title: Goat milk with and without increased concentrations of lysozyme improves repair of intestinal cell damage induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) causes diarrhea, malnutrition and poor growth in children. Human breast milk decreases disease-causing bacteria by supplying nutrients and antimicrobial factors such as lysozyme. Goat milk with and without human lysozyme (HLZ) may improve the repair of intestinal barrier function damage induced by EAEC. This work investigates the effect of the milks on intestinal barrier function repair, bacterial adherence in Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells, intestinal cell proliferation, migration, viability and apoptosis in IEC-6 cells in the absence or presence of EAEC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6, ATCC, Rockville, MD) were used for proliferation, migration and viability assays and human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2, ATCC, Rockville, MD) and human larynx carcinoma (HEp-2, ATCC, Rockville, MD) cells were used for bacterial adhesion assays. Goats expressing HLZ in their milk were generated and express HLZ in milk at concentration of 270 μg/ml. Cells were incubated with pasteurized milk from either transgenic goats expressing HLZ or non-transgenic control goats in the presence and absence of EAEC strain 042 (O44:H18).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cellular proliferation was significantly greater in the presence of both HLZ transgenic and control goat milk compared to cells with no milk. Cellular migration was significantly decreased in the presence of EAEC alone but was restored in the presence of milk. Milk from HLZ transgenic goats had significantly more migration compared to control milk. Both milks significantly reduced EAEC adhesion to Caco-2 cells and transgenic milk resulted in less colonization than control milk using a HEp-2 assay. Both milks had significantly increased cellular viability as well as less apoptosis in both the absence and presence of EAEC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrated that goat milk is able to repair intestinal barrier function damage induced by EAEC and that goat milk with a higher concentration of lysozyme offers additional protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology & INCT-Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eunice B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Maga
authors.forename: Josiane S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Quetz
authors.forename: Ila F N
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Hemerson Y F
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Felipe A R
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Antônio V A
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Mara M G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Prata
authors.forename: Paloma A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Havt
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Luciana R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Aldo A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008892:Milk / Q000201:enzymology*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D009113:Muramidase