title: Induced sputum, exhaled NO, and breath condensate in occupational medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) or induced sputum are now well standardized and the exponential increase in publications about exhaled breath condensate reflects growing interest in a noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in occupational medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review describes current techniques (FeNO, induced sputum, and exhaled breath condensate) for the study of inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These biomarkers are FeNO, cytokines, H2O2, 8-isoprostane, malondialdehyde, and nitrogen oxides. These techniques also include the study of markers of the toxic burden in the lungs (heavy metals and mineral compounds) that are important in occupational health exposure assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In occupational medicine, the study of both volatile and nonvolatile respiratory biomarkers can be useful in medical surveillance of exposed workers, the early identification of respiratory diseases, or the monitoring of their development.
authors: Laboratoire Universitaire de Médecine du Travail-Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine-Pôle Recherche, 1 Place de Verdun, 59 045 Lille, France. nathalie.cherot@univ-lille2.fr
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Chérot-Kornobis
authors: Sebastien
authors: S
authors: Hulo
authors: Virginie
authors: V
authors: de Broucker
authors: Sidi
authors: S
authors: Hassoun
authors: Nadège
authors: N
authors: Lepage
authors: Jean Louis
authors: JL
authors: Edmé
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Sobaszek
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000032:analysis; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000379:methods*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D028421:Isoprostanes; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide