title: Yoga and exercise for symptoms of depression and anxiety in people with poststroke disability: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mood disorders are prevalent in people after stroke, and a disorder's onset can exacerbate stroke-related disabilities. While evidence supports the mental-health benefits of participation in exercise and yoga, it is unknown whether such benefits extend to a population with poststroke hemiparesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study investigated whether supplementing exercise with participation in a yoga program would provide further improvements in self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety in a chronic poststroke population, and it also assessed trial feasibility for future studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team designed a randomized, controlled pilot trial that included an exercise-only group (EX, control) and a yoga-and-exercise group (YEX, intervention).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place at the Centre for Physical Activity in Ageing an exercise rehabilitation and activity center at the Royal Adelaide Hospital in South Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants included 14 individuals with chronic poststroke hemiparesis: eight in the intervention group and six in the control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The YEX group participated in a 6-week standardized program that included yoga in weekly group sessions and home practice in addition to exercise in a weekly group class. The EX group participated only in the group exercise class weekly for 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team assessed self-reported symptoms of depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS15) and symptoms of anxiety and negative affect using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The team based the feasibility evaluation on recruitment outcomes, retention of participants, participants' compliance with the intervention program, and the safety of the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in depression and state and trait anxiety did not significantly differ between intervention groups (GDS15 P=.749, STAI-Y1, P=.595, STAI-Y2, P=.407). Comparison of individuals' case results indicated clinically relevant improvements in both groups, although members of the intervention group had greater improvements. Participants reported no adverse events, and the study experienced high retention of participants and high compliance in the yoga program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study provides preliminary data on the effects of yoga combined with exercise to influence mood poststroke. It is a feasible, safe, and acceptable intervention, and the field requires additional investigations with a larger sample size.
authors.affiliation: University of South Australia, Adelaide.
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Maarten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Immink
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hillier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013021:South Australia; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D015013:Yoga / Q000523:psychology*