title: The da Vinci robotic surgical assisted anterior lumbar interbody fusion: technical development and case report.
abstract: METHODS
  Technique development to use the da Vince Robotic Surgical System for anterior lumbar interbody fusion at L5-S1 is detailed. A case report is also presented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and develop the da Vinci robotic assisted laparoscopic anterior lumbar stand-alone interbody fusion procedure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Anterior lumbar interbody fusion is a common procedure associated with potential morbidity related to the surgical approach. The da Vinci robot provides intra-abdominal dissection and visualization advantages compared with the traditional open and laparoscopic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgical techniques for approach to the anterior lumbar spine using the da Vinci robot were developed and modified progressively beginning with operative models followed by placement of an interbody fusion cage in the living porcine model. Development continued to progress with placement of fusion cage in a human cadaver, completed first in the laboratory setting and then in the operating room. Finally, the first patient with fusion completed using the da Vinci robot-assisted approach is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anterior transperitoneal approach to the lumbar spine is accomplished with enhanced visualization and dissection capability, with maintenance of pneumoperitoneum using the da Vinci robot. Blood loss is minimal. The visualization inside the disc space and surrounding structures was considered better than current open and laparoscopic techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The da Vinci robot Surgical System technique continues to develop and is now described for the transperitoneal approach to the anterior lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors: Pennsylvania Spine Institute, PinnacleHealth System, Harrisburg, PA 17109, USA. wjbeutler@gmail.com
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Beutler
authors: Walter C
authors: WC
authors: Peppelman
authors: Luciano A
authors: LA
authors: DiMarco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004210:Dissection / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059032:Learning Curve; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D023421:Models, Animal; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011859:Radiography; D012371:Robotics; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome