title: Scale-up of nanoemulsion produced by emulsification and solvent diffusion.
abstract: The scale-up of nanoemulsions (NEs) produced by emulsification and solvent diffusion process was successfully achieved in the present work. Up to 1500 mL of NEs were produced with olive oil, castor oil, almond oil, or Arlamol™ E by using a Y-shaped mixer device. NE droplet sizes were significantly modulated from 290 to 185 nm by changing the process parameters without modification of the formulation composition. Smaller NE droplet sizes were obtained by (1) decreasing the internal diameter of the Y-mixer from 5 to 0.8 mm, (2) increasing the flow rates of the organic and the aqueous phases upon mixing, and (3) increasing the temperature of the experiment from 5°C to 40°C. All the results of NE diameters (d(sc) ) expressed as a function of the Reynolds number (Re) and the shear rate inside the Y-mixer (\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\dot \gamma$\end{document}) showed the existence of typical power-law relationships: d(sc) = 10(2.82) Re(- 0.14) and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$d_{{\rm sc}} = 10^{2.60} \dot \gamma ^{- 0.06}$\end{document}, respectively. The existence of these power-laws for NE formation by emulsification and solvent diffusion process has never been reported in the literature yet and constitutes a new finding in this work. We definitely proved that the high turbulences created upon NE formation are the most important parameter allowing to decrease droplet size.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex 92296, France.
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitri
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vauthier
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Assia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menas
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ringard-Lefebvre
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anselmi
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stambouli
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rosilio
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Vachon
authors.forename: Kawthar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bouchemal
mesh_terms: D004058:Diffusion; D004655:Emulsions; D036103:Nanotechnology; D012997:Solvents; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D012997:Solvents