title: Evolving concepts and techniques for anti-doping.
abstract: Technical advances are being made in many areas of biotechnology and genetics that are facilitating the detection of doping in sport. These improvements have been catalyzed by the need to counter the ever-increasing sophistication of the community of athletes and their retinues who are intent on the illicit use of physical, pharmacological and genetic tools and methods to enhance athletic performance, in contravention of established international ethical and legal standards and of international treaty. The methods described in this article present a partial and general picture of only some of these advances.
authors: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, CNCB, Room 122, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA. tfriedmann@ucsd.edu
authors: Theodore
authors: T
authors: Friedmann
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Flenker
authors: Costas
authors: C
authors: Georgakopoulos
authors: Mohammed
authors: M
authors: Alsayrafi
authors: Pierre-Edouard
authors: PE
authors: Sottas
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Williams
authors: Rosalynn D
authors: RD
authors: Gill
mesh_terms: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000737:chemistry; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D024861:Genetic Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008297:Male; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000097:blood*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D015415:Biomarkers; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations