title: Deletion of protein kinase Cε in mice has limited effects on liver metabolite levels but alters fasting ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein kinase Cε (PKCε) is emerging as a key mediator of lipid-induced insulin resistance in liver and hepatic lipid metabolism itself. We investigated whether PKCε plays a role in other metabolic processes, to further examine its suitability as a therapeutic target.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured amino acid, organic acid and sugar levels by liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of liver extracts from chow and fat-fed wild-type (WT) and PKCε-deficient (Prkce(-/-)) mice. Fed and fasting glucose, ketone and fatty acid levels were measured in blood. Triacylglycerol levels and gluconeogenic and ketogenic enzyme expression were measured in liver. The effect of fasting on epididymal fat pad mass was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolomic analysis indicated that the short-term high-fat diet affected over 20 compounds, including a 50% reduction in the glucogenic amino acid alanine. Prkce deletion resulted only in a reduction of 4-hydroxyproline and aspartate and an increase in glutamate. However, upon fasting, Prkce(-/-) mice were better able to maintain blood glucose levels and also exhibited lower levels of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate compared with WT mice. Upon fasting, Prkce deletion also resulted in lower liver and plasma lipids and a smaller reduction in fat pad mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolomic analysis provided new insights into the effects of a high-fat diet on liver metabolite levels. Glucose homeostasis under fasting conditions is improved in Prkce(-/-) mice, which, in turn, may reduce the mobilisation of lipid from adipose tissue, reducing the availability of ketogenic substrate in the liver. Together with the protection against fat-diet-induced glucose intolerance previously observed in the fed state, these findings indicate PKCε as a unique therapeutic target for the improvement of glucose homeostasis.
authors: Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.|Competence Centre Functional Genomics-Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Raddatz
authors: Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.|School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Frangioudakis
authors: Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Diakanastasis
authors: Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Liao
authors: Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Leitges
authors: Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. c.schmitz-peiffer@garvan.org.au.|St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. c.schmitz-peiffer@garvan.org.au.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Schmitz-Peiffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007659:Ketones / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D023421:Models, Animal; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007659:Ketones; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon