4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine induces apoptosis in Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells via activation of caspases.
4-Chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine (4-Cl-o-PD) is a halogenated aromatic diamine that was used as a precursor for manufacturing permanent hair dyes. Despite its well-documented mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in a number of in vitro and in vivo models, its cytotoxicity and mode of action have not received similar attention. Here, we investigated the effect of 4-Cl-o-PD on Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells. It induced apoptosis and the evidence suggests its initiation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of various assays used show a dose-dependent (i) decrease in cell viability, (ii) increase in cells at sub-G1 phase and the G0/G1 phase arrested in cell cycle, (iii) increase in intracellular ROS accompanied by depletion of glutathione, and (iv) that apoptotic cell death probably involves activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
Department of Life Science, School of Pharmacy and Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Leong Chee
LC
Onn
Chen Ssu
CS
Ching
Tiong Yee
TY
Lian
Loh Veng
LV
Foon
Ng
N
Chew Hee
Chye Soi
CS
Moi
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D010655:Phenylenediamines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C015060:4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene; D020169:Caspases; D005978:Glutathione