Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients undergoing cardiac rhythm device removal.
Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) leads can cause central venous stenosis (CVS). In addition, these devices can get infected. Both are critically important considerations in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for at least two reasons: (i) central veins serve as the final pathway should these patients need an arteriovenous access to provide dialysis therapy; and (ii) the presence of renal failure increases the risk of CIED infection. In this analysis, we investigated the prevalence as well as the degree of chronic kidney disease in patients harboring a CIED. Patients undergoing CIED removal were evaluated from 2001 to 2011. The patients were categorized into CKD stage I-V based on National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. A total of 503 patients underwent CIED removal. Demographic characteristics revealed that 30% had hypertension, 44% were diabetics, 77% had coronary artery disease, and 84% suffered from congestive heart failure. Ninety percent (452/503) of the patients had CKD (stage I = I9 [4.2%], stage II = 189 [41.8%], stage III A = 96 [21.2%], stage III B = 59 [13.0%], stage IV = 45 [9.9%], and stage V = 44 [9.7%]). Overall, 148 (32.7%) patients (stage III B, stage IV, and stage V) of 452 had advanced renal failure. The results of this study reveal that one-third of CIED patients undergoing device removal have advanced chronic kidney disease.
Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. aasif@med.miami.edu
Arif
A
Asif
Roger
R
Carrillo
Juan Domingo
JD
Garisto
Mauricio
M
Monrroy
Rao Ali Hashim
RA
Khan
Hector
H
Castro
Donna
D
Merrill
Ayesha S
AS
Ali
Amy Barton
AB
Pai
Jonathan
J
Waldman
Loay
L
Salman
D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D056824:Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery