title: Human adipose tissue-derived multilineage progenitor cells exposed to oxidative stress induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells through p38 MAPK signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose tissues contain populations of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells that also secrete various cytokines and growth factors to support repair of damaged tissues. In this study, we examined the role of oxidative stress on human adipose-derived multilineage progenitor cells (hADMPCs) in neurite outgrowth in cells of the rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that glutathione depletion in hADMPCs, caused by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), resulted in the promotion of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells through upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) transcription in, and secretion from, hADMPCs. Addition of N-acetylcysteine, a precursor of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione, suppressed the BSO-mediated upregulation of BMP2 and FGF2. Moreover, BSO treatment caused phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in hADMPCs. Inhibition of p38 MAPK was sufficient to suppress BMP2 and FGF2 expression, while this expression was significantly upregulated by overexpression of a constitutively active form of MKK6, which is an upstream molecule from p38 MAPK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results clearly suggest that glutathione depletion, followed by accumulation of reactive oxygen species, stimulates the activation of p38 MAPK and subsequent expression of BMP2 and FGF2 in hADMPCs. Thus, transplantation of hADMPCs into neurodegenerative lesions such as stroke and Parkinson's disease, in which the transplanted hADMPCs are exposed to oxidative stress, can be the basis for simple and safe therapies.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan. moriyama@phar.kindai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishibata
authors.forename: Hanayuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okura
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; C482566:MAP2K6 protein, human; D005978:Glutathione; D000111:Acetylcysteine