title: Left ventricle wall motion quantification from echocardiographic images by non-rigid image registration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of applying a new non-rigid image registration method on two-dimensional echocardiographic images for computing the left ventricle (LV) myocardial motion field over a cardiac cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The key feature of our method is to register all images in the sequence to a reference image (end-diastole image) using a hierarchical transformation model, which is a combination of an affine transformation for modeling the global LV motion and a free-form deformation (FFD) transformation based on B-splines for modeling the local LV deformation. Registration is done by minimizing a cost function associated with the image similarity based on a global pixel-based matching and the smoothness of transformation. The algorithm uses a fast and robust optimization strategy using a multiresolution approach for the estimation of parameters of the deformation model. The proposed algorithm is evaluated for calculating the displacement curves of two expert-identified anatomical landmarks in apical views of the LV for 10 healthy volunteers and 14 subjects with pathology. The proposed algorithm is also evaluated for classifying the regional LV wall motion abnormality using the calculation of the strain value at the end of systole in 288 segments as scored by two consensual experienced echocardiographers in a three-point scale: 1: normokinesia, 2: hypokinesia, and 3: akinesia. Moreover, we compared the results of the proposed registration algorithm to those previously obtained using the other image registration methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding to the reference two experienced echocardiographers, the results demonstrate the proposed algorithm more accurately estimates the displacement curve of the two anatomical landmarks in apical views than the other registration methods in all data set. Moreover, the p values of the t test for the strain value of each segment at the end of systole measured by the proposed algorithm show higher differences than the other registration method. These differences are between each pair of scores in all segments and in three segments of septum independently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical results show that the proposed algorithm can improve both the calculation of the displacement curve of every point of LV during a cardiac cycle and the classification of regional LV wall motion abnormality. Therefore, this diagnostic system can be used as a useful tool for clinical evaluation of the regional LV function.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Shalbaf
authors: Hamid
authors: H
authors: Behnam
authors: Zahra
authors: Z
authors: Alizade-Sani
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Shojaifard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004452:Echocardiography; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left