title: Case report: management and HBV sequencing in a patient co-infected with HBV and HIV failing tenofovir.
abstract: Nucleos(t)ide analogs such as tenofovir, lamivudine, or emtricitabine are active against both HBV and HIV. Tenofovir confers potent and durable HBV-DNA suppression but the best strategy in case of resistance of HBV to tenofovir remains unknown. A case of a 22-year-old patient with co-infection with HBV and HIV transmitted perinatally is reported. After prolonged and intermittent treatment of HIV with lamivudine and tenofovir, HBV became resistant to lamivudine. Subsequently, clinical resistance to tenofovir occurred, manifesting as HBV-DNA breakthrough. The non-compliance was reasonable excluded and HIV-RNA remained constantly suppressed. Entecavir (1 mg daily) was added and the combination therapy resulted in a rapid and continuous suppression of HBV-DNA for over 12 months. The treatment was well-tolerated and safe. No known mutations, such as rtA181T/V associated with rtN236T or A194T that are associated with reduced susceptibility or resistance to tenofovir were detected. However, a unique and complex HBV substitution pattern was found: with a development of rtR192PR mutation at the time of virological failure. Adding entecavir to failing therapy with tenofovir and emtricitabine was feasible, well-tolerated and resulted in virological success. The rtR192PR, which is located in the B domain near the rtA194T, occurring in a context of a very complex substitutions patterns, might be associated with resistance to tenofovir.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, San Martino University Hospital and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. m.mikulska@unige.it
authors: Małgorzata
authors: M
authors: Mikulska
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Taramasso
authors: Daniele Roberto
authors: DR
authors: Giacobbe
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Caligiuri
authors: Bianca
authors: B
authors: Bruzzone
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Di Biagio
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Viscoli
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015684:Gene Products, pol / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D000068698:Tenofovir; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015684:Gene Products, pol; D063065:Organophosphonates; C066027:P protein, Hepatitis B virus; D019259:Lamivudine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine