title: Activation of B cells by non-canonical helper signals.
abstract: Cognate interaction between T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system is essential for the production of high-affinity antibodies against microbes, and for the establishment of long-term immunological memory. Growing evidence shows that--in addition to presenting antigens to T and B cells--macrophages, dendritic cells and other cells of the innate immune system provide activating signals to B cells, as well as survival signals to antibody-secreting plasma cells. Here, we discuss how these innate immune cells contribute to the induction of highly diversified and temporally sustained antibody responses, both systemically and at mucosal sites of antigen entry.
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Avenida Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerutti
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cols
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Puga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies