title: Condensational growth of combination drug-excipient submicrometer particles for targeted high-efficiency pulmonary delivery: evaluation of formulation and delivery device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the in-vitro particle-size growth of combination drug and excipient submicrometer aerosols generated from a series of formulations and two aerosol delivery devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Submicrometer combination drug and excipient particles were generated experimentally using both the capillary aerosol generator and the Respimat inhaler. Budesonide and albuterol sulfate were used as model drugs and were formulated with sodium chloride, citric acid and mannitol as excipients in various ratios. Aerosol growth was evaluated in-vitro in a coiled-tube geometry designed to provide residence times and thermodynamic conditions consistent with the airways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Submicrometer combination drug : excipient aerosols when exposed to simulated respiratory conditions increased to micrometer size suitable for pulmonary deposition. It was possible to control the aerosol growth ratio by altering: (1) the hygroscopic excipient, (2) the drug : excipient ratio and (3) the drug. The applicability of this approach was demonstrated using the capillary aerosol generator and the Respimat inhaler.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhanced excipient growth approach may enable the delivery of submicrometer aerosol particles that increase in size within the airways and result in high percentages of pulmonary deposition.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. mhindle@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindle
authors.forename: P Worth
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Longest
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005079:Excipients; D019343:Citric Acid; D008353:Mannitol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D019819:Budesonide; D000420:Albuterol