title: Bacterial sensing, cell signaling, and modulation of the immune response during sepsis.
abstract: Since the definition of systemic inflammatory response syndrome/sepsis was originally proposed, a large amount of new information has been generated showing a much more complex scenario of inflammatory and counterinflammatory responses during sepsis. Moreover, some fundamental mechanisms of sensing and destroying invading microorganisms have been uncovered, which include the discovery of TLR4 as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) gene, implications of innate immune cells as drivers of the adaptive response to infection, and the modulation of multiple accessory molecules that stimulate or inhibit monocyte/macrophage and lymphocyte interactions. The complexity of the infection/injury-induced immune response could be better appreciated with the application of genomics and proteomics studies, and LPS was a useful tool in many of these studies. In this review, we discuss aspects of bacterial recognition and induced cellular activation during sepsis. Because of the relevance of endotoxin (LPS) research in the field, we focus on LPS and host interactions as a clue to understand microorganisms sensing and cell signaling, then we discuss how this response is modulated in septic patients.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. rsalomao@unifesp.br
authors: Reinaldo
authors: R
authors: Salomao
authors: Milena Karina Colo
authors: MK
authors: Brunialti
authors: Marjorie Marini
authors: MM
authors: Rapozo
authors: Giovana Lotici
authors: GL
authors: Baggio-Zappia
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Galanos
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Freudenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000502:physiology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4