title: Dental calculus formation in children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to determine whether dental calculus formation is really higher among patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis than among controls. Furthermore, the study evaluated correlations between dental calculus formation and dental plaque, variables that are related to renal disease and/or saliva composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Renal Group was composed of 30 patients undergoing hemodialysis, whereas the Healthy Group had 30 clinically healthy patients. Stimulated whole saliva and parotid saliva were collected. Salivary flow rate and calcium and phosphate concentrations were determined. In the Renal Group the saliva collection was carried out before and after a hemodialysis session. Patients from both groups received intraoral exams, oral hygiene instructions, and dental scaling. Three months later, the dental calculus was measured by the Volpe-Manhold method to determine the rate of dental calculus formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Renal Group presented a higher rate of dental calculus formation (p < 0.01). Correlation was observed between rate of dental calculus formation and whole saliva flow rate in the Renal Group after a hemodialysis session (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). The presence of dental calculus was associated with phosphate concentration in whole saliva from the Renal Group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, patients undergoing hemodialysis presented accelerated dental calculus formation, probably due to salivary variables.
authors: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal: 68.066, CCS-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-971, Brazil. dracarlamartins@gmail.com
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Martins
authors: Walter Luiz
authors: WL
authors: Siqueira
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Oliveira
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Nicolau
authors: Laura Guimarães
authors: LG
authors: Primo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001938:Brazil; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012472:Salivation; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates