Influenza surveillance from November 2008 to 2011; including pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Bhutan.
OBJECTIVE
Describe the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in Bhutan.


METHODS
Observational study from sentinel surveillance sites.


METHODS
Bhutan remains isolated, with only one to two flights a day at the lone airport, no trains, and only three major roads that enter from India.


METHODS
PCR positive human respiratory samples.


RESULTS
The first case of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection was detected in Bhutan in July 2009, 3 months after the virus was first reported in Mexico in April 2009. During the official WHO pandemic period (11 June 2009 to 8 August 2010), a total of 2149 samples were collected and tested by RT-PCR of which 22.7% (487) were confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09; H3N2, H1N1, and B were positive in 2.2%, 1.1%, and 7.2%, respectively. The highest rate of A(H1N1)pdm09 cases (57.4%) was detected in the 6-20 year-old age group. Importantly, Bhutan increased from 3 sentinel sites in April 2009 to 11 a year later, and in April 2010 established PCR capability for influenza.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite relative isolation, the A(H1N1)pdm09 reached Bhutan within 3 months of identification in Mexico. The H1N1 pandemic has made Bhutan more prepared for epidemics in the future.
Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan. sonamphl@health.gov.bt
Sonam
S
Wangchuk
Binay
B
Thapa
Sangay
S
Zangmo
Richard G
RG
Jarman
Piraya
P
Bhoomiboonchoo
Robert V
RV
Gibbons
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001631:Bhutan / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058873:Pandemics; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D055815:Young Adult