title: ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms as potential factors in modulating exercise-related phenotypes in older women in response to a muscle power training stimuli.
abstract: Genetic variation of the human ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms subsequent to 12 weeks of high-speed power training on maximal strength (1RM) of the arm and leg muscles, muscle power performance (counter-movement jump), and functional capacity (sit-to-stand test) was examined in older Caucasian women [n = 139; mean age 65.5 (8.2) years; 67.0 (10.0) kg and 1.57 (0.06) m]. Chelex 100 was used for DNA extraction, and genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP methods. Muscular strength, power, and functional testing were conducted at baseline (T1) and after 12 weeks (T2) of high-speed power training. At baseline, the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms were not associated with muscle function or muscularity phenotypes in older Caucasian women. After the 12-week high-speed training program, subjects significantly increased their muscular and functional capacity performance (p < 0.05). For both polymorphisms, significant genotype-training interaction (p < 0.05) was found in all muscular performance indices, except for 1RM leg extension in the ACE I/D (p = 0.187). Analyses of the combined effects between genotypes showed significant differences in all parameters (p < 0.05) in response to high-speed power training between the power (ACTN3 RR + RX & ACE DD) versus "non-power" muscularity-oriented genotypes (ACTN3 XX & ACE II + ID)]. Our data suggest that the ACE and ACTN3 genotypes (single or combined) exert a significant influence in the muscle phenotypes of older Caucasian women in response to high-speed power training. Thus, the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms are likely factors in modulating exercise-related phenotypes in older women, particularly in response to a resistance training stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Aldo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: António J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Mário C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D000185:Actinin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000235:genetics*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C118456:ACTN3 protein, human; D000185:Actinin; D004247:DNA; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A