The first systematic experimentation in music therapy: the genius of James Leonard Corning.
BACKGROUND
The development of music therapy in the United States prior to 1950 has a fascinating but not well known history. The present study illuminates the music therapy research of James Leonard Corning (1855-1923), a prominent neurologist practicing during the late nineteenth-century in New York City.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to provide biographical information and description of a series of music therapy experiments conducted by Corning. His 1899 article appearing in the Medical Record: A Weekly Journal of Medicine and Surgery summarized a series of inventive experiments using music to affect emotional states in people with mild behavioral-emotional and sleep disorders.


METHODS
Information was analyzed using a set of primary and secondary sources from contemporaneous books, newspapers and journals. These sources provided biographical information and insight into his experimental methods. Recent sources provided a framework to help understand his conclusions from the viewpoint of late nineteenth-century physicians and for current practitioners of music therapy.


RESULTS
Findings indicate that Corning's rationale for using music, visual figures and, occasional medication in the treatment of behavioral-emotional disorders was successful in influencing feelings and emotions in a positive way. He believed that during pre-sleep and sleep, cognitive processes became dormant, allowing the penetration of "musical vibrations" into the subconscious eliminating morbid thoughts that plagued his patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Understanding Corning's contributions to music therapy will assist contemporary educators and therapists to better understand the impact of early contributions to music therapy by late nineteenth-century practitioners such as Corning.
Colorado State University, USA.
William B
WB
Davis
D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000266:history*; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history; D009518:New York; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000266:history*; D012107:Research Design; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000266:history; D036302:Therapeutic Human Experimentation / Q000266:history; D014481:United States