title: Larvicidal, ovicidal and pupicidal activities of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) (Leguminosae) against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Culicidae: Diptera).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potentiality of mosquitocidal activity of Gliricidia sepium (G. sepium) (Jacq.) (Leguminosae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty five early third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) were exposed to various concentrations (50-250 ppm) and the 24 h LC(50) values of the G. sepium extract was determined by probit analysis. The ovicidal activity was determined against An. stephensi to various concentrations ranging from 25-100 ppm under laboratory conditions. The eggs hatchability was assessed 48 h post treatment. The pupicidal activity was determined against An. stephensi to various concentrations ranging from 25-100 ppm. Mortality of each pupa was recorded after 24 h of exposure to the extract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results pertaining to the experiment clearly revealed that ethanol extract showed significant larvicidal, ovicidal and pupicidal activity against the An. stephensi. Larvicidal activity of ethanol extracts of G. sepium showed maximum mortality in 250 ppm concentration (96.0±2.4)%. Furthermore, the LC(50) was found to be 121.79 and the LC(90) value was recorded to be 231.98 ppm. Ovicidal activity of ethanol extract was assessed by assessing the egg hatchability. Highest concentration of both solvent extracts exhibited 100% ovicidal activity. Similarly, pupae exposed to different concentrations of ethanol extract were found dead with 58.10% adult emergence when it was treated with 25 ppm concentration. Similarly, 18.36 (n=30; 61.20%); 21.28(70.93) and 27.33(91.10) pupal mortality was recorded from the experimental pupae treated with 50, 75 and 100 ppm concentration of extracts. Three fractions have been tested for their larvicidal activity of which the Fraction 3 showed the LC(50) and LC(90) values of 23.23 and 40.39 ppm. With regard to the ovicidal effect fraction 3 showed highest ovicidal activities than the other two fractions. Furthermore, there were no hatchability was recorded above 50 ppm (100% egg mortality) in the experimental group. Statistically significant pupicidal activity was recorded from 75 ppm concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of G. sepium is an excellent potential for controlling An. stephensi mosquito. It is apparent that, fraction 3 possess a novel and active principle which could be responsible for those biological activities.
authors: Unit of Entomotoxicity, Department of Zoology, Govt. Thirumagal Mills College, Vellore-632607 Tamilnadu, India.
authors: Kaliyamoorthy
authors: K
authors: Krishnappa
authors: Shanmugam
authors: S
authors: Dhanasekaran
authors: Kuppusamy
authors: K
authors: Elumalai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001681:Biological Assay; D007887:Fabaceae; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007306:Insecticides; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts