title: Effects on decreasing upper-limb poststroke muscle tone using transcranial direct current stimulation: a randomized sham-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on decreasing upper-limb (UL) muscle tone after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, sham-controlled, randomized controlled trial with 4-weeks follow-up. Randomization into the tDCS group or the control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation education and research hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatients (N=90, 45 per group; age range, 15-70y; 69 men, 21 women; duration of stroke, 2-12mo) with poststroke UL spasticity. No participant withdrew because of adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tDCS group received tDCS to the primary sensorimotor cortex of the affected side with cathodal stimulation, 20 minutes per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks and conventional physical therapy. The control group received sham stimulation (same area as the tDCS group) and conventional physical therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Modified Ashworth scale (MAS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment of motor recovery, and Barthel Index. All outcomes were measured at admission, after treatment, and after follow-up. A clinically important difference (CID) was defined as a reduction of ≥1 in the MAS score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the sham tDCS group, the active tDCS group had significantly more patients with a clinically important difference after treatment (80% and 78% vs 6% and 9%) and at 4-week follow-up (84% and 82% vs 7% and 4%), and UL motor function and activities of daily living (ADL) assessment improved more significantly in the active tDCS group (Fugl-Meyer Assessment of motor recovery from 12 [range, 4-26] to 22 [range, 7-50] to 32 [range, 28-41], Barthel Index from 55 [range, 0-85] to 85 [range, 5-100] to 90 [range, 10-100 vs Fugl-Meyer Assessment of motor recovery from 8 [range, 3-34] to 10 [range, 8-25] to 15 [range, 6-40], Barthel Index from 55 [range, 25-95] to 65 [range, 30-100] to 75 [range, 40-100], respectively, P<.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UL muscle tone after stroke can be decreased using cathodal tDCS. Combined with conventional physical therapy, tDCS appears to improve motor function and ADL. Cathodal tDCS over ipsilesional primary sensorimotor cortex may inhibit primary sensorimotor cortex hyperactivation, resulting in significant reductions in muscle tone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. wudongyu73@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Dongyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zorowitz
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*