title: [HIFU in salvage treatment of patients with prostate cancer after primary external radiation therapy--status 2012].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with (local) recurrence of prostate cancer after radiation therapy face the question of the appropriate diagnostic and possible therapeutic options. Many patients in this setting receive palliative androgen deprivation therapy alone, with arguable impact on overall cancer survival. In the case of an isolated local recurrence, salvage prostatectomy represents a potentially curative therapeutic option, albeit with a high complication rate. Alternatively, these patients can be offered a local treatment with salvage HIFU therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salvage HIFU therapy is based on the thermal ablation of tissue through high-intensity focused ultrasound. In addition, the formation of microbubbles (cavitation) and their implosion lead to an enhancement of tissue ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of 6 monocentric studies (2004-2011) with an overall number of 408 patients (22-167 patients) are presented and critically reviewed. The median follow-up was 18.71 months (7.4-39). The 3-year progression free survival (PFS) varied from 25% (D'Amico high risk) to 53% (D'Amico low-risk), the 5-year overall survival was 90%. The rate of urinary incontinence varied between 7 and 60% in all grades (grade III urinary incontinence 0-9.5%). In 22 cases surgical incontinence treatment was performed. 53 patients developed a urethral stricture or stenosis leading to surgical treatment. Urethral-rectal fistulae were seen in 0-7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current data on salvage HIFU can be evaluated as insufficient. The main criticisms can be seen in the lack of randomization, the monocentric and retrospective analyses of the data, the heterogeneous stratification of risk groups as well as inadequate definition of postinterventional treatment failure. The studies indicate that salvage HIFU therapy leads to a mid-term overall survival with complication rates that are comparable to those of other local salvage therapies. Randomized multicentric studies are needed to further validate the results of salvage HIFU therapy.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A. ö. R., Magdeburg. daniel.baumunk@med.ovgu.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baumunk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ebbing
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porsch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janitzky
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wendler
authors.forename: U-B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Liehr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganzer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blana
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schostak
mesh_terms: D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D036761:Ultrasound, High-Intensity Focused, Transrectal; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery