title: Effect of wheat processing on rumen characteristics and rumen parameters in Holstein-Friesian calves.
abstract: In this experiment, effect of wheat processing on rumen conditions and development were investigated. Fifty-six neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves (22 male and 34 female) were fed calf starters and post-weaning diets containing 35 (pre-weaning) and 21.90% (post-weaning) popped wheat (PW), steam-flaked wheat (SFW), dry-rolled wheat (DRW) or ground wheat (GW) till 12 weeks of age. Calves were weaned at the end of 9th week, and a post-weaning-specific starter diets were fed for 1 month. Rumen liquor was analysed in days 30, 60 and 90 of the experiment to determine volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. Twelve male calves (three calves/treatment) were slaughtered, and digestive tract was emptied. Forestomach empty weight and rumen parameters were assessed. Results indicated that calves received PW had the highest total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, ammonia nitrogen, rumen wall thickness, papilla width and density. Calves fed DRW experienced the lowest rumen pH throughout the experiment probably because high proportion of fine particles in GW. Calves consuming PW apparently had more functional rumen in comparison with other groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mirghaffari
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karkoodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirza-Aghazadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maheri-Sis
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D012417:Rumen / Q000502:physiology*; D014908:Triticum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds