title: Changes in matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic allograft nephropathy remains one of the main causes of late graft loss after kidney transplant owing to multifactorial development of kidney scarring. Chronic allograft nephropathy is characterised by an excess accumulation of extracellular matrix. A key system regulating extracellular matrix homeostasis are matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. This study sought to determine if a change in the matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases system contributes to chronic allograft nephropathy-associated progressive kidney scarring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Examination of sequential renal biopsies was done at implantation, acute rejection, and subsequent chronic allograft nephropathy. In situ localisation of matrix metalloproteinase activity was assessed with a high-resolution in situ zymography technique using gelatin and collagen 1 substrates. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases were localised using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In situ zymography showed over a 50% reduction in matrix metalloproteinase activity against both collagen 1 and gelatin substrates in chronic allograft nephropathy biopsies. A similar loss of matrix metalloproteinase activity was seen in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments. Immunoreactive matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases were observed intracellularly in mesangial and tubular epithelial cells. Matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2, -3, and -9 were significantly reduced in acute rejection and later in chronic allograft nephropathy. However, glomerular matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9 and tubulointerstitial matrix metalloproteinase-2 were reduced at implantation. Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -3 were elevated from implantation onwards. We were unable to stain reproducibly for tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidney scarring underlying chronic allograft nephropathy is associated with a reduction in matrix metalloproteinases activity that may be due to reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinases -1, -2, -3, and -9, and up-regulation of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases -2 and -3. Some of these changes originate from implantation.
authors: Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom. aimun.ahmed@lthtr.nhs.uk
authors: Aimun K
authors: AK
authors: Ahmed
authors: A Meguid
authors: AM
authors: El Nahas
authors: Timothy S
authors: TS
authors: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; C088390:TIMP3 protein, human; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; C511768:MMP3 protein, human; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1