title: Near-infrared spectral tomography integrated with digital breast tomosynthesis: effects of tissue scattering on optical data acquisition design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Design optimization and phantom validation of an integrated digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system targeting improvement in sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer detection is presented. Factors affecting instrumentation design include minimization of cost, complexity, and examination time while maintaining high fidelity NIRST measurements with sufficient information to recover accurate optical property maps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reconstructed DBT slices from eight patients with abnormal mammograms provided anatomical information for the NIRST simulations. A limited frequency domain (FD) and extensive continuous wave (CW) NIRST system was modeled. The FD components provided tissue scattering estimations used in the reconstruction of the CW data. Scattering estimates were perturbed to study the effects on hemoglobin recovery. Breast mimicking agar phantoms with inclusions were imaged using the combined DBT∕NIRST system for comparison with simulation results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient simulations derived from DBT images show successful reconstruction of both normal and malignant lesions in the breast. They also demonstrate the importance of accurately quantifying tissue scattering. Specifically, 20% errors in optical scattering resulted in 22.6% or 35.1% error in quantification of total hemoglobin concentrations, depending on whether scattering was over- or underestimated, respectively. Limited frequency-domain optical signal sampling provided two regions scattering estimates (for fat and fibroglandular tissues) that led to hemoglobin concentrations that reduced the error in the tumor region by 31% relative to when a single estimate of optical scattering was used throughout the breast volume of interest. Acquiring frequency-domain data with six wavelengths instead of three did not significantly improve the hemoglobin concentration estimates. Simulation results were confirmed through experiments in two-region breast mimicking gelatin phantoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate characterization of scattering is necessary for quantification of hemoglobin. Based on this study, a system design is described to optimally combine breast tomosynthesis with NIRST.
authors: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA. kelly.e.michaelsen@dartmouth.edu
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Michaelsen
authors: Venkat
authors: V
authors: Krishnaswamy
authors: Brian W
authors: BW
authors: Pogue
authors: Steven P
authors: SP
authors: Poplack
authors: Keith D
authors: KD
authors: Paulsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D018511:Systems Integration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor