title: Alternatives to lifting concrete masonry blocks onto rebar: biomechanical and perceptual evaluations.
abstract: This study examined the use of and barriers to H-block and high lift grouting, two alternatives to lifting concrete masonry blocks onto vertical rebar. Peak and cumulative shoulder motions were evaluated, as well as adoption barriers: H-block cost and stakeholder perceptions. Results indicated that using the alternatives significantly decreased peak shoulder flexion (p < 0.001). A case study indicated that building cost was higher with H-block, but the difference was less than 2% of the total cost. Contractors and specifiers reported important differences in perceptions, work norms, and material use and practices. For example, 48% of specifiers reported that use of high lift grouting was the contractor's choice, while 28% of contractors thought it must be specified. Use of H-block or high-lift grouting should be considered as methods to reduce awkward upper extremity postures. Cost and stakeholders' other perceptions present barriers that are important considerations when developing diffusion strategies for these alternatives.
  This study provides information from several perspectives about ergonomic controls for a high risk bricklaying task, which will benefit occupational safety experts, health professionals and ergonomists. It adds to the understanding of shoulder stresses, material cost and stakeholder perceptions that will contribute to developing effective diffusion strategies.
authors: Labor Education and Research Center, 1289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. jhess@uoregion.edu
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Hess
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Mizner
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Kincl
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Anton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003252:Construction Materials; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health; D010465:Perception; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult