title: Novel Podoviridae family bacteriophage infecting Weissella cibaria isolated from Kimchi.
abstract: The first complete genome sequence of a phage infecting Weissella cibaria (Weissella kimchii) is presented. The bacteriophage YS61 was isolated from kimchi, a Korean fermented vegetable dish. Bacteriophages are recognized as a serious problem in industrial fermentations; however, YS61 differed from many virulent phages associated with food fermentations since it was difficult to propagate and was very susceptible to resistance development. Sequence analysis revealed that YS61 resembles Podoviridae of the subfamily Picovirinae. Within the subfamily Picovirinae, the 29-like phages have been extensively studied, and their terminal protein-primed DNA replication is well characterized. Our data strongly suggest that YS61 also replicates by a protein-primed mechanism. Weissella phage YS61 is, however, markedly different from members of the Picovirinae with respect to genome size and morphology. Picovirinae are characterized by small (approximately 20-kb) genomes which contrasts with the 33,594-bp genome of YS61. Based on electron microscopy analysis, YS61 was classified as a member of the Podoviridae of morphotype C2, similar to the 29-like phages, but its capsid dimensions are significantly larger than those reported for these phages. The novelty of YS61 was also emphasized by the low number of open reading frames (ORFs) showing significant similarity to database sequences. We propose that the bacteriophage YS61 should represent a new subfamily within the family Podoviridae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway. hans.kleppen@umb.no
authors.forename: Hans Petter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kleppen
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holo
authors.forename: Sang-Rok
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Ingolf F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Nes
authors.forename: Sung-Sik
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004261:DNA Replication; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017902:Podoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D056910:Republic of Korea; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014771:Virion / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014779:Virus Replication; D058836:Weissella / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial