Molecular insights into arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by plakophilin-2 missense mutations.
BACKGROUND
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited cardiac disorder mainly caused by dominant mutations in several components of the cardiac desmosome including plakophilin-2 (PKP2), the most prevalent disease gene. Little is known about the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms of missense mutations located in the armadillo (ARM) domains of PKP2, as well as their consequences on human cardiac pathology.


RESULTS
We focused on in vivo and in vitro studies of the PKP2 founder mutation c.2386T>C (p.C796R), and demonstrated in cardiac tissue from 2 related mutation carriers a patchy expression pattern ranging from unchanged to totally absent immunoreactive signals of PKP2 and other desmosomal proteins. In vitro expression analysis of mutant PKP2 in cardiac derived HL-1 cells revealed unstable proteins that fail to interact with desmoplakin and are targeted by degradation involving calpain proteases. Bacterial expression, crystallization, and structural modeling of mutated proteins impacting different ARM domains and helices of PKP2 confirmed their instability and degradation, resulting in the same remaining protein fragment that was crystallized and used to model the entire ARM domain of PKP2.


CONCLUSIONS
The p.C796R and other ARVC-related PKP2 mutations indicate loss of function effects by intrinsic instability and calpain proteases mediated degradation in in vitro model systems, suggesting haploinsufficiency as the most likely cause for the genesis of dominant ARVC due to mutations in PKP2.
Helmholtz-Protein Sample Production Facility, Berlin, Germany.
Florian
F
Kirchner
Anja
A
Schuetz
Leif-Hendrik
LH
Boldt
Kristina
K
Martens
Gunnar
G
Dittmar
Wilhelm
W
Haverkamp
Ludwig
L
Thierfelder
Udo
U
Heinemann
Brenda
B
Gerull
D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000235:genetics*; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003460:Crystallization; D051180:Desmoplakins / Q000378:metabolism; D003896:Desmosomes / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008958:Models, Molecular; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D010375:Pedigree; D051191:Plakophilins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D055550:Protein Stability; D059748:Proteolysis; D020449:Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
D051180:Desmoplakins; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D051191:Plakophilins; D002154:Calpain