title: Formulation design considerations for oral vaccines.
abstract: Whilst oral vaccination is a potentially preferred route in terms of patient adherence and mass vaccination, the ability to formulate effective oral vaccines remains a challenge. The primary barrier to oral vaccination is effective delivery of the vaccine through the GI tract owing to the many obstacles it presents, including low pH, enzyme degradation and bile-salt solubilization, which can result in breakdown/deactivation of a vaccine. For effective immune responses after oral administration, particulates need to be taken up bythe M cells however, these are few in number. To enhance M-cell uptake, particle characteristics can be optimized with particle size, surface charge, targeting groups and bioadhesive properties all being considerations. Yet improved uptake may not translate into enhanced immune responses and formulating particulates with inherent adjuvant properties can offer advantages. Within this article, we establish the options available for consideration when building effective oral particulate vaccines.
authors: Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
authors: Jitinder
authors: J
authors: Wilkhu
authors: Sarah E
authors: SE
authors: McNeil
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Kirby
authors: Yvonne
authors: Y
authors: Perrie
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010316:Particle Size; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines