title: Pulmonary embolism in patients with CKD and ESRD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CKD and ESRD are growing burdens. It is unclear whether these conditions affect pulmonary embolism (PE) risk, given that they affect both procoagulant and anticoagulant factors. This study examined the frequency and associated outcomes of PE in CKD and ESRD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to estimate the frequency and outcomes of PE in adults with CKD and ESRD. Hospitalizations for the principal diagnosis of PE and presence of CKD or ESRD were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Data from the annual US Census and US Renal Data System reports were used to calculate the number of adults with CKD, ESRD, and normal kidney function (NKF) as well as the annual incidence of PE in each group. Logistic regression modeling was used to compare in-hospital mortality among persons admitted for PE who had ESRD or CKD to those without these conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual frequency of PE was 527 per 100,000, 204 per 100,000, and 66 per 100,000 persons with ESRD, CKD, and NKF, respectively. In-hospital mortality was higher for persons with ESRD and CKD (P<0.001) compared with persons with NKF. Median length of stay was longer by 1 day in CKD and 2 days in ESRD than among those with NKF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with CKD and ESRD are more likely to have PE than persons with NKF. Once they have PE, they are more likely to die in the hospital.
authors: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors: Gagan
authors: G
authors: Kumar
authors: Ankit
authors: A
authors: Sakhuja
authors: Amit
authors: A
authors: Taneja
authors: Tilottama
authors: T
authors: Majumdar
authors: Jayshil
authors: J
authors: Patel
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Whittle
authors: Rahul
authors: R
authors: Nanchal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016306:Vena Cava Filters; D055815:Young Adult