title: Prevalence, incidence, and demographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis from 2000 to 2004 among children in the US Medicaid beneficiary population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the nationwide prevalence, incidence, and sociodemographics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis among children in the US Medicaid beneficiary population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children ages 3 years to <18 years with a diagnosis of SLE (defined as ≥3 claims with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] code of 710.0 for SLE, each >30 days apart) were identified from the US Medicaid Analytic eXtract database from 2000 to 2004. This database contains all inpatient and outpatient Medicaid claims for 47 US states and the District of Columbia. Lupus nephritis was identified from ≥2 ICD-9 billing codes for glomerulonephritis, proteinuria, or renal failure, each recorded >30 days apart. The prevalence and incidence of SLE and lupus nephritis were calculated among Medicaid-enrolled children overall and within sociodemographic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 30,420,597 Medicaid-enrolled children during these years, 2,959 were identified as having SLE. The prevalence of SLE was 9.73 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9.38-10.08) per 100,000 Medicaid-enrolled children. Among the children with SLE, 84% were female, 40% were African American, 25% were Hispanic, 21% were White, and 42% resided in the South region of the US. Moreover, of the children with SLE, 1,106 (37%) had lupus nephritis, representing a prevalence of 3.64 (95% CI 3.43-3.86) per 100,000 children. The average annual incidence of SLE was 2.22 cases (95% CI 2.05-2.40) and that of lupus nephritis was 0.72 cases (95% CI 0.63-0.83) per 100,000 Medicaid enrollees per year. The prevalence and incidence rates of SLE and lupus nephritis increased with age, were higher in girls than in boys, and were higher in all non-White racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current study, the prevalence and incidence rates of SLE among Medicaid-enrolled children in the US are high compared to studies in other populations. In addition, these data represent the first population-based estimates of the prevalence and incidence of lupus nephritis in the US to date.
authors: Harvard School of Public Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. lhiraki@hsph.harvard.edu
authors: Linda T
authors: LT
authors: Hiraki
authors: Candace H
authors: CH
authors: Feldman
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Graciela S
authors: GS
authors: Alarcón
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Fischer
authors: Wolfgang C
authors: WC
authors: Winkelmayer
authors: Karen H
authors: KH
authors: Costenbader
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology