title: Pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of a single dose of tramadol hydrochloride to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine pharmacokinetics after IV and oral administration of a single dose of tramadol hydrochloride to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
  
  
  METHODS
  9 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (3 males, 5 females, and 1 of unknown sex).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tramadol (5 mg/kg, IV) was administered to the parrots. Blood samples were collected from -5 to 720 minutes after administration. After a 3-week washout period, tramadol (10 and 30 mg/kg) was orally administered to parrots. Blood samples were collected from -5 to 1,440 minutes after administration. Three formulations of oral suspension (crushed tablets in a commercially available suspension agent, crushed tablets in sterile water, and chemical-grade powder in sterile water) were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of tramadol and its major metabolites were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean plasma tramadol concentrations were > 100 ng/mL for approximately 2 to 4 hours after IV administration of tramadol. Plasma concentrations after oral administration of tramadol at a dose of 10 mg/kg were < 40 ng/mL for the entire time period, but oral administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg resulted in mean plasma concentrations > 100 ng/mL for approximately 6 hours after administration. Oral administration of the suspension consisting of the chemical-grade powder resulted in higher plasma tramadol concentrations than concentrations obtained after oral administration of the other 2 formulations; however, concentrations differed significantly only at 120 and 240 minutes after administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral administration of tramadol at a dose of 30 mg/kg resulted in plasma concentrations (> 100 ng/mL) that have been associated with analgesia in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
authors: Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. msouza@utk.edu
authors: Marcy J
authors: MJ
authors: Souza
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
authors: Joanne R
authors: JR
authors: Paul-Murphy
authors: Sherry K
authors: SK
authors: Cox
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D000284:Administration, Oral; D046708:Amazona / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D008297:Male; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol