title: Burn center management of operating room fire injuries.
abstract: Approximately 100 operating room (OR) fires occur per year in the United States, with 15% resulting in serious injuries. Intraoperative cautery was frequently associated with OR fires before 1994; however, use of supplemental oxygen (O(2)), ethanol-based products, and disposable drapes have been more frequently associated with OR fires. Fires resulting from cosmetic and other small procedures involving use of nasal canula O(2) and electrocautery have been described in six published reports. We report five thermal injury cases admitted to our burn treatment center because of fires during surgical procedures over a 5-year period. Two patients undergoing supraorbital excision experienced 2.5 and 3% TBSA involvement burns; in a third patient surgical excision of a nasal polyp resulted in a 1% TBSA burn; in a fourth patient an excisional biopsy of a lymph node resulted in a 2.75% TBSA burn; and the last patient was burned during placement of a pacemaker, with resulting TBSA of 10.5%. Two of the five patients required intubation for inhalational injury. Two patients required tangential excision and grafting of their thermal injuries. All patients had received local or parenteral anesthesia with supplemental O(2)/nitrous oxide (N(2)O) for surgical procedure. There are a number of ignition sources in the OR, including electrocautery, lasers, and faulty OR equipment. The risk of OR fires increases with surgical procedures involving the face and neck, including tracheostomy and tracheobronchial surgery. The common use of O(2)/N(2)O mixtures or enriched O(2) for minimally complex surgical procedures and disposable drapes adds to the risk of an OR fire: the O(2)/N(2)O provides a fuel source, and the disposable drapes trap thedelivered gas. Electrocautery near an O(2)/N(2)O source resulted in the five thermal injuries and warrants careful reconsideration of technique for surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Nathan Speare Regional Burn Treatment Center, Crozer Chester Medical Center, Upland, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Linwood R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Haith
authors.forename: Wil
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Santavasi
authors.forename: Tyler K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Reigart
authors.forename: Mary Lou
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Guilday
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Ackerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002053:Burn Units; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009873:Operating Rooms; D061214:Patient Safety; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult