title: Adaptive capacity of the habitat modifying sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii to ocean warming and ocean acidification: performance of early embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predicting effects of rapid climate change on populations depends on measuring the effects of climate stressors on performance, and potential for adaptation. Adaptation to stressful climatic conditions requires heritable genetic variance for stress tolerance present in populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We quantified genetic variation in tolerance of early development of the ecologically important sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii to near-future (2100) ocean conditions projected for the southeast Australian global change hot spot. Multiple dam-sire crosses were used to quantify the interactive effects of warming (+2-4 °C) and acidification (-0.3-0.5 pH units) across twenty-seven family lines. Acidification, but not temperature, decreased the percentage of cleavage stage embryos. In contrast, temperature, but not acidification decreased the percentage of gastrulation. Cleavage success in response to both stressors was strongly affected by sire identity. Sire and dam identity significantly affected gastrulation and both interacted with temperature to determine developmental success. Positive genetic correlations for gastrulation indicated that genotypes that did well at lower pH also did well in higher temperatures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant genotype (sire) by environment interactions for both stressors at gastrulation indicated the presence of heritable variation in thermal tolerance and the ability of embryos to respond to changing environments. The significant influence of dam may be due to maternal provisioning (maternal genotype or environment) and/or offspring genotype. It appears that early development in this ecologically important sea urchin is not constrained in adapting to the multiple stressors of ocean warming and acidification. The presence of tolerant genotypes indicates the potential to adapt to concurrent warming and acidification, contributing to the resilience of C. rodgersii in a changing ocean.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Shawna A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.forename: Symon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dworjanyn
authors.forename: Alistair G B
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Poore
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D017753:Ecosystem; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054262:Gastrulation; D005838:Genotype; D057232:Global Warming; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000143:Acids