title: Real time 3D echocardiography (RT3D) for assessment of ventricular and vascular function in hypertensive and heart failure patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac and systemic hemodynamics have been historically in the domain of invasive cardiology, but recent advances in real-time 3-Dimensional echocardiography (RT3D echo) provide a reliable measurement of ventricular volumes, allowing to measure a set of hemodynamic parameters previously difficult or impossible to obtain with standard 2D echo.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of a comprehensive hemodynamic study with RT-3D echo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 136 patients referred for routine echocardiography: 44 normal (N), 57 hypertensive (HYP), and 35 systolic heart failure patients (HF). All patients underwent standard 2D echo examination followed by RT3D echo examination, including measurement of left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and derived assessment of LV elastance (an index of LV contractility), arterial elastance (characterizing the distal impedance of the arterial system downstream of the aortic valve); ventricular-arterial coupling (a central determinant of net cardiovascular performance); systemic vascular resistances. Blood pressure was derived from cuff sphygmomanometer and heart rate from ECG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A complete 2D echo was performed in all 136 patients. 3D echo examination was obtained in 130 patients (feasibility = 95 %). Standard 2D echo examination was completed in 14.8 ± 2.2 min. Acquisition of 3D images required an average time of 5 ± 0.9 min (range 3.5-7.5 min) and image analysis was completed in 10.1 ± 2.8 min (range 6-12 min) per patient. Compared to N and HYP, HF patients showed reduced LV elastance (1.7 ± 1.5 mmHg mL(-1) m(-2), p < 0.001 vs N = 3.8 ± 1.3 and HYP = 3.8 ± 1.3) and ventricular-arterial coupling (0.6 ± 0.5, p < 0.01 vs N = 1.4 ± 0.4 and HYP = 1.2 ± 0.4). Systemic vascular resistances were highest in HYP (2736 ± 720, p < .01 vs N = 1980 ± 432 and vs HF = 1855 ± 636 dyne*s/cm5). The LV elastance was related to EF (r = 0.73, p < 0.01) and arterial pressure was moderately related to vascular elastance (r = 0.54, p < 0.01). The ventricular-arterial coupling was unrelated to systemic vascular resistances (r = -0.04, p NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT-3D echo allows a non invasive, comprehensive assessment of cardiac and systemic hemodynamics, offering insight access to key variables--such as increased systemic vascular resistances in hypertensives and reduced ventricular-arterial coupling in heart failure patients.
authors: Cardiologia Asl 2 Lucca, Lucca, Italy. chiara_scali@yahoo.it
authors: Maria Chiara
authors: MC
authors: Scali
authors: Massimiliano
authors: M
authors: Basso
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Gandolfo
authors: Tonino
authors: T
authors: Bombardini
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Bellotti
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Sicari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*