Non-invasive diagnostic testing for coronary artery disease in the hypertensive patient: potential advantages of a risk estimation-based algorithm.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including coronary atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in hypertension, however, remains a major clinical challenge. Chest pain frequently occurs in hypertensive patients with and without impairment of coronary blood flow supply. Electrocardiographic abnormalities are also common in these patients, thereby leading to further diagnostic difficulty. On the other hand, international guidelines are rather elusive on the recommended diagnostic pathway for coronary artery disease detection in hypertensive patients.In this article, we review the strengths and limitations of current diagnostic methods used to properly identifying coronary artery disease in hypertensive patients. Furthermore, we analyze the usefulness of adopting preliminary and comprehensive cardiovascular risk stratification, together with the evaluation of markers of organ damage, in order to improve the diagnostic efficacy.Despite the high prevalence of arterial hypertension, we still lack a strategy which would lead to validated and cost-effective clinical decision-making processes in hypertensive patients, which help clinicians to minimize useless, ineffective and expensive diagnostic steps. For this purpose, future guidelines should address the issue of diagnostic strategies for an early identification of hypertensive patients at risk of coronary artery disease. This may facilitate appropriate therapeutic choices to optimize the clinical management of coronary disease in hypertension.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Sant'Andrea Hospital, Italy.
Diana
D
Chin
Allegra
A
Battistoni
Giuliano
G
Tocci
Jasmine
J
Passerini
Gianfranco
G
Parati
Massimo
M
Volpe
D000465:Algorithms; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed