title: The effect of nanoparticles in rats during critical periods of pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE. Nanotechnology works with substances at a nanometer scale, and it offers many solutions for biomedicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown as effective agents for imaging, drug delivery, pathogen detection, etc. However, to date, NP toxicity is poorly known. The aim of our study was to investigate the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of quantum dots (QDs) at the different stages of rat embryogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Wistar rats were injected with CdSe/ZnS or CdTe QDs on the 6th, 13th, and 18th days of embryogenesis. Cyclophosphamide was chosen as a positive control of embryotoxicity. On the 21st day, the number of resorptions, weight, length, and external malformations of the embryos were estimated. Fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy analysis were used to determine the accumulation of QDs in the tissues. RESULTS. Exposure to cyclophosphamide during the pregnancy decreased the embryonic weight and length when compared with the control group and produced numerous malformations. The effects depended on the stage of embryogenesis. Meanwhile, QDs did not cause any embryotoxic or teratogenic effects. However, CdTe QDs induced necrosis in the tissues of the peritoneal cavity. The necrotic tissues contained QDs with altered spectroscopic properties. Spectroscopic and microscopic tissue examination revealed that QDs accumulated in the placenta, but no penetration to the embryonic tissues was observed. CONCLUSIONS. QDs did not cause any direct embryotoxic or teratogenic effects, but they had adverse effects on the maternal organism. The observed QD effects and the long-term accumulation of QDs in the maternal organism may increase the risk of adverse effects on embryo development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Vilnius University,Vilnius, Lithuania. violeta.zalgeviciene@mf.vu.lt
authors.forename: Violeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zalgevičienė
authors.forename: Vytautas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kulvietis
authors.forename: Danutė
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bulotienė
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Didžiapetrienė
authors.forename: Ričardas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rotomskis
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D045663:Quantum Dots; D051381:Rats; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D013440:Sulfides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D013691:Tellurium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D018036:Selenium Compounds; D013440:Sulfides; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; C058667:cadmium selenide; C031238:zinc sulfide; D013691:Tellurium; C028337:cadmium telluride