title: Prenatal counseling for cloaca and cloacal exstrophy-challenges faced by pediatric surgeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advance of prenatal imaging, more often pediatric surgeons are called for prenatal counseling in suspected cases of cloaca or cloacal exstrophy. This presents new challenges for pediatric surgeons since no specific guidelines have been established so far. The purpose of this review is to analyze our experience in prenatally diagnosed cloaca or cloacal exstrophy and to provide some guidelines for prenatal counseling of these complex congenital anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the medical charts of patients with prenatally diagnosed cloaca and cloacal exstrophy who received postnatal care in our institution between July 2005 and March 2012 was performed. Representative images of prenatal studies were selected from 13 cases to illustrate different scenarios and the recommendations given. In addition, a review of the literature was performed to support our advice to parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients were female and two patients were male. The postnatal diagnoses were cloacal exstrophy (6), cloaca (5), posterior cloaca variant (1), and covered cloacal exstrophy (1). The selected abnormal prenatal imaging findings in these 13 patients included hydronephrosis (12), neural tube defect (8), omphalocele (7), lack of meconium at expected rectal location (7), vertebral anomaly (7), non-visualize bladder (5), distended bladder (5), hydrocolpos (4), dilated or echogenic bowel (3), umbilical cord cyst (3), separated pubic bones (2), and the "elephant trunk" sign (2). The prenatal diagnosis was correct in 10 cases, partially correct in two cases, and it was missed in one case. All parents received prenatal counseling depending on the specific diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The continuous technologic innovations in prenatal imaging make it possible to prenatally diagnose more complex anomalies including cloaca and cloacal exstrophy with increased levels of confidence and enhance the benefit of prenatal counseling. Together, these allow the parents to be better prepared for the condition and the care team to provide the best possible initial management in order to improve the outcomes of these challenging patients.
authors.affiliation: Colorectal Center for Children, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 2023, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. andrea.bischoff@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Calvo-Garcia
authors.forename: Naira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baregamian
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.forename: Foong-Yen
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peña
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D002988:Cloaca / Q000002:abnormalities*; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D052202:Hydrocolpos / Q000175:diagnosis; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery