title: Characterisation of organic matter in IX and PACl treated wastewater in relation to the fouling of a hydrophobic polypropylene membrane.
abstract: Extensive organic characterisation of a wastewater using liquid chromatography with a photodiode array and fluorescence spectroscopy (Method A), and UV(254) and organic carbon detector (Method B) was undertaken, as well as with fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy (EEM). Characterisation was performed on the wastewater before and after ion exchange (IX) treatment and polyaluminium chlorohydrate (PACl) coagulation, and following microfiltration of the wastewater and pre-treated wastewaters. Characterisation by EEM was unable to detect biopolymers within the humic rich wastewaters and was not subsequently used to characterise the MF permeates. IX treatment preferentially removed low molecular weight (MW) organic acids and neutrals, and moderate amounts of biopolymers in contrast to a previous report of no biopolymer removal with IX. PACl preferentially removed moderate MW humic and fulvic acids, and large amounts of biopolymers. PACl showed a great preference for removal of proteins from the biopolymer component in comparison to IX. An increase in the fluorescence response of tryptophan-like compounds in the biopolymer fraction following IX treatment suggests that low MW neutrals may influence the structure and/or inhibit aggregation of organic compounds. Fouling rates for IX and PACl treated wastewaters had high initial fouling rates that reduced to lower fouling rates with time, while the untreated Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP) wastewater displayed a consistent, high rate of fouling. The results for the IX and PACl treated wastewaters were consistent with the long-term fouling rate being determined by cake filtration while both pore constriction and cake filtration contributed to the higher initial fouling rates. Higher rejection of biopolymers was observed for PACl and IX waters compared to the untreated ETP water, suggesting increased adhesion of biopolymers to the membrane or cake layer may lead to the higher rejection.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sustainability and Innovation (ISI), Victoria University, Werribee Campus, Hoppers Lane Werribee PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
authors.forename: Darli T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Myat
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mergen
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Orbell
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D007474:Ion Exchange; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011126:Polypropylenes; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013997:Time Factors; D014739:Victoria; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D001578:Benzopyrans; D006812:Humic Substances; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; D011126:Polypropylenes; D062065:Wastewater; C016213:aluminum oxychloride; C005023:fulvic acid