title: Maternal antibodies to infectious agents and risk for non-affective psychoses in the offspring--a matched case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing number of studies suggest that certain maternal infections are associated with non-affective psychoses in the offspring. Here we investigated if maternal exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2) prior to delivery was associated with future diagnosis of schizophrenia or other non-affective psychoses in the offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study included 198 individuals born in Sweden 1975-85, diagnosed with schizophrenia (ICD-10, F20) and other non-affective psychoses (ICD-10, F21-29) as in- or outpatients, and 524 matched controls. Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in archived neonatal dried blood samples from these individuals were determined by immunoassays. Reference levels were determined by prevalences among pregnant women in Sweden 1975-85. Odds ratios (OR) for schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses were calculated, considering maternal and gestational factors as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of IgG directed at T. gondii corresponding to maternal exposure was associated with subsequent schizophrenia (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.5) as were levels of IgG directed at CMV (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.1) but not at HSV-1 or -2. There were even stronger associations with higher levels of T. gondii or CMV antibodies. There were no associations between any of the infectious agents and other non-affective psychoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports findings of maternal exposure to T. gondii and schizophrenia risk in offspring, and extends the risk to also include maternal exposure to CMV. Future studies should confirm the association with CMV exposure and identify mechanisms underlying these associations.
authors: Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. asa.blomstrom@ki.se
authors: Asa
authors: A
authors: Blomström
authors: Håkan
authors: H
authors: Karlsson
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Wicks
authors: Shuojia
authors: S
authors: Yang
authors: Robert H
authors: RH
authors: Yolken
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Dalman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000276:immunology; D013548:Sweden; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G