title: Commissioning a CT-compatible LDR tandem and ovoid applicator using Monte Carlo calculation and 3D dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the geometric and dose attenuation characteristics of a new commercially available CT-compatible LDR tandem and ovoid (T&O) applicator using Monte Carlo calculation and 3D dosimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  For geometric characterization, we quantified physical dimensions and investigated a systematic difference found to exist between nominal ovoid angle and the angle at which the afterloading buckets fall within the ovoid. For dosimetric characterization, we determined source attenuation through asymmetric gold shielding in the buckets using Monte Carlo simulations and 3D dosimetry. Monte Carlo code MCNP5 was used to simulate 1.5 × 10(9) photon histories from a (137)Cs source placed in the bucket to achieve statistical uncertainty of 1% at a 6 cm distance. For 3D dosimetry, the distribution about an unshielded source was first measured to evaluate the system for (137)Cs, after which the distribution was measured about sources placed in each bucket. Cylindrical PRESAGE(®) dosimeters (9.5 cm diameter, 9.2 cm height) with a central channel bored for source placement were supplied by Heuris Inc. The dosimeters were scanned with the Duke Large field of view Optical CT-Scanner before and after delivering a nominal dose at 1 cm of 5-8 Gy. During irradiation the dosimeter was placed in a water phantom to provide backscatter. Optical CT scan time lasted 15 min during which 720 projections were acquired at 0.5° increments, and a 3D distribution was reconstructed with a (0.05 cm)(3) isotropic voxel size. The distributions about the buckets were used to calculate a 3D distribution of transmission rate through the bucket, which was applied to a clinical CT-based T&O implant plan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systematic difference in bucket angle relative to the nominal ovoid angle (105°) was 3.1°-4.7°. A systematic difference in bucket angle of 1°, 5°, and 10° caused a 1% ± 0.1%, 1.7% ± 0.4%, and 2.6% ± 0.7% increase in rectal dose, respectively, with smaller effect to dose to Point A, bladder, sigmoid, and bowel. For 3D dosimetry, 90.6% of voxels had a 3D γ-index (criteria = 0.1 cm, 3% local signal) below 1.0 when comparing measured and expected dose about the unshielded source. Dose transmission through the gold shielding at a radial distance of 1 cm was 85.9% ± 0.2%, 83.4% ± 0.7%, and 82.5% ± 2.2% for Monte Carlo, and measurement for left and right buckets, respectively. Dose transmission was lowest at oblique angles from the bucket with a minimum of 56.7% ± 0.8%, 65.6% ± 1.7%, and 57.5% ± 1.6%, respectively. For a clinical T&O plan, attenuation from the buckets leads to a decrease in average Point A dose of ∼3.2% and decrease in D(2cc) to bladder, rectum, bowel, and sigmoid of 5%, 18%, 6%, and 12%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between dummy and afterloading bucket position in the ovoids is minor compared to effects from asymmetric ovoid shielding, for which rectal dose is most affected. 3D dosimetry can fulfill a novel role in verifying Monte Carlo calculations of complex dose distributions as are common about brachytherapy sources and applicators.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. justus.adamson@duke.edu
authors: Justus
authors: J
authors: Adamson
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Newton
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: Beverly
authors: B
authors: Steffey
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Cai
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Adamovics
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Oldham
authors: Junzo
authors: J
authors: Chino
authors: Oana
authors: O
authors: Craciunescu
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States