title: Structural and functional analysis of phosphorylation-specific binders of the kinase ERK from designed ankyrin repeat protein libraries.
abstract: We have selected designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) from a synthetic library by using ribosome display that selectively bind to the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2) in either its nonphosphorylated (inactive) or doubly phosphorylated (active) form. They do not bind to other kinases tested. Crystal structures of complexes with two DARPins, each specific for one of the kinase forms, were obtained. The two DARPins bind to essentially the same region of the kinase, but recognize the conformational change within the activation loop and an adjacent area, which is the key structural difference that occurs upon activation. Whereas the rigid phosphorylated activation loop remains in the same form when bound by the DARPin, the more mobile unphosphorylated loop is pushed to a new position. The DARPins can be used to selectively precipitate the cognate form of the kinases from cell lysates. They can also specifically recognize the modification status of the kinase inside the cell. By fusing the kinase with Renilla luciferase and the DARPin to GFP, an energy transfer from luciferase to GFP can be observed in COS-7 cells upon intracellular complex formation. Phosphorylated ERK2 is seen to increase by incubation of the COS-7 cells with FBS and to decrease upon adding the ERK pathway inhibitor PD98509. Furthermore, the anti-ERK2 DARPin is seen to inhibit ERK phosphorylation as it blocks the target inside the cell. This strategy of creating activation-state-specific sensors and kinase-specific inhibitors may add to the repertoire to investigate intracellular signaling in real time.
authors: Department of Biochemistry,  University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich,  Switzerland.
authors: Lutz
authors: L
authors: Kummer
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Parizek
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Rube
authors: Bastian
authors: B
authors: Millgramm
authors: Anke
authors: A
authors: Prinz
authors: Peer R E
authors: PR
authors: Mittl
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Kaufholz
authors: Bastian
authors: B
authors: Zimmermann
authors: Friedrich W
authors: FW
authors: Herberg
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Plückthun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017089:Ankyrin Repeat; D019556:COS Cells; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one