title: Early antioxidant treatment and delayed hypothermia after hypoxia-ischemia have no additive neuroprotection in newborn pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The implementation and clinical efficacy of hypothermia in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy are limited, in part, by the delay in instituting hypothermia and access to equipment. In a piglet model of HI, half of the neurons in putamen already showed ischemic cytopathology by 6 hours of recovery. We tested the hypothesis that treatment with the superoxide dismutase-catalase mimetic EUK-134 at 30 minutes of recovery provides additive neuronal protection when combined with 1 day of whole-body hypothermia implemented 4 hours after resuscitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized piglets were subjected to 40 minutes of hypoxia (10% inspired oxygen) followed by 7 minutes of airway occlusion and resuscitation. Body temperature was maintained at 38.5°C in normothermic groups and at 34°C in hypothermic groups. All groups were mechanically ventilated, sedated, and received muscle relaxants during the first day of recovery. Neuropathology was assessed by profile and stereological cell-counting methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 10 days of recovery, neuronal viability in putamen of a normothermic group treated with saline vehicle was reduced to 17% ± 6% (±95% confidence interval) of the value in a sham-operated control group (100% ± 15%). Intravenous infusion of EUK-134 (2.5 mg/kg at 30 minutes of recovery + 1.25 mg/kg/h until 4 hours of recovery) with normothermic recovery resulted in 40% ± 12% viable neurons in putamen. Treatment with saline vehicle followed by delayed hypothermia resulted in partial protection (46% ± 15%). Combining early EUK-134 treatment with delayed hypothermia also produced partial protection (47% ± 18%) that was not significantly greater than single treatment with EUK-134 (confidence interval of difference: -15% to 29%) or delayed hypothermia (-16% to 19%). Furthermore, no additive neuroprotection was detected in caudate nucleus or parasagittal neocortex, where neuronal loss was less severe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that early treatment with this antioxidant does not substantially enhance the therapeutic benefit of delayed hypothermia in protecting highly vulnerable neurons in HI-insulted newborns, possibly because basal ganglia neurons are already undergoing irreversible cell death signaling by the time EUK-134 is administered or because this compound and hypothermia attenuate similar mechanisms of injury.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-4961, USA.
authors: Xinli
authors: X
authors: Ni
authors: Zeng-Jin
authors: ZJ
authors: Yang
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Erin L
authors: EL
authors: Carter
authors: Abby C
authors: AC
authors: Larson
authors: Lee J
authors: LJ
authors: Martin
authors: Raymond C
authors: RC
authors: Koehler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012459:Salicylates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C433928:EUK-134; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D012459:Salicylates