title: Meat supplementation increases arm muscle area in Kenyan schoolchildren.
abstract: The present study examines the effect of animal-source-food (ASF) intake on arm muscle area growth as part of a larger study examining causal links between ASF intake, growth rate, physical activity, cognitive function and micronutrient status in Kenyan schoolchildren. This randomised, controlled feeding intervention study was designed with three isoenergetic feeding interventions of meat, milk, and plain traditional vegetable stew (githeri), and a control group receiving no snack. A total of twelve elementary schools were randomly assigned to interventions, with three schools per group, and two cohorts of 518 and 392 schoolchildren were enrolled 1 year apart. Children in each cohort were given feedings at school and studied for three school terms per year over 2 years, a total of 9 months per year: cohort I from 1998 to 2000 and cohort II from 1999 to 2001. Food intake was assessed by 24 h recall every 1-2 months and biochemical analysis for micronutrient status conducted annually (in cohort I only). Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC). Mid-upper-arm muscle area (MAMA) and mid-upper-arm fat area (MAFA) were calculated. The two cohorts were combined for analyses. The meat group showed the steepest rates of gain in MUAC and MAMA over time, and the milk group showed the next largest significant MUAC and MAMA gain compared with the plain githeri and control groups (P< 0.05). The meat group showed the least increase in TSF and MAFA of all groups. These findings have implications for increasing micronutrient intake and lean body mass in primary schoolchildren consuming vegetarian diets.
authors.affiliation: Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. cneumann@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Charlotte G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Luohua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grillenberger
authors.forename: Constance A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gewa
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siekmann
authors.forename: Suzanne P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Nimrod O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Bwibo
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development; D000818:Animals; D001132:Arm; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008892:Milk; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development*; D012423:Rural Health; D062410:Snacks