Molecular mechanisms of external genitalia development.
External genitalia development occurs through a combination of hormone independent, hormone dependent, and endocrine pathways. Perturbation of these pathways can lead to abnormal external genitalia development. We review human and animal mechanisms of normal and abnormal external genitalia development, and we evaluate abnormal mechanisms that lead to hypospadias. We also discuss recent laboratory findings that further our understanding of animal models of hypospadias.
University of California San Francisco, Department of Urology, 400 Parnassus Avenue, A610, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Sarah D
SD
Blaschko
Gerald R
GR
Cunha
Laurence S
LS
Baskin
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D050437:Genes, Developmental; D005835:Genitalia / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced; D019849:Sex Determination Processes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones