Time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques suitable for solid-state imaging sensor arrays.
We have successfully demonstrated video-rate CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) by applying innovative FLIM algorithms. We also review and compare several time-domain techniques and solid-state FLIM systems, and adapt the proposed algorithms for massive CMOS SPAD-based arrays and hardware implementations. The theoretical error equations are derived and their performances are demonstrated on the data obtained from 0.13 μm CMOS SPAD arrays and the multiple-decay data obtained from scanning PMT systems. In vivo two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging data of FITC-albumin labeled vasculature of a P22 rat carcinosarcoma (BD9 rat window chamber) are used to test how different algorithms perform on bi-decay data. The proposed techniques are capable of producing lifetime images with enough contrast.
Department of Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK. david.li@sussex.ac.uk
David Day-Uei
DD
Li
Simon
S
Ameer-Beg
Jochen
J
Arlt
David
D
Tyndall
Richard
R
Walker
Daniel R
DR
Matthews
Viput
V
Visitkul
Justin
J
Richardson
Robert K
RK
Henderson