title: Dual-mode laparoscopic fluorescence image-guided surgery using a single camera.
abstract: Iatrogenic nerve damage is a leading cause of morbidity associated with many common surgical procedures. Complications arising from these injuries may result in loss of function and/or sensation, muscle atrophy, and chronic neuropathy. Fluorescence image-guided surgery offers a potential solution for avoiding intraoperative nerve damage by highlighting nerves that are otherwise difficult to visualize. In this work we present the development of a single camera, dual-mode laparoscope that provides near simultaneous display of white-light and fluorescence images of nerves. The capability of the instrumentation is demonstrated through imaging several types of in situ rat nerves via a nerve specific contrast agent. Full color white light and high brightness fluorescence images and video of nerves as small as 100 µm in diameter are presented.
authors.affiliation: GE Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, 12309,  USA.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Evgenia M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Victoria E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Cotero
authors.forename: Anshika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: V Paul
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Staudinger
authors.forename: Cristina A Tan
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hehir
authors.forename: Siavash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazdanfar