title: Real-time targeted molecular imaging using singular value spectra properties to isolate the adherent microbubble signal.
abstract: Ultrasound-based real-time molecular imaging in large blood vessels holds promise for early detection and diagnosis of various important and significant diseases, such as stroke, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Central to the success of this imaging technique is the isolation of ligand-receptor bound adherent microbubbles from free microbubbles and tissue structures. In this paper, we present a new approach, termed singular spectrum-based targeted molecular (SiSTM) imaging, which separates signal components using singular value spectra content over local regions of complex echo data. Simulations were performed to illustrate the effects of acoustic target motion and harmonic energy on SiSTM imaging-derived measurements of statistical dimensionality. In vitro flow phantom experiments were performed under physiologically realistic conditions (2.7 cm s⁻¹ flow velocity and 4 mm diameter) with targeted and non-targeted phantom channels. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the relative motion and harmonic characteristics of adherent microbubbles (i.e. low motion and large harmonics) yields echo data with a dimensionality that is distinct from free microbubbles (i.e. large motion and large harmonics) and tissue (i.e. low motion and low harmonics). Experimental SiSTM images produced the expected trend of a greater adherent microbubble signal in targeted versus non-targeted microbubble experiments (P < 0.05, n = 4). The location of adherent microbubbles was qualitatively confirmed via optical imaging of the fluorescent DiI signal along the phantom channel walls after SiSTM imaging. In comparison with two frequency-based real-time molecular imaging strategies, SiSTM imaging provided significantly higher image contrast (P < 0.001, n = 4) and a larger area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (P < 0.05, n = 4).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, MR5 415 Lane Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: F William
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mauldin
authors.forename: Ali H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Dhanaliwala
authors.forename: Abhay V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hossack
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D001808:Blood Vessels; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013997:Time Factors