title: A combination of intradermal jet-injection and electroporation overcomes in vivo dose restriction of DNA vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of optimized delivery devices has been shown to enhance the potency of DNA vaccines. However, further optimization of DNA vaccine delivery is needed for this vaccine modality to ultimately be efficacious in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Herein we evaluated antigen expression and immunogenicity after intradermal delivery of different doses of DNA vaccines by needle or by the Biojector jet-injection device, with or without the addition of electroporation (EP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither needle injection augmented by EP nor Biojector alone could induce higher magnitudes of immune responses after immunizations with a high dose of DNA. After division of a defined DNA dose into multiple skin sites, the humoral response was particularly enhanced by Biojector while cellular responses were particularly enhanced by EP. Furthermore, a close correlation between in vivo antigen expression and cell-mediated as well as humoral immune responses was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that two optimized DNA vaccine delivery devices can act together to overcome dose restrictions of plasmid DNA vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. david.hallengard@ki.se.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hallengärd
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bråve
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isaguliants
authors.forename: Pontus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blomberg
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Enger
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wahren