title: The effects of house moves during early childhood on child mental health at age 9 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Residential mobility is common in families with young children; however, its impact on the social development of children is unclear. We examined associations between the number, timing and type of house moves in childhood and child behaviour problems using data from an ongoing longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete data on residential mobility and child behaviour was available for 403 families. Three aspects of mobility were considered: (a) number of house moves from birth to <2 years, 2 to <5 years and 5 to 9 years; (b) lifetime number of house moves; and (c) moves associated with different housing trajectories characterized by changes in housing tenure. The primary outcomes were internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems at 9 years derived from Achenbach's Child Behaviour Checklist. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate the effect of the housing variables on internalizing and externalizing behaviour problem scores with adjustment for a range of sociodemographic and household covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moving house ≥2 times before 2 years of age was associated with an increased internalizing behaviour score at age 9 years. This association remained after adjustment for sociodemographic and household factors. There was no association between increased residential mobility in other time periods and internalizing behaviour, or mobility in any period and externalizing behaviour. There was no effect of lifetime number of moves, or of an upwardly or downwardly mobile housing trajectory. However, a housing trajectory characterized by continuous rental occupancy was associated with an increased externalizing behaviour score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may suggest that there is a sensitive period, in the first few years of life, in which exposure to increased residential mobility has a detrimental effect on mental health in later childhood.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. alice.rumbold@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Alice R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rumbold
authors.forename: Lynne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Whitrow
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Vivienne M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D011157:Population Dynamics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology