title: Characterization of the cortisol stress response to sedation and anesthesia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cortisol stress response to sedation and anesthesia in children is not well characterized. It is not clear whether it is necessary to give stress doses of corticosteroids to children with adrenal insufficiency undergoing sedated procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to describe the cortisol stress response to sedation and anesthesia in normal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study of 149 children ages 1 month to 17 yr who presented for routine sedated procedures. Salivary cortisol was measured at baseline, every 30 min during procedures, at completion, and at recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated relative change in salivary cortisol from baseline for level of sedation achieved and type of procedure performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 117 patients had adequate samples collected, and 110 were included in the main analysis. Twenty-five percent of patients showed an increase in salivary cortisol greater than four times baseline, consistent with a stress response. Mean salivary cortisol increased more than 3-fold from baseline (3.7±0.4, P<0.001) for all patients in the study. There was no difference for change in cortisol when comparing by level of sedation achieved or by type of procedure performed. The majority of patients with a stress response had their highest levels in the recovery phase, after their procedure was completed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sedation and anesthesia can induce a significant rise in cortisol in children. Additional studies should be performed to validate our results and to determine whether stress dosing of corticosteroids may be needed for children with adrenal insufficiency undergoing sedated procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mail Code MCHK-PE, Tripler Army Medical Center, 1 Jarrett White Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96859-5000, USA.
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Elten
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnhill
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naun
authors.forename: Anita M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ponaman
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fredericks
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Crudo
authors.forename: Jordan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pinsker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013511:Minor Surgical Procedures; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000777:Anesthetics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D006854:Hydrocortisone