title: Vasculopathy related to cocaine adulterated with levamisole: A review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, there have been numerous case reports and series describing patients presenting with cutaneous vasculopathy that has been linked to the levamisole frequently found in cocaine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review all published case reports and series of patients reported with cutaneous vasculopathic findings of lemavisole induced vasculopathy (LIV) associated with cocaine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of PubMed was performed searching the keywords: levamisole, cocaine, in combination with vasculitis, and vasculopathy. Twenty-two case reports and series were available with sufficient data on reported patients to be included. Four patients from the authors' clinical experience are included as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of common clinical and pathological findings are reviewed, including lower extremity (46/55 patients, 84%) and ear involvement (40/55 patients, 73%), and positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) findings (p-ANCA 42/48 patients, 88%; anti human neutrophil elastase 11/11 patients, 100%). Similar numbers of patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids as were treated conservatively; there was comparable improvement on follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a number of clinical and laboratory findings that are commonly found in patients with LIV. There is currently insufficient data to recommend treatment with systemic corticosteroids in patients with this condition.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bremmer
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Driscoll
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056648:Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000276:immunology; D007978:Levamisole / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017445:Skin Diseases, Vascular / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007978:Levamisole; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D003042:Cocaine