title: The public health impact of food-related illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the public health impact of food-related illness in light of recent high-profile outbreaks and advances in the methodology to estimate illness burden. It includes mainly literature from high-income countries, as burden of illness estimations have been focussed in these countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The public health burden of food-related illness is very high, no matter what method is used to measure it. Outbreaks provide only a partial insight because they represent a small proportion of all cases of food-related illness. Recent outbreaks have demonstrated a very wide variety of contaminated food vehicles and illustrated the challenges in investigations when the contaminated foodstuff is an ingredient of many other food items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outbreaks will continue to challenge public health responses so that maintaining capacity to respond rapidly is crucial. Technological advances, such as whole genome sequencing, pave the way for identifying food-related illness much more rapidly than at present. There is a need to improve diagnostic yield in clinical laboratories and culturing organisms will remain important. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges, though, is to maintain the interest and support of the public when investigating food-related illness.
authors: National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, Neston, South Wirral, UK. s.j.obrien@liverpool.ac.uk
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D019049:Developed Countries; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years