title: Temperature and relative humidity influence the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of Camembert-type cheese ripening.
abstract: To evaluate the effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on microbial and biochemical ripening kinetics, Camembert-type cheeses were prepared from pasteurized milk seeded with Kluyveromyces marxianus, Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium camemberti, and Brevibacterium aurantiacum. Microorganism growth and biochemical changes were studied under different ripening temperatures (8, 12, and 16°C) and RH (88, 92, and 98%). The central point runs (12°C, 92% RH) were both reproducible and repeatable, and for each microbial and biochemical parameter, 2 kinetic descriptors were defined. Temperature had significant effects on the growth of both K. marxianus and G. candidum, whereas RH did not affect it. Regardless of the temperature, at 98% RH the specific growth rate of P. camemberti spores was significantly higher [between 2 (8°C) and 106 times (16°C) higher]. However, at 16°C, the appearance of the rind was no longer suitable because mycelia were damaged. Brevibacterium aurantiacum growth depended on both temperature and RH. At 8°C under 88% RH, its growth was restricted (1.3 × 10(7) cfu/g), whereas at 16°C and 98% RH, its growth was favored, reaching 7.9 × 10(9) cfu/g, but the rind had a dark brown color after d 20. Temperature had a significant effect on carbon substrate consumption rates in the core as well as in the rind. In the rind, when temperature was 16°C rather than 8°C, the lactate consumption rate was approximately 2.9 times higher under 88% RH. Whatever the RH, temperature significantly affected the increase in rind pH (from 4.6 to 7.7 ± 0.2). At 8°C, an increase in rind pH was observed between d 6 and 9, whereas at 16°C, it was between d 2 and 3. Temperature and RH affected the increasing rate of the underrind thickness: at 16°C, half of the cheese thickness appeared ripened on d 14 (wrapping day). However, at 98% RH, the underrind was runny. In conclusion, some descriptors, such as yeast growth and the pH in the rind, depended solely on temperature. However, our findings highlight the fact that the interactions between temperature and RH played a role in P. camemberti sporulation, B. aurantiacum growth, carbon substrate consumption rates, and the thickening of the cheese underrind. Moreover, the best ripening conditions to achieve an optimum between microorganism growth and biochemical kinetics were 13°C and 94% RH.
authors: UMR Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, INRA 782, BP1, avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78 850 Thiverval-Grignon, France. perlat@grignon.inra.fr
authors: M-N
authors: MN
authors: Leclercq-Perlat
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sicard
authors: I C
authors: IC
authors: Trelea
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Picque
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Corrieu
mesh_terms: D001951:Brevibacterium / Q000254:growth & development*; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D005848:Geotrichum / Q000254:growth & development*; D006813:Humidity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007716:Kluyveromyces / Q000254:growth & development*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D007785:Lactose