title: Social and gender determinants of risk of cryptosporidiosis, an emerging zoonosis, in Dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the social and gender determinants of the risk of exposure to Cryptosporidium from urban dairying in Dagoretti, Nairobi. Focus group discussions were held in six locations to obtain qualitative information on risk of exposure. A repeated cross-sectional descriptive study included participatory assessment and household questionnaires (300 randomly selected urban dairy farming households and 100 non-dairying neighbours). One-hundred dairy households randomly selected from the 300 dairy households participated in an additional economic survey along with 40 neighbouring non-dairy households. We found that exposure to Cryptosporidium was influenced by gender, age and role in the household. Farm workers and people aged 50 to 65 years had most contact with cattle, and women had greater contact with raw milk. However, children had relatively higher consumption of raw milk than other age groups. Adult women had more daily contact with cattle faeces than adult men, and older women had more contact than older men. Employees had greater contact with cattle than other groups and cattle faeces, and most (77 %) were male. Women took more care of sick people and were more at risk from exposure by this route. Poverty did not affect the level of exposure to cattle but did decrease consumption of milk. There was no significant difference between men and women as regards levels of knowledge on symptoms of cryptosporidiosis infections or other zoonotic diseases associated with dairy farming. Awareness of cryptosporidiosis and its transmission increased significantly with rising levels of education. Members of non-dairy households and children under the age of 12 years had significantly higher odds of reporting diarrhoea: gender, season and contact with cattle or cattle dung were not significantly linked with diarrhoea. In conclusion, social and gender factors are important determinants of exposure to zoonotic disease in Nairobi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Violet N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Kimani
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitoko
authors.forename: Brigid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Delia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ambia
authors.forename: Monica W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kiragu
authors.forename: Alice N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Njehu
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinja
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Monda
authors.forename: Erastus K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kang'ethe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D002648:Child; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D003612:Dairying; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water