title: Overview of molecular biomarkers for enhancing the management of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide information on molecular biomarkers that can help assess cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies on immunohistologic, somatic mutation, gene expression classifier, microRNA, and thyrotropin receptor messenger RNA biomarkers are reviewed, and commercially available molecular test panels are described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thyroid nodules are common, and clinical guidelines delineate an algorithmic approach including serum thyroid-stimulating hormone measurement, diagnostic ultrasound examination, and, when appropriate, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy for determination of a benign versus malignant status. In clinical practice, approximately 20% of FNA-derived cytology reports are classified as "indeterminate" or follicular nodules that do not fulfill either benign or malignant criteria. In this setting, the actual risk for malignancy of a cytologically indeterminate nodule ranges from approximately 15% to 34%. Research describing molecular biomarkers from thyroid cancer tissue has been applied to FNA-derived thyroid nodule material. There is also a serum molecular marker that has been reported with goals similar to those for the FNA-derived molecular markers: to enhance the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer and reduce the large number of patients who have a diagnostic surgical procedure for benign thyroid nodules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progress toward the foregoing goals has been made and continues to evolve with the recent appearance of molecular biomarker tests that can be selectively applied for further assessment of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.
authors: Endocrinology Associates, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA. aduick@aol.com
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Duick
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin