title: Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the risk factors of antimicrobial resistance in children with urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 344 patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI) between January 2008 and December 2009 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Causative microorganisms were ESBL-producing bacteria in 148 patients and non-ESBL-producing bacteria in 196 patients. There was no difference between the two groups regarding distribution of age, sex and length of follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent causative agent was Escherichia coli, of which 41.4% were ESBL producing. Among Klebsiella species, 53.2% were ESBL producing. The proportion of ESBL-producing bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics was 83.1% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 18.2% for nitrofurantoin, 47.3% for quinolones, and 39.9% for aminoglycosides. For non-ESBL-producing bacteria, the resistance rate was 62.2% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 4.6% for nitrofurantoin, 9.7% for quinolones, and 9.7% for aminoglycosides. Age <1 year, high UTI recurrence rate, long duration of prophylaxis, use of cephalosporins for prophylaxis, hospitalization within the previous 3 months and clean intermittent catheterization were found to be significant risk factors for ESBL-producing bacteria (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified age <1 year and high recurrence UTI rate to be independent risk factors, increasing the risk 1.74-fold and 2.25-fold, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of the risk factors for ESBL-producing bacteria may be helpful to determine new policies in the management of UTI. Recurrence of UTI should be prevented especially in the first year of life, and prophylactic cephalosporins should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Bakirkoy Maternity and Children's Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kizilca
authors.forename: Rengin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siraneci
authors.forename: Alev
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Nevin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.forename: Erkut
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Aysel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiyak
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozkok
mesh_terms: D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases