title: Estimating the cost to rural ambulating HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in rural Ghana: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subsidized antiretroviral therapy programs obviously lowers the cost of antiretroviral drugs but other major costs are still incurred, which makes the overall cost of accessing and consuming antiretroviral treatment very high and sometimes catastrophic. The objective of this study was to estimate the total cost to rural ambulating HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural area of the middle belt of Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a convenient cross-sectional study of people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS receiving outpatient care and carried out from September to October 2009 involving 80 HIV/AIDS patients on HAART. Data was derived from patients' medical records on health care utilization and a completed pre tested questionnaire used to obtain the cost of transportation and estimates of individual earned income from which the labor productivity loses (opportunity cost) for days not worked as a result of attending the antiretroviral clinic were derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median total, indirect and direct annual costs to rural ambulating HIV/AIDS patients on HAART were estimated to be $US71.18 (115.16 Ghana cedis), $US2.740 (3.92 Ghana cedis) and $US53.04 (75.00 Ghana cedis) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the cost of antiretroviral drugs has been subsidized by government from $360 to $41.38 per annum, HIV/AIDS patients on HAART spend double of this subsidized amount out of their pocket seeking health care. We recommend that agencies associated with HIV/AIDS activities, supplements government's effort by helping to get antiretroviral closer to the door step of patients so as to reduce this huge financial burden which constitutes more than 100% of their median annual earned income.
authors: School of Public Health University of Ghana, Ghana.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Apanga
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Punguyire
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Adjei
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005869:Ghana; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012423:Rural Health