title: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates leflunomide-induced growth inhibition of melanoma cells.
abstract: A novel role of the dihydroorotatedehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor leflunomide as a potential anti-melanoma therapy was recently reported (Nature 471:518-22, 2011). We previously reported that leflunomide strongly activates the transcriptional activity of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). We therefore tested whether the AhR regulates the anti-proliferative effects of leflunomide in melanoma. We first evaluated the expression of AhR in melanoma cells and found that AhR is highly expressed in A375 melanoma as well as in several other cancer cell types. To evaluate whether AhR plays a role in regulating the growth inhibitory effects of leflunomide in A375 cells, we generated a stable cell line from parental A375 cells expressing a doxycycline (DOX) inducible AhR shRNA. Using these cells in the absence or presence of DOX (normal AhR levels or AhR-knockdown, respectively) we found that the anti-proliferative effects of leflunomide, but not its metabolite A771726, were strongly dependent upon AhR expression. It has been well established that supplementation of cells with exogenous uridine completely rescues the anti-proliferative effects due to DHODH inhibition. Thus, we performed uridine rescue experiments in A375 cells to determine whether the anti-proliferative effects of leflunomide are solely due to DHODH inhibition as previously reported. Interestingly, saturating levels of uridine only modestly rescued A375 cells from the anti-proliferative effects of both leflunomide and A771726, indicating additional mechanism(s), apart from DHODH inhibition are responsible for the anti-proliferative effects of leflunomide in melanoma cells. Uridine also did not rescue MDA-MB-435S melanoma cell proliferation after leflunomide treatment. Our results reveal that the AhR is a molecular target of leflunomide and support the feasibility of the clinical application of leflunomide for treating melanoma. Furthermore, analysis of expression data from 967 cancer cell lines revealed that AhR is expressed in multiple different cancer types supporting the intriguing possibility of targeting the AhR for therapy in a number of cancers.
authors: Cancer Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America.
authors: Edmond F
authors: EF
authors: O'Donnell
authors: Prasad Rao
authors: PR
authors: Kopparapu
authors: Daniel C
authors: DC
authors: Koch
authors: Hyo Sang
authors: HS
authors: Jang
authors: Jessica Lynne
authors: JL
authors: Phillips
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Tanguay
authors: Nancy I
authors: NI
authors: Kerkvliet
authors: Siva Kumar
authors: SK
authors: Kolluri
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003437:Crotonates; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D000090722:Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D009570:Nitriles; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013388:Succinimides / Q000378:metabolism; D014052:Toluidines; D014529:Uridine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C087165:5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D003437:Crotonates; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D000090722:Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009570:Nitriles; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D013388:Succinimides; D014052:Toluidines; C527525:teriflunomide; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D000077339:Leflunomide; D014529:Uridine