title: Thyroid hormone enhances nitric oxide-mediated bacterial clearance and promotes survival after meningococcal infection.
abstract: Euthyroid sick syndrome characterized by reduced levels of thyroid hormones (THs) is observed in patients with meningococcal shock. It has been found that the level of THs reflects disease severity and is predictive for mortality. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of THs on host defense during meningococcal infection. We found that supplementation of thyroxine to mice infected with Neisseria meningitidis enhanced bacterial clearance, attenuated the inflammatory responses and promoted survival. In vitro studies with macrophages revealed that THs enhanced bacteria-cell interaction and intracellular killing of meningococci by stimulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos)-mediated NO production. TH treatment did not activate expression of TH receptors in macrophages. Instead, the observed TH-directed actions were mediated through nongenomic pathways involving the protein kinases PI3K and ERK1/2 and initiated at the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3. Inhibition of nongenomic TH signaling prevented iNos induction, NO production and subsequent intracellular bacterial killing by macrophages. These data demonstrate a beneficial role of THs in macrophage-mediated N. meningitidis clearance. TH replacement might be a novel option to control meningococcal septicemia.
authors: Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Yao
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Sjölinder
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Altenbacher
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Hagner
authors: Pernilla
authors: P
authors: Berglund
authors: Yumin
authors: Y
authors: Gao
authors: Ting
authors: T
authors: Lu
authors: Ann-Beth
authors: AB
authors: Jonsson
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Sjölinder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D013963:Thyroid Hormones