title: Occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and risks of glioma and meningioma in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chlorinated solvents are classified as probable or possible carcinogens. It is unknown whether exposure to these agents increases the risk of malignant or benign brain tumours. Our objective was to evaluate associations of brain tumour risk with occupational exposure to six chlorinated solvents (i.e., dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene).
  
  
  METHODS
  489 glioma cases, 197 meningioma cases and 799 controls were enrolled in a hospital-based case-control study conducted at three U.S.A. hospitals in Arizona, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Information about occupational history was obtained through a detailed inperson interview that included job-specific modules of questions such that the interview was tailored to each individual's particular work history. An industrial hygienist assessed potential solvent exposure based on this information and an exhaustive review of the relevant industrial hygiene literature. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate OR and 95% CI for each solvent for ever/never, duration, cumulative, average weekly and highest exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, we found no consistent evidence of an increased risk of glioma or meningioma related to occupational exposure to the six chlorinated solvents evaluated. There was some suggestion of an association between carbon tetrachloride and glioma in analyses restricted to exposed subjects, with average weekly exposure above the median associated with increased risk compared with below the median exposure (OR = 7.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 45.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no consistent evidence for increased brain tumour risk related to chlorinated solvents.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, EPS, Room 7092, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20852-7244, USA. netagil@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Gila
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neta
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Preetha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajaraman
authors.forename: Misty J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Purdue
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Samanic
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Coble
authors.forename: Martha S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Linet
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Inskip
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001130:Arizona; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D002273:Carcinogens; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008579:Meningioma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012307:Risk Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D012997:Solvents; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride