title: The Dutch Healthy Diet index (DHD-index): an instrument to measure adherence to the Dutch Guidelines for a Healthy Diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective was to develop an index based on the Dutch Guidelines for a healthy Diet of 2006 that reflects dietary quality and to apply it to the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS) to examine the associations with micronutrient intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 749 men and women, aged 19-30 years, contributed two 24-hour recalls and additional questionnaires in the DNFCS of 2003. The Dutch Healthy Diet index (DHD-index) includes ten components representing the ten Dutch Guidelines for a Healthy Diet. Per component the score ranges between zero and ten, resulting in a total score between zero (no adherence) and 100 (complete adherence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ± SD of the DHD-index was 60.4 ± 11.5 for women and 57.8 ± 10.8 for men (P for difference = 0.002). Each component score increased across the sex-specific quintiles of the DHD-index. An inverse association was observed between the sex-specific quintiles of the DHD-index and total energy intake. Calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin E intake decreased with increasing DHD-index, an inverse association which disappeared after energy adjustment. Vitamin C showed a positive association across quintiles, also when adjusted for energy. For folate, iron, magnesium, potassium, thiamin, and vitamin B6 a positive association emerged after adjustment for energy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DHD-index is capable of ranking participants according to their adherence to the Dutch Guidelines for a Healthy Diet by reflecting variation in nine out of ten components that constitute the index when based on two 24-hour recalls. Furthermore, the index showed to be a good measure of nutrient density of diets.
authors: Division of human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Linde.vanLee@wur.nl.
authors: Linde
authors: L
authors: van Lee
authors: Anouk
authors: A
authors: Geelen
authors: Eveline J C Hooft
authors: EJ
authors: van Huysduynen
authors: Jeanne H M
authors: JH
authors: de Vries
authors: Pieter
authors: P
authors: van't Veer
authors: Edith J M
authors: EJ
authors: Feskens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009426:Netherlands; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D014810:Vitamin E; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D008274:Magnesium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D012256:Riboflavin