title: Edematogenic activity of a sulfated galactan from the red marine algae Gelidium crinale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The red algae Gelidium crinale (Turner) Gaillon (Gelidiaceae), encountered along the Southeast and Northeast Brazilian sea coast, contains a sulfated galactan presenting a similar saccharide backbone compared to λ carrageenan. Inflammatory effects of other galactans were reported, but not for that obtained from G. crinale (SG-Gc).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the in vivo edematogenic effect of SG-Gc in comparison to λ carrageenan.
  
  
  METHODS
  SG-Gc was isolated by ion exchange chromatography. Paw edema was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) intraplantar injection of SG-Gc or λ carrageenan and evaluated by hydroplethysmometry. Data were expressed as the increase in paw volume subtracted from the basal volume or area under curve-AUC. To investigate the participation of early and late-phase inflammatory mediators, rats were treated with pyrilamine, compound 48/80, indomethacin, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or pentoxifylline before SG-Gc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SG-Gc edematogenic effect was initiated at 0.5 h, peaked at 2 h (1.26 ± 0.05 mL) and lasted until 6 h (0.21 ± 0.03 mL), whereas the carrageenan-induced edema started at 1 h. The first phase (1-3 h) of SG-Gc-induced edema was 176 ± 15 (AUC) versus carrageenan (114.5 ± 14), whereas the second phase (3-5 h) was 95 ± 12 (AUC) versus carrageenan (117.5 ± 11). Treatment with compound 48/80, pyrilamine, indomethacin, L-NAME, and pentoxifylline inhibited the effect of SG-Gc by 32, 40, 69, 72, and 49%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SG-Gc and λ carrageenan induce different profile of inflammatory response in the paw edema model, that involves histamine, cytokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide (NO), but with different degree of participation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisio-Farmacologia da Inflamação-LAFFIN, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. anassreuy@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ana Maria Sampaio
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Assreuy
authors.forename: Renata Morais Ferreira
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: Luiz André Cavalcante
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brizeno
authors.forename: Lívia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Paulo Pereira
authors.forename: Albertina Antonielly Sydney
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.forename: Gislei Frota
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Aragão
authors.forename: Maria Gonçalves
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001938:Brazil; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005685:Galactans / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000991:Antithrombins; D005685:Galactans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002351:Carrageenan