title: Light and the outcome of the critically ill: an observational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Light before and during acute illness has been associated with both benefit and harm in animal models and small human studies. Our objective was to determine the associations of light duration (photoperiod) and intensity (insolation) before and during critical illness with hospital mortality in ICU patients. Based on the 'winter immunoenhancement' theory, we tested the hypothesis that a shorter photoperiod before critical illness is associated with improved survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 11,439 patients admitted to 8 ICUs at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between June 30, 1999 and July 31, 2004. Daily photoperiod and insolation prior to and after ICU admission were estimated for each patient by using data provided by the United States Naval Observatory and National Aeronautics and Space Administration and direct measurement of light gradient from outside to bedside for each ICU room. Our primary outcome was hospital mortality. The association between light and risk of death was analyzed using multivariate analyses, adjusting for potential confounders, including severity of illness, case mix, and ICU type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort had an average APACHE III of 52.9 and a hospital mortality of 10.7%. In total, 128 ICU beds were analyzed; 108 (84%) had windows. Pre-illness photoperiod ranged from 259 to 421 hours in the prior month. A shorter photoperiod was associated with a reduced risk of death: for each 1-hour decrease, the adjusted OR was 0.997 (0.994 to 0.999, p = 0.03). In the ICU, there was near complete (99.6%) degradation of natural light from outside to the ICU bed. Thus, light exposure once in the ICU approached zero; the 24-hour insolation was 0.005 ± 0.003 kWh/m² with little diurnal variation. There was no association between ICU photoperiod or insolation and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with the winter immunoenhancement theory, a shorter photoperiod in the month before critical illness is associated with a reduced risk of death. Once in the ICU, patients are exposed to near negligible natural light despite the presence of windows. Further studies are warranted to determine the underlying mechanisms and whether manipulating light exposure, before or during ICU admission, can enhance survival.
authors: Ricardo A
authors: RA
authors: Castro
authors: Derek C
authors: DC
authors: Angus
authors: Seo Yeon
authors: SY
authors: Hong
authors: Chingwen
authors: C
authors: Lee
authors: Lisa A
authors: LA
authors: Weissfeld
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Clermont
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Rosengart
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality*; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017440:Photoperiod; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012720:Severity of Illness Index