title: Blood fibrinogen as a biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multicomponent condition that is characterised by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible and is a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. The most widely used marker of disease severity and progression is FEV1. However, FEV1 correlates poorly with both symptoms and other measures of disease progression and thus there is an urgent need for other biological markers to better characterise individuals with COPD. Fibrinogen is an acute phase plasma protein that has emerged as a promising biomarker in COPD. Here we review the current clinical evidence linking fibrinogen with COPD and its associated co-morbidities and discuss its potential utility as a biomarker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches for appropriate studies were undertaken on PubMed using search terms fibrinogen, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, FEV1, cardiovascular disease, exacerbation and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is strong evidence of an association between fibrinogen and the presence of COPD, the presence and frequency of exacerbations and with mortality. Fibrinogen is associated with disease severity but does not predict lung function decline, a measure used as a surrogate for disease activity. The role of fibrinogen in identifying inflammatory co morbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease, remains unclear. Fibrinogen is reduced by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors in individuals with stable disease and by oral corticosteroids during exacerbations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fibrinogen is likely to be a useful biomarker to stratify individuals with COPD into those with a high or low risk of future exacerbations and may identify those with a higher risk of mortality.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Annelyse
authors: A
authors: Duvoix
authors: Jenny
authors: J
authors: Dickens
authors: Imran
authors: I
authors: Haq
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Mannino
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Miller
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Tal-Singer
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Lomas
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005340:Fibrinogen