title: A systematic review on 'Foveal Crowding' in visually impaired children and perceptual learning as a method to reduce Crowding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This systematic review gives an overview of foveal crowding (the inability to recognize objects due to surrounding nearby contours in foveal vision) and possible interventions. Foveal crowding can have a major effect on reading rate and deciphering small pieces of information from busy visual scenes. Three specific groups experience more foveal crowding than adults with normal vision (NV): 1) children with NV, 2) visually impaired (VI) children and adults and 3) children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). The extent and magnitude of foveal crowding as well as interventions aimed at reducing crowding were investigated in this review. The twofold goal of this review is : [A] to compare foveal crowding in children with NV, VI children and adults and CVI children and [B] to compare interventions to reduce crowding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three electronic databases were used to conduct the literature search: PubMed, PsycINFO (Ovid), and Cochrane. Additional studies were identified by contacting experts. Search terms included visual perception, contour interaction, crowding, crowded, and contour interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with normal vision show an extent of contour interaction over an area 1.5-3× as large as that seen in adults NV. The magnitude of contour interaction normally ranges between 1-2 lines on an acuity chart and this magnitude is even larger when stimuli are arranged in a circular configuration. Adults with congenital nystagmus (CN) show interaction areas that are 2× larger than those seen adults with NV. The magnitude of the crowding effect is also 2× as large in individuals with CN as in individuals with NV. Finally, children with CVI experience a magnitude of the crowding effect that is 3× the size of that experienced by adults with NV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodological heterogeneity, the diversity in paradigms used to measure crowding, made it impossible to conduct a meta-analysis. This is the first systematic review to compare crowding ratios and it shows that charts with 50% interoptotype spacing were most sensitive to capture crowding effects. The groups that showed the largest crowding effects were individuals with CN, VI adults with central scotomas and children with CVI. Perceptual Learning seems to be a promising technique to reduce excessive foveal crowding effects.
authors: Bartiméus, Institute for the Visually Impaired, Zeist, the Netherlands. bhuurneman@bartimeus.nl
authors: Bianca
authors: B
authors: Huurneman
authors: F Nienke
authors: FN
authors: Boonstra
authors: Ralf Fa
authors: RF
authors: Cox
authors: Antonius Hn
authors: AH
authors: Cillessen
authors: Ger
authors: G
authors: van Rens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology