title: Effective control of Schistosoma haematobium infection in a Ghanaian community following installation of a water recreation area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium was endemic in Adasawase, Ghana in 2007. Transmission was reported to be primarily through recreational water contact.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a water recreation area (WRA) to prevent transmission to school-aged children. The WRA features a concrete pool supplied by a borehole well and a gravity-driven rainwater collection system; it is 30 m(2) and is split into shallow and deep sections to accommodate a variety of age groups. The WRA opened in 2009 and children were encouraged to use it for recreation as opposed to the local river. We screened children annually for S. haematobium eggs in their urine in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and established differences in infection rates before (2008-09) and after (2009-10) installation of the WRA. After each annual screening, children were treated with praziquantel and rescreened to confirm parasite clearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial baseline testing in 2008 established that 105 of 247 (42.5%) children were egg-positive. In 2009, with drug treatment alone, the pre-WRA annual cumulative incidence of infection was 29 of 216 (13.4%). In 2010, this incidence rate fell significantly (p<0.001, chi-squared) to 9 of 245 (3.7%) children after installation of the WRA. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine correlates of infection among the variables age, sex, distance between home and river, minutes observed at the river, low height-for-age, low weight-for-age, low Body Mass Index (BMI)-for-age, and previous infection status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The installation and use of a WRA is a feasible and highly effective means to reduce the incidence of schistosomiasis in school-aged children in a rural Ghanaian community. In conjunction with drug treatment and education, such an intervention can represent a significant step towards the control of schistosomiasis. The WRA should be tested in other water-rich endemic areas to determine whether infection prevalence can be substantially reduced.
authors: Community Health Program, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America. karen.kosinski@tufts.edu
authors: Karen C
authors: KC
authors: Kosinski
authors: Michael N
authors: MN
authors: Adjei
authors: Kwabena M
authors: KM
authors: Bosompem
authors: Jonathan J
authors: JJ
authors: Crocker
authors: John L
authors: JL
authors: Durant
authors: Dickson
authors: D
authors: Osabutey
authors: Jeanine D
authors: JD
authors: Plummer
authors: Miguel J
authors: MJ
authors: Stadecker
authors: Anjuli D
authors: AD
authors: Wagner
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Woodin
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Gute
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011998:Recreation; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water