title: The effect of running speed on knee mechanical loading in females during side cutting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Side cutting involves mechanical loading of the knee which has been associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Despite a fast growing body of research, the relationship between loading mechanisms and running speed is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate how running speed determines a likely trade-off between task achievement and actual mechanical loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen female participants (mean age=20.6±0.7yr, height=1.66±0.05m, mass=57.5±6.9kg) performed 45° side cutting manoeuvres at 2, 3, 4 and 5ms(-1) approach speeds. Three dimensional motion and ground reaction forces were recorded to calculate whole body centre of mass (CoM) velocity and lower limb kinematics and kinetics, focusing on knee flexion angle at touch-down and peak knee valgus loading during weight acceptance. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping were used to identify significant speed effects on task achievement and mechanical loading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of CoM velocities revealed that side cutting manoeuvres at higher running speeds matched the task requirements to a lesser extent. Despite a gradual increase of anterior-posterior deceleration and medio-lateral acceleration with running speed, knee loading mechanisms only reached meaningful levels from a 4ms(-1) running speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirmed a trade-off between task achievement and actual mechanical loading. This identified a need for standardisation of reporting running speeds. Taking into account also safety considerations, standardisation of a 4ms(-1) running speed is proposed for female athletes.
authors: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. j.vanrenterghem@ljmu.ac.uk
authors: Jos
authors: J
authors: Vanrenterghem
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Venables
authors: Todd
authors: T
authors: Pataky
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000523:psychology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing