title: Enhanced sensitivity of skeletal muscle growth in offspring of mice long-term selected for high body mass in response to a maternal high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet during lactation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet fed to mice of different genotypes during pregnancy and/or lactation on offspring skeletal muscle growth and metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant mice from strains selected for high body mass (DU6) or endurance running performance (DUhLB) and from an unselected control strain (DUK) were fed iso-energetic diets containing 20 % (C) or 40 % protein and low carbohydrate (HP) from mating to weaning at day 21 of age. At birth, offspring were cross-fostered resulting in different exposure to maternal prenatal-preweaning diets (C-C, HP-C, C-HP, HP-HP). Rectus femoris muscle of male mice (n = 291) was examined at day 23, 44, 181 and 396 of age for cellular growth and metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At day 23 of age, body and muscle growth was retarded by 30-40 % (P < 0.0001) in response to the C-HP and HP-HP, but not to the HP-C diet, due to reduced fibre size (P < 0.0001) but not fibre number. DNA was highly reduced in DU6, less in DUhLB, but not in DUK muscle (strain × diet; P < 0.0001). Despite some compensation, muscle growth was still impaired (P < 0.001) in adulthood (day 44; day 181), but at senescence only in DU6 mice (strain × diet; P < 0.05). Only at weaning, isocitrate and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased or decreased (P < 0.0001), respectively, without influence on fibre type composition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet fed to dams during lactation, but not during pregnancy, retards skeletal muscle growth in offspring with greater response of a heavy, obese compared with a physically fit and a control genotype and causes a transient shift towards oxidative versus glycolytic muscle metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany. rehfeldt@fbn-dummerstorf.de
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rehfeldt
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langhammer
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kucia
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: Cornelia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Metges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D001823:Body Composition; D001947:Breeding; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D051379:Mice; D024510:Muscle Development; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010807:Physical Endurance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000178:diet therapy; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004247:DNA; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; C039355:isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)