title: Revenue, relationships and routines: the social organization of acute myocardial infarction patient transfers in the United States.
abstract: Heart attack, or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is a leading cause of death in the United States (U.S.). The most effective therapy for AMI is rapid revascularization: the mechanical opening of the clogged artery in the heart. Forty-four percent of patients with AMI who are admitted to a non-revascularization hospital in the U.S. are transferred to a hospital with that capacity. Yet, we know little about the process by which community hospitals complete these transfers, and why publicly available hospital quality data plays a small role in community hospitals' choice of transfer destinations. Therefore, we investigated how community hospital staff implement patient transfers and select destinations. We conducted a mixed methods study involving: interviews with staff at three community hospitals (n = 25) in a Midwestern state and analysis of U.S. national Medicare records for 1996-2006. Community hospitals in the U.S., including our field sites, typically had longstanding relationships with one key receiving hospital. Community hospitals addressed the need for rapid AMI patient transfers by routinizing the collective, interhospital work process. Routinization reduced staff uncertainty, coordinated their efforts and conserved their cognitive resources for patient care. While destination selection was nominally a physician role, the decision was routinized, such that staff immediately contacted a "usual" transfer destination upon AMI diagnosis. Transfer destination selection was primarily driven at an institutional level by organizational concerns and bed supply, rather than physician choice or patient preference. Transfer routinization emerged as a form of social order that invoked tradeoffs between process speed and efficiency and patient-centered, quality-driven decision making. We consider the implications of routinization and institutional imperatives for health policy, quality improvement and health informatics interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Information and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285, USA. tveinot@umich.edu
authors.forename: Tiffany C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Veinot
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bosk
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Iwashyna
mesh_terms: D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006764:Hospitals, Community / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014481:United States