Contraception and health.
Increasing contraceptive use in developing countries has cut the number of maternal deaths by 40% over the past 20 years, merely by reducing the number of unintended pregnancies. By preventing high-risk pregnancies, especially in women of high parities, and those that would have ended in unsafe abortion, increased contraceptive use has reduced the maternal mortality ratio--the risk of maternal death per 100,000 livebirths--by about 26% in little more than a decade. A further 30% of maternal deaths could be avoided by fulfilment of unmet need for contraception. The benefits of modern contraceptives to women's health, including non-contraceptive benefits of specific methods, outweigh the risks. Contraception can also improve perinatal outcomes and child survival, mainly by lengthening interpregnancy intervals. In developing countries, the risk of prematurity and low birthweight doubles when conception occurs within 6 months of a previous birth, and children born within 2 years of an elder sibling are 60% more likely to die in infancy than are those born more than 2 years after their sibling.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. john.cleland@lshtm.ac.uk
John
J
Cleland
Agustin
A
Conde-Agudelo
Herbert
H
Peterson
John
J
Ross
Amy
A
Tsui
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001721:Birth Intervals; D001723:Birth Rate; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality; D002669:Child Welfare; D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000600:supply & distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007434:Intrauterine Devices; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
D003270:Contraceptive Agents