title: Population structure of Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., B. papayae and B. philippinensis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in southeast Asia: evidence for a single species hypothesis using mitochondrial DNA and wing-shape data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. is a pestiferous tephritid fruit fly distributed from Pakistan to the Pacific, with the Thai/Malay peninsula its southern limit. Sister pest taxa, B. papayae and B. philippinensis, occur in the southeast Asian archipelago and the Philippines, respectively. The relationship among these species is unclear due to their high molecular and morphological similarity. This study analysed population structure of these three species within a southeast Asian biogeographical context to assess potential dispersal patterns and the validity of their current taxonomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Geometric morphometric results generated from 15 landmarks for wings of 169 flies revealed significant differences in wing shape between almost all sites following canonical variate analysis. For the combined data set there was a greater isolation-by-distance (IBD) effect under a 'non-Euclidean' scenario which used geographical distances within a biogeographical 'Sundaland context' (r(2) = 0.772, P < 0.0001) as compared to a 'Euclidean' scenario for which direct geographic distances between sample sites was used (r(2) = 0.217, P < 0.01). COI sequence data were obtained for 156 individuals and yielded 83 unique haplotypes with no correlation to current taxonomic designations via a minimum spanning network. beast analysis provided a root age and location of 540kya in northern Thailand, with migration of B. dorsalis s.l. into Malaysia 470kya and Sumatra 270kya. Two migration events into the Philippines are inferred. Sequence data revealed a weak but significant IBD effect under the 'non-Euclidean' scenario (r(2) = 0.110, P < 0.05), with no historical migration evident between Taiwan and the Philippines. Results are consistent with those expected at the intra-specific level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., B. papayae and B. philippinensis likely represent one species structured around the South China Sea, having migrated from northern Thailand into the southeast Asian archipelago and across into the Philippines. No migration is apparent between the Philippines and Taiwan. This information has implications for quarantine, trade and pest management.
authors: CRC for National Plant Biosecurity, LPO Box 5012, Bruce 2617, A.C.T, Australia. m.schutze@qut.edu.au
authors: Mark K
authors: MK
authors: Schutze
authors: Matthew N
authors: MN
authors: Krosch
authors: Karen F
authors: KF
authors: Armstrong
authors: Toni A
authors: TA
authors: Chapman
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Englezou
authors: Anastasija
authors: A
authors: Chomič
authors: Stephen L
authors: SL
authors: Cameron
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Hailstones
authors: Anthony R
authors: AR
authors: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D058974:Phylogeography; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial