title: Randomized controlled trial of antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prior study showed significant antibiotic resistance to quinolone in our population. In this study we aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a single versus a combined prophylactic antibiotic regimen before transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUGPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized study was conducted at a university hospital. Patients undergoing TRUGPB were randomized into an amoxicillin-clavulanate alone (1 mg; one dose before and two doses after biopsy) or an amoxicillin-clavulanate + ciprofloxacin group (250 mg; one dose before and two doses after biopsy). Patients were surveyed for infection symptoms by phone on days 3 and 30 after TRUGPB. We defined an infective complication as the occurrence of symptoms including fever, chills or rigor within 30 days after prostate biopsy, requiring medical treatment or hospitalization, aided by a territory-wide electronic medical record system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between November 2007 and July 2009, 367 patients were randomized to either amoxicillin-clavulanate alone or amoxicillin-clavulanate + ciprofloxacin group. The infection rates after TRUGPB were 3.91% in the former group (7 out of 179 patients) versus 0.53% (1 out of 188 patients) in the latter. Sixty-three percent (5/8) of patients with infective complications needed hospitalization. There was no intensive care unit admission or mortality during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining prophylactic antibiotics with amoxicillin-clavulanate + ciprofloxacin significantly reduced the incidence of infective complications after TRUGPB. We recommended a combination regimen, especially in centre with high incidence of post-TRUGPB infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, 4/F., Clinical Science Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China. eddie@surgery.cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Eddie Shu-Yin
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Ka-Lun
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Chi-Fai
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: See-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Sidney Kam-Hung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yip
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019818:Clavulanic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019818:Clavulanic Acid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000658:Amoxicillin