title: Functional bladder problems in children: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
abstract: Functional lower urinary tract problems, bladder and bowel problems, or dysfunctional elimination syndrome are all terms that describe the common array of symptoms that include overactive bladder syndrome, voiding postponement, stress incontinence, giggle incontinence, and dysfunctional voiding in children. This article discusses the nomenclature and looks at the pathophysiology of functional bladder disorders from a different perspective than has been the norm in the past. Some standard medical treatments as well as some newer forms of treatment are outlined. Treatment algorithms for urinary frequency and urinary incontinence have been created to help the practitioner manage the patient.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Associates, New York Medical College, Tarrytown, Valhalla, NY 10591, USA. Franco.PUA@gmail.com
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics