title: Investigating metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 allosteric modulator cooperativity, affinity, and agonism: enriching structure-function studies and structure-activity relationships.
abstract: Drug discovery programs increasingly are focusing on allosteric modulators as a means to modify the activity of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) targets. Allosteric binding sites are topographically distinct from the endogenous ligand (orthosteric) binding site, which allows for co-occupation of a single receptor with the endogenous ligand and an allosteric modulator that can alter receptor pharmacological characteristics. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) inhibit and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) enhance the affinity and/or efficacy of orthosteric agonists. Established approaches for estimation of affinity and efficacy values for orthosteric ligands are not appropriate for allosteric modulators, and this presents challenges for fully understanding the actions of novel modulators of GPCRs. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu(5)) is a family C GPCR for which a large array of allosteric modulators have been identified. We took advantage of the many tools for probing allosteric sites on mGlu(5) to validate an operational model of allosterism that allows quantitative estimation of modulator affinity and cooperativity values. Affinity estimates derived from functional assays fit well with affinities measured in radioligand binding experiments for both PAMs and NAMs with diverse chemical scaffolds and varying degrees of cooperativity. We observed modulation bias for PAMs when we compared mGlu(5)-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation data. Furthermore, we used this model to quantify the effects of mutations that reduce binding or potentiation by PAMs. This model can be applied to PAM and NAM potency curves in combination with maximal fold-shift data to derive reliable estimates of modulator affinities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Meredith J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Noetzel
authors.forename: Jerri M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rook
authors.forename: Paige N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Vinson
authors.forename: Shaun R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: Alice L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Kyle A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Emmitte
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Aspen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Felts
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Chauder
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lindsley
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Niswender
authors.forename: P Jeffrey
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Conn
mesh_terms: D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000495:Allosteric Site; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017354:Point Mutation; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D002118:Calcium