14-3-3s are potential biomarkers for HIV-related neurodegeneration.
Over the last decade, it has become evident that 14-3-3 proteins are essential for primary cell functions. These proteins are abundant throughout the body, including the central nervous system and interact with other proteins in both cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Examination of cerebral spinal fluid in humans suggests that 14-3-3s including 14-3-3ε (YWHAE) are up-regulated in several neurological diseases, and loss or duplication of the YWHAE gene leads to Miller-Dieker syndrome. The goal of this review is to examine the utility of 14-3-3s as a marker of human immune deficiency virus (HIV)-dependent neurodegeneration and also as a tool to track disease progression. To that end, we describe mechanisms implicating 14-3-3s in neurological diseases and summarize evidence of its interactions with HIV accessory and co-receptor proteins.
Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico.
Diana
D
Morales
Efthimios C M
EC
Skoulakis
Summer F
SF
Acevedo
D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D003071:Cognition; D018450:Disease Progression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006678:HIV / Q000502:physiology*; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms