title: Virus-induced gene-silencing in wheat spikes and grains and its application in functional analysis of HMW-GS-encoding genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-based vector has been developed and used for gene silencing in barley and wheat seedlings to assess gene functions in pathogen- or insect-resistance, but conditions for gene silencing in spikes and grains have not been evaluated. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using BSMV for gene silencing in wheat spikes or grains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apparent photobleaching on the spikes infected with BSMV:PDS at heading stage was observed after 13 days post inoculation (dpi), and persisted until 30 dpi, while the spikes inoculated with BSMV:00 remained green during the same period. Grains of BSMV:PDS infected spikes also exhibited photobleaching. Molecular analysis indicated that photobleached spikes or grains resulted from the reduction of endogenous PDS transcript abundances, suggesting that BSMV:PDS was able to induce PDS silencing in wheat spikes and grains. Inoculation onto wheat spikes from heading to flowering stage was optimal for efficient silencing of PDS in wheat spikes. Furthermore, we used the BSMV-based system to reduce the transcript level of 1Bx14, a gene encoding for High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit 1Bx14 (HMW-GS 1Bx14), by 97 % in the grains of the BSMV:1Bx14 infected spikes at 15 dpi, compared with that in BSMV:00 infected spikes, and the reduction persisted until at least 25 dpi. The amount of the HMW-GS 1Bx14 was also detectably decreased. The percentage of glutenin macropolymeric proteins in total proteins was significantly reduced in the grains of 1Bx14-silenced plants as compared with that in the grains of BSMV:00 infected control plants, indicating that HMW-GS 1Bx14 is one of major components participating in the formation of glutenin macropolymers in wheat grains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the first reports of successful application of BSMV-based virus-induced-gene-silencing (VIGS) for gene knockdown in wheat spikes and grains and its application in functional analysis of the 1Bx14 gene. The established BSMV-VIGS system will be very useful in future research on functional analysis of genes contributing to grain quality and the metabolic networks in developing seeds of wheat.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mingshun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Huixian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000235:genetics; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D005983:Glutens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009029:Mosaic Viruses / Q000235:genetics; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics*; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018749:RNA, Plant; D012367:RNA, Viral; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins; D002734:Chlorophyll; D005983:Glutens; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C022398:phytoene dehydrogenase; C037302:glutenin