title: Genetic diversity and primary resistance among HIV-1-positive patients from Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
abstract: The objective of this study is to identify subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to analyze the presence of mutations associated to antiretroviral resistance in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions from 48 HIV-1 positive treatment naïve patients from an outpatient clinic in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Sequencing was conducted using PR, partial RT and group-specific antigen gene (gag) nested PCR products from retrotranscribed RNA. Transmitted resistance was determined according to the Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutation List (SDRM) algorithm. Phylogenetic and SimPlot analysis of concatenated genetic segments classified sequences as subtype B 19/48 (39.6%), subtype C 12/48 (25%), subtype F 4/48 (8.3%), with 13/48 (27.1%) recombinant forms. Most recombinant forms were B mosaics (B/F 12.5%, B/C 10.4%), with one C/F (2.1%) and one complex B/C/F mosaic (2.1%). Low levels of transmitted resistance were found in this study, 2/48 (2.1% to NRTIs and 2.1% for PI). This preliminary data may subsidize the monitoring of the HIV evolution in the region.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Retrovírus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karine Vieira
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Gaspareto
authors.forename: Flávia Myrian Martins de Almeida
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: José Ricardo Colleti
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Vera Alice Fernandes
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Meneguetti
authors.forename: Marta Evelyn Giansante
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Storti
authors.forename: João Leandro de Paula
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: André Minhoto
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lança
authors.forename: Rosângela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Luis Fernando de Macedo
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Brígido
authors.forename: Jorge Juarez Vieira
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Dennis Armando
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bertolini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease