title: Necrosis is not induced by gadolinium neutron capture in glioblastoma multiforme cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A comparative study of the effects of different radiation modalities on cell death was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiation modalities included γ-rays, fast neutrons, a mixed energy neutron beam called the modified enhanced thermal neutron beam and the mixed beam including Auger electron irradiation by gadolinium neutron capture. U87 (human brain tumor cells) cell survival curve data were modeled to predict how cells died. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were assembled into a morphology of cell death (MCD) database and used to determine the fraction of necrotic or autophagic cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear energy transfer (LET) differences for the different radiation modalities were revealed by modeling. All radiation modalities induced autophagy but only fast neutrons induced significant levels of necrosis. No necrosis, above control levels, was found in cells irradiated with mixed beam irradiation including Auger electrons. The number of autophagosomes increased with increasing time after exposure to all radiation modalities indicating progression of autophagy but only cells irradiated with the mixed beam plus Auger electrons exhibited extreme autophagy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mixed neutron beam irradiation plus Auger electron irradiation from gadolinium neutron capture is a moderately high LET modality that kills U87 cells without the induction of necrosis and with progression of autophagy to an extreme state.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA. lyasui@niu.edu
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Yasui
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Owens
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology; D017247:Neutron Capture Therapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium