title: Familial intergenerational and maternal aggregation patterns in nutrient intakes in the Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study prospectively examines the intra-uterine hypothesis by comparing maternal, paternal and grandparental lineage influences on children’s diet and also maternal–child aggregation patterns during pregnancy and early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prenatal dietary information was available for expectant mothers, fathers and up to four grandparents through a detailed validated semi-quantitative FFQ. At 6-year follow-up, when children averaged 5 years of age, dietary information was re-collected for mothers and a subset of maternal grandmothers using the same FFQ. Child’s FFQ version was used for children. Anthropometric and sociodemographic variables were also collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-generation familial cohort representative of the contemporary Irish national population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 5 years (n 567) and their parents and grandparents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Associations for energy, macronutrient and fibre intakes were compared using Pearson’s correlations, intra-class correlations (ICC) and linear regression models, adjusted for energy and potential confounders. Significant, moderatestrength positive correlations were observed for nutrient intakes in children’s nuclear families (ICC (range)50?22–0?28). The father–child associations (r (range)5 0?13–0?20) were weaker than the mother–child associations (r (range)50?14–0?33). In general, associations were stronger for maternal postnatal intake–child intake than for maternal prenatal intake–child intake, except for percentage of energy from fat (adjusted b50?16, 95% CI 0?05, 0?26; P50?004), which was stronger for maternal prenatal intake, specifically in non-breast-fed children (adjusted b50?28, 95% CI 0?12, 0?44; P50?001). Among all grandparents, correlations were significant only for maternal grandmother–mother pairs (r (range)50?10–0?36). Significant positive ICC were observed for nutrient intakes of maternal grandmother–mother–child triads (ICC (range)50?12–0?27), not found in paternal lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that maternal-environment programming influences dietary intake.
authors.affiliation: National Nutrition Surveillance Centre and Health Research Board Centre for Diet and Health Research, UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, Woodview House, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Aakash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murrin
authors.forename: Mary Rose
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heavey
authors.forename: Cecily C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kelleher
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008019:Life Style; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins