title: Amikacin reverse iontophoresis: optimization of in vitro extraction.
abstract: The aim of this work was to optimize amikacin reverse iontophoretic extraction across the skin in vitro, for non-invasive drug monitoring. Reverse iontophoresis experiments were performed using vertical diffusion cells. The lower chamber, simulating body fluids, contained amikacin bisulphate and acetaminophen, as marker for electroosmosis, while the upper chamber was filled with the appropriate extraction solution. The effect of concentration of amikacin in the dermal bathing solution and the effect of extraction solution composition and pH were studied. The results show that the extraction of amikacin was independent of pH and always in the anode-to-cathode direction, in agreement with the positive charge of the drug. The presence of amikacin in the bathing solution did not modify acetaminophen extraction at pH 4.0, while the extraction was reduced at pH 8.0. In conclusion, amikacin can be extracted across the skin in vitro by reverse iontophoresis. Owing to the charge of the molecule, extraction takes place at the cathode. Using acetaminophen as neutral marker, it was shown that amikacin can interact with the skin and alter its permselectivity at pH 8.0.
authors: Dipartimento Farmaceutico, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Marra
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Nicoli
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Padula
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Santi
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000032:analysis; D000583:Amikacin / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D053841:Electroosmosis / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D000583:Amikacin