title: 16p11.2-p12.2 duplication syndrome; a genomic condition differentiated from euchromatic variation of 16p11.2.
abstract: Chromosome 16 contains multiple copy number variations (CNVs) that predispose to genomic disorders. Here, we differentiate pathogenic duplications of 16p11.2-p12.2 from microscopically similar euchromatic variants of 16p11.2. Patient 1 was a girl of 18 with autism, moderate intellectual disability, behavioural difficulties, dysmorphic features and a 7.71-Mb (megabase pair) duplication (16:21 521 005-29 233 146). Patient 2 had a 7.81-Mb duplication (16:21 382 561-29 191 527), speech delay and obsessional behaviour as a boy and, as an adult, short stature, macrocephaly and mild dysmorphism. The duplications contain 65 coding genes of which Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) has the highest likelihood of being haploinsufficient and, by implication, a triplosensitive gene. An additional 1.11-Mb CNV of 10q11.21 in Patient 1 was a possible modifier containing the G-protein-regulated inducer of neurite growth 2 (GPRIN2) gene. In contrast, the euchromatic variants in Patients 3 and 4 were amplifications from a 945-kb region containing non-functional immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV), hect domain pseudogene (HERC2P4) and TP53-inducible target gene 3 (TP53TG3) loci in proximal 16p11.2 (16:31 953 353-32 898 635). Paralogous pyrosequencing gave a total copy number of 3-8 in controls and 8 to >10 in Patients 3 and 4. The 16p11.2-p12.2 duplication syndrome is a recurrent genomic disorder with a variable phenotype including developmental delay, dysmorphic features, mild to severe intellectual disability, autism, obsessive or stereotyped behaviour, short stature and anomalies of the hands and fingers. It is important to differentiate pathogenic 16p11.2-p12.2 duplications from harmless, microscopically similar euchromatic variants of proximal 16p11.2, especially at prenatal diagnosis.
authors: Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire, UK. john.barber@soton.ac.uk
authors: John C K
authors: JC
authors: Barber
authors: Victoria
authors: V
authors: Hall
authors: Viv K
authors: VK
authors: Maloney
authors: Shuwen
authors: S
authors: Huang
authors: Angharad M
authors: AM
authors: Roberts
authors: Angela F
authors: AF
authors: Brady
authors: Nicki
authors: N
authors: Foulds
authors: Beverley
authors: B
authors: Bewes
authors: Marianne
authors: M
authors: Volleth
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Liehr
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Mehnert
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Bateman
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: White
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D058674:Chromosome Duplication / Q000235:genetics*; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics*; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000097869:Polo-Like Kinase 1
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D000097869:Polo-Like Kinase 1