Endoscopic and pharmacological secondary prophylaxis in children and adolescents with esophageal varices.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to describe the results of endoscopic secondary prophylaxis, alone or in combination with propranolol, used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in children and adolescents with esophageal varices.


METHODS
This observational study followed 43 patients younger than 18 years who received secondary prophylaxis between August 2001 and December 2009. Sclerotherapy and/or band ligation were performed, and propranolol was used when no contraindications were present. The rebleeding rate, number of endoscopic sessions required for variceal eradication, rate of varix recurrence, the occurrence of varices at the gastric fundus, and the occurrence of portal hypertensive gastropathy were evaluated.


RESULTS
Endoscopic prophylaxis in combination with propranolol was performed in 25 patients (58.1%) and endoscopic prophylaxis alone was performed in 18 patients (41.9%). Esophageal varices were eradicated in all of the patients after a median of 3 sessions. Varices recurred in 22 patients (51.2%). Rebleeding occurred in 13 patients (30.2%). Fundal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy developed in 31% and 61.9% of patients, respectively. No deaths related to the endoscopic procedure or UGIB occurred. No statistically significant differences in any of the studied variables were observed when comparing endoscopic prophylaxis with propranolol and endoscopic prophylaxis alone.


CONCLUSIONS
No significant differences were observed between sclerotherapy and band ligation. Secondary prophylaxis was effective in eradicating esophageal varices. The use of propranolol did not affect the results of the endoscopic prophylaxis. Furthermore, randomized studies will be necessary to assess the best form of prevention during childhood.
Minas Gerais State Hospital Foundation, João Paulo II Pediatric Hospital, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. julianamreis@hotmail.com
Juliana Magalhães Reis
JM
dos Santos
Alexandre Rodrigues
AR
Ferreira
Eleonora Druve Tavares
ED
Fagundes
Amanda Pifano Soares
AP
Ferreira
Letícia Sauma
LS
Ferreira
Maria Carolina Ribeiro
MC
Magalhães
Paulo Fernando Souto
PF
Bittencourt
Simone Diniz
SD
Carvalho
Paulo Pimenta
PP
Figueiredo Filho
Francisco José
FJ
Penna
D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000601:surgery*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005748:Gastric Fundus; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012008:Recurrence; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol