title: Punctal stenosis: definition, diagnosis, and treatment.
abstract: Acquired punctal stenosis is a condition in which the external opening of the lacrimal canaliculus is narrowed or occluded. This condition is a rare cause of symptomatic epiphora, but its incidence may be higher in patients with chronic blepharitis, in those treated with various topical medications, including antihypertensive agents, and especially in patients treated with taxanes for cancer. The purpose of this review is to cover the medical literature, focusing in particular on definition, incidence, risk factors, etiology and treatment options.
authors: Division of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors: Uri
authors: U
authors: Soiberman
authors: Hirohiko
authors: H
authors: Kakizaki
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Selva
authors: Igal
authors: I
authors: Leibovitch