title: The relationship of vitamin D with non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies implicate an inverse relationship between 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)Vit D) serum levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We sought to investigate a possible relationship between 25(OH)Vit D and emerging risk factors associated with MetS, such as small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) concentration, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) activity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 110 consecutive otherwise healthy individuals. Of these, 52 were diagnosed with MetS and 58 who did not meet the MetS criteria served as controls. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclass analysis was performed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lp-PLA(2) activity was determined in total plasma by the trichloroacetic acid precipitation procedure. Serum 25(OH)Vit D was determined quantitatively by an enzyme immunoassay method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic syndrome subjects had significantly lower 25(OH)Vit D levels (11.8 [0.6-48.3] ng/ml; 29.5 [1.5-120.75] nmol/l) compared with controls (17.2 [4.8-62.4] ng/ml; 43 [12-156] nmol/l, p = 0.027). Univariate regression analysis showed that 25(OH)Vit D concentration was inversely related to triglycerides (r= - 0.416, p = 0.003) and sdLDL-C (r= - 0.305, p = 0.004). There was no association of 25(OH)Vit D with waist circumference, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting glucose, Lp-PLA(2) and hsCRP. In multivariate regression analysis the relationship between 25(OH)Vit D and sdLDL-C became insignificant when triglycerides were included in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with MetS exhibit lower 25(OH)Vit D serum levels compared with non-MetS individuals. Low 25(OH)Vit D is associated with higher sdLDL-C levels possibly through elevated triglycerides. No association between 25(OH)Vit D and Lp-PLA(2) or hsCRP was found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makariou
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liberopoulos
authors.forename: Matilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Florentin
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lagos
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gazi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Challa
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elisaf