Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
BACKGROUND
Pharmacotherapy remains an important modality for the treatment of neuropathic pain. However, as monotherapy current drugs are associated with limited efficacy and dose-related side effects. Combining two or more different drugs may improve analgesic efficacy and, in some situations, reduce overall side effects (e.g. if synergistic interactions allow for dose reductions of combined drugs).


OBJECTIVE
This review evaluated the efficacy, tolerability and safety of various drug combinations for the treatment of neuropathic pain.


METHODS
We identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of various drug combinations for neuropathic pain from CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and handsearches of other reviews and trial registries. The most recent search was performed on 9 April 2012.


METHODS
Double-blind, randomised studies comparing combinations of two or more drugs (systemic or topical) to placebo and/or at least one other comparator for the treatment of neuropathic pain.


METHODS
Data extracted from each study included: proportion of participants a) reporting ≥ 30% pain reduction from baseline OR ≥ moderate pain relief OR ≥ moderate global improvement; b) dropping out of the trial due to treatment-emergent adverse effects; c) reporting each specific adverse effect (e.g. sedation, dizziness) of ≥ moderate severity. The primary comparison of interest was between study drug(s) and one or both single-agent comparators. We combined studies if they evaluated the same drug class combination at roughly similar doses and durations of treatment. We used RevMan 5 to analyse data for binary outcomes.


RESULTS
We identified 21 eligible studies: four (578 participants) evaluated the combination of an opioid with gabapentin or pregabalin; two (77 participants) evaluated an opioid with a tricyclic antidepressant; one (56 participants) of gabapentin and nortriptyline; one (120 participants) of gabapentin and alpha-lipoic acid, three (90 participants) of fluphenazine with a tricyclic antidepressant; three (90 participants) of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blocker with an agent from a different drug class; five (604 participants) of various topical medications; one (313 participants) of tramadol with acetaminophen; and another one (44 participants) of a cholecystokinin blocker (L-365,260) with morphine. The majority of combinations evaluated to date involve drugs, each of which share some element of central nervous system (CNS) depression (e.g. sedation, cognitive dysfunction). This aspect of side effect overlap between the combined agents was often reflected in similar or higher dropout rates for the combination and may thus substantially limit the utility of such drug combinations. Meta-analysis was possible for only one comparison of only one combination, i.e. gabapentin + opioid versus gabapentin alone. This meta-analysis involving 386 participants from two studies demonstrated modest, yet statistically significant, superiority of a gabapentin + opioid combination over gabapentin alone. However, this combination also produced significantly more frequent side effect-related trial dropouts compared to gabapentin alone.


CONCLUSIONS
Multiple, good-quality studies demonstrate superior efficacy of two-drug combinations. However, the number of available studies for any one specific combination, as well as other study factors (e.g. limited trial size and duration), preclude the recommendation of any one specific drug combination for neuropathic pain. Demonstration of combination benefits by several studies together with reports of widespread clinical polypharmacy for neuropathic pain surely provide a rationale for additional future rigorous evaluations. In order to properly identify specific drug combinations which provide superior efficacy and/or safety, we recommend that future neuropathic pain studies of two-drug combinations include comparisons with placebo and both single-agent components. Given the apparent adverse impact of combining agents with similar adverse effect profiles (e.g. CNS depression), the anticipated development and availability of non-sedating neuropathic pain agents could lead to the identification of more favourable analgesic drug combinations in which side effects are not compounded.
Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada.
Luis Enrique
LE
Chaparro
Philip J
PJ
Wiffen
R Andrew
RA
Moore
Ian
I
Gilron
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000588:Amines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001570:Benzodiazepinones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009661:Nortriptyline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069583:Pregabalin; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D001570:Benzodiazepinones; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D000082:Acetaminophen; C058121:L 365260; D014147:Tramadol; D000069583:Pregabalin; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D000077206:Gabapentin; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D009020:Morphine; D009661:Nortriptyline