title: Synergistic regulation of p53 by Mdm2 and Mdm4 is critical in cardiac endocardial cushion morphogenesis during heart development.
abstract: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent human birth defects. More than 85% of CHDs are thought to result from a combination of genetic susceptibilities and environmental stress. However, the stress-related signalling pathways involved remain largely unknown. The p53 transcription factor is a key tumour suppressor and a central regulator of the cellular stress responses. p53 activities are tightly regulated by its inhibitors Mdm2 and Mdm4 at the post-translational level. Here we used the Cre-loxP system to delete Mdm2 (Tie2Cre;Mdm2(FM/FM) ) or one copy of both Mdm2 and Mdm4 (Tie2Cre;Mdm2(FM/+) ; Mdm4(+/-) ) in endothelial/endocardial cells and their derivatives in mice to examine the regulation of the p53/Mdm2-Mdm4 pathway during vascular and cardiovascular development. The Tie2Cre;Mdm2(FM/FM) mice died before embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) and displayed severe vascular defects. On the other hand, the Tie2Cre;Mdm2(FM/+) ; Mdm4(+/-) mice displayed atrial and ventricular septal defects (ASD, VSD) of the heart, leading to severe heart dysfunction and postnatal death. During cardiac endocardial cushion morphogenesis, p53 activation was associated with defects in both the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the endocardial cells and the post-EMT proliferation of the mesenchymal cells, and the valvuloseptal phenotypes of the Tie2Cre;Mdm2(FM/+) ; Mdm4(+/-) mice were fully rescued by deletion of one copy of p53. Strikingly, maternal exposure to low-dose X-rays in C57BL/6 mice mimicked the congenital heart malformations seen in the Tie2Cre;Mdm2(FM/+) ; Mdm4(+/-) model, which was also dependent on p53 status, establishing a link between maternal exposures and CHD susceptibility through the p53 pathway. These data revealed a new regulatory mechanism in cardiac endocardial cushion morphogenesis and suggested a possible cause of CHDs due to environmental stress.
authors: The MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Zhang
authors: Xueyan
authors: X
authors: He
authors: Lai
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Chenxi
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: Xiang
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: Zhongzhou
authors: Z
authors: Yang
authors: Geng
authors: G
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004452:Echocardiography; D054089:Endocardial Cushions / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C461497:Mdm4 protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497207:Mdm2 protein, mouse; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; C079086:Tek protein, mouse