title: The influence of employment social support for risk and prognosis in nonspecific back pain: a systematic review and critical synthesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of employment social support type (e.g. co-worker, supervisor, general support) on risk of occurrence of low back pain, and prognosis (e.g. recovery, return to work status) for those who have low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search of seven databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, IBSS, AMED and BNI) for prospective or case-control studies reporting findings on employment social support in populations with nonspecific back pain. Data extraction and quality assessment were carried out on included studies. A systematic critical synthesis was carried out on extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two articles were included that describe 46 findings on the effect of employment social support on risk of and prognosis of back pain. Findings show that there is no effect of co-worker, supervisor or general work support on risk of new onset back pain. Weak effects of employment support were found for recovery and return to work outcomes; greater levels of co-worker support and general work support were found to be associated with less time to recovery or return to work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence suggests that the association between employment support and prognosis may be subject to influence from wider concepts related to the employment context. This review discusses these wider issues and offers directions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK. p.campbell@cphc.keele.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Gwenllian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wynne-Jones
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D062707:Return to Work / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology