title: Akwaton, polyhexamethylene-guanidine hydrochloride-based sporicidal disinfectant: a novel tool to fight bacterial spores and nosocomial infections.
abstract: Bacterial spores are of continuing interest to the food and medical industries. In efforts to eliminate bacterial spore contamination, a number of sporicidal agents have been developed. Most of these compounds must be used carefully in very specific circumstances as they are toxic to humans. The sporicidal activity of Akwaton, a polyhexamethylene-guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH)-based disinfectant, was tested against Bacillus subtilis spores. PHMGH is a colourless, odourless, non-corrosive and non-irritating antimicrobial biocide of the guanidine family. Spores suspended in distilled water and spores placed on solid surfaces (stainless steel and glass) were used to determine the log(10) reduction after exposure to varying concentrations of Akwaton. The minimum sporostatic concentration, the minimum sporicidal concentration and the time required for sporicidal activity corresponded to 0.06% (w/v), 0.08 % (w/v) and 8.5 min, respectively. Disinfectant concentrations of 0.24 % (w/v) and 0.44 % (w/v) killed all spores suspended in distilled water within 3 min and 90 s, respectively. The sporicidal activity against suspended spores was linearly dependent with respect to the concentration of PHMGH and contact time (y(3 min) = 40x-1.6 and y(90 s) = 20x-0.8 thus y(3 min) = 2y(90 s)). Spores placed on surfaces were more resistant to the effect of the disinfectant and the positive linear correlation between the sporicidal activity and concentration was not observed. The concentration required to kill all spores placed on a surface (stainless steel or glass) corresponded to 0.52 % (w/v) for 90 s of contact and 0.36 % (w/v) for 3 min. This study demonstrated that PHMGH is an effective sporicidal disinfectant with great potential for use in hospitals, laboratories, food industries and households.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Mathias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Oulé
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Kelsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bernier
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rondeau
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Moissac
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Aurèle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boisvert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 de la Cathédrale Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Lamine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diop
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001645:Biguanides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005898:Glass; D016014:Linear Models; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001645:Biguanides; D004202:Disinfectants; D013193:Stainless Steel; C031233:polihexanide