title: Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer: evidence from observational studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of epidemiological studies have reported inconsistent findings on the association between meat consumption and lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between meat consumption and lung cancer risk in epidemiological studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three case-control and 11 cohort studies were included. All studies adjusted for smoking or conducted in never smokers. The summary relative risks (RRs) of lung cancer for the highest versus lowest intake categories were 1.35 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.69) for total meat, 1.34 (95% CI 1.18-1.52) for red meat, and 1.06 (95% CI 0.90-1.25) for processed meat. An inverse association was found between poultry intake and lung cancer (RR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.97), but not for total white meat (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.82-1.37) or fish (RR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.96-1.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between meat intake and lung cancer risk appears to depend on the types of meat consumed. A high intake of red meat may increase the risk of lung cancer by about 35%, while a high intake of poultry decreases the risk by about 10%. More well-designed cohort studies on meat mutagens or heme iron, meat cooking preferences, and doneness level are needed to fully characterize this meat-lung cancer association.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vogtmann
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: R Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Q J
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: ybxiang@shsci.org.
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003296:Cooking; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008460:Meat; D011200:Poultry; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking