title: Geopropolis from Melipona scutellaris decreases the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of IL-1β and TNF-α.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pharmacological activity of geopropolis collected by stingless bees (important and threatened pollinators), a product widely used in folk medicine by several communities in Brazil, especially in the Northeast Region, needs to be studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of Melipona scutellaris geopropolis (stingless bee) using different models of nociception.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis (EEGP) and fractions was evaluated using writhing induced by acetic acid, formalin test, carrageenan-induced hypernociception, and quantification of IL-1β and TNF-α. The chemical composition was assessed by quantification of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EEGP and its hexane and aqueous fractions showed antinociceptive activity. Both EEGP and its aqueous fraction presented activity in the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception induced by the carrageenan model, an effect mediated by the inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α. The chemical composition of EEGP and its hexane and aqueous fractions showed a significant presence of phenolic compounds and absence of flavonoids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that geopropolis is a natural source of bioactive substances with promising antinociceptive activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas Brazil, Av. Limeira 901, Piracicaba CEP 13414 903, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franchin
authors.forename: Marcos Guilherme
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.forename: Marcelo Henrique
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Napimoga
authors.forename: Thiago Mattar
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Severino Matias
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Alencar
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikegaki
authors.forename: Pedro Luiz
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rosalen
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001938:Brazil; D002351:Carrageenan; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011429:Propolis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005557:Formaldehyde; D002351:Carrageenan; D011429:Propolis; D019342:Acetic Acid