title: The Surgeons' Leadership Inventory (SLI): a taxonomy and rating system for surgeons' intraoperative leadership skills.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgeons must demonstrate leadership to optimize performance and maximize patient safety in the operating room, but no behavior rating tool is available to measure leadership.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten focus groups with members of the operating room team discussed surgeons' intraoperative leadership. Surgeons' leadership behaviors were extracted and used to finalize the Surgeons' Leadership Inventory (SLI), which was checked by surgeons (n = 6) for accuracy and face validity. The SLI was used to code video recordings (n = 5) of operations to test reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight elements of surgeons' leadership were included in the SLI: (1) maintaining standards, (2) managing resources, (3) making decisions, (4) directing, (5) training, (6) supporting others, (7) communicating, and (8) coping with pressure. Interrater reliability to code videos of surgeons' behaviors while operating using this tool was acceptable (κ = .70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SLI is empirically grounded in focus group data and both the leadership and surgical literature. The interrater reliability of the system was acceptable. The inventory could be used for rating surgeons' leadership in the operating room for research or as a basis for postoperative feedback on performance.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. sarah.henrickson.parker@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henrickson Parker
authors.forename: Rhona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flin
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yule
mesh_terms: D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010820:Physicians; D011364:Professional Practice; D015203:Reproducibility of Results