title: Removal of diclofenac potassium from wastewater using clay-micelle complex.
abstract: The presence of an ionized carboxyl group in the widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug diclofenac potassium results in a high mobility of diclofenac and in its low sorption under conditions of slow sand filtration or subsoil passage. No diclofenac degradation was detected in pure water or sludge during one month. Tertiary treatments of wastewater indicated that the effective removal of diclofenac was by reverse osmosis, but the removal by activated carbon was less satisfactory. This study presents an efficient method for the removal of diclofenac from water by micelle-clay composites that are positively charged, have a large surface area and include large hydrophobic domains. Adsorption of diclofenac in dispersion by charcoal and a composite micelle (otadecyltrimethylammonium [ODTMA] and clay [montmorillonite]) was investigated. Analysis by the Langmuir isotherm revealed that charcoal had a somewhat larger number of adsorption sites than the composite, but the latter had a significantly larger binding affinity for diclofenac. Filtration experiments on a solution containing 300 ppm diclofenac demonstrated poor removal by activated carbon, in contrast to very efficient removal by micelle-clay filters. In the latter case the weight of removed diclofenac exceeded half that of ODTMA in the filter. Filtration of diclofenac solutions at concentrations of 8 and 80 ppb yielded almost complete removal at flow rates of 30 and 60 mL min(-1). One kilogram of ODTMA in the micelle-clay filter has been estimated to remove more than 99% of diclofenac from a solution of 100 ppb during passage of more than 100 m3.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine. dr_karaman@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rafik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karaman
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khamis
authors.forename: Mohannad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quried
authors.forename: Rawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halabieh
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makharzeh
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manassra
authors.forename: Jehad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abbadi
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qtait
authors.forename: Sabino Aurelio
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bufo
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nir
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000077215:Clay; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration; D007700:Kinetics; D008823:Micelles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008823:Micelles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D000077215:Clay