title: Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of the myocardial scar fallowing acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The heart has traditionally been considered as a static organ without capacity of regeneration after trauma. Currently, the more and more often asked question is whether the heart has any intrinsic capacities to regenerate myocytes after myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to present the existence of the preserved muscle fibers in the myocardial scar following myocardial infarction as well as the presence of numerous cells of various size and form that differently reacted to the used immunohistochemical antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of myocardial sections taken from 177 patients who had died of acute myocardial infarction and had the myocardial scar following myocardial infarction, were carried out. More sections taken both from the site of acute infarction and scar were examined by the following methods: hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid schiff (PAS), PAS-diastasis, Masson trichrom, Malory, van Gieson, vimentin, desmin, myosin, myoglobin, alpha actin, smoth muscle actin (SMA), p53, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, actin HHF35, CD34, CD31, CD45, CD45Ro, CD8, CD20.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all sections taken from the scar region, larger or smaller islets of the preserved muscle fibers with the signs of hypertrophy were found. In the scar, a large number of cells of various size and form: spindle, oval, elongated with abundant cytoplasm, small with one nucleus and cells with scanty cytoplasm, were found. The present cells differently reacted to histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Large oval cells showed negative reaction to lymphocytic and leukocytic markers, and positive to alpha actin, actin HHF35, Ki-67, myosin, myoglobin and desmin. Elongated cells were also positive to those markers. Small mononuclear cells showed positive reaction to lymphocytic markers. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel walls were positive to CD34 and CD31, and smooth muscle cells to SMA. Oval and elongated cells were positive to PCNA and Ki-67. The preserved muscle fibers in the scar were positive to myosin, myoglobin and desmin as well as elongated and oval cells. Other cells were negative to these markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings speak that myocardial regeneration is maybe possible and develops in human ischemic heart damages and that the myocardium is not a static organ without capacity of cell regeneration.
authors: Center for Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Vujadin
authors: V
authors: Tatić
authors: Saso
authors: S
authors: Rafajlovski
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Kanjuh
authors: Radoslav
authors: R
authors: Gajanin
authors: Dusan
authors: D
authors: Suscević
authors: Bela
authors: B
authors: Balint
authors: Slobodan
authors: S
authors: Obradović
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology