title: Has highly active antiretroviral therapy increased the time to seroreversion in HIV exposed but uninfected children?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnancy in the United States, the time of seroreversion in infants born to HIV-infected mothers has not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the timing of clearance of HIV antibodies and to identify any associated biological and clinical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of infants who remained uninfected after perinatal HIV exposure was performed. Infant and maternal medical records from January 2000 to December 2007 were reviewed and the time of seroreversion was estimated using methods for censored survival data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 744 infants were included in the study, with prenatal data available for 551 mothers. The median age of seroreversion was 13.9 months, and 14% of infants remained seropositive after 18 months, 4.3% after 21 months, and 1.2% after 24 months. Earlier age of seroreversion was associated with higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels at 3-7 months of age (P = .0029) and a higher rate of IgG change over the next 6 months of life (P = .003). Infants born by vaginal delivery were more likely to serorevert at a younger age (P = .0052), and maternal exposure to protease inhibitors was associated with a later age of seroreversion (P = .026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clearance of HIV antibodies in uninfected infants was found to occur at a later age than has been previously reported. Fourteen percent of the infants had persistence of HIV antibodies at or beyond 18 months of age.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, USA. Mavel_Gutierrez-Jaramillo@bshsi.org
authors.forename: Mavel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Safia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Aida A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chaparro
authors.forename: Delia M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Gwendolyn B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015483:HIV Antibodies