title: Evaluation of intersegmental vertebral motion during performance of dynamic mobilization exercises in cervical lateral bending in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify differences in intersegmental bending angles in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar portions of the vertebral column between the end positions during performance of 3 dynamic mobilization exercises in cervical lateral bending in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 nonlame horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin-fixed markers on the head, cervical transverse processes (C1-C6) and spinous processes (T6, T8, T10, T16, L2, L6, S2, and S4) were tracked with a motion analysis system with the horses standing in a neutral position and in 3 lateral bending positions to the left and right sides during chin-to-girth, chin-to-hip, and chin-to-tarsus mobilization exercises. Intersegmental angles for the end positions in the various exercises performed to the left and right sides were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest changes in intersegmental angles were at C6, especially for the chin-to-hip and chin-to-tarsus mobilization exercises. These exercises were also associated with greater lateral bending from T6 to S2, compared with the chin-to-girth mobilization or neutral standing position. The angle at C1 revealed considerable bending in the chin-to-girth position but not in the 2 more caudal positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of bending in different parts of the cervical vertebral column differed among the dynamic mobilization exercises. As the horse's chin moved further caudally, bending in the caudal cervical and thoracolumbar regions increased, suggesting that the more caudal positions may be particularly effective for activating and strengthening the core musculature that is used to bend and stabilize the horse's back.
authors: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. claytonh@msu.edu
authors: Hilary M
authors: HM
authors: Clayton
authors: Leeann J
authors: LJ
authors: Kaiser
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Lavagnino
authors: Narelle C
authors: NC
authors: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*