title: Analgesia and anesthesia in pre-colonial Africa.
authors: University of Chicago, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: E Ngugi
authors: EN
authors: Kinyungu
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000266:history*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000266:history*; D004534:Egypt; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional / Q000266:history*; D009549:Nigeria; D014454:Uganda