title: Endoscopic ultrasonography as a therapeutic modality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has taken on more of a therapeutic role in recent years. This review will focus on the therapeutic applications of EUS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple studies on the therapeutic applications of EUS have been published. EUS facilitates endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) including walled-off pancreatic necrosis, management of refractory gastrointestinal bleeding from gastric varix or vasculature by fine-needle injection and decompression of obstructive pancreatic or biliary ductal systems following failed access by standard endoscopic or radiological techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The indications and role of therapeutic EUS have expanded rapidly in recent years. The procedures can be technically challenging, requiring expertise in both endosonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Refinement in echoendoscope design and dedicated accessories are required to further expand the applications of therapeutic EUS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. mkhasha1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Mouen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khashab
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varadarajulu
mesh_terms: D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D019160:Endosonography; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional