title: Estimating the financial cost of chronic kidney disease to the NHS in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major challenge for health care systems around the world, and the prevalence rates appear to be increasing. We estimate the costs of CKD in a universal health care system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Economic modelling was used to estimate the annual cost of Stages 3-5 CKD to the National Health Service (NHS) in England, including CKD-related prescribing and care, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and excess strokes, myocardial infarctions (MIs) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections in people with CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cost of CKD to the English NHS in 2009-10 is estimated at £ 1.44 to £ 1.45 billion, which is ≈ 1.3% of all NHS spending in that year. More than half this sum was spent on RRT, which was provided for 2% of the CKD population. The economic model estimates that ≈ 7000 excess strokes and 12 000 excess MIs occurred in the CKD population in 2009-10, relative to an age- and gender-matched population without CKD. The cost of excess strokes and MIs is estimated at £ 174-£ 178 million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The financial impact of CKD is large, with particularly high costs relating to RRT and cardiovascular complications. It is hoped that these detailed cost estimates will be useful in analysing the cost-effectiveness of treatments for CKD.
authors: NHS Kidney Care, New Croft House, Market Street East, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 6ND, UK. marion.kerr@dakc.nhs.uk
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Kerr
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Bray
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Medcalf
authors: Donal J
authors: DJ
authors: O'Donoghue
authors: Beverley
authors: B
authors: Matthews
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology