title: Application of Fenton, photo-Fenton, solar photo-Fenton, and UV/H2O2 to degradation of the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone and toxicological evaluation.
abstract: In the present study, selected advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)-namely, photo-Fenton (with Fe(2+), Fe(3+), and potassium ferrioxalate-FeOx-as iron sources), solar photo-Fenton, Fenton, and UV/H2O2-were investigated for degradation of the antineoplastic drug mitoxantrone (MTX), frequently used to treat metastatic breast cancer, skin cancer, and acute leukemia. The results showed that photo-Fenton processes employing Fe(III) and FeOx and the UV/H2O2 process were most efficient for mineralizing MTX, with 77, 82, and 90% of total organic carbon removal, respectively. MTX probably forms a complex with Fe(III), as demonstrated by voltammetric and spectrophotometric measurements. Spectrophotometric titrations suggested that the complex has a 2:1 Fe(3+):MTX stoichiometric ratio and a complexation constant (K) of 1.47 × 10(4) M(-1), indicating high MTX affinity for Fe(3+). Complexation partially inhibits the involvement of iron ions and hence the degradation of MTX during photo-Fenton. The UV/H2O2 process is usually slower than the photo-Fenton process, but, in this study, the UV/H2O2 process proved to be more efficient due to complexing of MTX with Fe(III). The drug exhibited no cytotoxicity against NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells when oxidized by UV/H2O2 or by UV/H2O2/FeOx at the concentrations tested.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (CCET), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Pereira
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: da Rocha Sandim
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bogo
authors.forename: Antônio Marcos Jacques
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Marly Eiko
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Osugi
authors.forename: Matildes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Silvio Cesar
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Fatima Cepa Matos
authors.forename: Amilcar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machulek
authors.forename: Valdir Souza
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010782:Photolysis; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C045076:Fenton's reagent; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D007501:Iron