title: Alternative markers of hyperglycemia and risk of diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) are of interest for monitoring short-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes; however, their associations with diabetes risk are uncharacterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the associations of fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG with incident diabetes in 1,299 participants, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (2005-2006), who had no history of diagnosed diabetes at baseline. Incident diabetes was self-reported during annual telephone calls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 119 new cases of diabetes during a median follow-up of 3.3 years. When compared with the lowest quartile, the fourth quartiles of fructosamine and glycated albumin were significantly associated with diabetes risk (hazard ratio [HR] 3.99 [95% CI 1.93-8.28] and 5.22 [2.49-10.94], respectively). The fourth quartile of 1,5-AG was associated with a significantly lower diabetes risk (0.27 [0.14-0.55]). Associations were attenuated but still significant after adjustment for hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) or fasting glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG were associated with the subsequent development of diabetes independently of baseline A1C and fasting glucose. Our results suggest these alternative biomarkers may be useful in identifying persons at risk for diabetes.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Juraschek
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Steffes
authors.forename: Edgar R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selvin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin; C006584:1,5-anhydroglucitol