title: Hexaminolevulinate-induced fluorescence versus white light during transurethral resection of noninvasive bladder tumor: does it reduce recurrences?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of hexaminolevulinate (HAL)-induced fluorescence during resection of noninvasive bladder cancer on tumor recurrence compared with resection under white light.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2008 and 2010, 102 consecutive patients with suspected bladder cancer were randomized to undergo transurethral resection with either conventional white light or combination of white light and HAL-induced fluorescence. Difference in tumor recurrence rate and recurrence-free survival between the 2 groups was evaluated. Subgroup analysis on recurrence-free survival was performed for different tumor parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cystoscopy at 3 months revealed tumor recurrence in 6 of 45 (13.3%) patients of the white light group compared with only 1 of 41 patients of the HAL group (2.4%) (P < .001). The recurrence-free rates in white light patients at 12 and 18 months were 56.3% and 50.6%, respectively, compared with 91% and 82.5% in HAL patients (P = .0006). In subgroup analyses, recurrence-free survival was similar between the 2 groups when solitary tumors were treated (P = .3525). However, the HAL group had a favorable recurrence-free survival compared with the white light group when multifocal tumors (P < .001), primary tumors (P = .0237), recurrent tumors (P = .0189), nonaggressive (papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential and low grade) tumors (P = .0204), or aggressive (high grade and carcinoma in situ) tumors (P = .0134) were treated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAL significantly aids resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with the result of reduction in tumor recurrence rates.
authors.affiliation: Anticancer Hospital Agios Sabas, Athens, Greece. charikara@gmail.com
authors.forename: Theocharis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karaolides
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skolarikos
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bourdoumis
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konandreas
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mygdalis
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanos
authors.forename: Charalambos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deliveliotis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D014521:Urethra; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester