title: The incidence of depression and its risk factors in Dutch nursing homes and residential care homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although it is known that depression is highly prevalent in institutionalized older adults, little is known about its incidence and risk factors in nursing homes and residential care homes. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the incidence and associated risk factors for depression in Dutch nursing homes and residential care homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on depression were extracted from the Vrije Universiteit naturalistic cohort on routine care monitoring with the Minimum Data Set of the Resident Assessment Instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,324 residents in six nursing homes and 1,723 residents in 23 residential care homes with an average follow-up of 1.2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression was defined as a clinical diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria and the use of antidepressants. Residents with prevalent depression at baseline were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate was 13.6 per 100 person years in the nursing homes and 10.2 per 100 person years in the residential care homes. The independent risk factors for in-home depression for residents in nursing homes included dementia (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.02-2.95) and a score of 3 or more on the Depression Rating Scale (odds ratio [OR]: 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-3.70). A protective effect was seen on the use of a hearing aid (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.12-0.80). In the residential care homes, being male (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.27-3.30), having cancer (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.64-4.95), and a score of 2 or higher on the Cognitive Performance Scale (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.05-2.22) increased the risk to develop depression. Age greater than 85 years (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.31-0.67) and hearing impairment (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.60-1.00) appeared to be protective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence rate for depression in residents of Dutch nursing homes and residential care homes was high and the associated risk factors found may have important implications for staff.
authors: Department of General Practice and Elderly Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Marijke
authors: M
authors: Boorsma
authors: Karlijn
authors: K
authors: Joling
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Dussel
authors: Miel
authors: M
authors: Ribbe
authors: Dinnus
authors: D
authors: Frijters
authors: Harm W J
authors: HW
authors: van Marwijk
authors: Giel
authors: G
authors: Nijpels
authors: Hein
authors: H
authors: van Hout
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D040561:Assisted Living Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents