Depressive symptoms are associated with (sub)clinical psychotic symptoms in patients with non-affective psychotic disorder, siblings and healthy controls.
BACKGROUND
Depression is a clinically relevant dimension, associated with both positive and negative symptoms, in patients with schizophrenia. However, in siblings it is unknown whether depression is associated with subclinical positive and negative symptoms. Method Depressive symptoms and their association with positive and negative symptoms were examined in 813 healthy siblings of patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder, 822 patients and 527 healthy controls. Depressive episodes meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria (lifetime) and depressed mood (lifetime) were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH) in all three groups. In the patient group, the severity of positive and negative psychosis symptoms was assessed with the CASH. In the siblings and healthy controls, the severity of subclinical psychosis symptoms was assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE).


RESULTS
Patients reported more lifetime depressed mood and more depressive episodes than both siblings and controls. Siblings had a higher chance of meeting lifetime depressive episodes than the controls; no significant differences in depressed mood were found between siblings and controls. In all three groups the number and duration of depressive symptoms were associated with (sub)clinical negative symptoms. In the patients and siblings the number of depressive symptoms was furthermore associated with (sub)clinical positive symptoms. Finally, lifetime depressed mood showed familial clustering but this clustering was absent for lifetime depressive episodes.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that a co-occurring genetic vulnerability for both depressive and psychotic symptomatology exists on a clinical and a subclinical level.
Rivierduinen Mental Health, Leiden, The Netherlands. r.klaassen@ggzkinderenenjeugd.nl
R M C
RM
Klaassen
M
M
Heins
L B
LB
Luteijn
M
M
van der Gaag
N J M
NJ
van Beveren
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003702:Delusions / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005192:Family Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult