The impact of impurities in various crude A. annua extracts on the analysis of artemisinin by liquid chromatographic methods.
Analysis of Artemisia annua extracts by liquid chromatographic methods has traditionally been complicated by the presence of significant quantities of impurities. It has been observed that these impurities often remain as a solid residue after sample reconstitution, but the possibility of artemisinin remaining entrained within this waxy layer has not been detailed in the literature. This investigation found that A. annua extract impurities have a critical impact on the quantification of artemisinin by liquid chromatographic methods. Extended sample reconstitution times of up to 24h are required in order for the mobile phase (acetonitrile) to penetrate the residue and solubilise the artemisinin contained within. Extracts produced using ethyl acetate, hexane-ethyl acetate (95:5, v/v), hexane and ethanol were examined in the study. Extended residue reconstitution times resulted in a significant increase in the number and concentration of impurities in the mobile phase, requiring the development of a new HPLC-UV analytical method to exact adequate separation of artemisinin for quantification. The solvent selectivity and capacity for each of the solvent extraction approaches was then determined using the new reconstitution and HPLC-UV methods.
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
Josh L
JL
Pilkington
Chris
C
Preston
Rachel L
RL
Gomes
D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000737:chemistry*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000592:standards; D004340:Drug Contamination; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D007783:Lactones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012015:Reference Standards; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
D000085:Acetates; D000097:Acetonitriles; D037621:Artemisinins; D006586:Hexanes; D007783:Lactones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; C007650:ethyl acetate; C075875:artemisin; C032159:acetonitrile