Aldosterone receptor antagonists in cardiovascular disease: a review of the recent literature and insight into potential future indications.
Randomized controlled trials demonstrate the efficacy of aldosterone receptor antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone) as a useful pharmacologic intervention specifically in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV heart failure, in patients with an ejection fraction <40% after myocardial infarction, and most recently in patients with mildly symptomatic heart failure. However, aldosterone receptor antagonists may be beneficial in a broader patient population. Aldosterone receptor antagonists can potentially serve as an antiarrhythmic pharmacologic agent for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, an anti-ischemic medication in coronary artery disease through prevention of myocardial fibrosis and vascular damage, and as an agent in people with asymptomatic and mild heart failure (NYHA classes I and II) and diastolic heart failure. However, many clinicians remain reluctant to prescribe this highly efficacious pharmacologic therapy for a variety of reasons, including concerns about polypharmacy and hyperkalemia. Recent observational analysis demonstrates that less than one-third of eligible patients hospitalized with heart failure actually received aldosterone antagonist therapy. This article will review the current and potential future uses of aldosterone receptor antagonists across the entire spectrum of cardiovascular disease. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Division of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York, USA. mindyfm@yahoo.com
Mindy
M
Markowitz
Frank
F
Messineo
Neil L
NL
Coplan
D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D004232:Diuretics; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone