title: [Bronchial and nonbronchial systemic artery embolization in managing haemoptysis: 31 years of experience].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors report on 31 years of experience with bronchial (BAE) and/or nonbronchial (NBAE) systemic artery embolisation for managing haemoptysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 534 patients who underwent bronchial artery angiography for haemoptysis between 1979 and 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. Of these patients, 477 (89%) had active bleeding and underwent BAE and/or NBAE (295 males and 182 females, aged between 12 and 71 years). Embolisation techniques, materials, major and minor complications and relapses were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete resolution of haemoptysis was achieved within 24 h in 458/477 (96%) cases and within 48 h in 2% of cases. The aetiology of haemoptysis was as follows: cystic fibrosis (23%), bronchiectasis (13%), tuberculosis sequelae (8%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (6%) and no apparent cause (21%). Major complications were recorded in 3/477 (0.6%): stroke (n=1), transient ischaemic attack (TIA) (n=1) and transient quadriplegia (n=1). Minor complications were recorded in 143/477 (30%): chest pain 86/143 (60%) and dysphagia 29/143 (20%). During a mean follow-up period of 14 (8-36) months, haemoptysis recurrence was observed in 42/110 cases (38%) of cystic fibrosis and in 77/367 cases of other diseases (21%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BAE and NBAE are effective and safe for acute treatment of haemoptysis, with low recurrence and complication rates. Interventional radiologist experience is crucial to the successful haemoptysis control and preventing complications.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Radiologia Diagnostica ed Interventistica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale San Paolo, Via di Rudini 8, 20142, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Cornalba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vella
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelozzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sacrini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Melchiorre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D001981:Bronchial Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome