title: Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and sarcopenia.
abstract: Sarcopenia is one of the leading causes of disability in the elderly. Despite the growing prevalence of sarcopenia, the molecular mechanisms that control aging-related changes in muscle mass are not fully understood. The ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the major pathways that regulate muscle protein degradation, and this system plays a central role in controlling muscle size. Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 are two E3 ubiquitin ligases that are important regulators of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in skeletal muscle. In this review, we will discuss: (i) aging-related changes to skeletal muscle structure and function; (ii) the regulation of protein synthesis and protein degradation by IGF-1, TGF-β, and myostatin, with emphasis on the control of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression; and (iii) the potential for modulating atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression to treat or prevent sarcopenia.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
authors: Jonathan P
authors: JP
authors: Gumucio
authors: Christopher L
authors: CL
authors: Mendias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055550:Protein Stability / Q000187:drug effects; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; C440907:FBXO32 protein, human; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; C440908:TRIM63 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases