title: The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and failure to proton pump inhibitor treatment in gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited information regarding the contribution of diabetes mellitus (DM) to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) failure in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether type 2 DM is a risk factor for PPI failure and the potential predictive factors for PPI failure among type 2 DM patients with GERD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was performed using hospital medical records of GERD patients treated with a PPI. The prevalence of type 2 DM and other risk factors (established >1 y before study enrollment) was determined in the PPI failure (treatment with more than once daily PPI) as compared with PPI responders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 732 GERD patients receiving PPI therapy, including 285 who failed PPI treatment, were included. The overall prevalence of PPI failure was significantly higher in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients. The relationship between PPI failure and type 2 DM depended on body mass index. Only in obese patients the odds ratio of PPI failure was significantly higher in type 2 DM as compared with non-DM patients. In the subgroup of GERD patients with type 2 DM (n=349), PPI failure was significantly associated with female sex, the presence of general comorbidities, and adequate DM control. Duration of DM, type of antidiabetic medication prescribed, and DM-associated complications were not associated with PPI failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPI failure was significantly associated with type 2 DM in obese patients. Among GERD patients with type 2 DM, failure of PPI treatment was significantly associated with female sex and the presence of general comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: Neuroenteric Clinical Research Group, Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ 85723-0001, USA.
authors.forename: Tiberiu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hershcovici
authors.forename: Lokesh K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: Rakshith
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gadam
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerson
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fass
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors