Middle ear myoclonus associated with forced eyelid closure in children: diagnosis and treatment outcome.
OBJECTIVE
Forceful eyelid closure syndrome (FECS) was first reported at the Proceedings of the Second International Tinnitus Seminar in 1983. The main symptom of this syndrome is a spontaneous muscular tinnitus related only to forced eye closure, specifically the voluntary contraction of the periorbital muscles. Although investigation of the syndrome was initiated >100 years ago, only four cases have been published in the past 20 years. We report six cases of middle ear myoclonus tinnitus diagnosed as FECS in children and discuss issues surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome.


METHODS
Retrospective case series.


METHODS
From 2009 to 2011, six children complaining of clicking or crackling sounds in their ears presented at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital. Endoscopic examination and recording of the tympanic membrane were performed while the patients were asked to close their eyes forcefully. Audiologic studies including acoustic reflex decay and static compliance were performed for documentation of the movement of the tympanic membrane. Triggering factors of FECS in the children were carefully evaluated.


RESULTS
Synchronous movement of the tympanic membrane in response to forced eye closure on endoscopic examination was the most reliable finding to diagnose FECS. Acoustic reflex decay and other impedance audiogram findings showed irregular perturbations during forced eye closure, which led to diagnosis of the tinnitus as middle ear myoclonus. Most of the patients had triggering factors for FECS. Reassurance and removal of the triggering or causal factors with or without medication improved clicking sounds coming from middle ear myoclonus.


CONCLUSIONS
FECS is a rare clinical entity and can be easily missed in routine clinical examination. We suggest that patients, especially children, with clicking or crackling tinnitus should be evaluated for FECS using proper diagnostic tools. A possible mechanism of FECS in children postulated from our case review is suggested.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
Guen-Ho
GH
Lee
Seong-Cheon
SC
Bae
Sang-Gyun
SG
Jin
Kyoung-Ho
KH
Park
Sang-Won
SW
Yeo
Shi-Nae
SN
Park
D001767:Blinking; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005143:Eyelids; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009207:Myoclonus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D035583:Rare Diseases; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000503:physiopathology