title: Dose findings of antofloxacin hydrochloride for treating bacterial infections in an early clinical trial using PK-PD parameters in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find an appropriate dose regimen of the novel antibacterial agent antofloxacin for a phase II clinical trial using a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) study in healthy volunteers and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four healthy volunteers were enrolled in a double-blind crossover study and received antofloxacin (200 or 400 mg/d, po) for consecutive 5 d with 10 d washout between two separate periods. Blood concentrations were analyzed using HPLC with a UV-Vis detector. The values of area under the curve (AUC) with covariates were obtained from a PPK model, and the MICs came from the previous in vitro studies. The dose regimen was determined for the phase II clinical trial according to the ratio (>20) of AUC/MIC, and the efficacy of the dose was evaluated by the trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-compartment model best described the time-concentration data with first-order absorption. The PPK parameter estimates for CL, V(c), Q, V(p) and K(A) are 8.34 L/h, 142 L, 15.9 L/h, 52.2 L and 4.64 1/h, respectively. The covariates sex for K(A), weight for CL, weight for V(c) and interoccasion variability were included in the final model. The AUC/MIC was calculated based on the PPK model and the MIC of antofloxacin for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined in previous researches. The 400 mg loading dose with 200 mg/d maintenance dose was recommended and confirmed by the phase II trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ratio of AUC from the PPK model vs MIC as the PD parameter can be applied in a dose-finding trial of antofloxacin in treatment of bacterial infections. The PPK model suggests that sex and body weight may be considerations in regards to individual therapy, which should be investigated in larger clinical trials and serve as a potential reference for clinical therapies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, China.
authors.forename: Yun-fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Ying-chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ji-han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qing-shan
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D001835:Body Weight; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C522674:antofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin