title: Protective effect of grapefruit juice on the teratogenic and genotoxic damage induced by cadmium in mice.
abstract: In the present study, we injected pregnant mice at Day 7 of gestation with cadmium chloride (CC) (1.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and determined its effect on the frequency of fetal malformations at Day 17 of pregnancy. On the same day, we also determined the level of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPEs) and of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNEs) in blood cells of both the mothers and their fetuses. A significant increase in the number of malformations was found, mainly exencephaly, micrognathia, ablephary, microphthalmia, and clubfoot, as well as a significant increase in the amount of MNPEs and MNNEs. In addition, pregnant mice were administered grapefruit juice (GJ) orally from Days 0 to 17 of the experiment (from 200 to 800 μL/g) to evaluate the potential of the juice in preventing the damage induced by CC. We found a dose-dependent decrease in the number of visceral and skeletal malformations, as well as in the number of MNPEs and MNNEs, in both the mothers and their fetuses. Furthermore, we determined the level of DNA oxidation by measuring levels of the adduct 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and we found a significant increase in such level induced by CC; in contrast, there was a significant decrease when we added GJ. Therefore, the observed teratogenic and genotoxic protection can probably be related with the antioxidant potential of GJ.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Preclinical Toxicology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Argüelles
authors.forename: Isela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alvarez-González
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chamorro
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madrigal-Bujaidar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001628:Beverages; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D032083:Citrus paradisi / Q000737:chemistry*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009153:Mutagens; D013723:Teratogens; D002104:Cadmium; D019256:Cadmium Chloride