title: Periodontal disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the periodontal status in well controlled and poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients compared with normal healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional comparative study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes Management Centre, Services Hospital, Lahore, from November 2009 to January 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty well controlled and forty poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects having good oral hygiene (scored according to simplified oral hygiene index) were compared with a control group of forty normal healthy individuals. Probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and attachment loss (AL) were recorded to obtain the periodontal status of each tooth, using a Michigan probe "0" with Williams marking. Glycemic control was evaluated by glycated Hb value. Using ANOVA and independent sample t-test, mean probing depth and attachment loss in each tooth type (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of diabetic subjects was 58.86 ± 6.21 years and that of control group was 56.92 ± 6.91 years; 60% were females. Probing depth was greater in patients with poorly controlled diabetes compared to well controlled diabetic patients and non-diabetic controls (4.21 mm vs. 3.72 mm and 2.93 mm respectively, p < 0.001). Attachment loss also increased in poorly controlled diabetes (p < 0.001) compared to the control group and well controlled diabetes, however, the difference was not statistically significant when comparing well controlled to the control group (p > 0.05). Number of sites and mean percentage of sites with attachment loss of ³ 4 and ³ 6 mm was also significantly higher in poorly controlled diabetes compared to the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal status as estimated by probing depth and degree of attachment loss deteriorates significantly with poor glycemic control in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore. dr.haseeb@gmail.com
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haseeb
authors.forename: Khadija Irfan
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Khawaja
authors.forename: Khurram
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ataullah
authors.forename: Muhammad Bader
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Munir
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fatima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010154:Pakistan; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000150:complications; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000150:complications; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin