title: Elevated acetoacetate and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in cord blood of infants of diabetic mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) are at increased risk for metabolic complications. Type 1 and some type 2 diabetic patients have elevated levels of the ketone bodies acetoacetate (AA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine how hyperketonemia in diabetic mothers affects markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in their offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was obtained from 23 diabetic mothers and 13 healthy mothers and their infants' umbilical cords at delivery. Interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and protein carbonyl (protein oxidation) levels were determined by ELISA. U937 human monocyte cell culture was used to examine the effect of AA and BHB on secretion of MCP-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in the levels of AA in cord blood of IDMs compared with cord blood of infants of healthy mothers. A significant increase in the levels of protein oxidation (p < 0.05) and MCP-1 levels (p < 0.05) was observed in the cord blood of IDMs. The level of MCP-1 correlated significantly (r = 0.51, p = 0.01) with the concentration of AA in the IDMs. In further experiments with cultured monocytes treated with exogenous AA (0-4 mM), a significant increase in MCP-1 secretion was observed in AA- but not BHB-treated monocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood levels of AA and MCP-1 are elevated in IDMs, which may contribute to the development of the metabolic complications seen in IDMs.
authors: Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
authors: Dalibor
authors: D
authors: Kurepa
authors: Arun K
authors: AK
authors: Pramanik
authors: Venkatakrishna
authors: V
authors: Kakkilaya
authors: Gloria
authors: G
authors: Caldito
authors: Lynn J
authors: LJ
authors: Groome
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Bocchini
authors: Sushil K
authors: SK
authors: Jain
mesh_terms: D000090:Acetoacetates / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D020298:U937 Cells; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000090:Acetoacetates; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; C016635:acetoacetic acid