title: Vagus nerve stimulation for partial and generalized epilepsy from infancy to adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is approved by the FDA for the treatment of partial epilepsy in patients older than 12 years. Authors of the current study performed a large retrospective analysis and comparison of VNS outcomes in children with an age ≥ and < 12 years, including those with partial and generalized epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the records of pediatric patients (age < 18 years) who had undergone primary VNS system implantation between 2001 and 2010 by a single pediatric neurosurgeon was undertaken. Considered data included demographics, epilepsy type (partial vs generalized), seizure frequency, seizure duration, postictal period duration, and antiepileptic medication use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-six patients (49% female) were followed up for a mean of 41 months after VNS implantation. Thirty-two percent of patients had partial epilepsy and 68% had generalized epilepsy. After VNS system implantation, seizure frequency was reduced in 91% of patients, seizure duration in 50%, postictal period in 49%, and antiepileptic medication use in 75%. There was no significant difference in age, sex, or duration of follow-up according to epilepsy type. Neither was there any significant difference in seizure frequency reduction, seizure duration, postictal period, medication use, overall clinical improvement, or improvement in quality of life based on an age ≥ or < 12 years or epilepsy type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vagus nerve stimulation reduced both seizure frequency and antiepileptic medication use in the majority of pediatric patients regardless of sex, age cohort, or epilepsy type. Vagus nerve stimulation also reduced seizure duration and postictal period in approximately half of the pediatric patients. Contrary to expectation, children with partial epilepsy do not benefit from VNS at higher rates than those with generalized epilepsy.
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors: Eric M
authors: EM
authors: Thompson
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Wozniak
authors: Colin M
authors: CM
authors: Roberts
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Kao
authors: Valerie C
authors: VC
authors: Anderson
authors: Nathan R
authors: NR
authors: Selden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000628:therapy*; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants