title: Sacral neuromodulation and refractory overactive bladder: an emerging tool for an old problem.
abstract: Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome negatively affects the daily life of many people. Conservative treatments, such as antimuscarinics, do not always lead to sufficient improvement of the complaints and are often associated with considerable side effects resulting in treatment failure. In the case of failure or intolerable side effects, sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and botulinum toxin intravesical injections are minimally invasive and reversible alternatives. Currently, both SNM and botulinum toxin injection have FDA approval for use in OAB patients. This mini-review attempts to provide an update on SNM as a second-line management of adults with refractory OAB, based on the available clinical evidence concerning the efficacy and safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mai Ahmed
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Banakhar
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Al-Shaiji
authors.forename: Magdy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassouna