title: Degradation of terbuthylazine, difenoconazole and pendimethalin pesticides by selected fungi cultures.
abstract: Contamination of waters by xenobiotic compounds such as pesticides presents a serious environmental problem with substantial levels of pesticides now contaminating European water resources. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of the fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus oryzae, Lentinula edodes, Penicillium brevicompactum and Lecanicillium saksenae, for the biodegradation of the pesticides terbuthylazine, difenoconazole and pendimethalin in batch liquid cultures. These pesticides are common soil and water contaminants and terbuthylazine is considered the most persistent triazine herbicide in surface environments. P. brevicompactum and L. saksenae were achieved by enrichment, isolation and screening of fungi capable to metabolize the pesticides studied. The isolates were obtained from two pesticide-primed materials (soil and biomixture). Despite the relatively high persistence of terbuthylazine, the results obtained in this work showed that the fungi species studied have a high capability of biotransformation of this xenobiotic, comparatively the results obtained in other similar studies. The highest removal percentage of terbuthylazine from liquid medium was achieved with A. oryzae (~80%), although the major biodegradation has been reached with P. brevicompactum. The higher ability of P. brevicompactum to metabolize terbuthylazine was presumably acquired through chronic exposure to contamination with the herbicide. L. saksenae could remove 99.5% of the available pendimethalin in batch liquid cultures. L. edodes proved to be a fungus with a high potential for biodegradation of pesticides, especially difenoconazole and pendimethalin. Furthermore, the metabolite desethyl-terbuthylazine was detected in L. edodes liquid culture medium, indicating terbuthylazine biodegradation by this fungus. The fungi strains investigated could prove to be valuable as active pesticide-degrading microorganisms, increasing the efficiency of biopurification systems containing wastewaters contaminated with the xenobiotics studied or compounds with similar intrinsic characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal. app@uevora.pt
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mestrinho
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: D Martins
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Caldeira
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004148:Dioxolanes; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C115058:difenoconazole; C037565:terbutylazine; C030856:pendimethalin