title: Does tracking of dietary behaviours differ by parental education in children during the transition into adolescence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates the changes and tracking of dietary behaviours in Norwegian 11-year-olds and examines the association between parental education and dietary tracking over a time period of 20 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data from the Norwegian HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) cohort study followed up at three time points (2007-2009).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intakes of fruits, vegetables and snacks were assessed by frequency and intakes of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and squash were assessed by frequency and amount. Tracking of dietary behaviours was assessed by adolescents' relative position in rank over time and Cohen's kappa was used to measure tracking coefficients. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between parental education and the tracking of dietary behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 885 adolescents from the HEIA cohort study participated by answering Internet-based questionnaires at three time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that boys and girls maintained their relative position in rank of dietary intake over time, when grouped by baseline consumption. Fair to moderate tracking coefficients of dietary variables were observed. An inverse association was found between parental education and stability of soft drink and squash consumption during the 20 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed tracking pattern indicates the importance of promoting healthy dietary behaviours at an even earlier age. Furthermore, interventions should focus particularly on adolescents from families with low parental education and their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. t.h.totland@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Torunn H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Totland
authors.forename: Mekdes K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gebremariam
authors.forename: Nanna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjelland
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grydeland
authors.forename: Ingunn H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: Knut-Inge
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Klepp
authors.forename: Lene F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014675:Vegetables; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents