title: Gender differences in the correlates of hazardous drinking among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite increasing numbers of women veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, few studies have examined hazardous drinking in this group. The present study examined the prevalence of and risk and protective factors for hazardous drinking in a community-based sample of men and women veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND).
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans completed a structured survey that assessed hazardous drinking using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and a broad range of demographic, life history, and psychopathology variables. Correlations and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine risk and protective factors associated with hazardous drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 30.2% of male veterans and 16.3% of female veterans screened positive for hazardous drinking. In a multivariate analysis in male veterans, younger age, lifetime exposure to assaultive trauma, and conflict in interpersonal relationships were independently associated with hazardous drinking (p<.05). Among women veterans, younger age and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were independently associated with hazardous drinking in a multivariate analysis (p<.05). Secondary analyses of PTSD symptom clusters revealed that emotional numbing symptoms were independently related to hazardous drinking in women veterans (p<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study suggest that hazardous drinking is prevalent in both men and women OEF/OIF/OND veterans and is more likely to occur at younger ages. In addition, results indicate gender differences in the association between hazardous drinking and lifetime trauma history, PTSD symptoms, and interpersonal conflict, which may have important implications for the treatment of alcohol problems in men and women veterans.
authors: National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 151E, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. cobb.scott@yale.edu
authors: J Cobb
authors: JC
authors: Scott
authors: Robert H
authors: RH
authors: Pietrzak
authors: Kristin
authors: K
authors: Mattocks
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Southwick
authors: Cynthia
authors: C
authors: Brandt
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Haskell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*