title: Robotics in endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increasing complexity of intralumenal and emerging translumenal endoscopic procedures has created an opportunity to apply robotics in endoscopy. Computer-assisted or direct-drive robotic technology allows the triangulation of flexible tools through telemanipulation. The creation of new flexible operative platforms, along with other emerging technology such as nanobots and steerable capsules, can be transformational for endoscopic procedures. In this review, we cover some background information on the use of robotics in surgery and endoscopy, and review the emerging literature on platforms, capsules, and mini-robotic units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The development of techniques in advanced intralumenal endoscopy (endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection) and translumenal endoscopic procedures (NOTES) has generated a number of novel platforms, flexible tools, and devices that can apply robotic principles to endoscopy. The development of a fully flexible endoscopic surgical toolkit will enable increasingly advanced procedures to be performed through natural orifices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of platforms and new flexible tools to the areas of advanced endoscopy and NOTES heralds the opportunity to employ useful robotic technology. Following the examples of the utility of robotics from the field of laparoscopic surgery, we can anticipate the emerging role of robotic technology in endoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klibansky
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Rothstein
mesh_terms: D053704:Capsule Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends