title: Anticancer system created by acrolein and hydroxyl radical generated in enzymatic oxidation of spermine and other biochemical reactions.
abstract: A hypothesis suggesting the existence of a ubiquitous physiological anticancer system created by two highly reactive oxidative stress inducers with anticancer properties, acrolein and hydroxyl radical, is reported in this communication. Both components can originate separately or together in several biochemical interactions, among them, the enzymatic oxidation of the polyamine spermine, which appear to be their main source. The foundations of this hypothesis encompass our initial search for growth-inhibitors or anticancer compounds in biological material leading to the isolation of spermine, a polyamine that became highly cytotoxic through the generation of acrolein, when enzymatically oxidized. Findings complemented with pertinent literature data by other workers and observed anticancer activities by sources capable of producing acrolein and hydroxyl radical. This hypothesis obvious implication: spermine enzymatic oxidations or other biochemical interactions that would co-generate acrolein and hydroxyl radical, the anticancer system components, should be tried as treatments for any given cancer. The biochemical generation of acrolein observed was totally unexpected, since this aldehyde was known; as a very toxic and highly reactive xenobiotic chemical produced in the pyrolysis of fats and other organic material, found as an atmospheric pollutant, in tobacco smoke and car emissions, and mainly used as a pesticide or aquatic herbicide. Numerous studies on acrolein, considered after our work a biological product, as well, followed. In them, acrolein widespread presence, its effects on diverse cellular proteins, such as, growth factors, and its anticancer activities, were additionally reported. Regarding hydroxyl radical, the second component of the proposed anticancer system, and another cytotoxic product in normal cell metabolism, it co-generates with acrolein in several biochemical interactions, occurrences suggesting that these products might jointly fulfill some biological role. Furthermore, hydroxyl radical shares with phosphoramide mustard, anticancer activities and many similar effects against DNA, including the production of damages resulting in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, facts that led us to consider this radical, a biological counterpart of phosphoramide mustard. A physiological system involving acrolein and hydroxyl radical, consequently, will be expected to produce effects similar to those from acrolein and phosphoramide mustard, the main anticancer metabolites from the widely used drug, cyclophosphamide.
authors.affiliation: E.N. Rogers Memorial Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, MA 01730, USA. rogalar@gmail.com
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Alarcon
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013096:Spermine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards; C030090:phosphoramide mustard; D013096:Spermine; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D000171:Acrolein