title: Assessing the influence of lower facial profile convexity on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician, and layperson.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was a quantitative evaluation of how the severity of lower facial profile convexity influences perceived attractiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The lower facial profile of an idealized image was altered incrementally between 14° to -16°. Images were rated on a Likert scale by orthognathic patients, laypeople, and clinicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attractiveness ratings were greater for straight profiles in relation to convex/concave, with no significant difference between convex and concave profiles. Ratings decreased by 0.23 of a level for every degree increase in the convexity angle. Class II/III patients gave significantly reduced ratings of attractiveness and had greater desire for surgery than class I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A straight profile is perceived as most attractive and greater degrees of convexity or concavity deemed progressively less attractive, but a range of 10° to -12° may be deemed acceptable; beyond these values surgical correction is desired. Patients are most critical, and clinicians are more critical than laypeople.
authors.affiliation: St. George's Hospitals and Medical School, London, United Kingdom. farhad.naini@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Farhad B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Naini
authors.forename: Ana Nora A
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Martyn T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cobourne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001504:Beauty; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000523:psychology*; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000523:psychology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000523:psychology; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009970:Orthodontics; D044469:Racial Groups; D012737:Sex Factors; D013515:Surgery, Oral; D055815:Young Adult