title: ATRA enhances the bystander effect of suicide gene therapy driven by the specific promoter LEP 503 in human lens epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a novel, targeted lentivirus-mediated LEP503-HSV-tk/GCV suicide gene therapy system combined with all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) for the inhibition of human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) proliferation and treatment of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery; to estimate the enhancement of the bystander effect by ATRA; and to explore the role of Connexin43 (Cx43) mediated gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the bystander effect of the HSV-K/GCV system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Lenti-LEP503-HSV-tk-EGFP vector was generated by cloning the lens-specific promoter LEP503 (lens specific promoter 503) from genomic DNA of HLECs by PCR. The vector was then inserted into the promoter-less vector from lentivirus-based (CMV)-HSV-tk-EGFP. The expressional specificity of the LEP503 promoter was assessed by investigating the expression of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) and HSV-tk (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase) mRNA, both driven by Lenti-LEP503-HSV-tk-EGFP vector, by fluorescence microscopy, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and western blot assays in HLECs, human adult retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPECs), human adult skin fibroblast cells (ASFCs), and Hela cells. Morphological changes were observed by fluorescence microscopy and cell viability was determined using the Cell Counting kit-8 Cell Proliferation (CCK-8) and MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays after Lenti-LEP503-HSV-tk/GCV system combined with ATRA treatment on HLECs. Flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation, and western blot assays were employed to analyze the mechanisms of bystander effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The promoter LEP503-mediated HSV-tk was specifically expressed in HLECs, and ATRA dose-dependently strengthened the bystander effect following LEP503-mediated HSV-tk/GCV gene therapy against lens cells by upregulating the expression of the gap junction protein Cx43.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Lenti-LEP503-HSV-tk/GCV suicide gene therapy system, combined with ATRA as an adjuvant, may be a feasible supplementary method for PCO treatment that targets residual lens cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tian-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yong-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D041722:Genes, Transgenic, Suicide; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C431569:LENEP protein, human; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin