title: Confounding variables in epidemiologic studies: basics and beyond.
abstract: This article discusses the importance, definition, and types of confounders in epidemiology.  Methods to identify and address confounding are discussed, as well as their strengths and limitations. The article also describes the difference among confounders, mediators, and effect modifiers.
authors: School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA. farin.kamangar@morgan.edu
authors: Farin
authors: F
authors: Kamangar
mesh_terms: D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000592:standards