title: Validation of a virtual source model for Monte Carlo dose calculations of a flattening filter free linac.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A linac delivering intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) can benefit from a flattening filter free (FFF) design which offers higher dose rates and reduced accelerator head scatter than for conventional (flattened) delivery. This reduction in scatter simplifies beam modeling, and combining a Monte Carlo dose engine with a FFF accelerator could potentially increase dose calculation accuracy. The objective of this work was to model a FFF machine using an adapted version of a previously published virtual source model (VSM) for Monte Carlo calculations and to verify its accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Elekta Synergy linear accelerator operating at 6 MV has been modified to enable irradiation both with and without the flattening filter (FF). The VSM has been incorporated into a commercially available treatment planning system (Monaco™ v 3.1) as VSM 1.6. Dosimetric data were measured to commission the treatment planning system (TPS) and the VSM adapted to account for the lack of angular differential absorption and general beam hardening. The model was then tested using standard water phantom measurements and also by creating IMRT plans for a range of clinical cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the VSM implementation handles the FFF beams very well, with an uncertainty between measurement and calculation of <1% which is comparable to conventional flattened beams. All IMRT beams passed standard quality assurance tests with >95% of all points passing gamma analysis (γ < 1) using a 3%/3 mm tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The virtual source model for flattened beams was successfully adapted to a flattening filter free beam production. Water phantom and patient specific QA measurements show excellent results, and comparisons of IMRT plans generated in conventional and FFF mode are underway to assess dosimetric uncertainties and possible improvements in dose calculation and delivery.
authors: Hall-Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom, B15 2TH.
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Cashmore
authors: Sergey
authors: S
authors: Golubev
authors: Jose Luis
authors: JL
authors: Dumont
authors: Marcin
authors: M
authors: Sikora
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Alber
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Ramtohul
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water