[Awareness of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Greece].
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopment disorder of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases. In adults, the clinical picture of ADHD is complex and comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is the rule. The documentation that the disorder had a childhood onset and the various comorbid symptomatologies present both in childhood and adult life represent the most influential obstacles for the accurate clinical diagnosis of the disorder. In 75% of cases with adult ADHD there is at least one coexisting comorbid disorder, with anxiety and mood disorders as well as substance abuse and impulse control disorders being the most prevalent ones. Adult psychiatrists have limited experience in the diagnosis, treatment and overall management of the disorder. Greece is a member of the European Network Adult ADHD (ENAA), founded in 2003, aiming to increase awareness of the disorder and to improve knowledge and patient care for adults with ADHD across Europe. A clinic where diagnosis as well as treatment recommendations are given after a thorough assessment of adult ADHD patients, is hosted at the First Department of Psychiatry of the Athens National and Kapodistian University. The clinic is in close collaboration with ENAA. The diagnosis of ADHD is given after a detailed evaluation of the patient, based on history taken, self-administered questionnaires and a specific psychiatric interview. The reliable trace of the symptoms' onset back in early childhood, current symptomatology, as well as its impact on at least two major areas of functioning (school, home, work or personal relationships) are pivotal for the assessment procedure. Special attention should be paid in the distinction of symptoms often coexisting with the core symptoms of the ADHD, such as emotional liability, incessant mental activity, avoidance of situations like queuing, especially when there is also frustration, from those indicating a comorbid disorder, e.g. bipolar disorder, major depression, anxiety disorders or personality disorders. Its coexistence with substance abuse requires special attention, as ADHD is quite prevalent in this group. In order to treat an ADHD patient the rule is a multidimensional intervention. Comorbid psychiatric disorders must be treated first. Psychoeducation of the patient is needed in most of the cases as well as the admin istration of specific for the ADHD psychotropic medication. Coaching, Cognitive Therapy and family interventions are proved to be the most efficacious psychosocial treatments. In the context of our university outpatients' clinic an observation study for exploring the occurrence of ADHD among patients with anxiety and depressive disorders took place. 15% of patients with anxiety and depressive disorders received for the first time in their lives the diagnosis of ADHD. The above mentioned indicate the need for further training psychiatrists in the recognition and treatment of adult ADHD.
1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Pehlivanidis
D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000639:trends