title: An anatomic basis for volumetric evaluation of the neck.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A better understanding of volume distribution between the superficial (subcutaneous) and deep (subplatysmal) planes of the neck may be useful when deciding on the best course of management for patients presenting for cervical contouring.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigate the normal distribution of fat in the superficial and deep planes of the neck in a cadaver model, to determine the proportion of the submandibular gland that contributes to submental fullness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fat in the superficial and deep neck planes of 29 adult cadavers was dissected and weighed. The submandibular glands were also dissected and the cervical portion of each gland was shaved off, weighed, and compared to the weight of the whole gland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean weight of superficial fat collected from the specimens was 15.0 g in males (n = 14; range, 2.2-35.7 g) and 14.3 g in females (n = 15; range, 1.6-37.3 g); the mean weight of subplatysmal fat was 5.5 g in males (range, 1.3-15.2 g) and 3.7 g in females (range, 0.6-15.1 g). Mean weight was not statistically significantly different between the sexes, nor between the 2 racial/ethnic groups (Caucasian, n = 14; Southeast Asian, n = 15). Approximately 40% of the submandibular gland was found to lie inferior to the lower border of the mandible in the specimens examined. The authors found no anatomical evidence of submandibular gland ptosis, even in the oldest specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of adipose tissue in the superficial and deep planes of the neck, as well as the contribution of the submandibular glands to submental volume. This objective evaluation of neck volume may help guide clinicians in the surgical planning process and provide a foundation for designing new cervicofacial rejuvenation techniques.
authors.affiliation: Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom. subodhini@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sherine S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raveendran
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Lucian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ion
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D050154:Adiposity; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D044964:Cervicoplasty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D012060:Rejuvenation; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology*