title: Accommodating adolescent sleep-wake patterns: the effects of shifting the timing of sleep on training effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of accommodating adolescent sleep-wake patterns by altering the timing of the major sleep period of US Army recruits.
  
  
  METHODS
  The quasi-experimental study compared recruits assigned to one of two training companies: one with a customary sleep regimen (20:30 to 04:30) while the other employed a phase-delayed sleep regimen (23:00 to 07:00), the latter aligning better with biologically driven sleep-wake patterns of adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted during Basic Combat Training (BCT) at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. TRAINEES: The study included 392 trainees: 209 received the intervention, while 183 composed the Comparison group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic and psychophysiological measures were collected on all trainees. Weekly assessments of subjective fatigue and mood, periodic physical fitness, marksmanship scores, and attrition rates from BCT were studied. Actigraphy was collected on approximately 24% of trainees. Based on actigraphy, trainees on the phase-delayed sleep schedule obtained 31 m more sleep/night than trainees on the customary sleep schedule. The Intervention group reported less total mood disturbance relative to baseline. Improvements in marksmanship correlated positively with average nightly sleep during the preceding week when basic marksmanship skills were taught. No differences were seen in physical fitness or attrition rates. In contrast to the Intervention group, the Comparison group was 2.3 times more likely to experience occupationally significant fatigue and 5.5 times more likely to report poor sleep quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accommodating adolescent sleep patterns significantly improves mental health and performance in the training environment.
authors.affiliation: Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. nlmiller@nps.edu
authors.forename: Nita Lewis
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tvaryanas
authors.forename: Lawrence G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Shattuck
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D003710:Demography; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*