title: Proteomic analysis of menstrual blood.
abstract: Menstruation is the expulsion of the endometrial lining of the uterus following a nearly month long preparation for embryo implantation and pregnancy. Increasingly, the health of the endometrium is being recognized as a critical factor in female fertility, and proteomes and transcriptomes from endometrial biopsies at different stages of the menstrual cycle have been studied for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (1 Kao, L. C., et al. 2003 Endocrinology 144, 2870-2881; Strowitzki, Tet al. 2006 Hum. Reprod. Update 12, 617-630; DeSouza, L., et al. 2005 Proteomics 5, 270-281). Disorders of the uterus ranging from benign to malignant tumors, as well as endometriosis, can cause abnormal menstrual bleeding and are frequently diagnosed through endometrial biopsy (Strowitzki, Tet al. 2006 Hum. Reprod. Update 12, 617-630; Ferenczy, A. 2003 Maturitas 45, 1-14). Yet the proteome of menstrual blood, an easily available noninvasive source of endometrial tissue, has yet to be examined for possible causes or diagnoses of infertility or endometrial pathology. This study employed five different methods to define the menstrual blood proteome. A total of 1061 proteins were identified, 361 were found by at least two methods and 678 were identified by at least two peptides. When the menstrual blood proteome was compared with those of circulating blood (1774 proteins) and vaginal fluid (823 proteins), 385 proteins were found unique to menstrual blood. Gene ontology analysis and evaluation of these specific menstrual blood proteins identified pathways consistent with the processes of the normal endometrial cycle. Several of the proteins unique to menstrual blood suggest that extramedullary uterine hematopoiesis or parenchymal hemoglobin synthesis may be occurring in late endometrial tissue. The establishment of a normal menstrual blood proteome is necessary for the evaluation of its usefulness as a diagnostic tool for infertility and uterine pathologies. Identification of unique menstrual blood proteins should aid the forensic community in distinguishing menstrual blood from circulating blood.
authors: New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors: Heyi
authors: H
authors: Yang
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Zhou
authors: Mechthild
authors: M
authors: Prinz
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: Siegel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004717:Endometrium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006411:Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D040901:Proteomics; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014621:Vagina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D020543:Proteome