title: Triple-phase abdominal computed tomography for detecting spontaneous portopulmonary shunts in cirrhotic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data on prevalence of portopulmonary shunts (PPS) are quite limited. Most studies have used cineportography or echocardiography for diagnosis. Only few recent case reports have reported the use of computed tomography (CT) for identification of PPS. This study tried to determine the prevalence of PPS in patients with cirrhosis using contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen, and to determine their association with demographic and clinical characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 150 subjects with cirrhosis who had previously undergone triple-phase CT were analyzed. PPS was diagnosed when at least one esophageal varix met all of the following criteria: (i) it could be followed cephalad into the chest to the level of the inferior pulmonary vein or left atrium; (ii) it abutted the wall of either of these structures; (iii) it had luminal continuity with one of these structures; and (iv) it was no longer seen one slice above the level of contact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 150 subjects, 18 were excluded for incomplete data. The prevalence of PPS was found to be 26/132 (19.7%). Of these, 14 (53.8%) patients had PPS draining into the left atrium and 12 (46.2%) had those draining into one of the pulmonary veins. Presence of PPS was associated with the presence of varices at endoscopy, ascites, thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, the largest study on PPS to date, the prevalence of PPS in cirrhotic patients using triple phase CT was found to be 19.7%. CT may be a useful technique to study PPS and their clinical implications.
authors: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida 33331, USA.
authors: German
authors: G
authors: Gonzalez
authors: Lana M
authors: LM
authors: Wilkinson
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Carcano
authors: Anand
authors: A
authors: Kumar
authors: Tan-Lucien
authors: TL
authors: Mohammed
authors: Einar
authors: E
authors: Lurix
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Castro
authors: Jacobo
authors: J
authors: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult