title: Reducing susceptibility artefacts in magnetic resonance images of the canine stifle following surgery for cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the postoperative canine stifle are adversely affected by susceptibility artefacts associated with metallic implants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine empirically to what extent susceptibility artefacts could be reduced by modifications to MR technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cadaveric limbs with a tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO), tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), or extra-capsular stabilization (ECS) implant, respectively, were imaged at 1.5T. Series of proton density and T2-weighted images were acquired with different combinations of frequency-encoding gradient (FEG) direction and polarity, stifle flexion or extension, echo spacing (ES), and readout bandwidth (ROBW), and ranked. The highest rank (a rank of 1) corresponded to the smallest artefact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Image ranking was affected by FEG polarity (p = 0.005), stifle flexion (p = 0.01), and ROBW (p = 0.0001). For TPLO and TTA implants, the highest ranked images were obtained with the stifle flexed, lateromedial FEG, and medial polarity for dorsal images, and craniocaudal FEG and caudal polarity for sagittal images. For the ECS implant, the highest ranked images were obtained with the stifle extended, a proximodistal FEG and proximal polarity for dorsal images, and craniocaudal FEG and cranial polarity for sagittal images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Susceptibility artefacts in MR images of postoperative canine stifles do not preclude clinical evaluation of joints with ECS or TTA implants.
authors: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK. fdavid@rvc.ac.uk
authors: F H
authors: FH
authors: David
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Grierson
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Lamb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D016477:Artifacts; D002102:Cadaver; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013264:Stifle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*