title: Induction of Fas mediated caspase-8 independent apoptosis in immune cells by Armigeres subalbatus saliva.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely recognized that the introduction of saliva of bloodsucking arthropods at the site of pathogen transmission might play a central role in vector-borne infections. However, how the interaction between salivary components and the host immune system takes place and which physiological processes this leads to has yet to be investigated. Armigeres subalbatus is one of the prominent types of mosquitoes involved in the transmission of parasitic and viral diseases in humans and animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using murine peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes, and human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs), this study shows that saliva of the female Ar. subalbatus induces apoptosis via interaction with the Fas receptor within a few hours but without activating caspase-8. The process further activates downstream p38 MAPK signaling, a cascade that leads to the induction of apoptosis in capase-3 dependent manner. We further illustrate that Ar. subalbatus saliva suppresses proinflammatory cytokines without changing IL-10 levels, which might happen as a result of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows for the first time that saliva-induced apoptosis is the leading phenomenon exerted by Ar.subalbatus that impede immune cells leading to the suppression of their effecter mechanism.
authors: Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China.
authors: Shanshan
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Kelvin
authors: Alberto J
authors: AJ
authors: Leon
authors: Liqun
authors: L
authors: Jin
authors: Amber
authors: A
authors: Farooqui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival; D009033:Culicidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019014:fas Receptor; D016753:Interleukin-10; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8