title: Integrated metabolo-proteomic approach to decipher the mechanisms by which wheat QTL (Fhb1) contributes to resistance against Fusarium graminearum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance in plants to pathogen attack can be qualitative or quantitative. For the latter, hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified, but the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. Integrated non-target metabolomics and proteomics, using high resolution hybrid mass spectrometry, were applied to identify the mechanisms of resistance governed by the fusarium head blight resistance locus, Fhb1, in the near isogenic lines derived from wheat genotype Nyubai.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabolomic and proteomic profiles were compared between the near isogenic lines (NIL) with resistant and susceptible alleles of Fhb1 upon F. graminearum or mock-inoculation. The resistance-related metabolites and proteins identified were mapped to metabolic pathways. Metabolites of the shunt phenylpropanoid pathway such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenolic glucosides and flavonoids were induced only in the resistant NIL, or induced at higher abundances in resistant than in susceptible NIL, following pathogen inoculation. The identities of these metabolites were confirmed, with fragmentation patterns, using the high resolution LC-LTQ-Orbitrap. Concurrently, the enzymes of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, flavonoid O-methyltransferase, agmatine coumaroyltransferase and peroxidase were also up-regulated. Increased cell wall thickening due to deposition of hydroxycinnamic acid amides and flavonoids was confirmed by histo-chemical localization of the metabolites using confocal microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that the resistance in Fhb1 derived from the wheat genotype Nyubai is mainly associated with cell wall thickening due to deposition of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenolic glucosides and flavonoids, but not with the conversion of deoxynivalenol to less toxic deoxynivalenol 3-O-glucoside.
authors.affiliation: Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Raghavendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gunnaiah
authors.forename: Ajjamada C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kushalappa
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duggavathi
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Daryl J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Somers
mesh_terms: D005670:Fusarium / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*