title: Effect of adjuvants on responses to skin immunization by microneedles coated with influenza subunit vaccine.
abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccine delivery to the skin by vaccine-coated microneedles; however there is little information on the effects of adjuvants using this approach for vaccination. Here we investigate the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants with skin-based delivery of influenza subunit vaccine. BALB/c mice received 1 µg of monovalent H1N1 subunit vaccine alone or with 1 µg of imiquimod or poly(I:C) individually or in combination via coated microneedle patches inserted into the skin. Poly(I:C) adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccine induced similar antigen-specific immune responses compared to vaccine alone when delivered to the skin by microneedles. However, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine elicited higher levels of serum IgG2a antibodies and increased hemagglutination inhibition titers compared to vaccine alone, suggesting enhanced induction of functional antibodies. In addition, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine induced a robust IFN-γ cellular response. These responses correlated with improved protection compared to influenza subunit vaccine alone, as well as reduced viral replication and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. The finding that microneedle delivery of imiquimod with influenza subunit vaccine induces improved immune responses compared to vaccine alone supports the use of TLR7 ligands as adjuvants for skin-based influenza vaccines.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: Weldon
authors: Vladimir G
authors: VG
authors: Zarnitsyn
authors: E Stein
authors: ES
authors: Esser
authors: Misha T
authors: MT
authors: Taherbhai
authors: Dimitrios G
authors: DG
authors: Koutsonanos
authors: Elena V
authors: EV
authors: Vassilieva
authors: Ioanna
authors: I
authors: Skountzou
authors: Mark R
authors: MR
authors: Prausnitz
authors: Richard W
authors: RW
authors: Compans
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000077271:Imiquimod; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014611:Vaccination; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit; D011070:Poly I-C; D000077271:Imiquimod