title: Taking the "waste" out of "wastewater" for human water security and ecosystem sustainability.
abstract: Humans create vast quantities of wastewater through inefficiencies and poor management of water systems. The wasting of water poses sustainability challenges, depletes energy reserves, and undermines human water security and ecosystem health. Here we review emerging approaches for reusing wastewater and minimizing its generation. These complementary options make the most of scarce freshwater resources, serve the varying water needs of both developed and developing countries, and confer a variety of environmental benefits. Their widespread adoption will require changing how freshwater is sourced, used, managed, and priced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, E4130 Engineering Gateway, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA. sbgrant@uci.edu
authors.forename: Stanley B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Jean-Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Saphores
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Perran L M
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewardson
authors.forename: Brett F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deletic
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Sunny C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marusic
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D060766:Drinking Water; D017753:Ecosystem; D005618:Fresh Water; D006801:Humans; D059027:Recycling; D012722:Sewage; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014876:Water Pollution; D018508:Water Purification; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D012722:Sewage