title: Membrane transport of several ions during peritoneal dialysis: mathematical modeling.
abstract: Peritoneal dialysis utilizes a complex mass exchange device created by natural permselective membranes of the visceral and abdominal muscle tissues. In mathematical modeling of solute transport during peritoneal dialysis, each solute is typically considered as a neutral, independent particle. However, such mathematical models cannot predict transport parameters for small ions. Therefore, the impact of the electrostatic interactions between ions on the estimated transport parameters needs to be investigated. In this study, transport of sodium, chloride, and a third ion through a permselective membrane with characteristics of the peritoneal transport barrier was described using two models: a model with the Nernst-Planck (NP) equations for a set of interacting ions and a model with combined diffusive and convective transport of each ion separately (DC). Transport parameters for the NP model were calculated using the pore theory, while the parameters for the DC model were estimated by fitting the model to the predictions from the NP model. Solute concentration profiles in the membrane obtained by computer simulations based on these two models were similar, whereas the transport parameters (diffusive mass transport parameters and sieving coefficients) were generally different. The presence of the third ion could substantially modify the values of diffusive mass parameter for sodium and chloride ions estimated using the DC model compared with those predicted by NP. The extent of this modification depended on the molecular mass and concentration of the third ion, and the rate of volumetric flow. Closed formulas for the transport parameters of the DC model in terms of the NP model parameters, ion concentration profiles in the membrane, and volumetric flow across the membrane were derived. Their reliable approximations, which include only boundary ion concentrations instead of spatial intramembrane concentration profiles, were formulated. The precision of this approximation was demonstrated by numerical simulations of the investigated three-ion system. Our modeling demonstrated that the fitted transport parameters depend not only on ion molecular weight but also on the characteristics and concentration of all other ions in the fluid as well as on the fluid flow rate through the membrane. Therefore, theoretical predictions of ion transport parameters need to take into account multi-ionic character of dialysis and body fluids. The transport parameters estimated using the DC model for one ion may vary with the ionic composition, ion concentrations in the fluids, and volumetric flow and may not reflect the theoretical description of diffusive and convective characteristics of single ion.
authors.affiliation: Department for Mathematical Modelling of Physiological Processes, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, PAS, Warsaw, Poland. mgalach@ibib.waw.pl
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galach
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waniewski
mesh_terms: D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000737:chemistry; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002712:Chlorides; D007477:Ions; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012964:Sodium