title: A review of hospital characteristics associated with improved performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to critically appraise the literature relating to associations between high-level structural and operational hospital characteristics and improved performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, proQuest and PsychINFO were searched for articles published between January 1996 and May 2010. Reference lists of included articles were reviewed and key journals were hand searched for relevant articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  and data extraction Studies were included if they were systematic reviews or meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, controlled before and after studies or observational studies (cohort and cross-sectional) that were multicentre, comparative performance studies. Two reviewers independently extracted data, assigned grades of evidence according to the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines and critically appraised the included articles. Data synthesis Fifty-seven studies were reported within 12 systematic reviews and 47 observational articles. There was heterogeneity in use and definition of performance outcomes. Hospital characteristics investigated were environment (incentives, market characteristics), structure (network membership, ownership, teaching status, geographical setting, service size) and operational design (innovativeness, leadership, organizational culture, public reporting and patient safety practices, information technology systems and decision support, service activity and planning, workforce design, staff training and education). The strongest evidence for an association with overall performance was identified for computerized physician order entry systems. Some evidence supported the associations with workforce design, use of financial incentives, nursing leadership and hospital volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is limited, mainly low-quality evidence, supporting the associations between hospital characteristics and healthcare performance. Further characteristic-specific systematic reviews are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research Excellence in Patient Safety, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Prahran Victoria, Australia. caroline.brand@monash.edu
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Renata T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Morello
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Johannes U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Stoelwinder
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cameron
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D006739:Hospital Administration; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D007857:Leadership; D015279:Organizational Culture; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care