title: Umbilical artery chemokine CCL16 is associated with preterm preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines and growth factors synthesized by placental trophoblasts are suggested to induce endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and affect angiogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cord blood and placental immunoproteins in order to find new clues on pathogenetic factors of preterm preeclampsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cord blood samples were collected on 163 consecutive preterm deliveries prior to 32 gestational weeks. Placental function, clinical risk factors and 107 umbilical artery immunoproteins were analyzed. Classification and regression trees analysis was used to detect associations between the immunoproteins, clinical parameters and preterm preeclampsia. Placental expression of the immunoproteins and their receptors were subsequently investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preeclampsia complicated 34% of the pregnancies in this preterm cohort. Umbilical artery CCL16, CCL24, and CCL23 were associated with preeclampsia, CCL16 showing the strongest relationship with an OR (95% CI) of 24.5 (5.4-112.0). High umbilical artery CCL16 was also characteristic to fetuses with severe growth restriction (<3rd percentile). CCL16, CCL24 and their receptors, CCR1 and CCR3 were expressed in preeclamptic placentas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High umbilical artery CCL16 is prominently detected in preterm preeclamptic pregnancies with severe growth restriction. A link to compensatory proangiogenic mechanisms has to be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland. kaarin.makikallio@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Kaarin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mäkikallio
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaukola
authors.forename: Jarno
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuimala
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: F Kingsmore
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallman
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ojaniemi
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D054423:Chemokine CCL24 / Q000378:metabolism; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000378:metabolism*; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C481939:CCL16 protein, human; C105504:CCL23 protein, human; C515484:CCL24 protein, human; D054423:Chemokine CCL24; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine