title: Insecticide toxic effects on Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae (Pang and Chen) is a major natural enemy of many lepidopterans, but only a few studies have been conducted on the compatibility of biological and chemical controls. In this study, the selectivity of 30 insecticides to T. ostriniae adults was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the seven classes of chemicals tested, organophosphates and carbamates had the highest intrinsic toxicity to the wasp, with LC(50) values ranging from 0.032 (0.029-0.038) to 2.38 (1.91-3.15) mg AI L(-1). They are followed by phenylpyrazoles, avermectins, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids, which induce variable toxicity responses, with LC(50) values ranging from 0.14 (0.11-0.21) to 56.67 (48.94-67.24) mg AI L(-1), from 2.57 (1.85-4.28) to 4.48 (3.34-6.83) mg AI L(-1), from 2.48 (1.80-4.03) to 503.6 (457.6-557.5) mg AI L(-1) and from 5.44 (3.95-8.84) to 104.2 (92.48-119.7) mg AI L(-1) respectively. The insect growth regulators (IGRs) exhibited least toxicity to the parasitoid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk quotient analysis classifies neonicotinoids, avermectins, pyrethroids, IGRs and phenylpyrazoles (with the exception of butane-fipronil and fipronil) as safe agents to the parasitoid, but categorises organophosphates and carbamates as slightly to moderately toxic or dangerous to T. ostriniae.
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Yanhua
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Liping
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Ruixian
authors: R
authors: Yu
authors: Xueping
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: Changxing
authors: C
authors: Wu
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Cang
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D007306:Insecticides