title: The patient with Turner syndrome: puberty and medical management concerns.
abstract: Turner syndrome (TS), which affects approximately 1 in 2,500 live-born females, is characterized by loss or structural anomalies of an X chromosome. Clinical features vary among patients; multiple organ systems can be affected. Endocrinologists are involved in the management of short stature, delayed puberty, and infertility. Endocrine therapies can include growth hormone, estrogen, and progestogen to promote linear growth and pubertal development. The duration of estrogen and progestogen treatment hormone treatment (HT) is generally more than 40 years. No one standard HT is suitable for all women, so general guidelines are provided to induce pubertal development. Additional considerations regarding HT choice include thrombotic risk and disorders associated with thrombophilia. Involvement of cardiologists is important because approximately 50% of patients with TS have congenital structural cardiac anomalies linked to an increased risk for aortic dissection and rupture. Oocyte donation offers the chance to carry a pregnancy, but accumulating information has highlighted the potential dangers associated with pregnancy. Advances in the care of infants, girls, and women with TS have been achieved; management involves coordinated care from a multidisciplinary team including endocrinologists, cardiologists, geneticists, otolaryngologists, behavioral health experts, nurse educators, and social workers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Selma Feldman
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Witchel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011627:Puberty / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology