title: Mechanistic insights into neurotoxicity induced by anesthetics in the developing brain.
abstract: Compelling evidence has shown that exposure to anesthetics used in the clinic can cause neurodegeneration in the mammalian developing brain, but the basis of this is not clear. Neurotoxicity induced by exposure to anesthestics in early life involves neuroapoptosis and impairment of neurodevelopmental processes such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and immature glial development. These effects may subsequently contribute to behavior abnormalities in later life. In this paper, we reviewed the possible mechanisms of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity based on new in vitro and in vivo findings. Also, we discussed ways to protect against anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity and their implications for exploring cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection. These findings help in improving our understanding of developmental neurotoxicology and in avoiding adverse neurological outcomes in anesthesia practice.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Xi
authors: X
authors: Lei
authors: Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Qihao
authors: Q
authors: Guo
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C579455:BDNF protein, human; D002118:Calcium