title: Is there a nitrergic modulation of the rat external anal sphincter?
abstract: Nitric oxide is known to relax the internal anal sphincter, but its effect on the external anal sphincter (EAS) is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a nitrergic nerve plexus that modulates the EAS, similar to that found in oesophageal striated muscle. An in vitro ring preparation of rat anal canal was used to evaluate the effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the EAS in conditions of neuromuscular blockade and the effect of SNP on nerve-evoked contractions. Immunohistological experiments were conducted to determine whether the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is present in the EAS. During direct muscle stimulation neither L-NNA (P = 0.32) nor SNP (P = 0.19) significantly changed the EF(50), which is the frequency at which 50% of maximal contraction is reached, compared with a time-dependent control. Nerve-evoked contractions were also not altered by addition of SNP to the tissue bath. Immunohistohistological experiments clearly showed co-localization of nNOS-positive nerve fibres at motor endplates of the oesophagus but not in the EAS. The internal anal sphincter was richly innervated by nitrergic fibres, but these did not extend into the EAS. In conclusion, there are no nitrergic motor fibres innervating the EAS, neurotransmission at the motor endplates is not affected by NO, and NO does not affect muscle force directly in conditions of neuromuscular blockade. There is, therefore, no evidence that EAS contraction is directly modulated by NO or by pudendal nitrergic fibres or diffusion from neighbouring nitrergic plexuses of the anal canal.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Health Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buffini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: J F X
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009045:Motor Endplate / Q000378:metabolism; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D026602:Nitrergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat