title: Lung function as a risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The etiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is poorly understood. Reduced lung function, expressed as low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) and low forced vital capacity (FVC), is a predictor of cardiovascular disease, but whether reduced lung function is a risk factor for SAH is not known. The association between lung function and incidence of SAH was investigated in a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1974 and 1992, 20 534 men and 7237 women (mean age, 44 years) were examined in a health screening program including spirometry. The incidence of SAH was studied during a mean follow-up of 26 years in relation to age- and height-standardized FEV(1), FVC, and FEV(1)/FVC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-five subjects had a SAH (18.3 per 100 000 person-years in men and 26.5 per 100 000 person-years in women). The hazard ratio for SAH in the lowest compared to the highest quartile of FEV(1) and FEV(1)/FVC was 2.24 (95% CI, 1.32-3.81; P for trend=0.014) and 1.92 (95% CI, 1.14-3.23; P for trend=0.003), respectively, after adjustment for several confounding factors including smoking and hypertension. The results persisted when analysis was restricted to nonsmokers. FVC showed no significant association with incidence of SAH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline lung function, expressed as low FEV(1) or FEV(1)/FVC, is a risk factor for SAH, independently of smoking.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, SUS Malmö, CRC, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderholm
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zia
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hedblad
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Engström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013147:Spirometry; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology*