title: Transgenerational impact of intimate partner violence on methylation in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor.
abstract: Prenatal exposure to maternal stress can have lifelong implications for psychological function, such as behavioral problems and even the development of mental illness. Previous research suggests that this is due to transgenerational epigenetic programming of genes operating in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). However, it is not known whether intrauterine exposure to maternal stress affects the epigenetic state of these genes beyond infancy. Here, we analyze the methylation status of the GR gene in mothers and their children, at 10-19 years after birth. We combine these data with a retrospective evaluation of maternal exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). Methylation of the mother's GR gene was not affected by IPV. For the first time, we show that methylation status of the GR gene of adolescent children is influenced by their mother's experience of IPV during pregnancy. As these sustained epigenetic modifications are established in utero, we consider this to be a plausible mechanism by which prenatal stress may program adult psychosocial function.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz and Center for Psychiatry Reichenau, Konstanz, Germany.
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Radtke
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ruf
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Gunter
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Dohrmann
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Schauer
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Meyer
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Elbert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*; D014754:Violence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid