title: Plasmodium cynomolgi genome sequences provide insight into Plasmodium vivax and the monkey malaria clade.
abstract: P. cynomolgi, a malaria-causing parasite of Asian Old World monkeys, is the sister taxon of P. vivax, the most prevalent malaria-causing species in humans outside of Africa. Because P. cynomolgi shares many phenotypic, biological and genetic characteristics with P. vivax, we generated draft genome sequences for three P. cynomolgi strains and performed genomic analysis comparing them with the P. vivax genome, as well as with the genome of a third previously sequenced simian parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi. Here, we show that genomes of the monkey malaria clade can be characterized by copy-number variants (CNVs) in multigene families involved in evasion of the human immune system and invasion of host erythrocytes. We identify genome-wide SNPs, microsatellites and CNVs in the P. cynomolgi genome, providing a map of genetic variation that can be used to map parasite traits and study parasite populations. The sequencing of the P. cynomolgi genome is a critical step in developing a model system for P. vivax research and in counteracting the neglect of P. vivax.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Malariology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hyunjae R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Naohisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arisue
authors.forename: Nirianne M Q
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Palacpac
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tougan
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katakai
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasutomi
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Rimma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shakhbatyan
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasunaga
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Barnwell
authors.forename: Ananias A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Escalante
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carlton
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D018503:Genome, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000469:parasitology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016789:Plasmodium cynomolgi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA