title: TAT-mediated photochemical internalization results in cell killing by causing the release of calcium into the cytosol of cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lysis of endocytic organelles is a necessary step in many cellular delivery methodologies. This is achieved efficiently in the photochemical internalization approach but the cell death that accompanies this process remains a problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigate the mechanisms of cell death that accompanies photochemical internalization of the fluorescent peptide TMR-TAT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMR-TAT kills cells after endocytosis and light irradiation. The lysis of endocytic organelles by TMR-TAT causes a rapid increase in the concentration of calcium in the cytosol. TMR-TAT co-localizes with endocytic organelles containing calcium prior to irradiation and photochemical internalization leads to the release of the lumenal content of these organelles. Ruthenium red and cyclosporin A, inhibitors of calcium import in mitochondria and of the mitochondria permeability transition pore, inhibit cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMR-TAT mediated photochemical internalization leads to a disruption of calcium homeostasis. The subsequent import of calcium in mitochondria is a causative factor of the cell death that accompanies photochemical internalization. General significance Understanding how the lysis of endocytic organelles affects cellular physiology and causes cell death is crucial to the development of optimal delivery methodologies.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors: Nandhini
authors: N
authors: Muthukrishnan
authors: Gregory A
authors: GA
authors: Johnson
authors: Jongdoo
authors: J
authors: Lim
authors: Eric E
authors: EE
authors: Simanek
authors: Jean-Philippe
authors: JP
authors: Pellois
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D010777:Photochemistry; D012235:Rhodamines
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D006575:Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; D012235:Rhodamines; C412715:tetramethylrosamine; D002118:Calcium