title: Effect of elevated CO2 on degradation of azoxystrobin and soil microbial activity in rice soil.
abstract: An experiment was conducted in open-top chambers (OTC) to study the effect of elevated CO2 (580 ± 20 μmol mol(-1)) on azoxystrobin degradation and soil microbial activities. Results indicated that elevated CO2 did not have any significant effect on the persistence of azoxystrobin in rice-planted soil. The half-life values for the azoxystrobin in rice soils were 20.3 days in control (rice grown at ambient CO2 outdoors), 19.3 days in rice grown under ambient CO2 atmosphere in OTC, and 17.5 days in rice grown under elevated CO2 atmosphere in OTC. Azoxystrobin acid was recovered as the only metabolite of azoxystrobin, but it did not accumulate in the soil/water and was further metabolized. Elevated CO2 enhanced soil microbial biomass (MBC) and alkaline phosphatase activity of soil. Compared with rice grown at ambient CO2 (both outdoors and in OTC), the soil MBC at elevated CO2 increased by twofold. Elevated CO2 did not affect dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, and acid phosphatase activity. Azoxystrobin application to soils, both ambient and elevated CO2, inhibited alkaline phosphates activity, while no effect was observed on other enzymes. Slight increase (1.8-2 °C) in temperature inside OTC did not affect microbial parameters, as similar activities were recorded in rice grown outdoors and in OTC at ambient CO2. Higher MBC in soil at elevated CO2 could be attributed to increased carbon availability in the rhizosphere via plant metabolism and root secretion; however, it did not significantly increase azoxystrobin degradation, suggesting that pesticide degradation was not the result of soil MBC alone. Study suggested that increased CO2 levels following global warming might not adversely affect azoxystrobin degradation. However, global warming is a continuous and cumulative process, therefore, long-term studies are necessary to get more realistic assessment of global warming on fate of pesticide.
authors: Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 10012, India.
authors: Suman
authors: S
authors: Manna
authors: Neera
authors: N
authors: Singh
authors: V P
authors: VP
authors: Singh
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D057232:Global Warming; D006207:Half-Life; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073739:Strobilurins
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D008689:Methacrylates; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000073739:Strobilurins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C087670:azoxystrobin