title: Functional study of glenohumeral ligaments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The glenohumeral ligaments are passive stabilising anatomical structures of the shoulder which, in synergy with the other active and passive stabilising structures, enable joint movement and cohesion. The purpose of this study is to analyse the isolated and synergic function of the glenohumeral ligaments by using a tetrapolar detection system with computer analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a study performed on cadavers after anatomical dissection, detector electrodes were positioned on the individual ligaments and recordings were made of bioelectric impedance and, consequently, the resistance, which is an indicator of the state of tension or relaxation of the ligamentous complex. Predefined positions of the upper limb were adopted--neutral adduction, adduction with external rotation, abduction at 45° with neutral and external rotation, and abduction at 90° with neutral and external rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superior glenohumeral ligament is important in stabilisation of the glenohumeral joint in adduction and external rotation. The middle glenohumeral ligament is an important stabilising structure in the positions of adduction and external rotation and abduction up to 45° in external rotation. The resistance, and therefore tension, of the inferior glenohumeral ligament, which is negligible in positions of neutral adduction and adduction in external rotation, increases in value for angles between 45° and 90°, indicating the important stabilising function of this ligament in those positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experimental study on cadavers, which involved evaluating the resistance of the glenohumeral ligaments by means of tetrapolar detection and computer analysis of the results, contributes to our knowledge of the functional activity of the anterior portion of the joint capsule.
authors: Orthopaedic Department, University of Genova, Genova, Italy. lambertofelli@virgilio.it
authors: Lamberto
authors: L
authors: Felli
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Biglieni
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Fiore
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Coviello
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Borri
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Cutolo
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Cutulo
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint