title: Impact of low emission zones and local traffic policies on ambient air pollution concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evaluations of the effectiveness of air pollution policy interventions are scarce. This study investigated air pollution at street level before and after implementation of local traffic policies including low emission zones (LEZ) directed at heavy duty vehicles (trucks) in five Dutch cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of PM(10), PM(2.5), 'soot', NO(2), NO(x), and elemental composition of PM(10) and PM(2.5) were conducted simultaneously at eight streets, six urban background locations and four suburban background locations before (2008) and two years after implementation of the policies (2010). The four suburban locations were selected as control locations to account for generic air pollution trends and weather differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All pollutant concentrations were lower in 2010 than in 2008. For traffic-related pollutants including 'soot' and NO(x) and elemental composition (Cr, Cu, Fe) the decrease did not differ significantly between the intervention locations and the suburban control locations. Only for PM(2.5) reductions were considerably larger at urban streets (30%) and urban background locations (27%) than at the matching suburban control locations (20%). In one urban street where traffic intensity was reduced with 50%, 'soot', NO(x) and NO(2) concentrations were reduced substantially more (41, 36 and 25%) than at the corresponding suburban control location (22, 14 and 7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of one urban street where traffic flows were drastically reduced, the local traffic policies including LEZ were too modest to produce significant decreases in traffic-related air pollution concentrations.
authors: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. j.m.c.boogaard@uu.nl
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Boogaard
authors: Nicole A H
authors: NA
authors: Janssen
authors: Paul H
authors: PH
authors: Fischer
authors: Gerard P A
authors: GP
authors: Kos
authors: Ernie P
authors: EP
authors: Weijers
authors: Flemming R
authors: FR
authors: Cassee
authors: Saskia C
authors: SC
authors: van der Zee
authors: Jeroen J
authors: JJ
authors: de Hartog
authors: Kees
authors: K
authors: Meliefste
authors: Meng
authors: M
authors: Wang
authors: Bert
authors: B
authors: Brunekreef
authors: Gerard
authors: G
authors: Hoek
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009426:Netherlands; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions