title: The association of consumption of fruits/vegetables with decreased risk of glaucoma among older African-American women in the study of osteoporotic fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and the presence of glaucoma in older African-American women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disc photographs and suprathreshold visual fields were obtained from the 662 African-American participants in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Masked, trained readers graded all discs, and 2 glaucoma specialists reviewed photographs and visual fields. The Block Food Frequency Questionnaire assessed food consumption. Relationships between selected fruit/vegetable/nutrient consumption and glaucoma were evaluated using logistic regression models after adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After excluding women missing Food Frequency Questionnaire and disc data, 584 African-American women (88.2% of total African-American cohort) were included. Glaucoma was diagnosed in at least 1 eye in 77 subjects (13%). Women who ate 3 or more servings/day of fruits/fruit juices were 79% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08-0.60) less likely to have glaucoma than women who ate less than 1 serving/day. Women who consumed more than 2 servings/week of fresh oranges (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.06-0.51) and peaches (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.13-0.67) had a decreased odds of glaucoma compared to those consuming less than 1 serving/week. For vegetables, >1 serving/week compared to ≤1 serving/month of collard greens/kale decreased the odds of glaucoma by 57% (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21-0.85). There was a protective trend against glaucoma in those consuming more fruit/fruit juices (P = .023), fresh oranges (P = .002), fresh peaches (P = .002), and collard greens/kale (P = .014). Higher consumption of carrots (P = .061) and spinach (P = .094) also showed some associations. Individual nutrient intake from food sources found protective trends with higher intakes of vitamin A (P = .011), vitamin C (P = .018), and α-carotene (P = .021), and close to statistically significant trends with β-carotene (P = .052), folate (P = .056), and lutein/zeaxanthin (P = .077).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher intake of certain fruits and vegetables high in vitamins A and C and carotenoids may be associated with a decreased likelihood of glaucoma in older African-American women. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether the intake of specific nutrients changes the risk of glaucoma.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors: Joann A
authors: JA
authors: Giaconi
authors: Fei
authors: F
authors: Yu
authors: Katie L
authors: KL
authors: Stone
authors: Kathryn L
authors: KL
authors: Pedula
authors: Kristine E
authors: KE
authors: Ensrud
authors: Jane A
authors: JA
authors: Cauley
authors: Marc C
authors: MC
authors: Hochberg
authors: Anne L
authors: AL
authors: Coleman
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000208:ethnology*; D005638:Fruit; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants