title: Liver fat quantification by dual-echo MR imaging outperforms traditional histopathological analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of dual-echo (DE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without fat and water separation for the quantification of liver fat content (LFC) in vitro and in patients undergoing liver surgery, with comparison to histopathologic analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI was performed on a 1.5-T scanner using a three-dimensional DE MRI sequence with automated reconstruction of in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) and fat-signal-only and water-signal-only images. LFC was estimated by fat fractions from IP and OP images (MRI(IP/OP)) and from Dixon-based fat-only and water-only images (MRI(DIxON)). Seven phantoms containing a titrated mixture of liver and fat from 0% to 50% were examined. Forty-three biopsies in 22 patients undergoing liver surgery were prospectively evaluated by a pathologist by traditional determination of the cell-count fraction and by a computer-based algorithm, the latter serving as the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, both MRI(IP/OP) and MRI(DIxON) were significantly correlated with titrated LFC (r = 0.993, P < .001), with a smaller measurement bias for MRI(IP/OP) (+2.6%) than for MRI(DIxON) (+4.5%). In vivo, both MRI(IP/OP) and MRI(DIxON) from DE MRI were correlated significantly better with computer-based histologic results (P < .001) and showed significantly smaller measurement bias (4.8% vs 21.1%) compared to histologic cell-count fraction (P < .001). Measurement bias was significantly smaller for MRI(IP/OP) than for MRI(DIxON) (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DE MRI allows the accurate quantification of LFC in a surgical population, outperforming traditional histopathologic analysis. DE MRI without fat and water separation shows the highest accuracy and smallest measurement bias for the quantification of LFC.
authors: Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistraße 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. michaelalexander.fischer@usz.ch
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Fischer
authors: Dimitri A
authors: DA
authors: Raptis
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Montani
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Graf
authors: Pierre-Alain
authors: PA
authors: Clavien
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Nanz
authors: Hatem
authors: H
authors: Alkadhi
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Scheffel
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D050154:Adiposity; D001706:Biopsy; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged