title: Single stage transcranial exposure of large dural venous sinuses for surgically-assisted direct transvenous embolization of high-grade dural arteriovenous fistulas: technical note.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-grade dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with retrograde cortical leptomeningeal drainage are formidable lesions because of their risk for intracranial hemorrhage. Treatment is aimed at occluding venous outflow to achieve obliteration of the fistula. In DAVFs that involve a large dural venous sinus (transverse sigmoid sinus or superior sagittal sinus), occluding venous outflow can be accomplished endovascularly with transvenous embolization. However, in some cases of DAVFs with reflux into cortical leptomeningeal veins, there may be venous restrictive disease downstream, such as occlusive thrombosis, which can prohibit endovascular access via the transfemoral or transjugular routes. In these instances, a transcranial approach can be performed to expose the large dural venous sinus distal to the site of occlusion for direct catheterization of the venous outflow for transvenous embolization. This combined surgical and endovascular strategy provides direct access to the venous outflow and bypasses the site of thrombotic obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report, we describe our technique of single stage surgically-assisted transvenous embolization in three patients with high-grade DAVFs involving a large dural sinus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients achieved complete obliteration of their DAVFs without any venous related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our technique of surgically-assisted direct transvenous embolization of high-grade DAVFs can be successfully performed as a single stage in the operating room with intraoperative angiography and stereotactic image guidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 90 Bergen St, Suite 8100, Newark, NJ 07101, USA. james.liu@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Osamah J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.forename: Stanley L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Barnwell
authors.forename: Johnny B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Delashaw
authors.forename: Aclan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dogan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D054064:Transverse Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome