title: Surveillance of human rotaviruses in 2007-2011, Hungary: exploring the genetic relatedness between vaccine and field strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The availability of rotavirus vaccines has resulted in an intensification of post vaccine strain surveillance efforts worldwide to gain information on the impact of vaccines on prevalence of circulating rotavirus strains.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the distribution of human rotavirus G and P types in Hungary is reported. In addition, the VP4 and VP7 genes of G1P[8] strains were sequenced to monitor if vaccine-derived strains were introduced and/or some strains/lineages were selected against.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in 8 geographic areas of Hungary between 2007 and 2011. Rotavirus positive stool samples were collected from diarrheic patients mostly <5 years of age. Viral RNA was amplified by multiplex genotyping RT-PCR assay, targeting the medically most important G and P types. When needed, sequencing of the VP7 and VP4 genes was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2380 strains were genotyped. During the 5-year surveillance we observed the dominating prevalence of genotype G1P[8] (44.87%) strains, followed by G4P[8] (23.4%), G2P[4] (14.75%) and G9P[8] (6.81%) genotypes. Uncommon strains were identified in a low percentage of samples (4.12%). Phylogenetic analysis of 318 G1P[8] strains identified 55 strains similar to the Rotarix strain (nt sequence identities; VP7, up to 97.9%; VP4, up to 98.5%) although their vaccine origin was unlikely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current vaccines would have protected against the majority of identified rotavirus genotypes. A better understanding of the potential long-term effect of vaccine use on epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of co-circulating wild type strains requires continuous strain surveillance.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. brigittalaszlo@gmail.com
authors: Brigitta
authors: B
authors: László
authors: József
authors: J
authors: Kónya
authors: Eszter
authors: E
authors: Dandár
authors: Judit
authors: J
authors: Deák
authors: Ágnes
authors: Á
authors: Farkas
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: Gray
authors: Gábor
authors: G
authors: Grósz
authors: Miren
authors: M
authors: Iturriza-Gomara
authors: Ferenc
authors: F
authors: Jakab
authors: Ágnes
authors: Á
authors: Juhász
authors: Péter
authors: P
authors: Kisfali
authors: Julianna
authors: J
authors: Kovács
authors: György
authors: G
authors: Lengyel
authors: Vito
authors: V
authors: Martella
authors: Béla
authors: B
authors: Melegh
authors: Júlia
authors: J
authors: Mészáros
authors: Péter
authors: P
authors: Molnár
authors: Zoltán
authors: Z
authors: Nyúl
authors: Hajnalka
authors: H
authors: Papp
authors: László
authors: L
authors: Pátri
authors: Erzsébet
authors: E
authors: Puskás
authors: Ildikó
authors: I
authors: Sántha
authors: Ferenc
authors: F
authors: Schneider
authors: Katalin
authors: K
authors: Szomor
authors: András
authors: A
authors: Tóth
authors: Erzsébet
authors: E
authors: Tóth
authors: György
authors: G
authors: Szűcs
authors: Krisztián
authors: K
authors: Bányai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines; C060339:VP4 protein, Rotavirus; C050779:VP7 protein, Rotavirus