title: A comparative study on the effects of barite, ilmenite and bentonite on four suspension feeding bivalves.
abstract: The impact of drilling mud components on the filtration activity and survival of bivalve molluscs was investigated by exposing them to suspensions of 'standard' barite, finely milled barite, ilmenite and bentonite in sea water. Introduction of the components stimulated filtration activity in all four bivalves. In addition, the introduction of standard barite and ilmenite both had lethal effects, with none of the bivalves surviving the full duration of the experiments. In-vivo observations of the gill surfaces provided direct evidence of physical damage caused by the administration of barite and ilmenite. A marked difference between filtration activity and survival of animals dosed with 'standard' barite and 'fine' barite suggests that the observed effects were primarily caused by physical interference with gill function. The results also suggest that the use of fine barite in offshore drilling may provide a more favourable environmental impact profile than the use of ilmenite.
authors: School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
authors: Maia F
authors: MF
authors: Strachan
authors: Paul F
authors: PF
authors: Kingston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D001546:Bentonite / Q000633:toxicity*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D007501:Iron / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C029232:ilmenite; D001546:Bentonite; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D014025:Titanium; D007501:Iron