Skin examination behavior: the role of melanoma history, skin type, psychosocial factors, and region of residence in determining clinical and self-conducted skin examination.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the frequency and correlates of skin examination behaviors in an international sample of individuals at varying risk of developing melanoma.


METHODS
A cross-sectional, web-based survey.


METHODS
Data were collected from the general population over a 20-month period on behalf of the Melanoma Genetics Consortium (GenoMEL).


METHODS
A total of 8178 adults from Northern (32%), Central (33%), and Southern (14%) Europe, Australia (13%), and the United States (8%).


METHODS
Self-reported frequency of skin self-examination (SSE) and clinical skin examination (CSE).


RESULTS
After adjustment for age and sex, frequency of skin examination was higher in both Australia (odds ratio [OR]SSE=1.80 [99% CI, 1.49-2.18]; ORCSE=2.68 [99% CI, 2.23-3.23]) and the United States (ORSSE=2.28 [99% CI, 1.76-2.94]; ORCSE=3.39 [99% CI, 2.60-4.18]) than in the 3 European regions combined. Within Europe, participants from Southern Europe reported higher rates of SSE than those in Northern Europe (ORSSE=1.61 [99% CI, 1.31-1.97]), and frequency of CSE was higher in both Central (ORCSE=1.47 [99% CI, 1.22-1.78]) and Southern Europe (ORCSE=3.46 [99% CI, 2.78, 4.31]) than in Northern Europe. Skin examination behavior also varied according to melanoma history: participants with no history of melanoma reported the lowest levels of skin examination, while participants with a previous melanoma diagnosis reported the highest levels. After adjustment for region, and taking into account the role of age, sex, skin type, and mole count, engagement in SSE and CSE was associated with a range of psychosocial factors, including perceived risk of developing melanoma; perceived benefits of, and barriers to, skin examination; perceived confidence in one's ability to engage in screening; and social norms. In addition, among those with no history of melanoma, higher cancer-related worry was associated with greater frequency of SSE.


CONCLUSIONS
Given the strong association between psychosocial factors and skin examination behaviors, particularly among people with no history of melanoma, we recommend that greater attempts be made to integrate psycho-education into the fabric of public health initiatives and clinical care, with clinicians, researchers, and advocacy groups playing a key role in guiding individuals to appropriate tools and resources.
School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia. N.Kasparian@unsw.edu.au
Nadine A
NA
Kasparian
Richard
R
Bränström
Yu-mei
YM
Chang
Paul
P
Affleck
Lisa G
LG
Aspinwall
Aad
A
Tibben
Esther
E
Azizi
Orna
O
Baron-Epel
Linda
L
Battistuzzi
William
W
Bruno
May
M
Chan
Francisco
F
Cuellar
Tadeusz
T
Debniak
Dace
D
Pjanova
Slawomir
S
Ertmanski
Adina
A
Figl
Melinda
M
Gonzalez
Nicholas K
NK
Hayward
Marko
M
Hocevar
Peter A
PA
Kanetsky
Sancy
S
Leachman
Wilma
W
Bergman
Olita
O
Heisele
Jane
J
Palmer
Barbara
B
Peric
Susana
S
Puig
Dirk
D
Schadendorf
Nelleke A
NA
Gruis
Julia
J
Newton-Bishop
Yvonne
Y
Brandberg
D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001315:Australia; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020377:Self Efficacy; D016353:Self-Examination / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012867:Skin; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D012925:Social Conformity; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult