title: Nebulized lidocaine prevents airway inflammation, peribronchial fibrosis, and mucus production in a murine model of asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that nebulized lidocaine is beneficial in asthma therapy, but to what extent and the mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of lidocaine treatment using a murine model of allergic asthma characterized by expression of pivotal features of the disease: inflammation, mucus production, and lung remodeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  A/J mice sensitized with ovalbumin were treated with inhaled lidocaine or vehicle immediately after ovalbumin intranasal challenges. Lung function, total and differential leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, peribronchial eosinophil density, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and eotaxin-1 levels, epithelial mucus, collagen, extracellular-matrix deposition, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and GATA-3 expression were evaluated. Between five and eight animals per group were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhaled lidocaine inhibited ovalbumin-induced airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, and accumulation of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 24 h after the last allergen provocation. Lidocaine administration also prevented other pathophysiological changes triggered by ovalbumin in lung tissue, including peribronchial eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration, subepithelial fibrosis, increased content of collagen and mucus, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin-1. Furthermore, inhaled lidocaine inhibited lung tissue GATA-3 expression in ovalbumin-challenged mice. We also demonstrated that lidocaine inhibited the expression of GATA-3 in ovalbumin-stimulated T cells in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled lidocaine prevents eosinophilic inflammation, overproduction of mucus, and peribronchial fibrosis in a murine model of asthma, and impaired airway hyperreactivity, possibly by inhibiting allergen-evoked GATA-3 expression and the subsequent up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
authors: Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Magda F
authors: MF
authors: Serra
authors: Edna A
authors: EA
authors: Anjos-Valotta
authors: Priscilla C
authors: PC
authors: Olsen
authors: Gina C
authors: GC
authors: Couto
authors: Patricia B
authors: PB
authors: Jurgilas
authors: Amanda C
authors: AC
authors: Cotias
authors: Camila R
authors: CR
authors: Pão
authors: Tatiana P T
authors: TP
authors: Ferreira
authors: Ana C S
authors: AC
authors: Arantes
authors: Ana L A
authors: AL
authors: Pires
authors: Renato S B
authors: RS
authors: Cordeiro
authors: Patricia M R
authors: PM
authors: Silva
authors: Marco A
authors: MA
authors: Martins
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005355:Fibrosis; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494748:Gata3 protein, mouse; D008012:Lidocaine; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9