title: The effect of smoking on fracture healing and on various orthopaedic procedures.
abstract: Ten percent of all fractures lead to problems with healing. Smoking is said to be a cause. There are 13.5 million smokers in the U.K. Healing of tibial fractures, for instance, requires two more months in smokers. Nicotine, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide are most often seen as the offenders, among the 4000 chemicals found in cigarettes. Many studies plead for the negative effect of smoking in general, yet there is uncertainty as to the precise role of nicotine. The authors recommend that patients should attempt smoking cessation therapy before elective orthopaedic treatment.
authors: Lister General Hospital, Stevenage and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK. Nawfal@yahoo.com
authors: Nawfal
authors: N
authors: Al-Hadithy
authors: Mathew D
authors: MD
authors: Sewell
authors: Mainudden
authors: M
authors: Bhavikatti
authors: Panagiotis D
authors: PD
authors: Gikas
mesh_terms: D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014945:Wound Healing