title: Safety profile assessment of buflomedil: an overview of adverse reactions between 1975 and 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Review all the individualized cases of adverse drug reaction (ADR) potentially related to buflomedil, a vasodilator with the indication for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), marketed in Europe since the 1970s but recently suspended by the European Medicines Agency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of all available individualised case safety data relating to oral buflomedil from the buflomedil global safety database (provided by the manufacturer of buflomedil), the worldwide published medical literature, toxicology/poison centres and regulatory authorities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main ADRs reported were in the cardiovascular (CVS) and nervous systems (NS), grouped under four (MedDRA) System Organ Classes (SOCs): (i) Cardiac disorders; (ii) Vascular disorders; (iii) Investigations; (iv) NS disorders. From an initial cumulative number of 1054 case reports, there were 401 cases of intentional overdose (IOD) of which 63 were fatal, and 137 cases of accidental overdose, with two fatalities, and 516 case reports of ADRs under normal conditions of use of the product at normal therapeutic dosage with 11 fatalities. Overdosage (intentional or accidental) represented 50.9% of cases, with 47.6% of patients <40 years of age. The indications for which these young patients were prescribed buflomedil were not reported in most cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main indication of buflomedil is PAD; however, because most cases of IOD occurred in people <40 years of age, where PAD is unlikely, it is possible that buflomedil was prescribed for other indications and/or that it was not directly prescribed to the end user, who rather gained access to the medication prescribed to family members or friends.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bucolo
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camillieri
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salomone
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011759:Pyrrolidines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C010651:buflomedil