title: [Effects of several inhibitors of intracellular signaling on production of cytokines and signal proteins in RAW 264.7 cells cultivated with low dose ammonium].
abstract: Effects of four inhibitors of NF-kappaB, SAPK/JNK and TLR4 signaling, namely, inhibitor XII, SP600125, CLI-095 and Oxpapc on a macrophage response to low dose ammonium were studied in RAW 264.7 cells. Low dose ammonium induced pro-inflammatory response in cells as judged from enhanced production of TNF-alpha, IF-gamma, and IL-6, and by activation of signal cascades. The increase in production of cytokines, namely TNF, IFN, and IL-6, demonstrated that low-dose ammonium induced a pro-inflammatory cellular response. In addition, an activation of NF-kappaB and SAPK/JNK cascades, as well as enhancement of TLR4 expression was shown. Each of used inhibitors reduced to a variable degree the pro-inflammatory response of RAW 264.7 cells on chemical toxin by decreasing cytokine production. The inhibitor of NF-kappaB cascade, IKK Inhibitor XII, was more effective, and not only prevented the development of pro-inflammatory response induced by ammonium, but also decreased cytokine production below control values. The inhibitor of extra cellular domains of TLR2 and TLR4 (OxPAPC) had almost the same anti-inflammatory effect, and an addition of the inhibitor of JNK cascade (SP600125) to cell culture practically neutralized effect of ammonium ions by decreasing cytokine production to control level. Inhibitory analysis showed that activation of RAW 264.7 cells induced by chemical toxin coincide incompletely with intracellular signaling pathways that were early determined regarding macrophage's response to toxin from gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, application of the inhibitors defended RAW 264.7 from toxic effect of the low dose ammonium.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Novoselova
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Parfeniuk
authors.forename: O V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Glushkova
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Khrenov
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Novoselova
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lunin
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Fesenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C507035:ethyl 6-(N-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfamoyl)cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate; C472349:oxidized-L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8