title: Outcomes of gestational diabetes in Sweden depending on country of birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze maternal and neonatal outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Sweden, depending on country of birth (Nordic vs. non-Nordic women).
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study using the Swedish Medical Birth register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on pregnant women in Sweden with diagnosed GDM.
  
  
  METHODS
  All singleton births to women with GDM between 1998 and 2007 (n = 8560).
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regression in an adjusted model to assess the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Chi-squared tests or Student's unpaired t-tests were used to analyze differences between maternal and fetal characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal and neonatal complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GDM incidence was higher at 2.0% among non-Nordic women, compared with 0.7% in the Nordic group. The non-Nordic women were older, had less chronic hypertensive disease, smoked less, and had lower BMI and shorter height. Preeclampsia was significantly lower in the non-Nordic group. The mean birthweight (3561 vs. 3698 g, p < 0.001) and the large-for-gestational age rate (11.7 vs. 17.5%, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the non-Nordic group. Large-for-gestational age was dependent on maternal height [crude odds ratio 0.6 (0.5-0.7) and adjusted odds ratio 0.8 (0.6-0.9)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-Nordic women with GDM in Sweden have better obstetrical and neonatal outcomes than Nordic women. These results do not support the idea of inequality of health care. Large-for-gestational age as a diagnosis is highly dependent on maternal height, which raises the question of the need for individualized growth curves.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. helena.fadl@orebroll.se
authors.forename: Helena E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Fadl
authors.forename: Ingrid K M
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Ostlund
authors.forename: Ulf S B
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008423:Maternal Age; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000208:ethnology*; D012042:Registries; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology