title: Cell recruitment and cytokines in skin mice sensitized with the vaccine adjuvants: saponin, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and monophosphoryl lipid A.
abstract: Vaccine adjuvants are substances associated with antigens that are fundamental to the formation of an intense, durable, and fast immune response. In this context, the use of vaccine adjuvants to generate an effective cellular immune response is crucial for the design and development of vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate innate inflammatory response induced by the vaccine adjuvants saponin (SAP), incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). After a single dose of adjuvant was injected into the skin of mice, we analyzed inflammatory reaction, selective cell migration, and cytokine production at the injection site, and inflammatory cell influx in the peripheral blood. We found that all vaccine adjuvants were able to promote cell recruitment to the site without tissue damage. In addition, they induced selective migration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The influx of neutrophils was notable at 12 h in all groups, but at other time points it was most evident after inoculation with SAP. With regard to cytokines, the SAP led to production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-4. IFA promoted production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10. We also observed that MPL induced high production of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, in addition to IL-6, IL-17, and IL-10. In peripheral blood, values of certain cell populations in the local response changed after stimulation. Our data demonstrate that the three vaccine adjuvants stimulate the early events of innate immune response at the injection site, suggesting their ability to increase the immunogenicity of co-administered antigens. Moreover, this work provides relevant information about elements of innate and acquired immune response induced by vaccine adjuvants administered alone.
authors: Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors: Juliana
authors: J
authors: Vitoriano-Souza
authors: Nádia das Dores
authors: Nd
authors: Moreira
authors: Andréa
authors: A
authors: Teixeira-Carvalho
authors: Cláudia Martins
authors: CM
authors: Carneiro
authors: Fernando Augusto Mathias
authors: FA
authors: Siqueira
authors: Paula Melo de Abreu
authors: PM
authors: Vieira
authors: Rodolfo Cordeiro
authors: RC
authors: Giunchetti
authors: Sandra Aparecida de Lima
authors: SA
authors: Moura
authors: Ricardo Toshio
authors: RT
authors: Fujiwara
authors: Maria Norma
authors: MN
authors: Melo
authors: Alexandre Barbosa
authors: AB
authors: Reis
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000494:pharmacology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D020381:Interleukin-17; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008050:Lipid A; D012503:Saponins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; C048436:monophosphoryl lipid A