title: Antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter in the food chain in Mexico.
abstract: We describe prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility results for thermophilic Campylobacter isolates collected from humans, food, and food-animals in an integrated food chain surveillance network in Mexico. From 2003 to 2006, stool samples were collected from children with diarrhea at state sentinel hospitals. Concurrently, fecal samples from asymptomatic children in kindergartens, as well as raw chicken, pork and beef from retail outlets, and food-animal intestines from slaughterhouses were all collected in 65 cities from four different states. C. jejuni was identified with a standardized hippurate test. Hippurate negative, indoxyl acetate positive isolates were classified as Campylobacter spp. Susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A total of 1,259 C. jejuni and 1,797 Campylobacter spp. isolates were recovered from 11,811 samples. Chicken was significantly more contaminated for both intestinal samples (93.6%) and meat products (58.3%), compared with swine (71.4%)/pork (14.6%) samples, and cattle (25.1%)/beef (5.3%) samples (p<0.001). Campylobacter was recovered from 5.1% of children with diarrhea and from 3.2% of asymptomatic children. Chicken was significantly more likely to harbor ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni (85.8%) than swine (62.5%, OR=3.6), cattle (39.8%, OR=9.3), or humans (58.2%, OR=4.4). No significant differences were found for ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter spp. among food-animals, but the rate in food-animals was significantly higher than in humans (84% vs. 56.7%, OR=4.0). Swine was significantly more likely to harbor erythromycin-resistant C. jejuni (14.8%) than chicken (3.5%, OR=4.9), cattle (1.8%, OR=9.3), or humans (3.0%, OR=5.7), and was associated with higher rates of erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter spp. (41.9%) than chicken (10.5%, OR=6.1) and humans (11.9%, OR=5.3). The high resistance rates to ciprofloxacin preclude the use of fluoroquinolones for treatment of campylobacteriosis in Mexico. Our results emphasize the need for ongoing and integrated surveillance of antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial susceptibility in humans and animals.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Research Laboratory, Hospital General O'Horan, Mérida, Mexico. mbzaidi@prodigy.net.mx
authors.forename: Mussaret B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Freddy D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chim
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Estrada-Garcia
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000382:microbiology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003906:Developing Countries; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006783:Hospitals, State; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008800:Mexico; D011159:Population Surveillance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin