title: Capturing their best side? Did the advent of the camera influence the orientation artists chose to paint and draw in their self-portraits?
abstract: When posing for a portrait people tend to offer the left cheek; however self-portraits typically depict right cheek poses. Why? If the right cheek bias for self-portraits results from artists offering their left cheeks to a mirror, then right cheek self-portraits should become increasingly infrequent following the introduction of affordable cameras. The present study was thus designed to determine whether orientation changed as a function of the date of composition by examining 1193 self-portraits from 24 international galleries. Self-portraits were split into seven groups by date: Group 1 Pre-camera: 1452-1539 (N=25); Group 2 Pre-camera: 1540-1639 (N=65); Group 3 Pre-camera: 1640-1739 (N=61); Group 4 Pre-camera: 1740-1839 (N=141); Group 5 Early cameras: 1840-1887 (N=235); Group 6 Kodak cameras: 1888-1935 (N=411); and Group 7 Cameras popularly adopted: 1936-2008 (N=255). Consistent with prediction, results confirmed that the right cheek bias in self-portraits changed over time, from 61.6% of pre-camera portraits (1452-1839), to 43.2% of post-camera portraits (1840-2008). Although the decrease in right cheek pose frequency did correspond with an increase in left cheek poses (1452-1839 mean 32.9% vs 1840-2008 mean 39.8%), the greatest proportional change since the introduction of the camera was the frequency of midline poses, climbing from 4% of 1452-1539 portraits, to 31.5% of 1936-2008 portraits. Thus these data imply that the availability of affordable cameras might have influenced self-portrait posing biases.
authors: School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia. a.lindell@latrobe.edu.au
authors: Annukka K
authors: AK
authors: Lindell
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D010150:Paint / Q000266:history; D012649:Self Concept