title: Chemokine 25-induced signaling suppresses colon cancer invasion and metastasis.
abstract: Chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) can help regulate tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Here, we show that chemokine 25 (CCL25) and its cognate receptor chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion and metastasis. We found that CCR9 protein expression levels were highest in colon adenomas and progressively decreased in invasive and metastatic CRCs. CCR9 was expressed in both primary tumor cell cultures and colon-cancer-initiating cell (CCIC) lines derived from early-stage CRCs but not from metastatic CRC. CCL25 stimulated cell proliferation by activating AKT signaling. In vivo, systemically injected CCR9+ early-stage CCICs led to the formation of orthotopic gastrointestinal xenograft tumors. Blocking CCR9 signaling inhibited CRC tumor formation in the native gastrointestinal CCL25+ microenvironment, while increasing extraintestinal tumor incidence. NOTCH signaling, which promotes CRC metastasis, increased extraintestinal tumor frequency by stimulating CCR9 proteasomal degradation. Overall, these data indicate that CCL25 and CCR9 regulate CRC progression and invasion and further demonstrate an appropriate in vivo experimental system to study CRC progression in the native colon microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Huanhuan Joyce
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tucci
authors.forename: Pengcheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milsom
authors.forename: Sang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Edelmann
authors.forename: Zeynep H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Gümüs
authors.forename: Xiling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lipkin
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary*; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002633:Chemotaxis; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D054388:Receptors, CCR / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D054388:Receptors, CCR; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1; C119309:CC chemokine receptor 9; C108074:CCL25 protein, human; C078493:HES1 protein, human