title: Refining the theory of basic individual values.
abstract: We propose a refined theory of basic individual values intended to provide greater heuristic and explanatory power than the original theory of 10 values (Schwartz, 1992). The refined theory more accurately expresses the central assumption of the original theory that research has largely ignored: Values form a circular motivational continuum. The theory defines and orders 19 values on the continuum based on their compatible and conflicting motivations, expression of self-protection versus growth, and personal versus social focus. We assess the theory with a new instrument in 15 samples from 10 countries (N = 6,059). Confirmatory factor and multidimensional scaling analyses support discrimination of the 19 values, confirming the refined theory. Multidimensional scaling analyses largely support the predicted motivational order of the values. Analyses of predictive validity demonstrate that the refined values theory provides greater and more precise insight into the value underpinnings of beliefs. Each value correlates uniquely with external variables.
authors: Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. msshasch@mscc.huji.ac.il
authors: Shalom H
authors: SH
authors: Schwartz
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Cieciuch
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Vecchione
authors: Eldad
authors: E
authors: Davidov
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Fischer
authors: Constanze
authors: C
authors: Beierlein
authors: Alice
authors: A
authors: Ramos
authors: Markku
authors: M
authors: Verkasalo
authors: Jan-Erik
authors: JE
authors: Lönnqvist
authors: Kursad
authors: K
authors: Demirutku
authors: Ozlem
authors: O
authors: Dirilen-Gumus
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Konty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010551:Personality; D011582:Psychological Theory; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012945:Social Values; D055815:Young Adult