title: First report of Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in dairy cattle in São Paulo state, Brazil.
abstract: This is the first description of a Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in the state of São Paulo (municipality of Lins). Fever, jaundice, decreased milk production, weight loss, profuse diarrhea, abortion, anemia, leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia were observed in the affected animals. Thirty-one cows and calves died out of a total of 1080 in the herd. Three cows showed neurological symptoms like dysmetria, ataxia, muscle weakness, ptyalism, lymph node enlargement and submandibular edema. Flagellated hemoparasites were observed in blood smears. The species was diagnosed as T. vivax by means of PCR. This T.vivax strain showed resistance to diaminazene aceturate and the infection spread quickly at the herd. From the ELISA test, 599 serum samples (98.36%) were positive for anti-T.vivax IgG antibodies. This outbreak occurred during a very dry period, which indicates that other factors were involved in the outbreak, such as absence of tabanids and large populations of Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans. The increases in these populations may have been due to the use of biosolid waste from sugar and ethanol plants in the sugarcane plantations surrounding the dairy farm.
authors: Departamento Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Odontologia Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil. fabianocadioli@fmva.unesp.br
authors: Fabiano Antonio
authors: FA
authors: Cadioli
authors: Patrícia de Athayde
authors: Pde A
authors: Barnabé
authors: Rosangela Zacarias
authors: RZ
authors: Machado
authors: Márcia Cristina Alves
authors: MC
authors: Teixeira
authors: Marcos Rogério
authors: MR
authors: André
authors: Paulo Henrique
authors: PH
authors: Sampaio
authors: Otávio Luiz
authors: OL
authors: Fidélis Junior
authors: Marta Maria Geraldes
authors: MM
authors: Teixeira
authors: Luiz Carlos
authors: LC
authors: Marques
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D003612:Dairying; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D016689:Trypanosoma vivax; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*