title: Effects of contour enhancement on low-vision preference and visual search.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether image enhancement improves visual search performance and whether enhanced images were also preferred by subjects with vision impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 24) with vision impairment (vision: 20/52 to 20/240) completed visual search and preference tasks for 150 static images that were enhanced to increase object contours' visual saliency. Subjects were divided into two groups and were shown three enhancement levels. Original and medium enhancements were shown to both groups. High enhancement was shown to group 1, and low enhancement was shown to group 2. For search, subjects pointed to an object that matched a search target displayed at the top left of the screen. An "integrated search performance" measure (area under the curve of cumulative correct response rate over search time) quantified performance. For preference, subjects indicated the preferred side when viewing the same image with different enhancement levels on side-by-side high-definition televisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contour enhancement did not improve performance in the visual search task. Group 1 subjects significantly (p < 0.001) rejected the High enhancement, and showed no preference for medium enhancement over the original images. Group 2 subjects significantly preferred (p < 0.001) both the medium and the low enhancement levels over original. Contrast sensitivity was correlated with both preference and performance; subjects with worse contrast sensitivity performed worse in the search task (ρ = 0.77, p < 0.001) and preferred more enhancement (ρ = -0.47, p = 0.02). No correlation between visual search performance and enhancement preference was found. However, a small group of subjects (n = 6) in a narrow range of mid-contrast sensitivity performed better with the enhancement, and most (n = 5) also preferred the enhancement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preferences for image enhancement can be dissociated from search performance in people with vision impairment. Further investigations are needed to study the relationships between preference and performance for a narrow range of mid-contrast sensitivity where a beneficial effect of enhancement may exist.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, MA 02114-2500, USA.
authors.forename: Premnandhini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Satgunam
authors.forename: Russell L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: P Matthew
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bronstad
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Chaithanya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramachandra
authors.forename: Bartlett W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mel
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*