Compound 21 induces vasorelaxation via an endothelium- and angiotensin II type 2 receptor-independent mechanism.
Angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor stimulation has been linked to vasodilation. Yet, AT(2) receptor-independent hypertension and hypotension (or no effect on blood pressure) have been observed in vivo after application of the AT(2) receptor agonist compound 21 (C21). We, therefore, studied its effects in vitro, using preparations known to display AT(2) receptor-mediated responses. Hearts of Wistar rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), C57Bl/6 mice, and AT(2) receptor knockout mice were perfused according to Langendorff. Mesenteric and iliac arteries of these animals, as well as coronary microarteries from human donor hearts, were mounted in Mulvany myographs. In the coronary vascular bed of Wistar rats, C57Bl/6 mice, and AT(2) receptor knockout mice, C21 induced constriction followed by dilation. SHR hearts displayed enhanced constriction and no dilation. Irbesartan (angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker) abolished the constriction and enhanced or (in SHRs) reintroduced dilation, and PD123319 (AT(2) receptor blocker) did not block the latter. C21 relaxed preconstricted vessels of all species, and this did not depend on angiotensin II receptors, the endothelium, or the NO-guanylyl cyclase-cGMP pathway. C21 constricted SHR iliac arteries but none of the other vessels, and irbesartan prevented this. C21 shifted the concentration-response curves to U46619 (thromboxane A(2) analog) and phenylephrine (α-adrenoceptor agonist) but not ionomycine (calcium ionophore) to the right. In conclusion, C21 did not cause AT(2) receptor-mediated vasodilation. Yet, it did induce vasodilation by blocking calcium transport into the cell and constriction via angiotensin II type 1 receptor stimulation. The latter effect is enhanced in SHRs. These data may explain the varying effects of C21 on blood pressure in vivo.
Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Koen
K
Verdonk
Matej
M
Durik
Nalina
N
Abd-Alla
Wendy W
WW
Batenburg
Antoon J
AJ
van den Bogaerdt
Richard
R
van Veghel
Anton J M
AJ
Roks
A H Jan
AH
Danser
Joep H M
JH
van Esch
D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D061207:Calcium Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000077405:Irbesartan; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008875:Middle Aged; D023421:Models, Animal; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D061207:Calcium Ionophores; D007093:Imidazoles; C494557:N-butyloxycarbonyl-3-(4-imidazol-1-ylmethylphenyl)-5-isobutylthiophene-2-sulfonamide; D011725:Pyridines; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013777:Tetrazoles; D013876:Thiophenes; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; C073402:PD 123319; D010656:Phenylephrine; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D000077405:Irbesartan; D002118:Calcium