title: The rhoptry proteins ROP18 and ROP5 mediate Toxoplasma gondii evasion of the murine, but not the human, interferon-gamma response.
abstract: The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii secretes effector proteins into the host cell that manipulate the immune response allowing it to establish a chronic infection. Crosses between the types I, II and III strains, which are prevalent in North America and Europe, have identified several secreted effectors that determine strain differences in mouse virulence. The polymorphic rhoptry protein kinase ROP18 was recently shown to determine the difference in virulence between type I and III strains by phosphorylating and inactivating the interferon-γ (IFNγ)-induced immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) that promote killing by disrupting the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) in murine cells. The polymorphic pseudokinase ROP5 determines strain differences in virulence through an unknown mechanism. Here we report that ROP18 can only inhibit accumulation of the IRGs on the PVM of strains that also express virulent ROP5 alleles. In contrast, specific ROP5 alleles can reduce IRG coating even in the absence of ROP18 expression and can directly interact with one or more IRGs. We further show that the allelic combination of ROP18 and ROP5 also determines IRG evasion and virulence of strains belonging to other lineages besides types I, II and III. However, neither ROP18 nor ROP5 markedly affect survival in IFNγ-activated human cells, which lack the multitude of IRGs present in murine cells. These findings suggest that ROP18 and ROP5 have specifically evolved to block the IRGs and are unlikely to have effects in species that do not have the IRG system, such as humans.
authors: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Niedelman
authors: Daniel A
authors: DA
authors: Gold
authors: Emily E
authors: EE
authors: Rosowski
authors: Joris K
authors: JK
authors: Sprokholt
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Lim
authors: Ailan
authors: A
authors: Farid Arenas
authors: Mariane B
authors: MB
authors: Melo
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Spooner
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Yaffe
authors: Jeroen P J
authors: JP
authors: Saeij
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion / Q000276:immunology*; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000276:immunology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013045:Species Specificity; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000276:immunology*; D014774:Virulence / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C556793:ROP18 protein, Toxoplasma gondii; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases