title: A non-invasive clinical application of wave intensity analysis based on ultrahigh temporal resolution phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wave intensity analysis, traditionally derived from pressure and velocity data, can be formulated using velocity and area. Flow-velocity and area can both be derived from high-resolution phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (PC-CMR). In this study, very high temporal resolution PC-CMR data is processed using an integrated and semi-automatic technique to derive wave intensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wave intensity was derived in terms of area and velocity changes. These data were directly derived from PC-CMR using a breath-hold spiral sequence accelerated with sensitivity encoding (SENSE). Image processing was integrated in a plug-in for the DICOM viewer OsiriX, including calculations of wave speed and wave intensity. Ascending and descending aortic data from 15 healthy volunteers (30 ± 6 years) data were used to test the method for feasibility, and intra- and inter-observer variability. Ascending aortic data were also compared with results from 15 patients with coronary heart disease (61 ± 13 years) to assess the clinical usefulness of the method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid image acquisition (11 s breath-hold) and image processing was feasible in all volunteers. Wave speed was physiological (5.8 ± 1.3 m/s ascending aorta, 5.0 ± 0.7 m/s descending aorta) and the wave intensity pattern was consistent with traditionally formulated wave intensity. Wave speed, peak forward compression wave in early systole and peak forward expansion wave in late systole at both locations exhibited overall good intra- and inter-observer variability. Patients with coronary heart disease had higher wave speed (p <0.0001), and lower forward compression wave (p <0.0001) and forward expansion wave (p <0.0005) peaks. This difference is likely related to the older age of the patients' cohort, indicating stiffer aortas, as well as compromised ventricular function due to their underlying condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A non-invasive, semi-automated and reproducible method for performing wave intensity analysis is presented. Its application is facilitated by the use of a very high temporal resolution spiral sequence. A formulation of wave intensity based on area change has also been proposed, involving no assumptions about the cross-sectional shape of the vessel.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biglino
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Steeden
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schievano
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Kim H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muthurangu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D062485:Breath Holding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D055815:Young Adult