Increasing the efficacy of tumor cell vaccines by enhancing cross priming.
Cancer immunotherapy has been attempted for more than a century, and investment has intensified in the last 20 years. The complexity of the immune system is exemplified by the myriad of immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation. While anti-tumor immunity has been achieved experimentally with multiple effector cells and molecules, particular promise is shown for harnessing the CD8 T cell response. Tumor cell-based vaccines have been employed in hundreds of clinical trials to date and offer several advantages over subunit and peptide vaccines. However, tumor cell-based vaccines, often aimed at cross priming tumor-reactive CD8 T cells, have shown modest success in clinical trials. Here we review the mechanisms of cross priming and discuss strategies to increase the efficacy of tumor cell-based vaccines. A synthesis of recent findings on tissue culture conditions, cell death, and dendritic cell activation reveals promising new avenues for clinical investigation.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, United States.
Brian M
BM
Andersen
John R
JR
Ohlfest
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D045142:Cross-Priming; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015195:Drug Design; D005910:Glioma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008024:Ligands; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D012074:Remission Induction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D008024:Ligands; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D018664:Interleukin-12