title: Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines.
abstract: The risk and the size of an outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) could be restricted by vaccination of poultry. A vaccine used for rapid intervention during an AIV outbreak should be safe, highly effective after a single administration and suitable for mass application. In the case of AIV, aerosol vaccination using live virus is not desirable because of its zoonotic potential and because of the risk for virus reassortment. The rational design of novel mucosal-inactivated vaccines against AIV requires a comprehensive knowledge of the structure and function of the lung-associated immune system in birds in order to target vaccines appropriately and to design efficient mucosal adjuvants. This review addresses our current understanding of the induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken. Furthermore, possible mucosal vaccination strategies for AIV are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.d.degeus@uu.nl
authors.forename: Eveline D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: de Geus
authors.forename: Johanna M J
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rebel
authors.forename: Lonneke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vervelde
mesh_terms: D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated