title: Impact of severity of congenital heart diseases on university graduation rate among male patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines university graduation rates among individuals with congenital heart disease (CHD) in comparison to their healthy peers. The effect of disease severity, type of surgery, and timing of surgery on graduation rate was also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-five male patients with CHD at military age were enrolled in the study between the dates of January 2005 and May 2007. Severity of disease was operationalised in term of initial diagnosis (According to classification of 32th ACC Bethesta Conference Task Force 1). University graduation rates of among two groups of CHD patients (mild disease (group 1) or moderate to severe disease (group 2)) are compared to each other and to healthy peers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CHD have reduced rates of participation in higher education compared with healthy individuals (13.1% vs 20.7%, p=0.01). Furthermore, this negative effect on education participation rate is independent of the severity of disease (group 1, 16.4%, p=0.01; group 2, 9.7%, p<0.001). Although the university graduation rate was relatively higher in patients with mild disease severity, no significant difference was found between the two patient groups (p=0.23). Having an operation does not effect graduation rate (p=0.58), however greater age at the time of operation increases the likelihood of graduation (p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being born with CHD significantly reduces the chance of completing higher education. This negative impact on university graduation rate is independent of the severity of the disease. No negative effects of disease related surgery or subsequent corrective surgery on education were observed. Patients who were operated on later in life were more likely to complete university education. Mean operation age of this group corresponds to the typical age during the last year of elementary school in Turkey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Semmelweis University Heart Center, Budapest, Hungary. eeozcan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Emin Evren
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Özcan
authors.forename: Alaattin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Küçük
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult