Behavioral cues to expand a pain model of the cognitively impaired elderly in long-term care.
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hypothesized pain behaviors in the elderly and a measurement model of pain derived from the Minimum Data Set-Resident Assessment Instrument (MDS-RAI) 2.0 items.


METHODS
This work included a longitudinal cohort recruited from Medicare-certified longterm care facilities across the United States. MDS data were collected from 52,996 residents (mean age 83.7 years). Structural equation modeling was used to build a measurement model of pain to test correlations between indicators and the fit of the model by cognitive status. The model evaluates the theoretical constructs of pain to improve how pain is assessed and detected within cognitive levels.


RESULTS
Using pain frequency and intensity as the only indicators of pain, the overall prevalence of pain was 31.2%; however, analysis by cognitive status showed that 47.7% of the intact group was in pain, while only 18.2% of the severely, 29.4% of the moderately, and 39.6% of the mildly cognitively impaired groups were experiencing pain. This finding supports previous research indicating that pain is potentially under-reported in severely cognitively impaired elderly nursing home residents. With adjustments to the measurement model, a revised format containing affective, behavioral, and inferred pain indicates a better fit of the data to include these domains, as a more complete measure of the pain construct.


CONCLUSIONS
Pain has a significant effect on quality of life and long-term health outcomes in nursing home residents. Patients most at risk are those with mild to severe cognitive decline, or those unable to report pain verbally. Nursing homes are under great scrutiny to maintain standards of care and provide uniform high-quality care outcomes. Existing data from federally required resident surveys can serve as a valuable tool to identify indicators of pain and trends in care. Great responsibility lies in ensuring pain is included and monitored as a quality measure in long-term care, especially for residents unable to communicate their pain verbally.
School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA. aburfiel@uncc.edu
Allison H
AH
Burfield
Thomas T H
TT
Wan
Mary Lou
ML
Sole
James W
JW
Cooper
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001519:Behavior; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States