title: Hyperventilation in anticipatory music performance anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-report studies have shown an association between music performance anxiety (MPA) and hyperventilation complaints. However, hyperventilation was never assessed physiologically in MPA. This study investigated the self-reported affective experience, self-reported physiological symptoms, and cardiorespiratory variables including partial pressure of end-tidal CO(2) (Petco(2)), which is an indicator for hyperventilation, in 67 music students before a private and a public performance. The response coherence between these response domains was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the private to the public session, the intensity of all self-report variables increased (all p values < .001). As predicted, the higher the musician's usual MPA level, the larger were these increases (p values < .10). With the exception of Petco(2), the main cardiorespiratory variables also increased from the private to the public session (p values < .05). These increases were not modulated by the usual MPA level (p values > .10). Petco(2) showed a unique response pattern reflected by an MPA-by-session interaction (p < .01): it increased from the private to the public session for musicians with low MPA levels and decreased for musicians with high MPA levels. Self-reported physiological symptoms were related to the self-reported affective experience (p values < .05) rather than to physiological measures (p values > .17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show for the first time how respiration is stimulated before a public performance in music students with different MPA levels. The hypothesis of a hyperventilation tendency in high-performance-anxious musicians is supported. The response coherence between physiological symptoms and physiological activation is weak.
authors: Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Regina Katharina
authors: RK
authors: Studer
authors: Brigitta
authors: B
authors: Danuser
authors: Horst
authors: H
authors: Hildebrandt
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Arial
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Wild
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019296:Capnography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D060805:Performance Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D057566:Self Report