title: Beta-adrenergic receptors, from their discovery and characterization through their manipulation to beneficial clinical application.
abstract: β-Adrenergic receptors (β-AR) are central to the overall regulation of cardiac function. From the first proposed receptor/transmitter concept to the latest clinical β-blocker trials β-AR have been shown to play an important role in cardiac disease and heart failure in particular. This study provides a historical perspective, reviews the latest discoveries and beliefs, and discusses the current clinical practices of β-AR and their modulation with their associated guanine-nucleotide regulatory protein/adenylylcyclasesignal transduction pathways.
authors: Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors: S Blake
authors: SB
authors: Wachter
authors: Edward M
authors: EM
authors: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000145:classification / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins