title: A physiotherapist-delivered integrated exercise and pain coping skills training intervention for individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic musculoskeletal condition with no cure. Pain is the primary symptom and results from a complex interaction between structural changes, physical impairments and psychological factors. Much evidence supports the use of strengthening exercises to improve pain and physical function in this patient population. There is also a growing body of research examining the effects of psychologist-delivered pain coping skills training (PCST) particularly in other chronic pain conditions. Though typically provided separately, there are symptom, resource and personnel advantages of exercise and PCST being delivered together by a single healthcare professional. Physiotherapists are a logical choice to be trained to deliver a PCST intervention as they already have expertise in administering exercise for knee OA and are cognisant of the need for a biopsychosocial approach to management. No studies to date have examined the effects of an integrated exercise and PCST program delivered solely by physiotherapists in this population. The primary aim of this multisite randomised controlled trial is to investigate whether an integrated 12-week PCST and exercise treatment program delivered by physiotherapists is more efficacious than either program alone in treating pain and physical function in individuals with knee OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This will be an assessor-blinded, 3-arm randomised controlled trial of a 12-week intervention involving 10 physiotherapy visits together with home practice. Participants with symptomatic and radiographic knee OA will be recruited from the community in two cities in Australia and randomized into one of three groups: exercise alone, PCST alone, or integrated PCST and exercise. Randomisation will be stratified by city (Melbourne or Brisbane) and gender. Primary outcomes are overall average pain in the past week measured by a Visual Analogue Scale and physical function measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index subscale. Secondary outcomes include global rating of change, muscle strength, functional performance, physical activity levels, health related quality of life and psychological factors. Measurements will be taken at baseline and immediately following the intervention (12 weeks) as well as at 32 weeks and 52 weeks to examine maintenance of any intervention effects. Specific assessment of adherence to the treatment program will also be made at weeks 22 and 42. Relative cost-effectiveness will be determined from health service usage and outcome data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this randomised controlled trial will provide evidence for the efficacy of an integrated PCST and exercise program delivered by physiotherapists in the management of painful and functionally limiting knee OA compared to either program alone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry reference number: ACTRN12610000533099.
authors: Centre for Health, Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. k.bennell@unimelb.edu.au
authors: Kim L
authors: KL
authors: Bennell
authors: Yasmin
authors: Y
authors: Ahamed
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Bryant
authors: Gwendolen
authors: G
authors: Jull
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Hunt
authors: Justin
authors: J
authors: Kenardy
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Forbes
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Harris
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Nicholas
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Metcalf
authors: Thorlene
authors: T
authors: Egerton
authors: Francis J
authors: FJ
authors: Keefe
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D059825:Physical Therapists / Q000592:standards; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome