title: Enhanced expression of peroxisome proliferate-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in advanced prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have underlined the role of nuclear receptors in the involvement of prostate cancer signalling pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 84 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), 84 low risk prostate cancer (LPC) and 64 advanced disease (APC) cases were sampled on a tissue microarray (TMA) and stained for retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-α, retionoid X receptor (RXR)-α, liver X receptor (LXR)-α, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and proliferate-activated receptor gamma (PPAR)-γ and the (pro)-inflammatory molecules cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPAR-γ expression in APC tissues was found to be significantly higher than that in LPC and BPH specimens (p<0.001). In contrast, RXR-a expression was significantly lower (p<0.001). COX2 staining demonstrated a trend towards overexpression in APC (p=0.025). No significant differences were found for RAR-α, iNOS and TNF-α expression. Staining of FXR and LXR was seen diffusely in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus, preventing sufficient evaluation by definition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the basis for applying PPAR-γ ligands clinically in treatment of APC.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Rogenhofer
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Ellinger
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Kahl
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Stoehr
authors: Arndt
authors: A
authors: Hartmann
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Engehausen
authors: Wolf-Ferdinand
authors: WF
authors: Wieland
authors: Stefan C
authors: SC
authors: Müller
authors: Ferdinand
authors: F
authors: Hofstädter
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Walter
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008297:Male; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D017931:DNA Primers; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D047495:PPAR gamma; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; C000607071:RARA protein, human