title: Effect of delayed intermittent ventricular drainage on ventriculomegaly and neurological deficits in experimental neonatal hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence-based guidelines do not indicate when ventricular reservoirs should be placed in children with neonatal hydrocephalus, and delayed intervention is common. We hypothesize that delayed ventricular drainage has adverse effects on structural development and functional outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a well-established animal model of kaolin-induced obstructive hydrocephalus, we evaluated neurologic deficit after early (~1 week post-kaolin) or late (~2 weeks post-kaolin) placement of ventricular reservoirs which were tapped according to strict neurologic criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressive ventriculomegaly was similar in early- and late-reservoir implantation groups. The average neurologic deficit scores (NDSs) over the experimental period were 0 (n=6), 2.74 (n=5), and 2.01 (n=3) for the control, early-, and late-reservoir groups, respectively. At reservoir placement, early-group animals displayed enlarged ventricles without neurologic deficits (mean NDS=0.17), while the late group displayed ventriculomegaly with clinical signs of hydrocephalus (mean NDS=3.13). The correlation between ventriculomegaly severity and NDS in the early group was strongly positive in the acute (before surgery to 3 weeks post-reservoir placement) (R(2)=0.65) and chronic (6 to 12 weeks post-reservoir placement) (R(2)=0.65) phases, while the late group was less correlated (acute R(2)=0.51; chronic R(2)=0.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current practice favors delaying reservoir implantation until signs of elevated intracranial pressure and neurologic deficit appear. Our results demonstrate that animals in early and late groups undergo the same course of ventriculomegaly. The findings also show that tapping reservoirs in these neonatal hydrocephalic animals based on neurologic deficit does not halt progressive ventricular enlargement and that neurologic deficit correlates strongly with ventricular enlargement.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
authors: Ramin
authors: R
authors: Eskandari
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Packer
authors: Eric C
authors: EC
authors: Burdett
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: McAllister
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002415:Cats; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D007616:Kaolin / Q000633:toxicity; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007616:Kaolin