title: Association of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders with somatic or biomedical diagnoses: do population-based utilization study results support the adverse childhood experiences study?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few population-based studies have examined the relationship between psychiatric and somatic or biomedical disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effect of the presence or absence of any psychiatric disorder on somatic or biomedical diagnosis disorder costs. Guided by the Kaiser Permanente and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, we examined our administrative data to test if psychiatric disorder is associated with a higher level of somatic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dataset containing registration data for 205,281 patients younger than age 18 years was randomly selected from administrative data based on these patients never having received any specialized, publicly funded ambulatory, emergency or inpatient admission for treatment of a psychiatric disorder. All physician billing records (8,724,714) from the 16 fiscal years April 1993 to March 2009 were collected and grouped on the basis of presence or absence of any International Classification of Diseases (ICD) psychiatric disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 2 groups (with or without any psychiatric disorder: dependent variable) on the cumulative 16-year mean cost for somatic (biomedical, nonpsychiatric) ICD diagnoses (independent variable).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Billing costs related to somatic and biomedical disorders (nonpsychiatric costs) were 1.8 times greater for those with psychiatric disorders than for those without psychiatric disorders. Somatic costs peaked before the age of 6 years and remained higher than the groupings without psychiatric disorders in each age range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In support of the ACE study, ICD psychiatric disorders (as an index of developmental adversity) are associated with substantially greater ICD somatic disorders. The findings have implications for health care practice.
authors: Foothills Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. chris.wilkes@albertahealthservices.ca
authors: T C R
authors: TC
authors: Wilkes
authors: Lindsay
authors: L
authors: Guyn
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Li
authors: Mingshan
authors: M
authors: Lu
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Cawthorpe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology