title: Hermann Schloffer and the origin of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.
abstract: A little over a century ago, in 1907, at the University of Innsbruck, Hermann Schloffer performed the first transsphenoidal surgery on a living patient harboring a pituitary adenoma. Schloffer used a superior nasal route via a transfacial lateral rhinotomy incision. This was perhaps his greatest academic contribution to neurosurgery. Despite the technological limitations of that time, Schloffer's operation was groundbreaking in that it laid the foundation for future development and refinement of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, influencing prominent surgeons such as Oskar Hirsch and Harvey Cushing. Even after undergoing multiple modifications and a brief fall into obscurity, the transsphenoidal approach has endured through generations of surgeons and remains the preferred approach for lesions of the sella turcica to this day. Although Schloffer performed primarily abdominal surgery in his practice, his contributions to the transsphenoidal approach have had a lasting impact in the field of pituitary and skull base surgery. The authors review the life and career of Hermann Schloffer, the surgical details of his transsphenoidal operation, and the legacy that it has left on the field of pituitary surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Osamah J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.forename: Ramya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takkellapati
authors.forename: Jean Anderson
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eloy
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Couldwell
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000601:surgery*