Associations between healthy lifestyle behaviors and proteinuria and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
OBJECTIVE
The aim was to investigate the respective associations between lifestyle and proteinuria and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).


METHODS
The lifestyle habits of 25,493 middle-aged participants were investigated in a cross-sectional study to find habits that are associated with a low eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and/or the presence of proteinuria. The lifestyle habits of the participants were evaluated using a questionnaire. Unhealthy lifestyle habits were defined as follows: 1. obesity, 2. being a current/former smoker, 3. eating irregular meals, 4. having less than 5 hours sleep, 5. exercising less than once a week, and 6. drinking more than once a week. The associations among unhealthy habits, eGFR, and proteinuria were evaluated using multivariate analysis.


RESULTS
The following lifestyle factors were significantly and independently associated with proteinuria: obesity (odds ratio (OR): 1.18, 95%C.I: 1.04-1.34), being a current/former smoker (OR: 1.26, 95%C.I: 1.11-1.42), eating irregular meals (OR: 1.40, 95%C.I: 1.22-1.61), sleeping less than 5 hours (OR: 1.38, 95%C.I: 1.15-1.65), and exercising less than once a week (OR: 1.18, 95%C.I: 1.05-1.33). In contrast, the following unhealthy lifestyle factors were not clearly associated with a low eGFR: obesity (OR: 1.05, 95%C.I: 0.95-1.17), being a current/former smoker (OR: 0.76, 95%C.I: 0.69-0.84), eating irregular meals (OR: 0.91, 95%C.I: 0.79-1.04), sleeping less than 5 hours (OR: 1.02, 95%C.I: 0.85-1.22), and exercising less than once a week (OR: 0.91, 95%C.I: 0.83-0.99).


CONCLUSIONS
Associations between proteinuria and unhealthy lifestyle habits were observed in our cross-sectional study. Unhealthy lifestyles should be monitored during the management of CKD patients with proteinuria.
Center for Preventive Medicine, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. kazu.fujibayashi@east.ntt.co.jp
Kazutoshi
K
Fujibayashi
Hiroshi
H
Fukuda
Hirohide
H
Yokokawa
Tomomi
T
Haniu
Fukuko
F
Oka
Miki
M
Ooike
Toshiaki
T
Gunji
Noriko
N
Sasabe
Mitsue
M
Okumura
Kimiko
K
Iijima
Teruhiko
T
Hisaoka
Hiroshi
H
Isonuma
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects