title: Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of pancreatic cancer in a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies.
abstract: Fruit and vegetable intake may protect against pancreatic cancer, since fruits and vegetables are rich in potentially cancer-preventive nutrients. Most case-control studies have found inverse associations between fruit and vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk, although bias due to reporting error cannot be ruled out. In most prospective studies, inverse associations have been weaker and imprecise because of small numbers of cases. The authors examined fruit and vegetable intake in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 14 prospective studies from North America, Europe, and Australia (study periods between 1980 and 2005). Relative risks and 2-sided 95% confidence intervals were estimated separately for the 14 studies using the Cox proportional hazards model and were then pooled using a random-effects model. Of 862,584 men and women followed for 7-20 years, 2,212 developed pancreatic cancer. The pooled multivariate relative risks of pancreatic cancer per 100-g/day increase in intake were 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99, 1.03) for total fruits and vegetables, 1.01 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.03) for total fruits, and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.06) for total vegetables. Associations were similar for men and women separately and across studies. These results suggest that fruit and vegetable intake during adulthood is not associated with a reduced pancreatic cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. anita.koushik@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koushik
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bergkvist
authors.forename: Dallas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Jo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Jeanine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Genkinger
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: R Alexandra
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Goldbohm
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Millen
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robien
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.forename: Rachael Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Regina G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith-Warner
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D014675:Vegetables