title: Microbial translocation in HIV infection: causes, consequences and treatment opportunities.
abstract: Systemic immune activation is increased in HIV-infected individuals, even in the setting of virus suppression with antiretroviral therapy. Although numerous factors may contribute, microbial products have recently emerged as potential drivers of this immune activation. In this Review, we describe the intestinal damage that occurs in HIV infection, the evidence for translocation of microbial products into the systemic circulation and the pathways by which these products activate the immune system. We also discuss novel therapies that disrupt the translocation of microbial products and the downstream effects of microbial translocation.
authors.affiliation: Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland                 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Netanya G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Douek
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000473:pathology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D007155:Immunologic Factors