title: Selective cerebral perfusion using moderate flow in complex cardiac surgery provides sufficient neuroprotection. Are children young adults?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) is commonly applied during the correction of complex congenital cardiac defects. In this study, we assessed the impact of different flow levels of SCP on potential brain ischaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen piglets (7-10 kg, age 3-4 weeks) received SCP via the right common carotid artery during cardiopulmonary bypass at 25°C for 90 min. Regular brain perfusion (1 ml/g brain weight/min), moderate hypoperfusion (0.5 ml/g/min) and extensive hypoperfusion (0.25 ml/g/min) were evaluated. Clinical parameters and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) were registered online until 3 h of reperfusion. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistological analyses for apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and nitrotyrosine (NO-Tyr) were performed on sections of the hippocampus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracerebral pressure remained stable throughout the study. Haemodynamic parameters, blood gas and lactate measurements were stable until the end of the study. Extensive hypoperfusion led to a moderate reduction of TOI. NO-Tyr immuno-positive cells were 15.7% at regular cerebral perfusion, 23.9% at moderate hypoperfusion (P = n.s.) and 46.1% at extensive hypoperfusion (P < 0.05). AIF immuno-positive nuclei were present in 8.3% of the hippocampus cells after regular perfusion, in 10.8% after moderate hypoperfusion (P = n.s.) and in 17.9% after extensive hypoperfusion (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCP using a moderate SCP flow regime demonstrates comparable results to normal brain perfusion while after extensive hypoperfusion significant morphological brain injury could be found. Thus moderate, but not extensive, hypoperfusion might have the potential to prevent perfusion-related cerebral oedema and an increasing risk of brain injury.
authors: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. fabian.emrich@t-online.de
authors: Fabian
authors: F
authors: Emrich
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Walther
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Muth
authors: Cris
authors: C
authors: Ullmann
authors: Ardawan J
authors: AJ
authors: Rastan
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Dhein
authors: Friedrich-Wilhelm
authors: FW
authors: Mohr
authors: Martin Marek
authors: MM
authors: Kostelka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D015415:Biomarkers; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine