title: Stigmatic fluid aids self-pollination in Roscoea debilis (Zingiberaceae): a new delayed selfing mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delayed selfing is the predominant mode of autonomous self-pollination in flowering plants. However, few delayed selfing mechanisms have been documented. This research aims to explore a new delayed selfing mechanism induced by stigmatic fluid in Roscoea debilis, a small perennial ginger.
  
  
  METHODS
  Floral biology and flower visitors were surveyed. The capacity of autonomous selfing was evaluated by pollinator exclusion. The timing of autonomous selﬁng was estimated by emasculation at different flowering stages. The number of seeds produced from insect-pollination was assessed by emasculation and exposure to pollinators in the natural population. The breeding system was also tested by pollination manipulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autonomous self-pollination occurred after flowers wilted. The stigmatic fluid formed a globule on the stigma on the third day of flowering. The enlarged globule seeped into the nearby pollen grains on the fourth flowering day, thus inducing pollen germination. Pollen tubes then elongated and penetrated the stigma. Hand-selfed flowers produced as many seeds as hand-crossed flowers. There was no significant difference in seed production between pollinator-excluded flowers and hand-selfed flowers. When emasculated flowers were exposed to pollinators, they produced significantly fewer seeds than intact flowers. Visits by effective pollinators were rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes a new form of delayed autonomous self-pollination. As the predominant mechanism of sexual reproduction in R. debilis, delayed self-pollination ensures reproduction when pollinators are scarce.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Qing-Jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology; D057945:Self-Fertilization; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water