title: Multiple origins of congested inflorescences in Cyperus s.s. (Cyperaceae): developmental and structural evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The understanding of homoplasic structures becomes more relevant when they are complex and define large angiosperm taxa. Inflorescence architecture usually fulfills both features, as happens with Cyperus, a genus with two taxonomical subdivisions characterized either by alternative expressions of Kranz anatomy (C(3) or C(4)) or inflorescence shape (condensed or lax). Those subdivisions are not completely congruent because at least one of these presumed characters has evolved several times. We focused a SEM study on the inflorescence development in species with condensed inflorescences and different photosynthetic anatomy to test the possibility that condensed inflorescences of subgen. Anosporum (C(3) anatomy) have evolved independently from those of subgen. Cyperus (C(4) anatomy).
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly collected inflorescences of C. entrerianus, C. eragrostis, C. oxylepis, and C. incomtus were studied using stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Condensed inflorescences of Cyperus species with C(3) and C(4) anatomy had differences in structure and development: (1) mature structure, (2) position of second-order branching initiation in the first developmental stage of the inflorescence, (3) main axis development and elongation, and branching development, (4) types of ramifications, (5) phyllotaxis and symmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support multiple origins of condensed inflorescences in Cyperus, based especially on differences in timing during development and elongation of the main axis and branches, branching pattern and phyllotaxis. Structure and development may be the key to using inflorescence morphology as an external feature to distinguish large natural groups within Cyperus based on vegetative anatomy.
authors: Morfología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina. nguarise@fca.unl.edu.ar
authors: Nicolás J
authors: NJ
authors: Guarise
authors: Abelardo C
authors: AC
authors: Vegetti
authors: Raúl
authors: R
authors: Pozner
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D029785:Cyperaceae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D056626:Inflorescence / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018519:Meristem / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors