title: Factors affecting the bitterness intensities of ten commercial formulations of ambroxol.
abstract: The bitterness of 10 different products with ambroxol as active ingredient, the original and nine generics, were evaluated by human gustatory sensation tests in which the tablets were kept in the mouth, with water, at 20 and 37°C. The products all showed different bitterness intensities. The original and some of the generic products had comparatively low bitterness intensities but some of the generic products had comparatively high bitterness intensities. The bitterness intensities of these 10 was found to be significantly correlated with both the disintegration time, as evaluated using the ODT-101 (a recently developed apparatus), and the drug concentration in dissolved medium, as measured in a conventional dissolution test. The bitterness threshold of ambroxol solution was found to increase when the temperature of the water with which the tablets were taken, was raised from 20 to 37°C. The equation was calculated to predict the bitterness intensity of ambroxol, a function based on temperature and the ambroxol concentration using data from a standard ambroxol solution at 4, 20 and 37°C. The bitterness intensities obtained for the 10 ambroxol formulations with water at 20 and 37°C, coincided with the bitterness values predicted by the equation.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien 9-Bancho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan. takahiro@mukogawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugino
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hazekawa
authors.forename: Miyako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Tamami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haraguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000551:Ambroxol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005100:Expectorants / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013607:Tablets; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D005100:Expectorants; D013607:Tablets; D000551:Ambroxol