title: Protocol: High-throughput and quantitative assays of auxin and auxin precursors from minute tissue samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The plant hormone auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), plays important roles in plant growth and development. The signaling response to IAA is largely dependent on the local concentration of IAA, and this concentration is regulated by multiple mechanisms in plants. Therefore, the precise quantification of local IAA concentration provides insights into the regulation of IAA and its biological roles. Meanwhile, pathways and genes involved in IAA biosynthesis are not fully understood, so it is necessary to analyze the production of IAA at the metabolite level for unbiased studies of IAA biosynthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed high-throughput methods to quantify plant endogenous IAA and its biosynthetic precursors including indole, tryptophan, indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The protocol starts with homogenizing plant tissues with stable-labeled internal standards added, followed by analyte purification using solid phase extraction (SPE) tips and analyte derivatization. The derivatized analytes are finally analyzed by selected reaction monitoring on a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) to determine the precise abundance of analytes. The amount of plant tissue required for the assay is small (typically 2-10 mg fresh weight), and the use of SPE tips is simple and convenient, which allows preparation of large sets of samples within reasonable time periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SPE tips and GC-MS/MS based method enables high-throughput and accurate quantification of IAA and its biosynthetic precursors from minute plant tissue samples. The protocol can be used for measurement of these endogenous compounds using isotope dilution, and it can also be applied to analyze IAA biosynthesis and biosynthetic pathways using stable isotope labeling. The method will potentially advance knowledge of the role and regulation of IAA.
authors.affiliation: Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Horticultural Science, and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA. liuxx539@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Adrian D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hegeman
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Jerry D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cohen