title: Addressing disparities in maternal health care in Pakistan: gender, class and exclusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After more than two decades of the Safe Motherhood Initiative and Millennium Development Goals aimed at reducing maternal mortality, women continue to die in childbirth at unacceptably high rates in Pakistan. While an extensive literature describes various programmatic strategies, it neglects the rigorous analysis of the reasons these strategies have been unsuccessful, especially for women living at the economic and social margins of society. A critical gap in current knowledge is a detailed understanding of the root causes of disparities in maternal health care, and in particular, how gender and class influence policy formulation and the design and delivery of maternal health care services. Taking Pakistan as a case study, this research builds upon two distinct yet interlinked conceptual approaches to understanding the phenomenon of inequity in access to maternal health care: social exclusion and health systems as social institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This four year project consists of two interrelated modules that focus on two distinct groups of participants: (1) poor, disadvantaged women and men and (2) policy makers, program managers and health service providers. Module one will employ critical ethnography to understand the key axes of social exclusion as related to gender, class and zaat and how they affect women's experiences of using maternal health care. Through health care setting observations, interviews and document review, Module two will assess policy design and delivery of maternal health services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research will provide theoretical advances to enhance understanding of the power dynamics of gender and class that may underlie poor women's marginalization from health care systems in Pakistan. It will also provide empirical evidence to support formulation of maternal health care policies and health care system practices aimed at reducing disparities in maternal health care in Pakistan. Lastly, it will enhance inter-disciplinary research capacity in the emerging field of social exclusion and maternal health and help reduce social inequities and achieve the Millennium Development Goal No. 5.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, AB, Canada. zubia.mumtaz@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Zubia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mumtaz
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salway
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shanner
authors.forename: Shakila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.forename: Lory
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D010154:Pakistan; D011247:Pregnancy; D012923:Social Class; D012945:Social Values