title: Diazoxide may protect endothelial glycocalyx integrity during coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plasma hyaluronan and syndecan-1 levels represent shedding of the endothelium glycocalyx during ischemia and edema. Diazoxide, a K(ATP)-channel opener, has been shown to decrease myocardial edema during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We evaluated whether diazoxide exerts an impact on plasma hyaluronan and syndecan-1 levels during CABG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representative blood samples for hyaluronan and syndecan-1, before, during and after surgery, were obtained in 13 out of 16 patients that had a history of stable coronary artery disease undergoing CABG with or without diazoxide. Electron microscopy from biopsies procured from the right atrium in 9 patients was performed to confirm ultrastructural differences among patients before and during CABG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrastructural differences were apparent between individual patients already before operation at base line reflecting differences in the severity of myocardial ischemia and edema. A significant decrease of hyaluronan and syndecan-1 values was observed in patients with diazoxide after surgery (p < 0.04). Significant correlation of plasma hyaluronan and syndecan-1 levels was observed in patients with diazoxide but not in controls (p < 0.005, Spearman rank rho).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diazoxide may have an impact on levels of peripheral plasma hyaluronan and syndecan-1 after CABG, suggesting decreased shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx layer.
authors: Heart Center, Cardiac Research, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. ari.mennander@sydankeskus.fi
authors: Ari Adolf
authors: AA
authors: Mennander
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Shalaby
authors: Niku
authors: N
authors: Oksala
authors: Tiina
authors: T
authors: Leppänen
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Hämäläinen
authors: Sanna
authors: S
authors: Huovinen
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Zhao
authors: Eeva
authors: E
authors: Moilanen
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Tarkka
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005387:Finland; D019276:Glycocalyx / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D053668:Syndecan-1 / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508241:SDC1 protein, human; D053668:Syndecan-1; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003981:Diazoxide