title: The woodchuck hepatitis B virus infection model for the evaluation of HBV therapies and vaccine therapies.
abstract: Studies focused on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in recovery or progression to chronicity of HBV may take advantage of natural and experimental models that mimic its properties. This is also of relevance for associated diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellulocarcinoma. The eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax) infected by the hepadnavirus woodchuck Hepatitis B virus (WHV) has been applied as a predictive model to support development of new HBV vaccines, antivirals, immunotherapies and combination therapies. This report summarizes studies carried out by our and other groups, with the application of this model in natural and experimental infections. Using standardized viral inocula in neonate and adult animals and newly established assays, the presence of the specific patterns of markers of acute, chronic and resolved infections and their relationships in the different virus-host interactions have been shown. B and T cell responses and T(H)1 cytokine expression have been shown to play a crucial role in the outcome of infection. The availability of the WHV/Marmota monax model and specific standardized assays may allow evaluation of new formulations of multimodal therapeutic strategies based on antiviral chemotherapy and immunomodulation. These may also include specifically targeted immunocomplexes. Such therapies could constitute new frontiers for the treatment of HBV chronic disease.
authors: Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Infections, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy  +39 06 49903233 ;  +39 06 49902662 ;  maria.rapicetta@iss.it.
authors: Emilio
authors: E
authors: D'Ugo
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Argentini
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Giuseppetti
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Canitano
authors: Stefania
authors: S
authors: Catone
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Rapicetta