title: Anterior segment fluorescein angiography of the normal feline eye using a dSLR camera adaptor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal feline eye using a digital single-lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten cats free of ocular and systemic disease were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cats received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to anesthesia using propofol (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to the administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Imaging was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/second immediately following IV bolus of sodium fluorescein for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten cats with an average age of 3.7 ± 0.9 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases occurred 4.6, 7.8, and 8.9 s postinjection, respectively. Visibility of the vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation. Patency of a persistent pupillary membrane was noted in one cat. Vessel leakage was common, as well as, leakage into the aqueous humor. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical. No adverse events were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates ASFA findings in normal feline eyes using a cost-effective dSLR camera adaptor. Fluorescein leakage from vessels and into the aqueous humor was a common finding. Visibility of iris vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Alario
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pirie
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pizzirani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*