title: Temporal trends in cause of death among Swedish and US men with prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing proportion of men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer detected through prostate-specific antigen testing are dying from causes other than prostate cancer. Temporal trends in specific causes of death among prostate cancer patients have not been well described.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed causes of death among all incident prostate cancer cases recorded in the nationwide Swedish Cancer Registry (1961-2008; n = 210 112) and in the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (1973-2008; n = 490 341). We calculated the cumulative incidence of death due to seven selected causes that accounted for more than 80% of the reported deaths (including ischemic heart disease and non-prostate cancer) and analyzed mortality trends by calendar year and age at diagnosis and length of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up through 2008, prostate cancer accounted for 52% of all reported deaths in Sweden and 30% of reported deaths in the United States among men with prostate cancer; however, only 35% of Swedish men and 16% of US men diagnosed with prostate cancer died from this disease. In both populations, the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer-specific death declined during follow-up, while the cumulative incidences of death from ischemic heart disease and non-prostate cancer remained constant. The 5-year cumulative incidence of death from prostate cancer among all men was 29% in Sweden and 11% in the United States.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Sweden and the United States, men diagnosed with prostate cancer are less likely to die from prostate cancer than from another cause. Because many of these other causes of death are preventable through changes in lifestyle, interventions that target lifestyle factors should be integrated into prostate cancer management.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, 9th floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mameyer@hsph.harvard.edu
authors: Mara M
authors: MM
authors: Epstein
authors: Gustaf
authors: G
authors: Edgren
authors: Jennifer R
authors: JR
authors: Rider
authors: Lorelei A
authors: LA
authors: Mucci
authors: Hans-Olov
authors: HO
authors: Adami
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D018426:SEER Program; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen