title: Micro-ultrasound for preclinical imaging.
abstract: Over the past decade, non-invasive preclinical imaging has emerged as an important tool to facilitate biomedical discovery. Not only have the markets for these tools accelerated, but the numbers of peer-reviewed papers in which imaging end points and biomarkers have been used have grown dramatically. High frequency 'micro-ultrasound' has steadily evolved in the post-genomic era as a rapid, comparatively inexpensive imaging tool for studying normal development and models of human disease in small animals. One of the fundamental barriers to this development was the technological hurdle associated with high-frequency array transducers. Recently, new approaches have enabled the upper limits of linear and phased arrays to be pushed from about 20 to over 50 MHz enabling a broad range of new applications. The innovations leading to the new transducer technology and scanner architecture are reviewed. Applications of preclinical micro-ultrasound are explored for developmental biology, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. With respect to the future, the latest developments in high-frequency ultrasound imaging are described.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook and Health Sciences Centre ,  University of Toronto ,  Toronto, Ontario ,  Canada.
authors.forename: F Stuart
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hossack
authors.forename: S Lee
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Adamson