title: Short-term effects of air temperature on blood markers of coagulation and inflammation in potentially susceptible individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in air temperature are associated with an increase in cardiovascular events, but the role of procoagulant and proinflammatory blood markers is still poorly understood. The authors investigated the association between air temperature and fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C reactive protein in two potentially susceptible groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective panel study was conducted between March 2007 and December 2008 in Augsburg, Germany. The study population comprised 187 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance and 87 participants with genetic polymorphisms on the detoxification and inflammation pathways. Overall, 1766 repeated blood measurements were collected. Hourly meteorology data were available from a central measurement site. The association between temperature and blood markers was analysed with additive mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance participants, the authors observed immediate, lagged and cumulative increases in fibrinogen (range of percentage changes in geometric mean: 0.6%-0.8%) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (6.0%-10.1%) in association with a 5°C temperature decrement. Participants with a body mass index above 30 kg/m(2) as well as females showed particularly strong fibrinogen effects. In participants with the special genetic background, 5°C decreases in the 5-day average of temperature led to a change of 8.0% (95% CI 0.5% to 16.2%) in interleukin-6 and of -8.4% (95% CI -15.8% to -0.3%) in high-sensitivity C reactive protein, the latter driven by physically active individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors observed different temperature effects on blood markers in two potentially susceptible groups probably indicating varying underlying biological mechanisms. This study results might provide a link between temperature and cardiovascular events.
authors: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: Claudia Luise
authors: CL
authors: Schäuble
authors: Regina
authors: R
authors: Hampel
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Breitner
authors: Regina
authors: R
authors: Rückerl
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Phipps
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Diaz-Sanchez
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Devlin
authors: Jacqueline D
authors: JD
authors: Carter
authors: Joleen
authors: J
authors: Soukup
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Silbajoris
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Dailey
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Koenig
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Cyrys
authors: Uta
authors: U
authors: Geruschkat
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Belcredi
authors: Ute
authors: U
authors: Kraus
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Peters
authors: Alexandra E
authors: AE
authors: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000388:Air; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005858:Germany; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015848:Interleukin-5; D005340:Fibrinogen; D010958:Plasminogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein