Computerised provider order entry and residency education in an academic medical centre.
BACKGROUND
Many academic medical centres (AMCs) have introduced institutional policies, changed processes of care and implemented new technologies to improve health care quality. The impact of such changes on medical education has received little attention. We examine the impact of computerised provider order entry (CPOE) on the educational experiences of medical trainees who work and train in AMCs.


METHODS
We conducted semi-structured interviews of postgraduate trainees and attending physicians in internal medicine at five AMCs (two with CPOE, three without CPOE). Trainees routinely rotate from CPOE to non-CPOE AMCs, whereas some attending physicians work at both types of AMC and are therefore well positioned to reflect on differences between CPOE and non-CPOE learning environments. Data collection and analysis used grounded theory methods. We sampled purposively until we achieved theoretical saturation.


RESULTS
Our study included 11 residents and six attending physicians. Computerised provider order entry had both positive and negative impacts on five aspects of postgraduate training: (i) learning (better for medication interactions and availability of learning resources; worse for learning medication doses); (ii) teaching (more medication information available to enhance case discussions; fewer face-to-face teaching opportunities); (iii) feedback (improved ability to observe medication ordering behaviours to inform feedback; less provision of direct feedback); (iv) clinical supervision (facilitates efficient and safe supervision from a distance; may impede trainee independence), and (v) trainee assessment (increased opportunity to assess clinical decision-making and organisational skills).


CONCLUSIONS
We identify five key educational themes that are positively and negatively impacted by CPOE. These themes form a conceptual framework that could be applied to define the educational impact of other health care quality and patient safety practices. This will help educators to identify educational opportunities and protect the safety of the training experience of residents in AMCs.
Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. brianm.wong@sunnybrook.ca
Brian
B
Wong
Ayelet
A
Kuper
Nicole
N
Robinson
Dante
D
Morra
Edward
E
Etchells
Robert
R
Wu
Kaveh
K
Shojania
D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D002170:Canada; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*