title: Physiological responses of astronaut candidates to simulated +Gx orbital emergency re-entry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated astronaut candidates' physiological and pathological responses to +Gx exposure during simulated emergency return from a running orbit to advance astronaut +Gx tolerance training and medical support in manned spaceflight.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 13 male astronaut candidates who were exposed to a simulated high +Gx acceleration profile in a spacecraft during an emergency return lasting for 230 s. The peak value was 8.5 G. Subjective feelings and symptoms, cardiovascular and respiratory responses, and changes in urine component before, during, and after +Gx exposure were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under high +Gx exposure, 15.4% of subjects exhibited arrhythmia. Heart rate (HR) increased significantly and four different types of HR response curves were distinguished. The ratio of QT to RR interval on the electrocardiograms was significantly increased. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) declined with increasing G value and then returned gradually. SaO2 reached a minimum (87.7%) at 3 G during the decline phase of the +Gx curve. Respiratory rate increased significantly with increasing G value, while the amplitude and area of the respiratory waves were significantly reduced. The overshoot appeared immediately after +Gx exposure. A few subjects suffered from slight injuries, including positive urine protein (1/13), positive urinary occult blood (1/13), and a large area of petechiae on the back (1/13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Astronaut candidates have relatively good tolerance to the +Gx profile during a simulation of spacecraft emergent ballistic re-entry. However, a few subjects exhibited adverse physiological responses and slight reversible pathological injuries.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Haidian District, Beijing, China. wubinacc@sina.com
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yueying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaolu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jing
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D018480:Astronauts; D004630:Emergencies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity; D008297:Male; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D013026:Space Flight