title: Upregulation of SATB1 is associated with the development and progression of glioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1 (SATB1) has been reported to be expressed in several human cancers and may have malignant potential. This study was aimed at investigating the expression and potential role of SATB1 in human glioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between SATB1 expression, clinicopathological parameters, Ki67 expression and MGMT promoter methylation status was evaluated, and the prognostic value of SATB1 expression in patients with gliomas was analyzed. SATB1-specific shRNA sequences were synthesized, and U251 cells were transfected with SATB1 RNAi plasmids. Expression of SATB1 mRNA and protein was investigated by RT-PCR and immunofluoresence staining and western blotting. The expression of c-Met, SLC22A18, caspase-3 and bcl-2 protein was determined by western blotting. U251 cell growth and adherence was detected by methyl thiazole tetrazolium assay. The apoptosis of U251 cells was examined with a flow cytometer. The adherence, invasion, and in vitro angiogenesis assays of U251 cells were done. The growth and angiogenesis of SATB1 low expressing U251 cells was measured in an in vivo xenograft model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 70 tumors, 44 (62.9%) were positive for SATB1 expression. SATB1 expression was significantly associated with a high histological grade and with poor survival in univariate and multivariate analyses. SATB1 expression was also positively correlated with Ki67 expression but negatively with MGMT promoter methylation in glioma tissues. SATB1 shRNA expression vectors could efficiently induce the expression of SLC22A18 protein, increase the caspase-3 protein, inhibit the expression of SATB1, c-Met and bcl-2 protein, the growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis of U251 cells, and induce apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, the tumor growth of U251 cells expressing SATB1 shRNA were inhibited in vivo, and immunohistochemical analyses of tumor sections revealed a decreased vessel density in the animals where shRNA against SATB1 were expressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SATB1 may have an important role as a positive regulator of glioma development and progression, and that SATB1 might be a useful molecular marker for predicting the prognosis of glioma.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, NO 3 People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mo He Road, Bao Shan District, Shanghai 201900, China. shenghuachu@126.com
authors: Sheng-Hua
authors: SH
authors: Chu
authors: Yan-Bin
authors: YB
authors: Ma
authors: Dong-Fu
authors: DF
authors: Feng
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Zhi-An
authors: ZA
authors: Zhu
authors: Zhi-Qiang
authors: ZQ
authors: Li
authors: Pu-Cha
authors: PC
authors: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D036961:Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D036961:Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C076189:SATB1 protein, human