title: Improved clinicopathologic assessments of acute liver damage due to trauma in Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis).
abstract: Increased activities of certain biochemical enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) have been associated with blunt liver injury in many species. To evaluate changes in plasma hepatic biochemical parameters in acute avian liver disease caused by trauma and to compare biochemical changes with histologic lesions in hepatic parenchyma, 30 healthy fasted Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis) were divided into 2 groups, and traumatic liver injury was caused by endoscopic liver biopsy (group 1) or by liver biopsy and crushing injury to the hepatic parenchyma with endoscopic forceps (group 2) in anesthetized birds. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 hours in alternate groups to compare analyte values after injury with those at baseline. Results showed consistently decreased plasma ALP activity (excluding 1 time point) throughout the study, which was thought to be associated with isoflurane administration. Plasma glutamate dehydrogenase activity initially increased but rapidly declined thereafter and was attributed to acute focal hepatocellular injury. In both groups, increases in plasma AST, ALT, and LDH activities was most likely caused by muscle injury because creatine kinase activity was concurrently increased. Compared with baseline values, bile acid concentration and y-glutamyl transferase activity were not affected by liver biopsy or crush injury. Plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was the most specific indicator of liver injury in both groups. Histologic changes correlated poorly with biochemical results, possibly because the small area of hepatic parenchyma that was damaged did not affect enzyme values substantially.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holthaus
authors.forename: Heather Wilson
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Divers
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Almy
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Latimer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D046409:Psittacula / Q000293:injuries*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*