title: Nosocomial Gram-positive antimicrobial susceptibility pattern at a referral teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate epidemiology and susceptibility patterns of nosocomial Gram-positive infections in a referral teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 1 year period, Gram-positive microorganisms isolated from specimens of hospitalized patients with documented nosocomial infection underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion test. In addition, possible risk factors for developing multidrug-resistant bacteria were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, a total of 137 nosocomial infections were detected. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism (56.2%), followed by Enterococcus spp. (21.9%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.3%). All S. aureus strains were sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid and chloramphenicol. More than 50% of enterococci strains were resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Possible risk factors for multidrug resistance among isolated pathogens were history of antibiotic use and intubation of patient for mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed high rates of antimicrobial resistance among nosocomial Gram-positive pathogens, complicating antibiotic therapy and its outcomes.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Rasool
authors: R
authors: Soltani
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Khalili
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Abdollahi
authors: Mehrnaz
authors: M
authors: Rasoolinejad
authors: Simin
authors: S
authors: Dashti-Khavidaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents