title: Biomechanical effects of disc degeneration and hybrid fixation on the transition and adjacent lumbar segments: trade-off between junctional problem, motion preservation, and load protection.
abstract: METHODS
  The biomechanical effects of disc degeneration and hybrid fixation on the transition and adjacent segments were evaluated using a numerical approach.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the rigidity-rising effects of the dehydrated disc and bridged fixator on the kinematic and mechanical redistribution of the transition and adjacent segments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  After static fixation, a dynamic fixator can be used to preserve motion and share loads for the transition segments. However, the hybrid use of both static and dynamic fixators and its effects on the biomechanical behavior of the transition and adjacent segments were not investigated extensively.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nonlinear and osseoligamentous lumbar model from L1 vertebra to S1 vertebrae was developed. Ligament interconnection, muscular contraction, and weight compression were all used to simulate lumbar flexion. The static fixator was instrumented at the degenerative L4-L5 segment and the dynamic fixators (Dynesys system) with different stiffness were subsequently applied to the degenerative or healthy L3-L4 segment. A healthy lumbar model was used as a reference point for further comparison and evaluation. The predicted results were validated with the cadaveric and numerical values of the literature studies. Among the 21 models, the junctional problem at the adjacent (L2/L3 and L5/S1) discs as well as the motion preservation and stress distribution at the transition (L3/L4) disc were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Static fixation and the degenerative disc deteriorated the junctional problem at adjacent segments. On average, the hybrid fixation of the original Dynesys cord constrained the range of motion (ROM) by 65%. Furthermore, it shared 43% of the stress on the transition disc. However, this resulted in the adjacent discs increasing about 50% ROM and 40% stress. The term "trade-off stiffness" was used to express the concept that the decreased stiffness of the original cord could balance the junctional problem, motion preservation, and load protection of the transition and adjacent segments. The trade-off stiffness of the degenerative transition disc was higher than that of the healthy disc. Compared with the original design, the increased ROM and stress of the adjacent segments can be reduced by about 43% using the trade-off stiffness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the hybrid fixator should involve a certain trade-off between the protection of the transition segment and the deterioration of the adjacent segments. This trade-off stiffness, which largely depends on both fixator design and disc degeneration, provides the improved rigidity and flexibility of the transition and adjacent segments.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Tauyan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Hsien
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Shang-Chih
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shih-Hao
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yeung-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jiun-Ren
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology