title: Molecular diagnostic tools for the detection of nodal micrometastases in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy with extended pelvic lymph node dissection: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Routine pathological examination can miss micro-metastatic tumor foci in the lymph nodes (LN) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) that undergo radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the impact of micrometastases assessed by serial section (SS), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy with extended PLND.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy with extended PLND (obturator, internal/external and distal 2 cm common iliac lymph-nodes (LN)) for intermediate (clinical T1c-T2 and PSA:10-20 ng/mL and clinical Gleason Score = 7) or high (clinical stage T3 or PSA>20 or clinical Gleason Score = 8-10) PCa were enrolled. The nodes were processed by the one uropathologist, both according to the routine pathological examination (analysis of the central section for 4 mm nodes or every 2 mm for LN>4 mm), which served as comparative method, both according to SS, IHC with antibodies against PSA and broad-spectrum Cytokeratins (BSCK), and quantitative RT-PCR targeting PSA, PSMA (PS Membrane Antigen), and Glucuronidase-S-Beta (GUSB) mRNA, that are over-expressed in prostatic cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 628 LN were analyzed, with a mean number of LN removed of 19.6 (SD = 7.2). Applying the routine pathological examination, 10 (31.2%) patients and 23 (3.9%) LN resulted positive for nodal involvement, with mean positive LN of 2.2 (SD = 1.4). After applying the SS and the molecular method of analysis (IHC and RT-PCR), micrometastases were found in 7 LN (SS showed micrometastases in 3 of them, IHC in 6 of them and RT-PCR in 7 of them); a total of 3 (9.3%) node-negative patients showed micrometastases at routine pathological examination (in 2 patients with RT-PCR and in 1 with IHC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of micrometastases in PCa and the potential therapeutic role of PLND is not yet clarified, but the molecular analysis of the LN can detect a significant percentage of patients who harbor micro-metastatic PCa missed at routine pathological examination, and can enhance the accuracy of lymphadenectomy as a staging method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna - Italy. vagno07@libero.it
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vagnoni
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiavina
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borghesi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Passaretti
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dababneh
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Concetti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martorana
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D061206:Neoplasm Micrometastasis; D057089:Pathology, Molecular; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms