title: Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of antimuscarinic drugs for overactive bladder treatment in females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimuscarinics (AMs) are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of overactive bladder (OAB), a symptom complex defined by the presence of urinary urgency, usually associated with frequency and nocturia, with or without urgency urinary incontinence. The AMs used to treat OAB differ in their pharmacological profiles, which may affect their potential for causing adverse effects (AEs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The present article aims to review the literature about pharmacokinetics (PK) of the different AMs used in the treatment of OAB. Furthermore, the AEs related to the use of these drugs and their incidence are presented. This systematic review is based on material searched and obtained via Medline, Pubmed and EMBASE up to March 2012 using the search terms "adverse events, pharmacokinetics, tolerability" in combination with "darifenacin, fesoterodine, imidafenacin, oxybutynin, propiverine, solifenacin, tolterodine, and trospium."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antimuscarinics are the first-line pharmacological treatment for OAB. Despite the development of new molecules that improve their efficacy/safety profile, there are some drugs that are pharmacokinetically more appropriate to be prescribed in specific populations such as patients with neurological disease or the elderly. Moreover, research should be encouraged in evaluating antimuscarinics in conjunction with other drugs such as estrogens or beta-agonists. The identification of prognostic criteria for pharmacological therapy would be helpful.
authors.affiliation: University of Genoa, San Martino Hospital and National Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Leone Roberti Maggiore
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alessandri
authors.forename: Valentino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Remorgida
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Origoni
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candiani
authors.forename: Pier Luigi
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Venturini
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrero
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001561:Benzilates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003408:Cresols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D053158:Nocturia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011812:Quinuclidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069464:Solifenacin Succinate; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068737:Tolterodine Tartrate; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001561:Benzilates; D001572:Benzofurans; D003408:Cresols; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007093:Imidazoles; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D011812:Quinuclidines; D044005:Tetrahydroisoquinolines; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; C015586:propiverine; D000068737:Tolterodine Tartrate; C526675:fesoterodine; C101207:darifenacin; C005419:oxybutynin; D000069464:Solifenacin Succinate; C120953:imidafenacin