title: Lipid profiling of the Arabidopsis hypersensitive response reveals specific lipid peroxidation and fragmentation processes: biogenesis of pimelic and azelaic acid.
abstract: Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is induced by a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. Although LPO is involved in diverse signaling processes, little is known about the oxidation mechanisms and major lipid targets. A systematic lipidomics analysis of LPO in the interaction of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with Pseudomonas syringae revealed that LPO is predominantly confined to plastid lipids comprising galactolipid and triacylglyceride species and precedes programmed cell death. Singlet oxygen was identified as the major cause of lipid oxidation under basal conditions, while a 13-lipoxygenase (LOX2) and free radical-catalyzed lipid oxidation substantially contribute to the increase upon pathogen infection. Analysis of lox2 mutants revealed that LOX2 is essential for enzymatic membrane peroxidation but not for the pathogen-induced free jasmonate production. Despite massive oxidative modification of plastid lipids, levels of nonoxidized lipids dramatically increased after infection. Pathogen infection also induced an accumulation of fragmented lipids. Analysis of mutants defective in 9-lipoxygenases and LOX2 showed that galactolipid fragmentation is independent of LOXs. We provide strong in vivo evidence for a free radical-catalyzed galactolipid fragmentation mechanism responsible for the formation of the essential biotin precursor pimelic acid as well as of azelaic acid, which was previously postulated to prime the immune response of Arabidopsis. Our results suggest that azelaic acid is a general marker for LPO rather than a general immune signal. The proposed fragmentation mechanism rationalizes the pathogen-induced radical amplification and formation of electrophile signals such as phytoprostanes, malondialdehyde, and hexenal in plastids.
authors: Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Zoeller
authors: Nadja
authors: N
authors: Stingl
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Krischke
authors: Agnes
authors: A
authors: Fekete
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Waller
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Berger
authors: Martin J
authors: MJ
authors: Mueller
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D038983:Galactolipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010867:Pimelic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D038983:Galactolipids; D010867:Pimelic Acids; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; C117433:13-lipoxygenase; D008084:Lipoxygenase; C010038:azelaic acid