title: Imaginative resonance training (IRT) achieves elimination of amputees' phantom pain (PLP) coupled with a spontaneous in-depth proprioception of a restored limb as a marker for permanence and supported by pre-post functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
abstract: Non-pharmacological approaches such as mirror therapy and graded motor imagery often provide amelioration of amputees' phantom limb pain (PLP), but elimination has proved difficult to achieve. Proprioception of the amputated limb has been noted in studies to be defective and/or distorted in the presence of PLP, but has not, apparently, been researched for various stages of amelioration up to the absence of PLP. Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggested that pathological cortical reorganisation after amputation may be the underlying neurobiological correlate of PLP. We report two cases of permanent elimination of PLP after application of imaginative resonance training. The patients, 69 years and 84 years old, reported freedom from PLP together with in-depth achievement of proprioception of a restored limb at the end of the treatment, which may thus be taken as an indication of permanence. Pre/post fMRI for the first case showed, against a group of healthy controls, analogous changes of activation in the sensorimotor cortex.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe - University Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Stasse 10, 60528 Frankfurt on Main, Germany.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Meyer
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Matthes
authors: Karl Erwin
authors: KE
authors: Kusche
authors: Konrad
authors: K
authors: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005121:Extremities / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000098:blood supply*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen