An increase in the redox state during reperfusion contributes to the cardioprotective effect of GIK solution.
This study aimed at determining whether glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solutions modify the NADH/NAD(+) ratio during postischemic reperfusion and whether their cardioprotective effect can be attributed to this change in part through reduction of the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The hearts of 72 rats were perfused with a buffer containing glucose (5.5 mM) and hexanoate (0.5 mM). They were maintained in normoxia for 30 min and then subjected to low-flow ischemia (0.5% of the preischemic coronary flow for 20 min) followed by reperfusion (45 min). From the beginning of ischemia, the perfusate was subjected to various changes: enrichment with GIK solution, enrichment with lactate (2 mM), enrichment with pyruvate (2 mM), enrichment with pyruvate (2 mM) plus ethanol (2 mM), or no change for the control group. Left ventricular developed pressure, heart rate, coronary flow, and oxygen consumption were monitored throughout. The lactate/pyruvate ratio of the coronary effluent, known to reflect the cytosolic NADH/NAD(+) ratio and the fructose-6-phosphate/dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (F6P/DHAP) ratio of the reperfused myocardium, were evaluated. Mitochondrial ROS production was also estimated. The GIK solution improved the recovery of mechanical function during reperfusion. This was associated with an enhanced cytosolic NADH/NAD(+) ratio and reduced mitochondrial ROS production. The cardioprotection was also observed when the hearts were perfused with fluids known to increase the cytosolic NADH/NAD(+) ratio (lactate, pyruvate plus ethanol) compared with the other fluids (control and pyruvate groups). The hearts with a high mechanical recovery also displayed a low F6P/DHAP ratio, suggesting that an accelerated glycolysis rate may be responsible for increased cytosolic NADH production. In conclusion, the cardioprotection induced by GIK solutions could occur through an increase in the cytosolic NADH/NAD(+) ratio, leading to a decrease in mitochondrial ROS production.
Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
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D019732:Amide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C030396:glucose-insulin-potassium cardioplegic solution; D009243:NAD; D019732:Amide Synthases; C038479:NAD+ synthase; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium