title: [Inflammation and oxidative stress in respiratory and limb muscles of patients with severe sepsis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the diaphragm contractile dysfunction observed in animal models of sepsis and endotoxemia. In septic patients, molecular events have never been explored in their respiratory muscles. Levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated in a respiratory muscle, the external intercostal, and a limb muscle, the vastus lateralis, of patients with sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of oxidized and nitrated proteins, protein adducts of malondialdehyde and hydroxinonenal, antioxidant enzymes catalase and Mn-superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-α receptors i and ii, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, the panleukocyte marker CD18, and fiber type composition were explored using immunoblotting, real time-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry in the external intercostal and vastus lateralis of patients with severe sepsis and/or septic shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the controls, in septic patients, levels of oxidized and nitrated proteins were increased in the vastus lateralis, but not in the external intercostal, while those of the antioxidant enzymes did not differ, and the proportions and sizes of the muscle fibers were not significantly different in any muscle between patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in activity between the respiratory and limb muscles may account for the differential pattern of oxidative stress and inflammation observed among patients with severe sepsis. These findings may have relevant implications for the clinical and therapeutic management of these patients.
authors: Unidad de Investigación en Músculo y Aparato Respiratorio, Servicio de Neumología, Instituto Municipal de Investigación Médica (IMIM)-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, España.
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Pascual-Guardia
authors: Francisca
authors: F
authors: Árbol
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Sánchez
authors: Carme
authors: C
authors: Casadevall
authors: Victoria
authors: V
authors: Merlo
authors: Joaquim
authors: J
authors: Gea
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Barreiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers; D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C577219:CAT protein, human; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; D009584:Nitrogen