title: Ritual Black Drink consumption at Cahokia.
abstract: Chemical analyses of organic residues in fragments of pottery from the large site of Cahokia and surrounding smaller sites in Illinois reveal theobromine, caffeine, and ursolic acid, biomarkers for species of Ilex (holly) used to prepare the ritually important Black Drink. As recorded during the historic period, men consumed Black Drink in portions of the American Southeast for ritual purification. This first demonstrated discovery of biomarkers for Ilex occurs in beaker vessels dating between A.D. 1050 and 1250 from Cahokia, located far north of the known range of the holly species used to prepare Black Drink during historic times. The association of Ilex and beaker vessels indicates a sustained ritual consumption of a caffeine-laced drink made from the leaves of plants grown in the southern United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. pcrown@unm.edu
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Crown
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: Jiyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: W Jeffrey
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pauketat
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000032:analysis; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006794:Household Articles / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D030017:Ilex / Q000737:chemistry*; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000266:history*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009656:North America; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013805:Theobromine / Q000032:analysis; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D013805:Theobromine; D014315:Triterpenes; D000097245:Ursolic Acid