title: Familial transmission rather than defective innate immunity shapes the distinct intestinal microbiota of TLR-deficient mice.
abstract: The intestinal microbiota contributes to the development of the immune system, and conversely, the immune system influences the composition of the microbiota. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the gut recognize bacterial ligands. Although TLR signaling represents a major arm of the innate immune system, the extent to which TLRs influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota remains unclear. We performed deep 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to characterize the complex bacterial populations inhabiting the ileum and cecum of TLR- and MyD88-deficient mice. The microbiota of MyD88- and TLR-deficient mouse colonies differed markedly, with each colony harboring distinct and distinguishable bacterial populations in the small and large intestine. Comparison of MyD88-, TLR2-, TLR4-, TLR5-, and TLR9-deficient mice and their respective wild-type (WT) littermates demonstrated that the impact of TLR deficiency on the composition of the intestinal microbiota is minimal under homeostatic conditions and after recovery from antibiotic treatment. Thus, differences between TLR-deficient mouse colonies reflected long-term divergence of the microbiota after extended husbandry in isolation from each other. Long-term breeding of isolated mouse colonies results in changes of the intestinal microbiota that are communicated to offspring by maternal transmission, which account for marked compositional differences between WT and mutant mouse strains.
authors: Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. ubeda_carmor@gva.es
authors: Carles
authors: C
authors: Ubeda
authors: Lauren
authors: L
authors: Lipuma
authors: Asia
authors: A
authors: Gobourne
authors: Agnes
authors: A
authors: Viale
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Leiner
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Equinda
authors: Raya
authors: R
authors: Khanin
authors: Eric G
authors: EG
authors: Pamer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000276:immunology; D002432:Cecum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D007082:Ileum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors