title: Prolonged grief disorder three decades post loss in survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime from 1975 to 1979 millions of Cambodians were confronted with the death or murder of family members. The long-term psychological consequences of these traumatic losses have not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and potential predictors of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in survivors of the KR regime.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised (ICG-R) was administered in a sample of N=775 Cambodians in face-to-face interviews who had lost at least one family member during the KR regime. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed with the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version and symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PGD in the sample was 14.3%. PGD was moderately associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD. The loss of a spouse, a child, or a parent was associated with higher symptom severity of PGD than was the loss of a sibling or distant relatives. PGD was predicted by the relationship to the deceased and symptoms of depression and PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations of the study include the non-random sampling recruitment. The ICG-R has not been validated for use in Cambodia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast majority of Cambodians lost family members during the KR regime. Even three decades later, PGD was prevalent in a substantial proportion of the present sample and related to other psychiatric disorders. The results underline the importance of examining PGD in studies of war-related psychological impairment.
authors.affiliation: Berlin Center for Torture Victims, Turmstr. 21, 10559 Berlin, Germany. n.stammel@bzfo.de
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stammel
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heeke
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bockers
authors.forename: Sotheara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chhim
authors.forename: Sopheap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taing
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knaevelsrud
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014857:Warfare