title: Glutamatergic input to the lateral hypothalamus stimulates ethanol intake: role of orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamate (GLUT) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) has been suggested to mediate reward behaviors and may promote the ingestion of drugs of abuse. This study tested the hypothesis that GLUT in the LH stimulates consumption of ethanol ( EtOH ) and that this effect occurs, in part, via its interaction with local peptides, hypocretin/orexin (OX), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH).
  
  
  METHODS
  In Experiments 1 and 2, male Sprague-Dawley rats, after being trained to drink 9% EtOH , were microinjected in the LH with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) or its antagonist, D-AP5, or with alpha-amino-5-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or its antagonist, CNQX-ds. Consumption of EtOH , chow, and water was then measured. To provide an anatomical control, a separate set of rats was injected 2 mm dorsal to the LH. In Experiment 3, the effect of LH injection of NMDA and AMPA on the expression of OX and MCH was measured using radiolabeled in situ hybridization (ISH) and also using digoxigenin-labeled ISH, to distinguish effects on OX and MCH cells in the LH and the nearby perifornical area (PF) and zona incerta (ZI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When injected into the LH, NMDA and AMPA both significantly increased EtOH intake while having no effect on chow or water intake. The GLUT receptor antagonists had the opposite effect, significantly reducing EtOH consumption. No effects were observed with injections 2 mm dorsal to the LH. In addition to these behavioral effects, LH injection of NMDA significantly stimulated expression of OX in both the LH and PF while reducing MCH in the ZI, whereas AMPA increased OX only in the LH and had no effect on MCH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamatergic inputs to the LH, acting through NMDA and AMPA receptors, appear to have a stimulatory effect on EtOH consumption, mediated in part by increased OX in LH and PF and reduced MCH in ZI.
authors: Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors: Yu-Wei
authors: YW
authors: Chen
authors: Jessica R
authors: JR
authors: Barson
authors: Aimee
authors: A
authors: Chen
authors: Bartley G
authors: BG
authors: Hoebel
authors: Sarah F
authors: SF
authors: Leibowitz
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000378:metabolism*; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068797:Orexins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008543:Melanins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; C019463:melanin-concentrating hormone; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid