title: Abnormal glucose metabolism:  diagnosis and management in the ambulatory setting.
abstract: Abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy is a spectrum. This spectrum stretches from mild forms of glucose intolerance that do not rise to the level of diabetes, to diabetes that first occurs in pregnancy, as well as to pregravid forms of diabetes associated with end-organ disease. In this review, we first discuss risk factors common to all forms of abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy. A review of how abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnancy is diagnosed precedes discussion of perinatal risks associated with different degrees of glycemic aberration. We discuss how to intervene in the ambulatory setting to mitigate these risks.
authors: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA. jshawkin@uci.edu
authors: Josiah Z S
authors: JZ
authors: Hawkins
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Wing
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004035:Diet Therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005905:Glyburide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin; D005905:Glyburide