title: Preliminary investigations on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate cutoffs for detecting alcohol consumption on the basis of an ingestion experiment and on data from withdrawal treatment.
abstract: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) are commonly used alcohol markers for previous alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, the optimum EtG cutoff for urinary abstinence tests is still being discussed, and no cutoff has been recommended for EtS yet. The aim of this study was to verify cutoffs by investigating EtG and EtS concentrations (c(EtG) and c(EtS)) in the urine of healthy persons after drinking small, but realistic amounts of alcohol (one or two glasses of beer or white wine), and to look for the window of detection in strongly alcohol-intoxicated patients who were beginning withdrawal treatment. Very high EtG and EtS concentrations were measured in the first urine samples of patients under withdrawal treatment. However, 24 h later, concentrations decreased considerably, and c (EtG) < 0.5 mg/l and c (EtS) < 0.1 mg/l were determined in 26.7 % (4/13) and 13.3 % (2/13) of the samples, respectively. Concentrations above 0.1 mg/l (EtG) and 0.05 mg/l (EtS) were measured for 23.5 and 20.5 h after consuming 0.1 l of white wine or 0.33 l of beer, and 24 h after the experiment, 75 % (9/12) of the urine samples were tested negative for EtG and EtS using the following cutoffs: EtG 0.5 mg/l and EtS 0.1 mg/l. In half of the samples, concentrations below 0.1 mg/l (EtG) and 0.05 mg/l (EtS) were detected. Urinary cutoffs for EtG of 0.5 mg/l or higher are not suitable for testing abstinence. Even 0.1 mg/l is not effective to detect the intake of small amounts of alcohol in the context of abstinence tests. For EtS, 0.05 mg/l were found to be a potential cutoff to exclude the repeated intake of alcohol. Yet, further research is required to verify this cutoff. For a limited time period, EtG and EtS concentrations within the range of these cutoffs are also detectable after unintentional consumption of alcohol. Participants of abstinence programs have to be informed about the alcohol content of certain foods and beverages whose consumption is in conflict with strict abstinence.
authors: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany. Elena.Albermann@uni-bonn.de
authors: Maria Elena
authors: ME
authors: Albermann
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Musshoff
authors: Elke
authors: E
authors: Doberentz
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Heese
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Banger
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Madea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000652:urine*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000652:urine*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001944:Breath Tests; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000652:urine*; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000652:urine*; D013695:Temperance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005965:Glucuronates; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C093924:ethyl glucuronide; D000431:Ethanol; C011612:diethyl sulfate