title: Impact of physical and relational peer victimization on depressive cognitions in children and adolescents.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to find longitudinal evidence of the effect of targeted peer victimization (TPV) on depressive cognitions as a function of victimization type and gender. Prospective relations of physical and relational peer victimization to positive and negative self-cognitions were examined in a 1-year, 2-wave longitudinal study. Self-reports of cognitions and both peer nomination and self-report measures of peer victimization experiences were obtained from 478 predominantly Caucasian children and young adolescents (Grades 3-6 at the beginning of the study) evenly split between genders. As a result, (a) peer victimization predicted increases in negative cognitions and decreases in positive cognitions over time; (b) relational victimization was more consistently related to changes in depressive cognitions than was physical victimization; (c) the prospective relation between victimization and depressive cognitions was stronger for boys than for girls; and (d) when the overlap between relational and physical TPV was statistically controlled, girls experienced more relational TPV than did boys, and boys experienced more physical TPV than did girls. Peer victimization, particularly relational TPV, has a significant impact on children's depressive cognitions. This relation seems particularly true for boys. Implications for future research, clinical work with victimized youth at risk for depression, and school policy to help both victims and bullies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203-5721, USA.
authors.forename: Keneisha R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dukewich
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Weitlauf
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tilghman-Osborne
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013850:Thinking