title: Personalized medicine and pharmacogenetic biomarkers: progress in molecular oncology testing.
abstract: In the field of oncology, clinical molecular diagnostics and biomarker discoveries are constantly advancing as the intricate molecular mechanisms that transform a normal cell into an aberrant state in concert with the dysregulation of alternative complementary pathways are increasingly understood. Progress in biomarker technology, coupled with the companion clinical diagnostic laboratory tests, continue to advance this field, where individualized and customized treatment appropriate for each individual patient define the standard of care. Here, we discuss the current commonly used predictive pharmacogenetic biomarkers in clinical oncology molecular testing: BRAF V600E for vemurafenib in melanoma; EML4-ALK for crizotinib and EGFR for erlotinib and gefitinib in non-small-cell lung cancer; KRAS against the use of cetuximab and panitumumab in colorectal cancer; ERBB2 (HER2/neu) for trastuzumab in breast cancer; BCR-ABL for tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia; and PML/RARα for all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia.
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. frank.ong@cshs.org
authors: Frank S
authors: FS
authors: Ong
authors: Kingshuk
authors: K
authors: Das
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Hana
authors: H
authors: Vakil
authors: Jane Z
authors: JZ
authors: Kuo
authors: Wendell-Lamar B
authors: WL
authors: Blackwell
authors: Stephen W
authors: SW
authors: Lim
authors: Mark O
authors: MO
authors: Goodarzi
authors: Kenneth E
authors: KE
authors: Bernstein
authors: Jerome I
authors: JI
authors: Rotter
authors: Wayne W
authors: WW
authors: Grody
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D057285:Precision Medicine
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor