title: In-vitro identification of distinctive metabolic signatures of intact varicose vein tissue via magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an established tool for metabolic profiling of tissues or biofluids with utility in identifying disease biomarkers and changes in enzymatic or gene expression. This pilot study aims to compare the metabolic profiles of intact varicose and non-varicose vein tissue via magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy with a view to promoting the understanding of the pathogenesis of varicose vein formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Varicose vein tissue (n = 8) was collected from patients undergoing varicose veins surgery. Control non-varicose great saphenous vein samples were collected from patients undergoing lower limb amputation (n = 3) and peripheral arterial bypass surgery (n = 5). Intact tissue samples (average weight 10.33 ± 0.8 mg) from each vein segment were analysed using 1D MAS (1)H NMR (600 MHz) spectroscopy. For selected vein samples, two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiments were performed. Differences between spectra from varicose and non-varicose tissues were elucidated using a variety of multivariate statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabolic profiles of varicose veins samples were clearly differentiated from non-varicose veins samples. Lipid metabolites were present at a higher concentration in the non-varicose veins group whilst creatine, lactate and myo-inositol metabolites were more characteristic of the varicose veins group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate differential metabolic profiles between varicose veins and non-varicose veins. Elucidating the metabolic signature underlying varicose veins can further improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms of disease initiation, progression, and aid in identifying putative therapeutic targets.
authors: Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, UK.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Anwar
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Shalhoub
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Vorkas
authors: C S
authors: CS
authors: Lim
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Want
authors: J K
authors: JK
authors: Nicholson
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Holmes
authors: A H
authors: AH
authors: Davies
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000737:chemistry*; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids