title: Hospitalization trends, costs, and risk factors in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess hospitalization trends in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Thailand, an important indicator of morbidity, ART effectiveness, and health service utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort
  
  
  METHODS
  Children initiating ART in 1999-2009 were followed in 40 public hospitals. Hospitalization rate per 100 person-years were calculated from ART initiation to last follow-up/death. Costs to the healthcare provider were calculated using WHO inpatient estimates for Thailand. Zero-inflated Poisson models were used to examine risk factors for early (<12 months of ART) and late hospitalization (≥12 months) and frequency of admissions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 578 children initiated ART, median follow-up being 64 months [interquartile range (IQR) 43-82]; 211 (37%) children were hospitalized with 451 admissions. Hospitalization rates declined from 63 per 100 person-years at less than 6 months to approximately 10 per 100 person-years after 2 years of ART, and costs fell from $35 per patient-month to under $5, respectively. Age less than 2 years, US Centers of Disease Control and Prevention stage B/C, and stunting at ART initiation were associated with early hospitalization. Among those hospitalized, baseline CD4 cell percentage less than 5%, wasting, initiation on dual therapy, late calendar year, and female sex were associated with higher incidence of early admissions (P <0.02). There were no predictors of late hospitalization, although previous hospitalization in less than 12 months of ART was associated with three times higher incidence of late admissions (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in three children required hospitalization after ART. Admissions were highest in the first year of therapy and rapidly declined thereafter. Young age, advanced disease stage, and stunting at baseline were predictive of early hospitalization. Treatment initiation before disease progression would likely reduce hospitalization and alleviate demands on healthcare services.
authors: Institut de Recherche pour le Dévecnt (IRD URI 174), Marseille, France. intira.collins@lshtm.ac.uk
authors: Intira J
authors: IJ
authors: Collins
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Cairns
authors: Gonzague
authors: G
authors: Jourdain
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Fregonese
authors: Maneeratn
authors: M
authors: Nantarukchaikul
authors: Narong
authors: N
authors: Lertpienthum
authors: Pornpun
authors: P
authors: Wannarit
authors: Pornsawan
authors: P
authors: Attavinijtrakarn
authors: Prapaisri
authors: P
authors: Layangool
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Le Coeur
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Lallemant
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D001835:Body Weight; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents