title: Adult fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, partial life-cycle reproductive and gonadal histopathology study with bisphenol A.
abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an intermediate used to produce epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Although BPA degrades rapidly in the environment with aquatic half-lives from 0.5 to 6 d, it can be found in aquatic systems because of widespread use. To evaluate potential effects from chronic exposure, fathead minnows were exposed for 164 d to nominal concentrations of 1, 16, 64, 160, and 640 µg/L BPA. Population-level endpoints of survival, growth, and reproduction were assessed with supplemental endpoints (e.g., vitellogenin, gonad histology), including gonad cell type assessment and quantification. No statistically significant changes in growth, gonad weight, gonadosomatic index, or reproduction variables (e.g., number of eggs and spawns, hatchability) were observed; however, there was a significant impact on male survival at 640 µg/L. Vitellogenin increased in both sexes at 64 µg/L or higher. Gonad cell type frequencies were significantly different from controls at 160 µg/L or higher in males with a slight decrease in spermatocytes compared with less mature cell types, and at 640 µg/L in females with a slight decrease in early vitellogenic cells compared with less mature cells. The decrease in spermatocytes did not correspond to a decrease in the most mature sex cell type (spermatozoa) and did not impair male fertility, as hatchability was not impacted. Overall, marginal shifts in gametogenic cell maturation were not associated with any statistically significant effects on population-relevant reproductive endpoints (growth, fecundity, and hatchability) at any concentration tested.
authors.affiliation: ER(2) for SABIC Innovative Plastics, Durham, NC, USA. emihaich@nc.rr.com
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mihaich
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: A Tilghman
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caspers
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ortego
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Staples
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimond
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hentges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000502:physiology*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; D014819:Vitellogenins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds