title: A multivariate twin study of female sexual dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little work on the etiology of female sexual dysfunction (FSD), a highly contentious and heterogeneous disorder from classification and clinical perspectives. Clarifying causative mechanisms may enhance current psychiatric nosology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors underlying the major subtypes of FSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-report questionnaires and multivariate twin model fitting on a population-based adult twin register (TwinsUK, London) including 1,489 female twins aged 18 to 85, comprising 244 MZ pairs, 189 DZ pairs, and 623 women whose co-twins did not participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores on the Female Sexual Function Index-Lifelong and its six dimensions (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) were subject to univariate and multivariate variance component analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best-fitting multivariate model was an ACE Cholesky model, in which both additive genetic effects and non-shared environmental effects loaded on four FSD dimensions. There was significant genetic sharing between desire, arousal, lubrication and orgasm, but there was also significant genetic sharing between arousal, lubrication and orgasm independent of desire. These genetic loadings were small to modest effects (7% to 33%). Bivariate heritabilities suggested that a third of the covariance between these dimensions was genetic. Desire shared the least amount of genetic association with lubrication and orgasm. Non-shared environmental effects (which were stronger than genetic effects) were somewhat more dimension-specific.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FSD is not etiologically homogeneous. There are at least two genetic factors to FSD symptomatology, and a tendency for more dimension-specific non-shared environmental factors as a more important indicative of unique factors involved in specific types of sexual problems reported by women. These results emphasize genetic factors as possible organizing principles for an etiologically based classification approach of FSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. andrea.burri@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burri
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greven
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leupin
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: Qazi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014427:Twins; D055815:Young Adult