title: Development of a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled with on-line reduction as a new efficient analytical method of 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human carcinogen.
abstract: 3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) is an extremely strong mutagen and carcinogen in rats inducing squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. We developed a new sensitive analytical method, a two-dimensional HPLC system coupled with on-line reduction, to quantify non-fluorescent 3-NBA as fluorescent 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA). The two-dimensional HPLC system consisted of reversed-phase HPLC and normal-phase HPLC, which were connected with a switch valve. 3-NBA was purified by reversed-phase HPLC and reduced to 3-ABA with a catalyst column, packed with alumina coated with platinum, in ethanol. An alcoholic solvent is necessary for reduction of 3-NBA, but 3-ABA is not fluorescent in the alcoholic solvent. Therefore, 3-ABA was separated from alcohol and impurities by normal-phase HPLC and detected with a fluorescence detector. Extracts from surface soil, airborne particles, classified airborne particles, and incinerator dust were applied to the two-dimensional HPLC system after clean-up with a silica gel column. 3-NBA, detected as 3-ABA, in the extracts was found as a single peak on the chromatograms without any interfering peaks. 3-NBA was detected in 4 incinerator dust samples (n=5). When classified airborne particles, that is, those <1.1, 1.1-2.0, 2.0-3.3, 3.3-7.0, and >7.0 μm in size, were applied to the two-dimensional HPLC system after purified using a silica gel column, 3-NBA was detected in those particles with particle sizes <1.1 and 1.1-2.0 μm and the particle-size distribution ratios were 84% and 16%, respectively. This is the first report on the particle-size distribution of 3-NBA in airborne particles and the detection of 3-NBA in incinerator dust.
authors: Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho Misasagi Yamashina-ku, 607-8412 Kyoto, Japan. hasei@mb.kyoto-phu.ac.jp
authors: Tomohiro
authors: T
authors: Hasei
authors: Haruka
authors: H
authors: Nakanishi
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Toda
authors: Tetsushi
authors: T
authors: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis; D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes / Q000032:analysis*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol; D010316:Particle Size; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes; D002273:Carcinogens; D004391:Dust; D012987:Soil; D000431:Ethanol; C117220:3-nitrobenzanthrone