title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: nature-nurture interactions.
abstract: A person's health status is rarely constant, it is usually subject to continual change as a person moves from health to illness and usually back to health again; the health-illness continuum illustrates this dynamism. This highlights the person's various states of health and illness (ranging from extremely good health to clinically defined mild, moderate and severe illness) and their fluctuations throughout the life span, until ultimately leading to the pathology associated with the person's death. Maintenance of a stable homeostatic environment within the body to support the stability of this continuum depends on a complex series of ultimately intracellular chemical reactions. These reactions are activated by environmental factors that cause the expression of genes associated with healthy phenotypes as well as illness susceptibility genes associated with homeostatic imbalances. Obviously, the body aims to support intracellular and extracellular environments allied with health; however, the complexity of these nature-nurture interactions results in illness throughout an individual's life span. This paper will discuss the nature-nurture interactions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
authors.affiliation: University of East Anglia, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nobes
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000397:Air Pollution; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019896:alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics