title: Interaction effects between sender and receiver processes in indirect transmission of Campylobacter jejuni between broilers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious diseases in plants, animals and humans are often transmitted indirectly between hosts (or between groups of hosts), i.e. via some route through the environment instead of via direct contacts between these hosts. Here we study indirect transmission experimentally, using transmission of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) between spatially separated broilers as a model system. We distinguish three stages in the process of indirect transmission; (1) an infectious "sender" excretes the agent, after which (2) the agent is transported via some route to a susceptible "receiver", and subsequently (3) the receiver becomes colonised by the agent. The role of the sender and receiver side (stage 1 and stage 3) was studied here by using acidification of the drinking water as a modulation mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the experiment one control group and three treatment groups were monitored for the presence of C. jejuni by taking daily cloacal swabs. The three treatments consisted of acidification of the drinking water of the inoculated animals (the senders), acidification of the drinking water of the susceptible animals (the receivers) or acidification of the drinking water of both inoculated and susceptible animals. In the control group 12 animals got colonised out of a possible 40, in each treatment groups 3 animals out of a possible 40 were found colonised with C. jejuni.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the experiments show a significant decrease in transmission rate (β) between the control groups and treatment groups (p < 0.01 for all groups) but not between different treatments; there is a significant negative interaction effect when both the sender and the receiver group receive acidified drinking water (p = 0.01). This negative interaction effect could be due to selection of bacteria already at the sender side thereby diminishing the effect of acidification at the receiver side.
authors: Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, P,O, Box 65, Lelystad, AB, 8200, The Netherlands. Bram.vanbunnik@wur.nl
authors: Bram A D
authors: BA
authors: van Bunnik
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Hagenaars
authors: Nico M
authors: NM
authors: Bolder
authors: Gonnie
authors: G
authors: Nodelijk
authors: Mart C M
authors: MC
authors: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water