Effect of socioeconomic deprivation and health service utilisation on antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth: population cohort study from rural Ghana.
BACKGROUND
No studies have examined the effect of socioeconomic deprivation on antepartum and intrapartum stillbirths in the poorest women in low income countries.


RESULTS
This study used data from a prospective population based surveillance system involving all women of childbearing age and their babies in rural Ghana. The primary objective was to evaluate associations between household wealth and risk of antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth. The secondary objective was to assess whether any differences in risk were mediated by utilisation of health services during pregnancy. Data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression. Random effect models adjusted for clustering of women who delivered more than one infant. There were 80267 babies delivered from 1 July 2003 to 30 September 2008: 77666 live births and 2601 stillbirths. Of the stillbirths 1367 (52.6%) were antepartum, 989 (38.0%) were intrapartum and 245 (9.4%) had no data on the timing of death. 94.8% of the babies born in the study (76129/80267) had complete data on all covariates and outcomes. 36 878 (48.4%) of babies were born to women in the two poorest quintiles and 3697 (4.9%) had no pregnancy care. There was no association between wealth and antepartum stillbirths. There was a marked 'dose response' of increasing risk of intrapartum stillbirth with increasing levels of socioeconomic deprivation (adjOR 1.09 [1.03-1.16] p value 0.002). Women in the poorest two quintiles had greater risk of intrapartum stillbirth (adjOR 1.19 [1.02-1.38] p value 0.023) compared to the richest women. Adjusting for heath service utilisation and other variables did not alter results.


CONCLUSIONS
Poor women had a high risk of intrapartum stillbirth and this risk was not influenced by health service utilisation. Health system strengthening is required to meet the needs of poor women in our study population.
Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Yoonhee P
YP
Ha
Lisa S
LS
Hurt
Charlotte
C
Tawiah-Agyemang
Betty R
BR
Kirkwood
Karen M
KM
Edmond
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000191:economics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*