title: Strategies for improving patient safety culture in hospitals: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of patient safety culture strategies to improve hospital patient safety climate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic search of the Cochrane Library, OVID Medline, Embase, CINAHL, proQuest and psychinfo databases, with manual searches of quality and safety websites, bibliographies of included articles and key journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  English language studies published between January 1996 and April 2011 that measured the effectiveness of patient safety culture strategies using a quantitative measure of patient safety climate in a hospital setting. Studies included were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, controlled before and after studies, interrupted time series and historically controlled studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extraction and critical appraisal were conducted by two independent reviewers. Study design, intervention, level of application, setting, study participants, safety climate outcome measures and implementation lessons were extracted from each article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 2000 articles were screened, with 21 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, one cluster RCT, seven controlled before and after studies, and 13 historically controlled studies. There was marked methodological heterogeneity amongst studies. Impacts of 11 different strategies were reported. There was some evidence to support that leadership walk rounds (p=0.02) and multi-faceted unit-based programmes (p < 0.05) may have a positive impact on patient safety climate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite strong face validity for a variety of patient safety culture strategies, there is limited evidence to support definitive impacts on patient safety climate outcomes. Organisations are advised to consider robust evaluation designs when implementing these potentially resource intensive strategies.
authors: Centre of Research Excellence in Patient Safety, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia. renata.morello@monash.edu
authors: Renata Teresa
authors: RT
authors: Morello
authors: Judy A
authors: JA
authors: Lowthian
authors: Anna Lucia
authors: AL
authors: Barker
authors: Rosemary
authors: R
authors: McGinnes
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Dunt
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Brand
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015279:Organizational Culture; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D058996:Quality Improvement