title: Instrumented measurement of balance and postural control in individuals with lower limb amputation:  a critical review.
abstract: Measurement of balance and postural performance that underpins activities of daily living is important in the rehabilitation of individuals with a lower limb amputation (LLA), and there are a number of methods and strategies available for this purpose. To provide an evidence-based choice of approach, this review aims to critically review the tasks and outcome measures utilized in studies investigating static and dynamic balance using instrumented measurement devices in individuals with a LLA. A systematic search was conducted on multiple databases using keyword or subject headings appropriate to the respective database. Articles investigating static or dynamic balance in adults with LLA by means of instrumented measures were considered for the review. A total of 21 articles were included in the review. The static balance ability of individuals with an LLA has been investigated thoroughly, but their dynamic balance attributes remain relatively unexplored. Although the individual studies do provide valuable information on balance ability in the LLA, the heterogeneity in study designs and measures did not allow an overall analysis of the tasks and the outcome measures used. On the basis of these findings, this review provides an insight into the measurement of balance in amputees to inform novice researchers and clinicians working with individuals with an LLA.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physiotherapy Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Prasath
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayakaran
authors.forename: Gillian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S John
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nitz
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery; D004856:Postural Balance; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis