title: GhWRKY15, a member of the WRKY transcription factor family identified from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), is involved in disease resistance and plant development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a large family of regulatory proteins, WRKY transcription factors play essential roles in the processes of adaptation to diverse environmental stresses and plant growth and development. Although several studies have investigated the role of WRKY transcription factors during these processes, the mechanisms underlying the function of WRKY members need to be further explored, and research focusing on the WRKY family in cotton crops is extremely limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, a gene encoding a putative WRKY family member, GhWRKY15, was isolated from cotton. GhWRKY15 is present as a single copy gene, and a transient expression analysis indicated that GhWRKY15 was localised to the nucleus. Additionally, a group of cis-acting elements associated with the response to environmental stress and plant growth and development were detected in the promoter. Consistently, northern blot analysis showed that GhWRKY15 expression was significantly induced in cotton seedlings following fungal infection or treatment with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate or methyl viologen. Furthermore, GhWRKY15-overexpressing tobacco exhibited more resistance to viral and fungal infections compared with wild-type tobacco. The GhWRKY15-overexpressing tobacco also exhibited increased RNA expression of several pathogen-related genes, NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1, and two genes that encode enzymes involved in ET biosynthesis. Importantly, increased activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD and APX during infection and enhanced expression of NtAPX1 and NtGPX in transgenic tobacco following methyl viologen treatment were observed. Moreover, GhWRKY15 transcription was greater in the roots and stems compared with the expression in the cotyledon of cotton, and the stems of transgenic plants displayed faster elongation at the earlier shooting stages compared with wide type tobacco. Additionally, exposure to abiotic stresses, including cold, wounding and drought, resulted in the accumulation of GhWRKY15 transcripts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our data suggest that overexpression of GhWRKY15 may contribute to the alteration of defence resistance to both viral and fungal infections, probably through regulating the ROS system via multiple signalling pathways in tobacco. It is intriguing that GhWRKY15 overexpression in tobacco affects plant growth and development, especially stem elongation. This finding suggests that the role of the WRKY proteins in disease resistance may be closely related to their function in regulating plant growth and development.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huaxia
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Changai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xuecheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xingqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D060467:Disease Resistance; D055864:Droughts; D005670:Fusarium / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D003368:Gossypium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010269:Paraquat / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D057865:Plant Immunity; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D014027:Tobacco Mosaic Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014157:Transcription Factors; C072239:methyl jasmonate; D020156:Salicylic Acid; D010269:Paraquat