title: Effect of positioning on the accuracy of decision making of association football top-class referees and assistant referees during competitive matches.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of positioning on the correctness of decision making of top-class referees and assistant referees during international games. Match analyses were carried out during the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Confederations Cup 2009 and 380 foul play incidents and 165 offside situations were examined. The error percentage for the referees when indicating the incidents averaged 14%. The lowest error percentage occurred in the central area of the field, where the collaboration of the assistant referee is limited, and was achieved when indicating the incidents from a distance of 11-15 m, whereas this percentage peaked (23%) in the last 15-min match period. The error rate for the assistant referees was 13%. Distance of the assistant referee to the offside line did not have an impact on the quality of the offside decision. The risk of making incorrect decisions was reduced when the assistant referees viewed the offside situations from an angle between 46 and 60°. Incorrect offside decisions occurred twice as often in the second as in the first half of the games. Perceptual-cognitive training sessions specific to the requirements of the game should be implemented in the weekly schedule of football officials to reduce the overall error rate.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. javier.mallo@upm.es
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mallo
authors.forename: Pablo Gonzalez
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Frutos
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Juárez
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D012916:Soccer / Q000523:psychology*; D014796:Visual Perception