title: Characterization of brevetoxin metabolism in Karenia brevis bloom-exposed clams (Mercenaria sp.) by LC-MS/MS.
abstract: Brevetoxin metabolites were identified and characterized in the hard clam (Mercenaria sp.) after natural exposure to Karenia brevis blooms by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Principal brevetoxins BTX-1 and BTX-2 produced by K. brevis were not detectable in clams. Metabolites of these brevetoxins found in clams included products of oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and amino acid/fatty acid conjugation. Of highest abundance were cysteine and taurine conjugates. We also found glutathione, glycine-cysteine, and γ-glutamyl-cysteine conjugates. A series of fatty acid derivatives of cysteine-brevetoxin conjugates were also identified.
authors.affiliation: Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, FDA, 1 Iberville Drive, P.O. Box 158, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA. ann.abraham@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Yuesong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: El Said
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Plakas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D049891:Mercenaria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D035964:Oxocins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D003545:Cysteine; D004151:Dipeptides; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005978:Glutathione; D005998:Glycine; D008387:Marine Toxins; D035964:Oxocins; C053342:brevetoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C017341:gamma-glutamylcysteine