title: Norman Dott, Gerard Guiot, and Jules Hardy: key players in the resurrection and preservation of transsphenoidal surgery.
abstract: Developed over a century ago, the transsphenoidal approach to access lesions of the pituitary gland and sella turcica has transformed the field of neurosurgery, largely due to the work of Oskar Hirsch and Harvey Cushing. Furthermore, its use and modification in the early 1900s was perhaps one of Cushing's greatest legacies to skull base surgery. However, Cushing, who had worked relentlessly to improve the transsphenoidal route to the pituitary region, abandoned the approach by 1929 in his pursuit to master transcranial approaches to the suprasellar region. Hirsch and a few other surgeons continued to perform transsphenoidal operations, but they were unable to maintain the popularity of the approach among their peers. During a time when transsphenoidal surgery was on the brink of extinction, a critical lineage of 3 key surgeons--Norman Dott, Gerard Guiot, and Jules Hardy--would resurrect the art, each working to further improve the procedure. Dott, Cushing's apprentice from 1923 to 1924, brought his experiences with transsphenoidal surgery to Edinburgh, Scotland, and along the way, developed the lighted nasal speculum to provide better illumination in the narrow working area. Guiot, inspired by Dott, adopted his technique and used intraoperative radiofluoroscopic technique for image guidance. Hardy, a fellow of Guiot, from Montreal, Canada, revolutionized transsphenoidal microsurgery with the introduction of the binocular microscope and selective adenomectomy. The teachings of these pioneers have endured over time and are now widely used by neurosurgeons worldwide. In this paper, we review the lineage and contributions of Dott, Guiot, and Hardy who served as crucial players in the preservation of transsphenoidal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Smruti K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Qasim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Jean Anderson
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eloy
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Couldwell
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000266:history / Q000601:surgery; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000601:surgery; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000601:surgery*