title: Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American Heart Association (AHA), Institute of Medicine (IOM), and US Departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Guidelines for Americans all recommend that Americans limit sodium intake and choose foods that contain potassium to decrease the risk of hypertension and other adverse health outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We estimated the distributions of usual daily sodium and potassium intakes by sociodemographic and health characteristics relative to current recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 24-h dietary recalls and other data from 12,581 adults aged ≥20 y who participated in NHANES in 2003-2008. Estimates of sodium and potassium intakes were adjusted for within-individual day-to-day variation by using measurement error models. SEs and 95% CIs were assessed by using jackknife replicate weights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 99.4% (95% CI: 99.3%, 99.5%) of US adults consumed more sodium daily than recommended by the AHA (<1500 mg), and 90.7% (89.6%, 91.8%) consumed more than the IOM Tolerable Upper Intake Level (2300 mg). In US adults who are recommended by the Dietary Guidelines to further reduce sodium intake to 1500 mg/d (ie, African Americans aged ≥51 y or persons with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease), 98.8% (98.4%, 99.2%) overall consumed >1500 mg/d, and 60.4% consumed >3000 mg/d-more than double the recommendation. Overall, <2% of US adults and ~5% of US men consumed ≥4700 mg K/d (ie, met recommendations for potassium).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of recommendations or sociodemographic or health characteristics, the vast majority of US adults consume too much sodium and too little potassium.
authors.affiliation: Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. mcogswell@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
authors.forename: Zefeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Alicia L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carriquiry
authors.forename: Janelle P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kuklina
authors.forename: Sharon H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Saydah
authors.forename: Quanhe
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Alanna J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moshfegh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011191:Potassium Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary