title: Alarmins: awaiting a clinical response.
abstract: Alarmins are endogenous molecules that are constitutively available and released upon tissue damage and activate the immune system. Current evidence indicates that uncontrolled and excessive release of alarmins contributes to the dysregulated processes seen in many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as tumorigenesis and cancer spread. Conversely, alarmins have also been found to play a major role in the orchestration of tissue homeostasis, including repair and remodeling in the heart, skin, and nervous system. Here, we provide an update and overview on alarmins, highlighting the areas that may benefit from this clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. james.chan@kennedy.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Joost J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oppenheim
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tracey
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vogl
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horwood
authors.forename: Jagdeep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nanchahal
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators