title: Toward a mouse model of hind limb ischemia to test therapeutic angiogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several clinical trials are currently evaluating stem cell therapy for patients with critical limb ischemia that have no other surgical or endovascular options for revascularization. However, these trials are conducted with different protocols, including use of different stem cell populations and different injection protocols, providing little means to compare trials and guide therapy. Accordingly, we developed a murine model of severe ischemia to allow methodic testing of relevant clinical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  High femoral artery ligation and total excision of the superficial femoral artery was performed on C57BL/6 mice. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from the bone marrow of donor mice, characterized using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and injected (5×10(5) to 2×10(6)) into the semimembranosus (proximal) or gastrocnemius (distal) muscle. Vascular and functional outcomes were measured using invasive Doppler imaging, laser Doppler perfusion imaging, and the Tarlov and ischemia scores. Histologic analysis included quantification of muscle fiber area and number as well as capillary density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood flow and functional outcomes were improved in MNC-treated mice compared with controls over 28 days (flow: P<.0001; Tarlov: P=.0004; ischemia score: P=.0002). MNC-treated mice also showed greater gastrocnemius fiber area (P=.0053) and increased capillary density (P=.0004). Dose-response analysis showed increased angiogenesis and gastrocnemius fiber area but no changes in macroscopic vascular flow or functional scores. Overall functional outcomes in mice injected proximally to the ischemic area were similar to mice injected more distally, but muscle flow, capillary density, and gastrocnemius fiber area were increased (P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High femoral ligation with complete excision of the superficial femoral artery is a reliable model of severe hind limb ischemia in C57BL/6 mice that shows a response to MNC treatment for functional and vascular outcomes. A dose response to the injection of MNCs appears to be present, at least microscopically, suggesting that an optimal cell number for stem cell therapy exists and that preclinical testing needs to be performed to optimally guide human trials. Injection of MNCs proximal to the site of ischemia may provide different outcomes compared with distal injection and warrants additional study.
authors: Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8089, USA.
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Brenes
authors: Caroline C
authors: CC
authors: Jadlowiec
authors: Mackenzie
authors: M
authors: Bear
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Hashim
authors: Clinton D
authors: CD
authors: Protack
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Lv
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Collins
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Dardik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation