title: [Coagulation management of trauma patients with unstabile circulation : establishment of a hemoglobin-oriented standard operating procedure].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Massive hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in the first few hours following multiple trauma, therefore, early and aggressive treatment of clotting disorders and surgical intervention to stop the bleeding are of utmost importance. However, commonly performed clotting tests have a considerable latency of at least 30-45 min, whereas hemoglobin (Hb) levels can be tested very quickly. If a multiple trauma patient has already received fluid resuscitation, a certain relationship may be observed between the hemoglobin value and the development of clotting disturbances. Hence, hemoglobin may be a useful and rapidly available parameter for guiding the initial treatment of clotting disturbances in multiple trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Hb-guided algorithm has been developed to initiate initial clotting therapy. The algorithm contains three stages of different aggressive clotting therapy with fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), factor VIIa, tranexamic acid and desmopressin, depending on the first Hb value measured. For admission Hb levels > 5.5 mmol/l (≈8.8 g/dl) coagulation therapy is managed on the basis of the laboratory tests and if in doubt 2 g fibrinogen is administered. For admission Hb levels between 5.5 mmol/l (≈8.8 g/dl) and 4 mmol/l (≈6.5 g/dl) 2-4 g fibrinogen and 2,500-3,000 IU PCC are administered and tranexamic acid and desmopressin administration should be considered. For admission Hb levels < 4 mmol/l (≈6.5 g/dl) 4-6 g fibrinogen, 3,000-5,000 IU PCC and 1 mg factor VIIa should be administered and tranexamic acid and desmopression should be considered. All drugs mentioned should be stored in a special "coagulation box" in the hospital pharmacy and this box is brought immediately to the patient on demand. In addition to the use of clotting factors, infusions should be performed with balanced crystalloids and transfusions with an RBC/FFP ratio of 2:1-1:1. To assess the efficiency of the algorithm the routinely measured clotting parameters at trauma bay admission were compared with intensive care unit (ICU) admission and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a 6-month investigation period 71 severe multiple trauma patients were admitted to the trauma center and 19 patients were treated using the coagulation box of which 13 required massive transfusions. The routinely used clotting parameters markedly improved between admission to the trauma bay and ICU admission: Quick 61% versus 97% (p < 0.001), partial prothromboplastin time (PTT) 50 s versus 42 s (not significant), fibrinogen 1.7 g/l versus 2.15 g/l (not significant). Of the 19 patients 11 (58%) survived. The revised injury severity classification (RISC) predicted a survival rate of 40%, which corresponds to an SMR of 0.69, thus implying a higher survival rate than predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Hb-driven algorithm, in combination with the coagulation box and the early use of clotting factors, may be a simple and effective tool for improving coagulopathy in multiple trauma patients.
authors: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost, Halle, Saale, Deutschland. Peter.Hilbert@bergmannstrost.com
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hilbert
authors: G O
authors: GO
authors: Hofmann
authors: K
authors: K
authors: zur Nieden
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Teichmann
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Jakubetz
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Stuttmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D003422:Critical Care; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015942:Factor VIIa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012151:Resuscitation; D015996:Survival Rate; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D005340:Fibrinogen; D015942:Factor VIIa; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin