title: Pure transperitoneal laparoscopic correction of retrocaval ureter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital abnormality. Operative repair is always suggested in cases of significant functional obstruction. Laparoscopic procedures have been employed as the minimally invasive therapeutic option for retrocaval ureter. However, the laparoscopic techniques for retrocaval ureter might be technically challenging to some surgeons. The aim of this article was to present our experience and surgical techniques of pure transperitoneal laparoscopic pyelopyelostomy and ureteroureterostomy in nine patients with retrocaval ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of nine patients of retrocaval ureter underwent pure laparoscopic pyelopyelostomy or ureteroureterostomy. The operation was performed with the patients placed in the 70-degree lateral decubitus position via a three port transperitoneal approach with two 10-mm and one 5-mm ports. The distal part of the dilated renal pelvis was transected at the ureteropelvic junction and the ureter was relocated anterior to the inferior vena cava. The tension-free pyeloureteral or ureteroureteral anastomosis was completed with the intracorporal freehand suturing and in situ knot-tying techniques combined with interrupted and continuous fashion. A double J ureteral stent was inserted in an antegrade manner during laparoscopy. Intravenous urography or computerized tomography and renal ultrasonography were performed after 3 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All operations were completed laparoscopically, and no open conversion was required. The mean operative time was 135 minutes (range, 70 - 250 minutes), with minimal blood loss (less than 60 ml). No intra-operative complications or significant bleeding occurred. All patients presented mild postoperative pain and quick convalescence. The symptoms disappeared and hydronephrosis decreased substantially after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pure transperitoneal laparoscopic correction for retrocaval ureter was associated with an excellent outcome, minimal invasiveness and short hospital stay. It is technically feasible and reliable for retrocaval ureter treatment. Laparoscopic surgery could be the standard treatment for retrocaval ureter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Qing
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Li-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xin-de
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gong-Hui
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yan-Lan
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Da-Min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhi-Gen
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult