title: Complementary Fe(3+)- and Ti(4+)-immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography for purification of acidic and basic phosphopeptides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based identification, effective phosphopeptide enrichment is a prerequisite towards comprehensive phosphoproteomic analysis. Based on the different binding affinities and coordination geometries of the Ti(4+) and Fe(3+) ions with the phosphate group, we report a complementary metal-directed immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) method to increase the identification coverage of a phosphoproteome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phosphopeptides from standard phosphoproteins and Raji B cells were enriched from Ti(4+)-IMAC and Fe(3+)-IMAC methods, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS and Orbitrap MS analysis. Optimal enrichment specificity was achieved by selection of acid structure/concentration and organic solvent to compete with non-phosphopeptides. The effect of the metal ion and the chelating compound was evaluated by the comparison of the characteristics of enriched phosphopeptides between Ti(4+)-IMAC, Fe(3+)-IMAC and TiO(2) methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address the low enrichment specificity of the Ti(4+)-IMAC method, a simple one-step acid/solvent controlled IMAC method was developed with significantly improved specificity (88%) and recovery (93%). The most striking discovery is that the optimal Ti(4+)-IMAC and Fe(3+)-IMAC methods have low overlapping percentage (10%) among the 2905 enriched phosphopeptides from Raji cells, comprised of the distinct characteristics including hydrophobicity, amino acid compositions, and frequency of multiple phosphorylation of the phosphopeptides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported Fe(3+)-IMAC and Ti(4+)-IMAC methods can complementarily enrich acidic and basic phosphopeptides to effectively increase the identification coverage of an heterogeneous phosphoproteome (twice than the single approach). Given the reproducibility and low sample loss, the combination of our enrichment strategy with a quantitative technique could be feasible for quantitative phosphoproteomics.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Alan Chuan-Ying
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Chia-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Chuan-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Yu-Ni
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yu-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity / Q000379:methods*; D030562:Databases, Protein; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D010748:Phosphopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D002412:Cations; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D010748:Phosphopeptides; D014025:Titanium; D014269:Trifluoroacetic Acid; C032159:acetonitrile