title: Early postoperative outcomes associated with the anterolateral thigh flap in Gustilo IIIB fractures of the lower extremity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A core concept in plastic surgery has been the replacement of "like-with-like" tissue. Applying this concept to the lower extremity, the anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap has become a frequently used free flap for restoration of soft tissue defects involving the distal lower extremity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of early postoperative complications associated with the ALT perforator free flap for coverage of high-energy traumatic open fractures of the lower extremity (Gustilo IIIB) and explore related patient risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of 74 patients undergoing free tissue transfer for lower extremity limb coverage was performed. Early postoperative complications were defined as any 1 or more of the following having occurred within 6 months from surgical reconstruction: hematoma, wound infection, deep venous thrombosis, thromboembolism, partial flap loss, complete flap loss, continued osteomyelitis, and progression to amputation occurring within the first 6 months after the injury. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad software. Fisher exact test was performed to identify risk factors associated with greater morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all patients, 26 (35%) were identified as those habitually using tobacco product and 48 (64%) were identified as nonusers of tobacco product. Moreover, 10 patients (14%) had other risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and 64 patients (86%) did not have other risk factors for atherosclerosis. Mean (SD) time to reconstruction was 4.74 (1.3) days (range, 3-8 days). Of all defects, 34 (46%) were reconstructed using adipocutaneous flaps and 40 (54%) were reconstructed using fasciocutaneous flaps. The most frequent complication was partial flap loss or superficial epidermolysis 4 (5.4%). Fisher exact test was performed, showing that patients who used tobacco product (cigarette smokers) and had other risk factors for atherosclerosis were significantly more at risk for complications (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective review, those patients who had a positive history of tobacco use at the time of injury and those with risk factors for atherosclerosis had a significantly increased risk of flap complications. Although this is not surprising given the vasoconstrictive effects of nicotine and the impaired blood flow to the lower extremity in patients with atherosclerosis, this study will allow the surgeon to better counsel patients who have a history of tobacco use through complex reconstruction of the lower extremity. This analysis is a preliminary investigation into the safety and efficacy of the ALT fasciocutaneous or adipocutaneous flap to reconstruct high-energy open fractures of the lower extremity.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and †The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine; and ‡The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Christy
authors.forename: Avron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lipschitz
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Nance
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D064386:Ankle Fractures; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000601:surgery*; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013848:Thigh; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult