title: Combining structural brain changes improves the prediction of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several structural brain changes have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the prediction of AD by combining multiple brain changes with the hallmark medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA).
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of people with mild AD (n = 39), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 82), and of healthy controls (HC; n = 58) were obtained at baseline. Among these people, 26 AD, 53 MCI, and 46 HC subjects had 24-month follow-up MRI scans. Bilateral MTA was evaluated using a medial temporal lobe atrophy scale (MTAS). Common changes in the aging brain were summarized using a brain atrophy and lesion index (BALI). The performance of the MTAS, BALI, and a score combining both, using a logistic regression model, were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MTAS and BALI scores were closely correlated (r(2) > 0.56); each differed between the diagnostic groups. Having an unfavorable MTAS score was associated with an increased risk of MCI-AD conversion (OR = 3.71, p = 0.039), adjusted for age, sex, and education; having an unfavorable BALI score marginally contributed to such risks (OR = 4.08, p = 0.080). Combining MTAS and BALI components resulted in a greater OR (8.99, p = 0.007) and an improved predictive accuracy (75.9%, p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple structural changes have an additive effect on AD. The data support potential future roles of combining multiple coexisting structural changes to benefit AD diagnosis, progression monitoring, and/or treatment effect evaluation.
authors: National Research Council Canada Institute for Biodiagnostics (Atlantic), Halifax, N.S., Canada.
authors: Ningnannan
authors: N
authors: Zhang
authors: Xiaowei
authors: X
authors: Song
authors: Yunting
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*