title: Serum biomarkers of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage induced secondary brain injury.
abstract: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. It is now believed that much of this damage occurs in the subacute period following the initial insult via a cascade of complex pathophysiologic pathways that continues to be investigated. Increased levels of certain serum proteins have been identified as biomarkers that may reflect or directly participate in the inflammation, blood brain barrier disruption, endothelial dysfunction, and neuronal and glial toxicity that occur during this secondary period of cerebral injury. Some of these biomarkers have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets or surrogate endpoints for future research or clinical trials. Others may someday augment current clinical techniques in diagnosis, risk-stratification, prognostication, treatment decision and measurement of therapeutic efficacy. While much work remains to be done, biomarkers show significant potential to expand clinical options and improve clinical management, thereby reducing mortality and improving functional outcomes in ICH patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brunswick
authors.forename: Brian Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Appelboom
authors.forename: Richard Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: E Sander
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers