title: Virtual reality simulation training in a high-fidelity procedure suite: operator appraisal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the face and content validity of a novel, full physics, full procedural, virtual reality simulation housed in a hybrid procedure suite.
  
  
  METHODS
  After completing 60 minutes of hands-on training in uterine artery embolization and coronary angioplasty, 24 radiologists and 18 cardiologists with mean 10 years of endovascular experience assessed the functionality of a comprehensive hybrid procedure suite simulation (Orcamp; Orzone, Gothenburg, Sweden).
  
  
  RESULTS
  C-arm and operating table functionality and realism were reliably (α = 0.0.89-0.92) rated highly (80/100). Performance realism of the catheter, guide wire, fluoroscopy image, electrocardiogram, and vital signs readout also reliably and statistically significantly predicted subjects' overall positive assessment (mean = 87/100) of the simulation experience in a multiple regression model (α = .83; r = 0.85 and r(2) = 0.67; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports a quantitative evaluation of a comprehensive simulation of an authentic procedure suite for image-guided intravascular procedures. This new facility affords the opportunity for trainers to provide higher fidelity training of operative technical, procedural, and management skills in the realistic context of a complete procedure suite with all its complexities and potential distractions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lonn
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Edmond
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055357:Uterine Artery Embolization / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation