title: The memory ameliorating effects of INM-176, an ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas, against scopolamine- or Aβ(1-42)-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with cognitive impairment and cholinergic neuronal death. INM-176 is a standardized ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas Nakai that has been traditionally used in herbal medicine in China, Japan, and Korea to treat anemia or as a sedative. We investigated whether INM-176 exhibits anti-amnesic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Memory impairment was induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist, or amyloid β(1-42) (Aβ(1-42)) protein. Anti-amnesic effects of INM-176 were measured by the passive avoidance and the Morris water maze tasks in mice. We also examined the effect of INM-176 on the acetylcholinesterase activity, as well as Aβ(1-42) protein-induced astrogliosis or cholinergic neuronal loss in the brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction was significantly attenuated by a single or sub-chronic administration of INM-176 in the passive avoidance and the Morris water maze tasks. A single or sub-chronic administration of INM-176 also ameliorated memory impairments induced by Aβ(1-42) protein. INM-176 inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampal tissue in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, INM-176 attenuated the Aβ(1-42) protein-induced astrocyte activation in the hippocampus as well as cholinergic neuronal damage in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and the nucleus basalis of Meynert.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the memory ameliorating effects of INM-176 on scopolamine- or Aβ(1-42) protein-induced memory impairment are mediated, in part, via acetylcholinesterase inhibition and neuroprotective activities.
authors: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Se Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Park
authors: Jun Man
authors: JM
authors: Jung
authors: Hyung Eun
authors: HE
authors: Lee
authors: Young Woo
authors: YW
authors: Lee
authors: Dong Hyun
authors: DH
authors: Kim
authors: Jong Min
authors: JM
authors: Kim
authors: Jin Gyu
authors: JG
authors: Hong
authors: Chang Hwan
authors: CH
authors: Lee
authors: In Ho
authors: IH
authors: Jung
authors: Yong-Baik
authors: YB
authors: Cho
authors: Dae Sik
authors: DS
authors: Jang
authors: Jong Hoon
authors: JH
authors: Ryu
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D029969:Angelica; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012601:Scopolamine; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D000431:Ethanol; D012601:Scopolamine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase