title: Mechanical bioeffects of pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound on a simple neural model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study how pressure pulses affect nerves through mechanisms that are neither thermal nor cavitational, and investigate how the effects are related to cumulative radiation-force impulse (CRFI). Applications include traumatic brain injury and acoustic neuromodulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simple neural model consisting of the giant axon of a live earthworm was exposed to trains of pressure pulses produced by an 825 kHz focused ultrasound transducer. The peak negative pressure of the pulses and duty cycle of the pulse train were controlled so that neither cavitation nor significant temperature rise occurred. The amplitude and conduction velocity of action-potentials triggered in the worm were measured as the magnitude of the pulses and number of pulses in the pulse trains were varied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The functionality of the axons decreased when sufficient pulse energy was applied. The level of CRFI at which the observed effects occur is consistent with the lower levels of injury observed in this study relative to blast tubes. The relevant CRFI values are also comparable to CRFI values in other studies showing measureable changes in action-potential amplitudes and velocities. Plotting the measured action-potential amplitudes and conduction velocities from different experiments with widely varying exposure regimens against the single parameter of CRFI yielded values that agreed within 21% in terms of amplitude and 5% in velocity. A predictive model based on the assumption that the temporal rate of decay of action-potential amplitude and velocity is linearly proportional the radiation force experienced by the axon predicted the experimental amplitudes and conduction velocities to within about 20% agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The functionality of axons decreased due to noncavitational mechanical effects. The radiation force, possibly by inducing changes in ion-channel permeability, appears to be a possible mechanism for explaining the observed degradation. The CRFI is also a promising parameter for quantifying neural bioeffects during exposure to pressure waves, and for predicting axon functionality.
authors: Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
authors: Radia Abdul
authors: RA
authors: Wahab
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Choi
authors: Yunbo
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Krauthamer
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Zderic
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Myers
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009835:Oligochaeta; D011829:Radiation Dosage