Learning in context: identifying gaps in research on the transfer of medical communication skills to the clinical workplace.
OBJECTIVE
In order to reduce the inconsistencies of findings and the apparent low transfer of communication skills from training to medical practice, this narrative review identifies some main gaps in research on medical communication skills training and presents insights from theories on learning and transfer to broaden the view for future research.


METHODS
Relevant literature was identified using Pubmed, GoogleScholar, Cochrane database, and Web of Science; and analyzed using an iterative procedure.


RESULTS
Research findings on the effectiveness of medical communication training still show inconsistencies and variability. Contemporary theories on learning based on a constructivist paradigm offer the following insights: acquisition of knowledge and skills should be viewed as an ongoing process of exchange between the learner and his environment, so called lifelong learning. This process can neither be atomized nor separated from the context in which it occurs. Four contemporary approaches are presented as examples.


CONCLUSIONS
The following shift in focus for future research is proposed: beyond isolated single factor effectiveness studies toward constructivist, non-reductionistic studies integrating the context.


CONCLUSIONS
Future research should investigate how constructivist approaches can be used in the medical context to increase effective learning and transition of communication skills.
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. v.vdeertwegh@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Valerie
V
van den Eertwegh
Sandra
S
van Dulmen
Jan
J
van Dalen
Albert J J A
AJ
Scherpbier
Cees P M
CP
van der Vleuten
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D033262:Narration; D011340:Problem Solving; D012106:Research; D013337:Students, Medical; D014163:Transfer, Psychology; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical; D017132:Workplace