title: FGFR1 is amplified during the progression of in situ to invasive breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene amplification is an important mechanism for activating oncogenes in malignant tumors. Although amplification of HER2, C-MYC, CCND1 and FGFR1 has been reported in breast cancers, their role in the progression of in situ to invasive breast carcinoma is unclear. To investigate this question we compared the amplification frequencies of these genes in pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), DCIS associated with invasive carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization of the selected genes on tissue microarrays composed of 179 pure DCIS and 438 invasive carcinomas. Two hundred and sixteen of the latter had DCIS components, and in those cases we compared gene amplification in the intraductal and invasive components of each carcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of amplification of FGFR1 was higher in invasive carcinomas than in the pure DCIS, but the opposite was true for HER2 amplification. These findings applied consistently to high-grade tumors, but not to low/intermediate-grade tumors. The amplification status of HER2, C-MYC, CCND1 and FGFR1 was generally similar in the matched invasive and DCIS components of the same tumors. However, FGFR1 amplification was more common in the invasive components than in the DCIS components. In survival analyses, FGFR1 amplification was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poor disease-free survival for all patients with invasive carcinoma and for the hormone receptor-positive subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amplification of HER2, C-MYC and CCND1 seems to play a role in the early development of breast cancer, but not in its progression. However, the increased frequency of FGFR1 amplification in invasive carcinomas compared with pure DCIS and in the invasive components of individual tumors, and its association with decreased disease-free survival, suggests a role for FGFR1 amplification in the progression of breast cancer including in situ-to-invasive transition, as well as initiation.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Eun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yoomi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Sung-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: So
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1