title: Endotoxaemia in haemodialysis: a novel factor in erythropoetin resistance?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Translocated endotoxin derived from intestinal bacteria is a driver of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Severe endotoxaemia is an underappreciated, but characteristic finding in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and appears to be driven by acute repetitive dialysis induced circulatory stress. Resistance to erythropoietin (EPO) has been identified as a predictor of mortality risk, and associated with inflammation and malnutrition. This study aims to explore the potential link between previously unrecognised endotoxaemia and EPO Resistance Index (ERI) in HD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  50 established HD patients were studied at a routine dialysis session. Data collection included weight, BMI, ultrafiltration volume, weekly EPO dose, and blood sampling pre and post HD. ERI was calculated as ratio of total weekly EPO dose to body weight (U/kg) to haemoglobin level (g/dL). Mean haemoglobin (Hb) was 11.3±1.3 g/dL with a median EPO dose of 10,000 [IQR 7,500-20,000] u/wk and ERI of 13.7 [IQR 6.9-23.3] ((U/Kg)/(g/dL)). Mean pre-HD serum ET levels were significantly elevated at 0.69±0.30 EU/ml. Natural logarithm (Ln) of ERI correlated to predialysis ET levels (r = 0.324, p = 0.03) with a trend towards association with hsCRP (r = 0.280, p = 0.07). Ln ERI correlated with ultrafiltration volume, a driver of circulatory stress (r = 0.295, p = 0.046), previously identified to be associated with increased intradialytic endotoxin translocation. Both serum ET and ultrafiltration volume corrected for body weight were independently associated with Ln ERI in multivariable analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that endotoxaemia is a significant factor in setting levels of EPO requirement. It raises the possibility that elevated EPO doses may in part merely be identifying patients subjected to significant circulatory stress and suffering the myriad of negative biological consequences arising from sustained systemic exposure to endotoxin.
authors: Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom.
authors: Laura E A
authors: LE
authors: Harrison
authors: James O
authors: JO
authors: Burton
authors: Cheuk-Chun
authors: CC
authors: Szeto
authors: Philip K T
authors: PK
authors: Li
authors: Christopher W
authors: CW
authors: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000209:etiology*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004921:Erythropoietin