title: Seroconversion to islet autoantibodies after enterovirus infection in early pregnancy.
abstract: Gestational enterovirus (EV) infections have been associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes in the offspring. We therefore analyzed non-diabetic mothers for EV exposure in early pregnancy in relation to type 1 diabetes HLA-DQ risk genotypes and seroconversion to islet autoantibodies during pregnancy. Non-diabetic mothers who had islet autoantibodies (n=365) against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A), or insulin autoantibodies (IAA), in early pregnancy and at delivery were compared to islet autoantibody-negative mothers (n=1457) matched for age and sampling date. Mothers were genotyped for HLA-DQ and analyzed for both EV-RNA and EV-IgM. EV-IgM, but not EV-RNA, was detected during early pregnancy in 12% of islet autoantibody-positive mothers compared to 11% of the controls. In early pregnancy, mothers with HLA-DQ 2/2 or 2/X genotypes showed an increased risk for islet autoantibodies at delivery (OR 1.85; p=0.001). After adjusting for parity, maternal age, year of birth, and season of early pregnancy, early pregnancy EV-IgM combined with DQ2/2 or 2/X increased the risk for islet autoantibodies (OR 3.10; 95% CI 1; p=0.008). EV-IgM in early pregnancy increased the risk for islet autoantibodies at delivery in non-diabetic mothers with HLA-DQ 2/2 or 2/X type 1 diabetes risk genotypes.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden. sabina.lindehammer@med.lu.se
authors: Sabina
authors: S
authors: Rešić Lindehammer
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Honkanen
authors: William Allan
authors: WA
authors: Nix
authors: Maarit
authors: M
authors: Oikarinen
authors: Kristian Francis
authors: KF
authors: Lynch
authors: Ida
authors: I
authors: Jönsson
authors: Karel
authors: K
authors: Marsal
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Oberste
authors: Heikki
authors: H
authors: Hyöty
authors: Åke
authors: Å
authors: Lernmark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000276:immunology; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; C053186:HLA-DQ2 antigen; D007075:Immunoglobulin M