title: Coagulation of human prostate volumes with MRI-controlled transurethral ultrasound therapy: results in gel phantoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The feasibility and safety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-controlled transurethral ultrasound therapy were demonstrated recently in a preliminary human study in which a small subvolume of prostate tissue was treated prior to radical prostatectomy. Translation of this technology to full clinical use, however, requires the capability to generate thermal coagulation in a volume up to that of the prostate gland itself. The aim of this study was to investigate the parameters required to treat a full 3D human prostate accurately with a multi-element transurethral applicator and multiplanar MR temperature control.
  
  
  METHODS
  The approach was a combination of simulations (to select appropriate parameters) followed by experimental confirmation in tissue-mimicking phantoms. A ten-channel, MRI-compatible transurethral ultrasound therapy system was evaluated using six human prostate models (average volume: 36 cm(3)) obtained from the preliminary human feasibility study. Real-time multiplanar MR thermometry at 3 T was used to control the spatial heating pattern in up to nine planes simultaneously. Treatment strategies incorporated both single (4.6 or 8.1 MHz) and dual (4.6 and 14.4 MHz) frequencies, as well as maximum acoustic surface powers of 10 or 20 W cm(-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatments at 4.6 MHz were capable of coagulating a volume equivalent to 97% of the prostate. Increasing power from 10 to 20 W cm(-2) reduced treatment times by approximately 50% with full treatments taking 26 ± 3 min at a coagulation rate of 1.8 ± 0.4 cm(3) min(-1). A dual-frequency 4.6∕14.4 MHz treatment strategy was shown to be the most effective configuration for achieving full human prostate treatment while maintaining good treatment accuracy for small treatment radii. The dual-frequency approach reduced overtreatment close to the prostate base and apex, confirming the simulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reinforces the capability of MRI-controlled transurethral ultrasound therapy to treat full prostate volumes in a short treatment time with good spatial targeting accuracy and provides key parameters necessary for the next clinical trial.
authors: Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N3M5, Canada. apoutou.ndjin@sri.utoronto.ca
authors: William Apoutou
authors: WA
authors: N'djin
authors: Mathieu
authors: M
authors: Burtnyk
authors: Ilya
authors: I
authors: Kobelevskiy
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Hadjis
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Bronskill
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Chopra
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography