title: Increased microRNA-155 expression in the serum and peripheral monocytes in chronic HCV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), a single stranded RNA virus, affects millions of people worldwide and leads to chronic infection characterized by chronic inflammation in the liver and in peripheral immune cells. Chronic liver inflammation leads to progressive liver damage. MicroRNAs (miRNA) regulate inflammation (miR-155, -146a and -125b) as well as hepatocyte function (miR-122).
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we hypothesized that microRNAs are dysregulated in chronic HCV infection. We examined miRNAs in the circulation and in peripheral monocytes of patients with chronic HCV infection to evaluate if specific miRNA expression correlated with HCV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that monocytes from chronic HCV infected treatment-naïve (cHCV) but not treatment responder patients showed increased expression of miR-155, a positive regulator of TNFα, and had increased TNFα production compared to monocytes of normal controls. After LPS stimulation, miR-155 levels were higher in monocytes from cHCV patients compared to controls. MiR-125b, which has negative regulatory effects on inflammation, was decreased in cHCV monocytes compared to controls. Stimulation of normal monocytes with TLR4 and TLR8 ligands or HCV core, NS3 and NS5 recombinant proteins induced a robust increase in both miR-155 expression and TNFα production identifying potential mechanisms for in vivo induction of miR-155. Furthermore, we found increased serum miR-155 levels in HCV patients compared to controls. Serum miR-125b and miR-146a levels were also increased in HCV patients. Serum levels of miR-122 were elevated in cHCV patients and correlated with increased ALT and AST levels and serum miR-155 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our novel data demonstrate that miR-155, a positive regulator of inflammation, is upregulated both in monocytes and in the serum of patients with chronic HCV infection. Our study suggests that HCV core, NS3, and NS5 proteins or TLR4 and TLR8 ligands can mediate increased miR-155 and TNFα production in chronic HCV infection. The positive correlation between serum miR-155 and miR-122 increase in cHCV may be an indicator of inflammation-induced hepatocyte damage.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
authors: Shashi
authors: S
authors: Bala
authors: Yaphet
authors: Y
authors: Tilahun
authors: Odette
authors: O
authors: Taha
authors: Hawau
authors: H
authors: Alao
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Kodys
authors: Donna
authors: D
authors: Catalano
authors: Gyongyi
authors: G
authors: Szabo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C524942:MIRN155 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha