title: Endocannabinoid enzyme engineering: soluble human thio-monoacylglycerol lipase (sol-S-hMGL).
abstract: In the mammalian central nervous system, monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is principally responsible for inactivating the endocannabinoid signaling lipid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and modulates cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) desensitization and signal intensity. MGL is also a drug target for diseases in which CB1R stimulation may be therapeutic. To inform the design of human MGL (hMGL) inhibitors, we have engineered a Leu(Leu(169);Leu(176))-to-Ser(Ser(169);Ser(176)) double hMGL mutant (sol-hMGL) which exhibited enhanced solubility properties, and we further mutated this variant by substituting its catalytic-triad Ser(122) with Cys (sol-S-hMGL). The hMGL variants hydrolyzed both 2-AG and a fluorogenic reporter substrate with comparable affinities. Our results suggest that the hMGL cysteine mutant maintains the same overall architecture as wild-type hMGL. The results also underscore the superior nucleophilic nature of the reactive catalytic Ser(122) residue as compared to that of Cys(122) in the sol-S-hMGL mutant and suggest that the nucleophilic character of the Cys(122) residue is not commensurately enhanced within the three dimensional architecture of hMGL. The interaction of the sol-hMGL variants with the irreversible inhibitors AM6580 and N-arachidonylmaleimide (NAM) and the reversible inhibitor AM10212 was profiled. LC/MS analysis of tryptic digests from sol-S-hMGL directly demonstrate covalent modification of this variant by NAM and AM6580, consistent with enzyme thiol alkylation and carbamoylation, respectively. These data provide insight into hMGL catalysis, the key role of the nucleophilic character of Ser(122), and the mechanisms underlying hMGL inhibition by different classes of small molecules.
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug Discovery and  Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis,  Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, United States.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karageorgos
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zvonok
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Janero
authors.forename: V Kiran
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Vemuri
authors.forename: Vidyanand
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wales
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Engen
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makriyannis
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008994:Monoacylglycerol Lipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D012995:Solubility; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D008994:Monoacylglycerol Lipases