title: Using virtual reality driving simulators in persons with spinal cord injury: three screen display versus head mounted display.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Virtual reality (VR) is a relatively new technology that is currently utilized in a wide variety of settings to test and train individuals in specialized skills. This study examines methods for improving driver retraining protocols for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared a VR driving simulator, under two different display conditions, a head mounted display (HMD) and a three screen display (TSD) to identify the best method for retraining driving skills following SCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there was minimal evidence for driving performance difficulties in the HMD condition relative to the TSD condition (e.g. greater number of times for being off course and longer stopping latencies for the HMD condition), rates of simulator sickness did not differ between display conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, findings suggest that both the HMD and the TSD are reasonable simulator options for driver retraining in SCI.
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. carlozzi@med.umich.edu
authors: Noelle E
authors: NE
authors: Carlozzi
authors: Venkata
authors: V
authors: Gade
authors: Albert Skip
authors: AS
authors: Rizzo
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Tulsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D003626:Data Display; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult