title: Assessing the performance of sewer rehabilitation on the reduction of infiltration and inflow.
abstract: Inflow and Infiltration (I/I) into sewer systems is generally unwanted, because, among other things, it decreases the performance of wastewater treatment plants and increases combined sewage overflows. As sewer rehabilitation to reduce I/I is very expensive, water managers not only need methods to accurately measure I/I, but also they need sound approaches to assess the actual performance of implemented rehabilitation measures. However, such performance assessment is rarely performed. On the one hand, it is challenging to adequately take into account the variability of influential factors, such as hydro-meteorological conditions. On the other hand, it is currently not clear how experimental data can indeed support robust evidence for reduced I/I. In this paper, we therefore statistically assess the performance of rehabilitation measures to reduce I/I. This is possible by using observations in a suitable reference catchment as a control group and assessing the significance of the observed effect by regression analysis, which is well established in other disciplines. We successfully demonstrate the usefulness of the approach in a case study, where rehabilitation reduced groundwater infiltration by 23.9%. A reduction of stormwater inflow of 35.7%, however, was not statistically significant. Investigations into the experimental design of monitoring campaigns confirmed that the variability of the data as well as the number of observations collected before the rehabilitation impact the detection limit of the effect. This implies that it is difficult to improve the data quality after the rehabilitation has been implemented. Therefore, future practical applications should consider a careful experimental design. Further developments could employ more sophisticated monitoring methods, such as stable environmental isotopes, to directly observe the individual infiltration components. In addition, water managers should develop strategies to effectively communicate statistically not significant I/I reduction ratios to decision makers.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Dübendorf, Switzerland. philipp.staufer@eawag.ch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Staufer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheidegger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rieckermann
mesh_terms: D004323:Drainage, Sanitary / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D060587:Groundwater; D011891:Rain; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements