title: The embryonic and postembryonic developmental toxicity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on Physa acuta.
abstract: The embryonic and postembryonic developmental toxicity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) to the snail Physa acuta was evaluated in this study. The results of embryonic toxicity tests showed that lower concentrations of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C8 mim]Br) (1.5 and 2.1 mg/L) inhibited the hatching rate of snail embryos, and partial snails hatched normally and died, while all of the treated embryos died when the exposure concentration was higher than 4.16 mg/L, at which IL caused the deformation, death, and decay of snail embryos. Statistical analyses revealed obvious differences in the hatching rates between three developmental stages in the 2.1 and 2.94 mg/L groups, indicating that the veliger stage is more sensitive to [C8 mim]Br exposure than the blastula and gastrula stages. Furthermore, the 96 h LC50 values of [C8 mim]Br on the tested snails at three developmental stages (juvenile, subadult, and adult) were 70.83 ± 2.99, 97.59 ± 4.05, and 109.3 ± 2.22 mg/L, respectively, indicating that young snails were more sensitive to [C8 mim]Br toxicity than adults. In addition, the 96 h LC50 values of ILs with different alkyl chain lengths, that is, [C12 mim], [C10 mim], [C8 mim], and [C6 mim], in adult snails were 1.35 ± 0.24, 8.96 ± 5.66, 109.3 ± 4, and 359.6 ± 11.6 mg/L, respectively, suggesting that longer alkyl chains can increase the toxicity of imidazolium ILs on snails.
authors: College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
authors: Xiao-Yu
authors: XY
authors: Li
authors: Xiang-Yi
authors: XY
authors: Dong
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Bai
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: Jian-Ji
authors: JJ
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001881:Borates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D012908:Snails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: C528768:1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium; D001881:Borates; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids