title: Variability in intraosseous pressure induced by saline flush of an intraosseous cannula by multiple practitioners.
abstract: Intraosseous cannulation is an accepted means to achieve vascular access when peripheral venous access is not available. It is common practice to flush the intraosseous cannula with saline prior to establishing infusions. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in intraosseous pressure during the flush procedure and to assess the variability of pressure changes induced by different practitioners. Two intraosseous cannulas were placed in an isolated cadaveric femur collected from a swine. Intraosseous pressure and the rate of change in pressure were recorded continuously during a series of saline flushes into a distal femoral intraosseous cannula by 21 members of the veterinary research staff at the authors' institution. Median peak intraosseous pressures exceeded 600 mmHg, and an inverse relationship was noted between peak intraosseous pressure and the duration of flush. Bone marrow fat emboli were grossly evident in flush effluents and their presence was confirmed by microscopic examination. Until the practitioners were informed of the pressure changes induced by the intraosseous cannula flush, few had appreciated the magnitude of the pressures that they had generated, suggesting that an instrumented intraosseous flush preparation like the one used in this study may prove useful as a training tool for flush procedures.
authors: Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA. bernard.j.rubal@us.army.mil
authors: Bernard J
authors: BJ
authors: Rubal
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: McKay
authors: Kevin R
authors: KR
authors: Armstrong
authors: Mark P
authors: MP
authors: Rubal
authors: Melissa J
authors: MJ
authors: Marbach
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D004620:Embolism, Fat / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000193:education; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013552:Swine; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride