title: Association of race with cumulative exposure to statins in dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients on dialysis have high rates of cardiovascular disease and are frequently treated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Given that these patients have insurance coverage for medications as well as regular contact with health care providers, differences by race in exposure to statins over time should be minimal among patients who are candidates for the drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created a cohort of incident dialysis patients who were dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid services. We determined the proportion of days covered (or PDC, a marker of cumulative medication exposure) by a statin prescription over a mean of 2.0 ± 1.4 years. Ordinary least squares regression was used to determine the factors associated with cumulative drug exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 18,727 patients who filled at least one prescription for a statin, mean PDC was 0.57 ± 0.32. The unadjusted PDC was higher for Caucasians (0.63 ± 0.31) than for African-Americans (0.51 ± 0.32), Hispanics (0.54 ± 0.31), and individuals of other race/ethnicity (0.58 ± 0.32). In multivariable modeling, Caucasian race was independently associated with greater exposure to statins. Relative to Caucasians, the adjusted odds ratios for the PDC for African-Americans was 0.47 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.43-0.50), for Hispanics 0.52 (0.48-0.56) and for others, 0.72 (0.64-0.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite insurance coverage, regular contact with health care providers, and at least one prescription for a statin, there are large differences by race in statin exposure over time. The provider- and patient-associated factors related to this phenomenon should be further examined.
authors: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Wetmore
authors: Jonathan D
authors: JD
authors: Mahnken
authors: Sally K
authors: SK
authors: Rigler
authors: Edward F
authors: EF
authors: Ellerbeck
authors: Purna
authors: P
authors: Mukhopadhyay
authors: Qingjiang
authors: Q
authors: Hou
authors: Theresa I
authors: TI
authors: Shireman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors