title: Red blood cell subpopulations in freshly drawn blood: application of proteomics and metabolomics to a decades-long biological issue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has long been known that red blood cells comprise various subpopulations, which can be separated through Percoll density gradients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we performed integrated flow cytometry, proteomic and metabolomic analyses on five distinct red blood cell subpopulations obtained by Percoll density gradient separation of freshly drawn leucocyte-depleted erythrocyte concentrates. The relation of density gradient fractions to cell age was confirmed through band 4.1a/4.1b assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a decrease in size and increase in cell rugosity in older (denser) populations. Metabolomic analysis of fraction 5 (the oldest population) showed a decrease of glycolytic metabolism and of anti-oxidant defence-related mechanisms, resulting in decreased activation of the pentose phosphate pathway, less accumulation of NADPH and reduced glutathione and increased levels of oxidized glutathione. These observations strengthen conclusions about the role of oxidative stress in erythrocyte ageing in vivo, in analogy with results of recent in vitro studies. On the other hand, no substantial proteomic differences were observed among fractions. This result was partly explained by intrinsic technical limitations of the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis approach and the probable clearance from the bloodstream of erythrocytes with membrane protein alterations. Since this clearance effect is not present in vitro (in blood bank conditions), proteomic studies have shown substantial membrane lesions in ageing red blood cells in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis shows that the three main red blood cell subpopulations, accounting for over 92% of the total RBC, are rather homogeneous soon after withdrawal. Major age-related alterations in vivo probably affect enzyme activities through post-translational mechanisms rather than through changes in the overall proteomic profile of RBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blasi
authors.forename: Gian Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: D'Amici
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marrocco
authors.forename: Lello
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zolla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D009249:NADP