title: Proton facility economics: the importance of "simple" treatments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given the cost and debt incurred to build a modern proton facility, impetus exists to minimize treatment of patients with complex setups because of their slower throughput. The aim of this study was to determine how many "simple" cases are necessary given different patient loads simply to recoup construction costs and debt service, without beginning to cover salaries, utilities, beam costs, and so on. Simple cases are ones that can be performed quickly because of an easy setup for the patient or because the patient is to receive treatment to just one or two fields.
  
  
  METHODS
  A "standard" construction cost and debt for 1, 3, and 4 gantry facilities were calculated from public documents of facilities built in the United States, with 100% of the construction funded through standard 15-year financing at 5% interest. Clinical best case (that each room was completely scheduled with patients over a 14-hour workday) was assumed, and a statistical analysis was modeled with debt, case mix, and payer mix moving independently. Treatment times and reimbursement data from the investigators' facility for varying complexities of patients were extrapolated for varying numbers treated daily. Revenue assumptions of $X per treatment were assumed both for pediatric cases (a mix of Medicaid and private payer) and state Medicare simple case rates. Private payer reimbursement averages $1.75X per treatment. The number of simple patients required daily to cover construction and debt service costs was then derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single gantry treating only complex or pediatric patients would need to apply 85% of its treatment slots simply to service debt. However, that same room could cover its debt treating 4 hours of simple patients, thus opening more slots for complex and pediatric patients. A 3-gantry facility treating only complex and pediatric cases would not have enough treatment slots to recoup construction and debt service costs at all. For a 4-gantry center, focusing on complex and pediatric cases alone, there would not be enough treatment slots to cover even 60% of debt service. Personnel and recurring costs and profit further reduce the business case for performing more complex patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Debt is not variable with capacity. Absent philanthropy, financing a modern proton center requires treating a case load emphasizing simple patients even before operating costs and any profit are achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. pajohnst@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Peter A S
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerstiens
authors.forename: Helsper
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Richard
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018803:Models, Economic; D011522:Protons; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011522:Protons