title: When are fetuses and young children most susceptible to soil metal concentrations of arsenic, lead and mercury?
abstract: This study was designed to analyze when, during pregnancy and early childhood, the association between soil metal concentrations of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) and the outcome of intellectual disability (ID) is statistically significant. Using cluster analysis, we identified ten areas of land that contained a cluster of ID and areas of average risk for ID. We analyzed soil for As, Pb, and Hg and estimated the soil metal concentration at the residential sites where the woman and children lived during pregnancy and early childhood using a Bayesian Kriging model. Arsenic concentrations were associated with ID during the first trimester of pregnancy and Hg was associated with ID early in pregnancy and the first two years of childhood. The covariates that remained in the final models were also temporally associated with ID.
authors: University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, 3209 Colonial Drive Columbia, SC 29203, USA. suzanne.mcdermott@uscmed.sc.edu
authors: Suzanne
authors: S
authors: McDermott
authors: Weichao
authors: W
authors: Bao
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Marjorie Aelion
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Cai
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Lawson
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000209:etiology*; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008628:Mercury / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury; D001151:Arsenic