Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship between seroprevalence and risk factors among primary schoolchildren in the capital areas of Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa.
BACKGROUND
The status of Toxoplasma gondii infection among primary schoolchildren (PSC) of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (DRSTP), West Africa, remains unknown to date.


METHODS
A serologic survey and risk factors associated T. gondii infection among PSC in the DRSTP was assessed by the latex agglutination (LA) test and a questionnaire interview including parents' occupation, various uncomfortable symptoms, histories of eating raw or undercooked food, drinking unboiled water, and raising pets, was conducted in October 2010. Schoolchildren from 4 primary schools located in the capital areas were selected, in total 255 serum samples were obtained by venipuncture, of which 123 serum samples were obtained from boys (9.8 ± 1.4 yrs) and 132 serum samples were obtained from girls (9.7 ± 1.3 yrs).


RESULTS
The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 63.1% (161/255). No significant gender difference in seroprevalence was found between boys (62.6%, 77/123) and girls (63.6%, 84/132) (p = 0.9). The older age group of 10 years had insignificantly higher seroprevalence (69.9%, 58/83) than that of the younger age group of 8 year olds (67.7%, 21/31) (p = 0.8). It was noteworthy that the majority of seropositive PSC (75.8%, 122/161) had high LA titers of ≥1: 1024, indirectly indicating acute or repeated Toxoplasma infection. Parents whose jobs were non-skilled workers (73.1%) showed significantly higher seroprevalence than that of semiskilled- (53.9%) or skilled workers (48.8%) (p < 0.05). Children who had a history of raising cats also showed significantly higher seroprevalence than those who did not (p < 0.001).Children who claimed to have had recent ocular manifestation or headache, i.e. within 1 month, seemed to have insignificantly higher seroprevalence than those who did not (p > 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Parents' educational level and cats kept indoors seemed to be the high risk factors for PSC in acquisition of T. gondii infection. While, ocular manifestation and/or headache of PSC should be checked for the possibility of being T. gondii elicited. Measures such as improving environmental hygiene and intensive educational intervention to both PSC and their parents should be performed immediately so as to reduce T. gondii infection of DRSTP inhabitants including PSC and adults.
Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. tedfan@tmu.edu.tw
Chia-Kwung
CK
Fan
Lin-Wen
LW
Lee
Chien-Wei
CW
Liao
Ying-Chieh
YC
Huang
Yueh-Lun
YL
Lee
Yu-Tai
YT
Chang
Ângela dos Santos Ramos José
Âdos S
da Costa
Vilfrido
V
Gil
Li-Hsing
LH
Chi
Takeshi
T
Nara
Akiko
A
Tsubouchi
Olaoluwa Pheabian
OP
Akinwale
D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D001266:Atlantic Islands / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014122:Toxoplasma; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan