title: Cadmium effects on early development of chick embryos.
abstract: The toxic potential of cadmium (Cd) is well-documented for young and adult vertebrates, but it is still poorly understood in the early stages of development. In this study, cadmium effects were investigated on Gallus gallus embryos after injection of CdCl(2) (5μM and 50μM) within the egg air chamber, and incubation for 48 and 72h. After exposure, morphological and enzymatic analyses for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were performed. Critical morphological abnormalities occurred after exposure to the highest concentration of cadmium, mainly in the cephalic region, indicating the powerful teratogenic effect of Cd to chick embryos. Cd exposure did not alter enzymatic activities when compared to the control group, but the levels of G6PDH activity were highest in older embryos at stage 19, indicating that antioxidant defenses are not so robust in the earliest embryo stages.
authors: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: fla_yama@hotmail.com.
authors: F Y
authors: FY
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Filipak Neto
authors: Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, CEP 80.730-000, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: P F
authors: PF
authors: Freitas
authors: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Oliveira Ribeiro
authors: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: C F
authors: CF
authors: Ortolani-Machado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D013723:Teratogens; D002104:Cadmium; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase