Morale in the English mental health workforce: questionnaire survey.
BACKGROUND
High-quality evidence on morale in the mental health workforce is lacking.


OBJECTIVE
To describe staff well-being and satisfaction in a multicentre UK National Health Service (NHS) sample and explore associated factors.


METHODS
A questionnaire-based survey (n = 2258) was conducted in 100 wards and 36 community teams in England. Measures included a set of frequently used indicators of staff morale, and measures of perceived job characteristics based on Karasek's demand-control-support model.


RESULTS
Staff well-being and job satisfaction were fairly good on most indicators, but emotional exhaustion was high among acute general ward and community mental health team (CMHT) staff and among social workers. Most morale indicators were moderately but significantly intercorrelated. Principal components analysis yielded two components, one appearing to reflect emotional strain, the other positive engagement with work. In multilevel regression analyses factors associated with greater emotional strain included working in a CMHT or psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU), high job demands, low autonomy, limited support from managers and colleagues, age under 45 years and junior grade. Greater positive engagement was associated with high job demands, autonomy and support from managers and colleagues, Black or Asian ethnic group, being a psychiatrist or service manager and shorter length of service.


CONCLUSIONS
Potential foci for interventions to increase morale include CMHTs, PICUs and general acute wards. The explanatory value of the demand-support-control model was confirmed, but job characteristics did not fully explain differences in morale indicators across service types and professions.
Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EY, UK. s.johnson@ucl.ac.uk
Sonia
S
Johnson
David P J
DP
Osborn
Ricardo
R
Araya
Elizabeth
E
Wearn
Moli
M
Paul
Mai
M
Stafford
Nigel
N
Wellman
Fiona
F
Nolan
Helen
H
Killaspy
Brynmor
B
Lloyd-Evans
Emma
E
Anderson
Stephen J
SJ
Wood
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009013:Morale; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires