title: Humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity against vaccine and nonvaccine genotypes after administration of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine to HIV-infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (QHPV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, we studied their immune responses to 3 or 4 doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected children aged 7-12 years with a CD4 cell percentage of ≥15% of lymphocytes, received 3 doses of QHPV with or without a fourth dose after 72 weeks. Type-specific and cross-reactive antibodies and cell-mediated immunity were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type-specific antibodies to HPV6, 11, and 16 were detected in 100% and ≥94% of children at 4 and 72 weeks, respectively, after the third QHPV dose. Corresponding numbers for HPV18 were 97% and 76%, respectively. A fourth QHPV dose increased seropositivity to ≥96% for all vaccine genotypes. Four weeks after the third QHPV dose, 67% of vaccinees seroconverted to HPV31, an HPV16-related genotype not in the vaccine; 69% and 39% of vaccinees developed mucosal HPV16 and 18 immunoglobulin G antibodies, respectively; and 60% and 52% of vaccinees developed cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for HPV16 and 31, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three QHPV doses generated robust and persistent antibodies to HPV6, 11, and 16 but comparatively weaker responses to HPV18. A fourth dose increased antibodies against all vaccine genotypes in an anamnestic fashion. CTLs and mucosal antibodies against vaccine genotypes, as well as cross-reactive antibodies and CTL against nonvaccine genotypes, were detected.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. adriana.weinberg@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Lin-Ye
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saah
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Anna B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Moscicki
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Myron J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D008297:Male; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines