title: Assessment of a three-point restraint system with a pre-tensioned lap belt and an inflatable, force-limited shoulder belt.
abstract: This study investigates the performance of a 3-point restraint system incorporating an inflatable shoulder belt  with a nominal 2.5-kN load limiter and a non-inflatable lap belt with a pretensioner (the "Airbelt"). Frontal impacts with PMHS  in a rear seat environment are presented and the Airbelt system is contrasted with an earlier 3-point system with inflatable lap and  shoulder belts but no load-limiter or pretensioners, which was evaluated with human volunteers in the 1970s but not fully  reported in the open literature (the "Inflataband"). Key differences between the systems include downward pelvic motion and  torso recline with the Inflataband, while the pelvis moved almost horizontally and the torso pitched forward with the Airbelt.  One result of these kinematic differences was an overall more biomechanically favorable restraint loading but greater maximum  forward head excursion with the Airbelt. The Airbelt is shown to generate generally lower head, neck, and thoracic injury  metrics and PMHS trauma than other, non-inflatable rear-seat restraint concepts (viz., a standard 3-point belt and a pre-tensioned  shoulder belt with a progressive load limiter). Further study is needed to evaluate the Airbelt system for different size occupants  (e.g., children), non-frontal impact vectors, and for out-of-position occupants and to allow the results with this particular system  to be generalized to a broader range of Airbelt designs.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia Center for Applied Biomechanics, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA. rkent@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lopez-Valdes
authors.forename: Nate J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lessley
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanji
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ato
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kameyoshi
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arbogast
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012622:Seat Belts; D014741:Video Recording; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult