title: Dietary intake in pregnant women in a Spanish Mediterranean area: as good as it is supposed to be?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess food and nutrient intakes and compliance with nutritional recommendations in pregnant women according to selected sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study based on data from the INMA-Valencia cohort (Spain), which recruited pregnant women between 2004 and 2005. Information on maternal sociodemographics and anthropometry was collected. Dietary intake was assessed through an FFQ. Intakes of foods were compared with Spanish food-based dietary guidelines. Intake inadequacy for nutrients was assessed using the Dietary Reference Intakes of the US Institute of Medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Valencia, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 822 pregnant women who had information on dietary intake during their first trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 50% of pregnant women did not meet the guidelines for cereals and legumes; reported intakes of carbohydrates, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were below recommendations and exceeded the total fat intake according to dietary references. Dietary inadequacy for folate, Fe and vitamin E ranged from 99% to 68%. Vegetable intake was related to age only. Younger and less educated women showed lower intakes of protein and n-3 fatty acids and higher intakes of trans-fatty acids as well as greater inadequacy for micronutrients. Spanish women reported lower intakes of fruit and carbohydrates and higher intakes of protein, total fat, SFA, MUFA and n-3 fatty acids compared with their foreign-born counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women in the studied area have inadequate intakes of several nutrients relevant during pregnancy. Age, education and country of origin are factors significantly related to dietary intake and adequacy.
authors.affiliation: Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública, CSISP, Avenida Cataluña 21, E-46020 Valencia, Spain. rodriguez_claber@gva.es
authors.forename: Clara L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Bernal
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramón
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quiles
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murcia
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Navarrete-Muñoz
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vioque
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rebagliato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002523:Edible Grain; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008460:Meat; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000187:drug effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014675:Vegetables; D044465:White People; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D018977:Micronutrients; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D005492:Folic Acid