title: Does anti-malarial drug knowledge predict anti-malarial dispensing practice in drug outlets? A survey of medicine retailers in western Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya, where it is the fifth leading cause of death in both children and adults. Effectively managing malaria is dependent upon appropriate treatment. In Kenya, between 17 to 83 percent of febrile individuals first seek treatment for febrile illness over the counter from medicine retailers. Understanding medicine retailer knowledge and behaviour in treating suspected malaria and dispensing anti-malarials is crucial.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate medicine retailer knowledge about anti-malarials and their dispensing practices, a survey was conducted of all retail drug outlets that sell anti-malarial medications and serve residents of the Webuye Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in the Bungoma East District of western Kenya.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the medicine retailers surveyed (65%) were able to identify artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as the Kenyan Ministry of Health recommended first-line anti-malarial therapy for uncomplicated malaria. Retailers who correctly identified this treatment were also more likely to recommend AL to adult and paediatric customers. However, the proportion of medicine retailers who recommend the correct treatment is disappointingly low. Only 48% would recommend AL to adults, and 37% would recommend it to children. It was discovered that customer demand has an influence on retailer behaviour. Retailer training and education were found to be correlated with anti-malarial drug knowledge, which in turn is correlated with dispensing practices. Medicine retailer behaviour, including patient referral practice and dispensing practices, are also correlated with knowledge of the first-line anti-malarial medication. The Kenya Ministry of Health guidelines were found to influence retailer drug stocking and dispensing behaviours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most medicine retailers could identify the recommended first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria, but the percentage that could not is still too high. Furthermore, knowing the MOH recommended anti-malarial medication does not always ensure it is recommended or dispensed to customers. Retailer training and education are both areas that could be improved. Considering the influence that patient demand has on retailer behaviour, future interventions focusing on community education may positively influence appropriate dispensing of anti-malarials.
authors.affiliation: Duke Global Health Institute, Trent Hall, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Andria.Rusk@alumni.duke.edu
authors.forename: Andria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rusk
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Menya
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obala
authors.forename: Chrispinus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simiyu
authors.forename: Barasa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khwa-Otsyula
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: O'Meara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials