title: Patient-controlled sharing of medical imaging data across unaffiliated healthcare organizations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current image sharing is carried out by manual transportation of CDs by patients or organization-coordinated sharing networks. The former places a significant burden on patients and providers. The latter faces challenges to patient privacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To allow healthcare providers efficient access to medical imaging data acquired at other unaffiliated healthcare facilities while ensuring strong protection of patient privacy and minimizing burden on patients, providers, and the information technology infrastructure.
  
  
  METHODS
  An image sharing framework is described that involves patients as an integral part of, and with full control of, the image sharing process. Central to this framework is the Patient Controlled Access-key REgistry (PCARE) which manages the access keys issued by image source facilities. When digitally signed by patients, the access keys are used by any requesting facility to retrieve the associated imaging data from the source facility. A centralized patient portal, called a PCARE patient control portal, allows patients to manage all the access keys in PCARE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A prototype of the PCARE framework has been developed by extending open-source technology. The results for feasibility, performance, and user assessments are encouraging and demonstrate the benefits of patient-controlled image sharing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PCARE framework is effective in many important clinical cases of image sharing and can be used to integrate organization-coordinated sharing networks. The same framework can also be used to realize a longitudinal virtual electronic health record.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PCARE framework allows prior imaging data to be shared among unaffiliated healthcare facilities while protecting patient privacy with minimal burden on patients, providers, and infrastructure. A prototype has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157, USA. yge@wakehealth.edu
authors.forename: Yaorong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Bhagyashree
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Unde
authors.forename: H Donald
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: J Jeffrey
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D016494:Computer Security; D003219:Confidentiality; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D055991:Health Records, Personal; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D009657:North Carolina; D010358:Patient Participation; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D014481:United States; D014584:User-Computer Interface