title: Clinical markers of organ dysfunction associated with increased 1-year mortality post-implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Guidelines from the ESC and ACC/AHA recommend implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) be implanted in clinically indicated patients with a reasonable expectation of >1 year survival. Our study aimed to assess if selected clinical markers of organ dysfunction were associated with increased 1-year mortality despite ICD therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We retrospectively studied 283 patients with de novo ICDs implanted for primary or secondary prevention in ischaemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. We investigated the association of the following clinical markers of organ dysfunction with 1 year mortality: liver dysfunction (aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase ≥ 3× upper limit of normal or prothrombin time/international normalized ratio ≥ 1.5 in the absence of anticoagulation), respiratory dysfunction (recent mechanical ventilation within 3 months prior to ICD implant), renal dysfunction (creatinine ≥150 µmol/L or glomerular filtration rate ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), anaemia (Hb ≤ 100 g/L), and prior cerebral vascular injury. With no organ dysfunction, 1 year mortality was 1.9%. In the presence of a single organ dysfunction, mortality was increased to 14.3%. With two or more markers of organ dysfunction mortality was 38.1% at 1 year (log-rank test P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical markers of liver dysfunction, recent mechanical ventilation, and renal impairment were independently associated with increased 1 year mortality. Presence of more than one clinical marker of organ dysfunction was associated with significantly increased risk of mortality in our study.
authors: Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre, 17 Third Hospital Avenue Mistri Wing, Singapore. daniel.chong.t.t@nhcs.com.sg
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Chong
authors: Boon Yew
authors: BY
authors: Tan
authors: Kah Leng
authors: KL
authors: Ho
authors: Reginald
authors: R
authors: Liew
authors: Wee Siong
authors: WS
authors: Teo
authors: Chi Keong
authors: CK
authors: Ching
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase