title: Analysis of plant-derived miRNAs in animal small RNA datasets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plants contain significant quantities of small RNAs (sRNAs) derived from various sRNA biogenesis pathways. Many of these sRNAs play regulatory roles in plants. Previous analysis revealed that numerous sRNAs in corn, rice and soybean seeds have high sequence similarity to animal genes. However, exogenous RNA is considered to be unstable within the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, thus limiting potential for any adverse effects from consumption of dietary RNA. A recent paper reported that putative plant miRNAs were detected in animal plasma and serum, presumably acquired through ingestion, and may have a functional impact in the consuming organisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address the question of how common this phenomenon could be, we searched for plant miRNAs sequences in public sRNA datasets from various tissues of mammals, chicken and insects. Our analyses revealed that plant miRNAs were present in the animal sRNA datasets, and significantly miR168 was extremely over-represented. Furthermore, all or nearly all (>96%) miR168 sequences were monocot derived for most datasets, including datasets for two insects reared on dicot plants in their respective experiments. To investigate if plant-derived miRNAs, including miR168, could accumulate and move systemically in insects, we conducted insect feeding studies for three insects including corn rootworm, which has been shown to be responsive to plant-produced long double-stranded RNAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analyses suggest that the observed plant miRNAs in animal sRNA datasets can originate in the process of sequencing, and that accumulation of plant miRNAs via dietary exposure is not universal in animals.
authors.affiliation: Chesterfield Village Research Center, Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, North Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
authors.forename: Yuanji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: B Elizabeth
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wiggins
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrick
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivashuta
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D012831:Bombyx / Q000235:genetics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D018749:RNA, Plant; D012313:RNA