title: Coping behaviors in relation to depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among middle-aged workers in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Japan, the annual number of deaths by suicide markedly increased in 1998 and leveled off at approximately 30,000 per year thereafter. The coping behaviors used to deal with stress may have implications for the prevention of depression and suicidal ideation. This study examined coping behaviors in relation to depression and suicidal ideation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, a total of 6762 workers (40-60 years of age; 4119 males and 2643 females) completed both the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and a questionnaire measuring suicidal ideation. A cut-off score of 19 was used to define probable depression for the CES-D. Stress-coping behaviors were surveyed via an inventory of 14 items that reflected of actual behaviors covering problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In relation to depression, logistic regression analyses revealed that in both genders, the highest odds ratios (OR) for avoidant coping strategy and the lowest OR was associated with a problem-focused strategy after adjusting for covariates. After making the same adjustments, logistic regression analyses revealed that in both genders, the highest OR were for emotional distraction coping strategies in relation to suicidal ideation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow for causal assumptions regarding the sequential nature of the relationship between coping behaviors and the onset of depressive symptoms or suicidal ideation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that coping behaviors may affect both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Furthermore, gender differences in coping behaviors among middle-aged workers were identified. Additional studies are needed to examine the relationships among coping behaviors, depression and suicidal ideation using a longitudinal design.
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan. nsuga3@yahoo.co.jp
authors: Norio
authors: N
authors: Sugawara
authors: Norio
authors: N
authors: Yasui-Furukori
authors: Giro
authors: G
authors: Sasaki
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Tanaka
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Umeda
authors: Ippei
authors: I
authors: Takahashi
authors: Kaori
authors: K
authors: Iwane
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Matsuzaka
authors: Sunao
authors: S
authors: Kaneko
authors: Shigeyuki
authors: S
authors: Nakaji
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires