title: Shear strength of composite bonded to Er:YAG laser-prepared enamel: an in vitro comparative study.
abstract: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the adhesion properties between four current generations of bonding systems and enamel surface conditioned by Er:YAG laser, using an energy density comparable to the ablation threshold of enamel. By including an energy density comparable to published adhesion studies, the secondary objective is to compare the adhesion effects of these selected laser conditioning parameters on enamel with other similar published studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Buccal sides of randomly selected human molars (N=117) were prepared and divided into nine experimental groups depending on the generations of bonding system represented by the corresponding number (G4, G5, G6, G7) and the additional laser conditioning on the enamel surface represented by laser etch (LE) and laser etch with a higher pulse energy, followed by acid etch (AE), if required. The bonding resin systems and their specific requirements were applied after the enamel surfaces were laser conditioned following a specific set of laser parameters. Composite posts of 1.6 mm in diameter and approximately 6 mm in length were then restored on each of the sample surfaces. After 48 h, the composite assemblies were tested to failure under compression using a knife edge loading head at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min until the composite cylinders were separated from the surface. The data collected were then analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and SAS software program (9.1, TS1M3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was found among these groups: AE+G4/LEAE+G4, G6/LE+G6, and G7/LE+G7. Significant differences were found in the remaining groups: AE+G5/LEAE+G5, AE+G5/LEAE-H+G5, and LEAE+G5/LEAE-H+G5. The bond strength results were compared among similar published data and possible influences from different laser parameters, bonding systems, and their combined impact on the enamel surface and its adhesion properties were analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under our specific settings, additional laser conditioning after phosphoric acid etch is beneficial to one generation of bonding resin (G5). There is no significant change or detrimental effect to the other three groups (G4, G6, and G7) of bonding resins with respect to their final bond strength. The published reports of lower bond strength after additional laser conditioning may be related to thermal damage or unfavorable alteration to the enamel surface by excessive laser energy and the chemistry of bonding systems studied. These factors will affect the overall wettability and the subsequent adhesion properties of the enamel surface.
authors.affiliation: Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, frankyung@rogers.com.
authors.forename: Frank Y W
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gutknecht
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000268:Adhesiveness; D003188:Composite Resins; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000528:radiation effects; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000379:methods*; D008964:Molar, Third; D033081:Shear Strength; D013499:Surface Properties; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins