title: Clinical application of a card-type odor identification test to olfactory assessment in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current studies have provided valuable evidence that Parkinson's disease (PD) is closely associated with olfactory loss and that the use of olfactory testing is regarded as one of the potential screening tools for early diagnosis of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with PD, age- and sex-matched 14 patients with other neurological diseases and 10 healthy controls were evaluated the sense of smell by the Open Essence (OE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The motor performance of the patients with PD was assessed using the Hoehn and Yahr scale. The OE scores for patients with PD were significantly lower than those with both the patients with other neurological diseases and controls. There was no significant difference of the OE scores between patients with other neurological diseases and controls. In the PD group, the OE score was not correlated with gender, smoking habit, disease duration, age at examination, or cognitive status. However, the OE scores were significantly correlated with Hoehn and Yahr stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OE was found to be practically self-administered, time-saving, reliable, and inexpensive method for correct diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction associated with PD.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Hirotomo
authors: H
authors: Homma
authors: Asako
authors: A
authors: Yoritaka
authors: Nobutaka
authors: N
authors: Hattori
authors: Tatsu
authors: T
authors: Kobayakawa
authors: Katsuhisa
authors: K
authors: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology