title: Regulation of TCR signalling by tyrosine phosphatases: from immune homeostasis to autoimmunity.
abstract: More than half of the known protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the human genome are expressed in T cells, and significant progress has been made in elucidating the biology of these enzymes in T-cell development and function. Here we provide a systematic review of the current understanding of the roles of PTPs in T-cell activation, providing insight into their mechanisms of action and regulation in T-cell receptor signalling, the phenotypes of their genetically modified mice, and their possible involvement in T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Our projection is that the interest in PTPs as mediators of T-cell homeostasis will continue to rise with further functional analysis of these proteins, and PTPs will be increasingly considered as targets of immunomodulatory therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Novella
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rapini
authors.forename: Nunzio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bottini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002450:Cell Communication; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases