title: Motor-driven motility of fungal nuclear pores organizes chromosomes and fosters nucleocytoplasmic transport.
abstract: Exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is controlled by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). In animals, NPCs are anchored by the nuclear lamina, which ensures their even distribution and proper organization of chromosomes. Fungi do not possess a lamina and how they arrange their chromosomes and NPCs is unknown. Here, we show that motor-driven motility of NPCs organizes the fungal nucleus. In Ustilago maydis, Aspergillus nidulans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fluorescently labeled NPCs showed ATP-dependent movements at ~1.0 µm/s. In S. cerevisiae and U. maydis, NPC motility prevented NPCs from clustering. In budding yeast, NPC motility required F-actin, whereas in U. maydis, microtubules, kinesin-1, and dynein drove pore movements. In the latter, pore clustering resulted in chromatin organization defects and led to a significant reduction in both import and export of GFP reporter proteins. This suggests that fungi constantly rearrange their NPCs and corresponding chromosomes to ensure efficient nuclear transport and thereby overcome the need for a structural lamina.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, UK. G.Steinberg@exeter.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.forename: Sreedhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kilaru
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forge
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin-Urdiroz
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D001233:Aspergillus nidulans / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D016547:Kinesins / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008870:Microtubules / Q000648:ultrastructure; D034881:Nuclear Lamina / Q000378:metabolism; D022022:Nuclear Pore / Q000378:metabolism*; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D014588:Ustilago / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002843:Chromatin; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D016547:Kinesins