Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of the literature.
About one-third of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus have ocular manifestations. The most common manifestation is keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The most vision threatening are retinal vasculitis and optic neuritis/neuropathy. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of eye disease is paramount as they are often associated with high levels of systemic inflammation and end-organ damage. Initial management with high-dose oral or IV corticosteroids is often necessary. Multiple "steroid-sparing" treatment options exist with the most recently studied being biologic agents.
Section of Vitreoretinal Disease and Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30322 GA, USA.
Neal V
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Palejwala
Harpreet S
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Walia
Steven
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