title: Fullerene-enhanced accumulation of p,p'-DDE in agricultural crop species.
abstract: The effect of C(60) fullerene exposure on the accumulation of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE; DDT metabolite) by Cucurbita pepo L. (zucchini), Glycine max L. (soybean), and Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) was determined. The plants were grown in 125 mL jars of vermiculite amended with 0 or 40 mg of C(60) fullerenes. Prior to planting, the jars were amended with 40 mL solution containing 100 ng/mL of p,p'-DDE with 0 or 100 mg/L humic acid. During three weeks of growth, plants were watered with the same p,p'-DDE containing solutions. Total shoot p,p'-DDE levels in nonfullerene exposed tomato, soybean, and zucchini were 26.9, 131, and 675 ng, respectively; total root DDE content for the three plants was 402, 5970, and 5830 ng, respectively. Fullerenes increased the shoot p,p'-DDE content of zucchini by 29%; contaminant levels in soybean shoots were decreased by 48% but tomato shoot content was unaffected. The root and total plant p,p'-DDE content of all three species was significantly increased by fullerene exposure; enhanced contaminant uptake ranged from 30 to 65%. Humic acid, regardless of fullerene presence or plant type, significantly decreased the p,p'-DDE uptake. Fullerenes were detected in the roots of all plants but were not detected in plant shoots in the initial study. In a follow up study with zucchini designed to maximize biomass for extraction, over half the analyzed stems contained fullerenes at 60.5 to 4490 ng/g. These findings show that the carbon-based nanomaterials may significantly alter the accumulation and potentially the toxicity of cocontaminants in agricultural systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De La Torre-Roche
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
authors.forename: Yingqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Baoshan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xingmao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D028464:Cucurbita / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D007306:Insecticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene