title: Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. extracts.
abstract: This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of Kaempferia galanga (KG) using an activity-guided approach. KG rhizomes were serially extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water. These extracts (2 g/kg each) were tested for their ability to inhibit carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The chloroform extract was found to exert the highest inhibition (42.9%) compared to control (p < 0.001), hence it was further fractionated by washing serially with hexane, hexane-chloroform (1:1) and chloroform. The chloroform fraction (1 g/kg) showed the highest inhibitory effect (51.9%, (p < 0.001), on carrageenan-induced edema. This chloroform fraction was further fractionated with hexane-chloroform (1:3) and chloroform, and of the two fractions, the hexane-chloroform sub-fraction was the most effective in inhibiting edema (53.7%, p < 0.001). GC-MS analysis of the active sub-fraction identified ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) as the major component, which was re-crystallized. EPMC dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced edema with an MIC of 100 mg/kg. Moreover, in an in vitro study, EPMC non-selectively inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, with IC₅₀ values of 1.12 µM and 0.83 µM respectively. These results validate the anti-inflammatory activity of KG which may be exerted by the inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. EPMC isolated from this plant may be the active anti-inflammatory agent.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia. mihtishamu@gmail.com
authors: Muhammad Ihtisham
authors: MI
authors: Umar
authors: Mohd Zaini
authors: MZ
authors: Asmawi
authors: Amirin
authors: A
authors: Sadikun
authors: Item J
authors: IJ
authors: Atangwho
authors: Mun Fei
authors: MF
authors: Yam
authors: Rabia
authors: R
authors: Altaf
authors: Ashfaq
authors: A
authors: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002934:Cinnamates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C118580:octylmethoxycinnamate; D002351:Carrageenan