title: Hypoxia-induced alternative splicing in endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adaptation to low oxygen by changing gene expression is vitally important for cell survival and tissue development. The sprouting of new blood vessels, initiated from endothelial cells, restores the oxygen supply of ischemic tissues. In contrast to the transcriptional response induced by hypoxia, which is mainly mediated by members of the HIF family, there are only few studies investigating alternative splicing events. Therefore, we performed an exon array for the genome-wide analysis of hypoxia-related changes of alternative splicing in endothelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated under hypoxic conditions (1% O(2)) for 48 h. Genome-wide transcript and exon expression levels were assessed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST Array. We found altered expression of 294 genes after hypoxia treatment. Upregulated genes are highly enriched in glucose metabolism and angiogenesis related processes, whereas downregulated genes are mainly connected to cell cycle and DNA repair. Thus, gene expression patterns recapitulate known adaptations to low oxygen supply. Alternative splicing events, until now not related to hypoxia, are shown for nine genes: six which are implicated in angiogenesis-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling (cask, itsn1, larp6, sptan1, tpm1 and robo1); one, which is involved in the synthesis of membrane-anchors (pign) and two universal regulators of gene expression (cugbp1 and max).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, this study investigates changes in splicing in the physiological response to hypoxia on a genome-wide scale. Nine alternative splicing events, until now not related to hypoxia, are reported, considerably expanding the information on splicing changes due to low oxygen supply. Therefore, this study provides further knowledge on hypoxia induced gene expression changes and presents new starting points to study the hypoxia adaptation of endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. weigand@bio.tu-darmstadt.de
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Weigand
authors.forename: Jes-Niels
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Boeckel
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gellert
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimmeler
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D059472:Exome; D005091:Exons; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D026723:Polyadenylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results