title: Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and clinical correlates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence, sociodemographic aspects, and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been previously addressed in primarily relatively small samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional demographic and clinical assessment of 901 OCD patients participating in the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. We used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders; Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS); Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale; Clinical Global Impression Scale; and Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence of BDD was 12.1%. The individuals with comorbid BDD (OCD-BDD; n = 109) were younger than were those without it. In addition, the proportions of single and unemployed patients were greater in the OCD-BDD group. This group of patients also showed higher rates of suicidal behaviors; mood, anxiety, and eating disorders; hypochondriasis; skin picking; Tourette syndrome; and symptoms of the sexual/religious, aggressive, and miscellaneous dimensions. Furthermore, OCD-BDD patients had an earlier onset of OC symptoms; greater severity of OCD, depression, and anxiety symptoms; and poorer insight. After logistic regression, the following features were associated with OCD-BDD: current age; age at OCD onset; severity of the miscellaneous DY-BOCS dimension; severity of depressive symptoms; and comorbid social phobia, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and skin picking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because OCD patients might not inform clinicians about concerns regarding their appearance, it is essential to investigate symptoms of BDD, especially in young patients with early onset and comorbid social anxiety, chronic depression, skin picking, or eating disorders.
authors: Projeto Transtornos do Espectro Obsessivo-Compulsivo (PROTOC, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Project), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil. danielcosta228@yahoo.com.br
authors: Daniel Lucas
authors: DL
authors: Conceição Costa
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Chagas Assunção
authors: Ygor
authors: Y
authors: Arzeno Ferrão
authors: Luciana
authors: L
authors: Archetti Conrado
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Hajaj Gonzalez
authors: Leonardo
authors: L
authors: Franklin Fontenelle
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Fossaluza
authors: Eurípedes
authors: E
authors: Constantino Miguel
authors: Albina
authors: A
authors: Rodrigues Torres
authors: Roseli
authors: R
authors: Gedanke Shavitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors