title: Nox4 mediates hypoxia-stimulated myofibroblast differentiation in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hypoxia is associated with remodeling in various organs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (Nox), and transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxia-induced remodeling. The aims of this study were to determine in hypoxia-stimulated nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDF) the effect of hypoxia on the differentiation of myofibroblasts, the role of ROS, the major Nox homolog mediating myofibroblast differentiation, and the role of TGF-β(1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight primary cultures of NPDF were established from nasal polyps, which were incubated under hypoxic conditions. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for αSMA, Nox1, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, and fibronectin mRNA was performed. Western blotting for α-SMA and fibronectin was done. ROS production was detected using a fluorometer. NPDF were pretreated with ROS scavengers and transfected with siNox4. The TGF-β(1) protein level was measured by ELISA. The effect of treatment with TGF-β(1) type I tyrosine kinase inhibitor SB431542 on myofibroblast differentiation was observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoxic stimulation of NPDF significantly increased α-SMA and fibronectin mRNA and protein expression. ROS production was increased by hypoxia, and ROS scavengers inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. Nox4 mRNA was the only Nox homolog increased by hypoxia. Transfection with siNox4 inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. TGF-β(1) was secreted endogenously by hypoxic NPDF. SB431542 significantly inhibited myofibroblast differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoxia induces myofibroblast differentiation of NPDF through a signaling pathway involving Nox4-dependent ROS generation and TGF-β(1). Therapies targeting Nox4 may be effective against remodeling of nasal polyps.
authors: Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: You-Mi
authors: YM
authors: Moon
authors: Hee Joon
authors: HJ
authors: Kang
authors: Jung-Sun
authors: JS
authors: Cho
authors: Il-Ho
authors: IH
authors: Park
authors: Heung-Man
authors: HM
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000328:Adult; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D058628:Myofibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C459179:4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide; C541116:ACTA2 protein, human; D000199:Actins; D001549:Benzamides; D004149:Dioxoles; D005353:Fibronectins; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C498910:NOX4 protein, human; D010100:Oxygen