title: Compromised bone healing following spacer removal in a rat femoral defect model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical demand for bone grafting materials necessitated the development of animal models. Critical size defect model has been criticized recently, mainly for its inaccuracy. Our objective was to develop a dependable animal model that would provide compromised bone healing, and would allow the investigation of bone substitutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first group a critical size defect was created in the femur of adult male Wistar rats, and a non-critical defect in the remaining animals (Groups II, III and IV). The defect was left empty in group II, while in groups III and IV a spacer was interposed into the gap. Osteoblast activity was evaluated by NanoSPECT/CT imaging system. New bone formation and assessment of a union or non-union was observed by μCT and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interposition model proved to be highly reproducible and provided a bone defect with compromised bone healing. Significant bone regeneration processes were observed four weeks after removal of the spacer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results have shown that when early bone healing is inhibited by the physical interposition of a spacer, the regeneration process is compromised for a further 4 weeks and results in a bone defect during the time-course of the study.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. skaliczki@gmail.com
authors: Gábor
authors: G
authors: Skaliczki
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Weszl
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Schandl
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Major
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kovács
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Skaliczki
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Redl
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Szendrői
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Szigeti
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Máté
authors: Cs
authors: C
authors: Dobó-Nagy
authors: Zs
authors: Z
authors: Lacza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography