title: A multiphoton microscope platform for imaging the mouse eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the ability of multiphoton microscopy to obtain full three-dimensional high-resolution images of the intact mouse eye anterior chamber without need for enucleation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom multiphoton microscope was constructed and optimized for deep tissue imaging. Simultaneous two-photon autofluorescence (2PAF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging were performed. A mouse holder and stereotaxic platform were designed to access different parts of the eye for imaging. A reservoir for keeping the eye moist was used during imaging sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-invasive multiphoton images deep inside the anterior chamber of the mouse eye were obtained without the need for enucleation. The iris, corneal epithelium and endothelium, trabecular meshwork region and conjunctiva were visualized by the 2PAF and SHG signals. Identification of the anatomy was achieved by the intrinsic properties of the native tissue without any exogenous labeling. Images as deep as 600 microns into the eye were clearly demonstrated. Full three-dimensional image reconstructions of the entire anterior chamber were performed and analyzed using custom software.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiphoton imaging is a highly promising tool for ophthalmic research. We have demonstrated the ability to image the entire anterior chamber of the mouse eye in its native state. These results provide a foundation for future in vivo studies of the eye.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045-2560, USA.
authors: Omid
authors: O
authors: Masihzadeh
authors: Tim C
authors: TC
authors: Lei
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Ammar
authors: Malik Y
authors: MY
authors: Kahook
authors: Emily A
authors: EA
authors: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007498:Iris / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012590:Sclera / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000033:anatomy & histology