title: Best-bet integrated strategies for containing drug-resistant trypanosomes in cattle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to the rearing of productive livestock in the sub-humid Sudan-Sahel zone of West Africa where cotton is grown. Trypanosomosis is mainly controlled using trypanocidal drugs, but the effective use of drugs is threatened by the development of widespread resistance. This study tested integrated best-bet strategies for containment and/ or reversal of trypanocide resistance in villages in south-east Mali where resistance has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four sentinel villages each from an intervention area (along the road from Mali to Burkina Faso) and a control area (along the road from Mali to Côte d'Ivoire) were selected for the study. Tsetse control was based on deltamethrin-treated stationary attractive devices and targeted cattle spraying between March 2008 and November 2009. Trypanosome-positive cattle were selectively treated with 3.5 mg/kg diminazene aceturate. Strategic helminth control using 10 mg/kg albendazole was also undertaken. During the intervention, tsetse densities along drainage lines, trypanosome infections and faecal egg counts in risk cattle (3 to 12 months of age) were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Catch reductions of 66.5 % in Glossina palpalis gambiensis and 90 % in G. tachinoides were observed in the intervention area. Trypanosome prevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the intervention area (2.3 %; 1.3-3.6 %) compared to the control area (17.3 %; 14.8-20.1 %). Albendazole treatment resulted in a faecal egg count reduction of 55.6 % and reduced trypanosome infection risk (2.9 times lower than in the placebo group) although not significantly (p > 0.05). Further studies are required before confirming the existence of albendazole resistant strongyles in the study area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integration of best-bet strategies in areas of multiple drug-resistance is expected to reduce trypanosome infection risk thus contributing to containment of trypanocidal drug resistance. Integrated best-bet strategies could therefore be considered a viable trypanosomosis control option especially in areas where multiple drug-resistance has been reported.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, D-14163, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Erick O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Mungube
authors.forename: Oumar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Diall
authors.forename: Maximilian P O
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoppenheit
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hinney
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Yousouf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sanogo
authors.forename: Brehima
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maiga
authors.forename: Karl-Hans
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Zessin
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: Peter-Henning
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Clausen
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D015766:Albendazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000187:drug effects*; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C017180:decamethrin; D015766:Albendazole