title: Effect of resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and markers of renal function, metabolism, inflammation, and immunity in recreational bodybuilders.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a hypertrophic training program during Ramadan on body composition and selected metabolic markers in trained bodybuilders. Sixteen male recreational bodybuilders (9 Ramadan fasters and 7 nonfasters) participated in the study. All visited the laboratory 2 d before the start of Ramadan (Bef-R) and on the 29th day of Ramadan (End-R). In the morning of each session, subjects underwent anthropometric measurement, completed a dietary questionnaire, and provided fasting blood and urine samples. Body mass and body-mass index in nonfasters increased by 2.4% (p = .05 and p = .04, respectively) from Bef-R to End-R but remained unchanged in fasters over the period of the investigation. Fasters experienced an increase in the following parameters from Bef-R to End-R: urine specific gravity (1%, p = .022) and serum concentrations of urea (5%, p = .008), creatinine (5%, p = .007), uric acid (17%, p < .001), sodium (2%, p = .019), potassium (6%, p = .006), chloride (2%, p = .028), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10%, p = .005). However, only serum creatinine and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in nonfasters (3%, p <.001 and 14%, p = .007, respectively) during the same period. Creatinine clearance values of fasters decreased by 3% (p = .03) from Bef-R to End-R. Continuance of hypertrophic training through Ramadan had no effect on body mass and body composition of bodybuilders, but a state of dehydration and reduced renal function were apparent, perhaps because of the restricted opportunity for fluid intake imposed by the study design.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trabelsi
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stannard
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jammoussi
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeghal
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003681:Dehydration / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005215:Fasting; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007514:Islam; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011998:Recreation; D055070:Resistance Training; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014527:Uric Acid; D014508:Urea; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine