title: Tungsten toxicity, bioaccumulation, and compartmentalization into organisms representing two trophic levels.
abstract: Metallic tungsten has civil and military applications and was considered a green alternative to lead. Recent reports of contamination in drinking water and soil have raised scrutiny and suspended some applications. This investigation employed the cabbage  Brassica oleracae  and snail  Otala lactea  as models to determine the toxicological implications of sodium tungstate and an aged tungsten powder-spiked soil containing monomeric and polymeric tungstates. Aged soil bioassays indicated cabbage growth was impaired at 436 mg of W/kg, while snail survival was not impacted up to 3793 mg of W/kg. In a dermal exposure, sodium tungstate was more toxic to the snail, with a lethal median concentration of 859 mg of W/kg. While the snail significantly bioaccumulated tungsten, predominately in the hepatopancreas, cabbage leaves bioaccumulated much higher concentrations. Synchrotron-based mapping indicated the highest levels of W were in the veins of cabbage leaves. Our results suggest snails consuming contaminated cabbage accumulated higher tungsten concentrations relative to the concentrations directly bioaccumulated from soil, indicating the importance of robust trophic transfer investigations. Finally, synchrotron mapping provided evidence of tungsten in the inner layer of the snail shell, suggesting potential use of snail shells as a biomonitoring tool for metal contamination.
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States. Alan.J.Kennedy@usace.army.mil
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seiter
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bednar
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001937:Brassica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D012908:Snails / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D014414:Tungsten / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; D014414:Tungsten