title: A cross-cultural comparison of the phenotype of depression as measured by the Cornell Scale and the MADRS in two elderly outpatient populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different cutoff points for a depressive disorder on depression scales exist in different countries. The reasons could be that the presence or the intensity of the various symptoms on the scales differ. We wanted to explore differences in scores on depression scales among patients in Brazil and Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Montgomery-Aasberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were completed independently among 211 elderly outpatients in Brazil and Norway. A psychiatrist, blind to the results, diagnosed depression using the ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the ICD-10 criteria, 29 (33.7%) Brazilian and 51 (40.8%) Norwegian patients had depression (p=0.3). Mean CSDD score was 14.4 (SD 8.9) in Brazil and 6.8 (SD 4.9) in Norway (p<0.001). Mean MADRS score was 13.2 (SD 12.1) in Brazil and 8.4 (SD 6.8) in Norway (p=0.02). We analyzed the scores for the depressed and the non-depressed patients separately. In both groups the Brazilian patients had significantly higher scores on both scales compared to the Norwegian patients. In an adjusted linear regression analysis the variable "country" was associated with the CSDD score (beta=-0.29, p=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protocols in the two countries were not exactly the same. Only one psychiatrist evaluated the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scores on the MADRS and the CSDD were higher in patients in Brazil than in Norway. In an adjusted linear regression analysis, "country" was the only variable associated with the higher CSDD score.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, P.B. 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. a.b.knapskog@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Anne-Brita
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Knapskog
authors.forename: Maria da Glória
authors.initials: Mda G
authors.lastname: Portugal
authors.forename: Maria Lage
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barca
authors.forename: Evandro Silvia Freire
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: Jerson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laks
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010045:Outpatients; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results