title: Potential for tramadol abuse by patients visiting pharmacies in northern iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been almost three decades since tramadol was introduced to the market as a centrally acting analgesic. It is claimed to have weak opioid properties and a low dependence potential in opioid-addicted patients. This study was designed to investigate the suspicion of potential tramadol abuse among patients visiting pharmacies in Babol, one of the major cities in northern Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under supervision by pharmacists, a questionnaire designed to monitor drug abuse was filled out for every patient who requested tramadol from Babol's pharmacies during 6 months (Aug. 2007 till Feb. 2008). The data obtained were used to derive descriptive statistics and to make a comparison with results from other countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 162 patients (or someone on their behalf) who had sought tramadol from a pharmacy, 92 (56%) patients did not have a prescription. At least 103 (64%) patients reported criteria for addiction (ie, for feeling of psychological well being, unable to cease taking the drug, more than two weeks of tramadol use). In total, 145 (89%) patients were aged younger than 30 years, and 90 (55%) patients were aged younger than 18 years. More than 63% of patients reported a history of addiction or drug abuse. Most of the patients with no prescription (88%) had abuse/addiction criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who request tramadol from pharmacies in Babol seem to have a high potential for drug abuse, in particular those who do not have prescriptions. The high prevalence of people under 18 years of age seeking tramadol could be a worldwide trend. We recommend further governmental support for pharmacies to deal with tramadol abusers in northern Iran.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zabihi
authors.forename: Aateffeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoseinzaadeh
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emami
authors.forename: Mahdieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mardani
authors.forename: Baradaran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Moghadamnia Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Akbar