title: Physicochemical conditions and metal ion profiles in the gut of the fungus-growing termite Odontotermes formosanus.
abstract: The physicochemical conditions in an insect's gut microenvironment have been reported to play an important role in food processing and metabolisms. In this study, the profiles of oxygen, pH, redox potentials, and hydrogen in the isolated guts of the fungus-growing termite, Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki, were investigated with a microeletrode system. Compared with those in other termites, O. formosanus exhibited a relatively lower oxygen partial pressures in its gut system ranging from 0 to 8.6 kPa. The pH profile in the different gut compartments was neutral (pH 6.1-7.4) except in the rectum region. The average redox potentials at the center of each gut region (except rectum) were high and ranged from approximately +70 to +310 mV. Especially, as the central intermediate during lignocellulose degradation, hydrogen partial pressures in the hindgut paunch lumen were recorded as high as 10.4 kPa. Furthermore, thirteen metal ion concentrations in the termite's gut system, nest symbiotic fungal combs, as well as the nest soil samples were evaluated with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), which indicated that six metal ions (K, Mg, Mn, Ba, Se, and Mo) out of 13 ions recorded in the major digestive tract regions show some significant differences in their spatial distributions. A significant enrichment of some metal ions was also observed in the rectum, fungal combs, and the nest soil samples. The lower oxygen profiles, neutral pH, higher redox potentials, and higher hydrogen accumulation with the characterized spatial distributions for metal ions in the digestive tract of O. formosanus, highlighted the most important distinctiveness of the fungus-growing termites in its gut microenvironments, suggesting that the unique structure and functions of the intestinal ecosystem may present within its gut.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tianfu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Jirong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Wan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Jianchu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D020049:Isoptera / Q000378:metabolism*; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D055434:Termitomyces
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D006859:Hydrogen; D010100:Oxygen