Clinical documentation: composition or synthesis?
OBJECTIVE
To understand the nature of emerging electronic documentation practices, disconnects between documentation workflows and computing systems designed to support them, and ways to improve the design of electronic documentation systems.


METHODS
Time-and-motion study of resident physicians' note-writing practices using a commercial electronic health record system that includes an electronic documentation module. The study was conducted in the general medicine unit of a large academic hospital.


RESULTS
During the study, 96 note-writing sessions by 11 resident physicians, resulting in close to 100 h of observations were seen. Seven of the 10 most common transitions between activities during note composition were between documenting, and gathering and reviewing patient data, and updating the plan of care.


CONCLUSIONS
The high frequency of transitions seen in the study suggested that clinical documentation is fundamentally a synthesis activity, in which clinicians review available patient data and summarize their impressions and judgments. At the same time, most electronic health record systems are optimized to support documentation as uninterrupted composition. This mismatch leads to fragmentation in clinical work, and results in inefficiencies and workarounds. In contrast, we propose that documentation can be best supported with tools that facilitate data exploration and search for relevant information, selective reading and annotation, and composition of a note as a temporal structure.


CONCLUSIONS
Time-and-motion study of clinicians' electronic documentation practices revealed a high level of fragmentation of documentation activities and frequent task transitions. Treating documentation as synthesis rather than composition suggests new possibilities for supporting it more effectively with electronic systems.
Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, USA. lena.mamykina@dbmi.columbia.edu
Lena
L
Mamykina
David K
DK
Vawdrey
Peter D
PD
Stetson
Kai
K
Zheng
George
G
Hripcsak
D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D004282:Documentation / Q000379:methods*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D057188:Workflow