title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder genomics: update for clinicians.
abstract: Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is familial and highly heritable. Several candidate genes involved in neurotransmission have been identified, however these confer minimal risk, suggesting that for the most part, ADHD is not caused by single common genetic variants. Advances in genotyping enabling investigation at the level of the genome have led to the discovery of rare structural variants suggesting that ADHD is a genomic disorder, with potentially thousands of variants, and common neuronal pathways disrupted by numerous rare variants resulting in similar ADHD phenotypes. Heritability studies in humans also indicate the importance of epigenetic factors, and animal studies are deciphering some of the processes that confer risk during gestation and throughout the post-natal period. These and future discoveries will lead to improved diagnosis, individualized treatment, cures, and prevention. These advances also highlight ethical and legal issues requiring management and interpretation of genetic data and ensuring privacy and protection from misuse.
authors: Department Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6209, USA. joelia1@verizon.net
authors: Josephine
authors: J
authors: Elia
authors: Jillan
authors: J
authors: Sackett
authors: Terri
authors: T
authors: Turner
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Schardt
authors: Shih-Ching
authors: SC
authors: Tang
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Kurtz
authors: Maura
authors: M
authors: Dunfey
authors: Nadia A
authors: NA
authors: McFarlane
authors: Aita
authors: A
authors: Susi
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Danish
authors: Alice
authors: A
authors: Li
authors: Jenelle
authors: J
authors: Nissley-Tsiopinis
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Borgmann-Winter
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D057890:Epigenomics; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation; D023281:Genomics / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics