title: [The effects of pre-operative visual information and parental presence intervention on anxiety, delirium, and pain of post-operative pediatric patients in PACU].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test whether pre-operative visual information and parental presence had positive effects on anxiety, delirium, and pain in pediatric patients who awoke from general anesthesia in a post-surgical stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a non equivalent control-group post test design (n=76). Independent variables were provision of pre-operative visual information and parental presence for post-surgical pediatric patients in PACU (post anesthesia care unit). Dependent variables were anxiety, delirium, and pain in the pediatric patients measured three times at 10 minute intervals after extubation in the PACU. Measurements included Numerical Rating Scale for assessing state anxiety, Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale by Sikich & Lerman (2004) for delirium, and Objective Pain Scale by Broadman, Rice & Hannallah (1988) for pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental group showed significantly decreased state anxiety at time points-10, 20, and 30 minutes after extubation. Delirium was significantly lower at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after extubation in the experimental group. Pain was significantly lower at 10 minutes after extubation in the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that this intervention can be a safe pre-operative nursing intervention for post-surgical pediatric patients at PACU.
authors.affiliation: Samsung Medical Center PACU, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Je-Bog
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Min-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Yoo-Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Nam-Cho
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D003693:Delirium; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010290:Parents; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016528:Postanesthesia Nursing; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011997:Recovery Room