fruit intake, nutrition education, control of migration, and blocking of oxidative stress are crucial steps for delayed development of vision loss.
authors: Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa. longombenza@gmail.com
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Longo-Mbenza
authors: M Mvitu
authors: MM
authors: Muaka
authors: E Cibanda
authors: EC
authors: Yokobo
authors: I Longo
authors: IL
authors: Phemba
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Mokondjimobe
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Gombet
authors: D Kibokela
authors: DK
authors: Ndembe
authors: D Tulomba
authors: DT
authors: Mona
authors: S Wayiza
authors: SW
authors: Masamba
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D044383:Black People; D001766:Blindness / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011157:Population Dynamics; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D015237:Dinoprost; D003849:Deoxyguanosine