title: Association of depressive disorders, depression characteristics and antidepressant medication with inflammation.
abstract: Growing evidence suggests that immune dysregulation may be involved in depressive disorders, but the exact nature of this association is still unknown and may be restricted to specific subgroups. This study examines the association between depressive disorders, depression characteristics and antidepressant medication with inflammation in a large cohort of controls and depressed persons, taking possible sex differences and important confounding factors into account. Persons (18-65 years) with a current (N = 1132) or remitted (N = 789) depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria and healthy controls (N = 494) were selected from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Assessments included clinical characteristics (severity, duration and age of onset), use of antidepressant medication and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)). After adjustment for sociodemographics, currently depressed men, but not women, had higher levels of CRP (1.33 versus 0.92 mg l(-1), P<0.001, Cohen's d = 0.32) and IL-6 (0.88 versus 0.72 pg ml(-1), P = 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.23) than non-depressed peers. Associations reduced after considering lifestyle and disease indicators--especially body mass index--but remained significant for CRP. After full adjustment, highest inflammation levels were found in depressed men with an older age of depression onset (CRP, TNF-α). Furthermore, inflammation was increased in men using serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (CRP, IL-6) and in men and women using tri- or tetracyclic antidepressants (CRP), but decreased among men using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (IL-6). In conclusion, elevated inflammation was confirmed in depressed men, especially those with a late-onset depression. Specific antidepressants may differ in their effects on inflammation.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Vogelzangs
authors: H E
authors: HE
authors: Duivis
authors: A T F
authors: AT
authors: Beekman
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Kluft
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Neuteboom
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Hoogendijk
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Smit
authors: P
authors: P
authors: de Jonge
authors: B W J H
authors: BW
authors: Penninx
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators