title: [Loop diuretics: facts and fallacies].
abstract: Refractory edema is a clinical condition which recognises different etiologies and is characterized by decreased or absent diuretic response before the therapeutic goal is reached. Several pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic strategies are used in this setting, and further research is needed in order to optimize drug effectiveness.
authors: Medicina Interna a Indirizzo Nefro-Cardiovascolare, Dipartimento de Medicina e Diagnostica, Ospecdale Santa Maria di Borgo val di Taro, Azenda USL di Parma. mmeschi@ausl.pr.it
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Meschi
authors: Simona
authors: S
authors: Detrenis
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Bianchi
authors: Marcella
authors: M
authors: Saccò
authors: Marcello
authors: M
authors: Bertorelli
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Boffetti
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Caiazza
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Savazzi
mesh_terms: D004326:Drinking; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008138:Loop of Henle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D005665:Furosemide