title: Relationship between depression and subclinical left ventricular changes in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with depression are at risk of heart failure. This study was designed to elucidate the relationship between depression and subclinical left ventricular (LV) changes in the general Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2420 participants, aged 40-79 years, without known cardiovascular disease, were recruited from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All individuals underwent conventional two-dimensional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to measure LV changes. In addition, subjects answered the Beck depression inventory I (BDI-I) questionnaire to assess depression levels. Participants were assigned to one of three groups based on the BDI-I score: no depression (0≤ BDI-I <10), mild depression (10≤ BDI-I <20), and moderate to severe depression (BDI-I ≥20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  LV diastolic function parameters, such as the transmitral A wave velocity and E/A ratio, TDI early diastolic velocity (E(a)), and E/E(a) ratio, were progressively altered across the levels of depression (all p<0.01). After multivariate adjustment, subjects with moderate to severe depression showed a significantly higher LV mass index (p=0.019) and lower TDI E(a) velocity (p=0.006) compared with those without depression. In linear regression models, the presence of depression (BDI-I ≥10) was independently associated with a lower TDI E(a) velocity (p=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with moderate to severe depression showed subclinical alterations in LV structure and function. These findings support the hypothesis that clinical depression may be an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yong-Hyun
authors: YH
authors: Kim
authors: Seong Hwan
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Sang Yup
authors: SY
authors: Lim
authors: Goo-Yeong
authors: GY
authors: Cho
authors: In-Kyung
authors: IK
authors: Baik
authors: Hong-Euy
authors: HE
authors: Lim
authors: Jin Oh
authors: JO
authors: Na
authors: Seong Woo
authors: SW
authors: Han
authors: Young-Hoon
authors: YH
authors: Ko
authors: Chol
authors: C
authors: Shin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology