title: Relationship between swim bladder morphology and hearing abilities--a case study on Asian and African cichlids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several teleost species have evolved anterior extensions of the swim bladder which come close to or directly contact the inner ears. A few comparative studies have shown that these morphological specializations may enhance hearing abilities. This study investigates the diversity of swim bladder morphology in four Asian and African cichlid species and analyzes how this diversity affects their hearing sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied swim bladder morphology by dissections and by making 3D reconstructions from high-resolution microCT scans. The auditory sensitivity was determined in terms of sound pressure levels (SPL) and particle acceleration levels (PAL) using the auditory evoked potential (AEP) recording technique. The swim bladders in Hemichromis guttatus and Steatocranus tinanti lacked anterior extensions and the swim bladder was considerably small in the latter species. In contrast, Paratilapia polleni and especially Etroplus maculatus possessed anterior extensions bringing the swim bladder close to the inner ears. All species were able to detect frequencies up to 3 kHz (SPL) except S. tinanti which only responded to frequencies up to 0.7 kHz. P. polleni and E. maculatus showed significantly higher auditory sensitivities at 0.5 and 1 kHz than the two species lacking anterior swim bladder extensions. The highest auditory sensitivities were found in E. maculatus, which possessed the most intimate swim bladder-inner ear relationship (maximum sensitivity 66 dB re 1 µPa at 0.5 kHz).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that anterior swim bladder extensions seem to improve mean absolute auditory sensitivities by 21-42 dB (SPLs) and 21-36 dB (PALs) between 0.5 and 1 kHz. Besides anterior extensions, the size of the swim bladder appears to be an important factor for extending the detectable frequency range (up to 3 kHz).
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. tanja.schulz-mirbach@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schulz-Mirbach
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metscher
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ladich
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000400:Air Sacs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D023681:Cichlids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016014:Linear Models; D011312:Pressure; D013016:Sound; D013045:Species Specificity; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography