title: Sildenafil (Viagra®) down regulates cytokines and prevents demyelination in a cuprizone-induced MS mouse model.
abstract: Sildenafil induces cGMP accumulation through phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibition. cGMP-pathways protect oligodendrocytes and modulate astroglial and microglial reactions. Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in perpetuating multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination. Therefore, sildenafil can be a potential tool for MS treatment. The present study investigated the effects of sildenafil on the myelin structure and astrocyte/microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in an animal model of MS. Cuprizone-induced demyelination and neuroinflammation in rodents has been widely used as a model for MS. Herein, five male C57BL/6 mice (7-10 weeks old) were used per group. Over a 4-week period, the different groups received the following: (1) cuprizone (0.2%) mixed into the chow; (2) cuprizone in the chow and sildenafil (Viagra®; 3, 25 or 50mg/kg) in the drinking water; or (3) pure chow and water (control group). Cerebella were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and luxol fast blue staining. Cuprizone induced tissue damage, with an increase in GFAP, Iba-1 and COX-2 and demyelination in comparison to the control group. However, cuprizone did not affect the expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-2). Sildenafil reduced GFAP (25 and 50mg/kg) and Iba-1 expression (25mg/kg) in comparison to the cuprizone group, indicating the modulation of astrocytes and microglia, respectively. Sildenafil preserved myelin and axons ultrastructure and strongly reduced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2 and COX-2 expression in comparison to the control and/or cuprizone groups. The results demonstrate a protective effect of sildenafil in the cerebellum. Thus, well-designed clinical trials may demonstrate that the oral administration of sildenafil can be suitable for individuals with MS and other neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative diseases, providing additional benefits to current treatments.
authors: Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia, Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste (MCTI/CETENE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors: Ana Karolina de Santana
authors: AK
authors: Nunes
authors: Catarina
authors: C
authors: Rapôso
authors: Rayana Leal de Almeida
authors: RL
authors: Luna
authors: Maria Alice da
authors: MA
authors: Cruz-Höfling
authors: Christina Alves
authors: CA
authors: Peixoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003471:Cuprizone; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D003471:Cuprizone; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2