title: Bio-efficacy of selected long-lasting insecticidal nets against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles arabiensis from South-Western Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis may compromise control initiatives based on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS), and thus threaten the global malaria elimination strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated pyrethroid resistance in four populations of An. arabiensis from south-western Ethiopia and then assessed the bio-efficacy of six World Health Organization recommended long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) using these populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all four populations of An. arabiensis, bottle bioassays indicated low to moderate susceptibility to deltamethrin (mortality at 30 minutes ranged between 43 and 80%) and permethrin (mortality ranged between 16 and 76%). Pre-exposure to the synergist piperonylbutoxide (PBO) significantly increased the susceptibility of all four populations to both deltamethrin (mortality increased between 15.3 and 56.8%) and permethrin (mortality increased between 11.6 and 58.1%), indicating the possible involvement of metabolic resistance in addition to the previously identified kdr mutations. There was reduced susceptibility of all four An. arabiensis populations to the five standard LLINs tested (maximum mortality 81.1%; minimum mortality 13.9%). Bio-efficacy against the four populations varied by net type, with the largest margin of difference observed with the Jimma population (67.2% difference). Moreover, there were differences in the bio-efficacy of each individual standard LLIN against the four mosquito populations; for example there was a difference of 40% in mortality of Yorkool against two populations. Results from standard LLINs indicated reduced susceptibility to new, unused nets that was likely due to observed pyrethroid resistance. The roof of the combination LLIN performed optimally (100% mortality) against all the four populations of An. arabiensis, indicating that observed reductions in susceptibility could be ameliorated with the combination of PBO with deltamethrin, as used in PermaNet® 3.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that bio-efficacy evaluations using local mosquito populations should be conducted where possible to make evidence-based decisions on the most suitable control products, and that those combining multiple chemicals such as PBO and deltamethrin should be considered for maintaining a high level of efficacy in vector control programmes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. delenasaw.yewhwlaw@ju.edu.et
authors.forename: Delenasaw
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yewhalaw
authors.forename: Abebe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asale
authors.forename: Kora
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tushune
authors.forename: Yehenew
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Getachew
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Speybroeck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D001681:Biological Assay; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins