title: The deltoid ligament: an in-depth review of anatomy, function, and treatment strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A literature review of the deltoid ligament was conducted, examining the current literature on anatomy, function, and treatment strategies. In particular, anatomical inconsistencies within the literature were evaluated, and detailed anatomical dissections are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted on PubMed using keywords relevant to the deltoid ligament in the ankle and medial ankle instability. Primary research articles, as well as appropriate summary articles, were selected for review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While it is well defined that the deltoid is contiguous and divided into one superficial and one deep portion, the creation of the individual fibres may be artificial. Furthermore, while improvements in imaging techniques and arthroscopy have not led to a consensus on the anatomy of the ligament, they may help improve recognition of deltoid injuries. Once identified, the majority of deltoid injuries can be treated via conservative treatment. However, reparative and reconstructive treatment strategies can also be used for complex acute injuries or chronic medial ankle instability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the continuing evolution of the anatomical understanding of the ligament, the current treatment protocol for deltoid injuries requires further standardization, with an emphasis on proper diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Savage-Elliott
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Murawski
authors.forename: Niall A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Pau
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Golanó
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy