title: Study of kinetic desorption rate constant in fish muscle and agarose gel model using solid phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: This study aims to use solid phase microextraction (SPME), a simple tool to investigate diffusion rate (time) constant of selected pharmaceuticals in gel and fish muscle by comparing desorption rate of diffusion of the drugs in both agarose gel prepared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) and fish muscle. The gel concentration (agarose gel model) that could be used to simulate tissue matrix (fish muscle) for free diffusion of drugs under in vitro and in vivo conditions was determined to model mass transfer phenomena between fibre polymer coating and environmental matrix such that partition coefficients and desorption time constant (diffusion coefficient) can be determined. SPME procedure involves preloading the extraction phase (fibre) with the standards from spiked PBS for 1h via direct extraction. Subsequently, the preloaded fibre is introduced to the sample such fish or agarose gel for specified time ranging from 0.5 to 60 h. Then, fibre is removed at specified time and desorbed in 100 μL of desorption solution (acetonitrile: water 1:1) for 90 min under agitation speed of 1000 rpm. The samples extract were immediately injected to the instrument and analysed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The limit of detection of the method in gel and fish muscle was 0.01-0.07 ng mL(-1) and 0.07-0.34 ng g(-1), respectively, while the limit quantification was 0.10-0.20 ng mL(-1) in gel samples and 0.40-0.97 ng g(-1) in fish sample. The reproducibility of the method was good (5-15% RSD). The results suggest that kinetics of desorption of the compounds in fish tissue and different viscosity of gel can be determined using desorption time constant. In this study, desorption time constant which is directly related to desorption rate (diffusion kinetics) of selected drugs from the fibre to the gel matrix is faster as the viscosity of the gel matrix reduces from 2% (w/v) to 0.8% (w/v). As the concentration of gel reduces, viscosity of the gel will be reduced therefore allowing faster diffusion which invariably affect desorption time constant. Also, desorption time constant of model drugs in the fish muscle and 0.8-0.9% (w/v) gel model are similar based on free diffusion of studied compounds. In addition, in vitro and in vivo desorption time constant comparison shows that desorption time constant in an in vivo system (live fish muscle) is generally higher than an in vitro system (dead fish muscle) except for sertraline and nordiazepam. This study demonstrates SPME as a simple investigative tool to understand kinetics of desorption in an in vivo system with a goal to measure desorption rate of pharmaceuticals in fish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Oluranti Paul
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Togunde
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Servos
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawliszyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003975:Diazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004058:Diffusion; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008954:Models, Biological; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012685:Sepharose / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D005782:Gels; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012685:Sepharose; D003975:Diazepam