title: ATP driven clathrin dependent entry of carbon nanospheres prefer cells with glucose receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrinsically fluorescent glucose derived carbon nanospheres (CSP) efficiently enter mammalian cells and also cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). However, the mechanistic details of CSP entry inside mammalian cells and its specificity are not known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report, the biochemical and cellular mechanism of CSP entry into the living cell have been investigated. By employing confocal imaging we show that CSP entry into the mammalian cells is an ATP-dependent clathrin mediated endocytosis process. Zeta potential studies suggest that it has a strong preference for cells which possess high levels of glucose transporters such as the glial cells, thereby enabling it to target individual organs/tissues such as the brain with increased specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endocytosis of Glucose derived CSP into mammalian cells is an ATP dependent process mediated by clathrin coated pits. CSPs utilize the surface functional groups to target cells containing glucose transporters on its membrane thereby implicating a potential application for specific targeting of the brain or cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O, Bangalore 560 064, India.
authors.forename: Ruthrotha B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Selvi
authors.forename: Snehajyoti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jagadeesan
authors.forename: Piyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaturbedy
authors.forename: Bangalore Srinivas
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Suma
authors.forename: Muthusamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eswaramoorthy
authors.forename: Tapas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kundu
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D054118:Nanospheres / Q000737:chemistry*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D013395:Sucrose; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002966:Clathrin; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C027786:glucose receptor; D013395:Sucrose; D002244:Carbon; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003847:Deoxyglucose