title: Silver migration from silver-modified activated carbon applied as a water filtration medium in classic cartridges of jug filter systems.
abstract: A comprehensive study was undertaken in order to examine the possible adverse effect of jug filter systems (JFSs) on the quality of filtered water taking into account the released amounts of silver (Ag) into the filtered test water. Nine brands of JFSs (A-I) were investigated according to BS 8427:2004 using a validated ICP/MS method. Essential modification of BS 8427:2004 within the domain of the composite sample preparation was proposed and applied during the tests. The established grand mean concentrations of released Ag from A-H classic cartridges (containing Ag-modified activated carbon and ion exchange resins) and I classic cartridge (containing non-modified activated carbon and ion exchange resin) installed in corresponding JFSs were in the range of 2.6-13.1 µg l⁻¹ and lower than 0.014 µg l⁻¹, respectively. These values were applied for the estimation of the daily intakes of Ag connected with the consumption of water filtered using JFSs (ranging from < 0.0004 to 0.374 µg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹). After taking into account the grand mean concentrations of Ag established during the whole cycle of exploitation for nine JFSs and on the basis of available toxicological data for this element, no long-term risk for human health with respect to appearance of argyria (a condition caused by improper exposure to the Ag or Ag compounds) could be expected (the Hazard Quotient indices estimated as ratios of the daily intakes to the reference dose of Ag were equal or lower than 0.075). Ag-modified activated carbon is not included in the positive list of the authorised substances of the European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011. Additionally, this material has not been approved by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). A part of water filtered by JFSs can be directly consumed as drinking water and additionally the remaining water can be applied for the preparation of food products (drinks, soups, etc.). In both cases the quality of water has to fulfil the requirements listed in Directive 98/83/EC (Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 defines the quality of water intentionally incorporated into the food after the point of compliance as defined in Article 6 of Directive 98/83/EC). However, it should be underlined that point-of-use water treatment units (including JFSs) are not regulated under Directive 98/83/EC and additionally the parametric value for Ag is not included in this document. Therefore, a provisional migration limit for Ag leached from JFSs at the level of 25 µg l⁻¹ was proposed. This value for Ag would limit intake to less than 13% of the human No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) (0.39 mg person⁻¹ day⁻¹), using an assumption that each day 2 L of filtered water is consumed containing this metal at the provisional migration limit. All the JFSs tested meet this requirement.
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., PL-00-791 Warsaw, Poland. sgarbos@pzh.gov.pl
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Garboś
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Swięcicka
mesh_terms: D001129:Argyria / Q000517:prevention & control; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D005062:European Union; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007475:Ion Exchange Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011044:Poland; D012834:Silver / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012834:Silver; D002244:Carbon