title: Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although dietary recommendations have focused on restricting saturated fat (SF) consumption to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, evidence from prospective studies has not supported a strong link between total SF intake and CVD events. An understanding of whether food sources of SF influence these relations may provide new insights.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association of SF consumption from different food sources and the incidence of CVD events in a multiethnic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants who were 45-84 y old at baseline (n = 5209) were followed from 2000 to 2010. Diet was assessed by using a 120-item food-frequency questionnaire. CVD incidence (316 cases) was assessed during follow-up visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, and dietary confounders, a higher intake of dairy SF was associated with lower CVD risk [HR (95% CI) for +5 g/d and +5% of energy from dairy SF: 0.79 (0.68, 0.92) and 0.62 (0.47, 0.82), respectively]. In contrast, a higher intake of meat SF was associated with greater CVD risk [HR (95% CI) for +5 g/d and a +5% of energy from meat SF: 1.26 (1.02, 1.54) and 1.48 (0.98, 2.23), respectively]. The substitution of 2% of energy from meat SF with energy from dairy SF was associated with a 25% lower CVD risk [HR (95% CI): 0.75 (0.63, 0.91)]. No associations were observed between plant or butter SF and CVD risk, but ranges of intakes were narrow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations of SF with health may depend on food-specific fatty acids or other nutrient constituents in foods that contain SF, in addition to SF.
authors: Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, USA. motto@hsph.harvard.edu
authors: Marcia C
authors: MC
authors: de Oliveira Otto
authors: Dariush
authors: D
authors: Mozaffarian
authors: Daan
authors: D
authors: Kromhout
authors: Alain G
authors: AG
authors: Bertoni
authors: Christopher T
authors: CT
authors: Sibley
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Jacobs
authors: Jennifer A
authors: JA
authors: Nettleton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002417:Cattle; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids