title: Patients' views on changes in doctor-patient communication between 1982 and 2001: a mixed-methods study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doctor-patient communication has been influenced over time by factors such as the rise of evidence-based medicine and a growing emphasis on patient-centred care. Despite disputes in the literature on the tension between evidence-based medicine and patient-centered medicine, patients' views on what constitutes high quality of doctor-patient communication are seldom an explicit topic for research. The aim of this study is to examine whether analogue patients (lay people judging videotaped consultations) perceive shifts in the quality of doctor-patient communication over a twenty-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analogue patients (N = 108) assessed 189 videotaped general practice consultations from two periods (1982-1984 and 2000-2001). They provided ratings on three dimensions (scale 1-10) and gave written feedback. With a mixed-methods research design, we examined these assessments quantitatively (in relation to observed communication coded with RIAS) and qualitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) The quantitative analyses showed that biomedical communication and rapport building were positively associated with the quality assessments of videotaped consultations from the first period, but not from the second. Psychosocial communication and personal remarks were related to positive quality assessments of both periods; 2) the qualitative analyses showed that in both periods, participants provided the same balance between positive and negative comments. Listening, giving support, and showing respect were considered equally important in both periods. We identified shifts in the participants' observations on how GPs explained things to the patient, the division of roles and responsibilities, and the emphasis on problem-focused communication (first period) versus solution-focused communication (last period).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analogue patients recognize shifts in the quality of doctor-patient communication from two different periods, including a shift from problem-focused communication to solution-focused communication, and they value an egalitarian doctor-patient relationship. The two research methods were complementary; based on the quantitative analyses we found shifts in communication, which we confirmed and specified in our qualitative analyses.
authors.affiliation: NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, PO Box 1568, 3500, BN, Utrecht, The Netherlands. l.butalid@nivel.nl
authors.forename: Ligaya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Butalid
authors.forename: Peter F M
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Verhaak
authors.forename: Hennie R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Boeije
authors.forename: Jozien M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bensing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003376:Counseling / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000592:standards*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000145:classification / Q000639:trends*; D011340:Problem Solving; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012923:Social Class; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014741:Video Recording