title: Complications after polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for facial soft-tissue augmentation in China: twenty-four cases and their surgical management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyacrylamide hydrogel has been used for soft-tissue augmentation for more than 10 years. Although it is considered a nontoxic, nonimmunogenic material, complications after polyacrylamide hydrogel injections during facial soft-tissue augmentation have been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2003 and 2009, 24 patients underwent surgical management of complications after facial soft-tissue augmentation. Histories, preoperative imaging, and photographs of operations were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications included hematomas, infection, nodule formation, and migration. Ultimately, 23 of 24 cases underwent surgery to remove the gel; the remaining case underwent surgical drainage to remove it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As more complications have been reported, especially ones that are difficult to treat, the safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel needs to be reconsidered. The authors' experiences provide methods to remove polyacrylamide hydrogel if complications occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic, V.
authors: Hangzhou and Kunming, People's Republic of China From the Departments of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medcine, Zhejiang University; The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, First Hospital of Kunming.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Shen
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Lv
authors: Jing-Hong
authors: JH
authors: Xu
authors: Xiao-Ya
authors: XY
authors: Hong
authors: Bi-Wei
authors: BW
authors: Zeng
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Xiao
authors: Li-Jun
authors: LJ
authors: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; C016680:polyacrylamide gels