Development of a minimum-anesthetic-concentration depression model to study the effects of various analgesics in goldfish (Carassius auratus).
Teleost fish demonstrate the neurophysiologic capacity to experience pain and analgesia. A common model for assessing analgesic effect is the reduction of minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC). The present study adapted the model of MAC depression to evaluate the analgesic effects of morphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and ketoprofen in goldfish (Carassius auratus). MAC was determined by an up-down method of sequential population sampling, anesthetizing fish with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) in concentration increments of 10 parts per million (ppm), and using intramuscular needle insertion as a supramaximal noxious stimulus. Baseline MAC was determined in triplicate at the beginning (MACi) and conclusion (MACe) of the experiment (approximately 60 days). For drug trials, MAC was redetermined 1 hr after administration of morphine (10, 20, 40 mg/kg i.m.), butorphanol (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg i.m.), medetomidine (0.01, 0.015, 0.025 mg/kg i.m.), ketoprofen (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg i.m.), or saline control. Each drug/dose was tested in random order with a > 6-day washout period. MACi and MACf were 163 and 182 ppm, respectively, and were significantly different from each other (P = 0.02). All doses of morphine and ketoprofen decreased MAC below MACi. The highest dose of medetomidine decreased MAC below MACi. The lowest dose of butorphanol decreased MAC below MACi, but higher doses increased MAC above MACf. The authors conclude that MAC determination in fish using MS-222 was feasible and reproducible in the short term. The fact that MAC increased over time and/or exposure may limit the usefulness of MS-222 in MAC depression studies. Morphine and ketoprofen decrease anesthetic needs in goldfish and may provide analgesia.
Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
Jessica L
JL
Ward
Sean P
SP
McCartney
Sathya K
SK
Chinnadurai
Lysa P
LP
Posner
D062365:Aminobenzoates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000777:Anesthetics; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006054:Goldfish; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
D062365:Aminobenzoates; D000700:Analgesics; D000777:Anesthetics; C003636:tricaine