title: Eye injury risk associated with remote control toy helicopter blades.
abstract: Eye injuries can be caused by a variety of consumer products and toys.  Recently, indoor remote controlled (RC) toy helicopters have become very popular.  The purpose of this study is to quantify eye injury risk associated with five commercially available RC toy helicopter blades.  An experimental matrix of 25 tests was developed to test five different RC toy helicopter blades at full battery power on six postmortem human eyes.  A pressure sensor inserted through the optic nerve measured intraocular pressure.  Corneal abrasion was assessed post-impact using fluorescein dye.  Intraocular pressure was correlated to injury risk for hyphema, lens damage, retinal damage, and globe rupture using published risk functions.  All tests resulted in corneal abrasions; however, no other injuries were observed.  The 25 tests produced an increase intraocular pressure between 15.2 kPa and 99.3 kPa (114.3 mmHg and 744.7 mmHg).  Calculated blade velocities ranged between 16.0 m/s and 25.4 m/s.  Injury risk for hyphema was a maximum of 0.2%.  Injury risk for lens damage, retinal damage, and globe rupture was 0.0% for all tests.  Blade design parameters such as length and mass did not affect the risk of eye injury.  This is the first study to quantify the risk of eye injury from RC toy helicopter blades.  While corneal abrasions were observed, more serious eye injuries were neither observed nor predicted to have occurred.  Results from this study are critical for establishing safe design thresholds for RC toy helicopter blades so that more serious injuries can be prevented.
authors: Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences.
authors: Vanessa D
authors: VD
authors: Alphonse
authors: Andrew R
authors: AR
authors: Kemper
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Rowson
authors: Stefan M
authors: SM
authors: Duma