title: Hepatotoxicity assessment of the azo dyes disperse orange 1 (DO1), disperse red 1 (DR1) and disperse red 13 (DR13) in HEPG2 cells.
abstract: During the dyeing process in baths approximately 10 to 15% of the dyes used are lost and reach industrial effluents, thus polluting the environment. Studies showed that some classes of dyes, mainly azo dyes and their by-products, exert adverse effects on humans and local biota, since the wastewater treatment systems and water treatment plants were found to be ineffective in removing the color and reducing toxicity of some dyes. In the present study, the toxicity of the azo dyes disperse orange 1 (DO1), disperse red 1 (DR1), and disperse red 13 (DR13) was evaluated in HepG2 cells grown in monolayers or in three dimensional (3D) culture. Hepatotoxicity of the dyes was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) and cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assays after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation of cells with 3 different concentrations of the azo dyes. The dye DO1 only reduced the mitochondrial activity in HepG2 cells grown in a monolayer after 72 h incubation, while the dye DR1 showed this deleterious effect in both monolayer and 3D culture. In contrast, dye DR13 decreased the mitochondrial activity after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure in both monolayer and 3D culture. With respect to dehydrogenase activity, only the dye DR13 diminished the activity of this enzyme after 72 h of exposure in both monolayer and 3D culture. Our results clearly demonstrated that exposure to the studied dyes induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. eraquel@fcfrp.usp.br
authors.forename: Elisa R A
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boubriak
authors.forename: Danielle P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C556349:Disperse Orange 1; C069318:Disperse Red 1; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C556620:Disperse Red 13