Three key proteases--angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2 and renin--within and beyond the renin-angiotensin system.
The discovery of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and a (pro)renin receptor has renewed interest in the physiology of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Through the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas counter-regulatory axis, ACE2 balances the vasoconstrictive, proliferative, fibrotic and proinflammatory effects of the ACE/angiotensin II/AT1 axis. The (pro)renin receptor system shows an angiotensin-dependent function related to increased generation of angiotensin I, and an angiotensin-independent aspect related to intracellular signalling. Activation of ACE2 and inhibition of ACE and renin have been at the core of the RAS regulation. The aim of this review is to discuss the biochemistry and biological functions of ACE, ACE2 and renin within and beyond the RAS, and thus provide a perspective for future bioactives from natural plant and/or food resources related to the three proteases.
State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China. guang1226@hotmail.com
Cuie
C
Guang
Robert D
RD
Phillips
Bo
B
Jiang
Franco
F
Milani
D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002384:Catalysis; D006801:Humans; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012083:Renin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D000092502:Renin Inhibitors
D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D012083:Renin; D000092502:Renin Inhibitors; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human