title: Viral kinetics are associated with changes in cytokines and chemokines in serum and target organs of SSM-CVB3-infected macaques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between viral kinetics and the expression patterns for different cytokines and chemokines in the serum and organs of coxsackievirus B3 (SSM-CVB3)-infected macaques over the course of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  SSM-CVB3 levels in serum and organs were measured using the Spearman-Karber 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) method. Cytokine and chemokine levels in the serum and organs were measured by indirect-ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low viral titers were detected in the serum samples on the first day post-inoculation (p.i.) and peaked at 6 to 10 days p.i. in the serum samples from five macaques. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-17α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1β were detected each day and, similar to the viral titers, peaked at 6 to 10 days. IL-10 was only detected on days 10 to 14 p.i. Additionally, higher viral titers and relative viral mRNA levels were associated with higher cytokine and chemokine levels in selected tissues from infected macaques including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that patterns of cytokine and chemokine response are associated with viral kinetics in the serum and target organs of SSM-CVB3-infected macaques, suggesting that the changes in cytokines and chemokines could help further our understanding of the progress of CVB3 infections in clinical settings.
authors: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. hts-820228@163.com
authors: Tiesuo
authors: T
authors: Han
authors: Kui
authors: K
authors: Zhao
authors: Chenchen
authors: C
authors: Wu
authors: Huijun
authors: H
authors: Lu
authors: Deguang
authors: D
authors: Song
authors: Wenqi
authors: W
authors: He
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000097:blood; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000821:virology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000097:blood; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008251:Macaca; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma