title: Mood disorders and risk of lung cancer in the EAGLE case-control study and in the U.S. Veterans Affairs inpatient cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mood disorders may affect lung cancer risk. We evaluated this hypothesis in two large studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined 1,939 lung cancer cases and 2,102 controls from the Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology (EAGLE) case-control study conducted in Italy (2002-2005), and 82,945 inpatients with a lung cancer diagnosis and 3,586,299 person-years without a lung cancer diagnosis in the U.S. Veterans Affairs Inpatient Cohort (VA study), composed of veterans with a VA hospital admission (1969-1996). In EAGLE, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), with extensive adjustment for tobacco smoking and multiple lifestyle factors. In the VA study, we estimated lung cancer relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs with time-dependent Poisson regression, adjusting for attained age, calendar year, hospital visits, time within the study, and related previous medical diagnoses. In EAGLE, we found decreased lung cancer risk in subjects with a personal history of mood disorders (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.44-0.79, based on 121 lung cancer incident cases and 192 controls) and family history of mood disorders (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.50-0.77, based on 223 lung cancer cases and 345 controls). The VA study analyses yielded similar results (RR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.71-0.77, based on 2,304 incident lung cancer cases and 177,267 non-cancer person-years) in men with discharge diagnoses for mood disorders. History of mood disorders was associated with nicotine dependence, alcohol and substance use and psychometric scales of depressive and anxiety symptoms in controls for these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consistent finding of a relationship between mood disorders and lung cancer risk across two large studies calls for further research into the complex interplay of risk factors associated with these two widespread and debilitating diseases. Although we adjusted for smoking effects in EAGLE, residual confounding of the results by smoking cannot be ruled out.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Capo-Ramos
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lubin
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Check
authors.forename: Lynn R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pesatori
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consonni
authors.forename: Pier Alberto
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bertazzi
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Saxon
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Caporaso
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Landi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D058014:Veterans Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*