title: Tobacco smoke biomarkers and cancer risk among male smokers in the Shanghai cohort study.
abstract: Metabolites of tobacco smoke constituents can be quantified in urine and other body fluids providing a realistic measure of carcinogen and toxicant dose in a smoker. Many previous studies have demonstrated that these metabolites - referred to as biomarkers in this paper - are related to tobacco smoke exposure. The studies reviewed here were designed to answer another question: are these substances also biomarkers of cancer risk? Using a prospective study design comparing biomarker levels in cancer cases and controls, all of whom were smokers, the results demonstrate that several of these biomarkers - total cotinine, total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), r-1-,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT), and total N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) - are biomarkers of cancer risk. Therefore, these biomarkers have the potential to become part of a cancer risk prediction algorithm for smokers.
authors: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: hecht002@umn.edu.
authors: Stephen S
authors: SS
authors: Hecht
authors: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
authors: Sharon E
authors: SE
authors: Murphy
authors: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
authors: Irina
authors: I
authors: Stepanov
authors: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
authors: Heather H
authors: HH
authors: Nelson
authors: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States.
authors: Jian-Min
authors: JM
authors: Yuan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011725:Pyridines; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; D003367:Cotinine