title: Activation of central α2-adrenoceptors mediates salivary gland vasoconstriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral treatment with the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine increases salivary gland blood flow and induces intense salivation that is reduced by the central injection of moxonidine (α2-adrenoceptors/imidazoline agonist). In the present study, we investigated the effects of the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of pilocarpine alone or combined with moxonidine also injected i.c.v. On submandibular/sublingual gland (SSG) vascular resistance. In addition, the effects of these treatments on arterial pressure, heart rate and on mesenteric and hindlimb vascular resistance were also tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannula implanted into lateral ventricle and anaesthetized with urethane+α-chloralose were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pilocarpine (500nmol/1μl) injected i.c.v. Reduced SSG vascular resistance and increased arterial pressure, heart rate and mesenteric vascular resistance. Contrary to pilocarpine alone, the combination of moxonidine (20nmol/1μl) and pilocarpine injected i.c.v. Increased SSG vascular resistance, an effect abolished by the pre-treatment with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (320nmol/2μl). The increase in arterial pressure, heart rate and mesenteric resistance was not modified by the combination of moxonidine and pilocarpine i.c.v.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the activation of central α2-adrenoceptors may oppose to the effects of central cholinergic receptor activation in the SSG vascular resistance.
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: tmoreira@icb.usp.br.
authors: Thiago S
authors: TS
authors: Moreira
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Ana C
authors: AC
authors: Takakura
authors: Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, 14801-903, Araraquara, Brazil.
authors: José V
authors: JV
authors: Menani
authors: Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, 14801-903, Araraquara, Brazil.
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Colombari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000187:drug effects*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D010862:Pilocarpine; D015016:Yohimbine; C043482:moxonidine