Advances in imaging and in non-surgical salvage treatments after radiorecurrence in prostate cancer: what does the oncologist, radiotherapist and radiologist need to know?
OBJECTIVE
In this article the state of art the of prostate cancer (Pca) imaging and non-surgical salvage treatments (STs) is surveyed in order to explore the impact of imaging findings on the identification of radiorecurrent Pca after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).


METHODS
A computerised search was performed to identify all relevant studies in Medline up to 2012. Additional articles were extracted based on recommendations from an expert panel of authors.


RESULTS
Definitive EBRT for Pca is increasingly used as treatment. After radiorecurrent Pca, non-surgical STs are emerging and shifting from investigational status to more established therapeutic options. Therefore, several scientific societies have published guidelines including clinical and imaging recommendations, even if the timing, efficacy and long-term toxicity of these STs have to be established. In some measure, accurately delineating the location and the extent of cancer is critical in selecting target lesions and in identifying patients who are candidates for STs. However, there is increasing awareness that anatomical approaches based on measurements of tumour size have substantial limitations, especially for tumours of unknown activity that persist or recur following irradiation


CONCLUSIONS
To date, the main focus for innovations in imaging is the combination of excellence in anatomical resolution with specific biological correlates that depict metabolic processes and hallmarks at the tumour level. The emergence of new molecular markers could favour the development of methods that directly determine their presence, thereby improving tumour detection.


CONCLUSIONS
Imaging may influence therapeutic decisions during non-surgical STs. MRI findings correlate with parametric maps derived from multiple functional techniques. Non-surgical salvage treatments allow local tumour control in patients with radiorecurrent PCa.
Laboratory of Radiobiology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Medical School, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy. giovanniluca.gravina@libero.it
Giovanni Luca
GL
Gravina
Vincenzo
V
Tombolini
Mario
M
Di Staso
Pietro
P
Franzese
Pierluigi
P
Bonfili
Antonio
A
Gennarelli
Leda
L
Di Nicola
Carlo
C
Masciocchi
Ernesto
E
Di Cesare
D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016879:Salvage Therapy