Variable iodine intake persists in the context of universal salt iodization in China.
Iodine deficiency disorders were prevalent in China until the introduction of universal salt iodization in 1995. Concerns have recently arisen about possible excess iodine intake in this context. To document iodine intake and the contribution from iodized salt in China, we surveyed dietary iodine intake during China's nationally representative 2007 total diet study (TDS) and during an additional TDS in 4 coastal provinces and Beijing in 2009. Iodine intake was broken down by age and sex in 2009. Mean daily iodine and salt intake and the contribution from different food and beverage groups (and in 2009, individual items) was measured. The iodine in food cooked with iodized and noniodized salt was also assessed. The mean calculated iodine intake of a standard male in China was 425 μg/d in 2007 and 325 μg/d in coastal areas in 2009, well below the upper limit (UL) in all provinces. In 2009, iodine intake was above the UL in only 1-7% of age-sex groups, except among children (18-19%). A concerning number of individuals consumed less than the WHO-recommended daily allowance, including 31.5% of adult women. Salt contributed 63.5% of food iodine, and 24.6% of salt iodine was lost in cooking. Overall salt consumption declined between the surveys. Salt iodization assures iodine nutrition in China where environmental iodine is widely lacking. The risk of iodine excess is low, but planned decreases in salt iodization levels may increase the existing risk of inadequate intake. Regular monitoring of urinary iodine and more research on the impact of excess iodine intake is recommended.
Ministry of Health Key Laboratory, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China. wuyncdc@yahoo.com.cn
Yongning
Y
Wu
Xiaowei
X
Li
Suying
S
Chang
Liping
L
Liu
Shurong
S
Zou
David Barry
DB
Hipgrave
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003296:Cooking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006043:Goiter, Endemic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency; D055815:Young Adult
D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D014131:Trace Elements; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine