title: Orthosiphon stamineus: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology.
abstract: Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Lambiaceae) is an important plant in traditional folk medicine. This review is a comprehensive summary of the currently available chemical, pharmacological, and toxicological investigations as well as the traditional and therapeutic uses of this plant. Different in vitro and in vivo models have been addressed along with a survey of all phytochemicals identified in this plant, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils. Previous studies revealed that O. stamineus possesses several pharmacological activities, which are attributed to its phytochemical content. It was found that O. stamineus exhibits diuretic, hypouricemic, renal protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, and anorexic activities. In conclusion, O. stamineus has wide traditional and pharmacological uses in various pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, it is an attractive subject for further experimental and clinical investigations.
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. omar_3m@yahoo.com
authors: Omar Z
authors: OZ
authors: Ameer
authors: Ibrahim M
authors: IM
authors: Salman
authors: Mohammad Zaini
authors: MZ
authors: Asmawi
authors: Zaid O
authors: ZO
authors: Ibraheem
authors: Mun Fei
authors: MF
authors: Yam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D031342:Orthosiphon / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts