title: Interaction effects of temperature and food on the development of forensically important fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae).
abstract: In forensic entomology, breeding of fly larvae in a controlled laboratory environment using animal tissue is a common technique to obtain insect developmental time for the estimation of postmortem interval. Previous studies on growth media are mostly on the effect of different diets on fly development. However, the interaction effects between temperature and food type used have not been explored. The objective of this study was to compare the use of cow's liver agar and raw liver on the development of a forensically important fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew). This study also determined the interaction between different temperatures and different food types on the growth of this species. A total of 100 M. scalaris eggs were transferred into each of the two media mentioned above. Liver agar was prepared by adding dried ground liver into nutrient agar, whilst raw liver was naturally prepared from the same animal source. This experiment was conducted at 27, 30 and 33 °C in an incubator in a continuously dark condition. Length and weight of larvae, puparia and adult samples were determined. Total developmental times for larvae feeding on liver agar at each temperature were approximately 7-15 h slower than those feeding on raw liver. Survival rates were almost equal in both diets but were lower at 33 °C. Mean larva length in both diets did not differ significantly at all temperatures, but larvae feeding on liver agar had lower mean weight values than those in raw liver at 30 and 33 °C. The effect of temperature was significant in female puparia weight and male adult weight whereas the effect of diet types was significant in both male and female puparia size and weight. Interaction effects of temperature and food type on M. scalaris puparium size and adult weight were significant, indicating that puparium size and adult weight depended on both food type and temperature. This experiment highlighted the use of cow's liver agar as an alternative diet to breed M. scalaris in the laboratory and the importance of considering the interaction effect between temperatures and food types when deciding the most suitable medium in fly larva rearing.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Program, School of Diagnostics and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (National University of Malaysia), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. raja_mzuha@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Raja Muhammad
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zuha
authors.forename: Tasnim Abdul
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Razak
authors.forename: Nazni Wasi
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Baharudin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Omar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004175:Diptera / Q000254:growth & development*; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000379:methods*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008099:Liver / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media