title: Mechanical properties of porcine cartilage after uniform RF heating.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thermally mediated modalities of cartilage reshaping utilize localized heating of cartilage combined with mechanical deformation to achieve new geometries. We sought to determine the steady state elastic modulus of thermally modified cartilage without deformation, as this provides a constraint in mechanical models of the shape change process.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main objective of this study was to characterize the steady state elastic modulus of porcine septal cartilage after uniform heating with radiofrequency (RF) to peak temperatures of 50 ± 5, 65 ± 5, and 85 ± 5°C. The cartilage was divided into three equally sized regions, designated as anterior, middle and posterior. Each region was then sectioned into two specimens with the proximal component serving as a paired control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data confirm that there is high baseline variability in control steady state elastic moduli between animals. Also, the control values confirm a decreasing steady state elastic modulus from anterior to posterior. There is no statistical significance (P > 0.05) found between the elastic moduli of control and treated samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although shape change and retention have been fairly well characterized, little is known about the specific relation between steady state elastic modulus of cartilage and maximum treatment temperature. We determined that the difference of steady state elastic modulus between control and treated porcine septal samples was not statistically significant after uniform heating with RF to peak temperatures of 50 ± 5, 65 ± 5, and 85 ± 5°C. Ultimately, the results of this study do not pertain to the regions of heated cartilage that are shaped to hold a new form; however, it does show that the regions that are not mechanically deformed do return to the original pre-treatment elastic modulus. This is still useful information that may be used in finite element models to predict changes in internal stress distributions of cartilage after laser reshaping.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Allison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zemek
authors.forename: Dmitry E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Protsenko
authors.forename: Brian J F
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004566:Electrodes; D006358:Hot Temperature; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D055171:Nasal Cartilages; D013552:Swine