title: ONO-2506 inhibits spike-wave discharges in a genetic animal model without affecting traditional convulsive tests via gliotransmission regulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anticonvulsants have been developed according to the traditional neurotransmission imbalance hypothesis. However, the anticonvulsive pharmacotherapy currently available remains unsatisfactory. To develop new antiepileptic drugs with novel antiepileptic mechanisms, we have tested the antiepileptic actions of ONO-2506, a glial modulating agent, and its effects on tripartite synaptic transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose-dependent effects of ONO-2506 on maximal-electroshock seizure (MES), pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure (PTZ) and epileptic discharge were determined in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in mice (Cacna1a(tm2Nobs/tm2Nobs)  strain). Antiepileptic mechanisms of ONO-2506 were analysed by examining the interaction between ONO-2506 and transmission-modulating toxins (tetanus toxin, fluorocitrate, tetrodotoxin) on release of l-glutamate, d-serine, GABA and kynurenic acid in the medial-prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of freely moving rats using microdialysis and primary cultured rat astrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ONO-2506 inhibited spontaneous epileptic discharges in Cacna1a(tm2Nobs/tm2Nobs)  mice without affecting MES or PTZ. Given systemically, ONO-2506 increased basal release of GABA and kynurenic acid in the mPFC through activation of both neuronal and glial exocytosis, but inhibited depolarization-induced releases of all transmitters. ONO-2506 increased basal glial release of kynurenic acid without affecting those of l-glutamate, d-serine or GABA. However, ONO-2506 inhibited AMPA-induced releases of l-glutamate, d-serine, GABA and kynurenic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ONO-2506 did not affect traditional convulsive tests but markedly inhibited epileptic phenomena in the genetic epilepsy mouse model. ONO-2506 enhanced release of inhibitory neuro- and gliotransmitters during the resting stage and inhibited tripartite transmission during the hyperactive stage. The results suggest that ONO-2506 is a novel potential glial-targeting antiepileptic drug.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This article is commented on by Onat, pp. 1086-1087 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12050.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoshikawa
authors.forename: Kato
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002210:Caprylates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003292:Convulsants; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004597:Electroshock; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002210:Caprylates; D003292:Convulsants; C459360:ONO2506; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D012694:Serine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D007736:Kynurenic Acid; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole