title: Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on serum and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels during pregnancy and postpartum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A low-grade systemic inflammatory status originating from periodontal infection has been proposed to explain the association between periodontal disease and systemic conditions, including adverse obstetric outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal therapy during pregnancy on the gingival crevicular fluid and serum levels of six cytokines associated with periodontal disease and preterm birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subsample of 60 women (18-35 years of age) up to 20 gestational weeks, previously enrolled in a larger randomized clinical trial, was recruited for the present study. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either comprehensive nonsurgical periodontal therapy before 24 gestational weeks (n = 30, test group) or only one appointment for supragingival calculus removal (n = 30, control group). Clinical data, and samples of blood and gingival crevicular fluid, were collected at baseline, at 26-28 gestational weeks and 30 d after delivery. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 and tumor necrosis factor-α were analyzed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment, a major reduction in periodontal inflammation was observed in the test group, with bleeding on probing decreasing from 49.62% of sites to 11.66% of sites (p < 0.001). Periodontal therapy significantly reduced the levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (p < 0.001). However, no significant effect of therapy was observed on serum cytokine levels. After delivery, the levels of IL-1β in the gingival crevicular fluid of the test group were significantly lower than were those in the control group (p < 0.001), but there were no significant differences between test and control groups regarding serum cytokine levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although periodontal therapy during pregnancy successfully reduced periodontal inflammation and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels, it did not have a significant impact on serum biomarkers.
authors: Section of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. fiorinitiago@gmail.com
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Fiorini
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Susin
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: da Rocha
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Weidlich
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Vianna
authors: C H C
authors: CH
authors: Moreira
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Bogo Chies
authors: C K
authors: CK
authors: Rösing
authors: R V
authors: RV
authors: Oppermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000628:therapy; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000628:therapy; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000628:therapy; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000628:therapy; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000628:therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016745:Root Planing / Q000379:methods; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12