title: Combat readiness for the modern military surgeon: data from a decade of combat operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hundreds of general surgeons from the army, navy, and air force have been deployed during the past 10 years to support combat forces, but little data exist on their preparedness to handle the challenging injuries that they are currently encountering. Our objective was to assess operative and operational experience in theater with the goal of improving combat readiness among surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed survey was sent to 246 active duty surgeons from the army, navy, and air force who have been deployed at least once in the past 10 years, requesting information on cases performed, perceptions of efficacy of predeployment training, knowledge deficits, and postdeployment emotional challenges. Survey data were kept confidential and analyzed using standard statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 246 individuals, 137 (56%) responded and 93 (68%) have been deployed two or more times. More than 18,500 operative procedures were reported, with abdominal and soft tissue cases predominating. Many surgeons identified knowledge or practice gaps in predeployment vascular (46%), neurosurgical (29.9%), and orthopedic (28.5%) training. The personal burden of deployment manifested itself with both family (approximately 10% deployment-related divorce rate) and personal (37 surgeons [27%] with two or more symptoms of posttraumatic stress syndrome) stressors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support modifications of predeployment combat surgical training to include increased exposure to open vascular procedures and curriculum traditionally outside general surgery (neurosurgery and orthopedics). The acute care surgical model may be ideal for the military surgeon preparing for deployment. Further research should be directed toward identifying factors contributing to psychological stress among military medics.
authors: Department of General Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Texas, USA. josh.tyler@amedd.army.mil
authors: Joshua A
authors: JA
authors: Tyler
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Ritchie
authors: Michelle L
authors: ML
authors: Leas
authors: Kurt D
authors: KD
authors: Edwards
authors: Brian E
authors: BE
authors: Eastridge
authors: Christopher E
authors: CE
authors: White
authors: M Margaret
authors: MM
authors: Knudson
authors: Todd E
authors: TE
authors: Rasmussen
authors: R Russell
authors: RR
authors: Martin
authors: Lorne H
authors: LH
authors: Blackbourne
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D014194:Traumatology / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery