title: Interpersonal touch: physiological effects in critical care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurses use several forms of touch in patient encounters. Interpersonal touch elicits specific physiological and psychological responses, including neuroendocrine effects and reduction of stress. Critical illness is a state of excessive physiological and psychological stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically review evidence on the effect of touch on physiological outcomes in critically ill individuals. Results of intervention studies in adult critical care settings were reviewed along with supportive evidence from studies in other populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical literature review based on studies published in MEDLINE, PubMed, Cinahl, Embase, and Cochrane databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies were reviewed. Significant effects of interpersonal touch included lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, improved sleep, and decreased pain. Almost no results were replicated owing to discrepancies among studies. Although the effect of touch on cardiovascular autonomic status appears considerable, several confounders must be considered. In noncritically ill populations, replicable findings included increased urinary dopamine and serotonin, natural killer cytotoxic activity, and salivary chromogranin. Effects on plasma cortisol and immune cells were variable. Effects appear to vary according to amount of pressure, body site, duration, and timing: Moderate pressure touch may elicit a parasympathetic response in contrast to light touch, which may elicit a sympathetic response. Moreover, touch effects may be mediated by the density of autonomic innervation received by the body areas involved and repetition of sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physiological pathway mediating the effects of touch is unclear. Although no concrete conclusions can be drawn, research evidence suggests that touch interventions may benefit critically ill individuals.
authors: Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus. e.papathanassoglou@cut.ac.cy
authors: Elizabeth D E
authors: ED
authors: Papathanassoglou
authors: Meropi D A
authors: MD
authors: Mpouzika
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D014110:Touch