title: Factors associated with patterns of plural healthcare utilization among patients taking antiretroviral therapy in rural and urban South Africa:  a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In low-resource settings, patients' use of multiple healthcare sources may complicate chronic care and clinical outcomes as antiretroviral therapy (ART) continues to expand. However, little is known regarding patterns, drivers and consequences of using multiple healthcare sources. We therefore investigated factors associated with patterns of plural healthcare usage among patients taking ART in diverse South African settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of patients taking ART was conducted in two rural and two urban sub-districts, involving 13 accredited facilities and 1266 participants selected through systematic random sampling. Structured questionnaires were used in interviews, and participant's clinic records were reviewed. Data collected included household assets, healthcare access dimensions (availability, affordability and acceptability), healthcare utilization and pluralism, and laboratory-based outcomes. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to identify predictors of healthcare pluralism and associations with treatment outcomes. Prior ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen percent of respondents reported use of additional healthcare providers over and above their regular ART visits in the prior month. A further 15% of respondents reported additional expenditure on self-care (e.g. special foods). Access to health insurance (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.15) and disability grants (aOR 1.35) increased plural healthcare use. However, plural healthcare users were more likely to borrow money to finance healthcare (aOR 2.68), and incur catastrophic levels of healthcare expenditure (27%) than non-plural users (7%). Quality of care factors, such as perceived disrespect by staff (aOR 2.07) and lack of privacy (aOR 1.50) increased plural healthcare utilization. Plural healthcare utilization was associated with rural residence (aOR 1.97). Healthcare pluralism was not associated with missed visits or biological outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased plural healthcare utilization, inequitably distributed between rural and urban areas, is largely a function of higher socioeconomic status, better ability to finance healthcare and factors related to poor quality of care in ART clinics. Plural healthcare utilization may be an indication of patients' dissatisfaction with perceived quality of ART care provided. Healthcare expenditure of a catastrophic nature remained a persistent complication. Plural healthcare utilization did not appear to influence clinical outcomes. However, there were potential negative impacts on the livelihoods of patients and their households.
authors: Rural AIDS and Development Action Research, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Acornhoek, Mpumalanga Province, Johannesburg, South Africa. mosa@agincourt.co.za
authors: Mosa
authors: M
authors: Moshabela
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Schneider
authors: Sheetal P
authors: SP
authors: Silal
authors: Susan M
authors: SM
authors: Cleary
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D015397:Program Evaluation; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents