title: Ankle injuries in the growing skeleton. A review of the recent literature.
abstract: Ankle injuries arise with significant frequency in the pediatric population, although diagnosis is rarely straightforward. Contact sports, such as football are widely practiced in Saudi athletes, little is carried out to educate them of measures regarding playing conditions and prophylactic steps like foot wear, warming up, and similarly. The usual potential complications associated with trauma to mature skeleton, as well as immature selection includes post-traumatic arthritis, stiffness, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, as well as those seen with physeal damage including leg length discrepancy, angular deformities, or a combination. Knowledge of these injuries, as well as the differences between children and adult skeleton is essential for proper and effective management of these common injuries. This article is a review of anatomy, physiology of physis, diagnostic modalities,   prognosis, treatment methods and analyzing,  and highlighting data from the published literature regarding ankle injuries in growing skeleton, which is crucial to manage these injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mzamzami@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marwan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zamzami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016512:Ankle Injuries; D000843:Ankle Joint; D001265:Athletic Injuries; D001846:Bone Development; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy