title: Effects of physicochemical properties of carotenoids on their bioaccessibility, intestinal cell uptake, and blood and tissue concentrations.
abstract: METHODS
  Carotenoid bioavailability is affected by numerous factors. Our aim was to assess the involvement of known carotenoid physicochemical properties (e.g., hydrophobicity, van der Waals volume,…) on the transport of the main dietary carotenoids (β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and astaxanthin, from their food matrix to their main storage tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used four complementary models: synthetic mixed micelles, an in vitro digestion procedure, Caco-2 cell monolayers, and a gavage experiment in rats. The efficiency with which pure carotenoids were incorporated into synthetic mixed micelles was related to their melting points (r = 0.99, p = 0.015). The efficiency with which pure carotenoids were transferred from dietary triglycerides into mixed micelles was related to carotenoid hydrophobicity (r = -1, p = 0.005). There was no relationship between the carotenoid physicochemical properties studied and their uptake efficiency by Caco-2. The postprandial plasma carotenoid response to carotenoid gavage was related to carotenoid hydrophobicity (r = -0.99, p = 0.006). Carotenoid adipose tissue response was not related to the carotenoid physicochemical properties studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, carotenoid hydrophobicity is important for bioaccessibility and postprandial blood response of carotenoids. In contrast, the carotenoid physicochemical properties studied are apparently not strong determinants of carotenoid uptake by enterocytes and adipose tissue.
authors: INRA, UMR1260, Nutrition Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Marseille, France.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Sy
authors: Beatrice
authors: B
authors: Gleize
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Dangles
authors: Jean-François
authors: JF
authors: Landrier
authors: Catherine Caris
authors: CC
authors: Veyrat
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Borel
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008823:Micelles; D023421:Models, Animal; D019518:Postprandial Period; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D008823:Micelles; D014280:Triglycerides; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C005948:astaxanthine; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein