title: Missed Opportunities for Universal HIV Screening in Primary Care Clinics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that the number of new cases of HIV infection has been underreported annually by at least 40,000 cases. In 2006, the CDC recommended that voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) was given to all patients aged 13 to 64 years in ambulatory care settings. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore primary care providers' (PCP) perspectives on and experiences of facilitators and barriers to offering VCT as part of annual screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a descriptive, exploratory study where fifteen primary care providers were individually interviewed. Only community-based primary care providers were interviewed, and no obstetrician/gynecologists were enrolled, as VCT is standard of care in that specialty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Barriers included doubts about the CDC recommendation, time constraints, fear, and assumptions about age and marital status. Facilitators included normalizing HIV testing and the availability of resources and training. PCPs' role as an advocate and their professional style had the paradoxical potential of being both a barrier and a facilitator to VCT. Providers' ability to connect patients to community resources was linked to their persistence and experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest more effort is needed by PCPs to facilitate HIV counseling and testing more frequently to their ambulatory care patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, 700 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Marysue V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Heilemann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez