Neanderthal medics? Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus.
Neanderthals disappeared sometime between 30,000 and 24,000 years ago. Until recently, Neanderthals were understood to have been predominantly meat-eaters; however, a growing body of evidence suggests their diet also included plants. We present the results of a study, in which sequential thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) were combined with morphological analysis of plant microfossils, to identify material entrapped in dental calculus from five Neanderthal individuals from the north Spanish site of El Sidrón. Our results provide the first molecular evidence for inhalation of wood-fire smoke and bitumen or oil shale and ingestion of a range of cooked plant foods. We also offer the first evidence for the use of medicinal plants by a Neanderthal individual. The varied use of plants that we have identified suggests that the Neanderthal occupants of El Sidrón had a sophisticated knowledge of their natural surroundings which included the ability to select and use certain plants.
ICREA at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. khardy@icrea.cat
Karen
K
Hardy
Stephen
S
Buckley
Matthew J
MJ
Collins
Almudena
A
Estalrrich
Don
D
Brothwell
Les
L
Copeland
Antonio
A
García-Tabernero
Samuel
S
García-Vargas
Marco
M
de la Rasilla
Carles
C
Lalueza-Fox
Rosa
R
Huguet
Markus
M
Bastir
David
D
Santamaría
Marco
M
Madella
Julie
J
Wilson
Angel Fernández
AF
Cortés
Antonio
A
Rosas
D000818:Animals; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005580:Fossils; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008297:Male; D059125:Neanderthals / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010944:Plants / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000648:ultrastructure