title: Deterioration of neurobehavioral performance in resident physicians during repeated exposure to extended duration work shifts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although acute sleep loss during 24- to 30-h extended duration work shifts (EDWS) has been shown to impair the performance of resident physicians, little is known about the effects of cumulative sleep deficiency on performance during residency training. Chronic sleep restriction induces a gradual degradation of neurobehavioral performance and exacerbates the effects of acute sleep loss in the laboratory, yet the extent to which this occurs under real-world conditions is unknown. In this study, the authors quantify the time course of neurobehavioral deterioration due to repeated exposure to EDWS during a 3-week residency rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, repeated-measures, within-subject design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical and cardiac intensive care units, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four postgraduate year one resident physicians (23 males; age 28.0 ± 1.83 (standard deviation) years)
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residents working a 3-week Q3 schedule (24- to 30-h work shift starts every 3(rd) day), consisting of alternating 24- to 30-h (EDWS) and approximately 8-h shifts, underwent psychomotor vigilance testing before, during, and after each work shift. Mean response time, number of lapses, and slowest 10% of responses were calculated for each test. Residents also maintained daily sleep/wake/work logs. EDWS resulted in cumulative sleep deficiency over the 21-day rotation (6.3 h sleep obtained per day; average 2.3 h sleep obtained per extended shift). Response times deteriorated over a single 24- to 30-h shift (P < 0.0005), and also cumulatively with each successive EDWS: Performance on the fifth and sixth shift was significantly worse than on the first shift (P < 0.01). Controlling for time of day, there was a significant acute (time on shift) and chronic (successive EDWS) interaction on psychomotor vigilance testing response times (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic sleep deficiency caused progressive degradation in residents' neurobehavioral performance and exacerbated the effects of acute sleep loss inherent in the 24- to 30-h EDWS that are commonly used in resident schedules.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. clare.anderson@monash.edu
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Flynn-Evans
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cade
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Czeisler
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lockley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001900:Boston; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance