title: Accumulation, biotransformation, histopathology and paralysis in the Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus by the paralyzing toxins of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum.
abstract: The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum produces paralyzing shellfish poisons that are consumed and accumulated by bivalves. We performed short-term feeding experiments to examine ingestion, accumulation, biotransformation, histopathology, and paralysis in the juvenile Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus that consume this dinoflagellate. Depletion of algal cells was measured in closed systems. Histopathological preparations were microscopically analyzed. Paralysis was observed and the time of recovery recorded. Accumulation and possible biotransformation of toxins were measured by HPLC analysis. Feeding activity in treated scallops showed that scallops produced pseudofeces, ingestion rates decreased at 8 h; approximately 60% of the scallops were paralyzed and melanin production and hemocyte aggregation were observed in several tissues at 15 h. HPLC analysis showed that the only toxins present in the dinoflagellates and scallops were the N-sulfo-carbamoyl toxins (C1, C2); after hydrolysis, the carbamate toxins (epimers GTX2/3) were present. C1 and C2 toxins were most common in the mantle, followed by the digestive gland and stomach-complex, adductor muscle, kidney and rectum group, and finally, gills. Toxin profiles in scallop tissue were similar to the dinoflagellate; biotransformations were not present in the scallops in this short-term feeding experiment.
authors: Laboratorio de Biotoxinas Marinas, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 811, Mazatlan, Sinaloa 82040, Mexico.|Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica-Bioquimica, Instituto Tecnologico de Mazatlan, Calle Corsario 1 No. 203, Col. Urias, Mazatlan, Sinaloa 82070, Mexico.
authors: Amada Y
authors: AY
authors: Escobedo-Lozano
authors: Departamento de Fisiologia, Biofisica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, D.F. 07300, Mexico.|Departamento de Patologia Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
authors: Norma
authors: N
authors: Estrada
authors: Departamento de Patologia Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
authors: Felipe
authors: F
authors: Ascencio
authors: Departamento de Fisiologia, Biofisica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, D.F. 07300, Mexico.
authors: Gerardo
authors: G
authors: Contreras
authors: Laboratorio de Biotoxinas Marinas, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 811, Mazatlan, Sinaloa 82040, Mexico.
authors: Rosalba
authors: R
authors: Alonso-Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism*; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D049897:Pectinidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012758:Shellfish
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins