title: Quality control of high-dose-rate brachytherapy: treatment delivery analysis using statistical process control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Statistical process control (SPC) is a quality control method used to ensure that a process is well controlled and operates with little variation. This study determined whether SPC was a viable technique for evaluating the proper operation of a high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatment delivery system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A surrogate prostate patient was developed using Vyse ordnance gelatin. A total of 10 metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) were placed from prostate base to apex. Computed tomography guidance was used to accurately position the first detector in each train at the base. The plan consisted of 12 needles with 129 dwell positions delivering a prescribed peripheral dose of 200 cGy. Sixteen accurate treatment trials were delivered as planned. Subsequently, a number of treatments were delivered with errors introduced, including wrong patient, wrong source calibration, wrong connection sequence, single needle displaced inferiorly 5 mm, and entire implant displaced 2 mm and 4 mm inferiorly. Two process behavior charts (PBC), an individual and a moving range chart, were developed for each dosimeter location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 4 false positives resulting from 160 measurements from 16 accurately delivered treatments. For the inaccurately delivered treatments, the PBC indicated that measurements made at the periphery and apex (regions of high-dose gradient) were much more sensitive to treatment delivery errors. All errors introduced were correctly identified by either the individual or the moving range PBC in the apex region. Measurements at the urethra and base were less sensitive to errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPC is a viable method for assessing the quality of HDR treatment delivery. Further development is necessary to determine the most effective dose sampling, to ensure reproducible evaluation of treatment delivery accuracy.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. cable@wfubmc.edu
authors: Charles M
authors: CM
authors: Able
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Bright
authors: Bart
authors: B
authors: Frizzell
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002138:Calibration; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011786:Quality Control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods