title: Sleep and antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental evidence links poor sleep with susceptibility to infectious illness; however, it remains to be determined if naturally occurring sleep is associated with immune responses known to play a role in protection against infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep quality, assessed in the natural environment, predict magnitude of antibody responses to a novel antigen among community volunteers in midlife.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healthy midlife adults (n = 125; 70 female; age 40-60 yr) received the standard 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination series. Actigraphy and electronic sleep diaries were used to assess sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and subjective sleep quality. Viral-specific antibody titers were obtained prior to the 2nd and 3rd vaccination to assess primary and secondary antibody responses. Clinical protection status (anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin G ≥ 10 mIU/ml) was assessed 6 mo after the final immunization. Regression analyses revealed that shorter actigraphy-based sleep duration was associated with a lower secondary antibody response independent of age, sex, body mass index, and response to the initial immunization. Shorter sleep duration, measured by actigraphy and sleep diary, also predicted a decreased likelihood of being clinically protected from hepatitis B at the conclusion of the vaccination series. Neither sleep efficiency nor subjective sleep quality were significant predictors of antibody response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short sleep duration in the natural environment may negatively affect in vivo antibody responses to novel antigens, providing a possible explanation for observed associations of poor sleep with increased susceptibility to infectious disease.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. prathera@chc.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Aric A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Prather
authors.forename: Martica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fury
authors.forename: Diana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Muldoon
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Marsland
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines