title: Impact of global economic disparities on practices and outcomes of chronic peritoneal dialysis in children: insights from the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network Registry.
abstract: BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS: The number of patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) is increasing rapidly on a global scale. We analyzed the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) registry, a global database active in 33 countries spanning a wide range in gross national income (GNI), to identify the impact of economic conditions on CPD practices and outcomes in children and adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed close associations of GNI with the fraction of very young patients on dialysis, the presence and number of comorbidities, the prevalence of patients with unexplained causes of end-stage kidney disease, and the rate of culture-negative peritonitis. The prevalence of automated PD increased with GNI, but was 46% even in the lowest GNI stratum. The GNI stratum also affected the use of biocompatible peritoneal dialysis fluids, enteral tube feeding, calcium-free phosphate binders, active vitamin D analogs, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Patient mortality was strongly affected by GNI (hazard ratio per $10 000: 3.3; 95% confidence interval: 2.0 to 5.5) independently of young patient age and the number of comorbidities present. Patients from low-income countries tended to die more often from infections unrelated to CPD (5 of 9 vs 15 of 61, p = 0.1). The GNI was also a strong independent predictor of standardized height (p < 0.0001), adding to the impact of congenital renal disease, anuria, age at PD start, and dialysis vintage. Patients from the lower economic strata (GNI < $18 000) had higher serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and lower serum calcium, and achieved lower hemoglobin concentrations. No impact of GNI was observed with regard to CPD technique survival or peritonitis incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that CPD is practiced successfully, albeit with major regional variation related to economic differences, in children around the globe. The variations encompass the acceptance of very young patients and those with associated comorbidities to chronic dialysis programs, the use of automated PD and expensive drugs, and the diagnostic management of peritonitis. These variations in practice related to economic difference do not appear to affect PD technique survival; however, economic conditions seem to affect mortality on dialysis and standardized height, a marker of global child morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg, Germany. franz.schaefer@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Dagmara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borzych-Duzalka
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azocar
authors.forename: Reyner Loza
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Munarriz
authors.forename: Lale
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sever
authors.forename: Nejat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aksu
authors.forename: Lorena Sànchez
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Yajaira Silva
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Coccia
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pottoore
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Warady
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016014:Linear Models; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012042:Registries; D015996:Survival Rate