title: Simplifying ART cohort monitoring: can pharmacy stocks provide accurate estimates of patients retained on antiretroviral therapy in Malawi?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Routine monitoring of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for measuring program success and accurate drug forecasting. However, compiling data from patient registers to measure retention in ART is labour-intensive. To address this challenge, we conducted a pilot study in Malawi to assess whether patient ART retention could be determined using pharmacy records as compared to estimates of retention based on standardized paper- or electronic based cohort reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve ART facilities were included in the study: six used paper-based registers and six used electronic data systems. One ART facility implemented an electronic data system in quarter three and was included as a paper-based system facility in quarter two only. Routine patient retention cohort reports, paper or electronic, were collected from facilities for both quarter two [April-June] and quarter three [July-September], 2010. Pharmacy stock data were also collected from the 12 ART facilities over the same period. Numbers of ART continuation bottles recorded on pharmacy stock cards at the beginning and end of each quarter were documented. These pharmacy data were used to calculate the total bottles dispensed to patients in each quarter with intent to estimate the number of patients retained on ART. Information for time required to determine ART retention was gathered through interviews with clinicians tasked with compiling the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among ART clinics with paper-based systems, three of six facilities in quarter two and four of five facilities in quarter three had similar numbers of patients retained on ART comparing cohort reports to pharmacy stock records. In ART clinics with electronic systems, five of six facilities in quarter two and five of seven facilities in quarter three had similar numbers of patients retained on ART when comparing retention numbers from electronically generated cohort reports to pharmacy stock records. Among paper-based facilities, an average of 13 4 hours was needed to calculate patient retention for cohort reporting using patient registers as compared to 2.25 hours using pharmacy stock cards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The numbers of patients retained on ART as estimated using pharmacy stock records were largely similar to estimates based on either paper registers or electronic data system. Furthermore, less time and staff effort was needed to estimate ART patient retention using pharmacy stock records versus paper-based registers. Reinforcing ARV stock management may improve the precision of estimates.
authors: International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France. h_tweya@lighthouse.org.mw
authors: Hannock
authors: H
authors: Tweya
authors: Caryl
authors: C
authors: Feldacker
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Ben-Smith
authors: Anthony D
authors: AD
authors: Harries
authors: Ryuichi
authors: R
authors: Komatsu
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Jahn
authors: Sam
authors: S
authors: Phiri
authors: Jean-Michel
authors: JM
authors: Tassie
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012042:Registries; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents