title: Hexokinase 2, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase play a key role in muscle glycogen supercompensation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycogen-depleting exercise can lead to supercompensation of muscle glycogen stores, but the biochemical mechanisms of this phenomenon are still not completely understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using chronic low-frequency stimulation (CLFS) as an exercise model, the tibialis anterior muscle of rabbits was stimulated for either 1 or 24 hours, inducing a reduction in glycogen of 90% and 50% respectively. Glycogen recovery was subsequently monitored during 24 hours of rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In muscles stimulated for 1 hour, glycogen recovered basal levels during the rest period. However, in those stimulated for 24 hours, glycogen was supercompensated and its levels remained 50% higher than basal levels after 6 hours of rest, although the newly synthesized glycogen had fewer branches. This increase in glycogen correlated with an increase in hexokinase-2 expression and activity, a reduction in the glycogen phosphorylase activity ratio and an increase in the glycogen synthase activity ratio, due to dephosphorylation of site 3a, even in the presence of elevated glycogen stores. During supercompensation there was also an increase in 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, correlating with a stable reduction in ATP and total purine nucleotide levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycogen supercompensation requires a coordinated chain of events at two levels in the context of decreased cell energy balance: First, an increase in the glucose phosphorylation capacity of the muscle and secondly, control of the enzymes directly involved in the synthesis and degradation of the glycogen molecule. However, supercompensated glycogen has fewer branches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences I, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Irimia
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rovira
authors.forename: Jakob N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: Jørgen F P
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wojtaszewski
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cussó
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006005:Phosphorylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D006003:Glycogen; D006005:Phosphorylases; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D006593:Hexokinase