title: 3-hydroxypropionic acid as an antibacterial agent from endophytic fungi Diaporthe phaseolorum.
abstract: Endophytic fungi are considered a rich source of active compounds resulting from their secondary metabolism. Fungi from marine environment grow in a habitat with unique conditions that can contribute to the activation of metabolic pathways of synthesis of different unknown molecules. The production of these compounds may support the adaptation and survival of the fungi in the marine ecosystem. Mangroves are ecosystems situated between land and sea. They are frequently found in tropical and subtropical areas and enclose approximately 18.1 million hectares of the planet. The great biodiversity found in these ecosystems shows the importance of researching them, including studies regarding new compounds derived from the endophytic fungi that inhabit these ecosystems. 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HPA) has been isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum, which was obtained from branches of Laguncularia racemosa. The structure of this compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D and 2D NMR. In bioassays, 3-HPA showed antimicrobial activities against both Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The structure of this antibiotic was modified by the chemical reaction of Fischer-Speier esterification to evaluate the biologic activity of its chemical analog. The esterified product, 3-hydroxypropanoic ethyl ester, did not exhibit antibiotic activity, suggesting that the free carboxylic acid group is important to the pharmacological activity. The antibiotic-producing strain was identified with internal transcribed spacer sequence data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of antibacterial activity by 3-HPA against the growth of medically important pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, Brazil. ferlss@gmail.com
authors.forename: Fernanda L S
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Sebastianes
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cabedo
authors.forename: Noureddine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El Aouad
authors.forename: Angela M M P
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Paulo T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Lacava
authors.forename: João L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Aline A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pizzirani-Kleiner
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cortes
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D060026:Endophytes / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019344:Lactic Acid; C031601:hydracrylic acid