title: Association of thymidylate synthase and hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha DNA polymorphisms with pancreatic cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thymidylate synthase and hypoxia inducible factor-1α play a central role in the control of tumor progression. In the present study, we investigated the effect of three DNA polymorphisms within the thymidylate synthase gene and two within hypoxia inducible factor-1α on the prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed in 59 patients diagnosed with invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and 159 healthy volunteers. The studied DNA polymorphisms were a variable tandem repeat of 28 bp (rs45445694), a G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (rs34743033), and a deletion of 6 bp (ins1494del 6bp; rs34489327) within the thymidylate synthase gene and C1772T and G1790A single nucleotide polymorphisms within hypoxia inducible factor-1α (rs11549465 and rs11549467, respectively) . Variable tandem repeats were determined by specific polymerase chain reaction, whereas thymidylate synthase single nucleotide polymorphism G/C, ins1494del 6pb, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction and RFLP. Thymidylate synthase and hypoxia inducible factor-1α genotype distributions in patients and healthy volunteers were determined. The impact of the polymorphisms on clinico-pathological variables, including survival, was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of carriers of the variant del6bp allele was significantly higher among patients (70.0% vs 51.0% of healthy donors, P = 0.02); 42% of male patients were homozygous 2R/2R vs 13.6% of females (P = 0.03), but differences regarding gender were not observed among healthy volunteers. Concerning hypoxia inducible factor-1α C1772T and G1790A single nucleotide polymorphisms, the rates of variant T/T and A/A homozygous genotypes were significantly elevated among patients (18.6% vs 5.3%, P = 0.001, and 5.1% vs none, P = 0.021 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, the variant del14946bp allele within the thymidylate synthase gene, and TT and AA genotypes of C1772T and G1790A hypoxia inducible factor-1α single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with the development of pancreatic cancer. The 2R/2R genotype of variable tandem repeat thymidylate synthase polymorphism might be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer in males.
authors: Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Elche, Alicante, Spain. jruiztovar@gmail.com
authors: Jaime
authors: J
authors: Ruiz-Tovar
authors: Maria Encarnación
authors: ME
authors: Fernandez-Contreras
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Martín-Perez
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Gamallo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase