title: Gut bacterial translocation is associated with microinflammation in end-stage renal disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether gut bacteria translocation occurs in end-stage renal disease patients and contributes to microinflammation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were divided into two groups: nondialysed ESRD patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 10). Blood samples from all participants were subjected to bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA amplification and DNA pyrosequencing to determine the presence of bacteria, and the alteration of gut microbiomes were examined with the same methods. High-sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 were detected. Plasma D-lactate was tested for gut permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial DNAs were detected in the blood of 20% (6/30) of the ESRD patients. All the observed genera in blood (Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Escherichia spp, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp) were overgrown in the guts of the ESRD patients. Plasma D-lactate, High-sensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with bacterial DNA than those without. The control group showed the same results as that of patients without bacterial DNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial translocation occurs in ESRD patients and is associated with microinflammation in end stage renal disease.
authors: Dialysis Department of Nephrology Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors: Feiqian
authors: F
authors: Wang
authors: Hongli
authors: H
authors: Jiang
authors: Kehui
authors: K
authors: Shi
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Ren
authors: Pan
authors: P
authors: Zhang
authors: Shaoli
authors: S
authors: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D008875:Middle Aged; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D021521:Ribotyping; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D019344:Lactic Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein