title: Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects in mice of a sulfated polysaccharide fraction extracted from the marine red algae Gracilaria caudata.
abstract: Many algal species contain relatively high concentrations of polysaccharide substances, a number of which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory activity. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in mice of a sulfated polysaccharide fraction (PLS) extracted from the algae Gracilaria caudata. The antiinflammatory activity of PLS was evaluated using several inflammatory agents (carrageenan, dextran, bradykinin, and histamine) to induce paw edema and peritonitis in Swiss mice. Samples of the paw tissue and peritoneal fluid were removed to determine myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity or TNF-α and IL-1β levels, respectively. Mechanical hypernociception was induced by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan into the plantar surface of the paw. Pretreatment of mice by intraperitoneal administration of PLS (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema (p < 0.05) compared to vehicle-treated mice. Similarly, PLS 10 mg/kg effectively inhibited edema induced by dextran and histamine; however, edema induced by bradykinin was unaffected by PLS. PLS 10 mg/kg inhibited total and differential peritoneal leukocyte counts following carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Furthermore, PLS reduced carrageenan-increased MPO activity in paws and reduced cytokine levels in the peritoneal cavity. Finally PLS pretreatment also reduced hypernociception 3-4 h after carrageenan. We conclude that PLS reduces the inflammatory response and hypernociception in mice by reducing neutrophil migration and cytokines concentration.
authors: Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Federal University of Piauí-CMRV, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
authors: Luciano de Sousa
authors: Lde S
authors: Chaves
authors: Lucas Antonio Duarte
authors: LA
authors: Nicolau
authors: Renan Oliveira
authors: RO
authors: Silva
authors: Francisco Clark Nogueira
authors: FC
authors: Barros
authors: Ana Lúcia Ponte
authors: AL
authors: Freitas
authors: Karoline Sabóia
authors: KS
authors: Aragão
authors: Ronaldo de Albuquerque
authors: Rde A
authors: Ribeiro
authors: Marcellus Henrique Loiola Ponte
authors: MH
authors: Souza
authors: André Luiz dos Reis
authors: AL
authors: Barbosa
authors: Jand-Venes Rolim
authors: JV
authors: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000009:adverse effects; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D044724:Gracilaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002351:Carrageenan; D009195:Peroxidase