title: Racial and ethnic differences in incident hospitalized heart failure in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The differences in the incidence of heart failure by race/ethnicity and the potential mechanisms for these differences are largely unexplored in women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 156 143 postmenopausal women free of self-reported heart failure enrolled from 1993 to 1998 at 40 clinical centers throughout the United States as part of the Women's Health Initiative and were followed up until 2005, for an average of 7.8 years, for incident hospitalized heart failure. Incident rates, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals were determined by use of the Cox proportional hazard model comparing racial/ethnic groups, and population-attributable risk percentages were calculated for each racial/ethnic group. Blacks had the highest age-adjusted incidence of heart failure (380 in 100 000 person-years), followed by whites (274), Hispanics (193), and Asian/Pacific Islanders (103). The excess risk in blacks compared with whites (age-adjusted HR=1.45) was significantly attenuated by adjustment for household income (HR=0.97) and diabetes mellitus (HR=0.89), but the lower risk in Hispanics (age-adjusted HR=0.72) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (age-adjusted HR=0.44) remained despite adjustment for traditional risk factors, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and access-to-care variables. The effect of adjustment for interim coronary heart disease on nonwhite versus white HRs for heart failure differed by race/ethnic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic women have a lower incidence of heart failure and black women have higher rates of heart failure compared with white women. The excess risk of incident heart failure in black women is explained largely by adjustment for lower household incomes and diabetes mellitus in black women, whereas the lower rates of heart failure in Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics are largely unexplained by the risk factors measured in this study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000611.
authors: Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Director, Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860, USA. Charles_Eaton@mhri.org
authors: Charles B
authors: CB
authors: Eaton
authors: Abdulrahman M
authors: AM
authors: Abdulbaki
authors: Karen L
authors: KL
authors: Margolis
authors: Joann E
authors: JE
authors: Manson
authors: Marian
authors: M
authors: Limacher
authors: Liviu
authors: L
authors: Klein
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Allison
authors: Jennifer G
authors: JG
authors: Robinson
authors: J David
authors: JD
authors: Curb
authors: Lisa A
authors: LA
authors: Martin
authors: Simin
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: Barbara V
authors: BV
authors: Howard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000208:ethnology*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology*