title: Inhibitory effect of dibutyryl chitin ester on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: Inflammation is a highly complex process that protects against foreign challenge or tissue injury. The ester derivative dibutyryl chitin (DBC) reportedly accelerates wound healing and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. However, little is known regarding the inhibitory effect of DBC in anti-inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of DBC on the inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenage-2 (COX-2) pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results demonstrate that DBC (MW 3,772) significantly inhibits overproduction of NO and PGE(2) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Inhibition of NO and PGE(2) overproduction in LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by DBC was mediated through the down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 expression. These results demonstrate that DBC efficiently inhibits inflammation and has potential as an effective anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent.
authors.affiliation: School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, College of Alternative Medicine, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Korea.
authors.forename: In Hwa
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Ji Ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Kwang-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hee Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Mi Seon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Duckhee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Min Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Woo-Yiel
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyu Yun
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Seon Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004952:Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004952:Esters; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C528051:di-O-butyrylchitin; D002686:Chitin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone