title: [Ultrasound and color Doppler imaging for kidney and urinary tract tumors].
abstract: When a renal mass is suspected, conventional ultrasound and color Doppler imaging are often used for initial assessment. Ultrasound screening has many advantages over contrast-enhanced CT and MRI, such as accessibility, low costs, and no need for intravenous iodine contrast administration or ionizing radiation. Sonography is very helpful to distinguish cystic from solid lesions and to monitor the growth and structural pattern of cysts. Detection of small renal carcinoma of less than 3 cm in diameter is limited, however, and small tumors are detected by conventional ultrasound only in 67-79% of cases. In fact, small renal malignancies may have an echogenicity similar to the normal renal parenchyma. In these cases it is very hard to distinguish the tumor, particularly when there is no evident disarrangement of the normal renal contours and no extension into the central renal complex. Renal cell carcinoma can also be hypo- or hyperechoic and indistinguishable from renal adenoma/oncocytoma or angiomyolipomas, which are commonly described as hyperechoic masses. In other words, the pattern and ultrasound characteristics of renal masses often overlap between benign and malignant tumors. A diagnosis of a malignant cystic lesion requires evidence of multiple, thickened internal septa, calcifications, vascularity, and parietal nodularity. When a solid lesion does not show the typical appearance of a simple cyst (a round anechoic lesion with a smooth well-defined wall, without internal debris, and showing increased through-transmission), further evaluation with contrast-enhanced CT or MRI is necessary. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) improves the sensitivity for detection of small renal masses. Compared to CT, CEUS is able to better visualize the number of septa, the septum and wall thickness, the presence of a solid component, and enhancement in some cases, resulting in upgrading of the Bosniak classification and affecting treatment planning.
authors: Scuola Superiore S. Anna degli studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento. U.O. Nefrologia e Dialisi-Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Universita' di Pisa, Italy. mmeola@int.med.unipi.it
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Meola
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Petrucci
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Giovannini
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Colombini
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Villa
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*