title: Small molecule tools for functional interrogation of protein tyrosine phosphatases.
abstract: The importance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the regulation of cellular signalling is well established. Malfunction of PTP activity is also known to be associated with cancer, metabolic syndromes and autoimmune disorders, as well as neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. However, a detailed understanding of the roles played by the PTPs in normal physiology and in pathogenic conditions has been hampered by the absence of PTP-specific small molecule agents. In addition, the therapeutic benefits of modulating this target class are underexplored as a result of a lack of suitable chemical probes. Potent and specific PTP inhibitors could significantly facilitate functional analysis of the PTPs in complex cellular signal transduction pathways and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. We highlight the current challenges to and opportunities for developing PTP-specific small molecule agents. We also review available selective small molecule inhibitors developed for a number of PTPs, including PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase, haematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, PTPβ, PTPγ, PTPRO, Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3, Cdc25, YopH, mPTPA and mPTPB.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors: Rongjun
authors: R
authors: He
authors: Li-Fan
authors: LF
authors: Zeng
authors: Yantao
authors: Y
authors: He
authors: Sheng
authors: S
authors: Zhang
authors: Zhong-Yin
authors: ZY
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases