title: How do persons with dementia participate in decision making related to health and daily care? a multi-case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many countries have passed laws giving patients the right to participate in decisions about health care. People with dementia cannot be assumed to be incapable of making decisions on their diagnosis alone as they may have retained cognitive abilities.The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how persons with dementia participated in making decisions about health care and how their family carers and professional caregivers influenced decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  This Norwegian study had a qualitative multi-case design. The triad in each of the ten cases consisted of the person with dementia, the family carer and the professional caregiver, in all 30 participants. Inclusion criteria for the persons with dementia were: (1) 67 years or older (2) diagnosed with dementia (3) Clinical Dementia Rating score 2, moderate dementia; (3) able to communicate verbally. The family carers and professional caregivers were then asked to participate.A semi-structured interview guide was used in interviews with family carers and professional caregivers. Field notes were written after participant observation of interactions between persons with dementia and professional caregivers during morning care or activities at a day centre. How the professional caregivers facilitated decision making was the focus of the observations that varied in length from 30 to 90 minutes. The data were analyzed using framework analysis combined with a hermeneutical interpretive approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Professional caregivers based their assessment of mental competence on experience and not on standardized tests. Persons with dementia demonstrated variability in how they participated in decision making. Pseudo-autonomous decision making and delegating decision making were new categories that emerged. Autonomous decision making did occur but shared decision making was the most typical pattern. Reduced mental capacity, lack of available choices or not being given the opportunity to participate led to non-involvement. Not all decisions were based on logic; personal values and relationships were also considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with moderate dementia demonstrated variability in how they participated in decision making. Optimal involvement was facilitated by positioning them as capable of influencing decisions, assessing decision-specific competence, clarifying values and understanding the significance of relationships and context.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Work Studies, Ostfold University College, 1757, Halden, Norway. kari.l.smebye@hiof.no
authors.forename: Kari Lislerud
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Smebye
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirkevold
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003657:Decision Making; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016743:Mental Competency; D009664:Norway; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*