title: Isoflurane attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in ipsilateral hemisphere after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined effects of isoflurane, volatile anesthetics, on blood-brain barrier disruption in the endovascular perforation model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were assigned to sham-operated, SAH+vehicle-air, SAH+1%, or 2% isoflurane groups. Neurobehavioral function, brain water content, Evans blue dye extravasation, and Western blotting for sphingosine kinases, occludin, claudin-5, junctional adhesion molecule, and vascular endothelial cadherin were evaluated at 24 hours post-SAH. Effects of sphingosine kinase (N,N-dimethylsphingosine) or sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1/3 (S1P1/3) inhibitors (VPC23019) on isoflurane's action were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAH aggravated neurological scores, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier permeability, which were prevented by 2% but not 1% isoflurane posttreatment. Two percent isoflurane increased sphingosine kinase-1 expression and prevented a post-SAH decrease in expressions of the blood-brain barrier-related proteins. Both N,N-dimethylsphingosine and VPC23019 abolished the beneficial effects of isoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two percent isoflurane can suppress post-SAH blood-brain barrier disruption, which may be mediated by sphingosine kinase 1 expression and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1/3 activation.
authors: Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors: Orhan
authors: O
authors: Altay
authors: Hidenori
authors: H
authors: Suzuki
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Basak
authors: B
authors: Caner
authors: Paul R
authors: PR
authors: Krafft
authors: Mutsumi
authors: M
authors: Fujii
authors: Jiping
authors: J
authors: Tang
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000473:pathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005070:Evans Blue; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D015415:Biomarkers; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005070:Evans Blue; D007530:Isoflurane; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase