title: [Low-level laser therapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers: an evidence problem].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of lower limb amputation, representing a significant economic cost for health services. The development of diabetic ulcers is a main risk factor for amputations, which have a high mortality rate at five years. The ischemia caused by macrovascular disease is a key pathophysiological factor in the development of ischemic ulcers. Existing treatments are prolonged and associated with high rates of failure and relapse, requiring the combination of multiple therapeutic modalities. Lowlevel laser therapy has been used as an adjuvant therapy for diabetic foot ulcers, since the 1960's, due to its hypothetical stimulating effects over microcirculation and tissue repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identification of published scientific studies through a literature search on PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing evidence is favourable for in vitro cell models, but conflicting in animal models and human populations. There is significant methodological heterogeneity, which may be responsible for discordant results. Guidelines are proposed for future studies in this area, including the detailed characterization of ulcers and the parameters of laser treatment. Well-controlled studies, randomized and double-blind are needed. Accordingly to the primum non nocere, laser therapy can and should be used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot, because it isn't invasive, has low costs and is a fast therapy without significant adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camões Barbosa
authors.forename: Helder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorga
authors.forename: Mauela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendes
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D012883:Skin Ulcer / Q000532:radiotherapy*