title: Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS): state of the art and future perspectives.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disorder characterized by periodic fever episodes, arthralgia, myalgia, abdominal pain, serositis, and skin rash. TRAPS is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the TNF Receptor Super Family 1A (TNFRSF1A) on chromosome 12p13. The identification of TNFRSF1A mutations as the genetic cause of TRAPS coincided with the wider use of biological agents in medicine and raised the possibility that blocking TNF could potentially represent the primary therapeutic goal in TRAPS, thus disclosing new treatment choices for this complex disease. Anti-TNF therapy in TRAPS has been based on etanercept, a recombinant human TNFR (p75)-Fc fusion protein comprising two receptors linked by an IgG(1) Fc fragment. However a decrease in responsiveness to etanercept over time has been described, and it may be due to a non-specific action of etanercept in TRAPS; its efficacy may reflect 'generic' anti-inflammatory properties. Long-term adherence to etanercept is poor and a significant number of patients need to switch to anti-interleukin (IL)-1β therapy. In fact, the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra has recently been shown to prevent disease relapses both in the short- and in the long-term, and to induce a prompt and stable disease remission.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. cantariniluca@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cantarini
authors.forename: Orso Maria
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lucherini
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muscari
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frediani
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.forename: Maria Giuseppina
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Brizi
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonini
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cimaz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000068800:Etanercept; D056660:Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; C506235:TNFRSF1A protein, human; D000068800:Etanercept