title: Risk assessment for consumer exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) derived from polyurethane flexible foam.
abstract: Polyurethanes (PU) are polymers made from diisocyanates and polyols for a variety of consumer products. It has been suggested that PU foam may contain trace amounts of residual toluene diisocyanate (TDI) monomers and present a health risk. To address this concern, the exposure scenario and health risks posed by sleeping on a PU foam mattress were evaluated. Toxicity benchmarks for key non-cancer endpoints (i.e., irritation, sensitization, respiratory tract effects) were determined by dividing points of departure by uncertainty factors. The cancer benchmark was derived using the USEPA Benchmark Dose Software. Results of previous migration and emission data of TDI from PU foam were combined with conservative exposure factors to calculate upper-bound dermal and inhalation exposures to TDI as well as a lifetime average daily dose to TDI from dermal exposure. For each non-cancer endpoint, the toxicity benchmark was divided by the calculated exposure to determine the margin of safety (MOS), which ranged from 200 (respiratory tract) to 3×10(6) (irritation). Although available data indicate TDI is not carcinogenic, a theoretical excess cancer risk (1×10(-7)) was calculated. We conclude from this assessment that sleeping on a PU foam mattress does not pose TDI-related health risks to consumers.
authors.affiliation: The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, Midland, MI 48674, USA. smarnold@dow.com
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Athena T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Parod
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schupp
authors.forename: Ronald N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Shiotsuka
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Woolhiser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001513:Beds; D019985:Benchmarking; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012984:Software; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate