title: Comparable reduction in cholesterol absorption after two different ways of phytosterol administration in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Consumption of phytosterols is a nutritional strategy to reduce cholesterol absorption, but the efficacy of various phytosterol intake modalities remains uncertain. The main objective was to investigate the effects of phytosterol esters (PE) provided either as a spread (dispersed in fat) during a mixed meal or as a minidrink (micro-dispersed in liquid form) after a meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, single-blinded crossover design, 12 healthy intubated volunteers tested three different liquid meal sequences with and without PE. The liquid meal (500 mL, Fortisip) contained an oral dose (80 mg) of deuterium-enriched cholesterol (D7C). The intubation was stopped at 240 min, and the fate of sterols was determined in the different phases of duodenal content samples as function of time. A second solid fat-containing meal without sterols was consumed at 270 min. D7C was quantified in chylomicrons and plasma for 8 h. The conditions tested were as follows: (1) no PE added (control), (2) PE in a spread added into a liquid meal (PE-spread meal) and (3) PE given 30 min after a liquid meal as 100-g yoghurt drink (PE-minidrink meal).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of PE decreased the incorporation of cholesterol into the duodenum aqueous phase including micelles. PE added as a spread or as a minidrink significantly and comparably lowered meal cholesterol occurrence in chylomicrons (-40 % for PE-spread and -54 % for PE-minidrink, p < 0.0001) compared with the control meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PE either dispersed in fat during a meal or micro-dispersed in a liquid form after a meal resulted in a markedly reduced occurrence of meal-derived cholesterol in the circulation at a comparable extent.
authors.affiliation: "Nutrition, Obesity and Thrombotic Risk," INRA, UMR 1260, Université Aix-Marseille, Campus Santé La Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France. marie-josephe.amiot-carlin@univ-amu.fr
authors.forename: Marie Josèphe
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Amiot
authors.forename: Diny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cardinault
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bott
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antona
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Guus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lairon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001628:Beverages; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000378:metabolism; D003212:Condiments; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003903:Deuterium; D004386:Duodenum; D004952:Esters / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008823:Micelles; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D002914:Chylomicrons; D004952:Esters; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D008823:Micelles; D010840:Phytosterols; D003903:Deuterium