title: Survey of surgery and anesthesia infrastructure in Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information regarding surgical capacity in the developing world is limited by the paucity of available data regarding surgical care, infrastructure, and human resources in the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess surgical and anesthesia infrastructure and human resources in Ethiopia as part of a larger study by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative examining surgical and anesthesia capacity in ten low-income countries in Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive survey tool developed by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative was used to assess surgical capacity of hospitals in Ethiopia. A total of 20 hospitals were surveyed through convenience sampling. Eight areas of surgical and anesthesia care were examined, including access and availability, access to human resources, infrastructure, outcomes, operating room information and procedures, equipment, nongovernmental organization delivery of surgical services, and pharmaceuticals. Results were obtained over a 1-month period during October 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is wide variation in accessibility, with hospital-to-population ratios ranging from 1:99,010 to 1:1,082,761. The overall physician to population ratio ranges from 1:4715 to 1:107,602. The average hospital has one to two operating rooms, 4.2 surgeons, one gynecologist, and 4.5 anesthesia providers-although in all but three hospitals anesthesiology was provided by nonphysician personnel only (i.e., a nurse anesthetist). Access to continuous electricity, running water, essential medications, and monitoring systems is very limited in all hospitals surveyed, although such access did vary across regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey of Ethiopia's hospital resources attempts to identify specific areas of need where resources, education, and development can be targeted. Because the major surgical mortality comes from late presentations, increasing accessibility through infrastructure development would likely provide a major improvement in surgical morbidity and mortality rates. Infrastructure limitations of electricity, water, oxygen, and blood banking do not prove to be significant barriers to surgical care. The increasing number of physicians is promising, although efforts should be directed specifically toward increasing the number of anesthesiologists and surgeons in the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. tchao@partners.org
authors.forename: Tiffany E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Mackenzie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burdic
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganjawalla
authors.forename: Miliard
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derbew
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keshian
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meara
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McQueen
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003625:Data Collection; D005002:Ethiopia; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D000078329:Workforce