title: Determinants of hand hygiene noncompliance in intensive care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hand hygiene (HH) is single most effective preventive measure for health care-associated infection, but compliance rates remain low. This study estimated HH compliance among health care workers (HCWs) and examined factors associated with noncompliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study design was carried out in 5 intensive care units (ICUs) at the University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Among 242 HCWs, a total of 3,940 HH opportunities were observed by 6 trained medical interns and students. The World Health Organization's "Five Moments for Hand Hygiene" procedure was used as a basis for the observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall observed noncompliance rate was 58%. The factors associated with noncompliance were HCW job title (physicians, odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-4.2; allied health professionals, OR, 2.9, 95% CI, 1.9-4.6); working the a.m. shift (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.8), working in a pediatric ICU (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5-2.2), and performance of HH before patient contact (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.6-7.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall HH noncompliance was high in ICUs of this hospital. The demanding ICU work setting was an important factor associated with noncompliance. HH compliance was highest among therapists and technicians because of fewer patient interactions and thus fewer HH noncompliance opportunities per person. Further studies on the relationship between work environment demands and HH compliance rates are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alsubaie
authors.forename: Abdallah bin
authors.initials: Ab
authors.lastname: Maither
authors.forename: Waddah
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alalmaei
authors.forename: Ayshah D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Al-Shammari
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tashkandi
authors.forename: Ali M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Somily
authors.forename: Abdulkareem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alaska
authors.forename: Abdulaziz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: BinSaeed
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D012529:Saudi Arabia