title: Hull split and damaged almond volatiles attract male and female navel orangeworm moths.
abstract: A blend of volatiles derived from the emissions of almonds at hull split and mechanically damaged almonds was compared to almond meal, the current monitoring standard for the insect pest navel orangeworm (NOW). Field trapping studies were performed to determine the blend's ability to attract adult NOW. The blend comprised racemic 1-octen-3-ol, ethyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, acetophenone, and racemic (E)-conophthorin. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent with a blend component concentration of 100 mg/mL. The blend attracted both sexes of NOW when tested in five 2-week intervals spanning the first three flights of NOW in commercial almond orchards in the southern Central Valley of California. The blend demonstrated consistently higher capture rates for female NOW throughout the evaluation period, but unlike almond meal it significantly attracted males. Reported is a survey of the major and minor volatiles emitted from almonds at hull split, the key period of vulnerability to NOW infestation. Also reported is the attractancy of a formulated test blend based on the host plant volatile emissions, electroantennographic screening experiments, and field trapping studies. The results of this test blend highlight progress toward a host-plant-based attractant for NOW, a major insect pest of California tree nuts that presently lacks an adequate monitoring tool.
authors: Plant Mycotoxin Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA. john.beck@ars.usda.gov
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Beck
authors: Bradley S
authors: BS
authors: Higbee
authors: Douglas M
authors: DM
authors: Light
authors: Wai S
authors: WS
authors: Gee
authors: Glory B
authors: GB
authors: Merrill
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000737:chemistry*; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; C481308:Conophthorin; D010675:Pheromones; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C010411:insect attractants; C007650:ethyl acetate