title: Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy in Africa: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize findings from studies reporting the prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic maculopathy in African countries in light of the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a predefined search strategy, we systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation index and Conference Proceedings Citation index, African Index Medicus and the grey literature database 'OpenSIGLE' for studies published between January 1990 and February 2011. Included studies reported prevalence or incidence of diabetic retinopathy or diabetic maculopathy of subjects with diabetes resident in African countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two studies from 21 countries were included: three population-based surveys; two cohort studies; five case-control studies; 32 diabetes clinic-based, nine eye clinic-based and 11 other hospital-based surveys. Included studies varied considerably in terms of patient selection, method of assessing the eye and retinopathy classification. In population-based studies, the reported prevalence range in patients with diabetes for diabetic retinopathy was 30.2 to 31.6%, proliferative diabetic retinopathy 0.9 to 1.3%, and any maculopathy 1.2 to 4.5%. In diabetes clinic-based surveys, the reported prevalence range for diabetic retinopathy was 7.0 to 62.4%, proliferative diabetic retinopathy 0 to 6.9%, and any maculopathy 1.2 to 31.1%. No obvious association between prevalence and income level of the country was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large, community-based cross-sectional and cohort studies are needed to investigate rates and determinants of prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, incidence and progression in Africa. Consensus is needed on the most appropriate methods of identification and classification of retinopathy for research and clinical practice. Estimates of prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy are comparable with recent European and American studies.
authors: Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi, UK. philipburgess@doctors.org.uk
authors: P I
authors: PI
authors: Burgess
authors: I J C
authors: IJ
authors: MacCormick
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Harding
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bastawrous
authors: N A V
authors: NA
authors: Beare
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Garner
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology