title: A low-cost microfluidic chip for rapid genotyping of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vector control is one of the most effective measures to prevent the transmission of malaria, a disease that causes over 600,000 deaths annually. Around 30-40 Anopheles mosquito species are natural vectors of malaria parasites. Some of these species cannot be morphologically distinguished, but have behavioral and ecological differences. Emblematic of this is the Anopheles gambiae species complex. The correct identification of vector species is fundamental to the development of control strategies and epidemiological studies of disease transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An inexpensive, disposable, field-deployable, sample-to-answer, microfluidic chip was designed, constructed, and tested for rapid molecular identification of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. The chip contains three isothermal amplification reactors. One test reactor operates with specific primers to amplify Anopheles gambiae DNA, another with specific primers for Anopheles arabiensis DNA, and the third serves as a negative control. A mosquito leg was crushed on an isolation membrane. Two discs, laden with mosquito tissue, were punched out of the membrane and inserted into the two test chambers. The isolated, disc-bound DNA served as a template in the amplification processes. The amplification products were detected with intercalating fluorescent dye that was excited with a blue light-emitting diode. The emitted light was observed by eye and recorded with a cell-phone camera. When the target consisted of Anopheles gambiae, the reactor containing primers specific to An. gambiae lit up while the other two reactors remained dark. When the target consisted of Anopheles arabiensis, the reactor containing primers specific to An. arabiensis lit up while the other two reactors remained dark.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microfluidic chip provides a means to identify mosquito type through molecular analysis. It is suitable for field work, allowing one to track the geographical distribution of mosquito populations and community structure alterations due to environmental changes and malaria intervention measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Changchun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mauk
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonizzoni
authors.forename: Guiyun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Haim H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics*; D003199:Computer Systems; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005453:Fluorescence; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA