title: Synthesis of an in vivo MRI-detectable apoptosis probe.
abstract: Cellular apoptosis is a prominent feature of many diseases, and this programmed cell death typically occurs before clinical manifestations of disease are evident. A means to detect apoptosis in its earliest, reversible stages would afford a pre-clinical 'window' during which preventive or therapeutic measures could be taken to protect the heart from permanent damage. We present herein a simple and robust method to conjugate human Annexin V (ANX), which avidly binds to cells in the earliest, reversible stages of apoptosis, to superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, which serve as an MRI-detectable contrast agent. The conjugation method begins with an oxidation of the SPIO nanoparticles, which oxidizes carboxyl groups on the polysaccharide shell of SPIO. Purified ANX protein is then added in the setting of a sodium borate solution to facilitate covalent interaction of ANX with SPIO in a reducing buffer. A final reduction step with sodium borohydride is performed to complete the reduction, and then the reaction is quenched. Unconjugated ANX is removed from the mix by microcentrifuge filtration. The size and purity of the ANX-SPIO product is verified by dynamic light scattering (DLS). This method does not require addition to, or modification of, the polysaccharide SPIO shell, as opposed to cross-linked iron oxide particle conjugation methods or biotin-labeled nanoparticles. As a result, this method represents a simple, robust approach that may be extended to conjugation of other proteins of interest.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Phillip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000737:chemistry*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D003287:Contrast Media; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D011134:Polysaccharides