Evidence-based screening, early diagnosis and treatment strategy of cervical cancer for national policy in low- resource countries: example of India.
Cervical cancer remains the most frequent cancer in women from the developing world. More than 88% of deaths occur in low-income countries, and it is predicted to climb to 91.5% by 2030. Although Pap-based screening programmes have shown to be effective in reducing the disease burden in high-resource countries, implementation and sustention of cytology-based programmes is quite challenging in low-resource settings. The present paper reviews evidence-based alternatives of screening methods, triaging algorithm, treatment of cervical precancerous lesions, and age-group at screening appropriate for low-income countries. Evidence shows that visual inspection methods using diluted acid acetic or Lugol's iodine, and HPV-DNA testing are more sensitive tests than the Pap-smear screening test. Visual inspection allows an immediate result and, when appropriate, may be immediately followed by cryotherapy, the so called "screen-and-treat" approach, achieved in a single visit, by trained nurses and midwives. Examples of cervical cancer prevention programmes in India and selected low-income countries are given.
Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India.
Upma
U
Saxena
Catherine
C
Sauvaget
Rengaswamy
R
Sankaranarayanan
D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*