Longitudinal evidence on punctal plug use in an elderly population.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in Medicare reimbursement for punctal plug insertion were associated with a decrease in the incidence of insertion and dry eye diagnosis.


METHODS
Incident cases of dry eye syndrome (DES) diagnoses and punctal plug insertions among Medicare beneficiaries were identified from Medicare 5% Part B from 1994 to 2008, using a 3-year look-back. Dry eye syndrome diagnoses and punctal plug insertion codes were ascertained from the international classification of diseases and current procedural terminology codes. Medicare payment data were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services from 1994 to 2008 for punctal plug insertion. Rates were calculated for both the incidence of DES and the use of punctal plugs.


RESULTS
From 2001 to 2008, inflation-adjusted Medicare reimbursement for punctal plug insertion decreased 55.1%, whereas the Medicare population-adjusted incidence of dry eye diagnosis increased 23.3%. Nine percent of individuals diagnosed with DES between 1991 and 2008 underwent punctal plug placement with a mean of 2.0 plugs placed per patient. Total punctal plug placement increased 322.2% between 1994 and 2003, and then reached a plateau. First-time punctal plug insertion rates within 365 days of DES diagnosis increased 111.8% from 1994 to 2002, and then declined 47.0% from 2002 to 2008.


CONCLUSIONS
Although the frequency of DES diagnosis in the Medicare population has increased over time, first-time punctal plug insertion rates, especially within the first year following DES diagnosis, have declined coincidently with the increasing presence of a medical alternative and declining Medicare payment. Choice of therapies may have cost and care implications.
Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Sulene L
SL
Chi
Kofi F
KF
Acquah
Michael J
MJ
Richard
Paul P
PP
Lee
Frank A
FA
Sloan
D000368:Aged; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000601:surgery*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016345:Medicare Part B / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000191:economics*; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014481:United States