title: Open versus closed reduction: mandibular condylar fractures in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to review the literature regarding the evolution of current thoughts on management of mandibular condylar fractures (MCFs) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search in PubMed was undertaken in May 2012. The titles and abstracts from these results were read to identify studies within the selection criteria. Eligibility criteria included studies published in English or German from the last 20 years (from 1992 onwards) reporting clinical series of MCFs in children and adolescents until the age of 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search strategy initially identified 542 studies. The references from 1992 onwards totaled 339 articles. Twenty-seven studies were identified without repetition within the selection criteria. Additional hand-searching yielded two additional papers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric MCFs require thoughtful consideration in management to avoid significant growth disturbance. Early treatment is indicated in order to improve the chances for favorable development. Long-term follow-up is required, in order to properly treat late complications that may appear. Coronal computed tomography is helpful in substantiating the correct final diagnosis. Many studies show that conservative treatment (CTR) has satisfactory long-term outcome of jaw function, occlusion, and facial esthetics, despite a high frequency of radiological aberrations. Surgery before puberty should be reserved for exceptional cases such as missile injuries, in cases with extensive dislocation and lack of contact between the fragments, in cases with multiple midfacial fractures, in which the mandible has to serve as a guide to reposition the midfacial bones, and in cases which the dislocation of the fractured stump creates a functional impediment that cannot be resolved by CTR. As the craniofacial skeleton becomes more adult-like in its form at about 12 years of age, the decreased remodeling capacity in the adolescents may occasionally result in abnormally shaped condylar heads or shortened ramus heights that may lead to persistent malocclusion. Thus, the indication of open reduction and internal fixation increases with age.
authors: brunochrcanovic@hotmail.com
authors: Bruno Ramos
authors: BR
authors: Chrcanovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000601:surgery