title: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh milk by hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
abstract: In this work, a two-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is developed to provide a rapid, selective and sensitive analytical method to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh milk. The standard addition method is used to construct calibration curves and to determine the residue levels for the target analytes, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene, thus eliminating sample pre-treatment steps such as pH adjustment. The HF-LPME method shows dynamic linearity from 5 to 500 µg/L for all target analytes with R(2) ranging from 0.9978 to 0.9999. Under optimized conditions, the established detection limits range from 0.07 to 1.4 µg/L based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1. Average relative recoveries for the determination of PAHs studied at 100 µg/L spiking levels are in the range of 85 to 110%. The relative recoveries are slightly higher than those obtained by conventional solvent extraction, which requires saponification steps for fluorene and phenanthrene, which are more volatile and heat sensitive. The HF-LPME method proves to be simple and rapid, and requires minimal amounts of organic solvent that supports green analysis.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. marsin@kimia.fs.utm.my
authors: Mohd Marsin
authors: MM
authors: Sanagi
authors: Saw Hong
authors: SH
authors: Loh
authors: Wan Aini
authors: WA
authors: Wan Ibrahim
authors: Mohamed Noor
authors: MN
authors: Hasan
authors: Hassan Y
authors: HY
authors: Aboul Enein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons