title: Molecular evolution of A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-7: implications in comparative PKA compartmentalization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) are molecular scaffolding proteins mediating the assembly of multi-protein complexes containing cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), directing the kinase in discrete subcellular locations. Splice variants from the AKAP7 gene (AKAP15/18) are vital components of neuronal and cardiac phosphatase complexes, ion channels, cardiac Ca2+ handling and renal water transport.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shown in evolutionary analyses, the formation of the AKAP7-RI/RII binding domain (required for AKAP/PKA-R interaction) corresponds to vertebrate-specific gene duplication events in the PKA-RI/RII subunits. Species analyses of AKAP7 splice variants shows the ancestral AKAP7 splice variant is AKAP7α, while the ancestral long form AKAP7 splice variant is AKAP7γ. Multi-species AKAP7 gene alignments, show the recent formation of AKAP7δ occurs with the loss of native AKAP7γ in rats and basal primates. AKAP7 gene alignments and two dimensional Western analyses indicate that AKAP7γ is produced from an internal translation-start site that is present in the AKAP7δ cDNA of mice and humans but absent in rats. Immunofluorescence analysis of AKAP7 protein localization in both rat and mouse heart suggests AKAP7γ replaces AKAP7δ at the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in species other than rat. DNA sequencing identified Human AKAP7δ insertion-deletions (indels) that promote the production of AKAP7γ instead of AKAP7δ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This AKAP7 molecular evolution study shows that these vital scaffolding proteins developed in ancestral vertebrates and that independent mutations in the AKAP7 genes of rodents and early primates has resulted in the recent formation of AKAP7δ, a splice variant of likely lesser importance in humans than currently described.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Keven R
authors: KR
authors: Johnson
authors: Jessie
authors: J
authors: Nicodemus-Johnson
authors: Graeme K
authors: GK
authors: Carnegie
authors: Robert S
authors: RS
authors: Danziger
mesh_terms: D054758:A Kinase Anchor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D012326:RNA Splicing; D051381:Rats; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D054758:A Kinase Anchor Proteins; C112596:AKAP7 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases