title: Comparative effects of in ovo exposure to sodium perchlorate on development, growth, metabolism, and thyroid function in the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans).
abstract: Perchlorate is a surface and groundwater contaminant found in areas associated with munitions and rocket manufacturing and use. It is a thyroid-inhibiting compound, preventing uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland, ultimately reducing thyroid hormone production. As thyroid hormones influence metabolism, growth, and development, perchlorate exposure during the embryonic period may impact embryonic traits that ultimately influence hatchling performance. We topically exposed eggs of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta) and snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) to 200 and 177 μg/g of perchlorate (as NaClO(4)), respectively, to determine impacts on glandular thyroxine concentrations, embryonic growth and development, and metabolic rates of hatchlings for a period of 2 months post-hatching. In red-eared sliders, in ovo perchlorate exposure delayed hatching, increased external yolk size at hatching, increased hatchling mortality, and reduced total glandular thyroxine concentrations in hatchlings. In snapping turtles, hatching success and standard metabolic rates were reduced, liver and thyroid sizes were increased, and total glandular thyroxine concentrations in hatchlings were reduced after exposure to perchlorate. While both species were negatively affected by exposure, impacts on red-eared sliders were most severe, suggesting that the slider may be a more sensitive sentinel species for studying effects of perchlorate exposure to turtles.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, PO Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688, USA.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Eisenreich
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ottinger
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004530:Egg Yolk / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D010063:Ovum; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000378:metabolism; D014426:Turtles / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D010472:Perchlorates; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C031068:sodium perchlorate; D013974:Thyroxine