title: Association of HIV infection with incident diabetes mellitus: impact of using hemoglobin A1C as a criterion for diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data regarding the association between HIV and diabetes mellitus (DM) are conflicting, with little known regarding the impact of including hemoglobin A1C (A1C) as a criterion for DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled logistic regression was used to quantify the association between HIV and DM in 1501 HIV-infected and 550 HIV-uninfected participants from the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Incident DM was defined using the following 3 criteria, definition I: fasting glucose (FG) ≥126 mg/dL, anti-DM medication or reporting DM diagnosis (with confirmation by FG ≥126 mg/dL or anti-DM medication); definition II: confirmation with a second FG ≥126 mg/dL, and definition III: addition of A1C ≥6.5% confirmed by FG ≥126 mg/dL or anti-DM medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DM incidence per 100 person-years was 2.44, 1.55, and 1.70 for HIV-infected women; 1.89, 0.85, and 1.13 for HIV-uninfected women, using definition I, II, and III, respectively. After adjustment for traditional DM risk factors, HIV infection was associated with 1.23-, 1.90-, and 1.38-fold higher risk of incident DM, respectively; the association reached statistical significance only when confirmation with a second FG ≥126 mg/dL was required. Older age, obesity, and a family history of DM were each consistently and strongly associated with increased DM risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection is consistently associated with greater risk of DM. Inclusion of an elevated A1C to define DM increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and only slightly attenuates the magnitude of the association otherwise observed between HIV and DM. By contrast, a DM diagnosis made without any confirmatory criteria for FG ≥126 mg/dL overestimates the incidence, while also underestimating the effects of HIV on DM risk, and should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. ptien@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Roksana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Mardge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Marshall J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Glesby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human