title: Comparison of epidural and systemic tramadol for analgesia following ovariohysterectomy.
abstract: The objective of the study was to compare epidural and systemic tramadol for postoperative analgesia in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Twenty animals, randomly divided into two groups, received either epidural (EPI) or intramuscular (IM) tramadol (2 mg/kg) 30 min before anesthetic induction. Analgesia, sedation, cardiorespiratory parameters, end-tidal isoflurane, blood catecholamines and cortisol, and arterial blood gases were measured at different time points up to 24 hr after agent administration. There were no differences between the two groups regarding cardiorespiratory parameters, end-tidal isoflurane, and pain scores. Two dogs in the IM and one in the EPI group required supplemental analgesia. Cortisol was increased (P<0.05) at 120 min (3.59 μg/dL and 3.27 μg/dL in the IM and EPI groups, respectively) and 240 min (2.45 μg/dL and 2.54 μg/dL in the IM and EPI groups, respectively) compared to baseline. Norepinephrine was also increased (P<0.05) at 120 min in both groups compared to baseline values. Epinephrine values were higher (P<0.05) in the IM group compared with the EPI group at 50 min, 120 min, and 1,440 min after tramadol administration. Epidural tramadol is a safe analgesic, but does not appear to have improved analgesic effects compared with IM administration.
authors: Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. smastrocinque@yahoo.com
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Mastrocinque
authors: Tatiana F
authors: TF
authors: Almeida
authors: Angélica C
authors: AC
authors: Tatarunas
authors: Viviani H
authors: VH
authors: Imagawa
authors: Denise A
authors: DA
authors: Otsuki
authors: Julia M
authors: JM
authors: Matera
authors: Denise T
authors: DT
authors: Fantoni
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000662:veterinary; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol