title: Functional progressive resistance training improves muscle strength but not walking ability in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does functional progressive resistance exercise (PRE) improve walking ability and participation in school-aged children with cerebral palsy (CP)?
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, controlled trial with concealed allocation and blinded outcome assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three special schools for children with physical disability in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory children (Gross Motor Function Classification System 1-3) with spastic unilateral or bilateral cerebral palsy aged 6-13 years. Botulinum toxin injections in the previous three months or orthopaedic surgery in the previous six months were exclusion criteria. Randomisation of 51 participants allocated 26 to the functional PRE group and 25 to a usual care group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention group participated in a 12-week functional PRE program, three times a week for 60 minutes in groups of 4 or 5. The program comprised four exercises: one using a leg press machine and three functional exercises (sit-to-stand, lateral step-up, half knee-rise) using body weight and a weighted vest to provide resistance. Participants completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions for each exercise. Intensity was increased progressively based on repeated estimation of 8 RM (repetition maximum). The control group received conventional physiotherapy 1-3 sessions a week.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcomes were walking ability (timed 10m walk, 1-minute fast walk test, timed stair test) and participation (intensity scores of 17 items of Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment questionnaire recalculated on a 0-100 scale) measured at baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks training, and 6 weeks after the intervention. Secondary outcome measures were anaerobic muscle power, muscle strength, spasticity and range of movement (ROM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  49 participants completed the study. At the end of the intervention period, there was no difference between the groups for comfortable (-0.04, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.1m/s) or fast walking speed (0.04, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.12m/s), timed stair test (0.8, 95% CI -2.6 to 4.3s) or participation (-1, 95% CI -11 to 9). Muscle strength improved significantly more in the intervention group than the control group immediately after the intervention by 1.3N/kg (95% CI 0.6 to 2.5) for total isometric muscle strength and by 14% BW (95% CI 2 to 26) for 6 RM leg press. Knee flexion range had decreased in the intervention group by 15° (95% CI -29 to -1) compared to the control group 6 weeks after training stopped. The groups did not significantly differ on anaerobic muscle power, spasticity or other ROM outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 12-week functional PRE program improved muscle strength, but did not improve functional walking activity in school-aged ambulatory children with CP.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Roslyn N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Boyd