title: Frequency of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a comprehensive systematic review of prospective studies about frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring during hospitalization (ADR(In) ), including a thorough study quality assessment, meta-analysis and heterogeneity evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of several databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, ISI, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scirus, NHS economic, and others, as well as manual search. Inclusion criteria were: prospective studies (assessing all patients before discharge, by a specialized team, at least once a week); with data about ADRs occurring during hospitalization, using WHO's or similar definition of ADR. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility criteria, extracted data, and evaluated risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 4139 studies initially found, 22 were included. Meta-analysis indicate that ADRs may occur in 16.88% (CI95%: 13.56,20.21%) of patients during hospitalization; however, this estimate has to be viewed with caution because there was significant heterogeneity (I²  = 99%). The most significant moderators of heterogeneity were risk of bias, population, ward, and methodology for ADR identification. Low risk of bias studies adjusted for population (pediatric versus adult) had I²  = 0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are useful as a broad characterization of in-hospital ADRs and their frequency. However, due to heterogeneity, our estimates are crude indicators. The wide variation in methodologies was one of the most important moderators of heterogeneity (even among studies using intensive monitoring). We suggest criteria to standardize methodologies and reduce the risk of bias.
authors: Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Portugal. myworld_ana@hotmail.com
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Miguel
authors: Luís Filipe
authors: LF
authors: Azevedo
authors: Manuela
authors: M
authors: Araújo
authors: Altamiro Costa
authors: AC
authors: Pereira
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk