title: Practical considerations for the use of pollen δ13C value as a paleoclimate indicator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Workers have shown a correlation between temperature and the pollen δ(13)C value, and therefore suggested using pollen δ(13)C values to reconstruct paleotemperature. To evaluate the potential for pollen δ(13)C values to be used as a paleotemperature proxy, it is essential to quantify the variability in pollen δ(13)C values and to evaluate the effect of temperature on pollen δ(13)C values, in isolation, under controlled environmental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pollen was isolated from 146 Hibiscus flowers from 26 plants within a single climate environment to evaluate isotopic variability in pollen δ(13)C values. The nearest leaf (n = 82) and flower phloem (n = 30) were also sampled to measure the δ(13)C variability in carbon providing the raw material for new growth. To evaluate the correlation between temperature and pollen δ(13)C values, we isolated pollen from 89 Brassica rapa plants grown in controlled growth chambers with temperatures ranging from 17 to 32°C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range in pollen δ(13)C values collected from different flowers on the same Hibiscus plant was large (average = 1.6‰), and could be as much as 3.2‰. This amount of variability was similar to that seen between flower-adjacent leaves, and phloem extracted from styles of individual flowers. In controlled growth chamber experiments, we saw no correlation between temperature and the pollen (R(2) = 0.005) or leaf (R(2) = 0.10) δ(13)C values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We measured large variability in pollen δ(13)C values. When temperature was isolated from other environmental parameters, temperature did not correlate with the pollen δ(13)C value. These results complicate the supposed relationship between temperature and pollen δ(13)C values and caution against using nanogram isotope analytical techniques for characterizing whole-plant individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: D Caleb
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: A Hope
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jahren
mesh_terms: D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002980:Climate; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006813:Humidity; D010163:Paleontology; D052585:Phloem / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes