title: Clinical implications and validity of nursing assessments: a longitudinal measure of patient condition from analysis of the Electronic Medical Record.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates risk of mortality associated with nurses' assessments of patients by physiological system. We hypothesise that nursing assessments of in-patients performed at entry correlate with in-hospital mortality, and those performed just before discharge correlate with postdischarge mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study of in-hospital and postdischarge mortality of patients over two 1-year periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 805-bed community hospital in Sarasota, Florida, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 302 inpatients admitted for any reason, excluding obstetrics, paediatric and psychiatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortalities and mortality OR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients whose entry nursing assessments, other than pain, did not meet minimum standards had significantly higher in-hospital mortality than patients meeting minimums; and final nursing assessments before discharge had large OR for postdischarge mortality. In-hospital mortality OR were found to be: food, 7.0; neurological, 9.4; musculoskeletal, 6.9; safety, 5.6; psychosocial, 6.7; respiratory, 8.1; skin, 5.2; genitourinary, 3.0; gastrointestinal, 2.3; peripheral-vascular, 3.9; cardiac, 2.8; and pain, 1.1. CI at 95% are within ±20% of these values, with p<0.001 (except for pain). Similar results applied to postdischarge mortality. All results were comparable across the two 1-year periods, with 0.85 intraclass correlation coefficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing assessments are strongly correlated with in-hospital and postdischarge mortality. No multivariate analysis has yet been performed, and will be the subject of a future study, thus there may be confounding factors. Nonetheless, we conclude that these assessments are clinically meaningful and valid. Nursing assessment data, which are currently unused, may allow physicians to improve patient care. The mortality OR and the dynamic nature of nursing assessments suggest that nursing assessments are sensitive indicators of a patient's condition. While these conclusions must remain qualified, pending future multivariate analyses, nursing assessment data ought to be incorporated in risk-related health research, and changes in record-keeping software are needed to make this information more accessible.
authors.affiliation: Rothman Healthcare Corp., Sarasota, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Solinger
authors.forename: Steven I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: G Duncan
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Finlay