title: [Pediatric caudal anesthesia: importance and aspects of safety concerns].
abstract: Caudal block is a safe procedure commonly used for pediatric perioperative analgesia. Complications are extremely rare but nevertheless local and systemic contraindications must be excluded. Optimal safety and quality result when strict attention is paid to technical details. A local anesthetic (LA) containing epinephrine allows early detection of inadvertent intravascular LA administration; therefore an epinephrine/LA mixture is recommended at least for the test dose. In terms of safety the choice of LA itself is probably of secondary importance. Clonidine as an adjuvant has an excellent risk/benefit profile with minimal side effects. Inadvertent systemic LA intoxication is a rare but potentially fatal complication of regional anesthesia and measures for prevention and early detection are essential. Should circulatory arrest occur, immediate resuscitation following standard guidelines is to be initiated including the use of epinephrine as the first line drug. Intravenous administration of lipid solutions may be beneficial as a secondary adjunct to stabilize hemodynamics but is not an alternative to epinephrine.
authors.affiliation: Anästhesieabteilung, Universitäts-Kinderkliniken Zürich, Steinwiesstr. 75, 8032, Zürich, Schweiz. jacqueline.mauch@kispi.uzh.ch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mauch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000633:toxicity; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D061214:Patient Safety; D012151:Resuscitation; D012769:Shock / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine