title: Effects of pine bark supplementation on performance, rumen fermentation, and carcass characteristics of Kiko crossbred male goats.
abstract: Twenty-two Kiko crossbred male goats (Capra hircus; initial BW = 27.5 ± 1.04 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design to determine the effects of feeding pine bark (PB; Pinus taeda L.) on animal performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, fecal egg counts (FEC), and carcass characteristics in goats. Experimental treatments included the control diet [0% PB plus 30% wheat straw (WS)], 15% PB plus 15% WS, and 30% PB plus 0% WS (on as-fed basis), where PB replaced WS. Freshly air-dried PB and WS were finely (1.5 to 3.0 mm) ground and incorporated in the grain mixes. Experimental diets provided a total of 1.9, 16.3, and 32 g of condense tannins (CT)/kg DM in 0%, 15%, and 30% PB diets, respectively. The grain mixes were fed daily at 85% of the feed offered, with remaining 15% consisting of Bermuda grass hay (Cynodon dactylon). Animals were fed once a day at 0800 h, and feed offered and refused was monitored for an 83-d performance period. Rumen and blood samples were collected at d 0, 50, and 80 of the study. Carcass traits were assessed after slaughter at the end of performance period. There was no difference in initial BW, hay, and total NDF intake among treatments; however, final BW (P = 0.06), ADG (P < 0.01), grain mix intake (P < 0.001), total DMI (P < 0.001), and G:F (P < 0.04) increased linearly as the PB increased in the diets. Rumen ammonia N, acetate, isovalerate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were reduced linearly (P < 0.05). There was no difference in carcass traits except cold carcass weight (P = 0.06), which tended to increase linearly in goats fed 15% and 30% PB. Breast, sirloin, trim trait, liver, and hide weight increased (linear; P < 0.01) with addition of PB. Blood basophils, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, Na, and Cl concentrations decreased (linear; P < 0.02 to 0.01) as PB supplementation increased. Supplementation of PB reduced (linear; P < 0.01) average FEC. Addition of PB in the diets improved performance, reduced FEC, and favorably modified rumen fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solaiman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gurung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Behrends
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Eun
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005285:Fermentation; D006041:Goats / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D028223:Pinus; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism