title: Rgs19 regulates mouse palatal fusion by modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in the MEE.
abstract: Palatal development is one of the critical events in craniofacial morphogenesis. During fusion of the palatal shelves, removal of the midline epithelial seam (MES) is a fundamental process for achieving proper morphogenesis of the palate. The reported mechanisms for removing the MES are the processes of apoptosis, migration or general epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through modulations of various signaling molecules including Wnt signaling. RGS19, a regulator of the G protein signaling (RGS) family, interacts selectively with the specific α subunits of the G proteins (Gαi, Gαq) and enhances their GTPase activity. Rgs19 was reported to be a modulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. In mouse palatogenesis, the restricted epithelial expression pattern of Rgs19 was examined in the palatal shelves, where expression of Wnt11 was observed. Based on these specific expression patterns of Rgs19 in the palatal shelves, the present study examined the detailed developmental function of Rgs19 using AS-ODN treatments during in vitro palate organ cultivations as a loss-of-function study. After the knockdown of Rgs19, the morphological changes in the palatal shelves was examined carefully using a computer-aided three dimensional reconstruction method and the altered expression patterns of related signaling molecules were evaluated using genome wide screening methods. RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization methods were also used to confirm these array results. These morphological and molecular examinations suggested that Rgs19 plays important roles in palatal fusion through the degradation of MES via activation of the palatal fusion related and apoptotic related genes. Overall, inhibition of the proliferation related and Wnt responsive genes by Rgs19 are required for proper palatal fusion.
authors: School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Wern-Joo
authors: WJ
authors: Sohn
authors: Young-Rae
authors: YR
authors: Ji
authors: Hyeng-Soo
authors: HS
authors: Kim
authors: Gi-Jeong
authors: GJ
authors: Gwon
authors: Young-Mi
authors: YM
authors: Chae
authors: Chang-Hyeon
authors: CH
authors: An
authors: Hyun-do
authors: HD
authors: Park
authors: Han-Sung
authors: HS
authors: Jung
authors: Zae Young
authors: ZY
authors: Ryoo
authors: Sanggyu
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: Jae-Young
authors: JY
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000235:genetics; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010159:Palate / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020710:RGS Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020710:RGS Proteins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; C508957:Wnt11 protein, mouse; C097187:regulator of G-protein signalling 19