title: Induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses by dengue virus type 1 virus-like particles prepared from Pichia pastoris.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue is currently a significant global health problem but no vaccines are available against the four dengue serotypes virus infections. The development of safe and effective vaccines has been hampered by the requirement of conferring complete protection against all four dengue serotypes and the lack of a convenient animal model. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as a promising subunit vaccine candidate. One strategy of vaccine development is to produce a tetravalent dengue subunit vaccine by mixing recombinant VLPs, corresponding to all four dengue virus serotypes. Towards this end, this study aimed to establish a Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) expression system for production of dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) VLPs and evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response of this particle in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recombinant yeast P. pastoris clone containing prM and E genes of DENV-1 was constructed and DENV-1 VLPs expressed by this clone were analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscope. Groups of mice were immunized by these particles plus adjuvant formulations, then mice were tested by ELISA and neutralization assay for humoral immune response, and by lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production assays for a cellular immune response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data demonstrated that recombinant DENV-1 VLPs consisting of prM and E protein were successfully expressed in the yeast P. pastoris. Sera of VLPs immunized mice were shown to contain a high-titer of antibodies and the neutralization assay suggested that those antibodies neutralized virus infection in vitro. Data from the T lymphocyte proliferation assay showed proliferation of T cell, and ELISA found elevated secretion levels of interferon IFN-γ and IL-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. pastoris-expressed DENV-1 VLPs can induce virus neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses in immunized mice. Using P. pastoris to produce VLPs offers a promising and economic strategy for dengue virus vaccine development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Xia
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Li-Fang
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jun-Mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Xiao-Meng
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wen-Quan
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dan-Yun
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000276:immunology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010843:Pichia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral