title: Pregnancy loss after frozen-embryo transfer--a comparison of three protocols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the reproductive outcome of three protocols for frozen ET treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two public clinics and one private clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand four hundred seventy frozen ET cycles between 2006 and 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thawing of embryos and ET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy test rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and pregnancy loss rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The natural cycle followed by P (NC + P) was used in 26% of cycles, the natural cycle with hCG (NC + hCG) in 10%, and the substituted cycle with estrogen and P (E + P) in 64% of cycles. The rate of transfers after thawing was similar in all groups (87.2%, 73.9%, and 87.2%, respectively). There was a significantly higher positive pregnancy test rate in the E + P (34.3%) and NC + hCG (35.5%) cycles as compared with the NC + P cycles (26.7%). However, the clinical pregnancy rate was similar in all groups (27.7%, 29.1%, and 24.3%, respectively). Moreover, no differences were seen between groups regarding the live-birth rate (20.1%, 23.5%, and 20.7%, respectively). A logistic regression analysis showed that the type of protocol was the only predictor of pregnancy loss, while age, irregular cycles, endometrial thickness, number, and quality of embryos transferred did not correlate to pregnancy loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher positive pregnancy test rate was obtained in E + P frozen ET cycles in comparison with other protocols; however, due to an increased preclinical and clinical pregnancy loss, comparable clinical pregnancy, and delivery rates are reported for the three protocols.
authors: AVA Clinic, Fertility Center, Tampere, Finland. ctomas@avaclinic.com
authors: Candido
authors: C
authors: Tomás
authors: Birgit
authors: B
authors: Alsbjerg
authors: Hannu
authors: H
authors: Martikainen
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Humaidan
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003718:Denmark; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D050498:Live Birth; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011258:Pregnancy Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D016896:Treatment Outcome