title: Relationship between carotid artery mechanics and the spontaneous baroreflex:  a noninvasive investigation in normal humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study addressed the relationship between spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity and carotid mechanical properties in a clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 191 normal volunteers (age range 20-60 years, mean 44 ± 13), spontaneous indices of baroreflex regulation were obtained noninvasively in the time (baroreflex slope, BRS) and frequency domains (α index and systolic arterial pressure-RR interval transfer gain) as well as using an exogenous autoregressive causal model (A.XAR); carotid mechanical properties were estimated by ultrasound. The link between mechanical measures and spontaneous baroreflex indices was explored by multivariate analysis and linear modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were divided into five groups according to age decades. With advancing age we observed a decrease in spontaneous baroreflex indices (BRS from 31.2 to 16.3; α index from 27.4 to 13.6; RR-SAP gain at high frequency from 31 ± 3.0 to 14 ± 3.0 ms/mmHg all P < 0.001) and increase in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT: from 0.53 to 0.69 mm; P < 0.001) and stiffness (local wave speed: from 4.0 to 6.9 m/s; both P < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between spontaneous indices of baroreflex sensitivity and carotid mechanical properties, particularly wave speed (r = -0.328, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age and sex, a significant correlation remained between RR-SAP gain and wave speed and between A.XAR and IMT. Factor analysis and automatic linear modeling confirmed the observation that mechanical carotid properties are strong predictors of the age-related reduction of spontaneous baroreflex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant correlation between spontaneous baroreflex indices and local carotid mechanical properties supports the idea that they should be considered in the physiology of baroreflex regulation.
authors.affiliation: CTNV, University of Studies, Milan, Italy. daniela.lucini@unimi.it
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lucini
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palombo
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malacarne
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017704:Baroreflex; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged