title: High intakes of protein and processed meat associate with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Diets high in protein have shown positive effects on short-term weight reduction and glycaemic control. However, the understanding of how dietary macronutrient composition relates to long-term risk of type 2 diabetes is limited. The aim of the present study was to examine intakes of macronutrients, fibre and protein sources in relation to incident type 2 diabetes. In total, 27 140 individuals, aged 45-74 years, from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, were included. Dietary data were collected with a modified diet history method, including registration of cooked meals. During 12 years of follow-up, 1709 incident type 2 diabetes cases were identified. High protein intake was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) 1.27 for highest compared with lowest quintile; 95 % CI 1.08, 1.49; P for trend = 0.01). When protein consumption increased by 5 % of energy at the expense of carbohydrates (HR 1.20; 95 % CI 1.09, 1.33) or fat (HR 1.21; 95 % CI 1.09, 1.33), increased diabetes risk was observed. Intakes in the highest quintiles of processed meat (HR 1.16; 95 % CI 1.00, 1.36; P for trend = 0.01) and eggs (HR 1.21; 95 % CI 1.04, 1.41; P for trend = 0.02) were associated with increased risk. Intake of fibre-rich bread and cereals was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (HR 0.84; 95 % CI 0.73, 0.98; P for trend = 0.004). In conclusion, results from the present large population-based prospective study indicate that high protein intake is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Replacing protein with carbohydrates may be favourable, especially if fibre-rich breads and cereals are chosen as carbohydrate sources.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. ulrika.ericson@med.lu.se
authors: Ulrika
authors: U
authors: Ericson
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Sonestedt
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Gullberg
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Hellstrand
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Hindy
authors: Elisabet
authors: E
authors: Wirfält
authors: Marju
authors: M
authors: Orho-Melander
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins