Posttraumatic stress disorder: shifting toward a developmental framework.
This article reviews the current classification of posttraumatic stress disorder and its limitations when applied to youth. Distinctions are made between single-event and multiple-event traumas. Diagnosis, neurobiology, treatment development, and treatment outcomes are presented. A summary of current empirical interventions is provided. The authors present implications for future research and for clinical practice.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. vcarrion@stanford.edu
Victor G
VG
Carrion
Hilit
H
Kletter
D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D057189:Checklist; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000502:physiology; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods; D009929:Organ Size; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D006854:Hydrocortisone