title: Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and sinusitis in cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) found in association with Mycoplasma sturni infection and cryptosporidiosis.
abstract: Fledgling cliff swallows were cared for at a rehabilitation facility when clinical signs of ocular disease, characterized by conjunctivitis, epiphora, and hyperaemia of palpebrae and nictitans, were recognized. Treatment consisted of topical and oral antibiotic therapy and one topical steroid administration. However, one cliff swallow died and three were killed due to poor therapeutic response. Conjunctival swabs were obtained ante-mortem from the three cliff swallows and were submitted for mycoplasma culture and molecular diagnostics. Heads of the three birds were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and submitted for histopathologic examination of oculonasal tissues. Mycoplasma cultures and molecular evaluation of isolates identified Mycoplasma sturni, but not Mycoplasma gallisepticum, from each specimen. Histopathologic examination revealed lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis, rhinitis and infraorbital sinusitis with follicular lymphoid hyperplasia, epithelial hyperplasia, and protozoal stages compatible with Cryptosporidium spp. arranged in and along the apical surfaces of epithelial cells. Identification of concurrent M. sturni and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in these cliff swallows demonstrates an alternative infectious condition that can produce gross and microscopic lesions comparable with those commonly observed in M. gallisepticum infections of house finches and other passerine species. Conjunctivitis associated with M. sturni and Cryptosporidium spp. in cliff swallows may represent an emerging disease risk to a naïve, high-density and colonial species such as colony-nesting cliff swallows.
authors: Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. david_ley@ncsu.edu
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Ley
authors: Anneke
authors: A
authors: Moresco
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Frasca
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D060085:Coinfection; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000473:pathology; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000473:pathology; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D046388:Swallows; D014420:Turbinates / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S