title: Patient perceptions of epinephrine auto-injectors: exploring barriers to use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, government initiatives have proposed that patient self-care should serve as a key resource in response to the anticipated increase in global demand for health care. However, if patients are to be empowered as self-carers, barriers to engagement must be identified and overcome. Anaphylaxis is an increasingly common life-threatening allergic reaction. Patients at risk of anaphylaxis are prescribed epinephrine auto-injectors and play a crucial role in delivering their own care and management of this condition. One key recommendation is that patients routinely carry an epinephrine auto-injector with them and deploy the device when needed. However, only a small proportion of patients that require epinephrine actually receive it.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the reasons why patients who have been prescribed epinephrine auto-injectors fail to adhere to self-care and management recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-depth interviews with 15 adults who have been prescribed epinephrine auto-injectors were carried out to explore the barriers that exist in the provision of effective self-care and management of anaphylaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inconsistent health professional advice, perceived stigma of carrying a 'weapon-like' device, poor device design and limited patient training were identified as barriers to carriage or use. Patients were reluctant to carry devices in public because of perceived and observed stigma and suspicion. They were happy to ignore expiry dates, and some participants were confident that the emergency services would provide them with the appropriate care they needed, and therefore, did not carry the device in urban areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved training of patients, the public and health professionals around both the carriage and use of auto-injectors are areas for urgent attention if improved levels of self-care are to be attained. The design of epinephrine auto-injectors should also receive attention as patients often fail to carry them owing to size and aesthetics.
authors: Department of Information Systems and Computing, Brunel University, London, UK. Arthur.money@brunel.ac.uk
authors: Arthur G
authors: AG
authors: Money
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Barnett
authors: Jasna
authors: J
authors: Kuljis
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Lucas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004837:Epinephrine