title: The Green, Amber, Red Delineation of Risk and Need (GARDIAN) management system: a pragmatic approach to optimizing heart health from primary prevention to chronic disease management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A sustained epidemic of cardiovascular disease and related risk factors is a global phenomenon contributing significantly to premature deaths and costly morbidity. Preventative strategies across the full continuum of life, from a population to individual perspective, are not optimally applied. This paper describes a simple and adaptable 'traffic-light' system we have developed to systematically perform individual risk and need delineation in order to 'titrate' the intensity and frequency of healthcare intervention in a cost-effective manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GARDIAN (Green Amber Red Delineation of Risk and Need) system is an individual assessment of risk and need that modulates the frequency and intensity of future healthcare intervention. Individual assessment of risk and need for ongoing intervention and support is determined with reference to three domains: (1) clinical stability, (2) gold-standard management, and (3) a broader, holistic assessment of individual circumstance. This can be applied from a primary prevention, secondary prevention, or chronic disease management perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our experience with applying and validating GARDIAN to titrate healthcare resources according to need has been extensive to date, with >5000 individuals profiled in a host of clinical settings. A series of clinical randomized trials will determine the impact of the GARDIAN system on important indices of healthcare utilization and health status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GARDIAN model to delineating risk and need for varied intensity of management shows strong potential to cost effectively improve health outcomes for both individuals at risk of heart disease and those with established heart disease.
authors: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Melinda J
authors: MJ
authors: Carrington
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Kok
authors: Kiki
authors: K
authors: Jansen
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Stewart
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*