title: Planning influenza vaccination programs: a cost benefit model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although annual influenza vaccination could decrease the significant economic and humanistic burden of influenza in the United States, immunization rates are below recommended levels, and concerns remain whether immunization programs can be cost beneficial. The research objective was to compare cost benefit of various immunization strategies from employer, employee, and societal perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  An actuarial model was developed based on the published literature to estimate the costs and benefits of influenza immunization programs. Useful features of the model included customization by population age and risk-level, potential pandemic risk, and projection year. Various immunization strategies were modelled for an average U.S. population of 15,000 persons vaccinated in pharmacies or doctor's office during the 2011/12 season. The primary outcome measure reported net cost savings per vaccinated (PV) from the perspective of various stakeholders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Given a typical U.S. population, an influenza immunization program will be cost beneficial for employers when more than 37% of individuals receive vaccine in non-traditional settings such as pharmacies. The baseline scenario, where 50% of persons would be vaccinated in non-traditional settings, estimated net savings of $6 PV. Programs that limited to pharmacy setting ($31 PV) or targeted persons with high-risk comorbidities ($83 PV) or seniors ($107 PV) were found to increase cost benefit. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the scenario-based findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both universal and targeted vaccination programs can be cost beneficial. Proper planning with cost models can help employers and policy makers develop strategies to improve the impact of immunization programs.
authors: Clinical Outcomes & Analytic Services, Walgreens Co,, 1415 Lake Cook Rd,, MS L444, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA. michael.taitel@walgreens.com.
authors: Ian G
authors: IG
authors: Duncan
authors: Michael S
authors: MS
authors: Taitel
authors: Junjie
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Heather S
authors: HS
authors: Kirkham