title: Nicotine dependence and illness severity in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reasons for the increased prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia are unclear. Studies assessing clinical symptoms have sampled heterogeneous populations, with discrepant findings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between clinical features, social adjustment and nicotine dependence in a geographically defined population of people with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional clinical study of 131 people with schizophrenia in Nithsdale, Scotland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers were younger, mostly males and three times more likely to be unemployed. Those with severe nicotine dependence had greater scores on the positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and were prescribed higher doses of antipsychotic. Those with mild-moderate dependence had greater scores on the PANSS negative subscale. Greater symptom severity was associated with poorer social adjustment. Psychopathology and social adjustment were similar in quitters and never-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate an association between nicotine dependence, clinical symptoms and social adjustment in schizophrenia. Although causal links cannot be inferred, identifying the relationship between nicotine dependence and psychopathology may have some value in the management of smoking in schizophrenia. Further longitudinal studies are required to explore this relationship.
authors.affiliation: Sackler Institute of Psychobiological Research, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK. Rajeev.Krishnadas@glasgow.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krishnadas
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jauhar
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Telfer
authors.forename: Somashekara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shivashankar
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: McCreadie
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*