title: Progressive increase of inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached epidemic levels. It is a multisystem disease associated with elevated systemic inflammatory and hypercoagulable states. Most concerning are the cardiovascular risks associated with all stages of kidney disease. It is difficult to assess kidney disease stage progression and cardiovascular risk with current indicators such as estimated glomerular filtration rate and conventional cardiovascular risk factors. However, the use of biomarkers to assess the underlying pathological disease state may bridge the gap. This study evaluated biomarkers of inflammation including C-reactive protein, d-dimer, neuron-specific enolase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tumor necrosis factor receptor I, and thrombomodulin in 3 groups of patients: CKD stages 2-4, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and age-matched controls. The study demonstrated a statistically significant progressive upregulation in mean concentration of all markers when comparing controls to CKD and ESRD. Therefore, biomarkers may be able to evaluate the inflammatory state in kidney disease and potentially predict the cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Korosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharain
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Jawed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C546931:THBD protein, human; D018180:Thrombomodulin; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase